Power Electronic Control

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
VIN IN BM. T NG HA XNCN
Trn Trng Minh, V Hong Phng
THIT K IU KHIN CHO CC B BIN I

IN T CNG SUT
M HNH HA V THIT K CC MCH VNG IU CHNH
H Ni Nm 2014
1.1 Gii thiu h thng iu khin b bin i in t cng sut
MC LC
MC LC ........................................................................................................................ 1
DANH MC K HIU V CH VIT TT ................................................................ 4
DANH MC BNG ........................................................................................................ 5
DANH MC HNH V ................................................................................................... 6
M U ........................................................................................................................ 11
1 GII THIU H THNG IU KHIN B BIN I IN T CNG SUT 12
1.1 Gii thiu h thng iu khin b bin i in t cng sut ........................... 12
1.2 Mt s vn v ng/ngt cho Tiristor ........................................................... 13
1.2.1 Qu trnh m Tiristor ................................................................................. 14
1.2.2 Qu trnh kha tiristor ................................................................................ 15
1.2.3 Cc yu cu i vi tn hiu iu khin tiristor ......................................... 15
1.2.4 Mch khuch i xung m Tiristor ............................................................ 16
1.3 Mt s vn v iu khin cho MOSFET, IGBT ........................................... 17
1.3.1 Phn tch qu trnh m/ kha i vi MOSFET ........................................ 17
1.3.2 Phn tch qu trnh m/ kha i vi IGBT............................................... 19
1.3.3 Mch driver cho MOSFET v IGBT ......................................................... 20
2 H
THNG
IU
KHIN
CC
B
BIN
I
PH
THUCEquation Chapter (Next) Section 1 ............................................................... 24
2.1 Driver cho h thng iu khin cc b bin i ph thuc ............................... 24
2.1.1 Khi ng pha v to in p ta .............................................................. 25
2.1.2 Khu so snh .............................................................................................. 27
2.1.3 Khu to xung ............................................................................................ 28
2.1.3.1 Khu to xung kp ............................................................................... 28
2.1.3.2 Khu to xung chm ............................................................................ 29
2.1.4 Khu khuch i xung................................................................................ 30
2.1.5 V d v mch driver cho h thng iu khin nhiu knh........................ 30
2.1.6 S dng IC chuyn dng lm driver cho chnh lu ph thuc .................. 32
2.2 Thit k h thng iu khin vng kn cho chnh lu tiristor............................ 35
2.2.1 M hnh ha khi iu ch rng xung .................................................. 35
2.3 Kt qu m phng ............................................................................................. 38
2.3.1 Chnh lu cu mt pha ............................................................................... 38
2.3.2 Chnh lu cu ba pha ................................................................................. 39
2.3.2.1 iu khin vng h .............................................................................. 39
2.3.2.2 iu khin vng kn ............................................................................. 40
2.4 Bi tp ................................................................................................................ 41
3Equation Chapter 1 Section 1 H THNG IU KHIN B BIN I DC/DC . 44
3.1 Phng php m hnh ha b bin i kiu DC/DC ......................................... 44
3.1.1 Phng php trung bnh khng gian trng thi .......................................... 44
3.1.2 Phng php trung bnh ha mch ng ct .............................................. 46
3.2 M hnh ton hc b bin i kiu buck ........................................................... 49
3.3 M hnh ton hc b bin i kiu boost .......................................................... 53
1 GII THIU H THNG IU KHIN B BIN I IN T CNG SUT
3.4 M hnh ton hc b bin i kiu buck boost............................................... 57
3.5 M hnh b bin i DC/DC lm vic trong ch dng in gin on (DCM)
59
3.5.1 M hnh trung bnh .................................................................................... 59
3.6 Phng php iu khin tuyn tnh cho b bin i DC/DC ............................ 63
3.6.1 Nguyn l iu khin in p (Voltage mode) .......................................... 63
3.6.2 Nguyn l iu khin dng in (Current mode) ...................................... 63
3.6.2.1 M hnh b bin i DC/DC iu khin theo nguyn l dng in .... 64
3.6.3 Nhc li mt s kin thc v l thuyt iu khin t ng........................ 66
3.6.4 Mt s b b s dng trong cu trc iu khin DC/DC converter .......... 68
3.6.5 Tuyn tnh ha khu iu ch rng xung .............................................. 73
3.7 Cu trc iu khin tuyn tnh cho b bin i kiu buck ................................ 74
3.7.1 iu khin trc tip .................................................................................... 74
3.7.2 iu khin gin tip ................................................................................... 80
3.7.2.1 iu khin theo nguyn l dng in trung bnh ................................. 80
3.7.2.2 iu khin theo nguyn l dng in nh .......................................... 83
3.8 B bin i kiu boost ....................................................................................... 83
3.8.1 iu khin trc tip .................................................................................... 83
3.8.2 iu khin gin tip ................................................................................... 86
3.9 Bi tp ................................................................................................................ 89
3.10 B bin i PFC ................................................................................................ 90
3.10.1 S mch lc........................................................................................... 90
3.10.2 Cu trc iu khin b bin i PFC ......................................................... 91
3.10.2.1 Thit k mch vng dng in ........................................................... 91
3.10.2.2 Thit k mch vng in p ............................................................... 92
3.10.3 Bi tp ........................................................................................................ 92
4Equation Chapter (Next) Section 1 H THNG IU KHIN NGHCH LU C
LP
94
4.1 S mch lc b bin i nghch lu c lp ................................................ 94
4.2 M t ton hc nghch lu p ............................................................................ 94
4.2.1 M t ton hc nghch lu ngun p mt pha............................................ 94
4.2.2 M t ton hc nghch lu ngun p ba pha .............................................. 96
4.3 Phng php iu ch rng xung cho nghch lu mt pha .......................... 98
4.3.1 Phng php iu ch hai cc ................................................................... 98
4.3.2 Phng php iu ch n cc .................................................................. 99
4.3.3 Kt qu m phng phng php iu ch rng xung cho nghch lu mt
pha ............................................................................................................ 102
4.4 Phng php iu ch rng xung cho nghch lu ba pha........................... 104
4.4.1 Phng php Sin PWM ........................................................................... 104
4.4.2 Phng php iu ch vector khng gian (SVM) .................................... 105
4.4.2.1 Khi nim vector khng gian ............................................................. 105
4.4.2.2 Phng php iu ch vector khng gian .......................................... 106
4.4.3 Kt qu m phng phng php iu ch rng xung cho nghch lu ba
pha ............................................................................................................ 114
4.5 B thi gian cht deadtime trong nghch lu ngun p................................... 116
4.6 Xy dng mch vng dng in cho nghch lu ngun p mt pha ............... 116
Thit k b iu chnh dng in cho nghch lu ngun p mt pha ...... 116

V d v thit k mch vng dng in cho nghch lu ngun p mt pha
.................................................................................................................. 118
4.7 Xy dng mch vng dng in cho nghch lu ngun p ba pha.................. 118
4.7.1 Thit k b iu chnh dng in cho nghch lu ngun p ba pha ........ 118
4.7.1.1 Thit k b iu chnh dng in trn h ta tnh .................... 119
4.7.1.2 Thit k b iu chnh dng in trn h ta quay dq .................. 119
4.8 Bi tp .............................................................................................................. 121
5 H THNG IU KHIN S CHO B BIN I IN T CNG
SUTEquation Chapter (Next) Section 1 ................................................................ 123
5.1 Nhc li kin thc v iu khin s ................................................................. 123
5.1.1 M hnh i tng trn min gin on z ................................................ 123
5.2 H thng iu khin s cho b bin i in t cng sut .............................. 125
5.3 Yu cu v phn gii ca A/D v khu iu ch rng xung .................. 126
5.3.1 phn gii ca A/D............................................................................... 126
5.3.2 Yu cu phn gii DPWM .................................................................. 127
5.3.3 ng b gia thi im trch mu ADC v khung thi gian iu ch
rng xung ................................................................................................. 128
5.4 M hnh ha khu iu ch rng xung ....................................................... 129
5.5 Thit k mch vng iu chnh s ................................................................... 130
5.5.1 Phng php thit k gin tip................................................................. 130
5.5.1.1 B bin i kiu Buck ........................................................................ 131
5.5.1.2 Nghch lu ngun p mt pha ............................................................ 132
5.5.2 Phng php thit k trc tip ................................................................. 133
5.5.2.1 B bin i kiu Buck ........................................................................ 133
5.5.2.2 Mch vng iu chnh dng in nghch lu ngun p mt pha ....... 135
5.5.2.3 B iu chnh dng in nghch lu ngun p mt pha kiu deadbeat
136
5.6 Chun ha b iu chnh ................................................................................. 137
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................ 140
PH LC ..................................................................................................................... 141
4.6.1
4.6.2
DANH MC K HIU V CH VIT TT
Cc ch vit tt
Ch vit tt
PWM
CX
Cc k hiu
K hiu
n v
V
uo, Uo
*
V
uo
uin, Uin
V
uC, UC
V
iL, IL
V
*
A
iL
d, D
A
i
V
u
A
d
s
Tx
T
s
s
p
Rad
L
H
C
F
ud
V
udk
V
ngha
iu ch xung cho chnh lu Tisitor
ngha
in p trung bnh v xc lp u ra b bin i DC/DC
Lng t in p u ra b bin i DC/DC
in p trung bnh v xc lp u vo b bin i DC/DC
in p trung bnh v xc lp trn t C
Dng in trung bnh v xc lp chy qua cun cm L
Lng t dng in qua cun cm b bin i DC/DC
H s iu ch v gi tr xc lp ca n
Bin thin tn hiu nh dng in quanh im lm vic xc lp
Bin thin tn hiu nh in p quanh im lm vic xc lp
Bin thin tn hiu nh h s iu ch quanh im lm vic xc lp
Chu k iu ch
Chu k in p li
Ton t Laplace
H s p mch in p ra ca b chnh lu
Gc m Tiristor
Gi tr cun cm
Gi tr t in
Gi tr trung bnh in p u ra ca b chnh lu Tiristor
in p iu khin b chnh lu Tiristor
DANH MC BNG
B ng 5.1
Cc phng php gin on............................................................ 131
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1.1
H thng iu khin in t cng sut tiu biu .............................................. 12
Hnh 1.2
So snh tng i v cc phn t van bn dn ................................................. 13
Hnh 1.3
c tnh von-ampe ca tiristor ......................................................................... 13
Hnh 1.4
Dng in p v dng in ca Tiristor trong qu trnh ng ct .................... 15
Hnh 1.5 S mch nguyn l tiu biu m Tiristor, (a) dng bin p xung, (b) Dng
IC cch ly 16
Hnh 1.6
Mch iu khin m MOSFET ........................................................................ 17
Hnh 1.7 th dng xung dng in, in p trn MOSFET (a) Qu trnh iu khin
m, (b) Qu trnh iu khin kha ...................................................................................... 18
Hnh 1.8
S th nghim c tnh ng/m IGBT ...................................................... 19
Hnh 2.1
Cu trc ca h thng driver cho cc b bin i ph thuc............................ 24
Hnh 2.2
Gii hn gc iu khin . ............................................................................... 24
Hnh 2.3
in p ta dng rng ca sn xung ............................................................ 26
Hnh 2.4
in p ta dng rng ca sn ln ................................................................. 26
Hnh 2.5
in p ta dng cosin ..................................................................................... 27
Hnh 3.1 M t b bin i DC/DC, a) mch lc b bin i DC/DC, b) M hnh b

bin i DC/DC ti im xc lp, c) M hnh trung bnh b bin i DC/DC ................... 47
Hnh 3.2 Mng in hai ca, a) tn hiu trung bnh, b) Mch in in tng ng
c tuyn tnh ti im lm vic cn bng ........................................................................ 48
Hnh 3.3
Boost
M hnh trung bnh b bin i DC/DC, a)B bin i Buck, b)B bin i
49
Hnh 3.4 S mch in b bin i kiu buck (a), S mch in b bin i kiu
buck trong thi 1(b), S mch in b bin i kiu buck trong thi 2 (c).................... 49
Hnh 3.5
Mch in m t b bin i Buck vi tn hiu nh......................................... 52
Hnh 3.6 S mch in b bin i kiu boost (a), S mch in b bin i kiu
boost trong thi 1(b), S mch in b bin i kiu boost trong thi 2 (c) .................. 53
Hnh 3.7
Mch in m t b bin i Boost vi tn hiu nh........................................ 56
Hnh 3.8 S mch in b bin i kiu buck - boost (a), S mch in b bin
i kiu buck - boost trong thi 1(b), S mch in b bin i kiu buck - boost trong
thi 2 (c) 57
Hnh 3.9
S mch lc b bin i Buck ..................................................................... 60
Hnh 3.10 Dng in p v dng in b bin i Buck trong ch DCM .................... 60

Hnh 3.11 Mch in tng ng b bin i Buck (DCM) vi tn hiu trung bnh ..... 62
Hnh 3.12 Mch in tng ng b bin i Buck (DCM) trng thi xc lp........... 62
Hnh 3.13 Cu trc iu khin tuyn tnh cho b bin i DC/DC, a) iu khin trc tip
(direct mode), b) iu khin gin tip (indirect mode). ...................................................... 64
Hnh 3.14 Minh ha th Bode ca G ( j ) [6].............................................................. 67
Hnh 3.15 th bode ca b b Lead c cu trc (3.94)................................................. 69
Hnh 3.16 th bode ca b b c cu trc (3.105) ........................................................ 71
Hnh 3.17 th bode ca hm b b (3.108) .................................................................. 72
Hnh 3.18 Cu trc iu khin trc tip b bin i kiu buck ......................................... 74
Hnh 3.19 th Bode ca hm truyn t (3.118)........................................................... 75
Hnh 3.20 th Bode ca hm truyn t (3.118) v b b (3.94) ................................. 76
Hnh 3.21 th Bode ca hm truyn t (3.118) v b b (3.124) ............................... 77
Hnh 3.22 Cu trc nh gi nh hng in p u vo v u ra b bin i kiu
Buck
77
Hnh 3.23 Kt qu m phng Buck converter s dng b b (3.94) ................................. 78
Hnh 3.24 Kt qu m phng Buck converter s dng b b (3.124) khi in p ngun c
p mch vi bin 1V, tn s 100Hz.............................................................................. 78
Hnh 3.25 Kt qu m phng Buck converter s dng b b (3.124) ............................... 79
Hnh 3.26 Kt qu m phng Buck converter s dng b b (3.124) khi in p ngun c
p mch vi bin 1V, tn s 100Hz.............................................................................. 79
Hnh 3.27 Cu trc iu khin gin tip theo nguyn l dng in trung bnh b bin i
kiu buck 80
Hnh 3.28 th Bode ca hm truyn t (3.129).......................................................... 81
Hnh 3.29 th Bode ca hm truyn t (3.131).......................................................... 82
Hnh 3.30 Kt qu m phng Buck converter theo nguyn l iu khin dng in trung
bnh
82
Hnh 3.31 Cu trc iu khin gin tip theo nguyn l dng in nh b bin i kiu
buck
83
Hnh 3.32 Kt qu m phng Buck converter theo nguyn l iu khin dng in nh`
83
Hnh 3.33 th Bode ca hm truyn t (3.138)........................................................... 84
Hnh 3.34 th Bode ca hm truyn t vng h (Gvd.Gc) ......................................... 85
Hnh 3.35 Kt qu m phng b Boost theo nguyn l iu khin in p ...................... 86
Hnh 3.36 Cu trc iu khin gin tip theo nguyn l dng in nh b bin i kiu
Boost
86
Hnh 3.37 th bode ca hm truyn t Gui ( s ) bin i kiu Boost ........................... 87
Hnh 3.38 th bode ca hm truyn t Gui ( s ) v b b (3.103) bin i kiu Boost 88
Hnh 3.39 Kt qu m phng b bin i Boost theo nguyn l iu khin dng in

nh`
88
Hnh 4.1
S mch lc nghch lu c lp kiu ngun p, a) Mt pha, b) Ba
pha
94
Hnh 4.2
M hnh nghch lu ngun p mt pha c m t bi kha chuyn
mch
95
Hnh 4.3
M hnh nghch lu ngun p ba pha c m t bi kha chuyn
mch
96
Hnh 4.4
Gii php iu ch rng xung cho nghch lu mt pha, a) iu
ch lng cc, b) iu ch n cc ......................................................................... 98

Hnh 4.5
Dng sng in p theo phng php iu ch hai cc, a) Sng mang
v tn hiu iu khin, b) in p u ra mch nghch lu ...................................... 99

Hnh 4.6
Trng thi mch nghch lu theo phng php iu ch hai cc ..... 99
Hnh 4.7
Dng sng in p theo phng php iu ch n cc, a) Sng
mang v tn hiu iu khin, b) in p u ra mch nghch lu .......................... 100

Hnh 4.8
Trng thi mch nghch lu trong phng php iu ch n cc 100
Hnh 4.9
Biu vector ca k thut iu ch vector n cc ..................... 101
Hnh 4.10
Mu xung chun a ra nghch lu mt pha, a) na chu k dng, b)
na chu k m......................................................................................................... 102

Hnh 4.11
Kt qu m phng vi phng php iu ch lng cc ............... 103
Hnh 4.12
Kt qu m phng vi phng php iu ch n cc .................. 104
Hnh 4.13
Gii php iu ch rng xung cho nghch lu ba pha ............... 104
Hnh 4.14
Qu o vector khng gian trn mt phng ............................... 106
Hnh 4.15
Trng thi mch nghch lu ngun p tng ng vector chun ..... 108
Hnh 4.16
V tr vector chun trn h ta tnh ....................................... 109
Hnh 4.17
Mi quan h gia cc sector v in p tc thi usa, usb, usc ........... 109
Hnh 4.18
Thut ton xc nh vector in p t trong mi sector ................ 110
Hnh 4.19
Vector in p c iu ch trong Sector 1 .................................. 110
Hnh 4.20
Trng thi logic ca vector chun trong Sector 1 ........................... 111
Hnh 4.21
Mu xung chun trong Sector 1 ...................................................... 112
Hnh 4.22
Cc mu xung chun a ra trong mi sector ................................ 113
Hnh 4.23
Qu o vector in p theo phng php iu ch rng xung cho
nghch lu ba pha ngun p.................................................................................... 114

Hnh 4.24
Kt qu m phng vi phng php iu ch sinPWM ................. 115
Hnh 4.25
Kt qu m phng vi phng php iu ch vector khng gian .. 115
Hnh
Hnh 4.26
S mch in thay th mch vng dng in nghch lu ngun p
mt pha
116
Hnh 4.27
M t ton hc mch vng iu khin dng in ........................... 116
Hnh 4.28
S mch in thay th mch vng dng in nghch lu ngun p
ba pha
118
Hnh 4.29
Biu in vector in p v dng in trn cc h trc ta ....... 119
Hnh 4.30
Cu trc iu khin dng in trn h ta tnh ..................... 119
Hnh 4.31
Cu trc iu khin dng in trn h ta quay dq ................... 121
Hnh 5.1
H thng iu khin s ................................................................... 126
Hnh 5.2
Biu din d liu vo ADC ............................................................. 126
10
M U
11
12
1 GII THIU H THNG IU KHIN B BIN I

IN T CNG SUT
Nh bit, cc b bin i bn dn s dng cc phn t bn dn cng sut nh cc

kho in t, dng ni ti vo ngun theo nhng quy lut nht nh, trong nhng
khong thi gian nht nh, nh m bin i c cc thng s ca ngun in, p ng
cc yu cu khc nhau ca ph ti cng nh cc yu cu v iu chnh khc nhau. Cc
phn t cng sut ng ct cc dng in, c th rt ln, hng trm n hng nghn A, di
in p c th rt cao, t vi chc n vi trm V, tuy nhin li c iu khin bi nhng
dng in, in p rt nh, to ra bi nhng mch in t cng sut nh thng thng.
Ngoi ra quy lut ng ct ca cc phn t cng sut trong b bin i cng hon ton do
cc mch in t x l tn hiu to ra. Gi l x l tn hiu v y cng sut hon ton
khng c ngha g, ch c gi tr, mc tn hiu v hnh dng l cn thit m thi. V vy,
h thng iu khin ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong m bo s hot ng ca cc b
bin i.

Mt h thng iu khin b bin i in t cng sut ng dng trong cc lnh vc: b
bin i ni li, b bin i lm vic vi ti c lp... c ch ra trn Hnh 1.1 bao gm:
+ Mch pht xung m van bn dn (driver).
+ Thc hin chc nng iu ch, phn phi xung.
+ Thc hin cc b iu chnh trong mch vng kn.
+ Mch o lng v bo v.
+ H thng iu khin cp trn: Gim st, a ra lng t iu khin.
Hnh 1.1
H thng iu khin in t cng sut tiu biu
1.2 Mt s vn v ng/ngt cho Tiristor
13
Cc van bn n c s dng chia thnh 2 loi chnh:

+ Van bn dn ch iu khin c qu trnh ng m khng iu khin c qu trnh
ngt (Tiristor).
+ Van bn dn iu khin c c qu trnh ng v qu trnh ngt: MOSFET, IGBT...
Phm vi ng dng ca cc van bn dn ny cng rt khc nhau ph thuc vo kh nng
chu in p v dng in.
Hnh 1.2
So snh tng i v cc phn t van bn dn

Tiristor l phn t bn dn cu to t bn lp bn dn p-n-p-n, to ra ba tip gip p-n J1,
J2, J3. Tiristor c ba cc : ant A, catt K, cc iu khin G.
c tnh vn-mpe ca mt tiristor gm hai phn Hnh 1.3. Phn th nht nm trong
gc phn th t th I l c tnh thun tng ng vi trng hp in p UAK>0, phn th
hai nm trong gc phn t th III, gi l c tnh ngc, tng ng vi trng hp UAK<0.
Hnh 1.3
c tnh von-ampe ca tiristor
Trng hp dng in vo cc iu khin bng khng (IG=0).
14
Khi dng vo cc iu khin ca tiristor bng 0 hay khi h mch cc iu khin tiristor
s cn tr dng in ng vi c hai trng hp phn cc in p gia ant-catt. Khi in
p UAK<0 theo cu to bn dn ca tiristor hai tip gip J1, J3 u phn cc ngc, lp J2
phn cc thun, nh vy tiristor s ging nh hai it mc ni tip b phn cc ngc. Qua
tiristor s ch c mt dng in rt nh chy qua, gi l dng r. Khi UAK tng t n mt
gi tr in p ln nht Ung,max s xy ra hin tng tiristor b nh thng, dng in c th
tng ln rt ln. Ging nh on c tnh ngc ca it qu trnh b nh thng l qu
trnh khng th o ngc c, ngha l nu c gim in p UAK xung di mc
Ung,max th dng in cng khng gim c v mc dng r. Tiristor b hng.
Khi tng in p ant-catt theo chiu thun, UAK>0, lc u cng ch c mt dng in
rt nh chy qua, gi l dng r. in tr tng ng mch ant-catt vn c gi tr rt
ln. Khi tip gip J1, J3 phn cc thun, J2 phn cc ngc. Cho n khi UAK tng t
n gi tr in p thun ln nht, Uth,max, s xy ra hin tng in tr tng ng mch
ant-catt t ngt gim, dng in chy qua tiristor s ch b gii hn bi in tr mch
ngoi. Nu khi dng qua tiristor c gi tr ln hn mt mc dng ti thiu, gi l dng
duy tr Idt, th khi tiristor s dn dng trn ng c tnh thun, ging nh ng c
tnh thun it. on c tnh thun c c trng bi tnh cht dng c th c gi tr
ln nhng in p ri trn ant-catt th nh v hu nh khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca
dng in.
Trng hp c dng in vo cc iu khin (IG>0)
Nu c dng iu khin a vo gia cc iu khin v catt qu trnh chuyn im lm
vic trn ng c tnh thun s xy ra sm hn, trc khi in p thun t n gi tr
ln nht, Uth.max. iu ny c m t trn Hnh 1.3 bng nhng ng nt t, ng vi
cc gi tr dng iu khin khc nhau, IG1, IG2, IG3,... Ni chung nu dng iu khin ln
hn th im chuyn c tnh lm vic s xy ra vi UAK nh hn.
Tnh hnh xy ra trn ng c tnh ngc s khng c g khc so vi trng hp dng
iu khin bng 0.
Tiristor c c tnh ging nh it, ngha l ch cho php dng chy qua theo mt chiu, t
ant n catt v cn tr dng chy theo chiu ngc li. Tuy nhin khc vi it,
tiristor c th dn dng ngoi iu kin phi c in p UAK>0 cn cn thm mt s iu
kin khc. Do tiristor c coi l phn t bn dn c iu khin phn bit vi it l
phn t khng iu khin c.
1.2.1
Qu trnh m Tiristor
Khi c phn cc thun, UAK>0, tiristor c th m bng hai cch. Th nht, c th

tng in p ant-catt cho n khi t n gi tr in p thun ln nht , Uth,max. Khi
in tr tng ng trong mch ant-catt s gim t ngt v dng qua tiristor s hon
ton do mch ngoi xc nh. Phng php ny trong thc t khng c p dng do
nguyn nhn m khng mong mun v khng phi lc no cng c th tng c in p
n gi tr Uth,max. V li nh vy s xy ra trng hp tiristor t m ra di tc dng
ca cc xung in p ti mt thi im ngu nhin, khng nh trc.
Phng php th hai, phng php c p dng thc t, l a mt xung dng in c
gi tr nht nh vo gia cc iu khin v catt. Xung dng in iu khin s chuyn
trng thi ca tiristor t tr khng cao sang tr khng thp mc in p ant-catt nh.
Khi nu dng qua ant-catt ln hn mt gi tr nht nh, gi l dng duy tr (Idt) th
tiristor s tip tc trong trng thi m dn dng m khng cn n s tn ti ca xung
dng iu khin na. iu ny ngha l c th iu khin m cc tiristor bng cc xung
15
dng c rng xung nht nh, do cng sut ca mch iu khin c th l rt nh, so
vi cng sut ca mch lc m tiristor l mt phn t ng ct, khng ch dng in.
1.2.2
Qu trnh kha tiristor
Mt tiristor ang dn dng s tr v trng thi kha (in tr tng ng mch antcatt tng cao) nu dng in gim xung, nh hn gi tr dng duy tr, Idt. Tuy nhin
tiristor vn trng thi kha, vi tr khng cao, khi in p ant-catt li dng (UAK > 0)
cn phi c mt thi gian nht nh cc lp tip gip phc hi hon ton tnh cht cn
tr dng in ca mnh.
Khi tiristor dn dng theo chiu thun, UAK > 0, hai lp tip gip J1, J3 phn cc
thun, cc in tch i qua hai lp ny d dng v lp y tip gip J2 ang b phn cc
ngc. V vy m dng in c th chy qua ba lp tip gip J1, J2, J3. kha tiristor li
cn gim dng ant-catt v di mc dng duy tr (Idt) bng cch hoc l i chiu dng
in hoc p mt in p ngc ln gia ant v catt ca tiristor. Sau khi dng v bng
khng phi t mt in p ngc ln ant-catt (UAK < 0) trong mt khong thi gian ti
thiu, gi l thi gian phc hi (trr), ch sau tiristor mi c th cn tr dng in theo c
hai chiu. Trong thi gian phc hi c mt dng in ngc chy gia catt v ant. Dng
in ngc ny di tn cc in tch ra khi tip gip J2 v np in cho t in tng
ng ca hai tip gip J1, J3 c phc hi. Thi gian phc hi ph thuc vo lng in
tch cn c di tn ra ngoi cu trc bn dn ca tiristor v np in cho tip gip J1, J3
n in p ngc ti thi im .
Hnh 1.4
1.2.3
Dng in p v dng in ca Tiristor trong qu trnh ng ct
Cc yu cu i vi tn hiu iu khin tiristor
Quan h gia in p trn cc iu khin v catt (UGK) vi dng in i vo cc iu

khin (IG) xc nh cc yu cu i vi tn hiu iu khin tiristor. Vi cng mt loi
tiristor nh sn xut s cung cp mt h c tnh iu khin, v d nh trn Error!
Reference source not found., trn c th thy c cc c tnh gii hn v in p v
dng in nh nht, ng vi mt nhit mi trng nht nh m tn hiu iu khin phi
m bo m c chc chn mt tiristor. Dng iu khin i qua tip gip p-n gia cc
16
iu khin v catt cng lm pht nng tip gip ny. V vy tn hiu iu khin cng phi
b hn ch v cng sut. Cng sut gii hn ca tn hiu iu khin ph thuc rng ca
xung iu khin. Nu tn hiu iu khin l mt xung c rng cng ngn th cng sut
cho php c th cng ln.
Yu cu v tn hiu iu khin tiristor [2]:
+ cng sut th hin bin in p (UGK), dng in (IGK).
+ rng xung l mt yu cu quan trng m bo dng IV vt qua gi tr dng
duy tr Ih, khi ngt xung van vn gi c trng thi dn. Thc t, rng xung iu
khin ch cn c 500s l m bo m van vi cc dng ti.
+ C sn xung dc ng m van chnh xc vo thi im qui nh, thng tc
tng in p iu khin phi t 10V/s, tc tng dng iu khin 0,1A/s.
1.2.4
Mch khuch i xung m Tiristor
S mch nguyn l tiu biu m Tiristor, (a) dng bin p xung, (b) Dng IC
cch ly
Hnh 1.5
S tiu biu ca mt mch khuch i xung iu khin tiristor c cho trn Hnh
1.5. S Hnh 1.5a c gii thch nh sau: Kha transistor T c iu khin bi mt
xung c rng nht nh, ng ct in p pha s cp bin p xung. Xung iu khin
a n cc iu khin ca tiristor pha bn cun th cp. Nh vy mch lc c cch
ly hon ton vi mch iu khin bi bin p xung. in tr R hn ch dng qua transistor
v xc nh ni tr ca ngun tn hiu iu khin. it D1 ngn mch cun s cp bin p
xung khi transistor T kha li chng qu p trn T. it D2 ngn xung m vo cc iu
khin. it D3 mc song song vi cc iu khin v c th song song vi t C c tc dng
gim qu p trn tip gip G-K khi tiristor b phn cc ngc.
D1
ULN2803
G1
+E
T1
1
R1
1k
D3
R2
120R_2W
10
5
EI_20
Rb
Vb
Q1
FR107
D2
R3
FR107 1k
C1
102_2kV
K1
1.3 Mt s vn v iu khin cho MOSFET, IGBT
Hnh 1.6
17
V d mt mch khuch i xung thc t m Tiristor
Bi tp: Tnh chn phn t mch KX Hnh 1.5a cho mt Tiristor vi yu cu: IG =
0,2A; UGK = 5V; rng xung l 100s.
1.3.1
Phn tch qu trnh m/ kha i vi MOSFET
Gi s ta xt qu trnh m MOSFET, lm vic vi ti tr cm, c it khng. y l

ch lm vic tiu biu ca cc kha bn dn. S v th dng dng in, in p
ca qu trnh m MOSFET c th hin trn Hnh 1.7. Ti cm trong s th hin bng
ngun dng ni song song ngc vi it di in p mt chiu VDD. MOSFET c
iu khin bi u ra ca vi mch DRIVER di ngun nui VCC, ni tip qua in tr
RGext. Cc iu khin c in tr ni RGin. Khi c xung dng u vo ca DRIVER
u ra ca n s c xung vi bin VP a n tr RGext.
Hnh 1.7
Mch iu khin m MOSFET
Nh vy UGS s tng vi hng s thi gian xc nh bi T1 = (Rdr + RGext + RGin).(CGS +

CGDl), trong t CGD ang mc thp CGDl do in p UDS ang mc cao.
Theo th, trong khong thi gian t 0 n t1, t (CGS + CDSl) c np theo quy lut
hm m ti gi tr ngng UGS(th). Trong khong ny c in p UDS ln dng ID u cha
thay i. td(on) = t1 gi l thi gian tr khi m. Bt u t thi im t1 khi UGS vt qua
gi tr ngng, dng cc mng ID bt u tng, tuy nhin in p UDS vn gi nguyn gi
tr in p ngun VDD.
Trong khong t1 n t2 dng ID tng tuyn tnh rt nhanh, t n gi tr dng ti. T t2
tr i, khi UGS t n mc, gi l mc Miller, in p UDS bt u gim rt nhanh. Trong
khong t t2 n t4 in p UGS b gm mc Miller, do dng IG cng c gi tr khng
i. Khong ny gi l khong Miller. Trong khong thi gian ny dng iu khin l
dng phng cho t CGD gim nhanh in p gia cc mng v cc gc UDS.
Sau thi im t4 VGS li tng tip tc vi hng s thi gian T2 = (Rdr + RGext + RGin).(CGS
+ CGDh) v lc ny t CGD tng n gi tr cao CGDh. VGS s tng n gi tr cui cng,
xc nh gi tr thp nht ca in p gia cc gc v cc mng, VDS = IDS.RDS(on).
18
Trn th Hnh 1.8a, A1 c trng cho in tch np cho t (CGS + CGD) trong khong
t1 n t2, A2 c trng cho in tch np cho t CGD trong khong t2 n t4.
Nu coi it khng D khng phi l l tng th qu trnh phc hi ca it s nh
hng n dng sng ca s nh c ch ra trong Hnh 1.8a, theo dng ID c nh
nh cao thi im t2 tng ng vi dng ngc ca qu trnh phc hi it D.
Dng sng ca qu trnh kha th hin trn Hnh 1.8b. Khi u ra ca vi mch iu
khin DRIVER xung n mc khng VGS bt u gim theo hm m vi hng s thi
gian T2 = (Rdr + RGext + RGin).(CGS + CGDh) t 0 n t1, tuy nhin sau thi im t3 th hng
s thi gian li l T1 = (Rdr + RGext + RGin).(CGS + CGDl). T 0 n t1 l thi gian tr khi
kha td(off), dng iu khin phng in cho t CGS v t CGD. Sau thi im t1 in p VSD
bt u tng t ID.RDS(on) n gi tr cui cng ti t3, trong khi dng ID vn gi nguyn
mc c. Khong thi gian t t2 n t3 tng ng vi mc Miller, dng iu khin v in
p trn cc iu khin gi nguyn gi tr khng i. Sau thi im t3 dng ID bt u gim
v n khng thi im t4. T t4 MOSFET b kha hn.
Hnh 1.8
th dng xung dng in, in p trn MOSFET (a) Qu trnh iu khin m,

(b) Qu trnh iu khin kha
Khi dn MOSFET th hin bi tham s RDS(on) (in tr DS khi dn).
1.3.2
19
Phn tch qu trnh m/ kha i vi IGBT
Ta s kho st qu trnh m v kha mt IGBT theo s th nghim cho trn hnh

1.30. Trn s IGBT ng ct mt ti cm c it khng D0 mc song song. IGBT c
iu khin bi ngun tn hiu vi bin VG, ni vi cc iu khin G qua in tr RG.
Trn s Cgc, Cge th hin cc t k sinh gia cc iu khin v collector, emitter.
Hnh 1.9
S th nghim c tnh ng/m IGBT
Qu trnh m IGBT din ra rt ging vi qu trnh ny MOSFET khi in p iu

khin u vo tng t khng n gi tr VG. Trong thi gian tr khi m td(on) tn hiu iu
khin np in cho t Cge lm in p gia cc iu khin v emitter tng theo quy lut
hm m, t khng n gi tr ngng VGE(th) (khong 3 5V), ch bt u t MOSFET
trong cu trc ca IGBT mi bt u m ra. Dng in gia collector-emitter tng theo
quy lut tuyn tnh t khng n dng ti I0 trong thi gian tr. Trong thi gian tr in p
ga cc iu khin v emitter tng n gi tr VGE,Io, xc nh gi tr dng I0 qua collector.
Do it D0 cn ang dn dng ti I0 nn in p VCE vn b gm ln mc in p ngun
mt chiu Vdc. Tip theo qu trnh m din ra theo hai giai on, tfv1 v tfv2. Trong sut hai
giai on ny in p gia cc iu khin gi nguyn mc VGE,Io (mc Miller), duy tr
dng I0, do dng iu khin hon ton l dng phng ca t Cgc. IGBT vn lm vic trong
ch tuyn tnh. Trong giai on u din ra qu trnh kha v phc hi ca it D0.
Dng phc hi ca it D0 to nn xung dng trn mc dng I0 ca IGBT. in p VCE
bt u gim. IGBT chuyn im lm vic qua vng ch tuyn tnh sang vng bo
ha. Giai on hai tip din qu trnh gim in tr trong vng thun tr ca collector, dn
n in tr gia collector-emitter v n gi tr Ron khi kha bo ha hon ton, VCE,on =
I0Ron.
Sau thi gian m ton, khi t Cgc phng in xong in p gia cc iu khin v
emitter tip tc tng theo quy lut hm m, vi hng s thi gian bng CgeRG, n gi tr
cui cng VG.
Tn hao nng lng khi m c tnh gn ng bng
V I
Qon = dc 0 ton
(3.1)
2
Nu tnh thm nh hng ca qu trnh phc hi ca it D0 th tn hao nng lng s
ln hn do xung dng trn dng collector.
Dng in p, dng in ca qu trnh kha th hin trn hnh 1.32. Qu trnh kha bt
u khi in p iu khin gim t VG xung VG. Trong thi gian thi gian tr khi kha
td(off), ch c t u vo Cge phng in qua dng iu khin u vo vi hng s thi gian
20
bng CgeRG, ti mc in p Miller. Bt u t mc Miller in p gia cc iu khin v

emitter b gi khng i do in p Vce bt u tng ln v do t Cgc bt u c np
in. Dng iu khin by gi s hon ton l dng np cho t Cgc nn in p VGE c
gi khng i.
in p Vce tng t gi tr bo ha Vce,on ti gi tr in p ngun Vdc sau khong thi
gian trV. T cui khong trV it D0 bt u m ra cho dng ti I0 ngn mch qua, do
dng collector bt u gim. Qu trnh gim dng din ra theo hai giai on, tfi1 v tfi2.
Trong giai on u, thnh phn dng i1 ca MOSFET trong cu trc bn dn IGBT suy
gim nhanh chng v khng. in p Vge ra khi mc Miller v gim v mc in p iu
khin u vo VG vi hng s thi gian RG(Cge + Cgc). cui khong tfi1, Vge t mc
ngng kha ca MOSFET, VGE(th), tng ng vi vic MOSFET b kha hon ton.
Trong giai on hai, thnh phn dng i2 ca transistor p-n-p bt u suy gim. Qu trnh
gim dng ny c th ko rt di v cc in tch trong lp n- ch b mt i do qu trnh t
trung ha in tch ti ch. l vn ui dng in ni n trn.
Tn hao nng lng trong qu trnh kha c th tnh gn ng bng:
V I
Qoff = dc 0 t off
(3.2)
2
Lp n- trong cu trc bn dn ca IGBT gip gim in p ri khi dn v khi s
lng cc in tch thiu s (cc l) tch t trong lp ny lm gim in tr ng k. Tuy
nhin cc in tch tch t ny li khng c cch g di tn ra ngoi mt cch ch ng
c, lm tng thi gian kha ca phn t. y cng ngh ch to bt buc phi tha
hip. So vi MOSFET, IGBT c thi gian m tng ng nhng thi gian kha th di
hn.
Khi dn IGBT dn dng tham s UCE(sat) tng t nh transitor. Cng c hng ch to
a ra in p trn IGBT khi dn bo ha, bao gm c hai thnh phn cu to transitor v
MOS trong bng IGBT l:
U CE ( sat ) = U CE ( p n ) + RCE ( on ) I c
(3.3)
in p U CE ( sat ) ca IGBT thng nh hn MOSFET, v y cng l u im IGBT so
vi MOSFET.
Tm li: i vi MOSFET, xung iu khiern m UGS-on = 610V, xung kha thng ch
yu cu UGS-off=0V. i vi IGBT, xung m UGE-on=15V, xung kha phi c gi tr m
UGE-off=-5V.
1.3.3
Mch driver cho MOSFET v IGBT
IGBT v MOSFET l cc phn t bn dn vi cc tnh nng u vit nh kh nng ng

ct nhanh, cng sut iu khin cc nh, l nhng phn t s thay th cc tranzito cng
sut thng thng. iu khin kho, m cc phn t ny c nhng yu cu c bit.
Nhng kh khn trong iu khin IGBT v MOSFET ch yu l to c cc xung iu
khin vi sn xung dng ng, thi gian to sn xung ch c 0,1S hoc nh hn. Cc
t in k sinh gia cc iu khin G vi cc gc S (hoc E IGBT), gia cc G vi cc
mng D (hoc collect C), cn tr tc thay i ca tn hiu iu khin. c nhiu vi
mch chuyn dng, phc v cho khu to xung iu khin cui cng ny, gi l cc driver.
Hnh 1.10
21
S mch nguyn l s dng driver cho MOSFET, IGBT
Tnh chn in tr cc iu khin RG, thng thng c tnh theo cng thc sau:
V + VGE
RG = GE
Rg
(3.4)
I GP
2
Cng sut tiu tn ln nht trn in tr RG l: I GP
RG
Trong : Rg l ni tr ca cc iu khin.
V nguyn tc cc driver cho MOSFET v IGBT l ging nhau v cc phn t ny c
cu trc bn dn c iu khin ging nhau. Tuy nhin trong khi MOSFET c th iu
khin kha li d dng nh a tn hiu iu khin gia G v S v mc 0V th IGBT thi
gian kha b ko di hn do cu trc bn dn ging nh tranzito thng. Ngoi ra vic
kha IGBT khng th ch ng nh MOSFET, khi qu ti IGBT c th ra khi ch
bo ha, tn hao cng sut trn phn t c th tng vt, ph hng phn t. Chnh v vy
driver cho IGBT thng l cc mch lai (hybrid), trong kt hp mt driver ging nh
MOSFET vi cc mch bo v chng qu ti khc.
(a)
(b)
Hnh 1.11
S mch nguyn l s dng driver HCPL 3120, (a) S dng ngun n cc cp

cho driver, (b) S dng ngun lng cc cp cho driver []
22
Ngoi ra, driver cho IGBT c tch hp qu ti bng cch theo di in p gia collect
v emit trong thi gian c tn hiu m, nu in p ny ln hn 5 n 7V mch s t ng
pht tn hiu qu ti v thc hin kha IGBT li vi thi gian kha c ko di ra gp 10
ln (ti 10S). Nh vy IGBT s kha li qua vng tuyn tnh, dng ti khng b ngt t
ngt, trnh c xung qu in p nh thng van. Chc nng bo v ny gi l
desaturation, ngha l kho qua vng khng bo ho.
Hnh 1.12
S mch nguyn l s dng driver HCPL 316J
Khi s dng mch driver tch hp cn phi gii quyt mt s vn sau:

+ Thit k mch ngun cch ly cho mi driver.
+ Mc d l phn t iu khin bng in p nhng cc t k sinh yu cu dng phng,
np khi thay i mc in p, v dng in ny phi do mch driver m bo. Do i
vi van IGBT cng sut ln th bn cnh vic s driver truyn thng cn phi c thm tng
khuch i dng in u ra trc khi a vo cc iu khin ca IGBT.
Hnh 1.13
S mch nguyn l s dng driver HCPL 316J v b khuch i dng in thm.
Hnh 1.14
V d s s dng driver HCPL316J m IGBT cng sut ln
23
24
2 H THNG IU KHIN CC B BIN I PH THUC
2 H THNG IU KHIN CC B BIN I PH

THUC
Cc b bin i ph thuc l lp cc b bin i trong cc van chuyn mch di

tc dng ca in p li, bao gm cc b chnh lu, cc b bin i xung p xoay chiu
v bin tn trc tip. Nguyn l xy dng h thng iu khin cho cc b bin i ny l
ging nhau.
2.1 Driver cho h thng iu khin cc b bin i ph thuc

S cu trc ca h thng driver iu khin cho cc b bin i ph thuc theo
nguyn tc iu khin dc ch trn Hnh 2.1. Trong cc b bin i ph thuc cc tiristo
c iu khin m bi cc xung ti cc thi im, chm pha so vi im chuyn mch t
nhin mt gc , gi l gc iu khin. im chuyn mch t nhin c th l cc im
in p ngun qua khng (chnh lu mt pha) hoc cc im in p ngun ct nhau
(chinh lu ba pha). V vy khu u tin trong h thng iu khin l khu ng pha, khu
ng pha c nhim v to ra h thng in p ta, ng b vi in p li, ngha l cho
php xc nh gi tr u ca gc iu khin .
Hnh 2.1 Cu trc ca h thng driver cho cc b bin i ph thuc
i vi cc chnh lu c iu khin thng yu cu gc iu khin thay i trong

ton b di 0180. Tuy vy do cc ch lm vic hn ch s thay i gc iu khin, s
phi c kh nng p t phm vi iu chnh ca gc trong phm vi cho php,
minmax , khng ph thuc s thay i ca in p li. iu ny minh ho trn Hnh
2.2.
min
max 180
Hnh 2.2 Gii hn gc iu khin .
25
Khu to xung v khuych i xung s to ra xung c bin , rng a n

cc tiristo trong mch lc. Xung truyn n cc iu khin ca tiristo qua cc mch cch ly
dng bin p xung hoc cc phn t photocoupler.
2.1.1
Khi ng pha v to in p ta
Khi ng pha c chc nng m bo quan h v gc pha c nh vi in p ca mch

lc nhm xc nh im gc tnh gc iu khin v hnh thnh in p c dng ph
hp lm xung nhp cho hot ng ca khu to in p ta pha sau n.
Thc t khu ny c quan h nh hng qua li cht ch vi khu to in p ta, nn
trong mt s trng hp n gin, hai chc nng trn c gm trong mt mch duy nht,
m thng thng mch ng pha l lun chc nng ng b.
thc hin chc nng ng b thng thng ngi ta s dng my bin p (ty thuc
vo loi chnh lu mt pha hay ba pha s c khu ng b l my bin p mt pha hay ba
pha) hoc cc phn t cch ly quang.
Mt iu cn ch l khi s dng MBA ng b cho chnh lu 3 pha l: cch u cc
cun dy s cp nh hng r rt ti pham v iu chnh gc minmax, v van khng m
ngay c khi in p li bt u dng m chm hn thi im ny 300 (thi im
chuyn mch t nhin). Vi cch u my bin p /Y ta s c phm vi iu chnh
=001800, v in p ng b udpA ly theo t l in p dy uAC, do im qua 0 ca
in p ny vo ng giao im ct nhau ca hai in p pha A v C, m im ny tng
ng vi gc =00 ca van lc pha A (ngha l s dng in p dy uAC l in p ng
pha cho V1, trong s chnh lu hnh tia hoc hnh cu ba pha).
Khi MBA u Y/Y, in p ng pha s l in p pha A ca li, do im qua 0
ca in p ny sm pha hn 300 so vi im tng ng gc =00. Nh vy phm vi iu
chnh gc m =001500
Hnh 2.3 Bin p ng pha cho chnh lu ba pha (a) u /Y, (a) u Y/Y
26
in p iu khin c bin i thnh gc iu khin ti khu so snh nh so snh

vi in p ta. C hai dng in p ta l dng hnh cosin v dng rng ca (sn xung
hoc sn ln).
a. in p ta dng rng ca sn xung
in p ta rng ca ur ( t ) s m t theo (2.1), gc m c xc nh l giao im
gia in p udk ( t ) = ur ( t ) .
ur ( t ) = U c , m
U c ,m
u
= 1 dk
U
c ,m
(2.1)
Hnh 2.4 in p ta dng rng ca sn xung
b. in p ta dng rng ca sn ln (2.2).

ur ( t ) =
U c ,m
(2.2)
u
= dk
U c ,m
Hnh 2.5 in p ta dng rng ca sn ln
Nhn xt: Trong mch iu khin chnh lu dng dng rng ca i ln s cho quan h
gia in p rng ca v gc iu khin t l thun (ngha l in p iu khin ln th
gc m ln). Mt khc ta cng bit rng quan h gia gc iu khin v in p u
ra chnh lu nhn c li tun theo qui lut t l nghch U d = U do cos ( ) (ngha l tng
th U d gim). Nh vy tng ng vi vic tng in p iu khin s dn n gim in p
chnh lu, iu ny nhiu khi khng thun li cho h thng iu khin vng kn. quan
h ny thun, ta c th s dng dng rng ca sn xung.
c. Vi in p ta hnh csin nh trn Hnh 2.6, gc c xc nh bng:
U
(2.3)
= arccos dk
U
c
,
m
27
Hnh 2.6 in p ta dng cosin
Trong s chnh lu in p ph thuc gc iu khin theo quy lut

U d = U d 0 cos ( ) , do vi in p ta dng csin th in p chnh lu s ph thuc
tuyn tnh vo udk . y l mt u im ca dng in p ta ny. Tuy nhin in p ta
csin thng c to ra trc tip t my bin p ng pha nn d b nh hng ca nhiu
v s thay i ca in p li. Trong thc t ngi ta dng ch yu l dng in p ta
rng ca.
Ch : Trong nhiu mch iu khin chnh lu, in p ta c to ra trong c hai na
chu k bng mt mch duy nht. Lc ny khu so snh s xc nh gc iu khin cho c
hai van thuc cng mt pha ca mch lc (mt van nm chu k dng, mt van nm
chu k m ca in p xoay chiu mch lc). Do , cn thit b sung thm mt phn gi
l mch tch xung m bo van ca mch lc ch nhn tn hiu iu khin khi in p
anot-katot l dng (uAK > 0).
2.1.2
Khu so snh
Khu ny c chc nng so snh in p iu khin vi in p ta (dng rng ca hoc

dng cosin) nh gc m . Khu so snh c th thc hin bng cc phn t nh
transitor hoc khuch i thut ton (hay c dng hn c).
C cc IC chuyn dng dng cho vic so snh cc tn hiu nhng nguyn l lm vic
c gii thch nh khuych i thut ton. Mch so snh s dng tnh cht c h s
khuych i h mch v cng ln ca OP.
Hnh 2.7 Mch so snh. (a) Mt cng; (b) Hai cng.
Mch so snh mt cng, s Hnh 2.7a, dng so snh hai tn hiu khc du. Do
dng u vo OP khng ng k nn ta c:
28
R2
R1
U1 +
U2
(2.4)
R1 + R 2
R1 + R 2
Nu U i( ) > U i( + ) = 0 V , u ra OP v l tng s ln bng m v cng. Tuy nhin tn
hiu u ra s b hn ch bi in p ngun nui v in p ri trn tranzito khuych i
u ra, nn thc cht in p ra c gi tr bo ho, nh hn ngun nui 1,5 2 V. Trong
trng hp ny u ra bo ho mc +1,5 V - Un.
Nu U i( ) < U i( + ) = 0 V , tng t nh vy u ra bo ho mc -1,5 V+Un
Mch so snh hai cng, s Hnh 2.7b, dng so snh hai tn hiu cng du. Do
dng u vo OP khng ng k nn ta c:
Nu U1 > U2 th Uo = +1,5 V - Un.
Nu U1 < U2 th Uo = -1,5 V + Un.
Mt IC in hnh thc hin chc nng so snh l LM339, trong c cha 4 phn t
khuch i thut ton.
U i( ) =
2.1.3
Khu to xung
Sau khu so snh ta nhn c xung c sn dc ng, nhng rng xung ln v

thng ph thuc vo gc iu khin.
Xung n c th c to ra t mt s IC nh: Timer 555, hoc mt s IC chuyn dung
nh CD4528.
(B sung thm hnh v)
Mt iu cn ch trong chnh lu cu ba pha Hnh 2.8, ti mt thi im bt k, dng
phi chy qua t nht l hai van, mt thuc nhm catt chung, mt thuc nhm ant chung.
Nu iu khin cc tiristo bng cc xung ngn th s s khng khi ng c hoc
khng lm vic c trong ch dng gin on. Trong thc t vn ngy c gii
quyt bng mt trong hai cch sau y.
Hnh 2.8 Chnh lu cu ba pha s dng tiristor
2.1.3.1
Khu to xung kp
Theo cch ny mi tiristo khi nhn c tn hiu iu khin m th xung iu khin

cng c lp li tiristo vo lm vic ngay trc (xung iu khin ca van V2 c
s dng l xung ph cho van V1, m khp kn c dng in). Nh vy mi tiristo s
nhn c hai xung iu khin, mi xung cch nhau 60, nh c minh ho trn th
Hnh 2.9.
29
Hnh 2.9 Biu pht xung kp cho chnh lu cu ba pha
thc hin c cc mu xung theo Hnh 2.9, trc tin ta to c cc xung chnh
(thc cht l cc xung n), sau tin hnh ghp xung n thnh cc xung kp s dng
cc php ton logic nh sau:
TX1
OR
T1
TX2
OR
T1
TX3
OR
T4
TX4
OR
T4
TX5
OR
T5
TX6
OR
T6
Hnh 2.10 S dng mch logic xy dng biu pht xung kp cho chnh lu cu ba pha
2.1.3.2
Khu to xung chm
Dng xung chm l dng thng dng nht v cho php m tt van lc trong mi trng
hp, vi mi dng ti v nhiu s chnh lu khc nhau. Xung chm thc cht l mt
chm cc xung c tn s cao gp nhiu ln tn s li (fx = 612kHz). rng xung ca
mt chm xung c th c hn ch trong khong (100130) in, v nguyn tc n
phi kt thc khi in p trn van lc m n iu khin i du sang m.
Hnh 2.11 Biu pht xung chm cho chnh lu cu ba pha
30

uss
uta
uk
So snh
uss
AND
To
xung chm ud
uxc
ud
KX
uxc
Hnh 2.12 Khu to xung chm c rng bng -
Cn ch mch to xung chm s khng c rng xung c nh trong ton di , v

ch cn m bo nguyn tc ngt xung khi in p trn van lc i sang m, c ngha l:
+ Nu ( ) > xc th rng xung ch bng xc .
+ Nu ( ) < xc th rng xung ch bng ( ) .

Mt s s c th v h thng iu khin chnh lu tia ba pha v cu ba pha c gii
thiu trong trang 163 (tia ba pha), 165 (xung kp cho cu ba pha) v 170 (xung chm cu
ba pha) ca ti liu [2].
2.1.4
Khu khuch i xung

(Xem mc 1.2.4)
2.1.5
V d v mch driver cho h thng iu khin nhiu knh
S mt mch iu khin chnh lu cu ba pha cho trn Hnh 2.13. H thng gm ba

knh, mi knh chu trch nhim iu khin hai tiristo trn mt pha ca s cu. Dng
xung in p ti cc im trn s cho trn Hnh 2.14.
in p ng pha ly t th cp my bin p ng pha, qua mch lc RC a n u
vo ca OP U1A. U1A lm vic nh mt khu so snh nn u ra s cho ra in p dng
xung ch nht i xng.in p dng xung ch nht a n mch vi phn gm C2, R5,
to nn dng xung nhn vi bin bng hai ln xung ch nht. Xung vi phn a n
khu to xung U1B. u vo (-) ca U1B t di in p m do phn p R6, R7 v Un
to nn. Khi in p ti im C bng 0V, cc it D1, D2 s thng lm u vo (-) ca
U1B m hn u vo (+), do u ra U1B s bo ho mc +Un. Khi xung nhn im
C c gi tr dng, D2 kho, D1 thng lm u vo (-) dng hn u vo (+), u ra U1B
lt xung mc bo ho Un. Khi im C c xung nhn m, D1 b kho, D2 thng dn n
u vo (+) s b m hn so vi u vo (-), kt qu l u ra cng b lt xung mc bo
ho Un. Nh vy u ra ca U1B ti im D c dng xung ch nht vi phn m rt hp.
y l in p ng b cho khu to xung rng ca xy dng t U1C. Mch to rng ca
lm vic theo nguyn l m t phn 7.2.8. Khu so snh trn U1D so snh in p
iu khin Uk vi in p rng ca, xc nh gc iu khin .
Tn hiu iu khin t u ra ca U1D, c ct b phn m nh in tr hn ch v
it D5, tn hiu ti im F a n mch chia xung dng JK trig D2A to nn xung c
rng 180 cho mi na chu k. u ra Q v Q ca trig kt hp vi tn hiu ti F qua
mch lgic AND to nn xung iu khin c rng , qua mch AND th hai tn
hiu ny trn vi xung trm t mch NAND Smith D3A tr thnh tn hiu c bm ra
31
tn s cao. Khu khuch i xung cui cng dng tranzito v bin p xung a tn hiu n
cc iu khin G v catt K ca tiristo
R7 -Un R9
R6
R1
A
R2
C2
R3
C1
R5
U1A
Uk
R4
D1
D2
SET
C4
D3A
CLR
B
Uk
Ux
C
Uk
Ux
R13
R15
R14
R12
U1D
U1C
+24V
G4
G1
K4
D2A
K1
R19
R22
D2C
R17
D2B
D4
Uk
D1A
G
Ux
D3 R11
+24V
C3
U1B
R8
R16
+Un
DZ
R10
R20
R18
D2D
R21
G6
G3
K6
K3
G2
G5
K2
K5
Hnh 2.13 H thng iu khin Tiristor nhiu knh
S trn y l mt mch iu khin cht lng cao. Bng cch b tr bin p ng

pha hp l, c th dng iu khin chnh lu cu ba pha, b bin i xung p ba pha.
Mch chnh lu cu mt pha s ch cn mt knh ca s l nu mch khuych i
xung cui cng b sung thm hai cun th cp cho bin p xung.
32
180
360
Hnh 2.14 Dng tn hiu ti cc im trn s h thng iu khin
2.1.6
S dng IC chuyn dng lm driver cho chnh lu ph thuc
H thng iu khin cc b bin i ph thuc (chnh lu, bin i xung p xoay

chiu) c th c xy dng rt thun tin nu s dng vi mch chuyn dng TCA785 ca
33
Simens. S cu trc ca TCA785 v k hiu chn ra c cho trn hnh 7.25. C th

thy rng TCA785 tch hp cc khu ng b, to in p ta dng rng ca, khu so snh
v c vic to ra dng xung iu khin vi rng thch hp, sn sng a ra iu
khin cc thyristor trong mch lc.
1. GND chn ni t,
2. Q2 u ra 2 o,
3. QU u ra U,
Hnh 2.15 S cu trc ca TCA785.
4. Q1 u ra 1 o
5. VSYNC u vo ng
b,
6. Inhibit u vo cm,
7. QZ u ra Z,
8. VSTOP =VREF in p
chun, xc nh bin
ca rng ca.
9. R9 in tr mch to
rng ca,
10. C10 t in mch to
rng ca,
11. V11 in p iu khin,
12. C12 t to rng
xung,
13. Tn hiu to iu
khin bng xung rng,
14. Q1 u ra 1,
15. Q2 u ra 2,
16. VS ngun cung cp
Nguyn l hot ng ca TCA785 c th hin qua th dng xung trn cc chn

nh c minh ha trn hnh 7.26.
in p ng b c a ti chn s 5 qua mt in tr c gi tr ln a n khu
xc nh im in p ngun qua khng (Zero Detector), u ra ca n a tn hiu n
thanh ghi ng b (Synchron. Register) xc nh cc na chu k ca in p li.
Thanh ghi ng b cng iu khin mch np t C10 bng dng khng i, xc nh bi
in tr R9, to ra rng ca mi na chu k ca in p ng b. in p iu khin a
vo chn 11, V11, so snh vi rng ca ti khu so snh (Control Comparator), thi im
hai gi tr ny bng nhau xc nh gc iu khin c a n khu Logic s l to
rng xung. Gc thay i c t 0 n 180 ty thuc gi tr ca V11 so vi bin
ca rng ca, v gi tr bng VS-2V.
34
VSYNC
V10
V11
0V
V15 Q2
V14 Q1
V15 Q2 (nu chn 12
ni xung GND
V14 Q1 (nu chn 12
ni xung GND
V2 Q1 Nu chn 12
ni xung GND
V4 Q2 (Nu chn 12
ni xung GND )
V3
V7
0
180
Hnh 2.16 th dng xung ca TCA785.
Vi mi na chu k, ti gc iu khin , xut hin hai xung c rng khong 30S

ti hai u ra Q1 v Q2. rng ny c th lm rng ra ti 180 bng t C12. Nu chn 12
ni t xung iu khin s ko di t n 180. Tn hiu U chn 3 c rng + 180
c th c dng vo cc mc ch khc. Tng t nh vy l tn hiu Z chn 7 c gi
tr bng NOR gia Q1 v Q2. Dng chn 13 c th nhn c tn hiu iu khin kiu
xung rng (180-). Tn hiu cm chn 6 s xa b tn hiu ra Q1, Q2 v Q1, Q2 .
2.2 Thit k h thng iu khin vng kn cho chnh lu tiristor
35
id
id*
GPI ( s )
udk
id
id
id*
GPI ( s )
udk
Ld
GDCX ( s )
ud = Krudk
id
Rd
E
Hnh 2.17 H thng iu khin vng kn cho chnh lu Tiristor (a) S khi, (b) mch in
tng ng
2.2.1
M hnh ha khi iu ch rng xung
Theo [11], in p trung bnh ca u ra chnh lu Tiristor loi p xung:

p
ud = U 2m sin cos ( )
(2.5)
Trong : p p mch in p chnh lu u ra ( p = 2 cho chnh lu mt pha, p = 6

cho chnh lu ba pha).
U 2m gi tr nh ca in p dy t vo mch chnh lu.
T (2.1), mi quan h gia gc m ca Tiristor vi in p iu khin theo (2.6), khi
in p ta c dng sn rng ca i xung.
u
(2.6)
= 1 dk
U c,m
T (2.5), (2.6) ta c mi quan h gia in p u ra Tiristor v in p iu khin
Tiristor l:
u
p
u
(2.7)
K r = d = U 2m
sin sin dk
U c ,m
udk
p U c ,m
H s K r thay i ph thuc vo in p iu khin udk v c xc nh cho tng im
lm vic c th. Mc d vy, vi mc ch thit k b iu chnh (h thng chnh lu phi
36
hot ng n nh trong ton di iu chnh), ta s s dng gi tr ln nht ca K r c

nh ngha l K r ,m c xc nh nh sau:
K r ,m = U 2m
p

sin
U c ,m
p
(2.8)
i vi in p ta rng ca c dng sn ln, ta cng thu c h s K r ,m theo (2.8).

Mi quan h gia in p u ra v in p iu khin c th hin:
s
u (s)
( s ) = d = K r ,m e 2 p
udk ( s )
T
GDCX
K r ,m
(2.9)
T
1+ s
2p
Trong : T l chu k in p li.

T mch in tng ta c mi quan h gia dng in v in p u ra chnh lu:
id ( s )
1
Gi ( s ) =
=
(2.10)
ud ( s ) E ( s ) Rd (1 + Td s )
Ld
.
Rd
S dng b iu chnh PI c cu trc theo:
K
1 + sTz
1
GPI ( s ) =
(2.11)
= K p + i = K p 1 +
sTp
s
sTi
im khng (zero) ca b iu chnh GPI ( s ) c la chn bng im cc ca i
Trong : Hng s thi gian Td =
tng Gi ( s ) ngha l:
Tz = Td =
Ld
Rd
(2.12)
id*
1 + sTz udk
sTp
K r ,m
T
1+ s
2p
ud
1
Rd (1 + sTd )
id
Hnh 2.18 Mch vng iu khin dng in ca h chnh lu Tiristor
Hm truyn kn ca mch vng dng in khi c s tham gia b iu chnh PI c vit

li nh sau (coi thnh phn sc in ng E l nhiu v s c trit tiu nh vo thnh
phn tch phn ca b iu chnh dng in):
2 pK r ,m / ( Rd TpTd )
i (s)
Gk ( s ) = d*
=
(2.13)
id ( s )
2p
2
s +
s + 2 pK r ,m / ( Rd TpTd )
T
y l dng hm truyn chun bc hai c dng:
Gc 2 ( s ) =
n2
s 2 + 2n s + n2
(2.14)
37
T (2.13), (2.14) h s b iu chnh PI c xc nh theo (2.15):
n2 = 2 pK r ,m / ( Rd TpTd )
p
n =
(2.15)
1
0, 71 , t (2.15) ta c:
2
K T
T p = r ,m
(2.16)
pRd
T (2.13) hm truyn kn mch vng dng in khi c b iu chnh tham gia vo:
i (s)
1
(2.17)
Gk ( s ) = d*
=
2
id ( s )
T 2 T
2
s + p s +1
2p

Trong h thng iu khin ni cp (cascade) th hm truyn kn ca mch vng dng
in s c xp x theo (2.18) thun li cho tng hp cc mch vng iu chnh pha
ngoi cng.
i (s)
1
Gk ( s ) = d*
(2.18)
id ( s ) T
p s +1

Sau khi xc nh c tham s cho b iu chnh dng in, cn phi nh gi nh
hng nhiu do ngun sc in E tc ng ln mch vng dng in vi cc tham s b
iu chnh c xc nh.
id
E
1
Thng thng la chn =
Rd (1 + sTd )
ud
K r ,m
T
1+ s
2p
udk 1 + sT
z
sTp
Hnh 2.19 nh gi tc ng ngun sc in ng E ln mch vng dng in
T ta tm c hm truyn t gia ngun sc in ng v dng in u ra theo

(2.19).
T
s
s + 1
i (s)
2 p
Gd ( s ) = d
=
(2.19)
E ( s ) i* s =0
d( )
Rd (1 + sTd ) s
s + 1 + 1

2 p
Ly gii hn lim sGd ( s ) = 0 , ngha l thay i ca ngun sc in ng E khng nh

s 0
hng n dng in u ra, vi cc tham s Tz , Tp c chn theo (2.12) v (2.16).

Ch : Hon ton tng hp tham s b iu chnh PI theo tiu chun ti u modul, chi
tit xem thm trong trang 300, ti liu [5] .
38
2.3 Kt qu m phng
2.3.1
Chnh lu cu mt pha
Tham s m phng: in p ngun 220V/50Hz; Ti tr cm R=100, L=20mH.

+
i
-
Th1&Th2
Thyristor3
a
Thyristor1
g
Th1&Th2
U_a
+
v
-
Id
Va1
1
Th1&Th2
U_dk Th3&Th4
Th3&Th4
Udk
iA & iB
i
-
iB1
DRIVER
+
v
-
Vd
a
Vd
220V/50Hz
1-phase Source
Th3&Th4
Scope
Va
Thyristo2
g
Thyristor4
TIRISTOR
1PHA
b. S mch lc
4
300
250
200
1
iA(A)
Ud(V)
a. S m phng
350
150
100
-1
50
-2
-3
-50
-4
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
10
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
d. Dng in pha u vo chinh lu
c. in p u ra chnh lu
10
0.09
e Dng sng iu khin Tiristor1&2
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
f. Dng sng iu khin Tiristor3&4

Hnh 2.20 S m phng chnh lu cu Tiristor ba pha
0.1
2.3 Kt qu m phng
2.3.2
39
Chnh lu cu ba pha
iu khin vng h
2.3.2.1
Tham s m phng: in p ngun 380V/50Hz; Ti tr cm R=100, L=20mH; iu

khin theo phng php xung kp vi rng xung 20e-5s.
i
-
T3
T4
Th5
T5
0.6
Th6
T6
DRIVER
Thyristo5
T1
T3
T5
Mux
U_dk
Udk
g
Th4
U_ba
Thyristor3
g
Thyristor1
T2
Th3
U_bc
Th2
Id
T1
Th1
U_ac
iA & iB
i
-
iB1
i
-
iB12
+
v
-
Vd
Synchronization Voltages
+
v
-
-1
Vab
Gain1
Vd
3
TIRISTOR
3PHA
c
Scope
+
v
-
Gain
Vca
-1
k
Vbc
+
v
-
Thyristor4
Thyristo6
Thyristor2
380V/50Hz
3-phase Source
T4
T6
T2
Vc
a
Vb
Va
b. S mch lc
a. S m phng
600
500
400
2
Ud(V)
iA&iB(V)
300
200
-2
100
-4
-100
-6
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
10
1
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
10
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
f. Dng sng iu khin Tiristor4
e Dng sng iu khin Tiristor1

0.1
40
iu khin vng kn
2.3.2.2
Tham s m phng: in p ngun 380V/50Hz; Ti sc phn in ng R=100,

L=20mH, E= 100V; iu khin theo phng php xung kp vi rng xung 20e-5s;
Lng t dng in thay i t 25(A) ti thi im 0,04s.
H s K r ,m c xc nh nh sau:

6
sin = 380 2 sin = 161, 22
(2.20)
U c,m
10 6
p
Chu k in p li T = 20ms v h s p mch in p ca chnh lu cu ba pha
p = 6 . T (2.12), (2.16) ta tnh tham s b iu khin PI:
Ld
Tz = R = 2e 4
d
(2.21)
T = K r ,mT = 0, 0054
p
pRd
p
K r ,m = U 2m
900
800
700
4
2
iA&iB(A)
Ud(V)
600
500
400
0
-2
300
-4
200
-6
100
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
-8
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
10
Id
Id*
5
Id&Id*(A)
Udk(V)
7
6
4
3
5
2
3
2
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
-1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
f. Dng in thc v dng in t

e in p iu khin
0.1
2.4 Bi tp
41
2.4 Bi tp
Bi tp 1: Thit k h truyn ng ng c mt chiu c tham s ch ra trong Bng 1,
s dng chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin hon ton s dng Tiristor.
Bng 1.1
Tham s ng c mt chiu 200Hp kch t c lp
in tr phn ng
in cm phn ng
in tr phn kch t
in cm phn kch t
in cm h cm
Moment qun tnh
in p kch t
Tc nh mc
in cm ni tip mch phn ng
ng c
Ra = 0.0597
La =0.0009H
Rf = 150
Lf = 112,5H
Laf = 2,621
J = 5kgm2
Uf = 150V
1750 vng/pht
Lu =15e-3H
Tnh chn mch lc.

iu khin vng h, s dung hai phng php pht xung sau y iu khin mch
lc cu ba pha Tiristor.
o iu khin theo phng php xung kp ( rng xung l 20e-5s).
o iu khin theo phng php xung chum (Tn s xung chm fx =
10kHz).
o Yu cu: Thu thp d liu v in p phn ng, dng in phn ng v
tc quay ng c bng phn mm Matlab.
Tng hp mch vng dng in, tc m bo tc ng c bm theo tc t
* ( Rad / s )
120
100
t (s)
Hnh 2.23 Lng t tc cho h truyn ng mt chiu
o Yu cu: Thu thp d liu v in p phn ng, dng in phn ng v dng in

phn ng t (u ra b iu chnh tc ), tc quay ca ng c v tc
t phn mm Matlab.
Ti liu tham kho.
o Bi ging iu khin in t cng sut.
o Phm Quc Hi, Hng dn thit k in t Cng sut, Nh xut bn
khoa hc k thut.
o Nguyn Phng Quang, Matlab/Simulink dnh cho k s iu khin t
ng, Trang 323324 v trang 300324, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k
thut.
o File dc3_example.mdl trong Matlab 2010.
42
Bi tp 2:
Thit k b ngun dng dng chnh lu Tiristor, l u vo ca thit b bin i cho l
nu thp trung tn Hnh 2.24.
M t: L nu thp trung tn c s dng rng ri ti Vit Nam, vi di cng sut nh
t 100 n 750kW, cng sut ln c 1 n 10MW. B bin i thng dng cu trc chnh
lu Tiristor cu 3 pha, cng vi cun khng mt chiu, to nn ngun dng, nghch lu
cng hng ngun dng song song, tn s t 500Hz n 2400Hz (tn s thp ng di cng
sut cao)
Hnh 2.24 S mch lc nghch lu cng hng ngun dng
S thay th tng ng b chnh lu cu ba pha to ngun ch ra nh , trong

ngun sc in ng e ( t ) th hin nh hng ca in p trn ti tc ng ngc li b
chnh lu ngun dng. Tn s ngun sc in ng e ( t ) bng 2 ln tn s in p ra

(chnh lu cu Tiristor mt pha).
380V ,50 Hz
id*
GPI ( s )
udk
Modulator
Ld
e (t )
id
(a)
id*
GPI ( s )
udk
+
- ud = Krudk
Ld
E
id
(b)
Hnh 2.25 S thay th chnh lu cu ba pha to ngun dng
Yu cu:
o Tnh chn tham s mch lc ca chnh lu cu ba pha to ngun dng
cho nghch lu cng hng, vi ti l cun dy l in cm ng vi cc
tham s sau: Cng sut ti Pt = 300kW, in p nh mc trn cun dy:
Ut = 800VAC v tn s lm vic l 1kHz, h s cng sut ti cos = 0,4.
2.4 Bi tp
43
o Tng hp tham s b iu khin dng in da vo s thay th Hnh

2.25.
o M phng kim chng bng Phn mm Matlab.
Ti liu tham kho.
o Bi ging iu khin in t cng sut.
o Phm Quc Hi, Hng dn thit k in t Cng sut, Nh xut bn
khoa hc k thut.
o Trn Trng Minh, Gio trnh in t cng sut, Chng 9, Nh xut bn
gio dc.
44
3 H THNG IU KHIN B BIN I DC/DC
B bin i DC/DC a dng v cu trc b bin i, v c phn loi theo chc nng:
b bin i DC/DC gim p (buck converter), b bin i DC/DC tng p (boost
converter), b bin i DC/DC tng-gim p (buck-boost converter).
3.1 Phng php m hnh ha b bin i kiu DC/DC

Qu trnh thit k mt h thng iu khin thng c thc hin theo cc bc sau:
xy dng m hnh ton hc ca i tng iu khin, phn tch h thng v tm ra b iu
khin thch hp, v cui cng l m phng v th nghim. Trong , vic m hnh ha l
cu ni gia i tng vt l (b bin i DC/DC) v l thuyt iu khin (phng php
thit k b iu chnh). Tnh chnh xc v c im ca m hnh ton hc tm c l mt
yu t quyt nh n cht lng h thng, v nh hng cho cng vic thit k cc b
iu chnh sau ny.
3.1.1
Phng php trung bnh khng gian trng thi
Gi thit b bin i DC/DC lm vic trong ch dng in lin tc (CCM). Gi tr

trung bnh ca in p v dng in trong mi chu k pht xung kha bn dn S c ch
ra theo (3.1).
t +T
1 s
x (t ) =
x ( ) d
(3.1)
Ts t
Trong x ( ) l gi tr tc thi.
Mi quan h gia in p v dng in trung bnh qua phn t th ng L, C c ch
ra nh sau:
diL ( t )
= uL ( t )
L
dt
(3.2)
C duC ( t ) = i t
C ( )
dt
Ni dung phng php trung bnh khng gian trng thi c thc hin tng qut theo
cc bc di y.
Bc 1: S dng cc nh lut Kirhoff vit phng trnh mch in b bin i DC/DC
trong trng thi 1 di dng chun ha
dx
=A1x +B1u
(3.3)
dt
y =C1x +D1u
Bc 2: S dng cc nh lut Kirhoff vit phng trnh mch in b bin i DC/DC
trong trng thi 2 di dng chun ha
45
dx
=A 2 x+B 2u
(3.4)
dt
y =C2 x+D2u
Theo [7], M hnh trung bnh m t mt b bin i DC/DC vi s tham gia ca h s
iu ch d c vit nh sau:
dx
dt = dA1 + (1 d ) A 2 x+ dB1 + (1 d ) B 2 u
y = dC1 + (1 d ) C2 x+ dD1 + (1 d ) D2 u

Hay (3.5) c vit li di dng tng qut:
dx
=Ax+Bu
dt
y =Cx + Du
Trong :
A = dA1 + (1 d ) A 2
B= dB1 + (1 d ) B 2
C= dC1 + (1 d ) C2
D = dD1 + (1 d ) D2
(3.5)
(3.6)
(3.7)
im cn bng ca m hnh (3.5) c m t theo c xc nh bng cch cho o

hm bng khng v cc i lng trng thi xc lp ta c:
0=A ss X+B ssU
(3.8)
Y =C ss X + D ssU
Do m hnh (3.6) l phi tuyn, th hin qua php nhn gia h s iu ch d v bin
trng thi x , nn mun thit k b iu chnh theo phng php tuyn tnh cn thit phi
tm c m hnh khc ph hp hn m t m hnh b bin i DC/DC di gic
quan h hm truyn t. Theo [7], m hnh tn hiu nh l gii php thc hin tng
trn v phc v cho cng vic thit k b iu khin tuyn tnh sau ny. M hnh tn hiu
nh ca b bin i DC/DC c vit li nh sau.
dx
B ss u + ( A1 A 2 ) X + ( B1 B 2 ) U d
dt =A ss x+
y =C x + D u + ( C C ) X + ( D D ) U d
ss
ss
2
1
2
1
(3.9)
Trong :
A ss = DA1 + (1 D ) A 2
Bss = DB1 + (1 D ) B 2
Css = DC1 + (1 D ) C2
Dss = DD1 + (1 D ) D2
Mi quan h gia gi tr trung bnh, gi tr xc lp v tn hiu nh c ch ra:
(3.10)
46
x = X + x
u = U + u
(3.11)
y = Y + y
d = D + d
Cc gi tr trong (3.11) phi tha mn iu kin:

X x
U u
(3.12)
Y y
D d
Trong thc t, khi thit k b iu chnh ta cn thit bit c mi quan h gia hm

truyn t trn min ton t Laplace. Do , t (3.9) tnh ra mi quan h gia hm truyn
t trn min ton t Laplace nh sau:
+ Hm truyn t gia u ra v h s iu ch (khi cho u = 0 ).
y ( s )
d ( s )
= Css ( sI A ss ) ( A1 A 2 ) X + ( B1 B 2 ) U + ( C1 C2 ) X + ( D1 D2 ) U
1
u ( s ) = 0
(3.13)
+ Hm truyn t gia u ra v u vo (khi cho d = 0 ).
y ( s )
u ( s )
= Css ( sI A ss ) B ss + Dss
1
(3.14)
d ( s ) = 0
+ Hm truyn t gia bin trng thi v h s u ch (khi cho u = 0 ).
x ( s )
d ( s )
= ( sI A ss ) ( A1 A 2 ) X + ( B1 B 2 ) U
1
(3.15)
u ( s ) = 0
+ Hm truyn t gia bin trng thi v u vo (khi cho d = 0 ).
x ( s )
u ( s )
3.1.2
= ( sI A ss ) B ss
1
(3.16)
d ( s ) = 0
Phng php trung bnh ha mch ng ct
Phng php trung bnh khng gian trng thi trn y c u im l c c s ton hc
r rng. Cc bc tnh ton ch da trn cc php bin i ma trn v c th t ng ha
bng mt s cng c hu hiu nh Matlab, Mathcad, Tuy nhin vic s dng cng c
ton hc thun ty lm tch ri ngha vt l, dn n nhng kh khn khi gii thch cc
c tnh thu c v tin hnh hiu chnh trong qu trnh thit k.
Phng php trung bnh ha mch ng ct (switching network averaging) vi xut
pht ban u t trung bnh ha phn t ng ct (switch averaging) l cch lm t u khi
mun m hnh ha cc mch in t cng sut. Ngy nay phng php ny li gy c s
quan tm v m hnh thu c gn vi m hnh vt l, c th m t c cc phn t gy tn
tht nh in tr khi dn dng ca van, st p trn van, mt s mch in k sinh (v d
47
nh m hnh t in tn s cao l mt mch RLC). Phng php cng c th c dng

cho cc s cng hng, cho s mt pha, ba pha, cc loi b bin i DC-DC, DCAC, AC-DC. Trung bnh ha phn t hay mng ng ct u dng thay th mt phn ca
mch in bng mt mng hai ca vi cc bin l in p, dng in ca vo v ca ra
Ty theo in p hay dng in c th coi l bin c lp (v d in p ngun vo, u
vo iu khin, in p ra trn ti), cc bin ny c m t bi ngun p hay ngun dng
c lp. Hai bin cn li s tr thnh cc ngun dng hay ngun p ph thuc, ty theo
chc nng hot ng ca s . Nu phn t c thay th bng mt mng hai ca th c
th t n vo bt c s no phn tch tip. Tuy nhin v tr trong s ca phn t
khc nhau dn n m hnh c th phc tp khng cn thit. V vy phng php trung
bnh mng ng ct t ra ph hp hn cho mc ch m hnh ha.
Phng php trung bnh ha da trn c s chnh l cc i lng cn quan tm c
iu khin hay thay i vi tn s thp hn nhiu (t nht l 10 ln), so vi tn s ng ct
ca s . Khi c th b qua p mch ca in p hay dng in v ch cn quan
tm n gi tr trung bnh ca chng trong mt chu k ng ct Ts. Sau khi trung bnh ha
ta s loi b c phn t ng ct v thu c m hnh phi tuyn cho tn hiu ln DC.
Tip theo s tin hnh tuyn tnh ha quanh im lm vic cn bng bng cch a vo cc
bin ng nh i vi cc bin, cui cng s thu c m hnh cho tn hiu ln DC v tn
hiu nh AC.
Mch in Hnh 3.1a c xem nh mng in hai ca, t phn tch dng in p v
dng in ca mng hai ca ny, trong trng thi xc lp ta c mi quan h gia in p v
dng in nh sau:
U 2 = DU1
(3.17)
I1 = DI 2
H phng trnh (3.17) m t mt mng in hai ca l my bin p l tng vi h s
truyn p l D v c biu din di dng s mch in nh Hnh 3.1b. T (3.17)m
hnh trung bnh ca mng hai ca cng c vit li theo (3.18), y cng c coi nh
my bin p l tng vi h s truyn p l d ( t ) v c biu din di dng s mch
in nh Hnh 3.1c.
u2 ( t ) = d ( t ) u1 ( t )
(3.18)
i
t
=
d
t
i
t
(
)
(
)
(
)
1
2
I1
i1
I2
i2
it
1
t
1
i2t
U2
U1
u2
u1
u2t
1: D
1: d ( t )
Hnh 3.1 M t b bin i DC/DC, a) mch lc b bin i DC/DC, b) M hnh b bin i

DC/DC ti im xc lp, c) M hnh trung bnh b bin i DC/DC
thit b iu chnh, m hnh b bin i DC/DC cn phi c tuyn tnh ha ti

im lm vic cn bng, khi cc i lng in p v dng in c vit theo (3.19).
48
d ( t ) = D + d ( t )
u1 ( t ) = U1 + u1 ( t )
i1 ( t ) = I1 + i1 ( t )
u2 ( t ) = U 2 + u2 ( t )
i t = I + i t
2( ) 2 2( )
T (3.18), (3.19) ta c:
(3.19)
U + u = D + d (U + u )
1
1
2 2
(3.20)
I1 + i1 = D + d I 2 + i2
u = U d + Du + du
1
1
1
2
(3.21)
i1 = Di2 + I 2 d + di
2
H phng trnh (3.21) c vit li:
u2 = U1d + Du1
(3.22)
i1 = Di2 + I 2 d
H phng trnh (3.21) c biu din di dng s mch in nh Hnh 3.2b.
i1 ( t ) 1: d t
i1 ( t )
i2 ( t )
( ) i2 ( t )
u1 ( t )
u2 ( t )
)(
u1 ( t ) I 2 d ( t )
U1 d ( t )
u2 ( t )
Hnh 3.2 Mng in hai ca, a) tn hiu trung bnh, b) Mch in in tng ng c tuyn
tnh ti im lm vic cn bng
T mng in hai ca c biu din bng mch in tng ng vi tin hiu trung
bnh v mch in tng c c tuyn tnh ti im lm vic cn bng, ng dng m
hnh b bin i Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost.
3.2 M hnh ton hc b bin i kiu buck
49
i1t
iLt
iLt
uot
uot
i1
iL
iL
uo
uo
1: d ( t )
1 d ( t ) :1
Hnh 3.3 M hnh trung bnh b bin i DC/DC, a)B bin i Buck, b)B bin i Boost
Hnh 3.4 S mch in b bin i kiu buck (a), S mch in b bin i kiu buck trong
thi 1(b), S mch in b bin i kiu buck trong thi 2 (c)
3.2.1
S dng nh lut KV ta c h phng trnh m t s mch in ca b bin i

buck converter trong trng thi 1.
50
di
L L = rLiL uo + uin
dt
duC
R
1
=
iL
uC
(3.23)
C
d
t
R
+
r
R
+
r
C
C
R
( rC iL + uC )
uo =
R + rC
H phng trnh (3.23) c vit li theo dng khng gian trng thi (3.3) vi ma trn
c xc nh theo (3.24).
1 RrC
1
R
+ rL

1
L R + rC
L ( R + rC )
RrC
R
A1 =
; B1 = L ; C1 =
; D = 0;
1

R + rC R + rC
R
1
1
0
C
R
+
r
C
R
+
r
(
)
(
)
C
C
(3.24)
buck converter trong trng thi 2.
di
L L = rL iL uo
dt
duC
R
1
=
iL
uC
(3.25)
C
R + rC
R + rC
dt
R
( rC iL + uC )
uo =
R
+
r
C
RrC
R
+ rL

R + rC
RrC
( R + rC )
0
R
A2 =
; B 2 = ; C2 =
; D2 = 0 (3.26)
0
R
r
R
r
+
+
R
1

C
C
R
r
R
r
+
+
( C )
C)
(
Nh vy, b bin i kiu Buck converter c m t trn khng gian trng thi theo
dng chun (3.6) nh sau:
1 RrC
1
R
+ rL

1
L ( R + rC ) iL + d u
iL = L R + rC
L in

R
1
1 uC 0
uC 1
(3.27)
C
R
+
r
C
R
+
r
(
)
(
)
C
C
R iL
uo = RrC

R + rC R + rC uC
Theo (3.7) ma trn h thng trong h phng trnh (3.27) c ch ra nh di y:
51
1 RrC
1
R
+ rL

1
L R + rC
R
L ( R + rC ) ; B = d ; C = RrC
A=
L
; D = 0
1
R
+
r
R
+
r
R
1
1
C
C
0
C
R
+
r
C
R
+
r
( C )
C)
(
(3.28)
Theo (3.8), im lm vic cn bng ca b bin i Buck c tnh nh sau:
U o = U C
(3.29)
U C = RI L
U = r I + DU
in
o L L
Do h s iu ch im lm vic xc lp 0 D < 1 , theo (3.29) b bin i buck
converter mang c im b gim p.
S dng Toolbox Symbolic Math trong Matlab (chng trnh chi tit nm phn ph
lc), ta s tm c cc hm truyn b bin i Buck dng tng qut theo cc cng thc
(3.13), (3.14), (3.15), (3.16).
+ Hm truyn in p u ra v h s iu ch.
uo ( s )
d ( s )
=
uin ( s ) = 0
RU in (1 + Crc s )
R + rL + ( L + RrC C + RrLC + rL rC C ) s + ( RLC + rC LC ) s 2
+ Hm truyn in p u ra v in p u vo.
uo ( s )
RD (1 + Crc s )
=
uin ( s )
R + rL + ( L + RrC C + RrLC + rL rC C ) s + ( RLC + rC LC ) s 2
(3.30)
(3.31)
d ( s ) =0
Hm truyn t gia in p u ra v h s iu ch c ch ra theo c im zero nm

bn tri mt phng phc, v c xc nh nh sau:
1
zero1 =
(3.32)
rcC
Do 0 D < 1 , nn im zero c gi tr m (ngha l nm bn tri trc o). V vy h
(3.32) c m t theo hm truyn l h pha cc tiu.
Hm truyn b bin i Buck (gi thit rc = 0, rL = 0 ).
uo ( s )
d ( s )
=
uin ( s ) =0
RUin
R + Ls + RLCs 2
uo ( s )
DR
=
uin ( s )
R + Ls + RLCs 2
(3.33)
(3.34)
d ( s ) =0
+ Hm truyn gia dng in chy qua cun cm v h s iu ch.

iL ( s )
U in ( RCs + 1)
=
R + Ls + RLCs 2
d ( s )
uin ( s )=0
(3.35)
52
3.2.2
T m hnh mch in tng ng thay th phn t ng ct lp Hnh 3.2 vo s

mch lc b bin i Buck, ta c mch in m t b bin i Buck vi tn hiu nh nh
Hnh 3.5.
i1
i 2
U1 d
u1
u1
I 2 d
u2
u0
Hnh 3.5 Mch in m t b bin i Buck vi tn hiu nh.
Hnh 3.5 th hin s Buck Converter c tnh ti cc gi tr in tr thun trong mch

cun cm v ESR trong mch t. Khi c nhng yu t thc t ny trong mch hnh dng
dng i2 v in p trn t vC s khng cn dng tuyn tnh nn khi ly trung bnh trong mt
chu k Ts tnh ton s phc tp hn. Tuy nhin nu lu rng rL v rC c gi tr thc t rt
nh th nhng gi thit v dng tuyn tnh ca i2 v vC vn c th p dng, do mch in
trung bnh cho mng ng ct c th p dng m khng cn thay i g. T nhng yu
t thc t ny s ch thay i dng ca hm truyn tn hiu, nh s ch ra sau y.
T s Hnh 3.5 ta c:
u2 = Du1 + U1 d
(3.36)
Trc ht ta xt hm truyn t h s iu ch n in p u ra, t (3.36) hm truyn
vit di min nh Laplace:
u2 ( s )
= U1
(3.37)
d ( s )
u1 ( s ) = 0
Mt khc t s Hnh 3.5 ta tm c hm truyn:

uo ( s )
Z RC
=
u2 ( s ) Z RC + Z L
Trong Z RC =
R (1 + srC C )
1 + sC ( R + rC )
(3.38)
l tr khng song song gia mch t lc C v ti R;
Z L = rL + sL l tr khng mch in cm L. Nh vy hm truyn gia h s iu ch vi

u ra in p ra s l:
uo ( s )
u ( s ) u2 ( s )
(1 + srC C )
R
= o
= U1
R + rL

d ( s ) u s = 0 u2 ( s ) d ( s )
R + rC
RrL
L 2
1( )
1 + s C rC +
+ s LC
+
R + rL R + rL
R + rL

(3.39)
u ( s )
Nu xt hm truyn t u vo n in p u ra th 2
= D , do tr thnh:
u1 ( s )
d ( s )= 0
3.3 M hnh ton hc b bin i kiu boost
u0 ( s )
u1 ( s )
53
u0 ( s ) u2 ( s )
R
= D
u2 ( s ) u1 ( s )
R + rL
(1 + srC C )

R + rC
RrL
L 2
1 + s C rC +
+ s LC
+
R + rL R + rL
R + rL

(3.40)
T (3.39), (3.40) cho thy hm truyn t u vo iu khin n u ra v t u vo
n u ra u xut hin im zero m 1/ rC C , gi l im zero ESR. H s khuch i
d ( s ) = 0
DC cng thay i theo h s R / ( R + rL ) .

rL
iL
io
iC
rC
uin
V
C
iL r L
a)
io
D
iC
rC
uin
V
C
uo
uc
iL
uo
rL
io
iC
rC
uin
uc
b)
uo
uc
c)
Hnh 3.6 S mch in b bin i kiu boost (a), S mch in b bin i kiu boost trong
thi 1(b), S mch in b bin i kiu boost trong thi 2 (c)
3.3.1

boost converter trong trng thi 1.
diL
= rLiL + uin
L
dt
duC
1
=
(3.41)
C
uC
dt R + rC
R
uC
uo =
R + rC
54
0
1
rL L
A1 =
; B1 = L ; C1 = 0
; D1 = 0 (3.42)
1
1

R
+
r
0
C ( R + rC )

boost converter trong trng thi 2.
diL RrC
R
=
iL rL iL
uC + uin
L
R + rC
dt R + rC
1
duC R
(3.43)
=
iL
uC
C
R + rC
dt R + rC
R
uo =
( uC + rC iL )
R + rC
1 RrC
1
R
+ rL
1
L R + rC
L ( R + rC )
RrC
R
A2 =
; B 2 = L ; C2 =
; D2 = 0
1

R + rC R + rC
R
1
1
0
C ( R + rC )
C ( R + rC )
(3.44)
Nh vy, b bin i kiu Boost converter c m t trn khng gian trng thi theo
dng chun (3.6) nh sau:
RrC
R
1
d
rL + (1 d )
(
)
1
L ( R + rC ) iL
( R + rC )
iL L
=
+
u
u
u L in
1
R
1
1
C
C 0 (3.45)
(1 d )
C ( R + rC )
C ( R + rC )
RrC
R iL
u
= (1 d )
o

R + rC R + rC uC

1
RrC
1
R
rL + (1 d )
(1 d )
L
L ( R + rC )
( R + rC )
A=
R
1
1
(1 d ) 1
(3.46)
C ( R + rC )
C ( R + rC )
RrC
R
B = L ; C = (1 d )
; D = 0

R + rC R + rC
0
Theo (3.8), im lm vic cn bng ca b bin i Boost c tnh nh sau:
55
U o = U C
(3.47)
U C = (1 D ) RI L
U = (U in rL I L ) ( R + r )
c
C (1 D ) R + rC
Do h s iu ch im lm vic xc lp 0 D < 1 , theo (3.47) b bin i boost
converter mang c im b tng p.
S dng cng thc (3.13), (3.14), (3.15) ta c hm truyn ca b bin i kiu boost
(gi thit rc = 0, rL = 0 ).
R (1 D ) U c I L Ls
uo ( s )
=
(3.48)
2
d ( s )
R ( D 1) + Ls + RLCs 2
uin ( s ) = 0
uo ( s )
R (1 D )
=
2
uin ( s )
R ( D 1) + Ls + RLCs 2
(3.49)
d ( s ) =0
+ Hm truyn gia dng in chy qua cun cm v h s iu ch.

iL ( s )
U + I R (1 D ) + RCU c s
= c L 2
d ( s ) u s =0
R ( D 1) + Ls + RLCs 2
( )
(3.50)
in
Hm truyn t gia in p u ra v h s iu ch c ch ra theo c im zero nm

bn phi mt phng phc, v c xc nh nh sau:
(1 D )U c
zero1 =
(3.51)
LI L
Do 0 D < 1 , nn im zero c gi tr dng (ngha l nm bn phi trc o). V vy h
(3.48) c m t theo hm truyn l h pha khng cc tiu, y l vn quan trng
thit k b iu chnh cho b bin i boost converter sau ny.
3.3.2
T m hnh Hnh 3.3b m t b bin i Boost vi cc tn hiu trung bnh. S dng

cng thc (3.19) tuyn tnh quanh im lm vic xc lp, ta thu c m hnh tn hiu
nh ca phn t ng ct trong s mch lc b bin i Boost.
u1 = (1 D ) u2 U 2 d
(3.52)
i2 = (1 D ) i1 I1d
T mch in c m t theo (3.52) kt hp vi s mch lc b bin i Boost, ta
c mch in m t b bin i Boost vi tn hiu nh (ch rng u2 = uo , U 2 = U o ).
56
i1
i 2
U o d
I1 d
u1
uin
u2
u0
Hnh 3.7 Mch in m t b bin i Boost vi tn hiu nh.
Vit phng trnh cho nt dng in qua t C, ch xt vi cc thnh phn xoay chiu:
I1 d + i2 = (1 D ) i1
(3.53)
u
I1 d + o = (1 D ) i1
Z RC
R (1 + srC C )
1
+ rC R =
l tr khng mch ti.
Trong : Z RC =
1 + sC ( R + rC )
sC
Vit phng trnh cho mch vng dng in qua cun cm:
uin = i1 ( rL + sL ) U o d + (1 D ) uo
(3.54)
Thay biu thc dng i1 (3.53) vo (3.54) v vit di dng ton t Laplace:
I
uo ( s )
d ( s ) 1 +
( rL + sL ) = uin ( s ) + U o d ( s ) (1 D ) uo ( s ) (3.55)
1 D (1 D ) Z RC
Biu thc (3.55) c vit li:
( rL + sL ) u s = u s + U d s I1 r + sL (3.56)
(
)
(1 D ) +
( ) in ( )
o ( )
(1 D ) Z RC o
(1 D ) L
u ( s )
uo ( s )
T c th thy vi Gvg ( s ) = o
;
G
s
=
s xc nh c:
(
)
vd
u ( s ) = 0
uin ( s ) d ( s ) =0
d ( s ) in
Gvg ( s ) =
Gvd ( s ) =
uo ( s )
uin ( s )
uo ( s )
d ( s )
d ( s ) = 0
uin ( s ) = 0
(1 D ) R (1 + srC C )
2
1 + sC ( R + rC ) ( rL + sL ) + (1 D ) R (1 + srC C )
(1 D ) R U o
I1
( rL + sL ) (1 + srC C )
1 D
2
1 + sC ( R + rC ) ( rL + sL ) + (1 D ) R (1 + srC C )
Hm truyn t c hai im zero l:
U o (1 D ) I1rL
zero1 =
I1 L
zero = 1
2
rc C
(3.57)
(3.58)
(3.59)
3.4 M hnh ton hc b bin i kiu buck boost
57
3.4 M hnh ton hc b bin i kiu buck boost
Hnh 3.8 S mch in b bin i kiu buck - boost (a), S mch in b bin i kiu buck
- boost trong thi 1(b), S mch in b bin i kiu buck - boost trong thi 2 (c)
3.4.1

buck - boost converter trong trng thi 1.
di
L L = rLiL + uin
dt
duC
1
=
uC
(3.60)
C
R + rC
dt
R
uC
uo =
R + rC
1
0
1
rL L
(3.61)
A1 =
; B1 = L ; C1 = 0
; D = 0
1
1

R + rC
0
C ( R + rC )

buck - boost converter trong trng thi 2
58
di
L L = rLiL uo
dt
duC
R
1
=
iL
uC .
(3.62)
C
dt
R
+
r
R
+
r
C
C
R
( rC iL + uC )
uo =
R + rC
1 RrC
R
1
+ rL

L R + rC
L ( R + rC )
RrC
0
R
A2 =
; B 2 = ; C2 =
; D2 = 0
1
R + rC R + rC
R
1
1
0
C ( R + rC )
C ( R + rC )
(3.63)
Nh vy, b bin i kiu buck - boost converter c m t trn khng gian trng thi
theo dng chun (3.6) nh sau:
RrC
1
R
rL (1 d )
(1 d )
L ( R + rC ) iL d
( R + rC )
iL L
+
u
u =
u 0 in
1
R
1
1
C
(3.64)
(1 d )
C
R
+
r
C
R
+
r
(
)
(
)
C
C
RrC
R iL
u
1
=
d
(
)
o

R + rC
R + rC uC

1
RrC
R
1
(1 d )
rL (1 d )
L
L ( R + rC )
( R + rC )
A=
R
1
1
1
(3.65)
(1 d )
C ( R + rC )
C ( R + rC )
d
RrC
R
B = ; C = (1 d )
; D = 0
R + rC
R + rC
0
Theo (3.8), im lm vic cn bng ca b bin i Boost c tnh nh sau:
U o = U C
(3.66)
U C = (1 D ) RI L
U = ( rL I L + DU in )( R + rC )
o
(1 D ) R + rC
Tng t nh b bin i kiu buck, s dng Toolbox Symbolic Math trong Matlab ta
cng tm c cc hm truyn ca b bin i kiu buck-boost.
3.4.2
59
3.5 M hnh b bin i DC/DC lm vic trong ch dng in

gin on (DCM)
Trong phn 2.3 tin hnh m hnh ha b bin i trong ch dng lin tc
(Continuous Current Mode CCM). Trong ch CCM cc b bin i u c quan h
vo ra c dng M(D), tc l h s truyn in p t u vo n u ra ch ph thuc vo
h s iu ch D, l t s gia thi gian iu khin m van vi chu k ng ct Ts, m
khng ph thuc vo ti R. iu ny ngha l trong m hnh cc b bin i pha u ra coi
l ngun in p. Trong cc m hnh trung bnh tn hiu ln DC v nh AC, c th xc
nh hm truyn t gia u vo n u ra Gvg(s) v gia iu khin vi u ra Gvd(s).
C hai hm truyn ny u c c trng l c cp im cc (double pole) tn s thp do
mch LC quyt nh. Thng thng tn s cp im cc ny ch c 0,01 0,05 fs, trong
fs l tn s ng ct ca b bin i (ngha l khong 1 kHz n 5 kHz nu fs = 100
kHz). Khi m t tnh ti tn hao trn cun cm (rL) v in tr ni tip hiu dng trn t
(rC hay ESR effective series resistant) xut hin im zero m, gi l ESRzero, tn s
cao, c 0,1 fs. im ESRzero lm gim d tr v pha trong mch vng iu chnh dn
ti h mt n nh. i vi hm truyn t iu khin n in p u ra, hai loi b bin
i c bn boost converter v buck-boost converter c xut hin im zero bn phi trc
o. im zero dng cng lm gim d tr v pha trong mch vng iu chnh v lm
cho boost v buck-boost converter tr nn cc h pha khng cc tiu. V vy b iu chnh
cho boost v buck-boost converter phi c dng phc tp, t nht l bao gm 2 im cc v
hai im zero, trong khi i vi buck converter b iu chnh c th ch bao gm 2 phn
t, 1 im cc v 1 im zero.
Cc b bin i u c th ri vo ch lm vic dng gin on (Discontinuos
Current mode DCM). Ch dng gin on c trng bi dng qua cun cm bt u
t 0 v kt thc cng bng 0 trc khi kt thc chu k ng ct Ts. Do dng gin on
quan h in p vo ra s ph thuc vo ti, M(D,K), trong K l mt h s ph thuc
ti. Nh vy m hnh b bin i pha u ra s khng th coi l ngun p c na.
Phng php trung bnh phn t ng ct vn c dng m hnh ha b bin i. T
m hnh trung bnh thu c tin hnh tuyn tnh ha c c m hnh tn hiu nh AC.
Hm truyn thu c s cho thy ch c mt im cc tn s thp v mt im cc tn
s rt cao, gn vi tn s ng ct fs. Do trong ch DCM vic thit k mch vng
iu chnh s n gin hn, so vi CCM.
3.5.1
M hnh trung bnh
xy dng m hnh trung bnh cho b bin i DC/DC lm vic ch dng in

gin on, trc ht xt v d b bin i Buck. S mch lc b bin i Buck c ch
ra trn Hnh 3.9.
60
Hnh 3.9 S mch lc b bin i Buck
Xt s b bin i buck cho trn hnh 2-23. Ta s theo phng php nh phn
2.3.2 xy dng mch in trung bnh tng ng cho dng sng dng in, in p ti
hai ca ca mng mch ng ct. Dng sng dng in, in p trong ch DCM cho
trn hnh 3-1. Theo dng sng dng in, in p, ta cn xc nh cc gi tr trung bnh ca
cc u vo, u ra ca mng ng ct u1 ( t ) , u2 ( t ) , i1 ( t ) , i2 ( t ) theo cc bin trng thi ca
s l dng qua cun cm, in p trn t, bin u vo l in p ngun vg, v cc
khong thi gian iu khin d1Ts , d 2Ts .
iL(t)
ipk
t
0
vL(t)
dTs
Ts
Vg-Vo
t
0
-Vo
i1(t)
q1
t
0
v1(t)
Vg
t
i2(t)
0
q2
t
0
v2(t)
Vg
Vo
0
d1Ts
d2Ts d3Ts
Hnh 3.10 Dng in p v dng in b bin i Buck trong ch DCM
in p u vo ca mng u1 ( t ) n gin chnh l in p ngun u g ( t ) nn ta c:
u1 ( t ) = u g ( t )
(3.67)
in p u ra ca mng ng ct u2 ( t ) l in p trn it, c gi tr trung bnh bng:
u2 ( t ) = d1 ( t ) u g ( t ) + d 2 ( t ) 0 + d3 ( t ) uo ( t ) = d1 ( t ) ug ( t ) + d3 ( t ) uo ( t )
61
(3.68)
Dng in u vo mng i1 ( t ) c gi tr trung bnh l din tch hnh tam gic q1 bi en

trn hnh 3-1.
T
d 2 ( t ) Ts
1 s
i1 ( t ) = i1t ( ) d = 1
(3.69)
( ug ( t ) uo ( t ) )
Ts 0
2L
Dng i2(t) trung bnh bng:
T
d1 ( t ) d1 ( t ) + d 2 ( t ) Ts
1 s t
i2 ( t ) = i2 ( ) d =
( u g ( t ) uo ( t ) )
Ts 0
2L
(3.70)
Gi tr trung bnh ca in p trn cun cm vL ( t ) = 0 , nn ta c:
vL ( t ) = d1 ( t ) vg ( t ) v0 ( t ) d 2 ( t ) vo ( t ) + d 3 ( t ) 0 = 0
vg ( t ) v0 ( t )
d 2 ( t ) = d1 ( t )
vo ( t )
(3.71)
d 3 ( t ) = 1 ( d1 ( t ) + d 2 ( t ) ) = 1 d1 ( t )
vg ( t )
vo ( t )
T ta c th biu din gi tr trung bnh dng sng dng in, in p ti hai ca ca

mng ng ct di dng n gin nh sau:
v1 ( t ) = vg ( t )
v2 ( t ) = vo ( t )
d12 ( t ) Ts
(3.72)
i1 ( t ) =
v1 ( t ) v2 ( t )
L
2
d 2 t T v ( t ) v ( t ) v2 ( t )
i2 ( t ) = 1 ( ) s 1 1
2L
v2 ( t )
M hnh trung bnh cho ch DCM c th xy dng (3.72). Dng u vo i1 ( t ) trong

(3.72) c vit li:
v1 ( t ) v2 ( t )
i1 ( t ) =
(3.73)
Re ( d1 )
2L
d ( t ) Ts
Coi Re(d1) l in tr o tng ng. Thc cht khng c in tr no trong b bin
i v ta ang gi thit cc phn t u l l tng. Cng sut gi tng tiu th bi Re
c chuyn ra ngoi qua cng ra ca mng. Phng trnh (3.73) cho thy trong ch
dng gin on DCM b bin i c m t bi m hnh in tr khng tn hao (LossFree Resistance LFR).
T Error! Reference source not found. m hnh trung bnh c th hin bng s
trn hnh 3-2 bi in tr o Re(t) v mt ngun cng sut ph thuc bng:
Trong Re ( d1 ) =
2
1
v1 ( t ) v2 ( t )
p (t ) =
Re ( d1 )
(3.74)
62
Re ( d1 )
p (t )
Hnh 3.11 Mch in tng ng b bin i Buck (DCM) vi tn hiu trung bnh
T m hnh trung bnh cho b bin i Buck trong ch DCM Hnh 3.11, ta c th
tin hnh phn tch ch xc lp c c mi quan h gia in p vo ra v iu
khin. Khi phn tch ch xp lp, ta ngn mch cc cun cm v tn s bng 0 tr
khng in cm bng 0 v h mch cc t in v DC tr khng ca t bng v cng.
Re ( D1 )
Hnh 3.12 Mch in tng ng b bin i Buck (DCM) trng thi xc lp
T Hnh 3.12 ta c mi quan h gia in p v dng in ch xc lp nh sau:

U2 Uo
I 2 = R = R
(3.75)
U
1
2
I1 =
Re
Cho P1 = P2 v ang xt s l tng, khng tn hao, rt ra c quan h in p vo

ra nh sau:
V1 I1 = I 2V
Vg2
Re
Rt ra c quan h in p vo ra nh sau:
Uo = U g
Theo quan h vo ra M =
VoVg
Re
Vo2
R
2
1 + 1 + 4 Re / R
(3.76)
(3.77)
Uo
ca buck converter trong ch DCM ph thuc vo h
Ug
s iu ch D (thng qua Re ( D ) =
2L
) v thng s ca ti R.
D 2Ts
3.6 Phng php iu khin tuyn tnh cho b bin i DC/DC
63

Cc b iu chnh c thit k cho b bin i DC/DC theo hai nguyn l: iu khin
in p v iu khin dng in.
3.6.1
Nguyn l iu khin in p (Voltage mode)
Hnh 3.13 minh ha cu trc iu khin b bin i DC/DC ch c mt mch vng

phn hi in p ra, u ra b iu chnh in p chnh l h s iu ch s c a n
khi PWM a ra xung ng ct cho b bin i DC/DC (mt s ti liu cn gi l cu
trc iu khin trc tip direct mode).
uo*
Hnh 3.13 S khi iu khin trc tip (direct mode) cho b bin di DC/DC
i vi cu trc iu khin c xy dng theo nguyn l ny, cn tm c hm

u ( s )
truyn t gia in p u ra v h s iu ch Gvd ( s ) = o
.
d ( s )
uin ( s ) = 0
Hin nay, cng c mt s IC chuyn dng c ch to s dng nguyn l iu khin

in p: UC38xx...
3.6.2
Nguyn l iu khin dng in (Current mode)
Nguyn l ny c thc hin vi hai mch vng ni cp (trong mch vng dng in
v ngoi l mch vng in p). u ra b iu chnh in p chnh l lng t cho b
iu chnh dng in, u ra b iu chnh dng in l h s iu ch s c a n
khi PWM (nguyn l iu khin dng in trung bnh Average current mode Hnh
3.14a ) hoc ni n cng R ca Flip-Flop kiu RS (nguyn l iu khin dng in nh
Peak current mode Hnh 3.14b) mt s ti liu gi l cu trc iu khin gin tip
(indirect mode). Nguyn l iu khin theo dng in nh c s dng ph bin cho cc
b bin i DC/DC v tch hp trong mt s IC chuyn dng nh: UC38xx, TPS6103...
i vi cu trc iu khin Hnh 3.14, nhim v ca vng dng in l phi c thi
gian p ng nhanh m bo dng in thc bm theo dng in t v c bng thng
rng. Do , hm truyn t gia in p u ra v lng t dng in cho mch vng
dng in, c xp x gn ng l hm truyn t gia in p u ra v dng in thc
(dng in chy qua cun cm), thit k b iu chnh in p vng ngoi.
u ( s )
u ( s )
(3.78)
Gvd ( s ) = *o
o
iL ( s )
iL ( s )
uin ( s ) = 0
uin ( s ) = 0
64
uo*
iL*
uo*
iL*
Hnh 3.14 S khi iu khin gin tip (indirect mode) cho b bin i DC/DC, a) iu khin
nguyn l dng in trung bnh, b) iu khin theo nguyn l dng in nh
3.6.2.1
M hnh b bin i DC/DC iu khin theo nguyn l dng in
i vi b bin i DC/DC iu khin theo nguyn l dng in nh cn tm c

hm truyn t gia in p ra v dng in thc theo (3.78). iu ny c th thc hin
bng cc phng php i s, s dng khi m hnh ha b bin i DC/DC theo phng
php khng gian trng thi trung bnh mc 3.2.1 nh sau:
u ( s )
u ( s )
d ( s )
Gvd ( s ) = o
= o
(3.79)
.
iL ( s ) u ( s )= 0 d ( s )
iL ( s )
in
Trong hm truyn t
d ( s )
iL ( s )
uin ( s ) = 0
uin ( s ) = 0
c xc nh theo (3.15). Tuy nhin, c th

uin ( s ) = 0
thy c ngha vt l ca nguyn l iu khin theo dng in, ta s dng phng php
trung bnh mch ng ct.
a. Xt v d cho b bin i Buck c s mch lc
Theo mch in Hnh 3.2a cng sut trung bnh cn bng gia u vo v u ra mng
in hai ca u1 ( t ) , i1 ( t ) , u2 ( t ) , i2 ( t ) nn ta c:
u1 ( t ) i1 ( t ) = u2 ( t ) i2 ( t )
(3.80)
Ch rng i vi b bin i Buck th i2 ( t ) = iL ( t ) .

Gi thit b mch vng iu khin dng in s m bo cho dng thc bm theo dng
t trong mi im lm vic, ngha l ic ( t ) = iL ( t ) . Phng trnh (3.80) c vit lai:
u1 ( t ) i1 ( t ) = u2 ( t ) iL ( t ) = u2 ( t ) ic ( t )
(3.81)
65
Thay cng thc (3.19) vo(3.81), kt hp vi biu thc cn bng cng sut ch xc
lp ( U1 I1 = U 2 I 2 , I 2 = I c ) ta c:
i1 ( t ) = i c ( t ) U 2 + u ( t ) I c u ( t ) I1
(3.82)
2
1
U1
U1
U1
Phng trnh (3.82) c m t trn mch in hnh Hnh 3.15. T (3.82) ta c m hnh
tn hiu nh cho buck converter, iu khin bng dng in nh th hin trn hnh 4-8.
Hnh 4-8 cho thy cng ra mng ng ct th hin l ngun dng, c gi tr i c ( t ) . Dng
in cng vo c phn lm ba thnh phn. Thnh phn lin quan n i c ( t ) th hin
bng ngun dng c lp v lin quan n v o ( t ) th hin bng ngun dng ph thuc, cn
U
thnh phn lin quan n v g ( t ) th hin qua in tr o m 1 , th hin c tnh ca
I1
ngun thu cng sut u vo.
i1
uin
u1
i 2
U
ic 2
U1
U1
I1
u2
Ic
i
U1 c
u2
u0
Hnh 3.15 Mch in tng ng b bin i Buck theo nguyn l iu khin dng in vi tn
hiu nh
Theo s mch in Hnh 3.15 ta c:
u2 ( t ) = uo ( t ) + L
dic ( t )
(3.83)
dt
T mch tng ng Hnh 3.15 c th thy rng u ra mng ng ct l ngun dng
i c ( s ) qua cun cm L ti ti. V l ngun dng nn cun cm khng th nh hng ti
quan h gia
uo ( s )
. Do hm truyn t iu khin n u ra c dng n gin sau:
i c ( s )
uo ( s )
i c ( s )
=R
(3.84)
sC
Nh vy iu khin theo dng in bin buck converter thnh ngun dng. Hnh 3.15
cng ni ln rng hm truyn t in p vo n in p ra bng 0:
u ( s )
Gvg ( s ) = o
=0
(3.85)
uin ( s ) ic =0
Phng trnh (3.85) ni ln rng s thay i in p vo vg(t) khng nh hng n in
p ra v dng qua cun cm L ch ph thuc vo iu khin ic(t). H thng iu khin s
hiu chnh h s iu ch d gi dng qua cun cm khng i, khng ph thuc vo s
thay i ca in p vo.
b. Xt v d cho b bin i Boost c s mch lc ...
Theo mch in Hnh 3.2a cng sut trung bnh cn bng gia u vo v u ra mng
in hai ca u1 ( t ) , i1 ( t ) , u2 ( t ) , i2 ( t ) nn ta c:
Gvc ( s ) =
v g = 0
66
u1 ( t ) i1 ( t ) = u2 ( t ) i2 ( t )
(3.86)
Ch rng i vi b bin i Boost th i1 ( t ) = iL ( t ) .

Gi thit b mch vng iu khin dng in s m bo cho dng thc bm theo dng
t trong mi im lm vic, ngha l ic ( t ) = iL ( t ) . Phng trnh (3.80) c vit lai:
u1 ( t ) i1 ( t ) = u2 ( t ) iL ( t ) = u1 ( t ) ic ( t )
(3.87)
Thay cng thc (3.19) vo(3.81), kt hp vi biu thc cn bng cng sut ch xc
lp ( U1 I1 = U 2 I 2 , I1 = I c ) v thnh phn u1 ( t ) ic ( t ) , u2 ( t ) i2 ( t ) ta c:
i 2 ( t ) = u ( t ) I c + i c ( t ) U1 u ( t ) I 2
1
2
U2
U2
U2
ch xc lp ca b bin i Boost ta c:
U1 = (1 D ) U 2
I 2 = (1 D ) I1
U 2 = U o
U 2 = R
I 2
V ta cng c mi quan h sau:
di ( t )
uin ( t ) = u1 ( t ) + L c
dt
T (3.88), (3.89), (3.90), phng trnh (3.88) vit di dng ton t Laplace sau:
1
sL
1
i 2 ( s ) = u ( t )
+ i c ( t ) (1 D )
u2 ( t )
in
R
(1 D ) R
(1 D ) R
Phng trnh (3.91) c m t di dng s mch in nh sau:
u1
ic
(3.89)
(3.90)
(3.91)
i 2
i1
uin
(3.88)
sL
ic (1 D ) 1
(1 D )2 R
u2 R
uin
(1 D ) R
u0
Hnh 3.16 Mch in tng ng b bin i Buck theo nguyn l iu khin dng in vi tn
hiu nh
3.6.3
Nhc li mt s kin thc v l thuyt iu khin t ng
Cu trc b iu khin tuyn tnh cho DC/DC c thit k trn min tn s. Do ,

vic nm vng kin thc v th Bode (c tnh tn bin-pha) ng vai tr quan trng
trong vic thit k cc b iu chnh.
Xt h thng tuyn tnh c m t bng hm truyn t sau:
G (s) =
Hm c tnh tn c hiu l:
Y (s)
U (s)
b0 + b1s + + bm s m
a0 + a1s + + an s n
67
( m n)
G ( j ) = G ( s ) s = j
(3.92)
(3.93)
Theo [6], (3.93) ch ng khi tt c cc im cc ca G ( s ) phi nm bn tri trc o.
th bode biu din G ( j ) thnh hai thnh phn.
+ Bin l: L ( ) = 20 log G ( j ) . n v l dB.

+ Gc pha ( ) = arcG ( j ) .
Theo [6], ta c th kim tra tnh n nh ca h kn khi bit c hm truyn t ca
h h G ( s ) theo cc bc sau :
+ Nu L ( ) c on nm pha trn trc honh th sup G ( j ) > 1 .
0 <
+ im ct ca G ( j ) vi ng trn n v l giao im ca L ( ) vi trc honh.
+ Tn s ct c l honh giao im ca L ( ) vi trc honh.

+ Gc ( c ) = arcG ( jc ) l tung c (c ) ti tn s ct .
+ H kn s n nh nu (c ) nm pha bn ng ( ) = .
Hnh 3.17 Minh ha th Bode ca G ( j ) [6]
Khi h kn n nh v tn hiu vo l hng s th sau qu trnh qu , tn hiu ra cng

s l hng s. Tuy nhin, tn hiu ra c bng tn hiu vo (khng tn ti sai lch tnh) th
khng c m bo.
Vic nh gi sai lch tnh thng c thc hin vi mt dng c th ca tn hiu vo.
V du, i vi tn hiu u vo l bc nhy v hm truyn t h h c t nht mt im
cc l gc ta th sai lch tnh s bng khng; i vi tn hiu u vo l tng u v
hm truyn t h h c t nht hai im cc l gc ta th sai lch tnh s bng khng
[6].
Khi nim v d tr pha (PM) v d tr bin (GM) lin quan n s n nh ca h
thng c minh ha trn Hnh 3.18.
68
b)
a)
Hnh 3.18 D tr pha v d tr bin ca h h a) H khng n nh b)H n nh
3.6.4
Mt s b b s dng trong cu trc iu khin DC/DC converter
a. B b Lead (PD): B b ny c tc dng ci thin d tr pha, m rng di bng

thng ca mch vng phn hi (feedback loop) v gim sng hi bc cao (c mt im
khng v mt im cc). Thm vo im zero (thnh phn o hm D) vo hm truyn
ca h s khuch i vng h (loop gain) tn s fz nh so vi tn s ct f c (crossover
frequency). Tuy nhin khi c thnh phn D, h s khch i di tn s cao cng tng ln,
do ta cn thm vo thnh phn P vn m bo c T ( j ) = 1 di tn s cao.
Hm truyn ca b b Lead (PD) c dng nh sau:
s
1 +
z
Gc ( s ) = Gco
s
1 +
(3.94)
Nhim v ca ngi thit k b b l phi xc nh c cc tn s f z , f p v h s

Gco trong hm truyn (3.94). Theo [7], pha ca b b ln nht ti tn s f max c xc
nh theo (3.95).
f max = f z . f p
(3.95)
Do , h c d tr pha ln nht ti f c th ta phi c :
f max = f c =
fz . f p
(3.96)
Mt khc, gc pha ca Gc ( j ) ti tn s ln nht f max c xc nh:
= GPD ( f max ) = arctan
fp
fz
fz
fp
(3.97)
69
Phng trnh (3.97) c vit li nh sau:

f p 1 + sin
=
f z 1 sin
Do , t (3.96) v (3.98) ta xc nh c :
1 sin
f z = fc
1 + sin
f = f 1 + sin
c
p
1 sin
+ Xc nh ( tnh ton f z , f p ):
D tr pha h h bao gm b b v i tng c nh ngha nh sau:
PM = arc Gh ( j ) = ( 1800 )
(3.98)
(3.99)
(3.100)
Mt khc pha ca h h c nh ngha theo (3.101):
arc Gh ( j ) = = arc Gc ( j ) = + arc Gdt ( j ) =

C
(3.101)
T (3.100), (3.101) gc pha b b ti tn s ct f c c tnh nh sau:
arc Gc ( j ) = =1800 +PM arc Gdt ( j ) =

C
(3.102)
||Gc||
Gco
fp
fp
fz
Gco
fz
fp/10
f max =
f p fz
10fz
+45/decade
<Gc
-45/decade
0
fz/10
f
Hnh 3.19 th bode ca b b Lead c cu trc (3.94)
Vi mc ch trit tiu sai lch tnh iu chnh, b b (3.94) c b sung thm thnh
phn tch phn, lc ny cu trc b b tr thnh (3.103). Trong thc t ngi ta vn s
dng bin thn b iu chnh ny sang cu trc theo ,c s dng lm b iu chnh in
p trong ch iu khin dng in (Current mode).
70
s
1 +
1 z
(3.103)
Gc ( s ) = Gco
s
s
1 +
p
Hm truyn (3.103) cn gi l b b loi II, c thc hin bng cc phn t tng t
nh sau:
Hnh 3.20 B b (3.103) c thc hin bng cc phn t tng t
Gi tr cc phn t in tr v t in trong Hnh 3.20 c th c xc nh nh sau:

z
C2 = RG
p
co
p
1
(3.104)
C1 = C2
z
1
R2 =
z C1
b. B iu chnh (PI): Tng h s khch i di tn s thp, gim nhiu tn s thp

v gim sai lch tnh. Mun vy ngi ta a thm 1 im khng nghch o (inverted
zero) vo h s khch i vng lp tn s f L .
khng thay i d tr pha mong mun tn s f c ( to ra nh thnh phn
PD) th f L f c / 10 (v thnh phn I lm gim d tr pha). Hm truyn ca b b Lead
(PD) c dng nh sau:

(3.105)
Gc ( s ) = Gco 1 + L
s
71
Hnh 3.21 th bode ca b b c cu trc (3.105)
c. B iu chnh PID: Kt hp c 2 b iu khin trn, ta c iu khin Gc ( s ) c
cu trc theo (3.106) c thit k cho i tng GDT ( s ) .
s L
1 +
1+
s
z
Gc ( s ) = Gco
= Gco GPID ( s )
s
1 +
p
Tn s z v p vn c xc nh theo (3.99).
(3.106)
Thnh phn Gco c gi tr tha mn bin ca h thng c gi tr bng 1 tn s

ct f c (m bo tn s ct ca h bng fc ), tc l :
| Gco .GPID ( j ) .GDT ( j ) | f = fc = 1
1
| f = fc
GPID ( j ) .GDT ( j )
d. B b c hai im khng, hai im cc:
s
s
1 +
1 +
z1 z 2
Gc ( s ) = Gco
s
s
1 +
1 +
p1 p 2
Gc 0 =|
(3.107)
(3.108)
72
Gc ( j ) (dB)
Gc ( j )
Hnh 3.22 th bode ca hm b b (3.108)
Vi mc ch trit tiu sai lch tnh iu chnh, b b (3.108) c b sung thm thnh
phn tch phn, lc ny cu trc b b tr thnh:
s
s
1 +
1 +
1 z1 z 2
Gc ( s ) = Gco
(3.109)
s
s
s
1+
1 +
p1 p 2
Hm truyn (3.109) cn gi l b b loi III, c thc hin bng cc phn t tng t
nh sau:
Hnh 3.23 B b (3.109) c thc hin bng cc phn t tng t
Gi tr cc phn t in tr v t in trong Hnh 3.23 c th c xc nh nh sau

(gi thit l z1 = z 2 = z v p1 = p 2 = p ).
73
z
C 2 =
p RGco
C = C p 1
2
1
z
R2 =
z C1
R1
R3 =
p
C3 = R
p 3
(3.110)
3.6.5
Tuyn tnh ha khu iu ch rng xung

d (t ) =
udk ( t )
(3.111)
U c,m
Tuyn tnh ha quanh im lm vic xc lp theo cng thc sau:
d ( t ) = D + d ( t )
(3.112)
udk ( t ) = U dk + udk ( t )
Thay (3.112) vo (3.111) ta c:
U + udk ( t )
D + d ( t ) = dk
(3.113)
U c,m
Mt khc ch xc lp ta cng c:
U
(3.114)
D = dk
U c ,m
T (3.113), (3.114)ta c:
u ( t )
d ( t ) = dk
(3.115)
U c ,m
Mt khc, i lng iu khin c tnh ton chu k hin ti n chu k tip theo
mi tc ng n i tng iu khin, nh vy gia h s iu ch v hm iu khin a
1
1
n s b tr chu k pht xung ( Ts ) [11].
2
2
Phng trnh gia h s c vit di dng hm truyn t:
d ( s ) T2s
1 1
GPWM ( s ) =
e
(3.116)
udk ( s )
U c ,m 1 + Ts s
2
Tuy nhin, tn s pht xung PWM rt ln ( Ts rt b so vi tn s thc hin cc phng
php m hnh b bin i DC/DC), v vy trong thit k b iu chnh DC/DC ngi ta ch
s dng hm truyn t (3.117) m hnh ha khi PWM.
74
d ( s )
1
=
(3.117)
udk ( s ) U c , m
Hm truyn khi PWM theo (3.117) s dng thit k mch vng iu khin s dng cc
IC tng t: UC38xx...Tuy nhin, i b iu chnh c thit k v thc thi trn vi iu
khin, thng thng ngi ta s dng hm truyn t GPWM ( s ) = 1
GPWM ( s ) =
3.7 Cu trc iu khin tuyn tnh cho b bin i kiu buck

Nhim v: Thit k b b cho b bin i kiu Buck c thng s nh sau: in p
ngun 28V, in p ra 15V cho dng ti 5A (R = 3), L =50H, C= 500F, tn s pht
xung 100kHz.
3.7.1
iu khin trc tip
T (3.33) hm truyn in p u ra v h s iu ch c vit li di dng nh sau:

u ( s )
1
Gvd ( s ) = o
= Gvdo
(3.118)
2
d ( s )
s
s
1+
+
Q00 0
Trong :
Gvdo = Vin = 28V
f0 =
0
1
=
= 1kHz
2 2 LC
(3.119)
C
= 9,5 (19, 5dB)
L
T (3.34) hm truyn in p u ra v in p u vo.
u ( s )
DR
Gvg = o
=
uin ( s ) R + Ls + RLCs 2
Hnh 3.24 ch ra cu trc iu khin trc tip cho b bin i kiu buck.
uin
Gvg ( s )
Q0 = R
uo*
Gc ( s ) d
Gvd ( s )
uo
Hnh 3.24 Cu trc iu khin trc tip b bin i kiu buck
(3.120)
75
Bode Diagram
60
System: Gvd
Frequency (Hz): 101
Magnitude (dB): 29
Magnitude (dB)
40
System: Gvd
Peak gain (dB): 48.5
At frequency (Hz): 1e+003
20
0
System: Gvd
Frequency (Hz): 5.44e+003
Magnitude (dB): -0.0481
-20
0
Phase (deg)
-45
System: Gvd
Phase Margin (deg): 1.16
Delay Margin (sec): 5.95e-007
At frequency (Hz): 5.42e+003
Closed Loop Stable? Yes
-90
-135
-180
2
10
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
Hnh 3.25 th Bode ca hm truyn t (3.118)
Khi khng c b b, theo th Bode Hnh 3.25 c tn s ct xp x 5,5kHz v d

tr pha l PM = 1,160.
Ta s thit k b b c cu trc theo (3.94) c tn s ct t c f c = 10kHz (bng
1/10 tn s pht xung) v c d tr pha mong mun l 550.
Bin ti tn s 10kHz ca hm truyn t (3.118) c tnh l:
2
Theo (3.99) vi PM
f
Gvdo 0 = 0.28 -11.0568dB .
(3.121)
fc
= 550 v d tr pha ca hm truyn t (3.118) l DT = 1,160 .
V vy, theo (3.102) pha ca b iu khin s l = 53,840 . Do , theo (3.99) tn s ca

im khng v im cc ca b b c tnh nh sau:
0
1 sin ( 53,84 )
f z = fc
= 3, 26kHz
0
1
+
sin
53,84
(
)
(3.122)
1 + sin ( 53,84 )
= 30, 63kHz
f p = fc
0
1 sin ( 53,84 )
Theo (3.107) thnh phn Gco _ PD c gi tr tha mn bin ca h thng c gi tr

bng 1 tn s ct f c (m bo tn s ct ca h bng f c ), ngha l :
Gco _ PD
f
Gvdo 0 = 1
fz
fc
fp
Gco = 1,13
(3.123)
76

Bode Diagram
Magnitude (dB)
50
0
System: sys
Magnitude (dB): 0.0574
-50
-100
45
Phase (deg)
System: sys
-45
-90
-135
-180
2
10
10
10
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
Hnh 3.26 th Bode ca hm truyn t (3.118) v b b (3.94)
S dng cu trc iu khin PID c dng:
s L
1 + 1 +
z
s
Gc _ PID ( s ) = Gco _ PID
(3.124)
s
1 +
p
Cc im cc v im khng c gi nguyn theo (3.122), v L c la chn bng
1/10 tn s ct c (s la chn ny ch l gi , trong thc t ta c th thay i nh trong
v d trn tn s L c chn bng 1/20 ca tn s ct c ) hn ch s thay i d tr
pha nh mong mun l 550.
Theo (3.107) thnh phn Gco _ PID c gi tr tha mn bin ca h thng c gi tr
bng 1 tn s ct f c (m bo tn s ct ca h bng fc ), ngha l :
Gco _ PID
f
1+ L
fc
Gco = 1,12
f
Gvdo 0 = 1
fz
fc
fp
(3.125)
77
Bode Diagram
100
Magnitude (dB)
50
-50
-100
0
System: sys
Phase (deg)
-45
-90
-135
-180
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
Hnh 3.27 th Bode ca hm truyn t (3.118) v b b (3.124)
Xt nh hng in p ngun tc ng in p ra b bin i kiu Buck

uin
Gvg ( s )
uo* = 0
Gc ( s ) d
Gvd ( s )
uo
Hnh 3.28 Cu trc nh gi nh hng in p u vo v u ra b bin i kiu Buck
Hm truyn gia in p u ra v in p u vo khi c b iu chnh Gc ( s ) tham gia

v uo* = 0 .
T (s) =
uo ( s )
u g ( s )
=
u0*
( s )= 0
Gvg ( s )
1 + Gc ( s ) Gvd ( s )
(3.126)
S dng lnh [mag,phase]=bode(T,2*pi*100) ta c:

T ( j )
= 0, 0033
= 2 100
(3.127)
0
( ) = 2 100 = arcT ( j ) = 2 100 = 76, 77
Do , nu in p u vo c dao ng vi bin 1V ti tn s 100Hz, nh hng
in p u vo tc ng in p u ra ch cn l 0,0033V.
S dng lnh [mag,phase]=bode(Gvg,2*pi*100) ta c:
Gvg ( j )
= 0,54
= 2 100
(3.128)
0
( ) = 2 100 = arcGvg ( j ) = 2 100 = 0, 61
78
Nh vy nu khng c b b, khi in p u vo c dao ng vi bin 1V ti tn s

100Hz, nh hng in p u vo tc ng in p u ra s l 0,54V.
a. Kt qu m phng khi s dng b b (3.94)
150
25
uC(ref)
20
iL(a)
Dong dien qua c uon c am (A )
uC(s)
D ien ap ra (V )
uC(a)
15
10
100
50
iL(s)
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
t(s)
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
-50
0.01
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
t(s)
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01
b. Dng in chy qua cun cm lc, iL(s)-m

a. in p ra, uC(s)-m hnh vt l, uC(a)-m
hnh vt l, iL(a)-m hnh trung bnh
hnh trung bnh
Hnh 3.29 Kt qu m phng Buck converter s dng b b (3.94)
25
14.56
uC(ref)
14.55
20
uC(s)
uC(a)
Dien ap ra (V )
Dien ap ra (V)
14.54
15
10
14.53
14.52
14.51
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
14.5
0.02
0.022
0.024
0.026
0.028
0.03
t(s)
0.032
0.034
0.036
0.038
0.04

b. p mch in p ra (zoom)
hnh trung bnh
Hnh 3.30 Kt qu m phng Buck converter s dng b b (3.124) khi in p ngun c p
mch vi bin 1V, tn s 100Hz
b. Kt qu m phng khi s dng b b (3.124)

30
150
25
uC(a)
iL(a)
Dong dien qua c uon c am (A )
uC(s)
20
D ien a p ra (V )
79
uC(ref)
15
10
100
50
iL(s)
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
t(s)
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
-50
0.01
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
t(s)
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01

hnh trung bnh
b. Dng in chy qua cun cm lc, iL(s)-m

hnh vt l, iL(a)-m hnh trung bnh
Hnh 3.31 Kt qu m phng Buck converter s dng b b (3.124)
15.008
30
15.006
25
uC(a)
15.004
uC(s)
D ien ap ra (V )
Dien ap ra (V)
20
15
15.002
15
10
14.998
5
14.996
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
14.994
0.02
0.022
0.024
0.026
0.028
0.03
t(s)
0.032
0.034
0.036
0.038
0.04

b. p mch in p ra (zoom)
hnh trung bnh
Hnh 3.32 Kt qu m phng Buck converter s dng b b (3.124) khi in p ngun c p
mch vi bin 1V, tn s 100Hz
80
3.7.2
iu khin gin tip
3.7.2.1
iu khin theo nguyn l dng in trung bnh

uin
uo*
Gcv ( s )
iL*
Gci ( s )
iL
Gvg ( s )
Gvd ( s )
uo
Gid ( s )
Gig ( s )
uin
Hnh 3.33 Cu trc iu khin gin tip theo nguyn l dng in trung bnh b bin i kiu
buck
Theo (3.35) hm truyn gia dng in chy qua cun cm v h s iu ch.
s
1+
i ( s )
1
Gid ( s ) = L
= Gido
2
d ( s ) u s = 0
s
s
in ( )
1+
+
Q00 0
Trong :
V
28
Gido = in =
3
R
1
f0 = 0 =
= 1kHz
2 2 LC
(3.129)
(3.130)
C
Q0 = R
= 9,5 (19, 5dB)
L
1
f1 =
= 666.66Hz
RC
T (3.33) v (3.35) hm truyn gia in p u ra v dng in chy qua cun cm
c vit li theo (3.131).
u ( s )
R
Gui ( s ) = o
=
(3.131)
iL ( s )
s
uin ( s ) = 0
+ 1
1
81
Bode Diagram
60
Magnitude (dB)
40
System: Gid
Magnitude (dB): 0.0262
20
-20
90
Phase (deg)
45
System: Gid
Phase Margin (deg): 90
0
-45
-90
0
10
10
10
10
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
Cn c vo th bode Hnh 3.34 v yu cu mun trit tiu c sai lch tnh, ta la

chn s dng cu trc iu khin PI cho b iu chnh dng in.

(3.132)
Gci ( s ) = Gci _ o 1 + Li
s
hn ch nh hng s thay i ca d tr pha, ta la chn tn s Li bng 1/10

tn s ct c (xp x 89kHz) ca hm truyn t (3.129).
H s Gci _ o c la chn Gci ( j ) Gid ( j ) = = 1 .
c
Gci _ o

f
1 + Li Gid _ o 1 + c 0 = 1
1 f c
c
Ngoi ra, ta s dng lnh [mag,phase]=bode(Gid,2*pi*89e+3) ta c:

Gid ( j )
= 0,54
= 2 89 e 3
0
( ) = 2 100 = arcGid ( j ) = 2 89 e 3 = 0, 61
(3.133)
(3.134)
82

Bode Diagram
10
Magnitude (dB)
-10
-20
Phase (deg)
-30
0
System: Gui
Delay Margin (sec): 0.00101
At frequency (Hz): 300
-45
-90
0
10
10
10
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
Cn c vo th bode Hnh 3.35 v yu cu mun trit tiu c sai lch tnh, ta la

chn s dng cu trc iu khin PI cho b iu chnh in p.

(3.135)
Gcu ( s ) = Gcu _ o 1 + Lu
s
25
14
uC*
20
12
uC
Dong dien qua cuon cam (A)
Dien ap ra (V)
10
15
10
iL
iL*
4
5
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
a. in p ra
b. Dng in chy qua cun cm
Hnh 3.36 Kt qu m phng Buck converter theo nguyn l iu khin dng in trung bnh
3.8 B bin i kiu boost
83
iu khin theo nguyn l dng in nh
3.7.2.2
uo*
Gcv ( s )
iL*
iL
Gi ( s ) 1
Gui ( s )
uo
Hnh 3.37 Cu trc iu khin gin tip theo nguyn l dng in nh b bin i kiu buck
B iu khin in p s dng b iu chnh in p kiu PI

(3.136)
Gcu ( s ) = Gcu _ o 1 + Lu
s
im zero ca b iu chnh (3.136) c chn bng im cc ca hm truyn t i

tng Gui ( s ) ngha l:
2
(3.137)
RC
H s Gcu _ o c la chn thng qua kt qu m phng (thng la chn bng 1
hn ch qu iu chnh)
Lu = 1 =
25
15
uC*
20
Dong dien qua cuon cam (A)
Dien ap ra (V)
uC
15
10
10
iL
iL*
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1

a. in p ra
Hnh 3.38 Kt qu m phng Buck converter theo nguyn l iu khin dng in nh`

Nhim v: Thit k b b cho b bin i kiu Boost c thng s nh sau: in p
ngun 10V, in p ra 15V, ti R = 5, L =62H, C= 300F, rC =0,187 (ESR) v tn s
pht xung 100kHz.
3.8.1
iu khin trc tip
T (3.48) hm truyn in p u ra v h s iu ch c vit li di dng nh sau:
84
s
s
1+
1
esr RHP
u ( s )
Gvd ( s ) = o
= Gvdo
2
d ( s )
s
s
1+
+
Q00 0
(3.138)
Trong :
1 D =
U in 10
=
= 0,6667
U c 15
Uc
15
=
= 22, 5
1 D 0,6667
Uc
IL =
= 4,5 A
R (1 D )
Gvdo =
f esr
(3.139)
1
= esr =
= 2,84kHz
2 2 rc C
f0 =
f RHP
0 (1 D )
=
= 778,02Hz
2 2 LC
RU c (1 D )
= RHP =
= 5, 53kHz
2
2 LI L ( R + rC )
Bode Diagram
40
Magnitude (dB)
30
20
10
0
-10
360
Phase (deg)
315
System: Gvd
270
225
180
1
10
10
10
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
S dng b b c hai im cc v hai im zero (3.108) c s dng thit k trong

ch in p. Theo [], Tn s ct f c c chn di tn s f RHP ca b bin i
( f c = 5kHz ) v tn s ti hai im zero ca b b Gc ( s ) l f z1 = f z 2 c t gn tn s
85
f 0 (Trong v d ny f z1 = f z 2 = 700 Hz ). Tn s im cc th nht ca b iu chnh
Gc ( s ) l f p1 c la chn nh (trong v d ny chn f p1 = 0,92 Hz ) a ra h s

khuch i ln vng tn s thp. Tn s im cc th hai f p 2 c chn trong ln cn
tn s ca im zero do thnh phn ESR ca t gy ra v la chn f p 2 = 3kHz .
S dng lnh [mag,phase]=bode(Gvd,2*pi*5000) ta c bin v pha ca i tng
Gvd ( s ) ti tn s 155.6Hz l:
Gvd ( j )
= 1, 42
=c
0
( ) =c = arcG ( j ) =c = 202,96
(3.140)
Bin ca b b c xc inh:
Gc ( j ) = =
c
1
Gvd ( j ) =
(3.141)
Hay:
Gco
f p2
f p1
fz2
f z1
Gvd ( j ) = = 1
(3.142)
Gco = 9,38
Bode Diagram
60
Magnitude (dB)
40
20
0
-20
-40
360
Phase (deg)
315
270
225
180
-1
10
10
System: untitled1
At frequency (rad/sec): 4.86e+003
1
2
3
10
10
10
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
Hnh 3.40 th Bode ca hm truyn t vng h (Gvd.Gc)
10
86

25
25
u0
20
20
Dong dien qua cuon cam (V)
u0*
Dien ap ra (V)
15
10
-5
15
10
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
-5
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
a. in p ra
Hnh 3.41 Kt qu m phng b Boost theo nguyn l iu khin in p
3.8.2
iu khin gin tip

uo*
Gcv ( s )
iL*
Gi ( s ) 1
iL
Gui ( s )
uo
Hnh 3.42 Cu trc iu khin gin tip theo nguyn l dng in nh b bin i kiu Boost
S dng phn mm Matlab tm hm truyn t gia in p u ra v dng in qua

u ( s )
cun cm Gui ( s ) = 0
(xem thm phn ph lc).
iL ( s )
87
Bode Diagram
10
Magnitude (dB)
5
0
-5
-10
-15
Phase (deg)
-20
0
-45
System: Gui
At frequency (Hz): 256
Closed Loop Stable? No
System: Gui
Closed Loop Stable? No
-90
1
10
10
10
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
Hnh 3.43 th bode ca hm truyn t Gui ( s ) bin i kiu Boost
S dng b b (3.103) cho mch vng iu chnh in p Gcv ( s ) cho h h c tn s

ct f c = 5kHz (di tn s f RHP = 5,53kHz ) v c d tr pha bng PM = 450
S dng lnh [mag,phase]=bode(Gui,2*pi*5000) ta c bin v pha ca i tng
Gui ( s ) ti tn s 5000Hz l:
Gui ( j )
= 0,18
=c
(3.143)
0
0
( ) =c = arcGui ( j ) =c = 290, 43 ( 70 )
Do thnh phn tch phn c gc pha khng i -900, nn t d tr pha mong mun ca
h v theo (3.102) ta s tnh d tr pha ca thnh phn Lead (mt im zero v mt im
cc) nh sau:
1
PD = arc
1800 + PM arcGui ( j ) =
c
j =
(3.144)
c
PD = ( 90 ) + 450 ( 700 ) = 250

0
Theo (3.99) tn s ca im khng v im cc ca b b c tnh nh sau:
1 sin 250
= 3,19kHz
f z = fc
1 + sin 250
(3.145)
1 + sin 250
f p = f c 1 sin 250 = 7,85kHz
Theo (3.107) thnh phn Gco c gi tr tha mn bin ca h thng c gi tr bng

1 tn s ct f c (m bo tn s ct ca h bng f c ), ngha l :
88
Gc ( j ) = Gui ( j ) = = 1
c
(3.146)
Kt hp vi (3.143)
Gco
1
( j )
fp
=c
fz
0,18 = 1
(3.147)
Gco = 1,11e + 5
Bode Diagram
80
Magnitude (dB)
60
40
20
0
Phase (deg)
-20
-90
System: untitled1
-135
-180
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
Hnh 3.44 th bode ca hm truyn t Gui ( s ) v b b (3.103) bin i kiu Boost

25
18
u0
16
u0*
14
Do ng q ua c u on c am (A )
Dien ap ra (V )
20
15
10
iL
12
10
iL*
8
6
4
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
a. in p ra
Hnh 3.45 Kt qu m phng b bin i Boost theo nguyn l iu khin dng in nh
3.9 Bi tp
89
3.9 Bi tp
B bin i Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost c tham s Bng 3.1 lm vic trong ch dng
in lin tc (CCM) v c iu khin theo phng php iu ch rng xung PWM,
v kha bn dn l l tng.
B ng 3.1
Tham s b bin i Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost
Tham s b bin in p uin = 28V, in p ra uo = 15V
i Buck
in cm L = 50H
T in C = 500F v rC = 0,1
Tn s pht xung fx = 100kHz.
Ti R = 3
i Boost
in cm L = 62H
T in C = 300F v rC = 0,187
Ti R = 5
i Buck-Boost
in cm L = 100H
T in C = 697F v rC = 0,01
Ti R = 5
1. Xy dng m hnh tn hiu trung bnh ca cc b bin i trn theo phng php
khng gian trng thi, nhn xt c im m hnh.
2. Tnh im lm vic xc lp ca m hnh.
3. Xy dng m hnh tn hiu nh da trn phng php m hnh mng ng ct v
khng gian trng thi (SSA).
4. Thit k cu trc iu khin cho b bin i trn theo ch
a. iu khin in p.
b. iu khin dng in.
5. Kim chng kt qu m hnh ha v thit k bng phn mm Matlab
Hnh 3.46 S mch lc ca cc b bin i DC/DC
90
3.10 B bin i PFC
3.10.1 S mch lc
S mch lc b bin i PFC s dng mt cu chnh lu khng iu khin diode v
b bin i DC/DC kiu Boost.
id
iL
us
is
iL
uin = us
us
is
iL
id
us
uin = us
iL
uo
t
d (t )
1 d ( t ) :1
Hnh 3.47 B bin i PFC, a) S mch lc, b) M hnh trung bnh, c,d) c tnh dng in,
in p ca s mch lc
S dng m hnh trung bnh b bin i Boost, b qua st p trn cun cm, v gi thit
in p u ra ch c thnh phn DC.
Ud
1
=
us 1 d
(3.148)
U s sin (t )
d = 1
Ud
Theo s Hnh 3.47 dng in id ( t ) c tnh nh sau:
id = (1 d ) iL =
Us
1 Us
1 Us
I L sin 2 (t ) =
IL
I L cos ( 2t )
Ud
2 Ud
2 Ud
(3.149)
id = I d id 2
Trong : us = U s sin (t ) , iL = I L sin (t )

T (3.149) nhn thy thnh phn dng in id ( t ) gm hai thnh phn: thnh phn DC
( I d ) v thnh phn sng hi bc hai id 2 ( t ) .

Trong b bin i PFC, gi tr t in u ra ln nn ch c thnh phn sng hi bc hai
ca dng in ( id 2 ( t ) ) chy vo t, v thnh phn DC I d chy qua in tr ti tng
ng. Do , p mch in p u ra trn t c tnh:
3.10 B bin i PFC
91
1
i d ( t )
C d 2
T (3.149), (3.150) p mch in p trn t ud 2 ( t ) c vit li:
ud 2 ( t ) =
ud 2 ( t ) =
Us IL
1 Us IL
cos ( 2t ) d (t ) =
sin ( 2t ) = Vd 2 sin ( 2t )
C U d 2
4CU d
(3.150)
(3.151)
3.10.2 Cu trc iu khin b bin i PFC

sin (t )
iL
iL*
uo*
uo
uin
uin
1/ u
2
in
Hnh 3.48 Cu trc iu khin b bin i PFC
Ga tr trung bnh in p u vo uin trong mi chu k in p li c xc inh:

uin =
Gin on (3.152) ta c:
1
T
t +T
in
dt
(3.152)
uini
1
1
uin = uini .Ts = uini
= i=n
T i =n
T
/
T
N
i =n
s
(3.153)
Trong : uini - l gi tr in p vo thi im ly mu th i.

T - l chu k in p li.
Ts - l chu k trch mu.
N - S lng mu gi tr in p uin trong mt chu k in p li.
3.10.2.1 Thit k mch vng dng in

T mch in m t b bin i Boost vi tn hiu nh Hnh 3.7 ti tn s cao (khi
t in u ra b ngn mch, do tr khng xp x bng khng), ta c th xp x gn ng
mi quan h gia h s iu ch v dng in trung bnh qua cun cm nh sau (coi cun
cm, t in l phn t l tng):
i ( s )
U
Gid ( s ) = L
o
(3.154)
d ( s ) u s =0 sL
in
( )
La chn b b cho mch vng iu chnh dng in, h h c d tr pha l 600,,

tn s ct ca mch vng in p fci = 20kHz, v c im cc ti gc ta trit tiu sai
lch tnh.
92
s
1 +
z
1
Gc ( s ) = Gco
s
s
1 +
(3.155)
3.10.2.2 Thit k mch vng in p

T mch in m t b bin i Boost vi tn hiu nh lm vic theo nguyn l iu
khin dng in, ta c hm truyn t gia dng in t (thc cht l dng qua cun cm)
v in p u ra nh sau:
u ( s )
i ( s )
u ( s )
2
Gui ( s ) = o
= o
(3.156)
ic ( s ) u s =0 i2 ( s ) u s =0 ic ( s ) u s =0
in ( )
in ( )
in ( )
Theo mch in ta c:
1 R
1
=R
=
(3.157)
RC
sC
2
uin ( s ) = 0
1+ 2 s

Mt khc, ti tn s thp c th coi cun cm b ngn mch, quan h tr thnh :
i2 ( s )
1
(3.158)
=
ic ( s )
1 D
uo ( s )
i2 ( s )
uin ( s ) = 0
T , ta c:
U R
1
s
(3.159)
RC
U
2
o
uin ( s ) = 0
1+ 2 s

La chn b b cho mch vng iu chnh in p, h h c d tr pha l 450, tn
s ct ca mch vng in p fcv = 15Hz.
s
1 +
z
1
Gc ( s ) = Gco
(3.160)
s
s
1 +
u ( s )
Gui ( s ) = o
ic ( s )
3.10.3 Bi tp
Thit k cu trc iu khin b bin i PFC c cc tham s sau.
1. Thit k mch vng dng in theo mc 3.10.2.1.
2. Thit k mch vng in p theo mc 3.10.2.2.
3. Tnh ton khu b in p u vo (Feedforward voltage).
4. M phng bng phn mm Matlab kim chng kt qu thit k.
3.10 B bin i PFC
93
B ng 3.2
Tham s b bin i kiu PFC
in p u vo xoay chiu (rms)

Tn s li in
in p u ra b PFC
Cng sut thit k
Tn s switching
T in u ra
Gi tr in cm
Ti tng ng
Us,rms = 120V
f= 50Hz
250V
250W
fs = 100 kHz
C = 220 F
rC = 100m
L = 1mH
R = 250
94
4 H THNG IU KHIN NGHCH LU C LP
B bin i kiu nghch lu c lp l cc kiu b bin i s dng ph bin hin nay.

Phm v ng dng ca b bin i ny rng ri: h thng truyn ng xoay chiu ba pha,
b cp ngun c lp hoc b bin i ni li. Ni dung phn ny i su vo phng
php iu ch rng xung v cc b iu khin c bn cho nghch lu c lp ngun p
kiu AC/DC hoc DC/AC ng dng nh b cp ngun c lp hoc ni li.
4.1 S mch lc b bin i nghch lu c lp
Hnh 4.1 S mch lc nghch lu c lp kiu ngun p, a) Mt pha, b) Ba pha
4.2 M t ton hc nghch lu p
4.2.1
M t ton hc nghch lu ngun p mt pha
S mch nghch lu ngun p mt pha c m t bi cc kha chuyn mch Sa ,

Sb nh sau:
95
U dc 2
U dc 2
Hnh 4.2 M hnh nghch lu ngun p mt pha c m t bi kha chuyn mch
in p pha a v im trung tnh ca s Hnh 4.2 c xc nh nh sau:

U
uaN = S a dc
(4.1)
2
Gi tr hm chuyn mch S a = 1 hoc S a = 1
Gi tr trung bnh in p u ra mch nghch lu trong mi chu k iu ch (trung bnh
ngn hn) uaN c xc nh:
uaN
1
=
Ts
t +Ts
aN
dt
(4.2)
Gi thit in p mt chiu U dc bng phng (do cht lng ca mch lc trc khi vo
mch nghch lu), gi tr trung bnh uaN c vit li nh sau:
U
U
uaN = S a dc = ma dc
(4.3)
2
2
Tng t, in p pha b v im trung tnh ca s Hnh 4.2 c xc nh nh sau:
U
ubN = Sb dc
(4.4)
2
in p u ra mch nghch lu uab c ch ra:
U
uab = uaN ubN = ( S a Sb ) dc
(4.5)
2
Thng thng hai hm iu ch c la chn tri du (iu ch n cc), ngha l
m = ma = mb . Do , gi tr trung bnh in p u ra mch nghch lu c xc nh:
U
uab = ( ma mb ) dc = mU dc
(4.6)
2
Trong nhiu ng dng ca nghch lu ngun p mt pha, gi tr trung bnh uab c dng
hnh sin. Do d, hm iu ch t l thun vi in p uab v c vit di dng tng qut:
m = M sin (t + )
(4.7)
Trong : M - gi l h s iu ch v - l tn s c bn u ra mch nghch lu.
96
4.2.2
M t ton hc nghch lu ngun p ba pha
S mch nghch lu ngun p ba pha c m t bi cc kha chuyn mch Sa , Sb ,

Sc nh sau:
U dc 2
U dc 2
Hnh 4.3 M hnh nghch lu ngun p ba pha c m t bi kha chuyn mch
in p pha v im trung tnh ca s Hnh 4.3 c xc nh nh sau:

U dc
uaN = S a 2
U dc
(4.8)
ubN = Sb
2
U dc
ucN = Sc 2
in p gia cc pha ca s Hnh 4.3 c xc nh nh sau:

U dc
uab = ( S a Sb ) 2
U dc
(4.9)
ubc = ( Sb Sc )
2
U dc
uca = ( Sc S a ) 2
Khi mch ti u tam gic th in p trn ti l in p pha theo (4.9), khi mch ti u
hnh sao ta c in trn ti c dn dt theo cc bc sau:
uab 1 1 0 uan
u = 0 1 1 u
(4.10)
bc
bn
uca 1 0 1 ucn
Nu ti ba pha cn bng, (4.10) c th vit li:
uab 1 1 0 uan
u = 0 1 1 u
bc
bn
0 1 1 1 ucn
in p trn ti c xc nh:
1
uan 1 1 0 uab
2 1 1 uab
1

ubn = 0 1 1 ubc = 3 1 1 1 ubc
ucn 1 1 1 0
1 2 1 0
(4.11)
(4.12)
97
Phng trnh c vit li:
uan
2 1
u = 1 1 1 uab
(4.13)
bn 3
u
bc
ucn
1 2
T (4.9) v (4.13), in p trn ti c vit li da trn hm chuyn mch nh sau:
( 2Sa Sb Sc ) U dc
uan =
3
2
( 2Sb Sa Sc ) U dc
(4.14)
ubn =
3
2
( 2Sc Sb Sa ) U dc
ucn =
3
2
in p gia im trung tnh s mch nghch lu ngun p ba pha v im trung tnh

ca ti c xc nh:
uan = uaN unN
(4.15)
U
unN = uaN uan = dc ( S a + Sb + Sc )
6
Nh vy, gi tr trung bnh in p ti u ra mch nghch lu c xc nh:
( 2ma mb mc ) U dc
uan =
3
2
( 2mb ma mc ) U dc
(4.16)
ubn =
3
2
( 2mc mb ma ) U dc
ucn =
3
2
i nghch lu ngun p ba pha, hm iu ch ma , mb , mc c th c vit nh sau :
m = M sin ( t )
a
(4.17)
mb = M sin t
mc = M sin t +
Cng thc hm iu ch ma , mb , mc theo (4.17) chnh l ba sng sin chun trong phng
sin PWM. Do ma + mb + mc = 0 , nn (4.16) c th vit li nh sau:
U dc
uan = ma 2
U dc
(4.18)
ubn = mb
2
U dc
ucn = mc 2
T (4.18), ta c th xc nh cc hm iu ch ca nghch lu ba pha theo phng php

sinPWM khi bit in p mt chiu U dc t vo mch nghch lu v in p u ra ti
98
uan , ubn , ucn mong mun. Ngoi ra, theo (4.18) ta thy c bin in p ra ti ln nht
U
mch nghch lu ngun p c iu ch theo phng php sinPWM l dc .
2
Cn i vi phng php SVM, gi tr trung bnh in p ti u ra mch nghch lu
c vit li:
( 2d a db d c ) U dc
uan =
3
2
( 2db d a dc ) U dc
(4.19)
ubn =
3
2
( 2dc db d a ) U dc
ucn =
3
2
4.3 Phng php iu ch rng xung cho nghch lu mt pha

c th phn tch nguyn l lm vic ca phng php iu ch rng xung cho
nghch lu mt pha, ta gi thit cc van bn dn mch nghch lu l phn t l tng.
Theo [], c 2 phng php iu ch rng xung (Pulse Width Modulation: PWM) to
in p hnh sin (cn gi l k thut bin i DC AC) cho cu NL 1 pha.
iu ch n cc (Unipolar Voltage Switching), vi nguyn l thc hin c ch ra
trong Hnh 4.4a.
iu ch hai cc (Bipolar Voltage Switching), vi nguyn l thc hin c ch ra
trong Hnh 4.4b.
S1
S3
S1
S3
PWM 1
PWM 2
a
Udc
Cdc
a
Udc Cdc
b
S4
S2
o
m
o
PWM
b
S4
S2
PWM 1
PWM 2
PWM
-m
PWM
a)
PWM
PWM
b)
Hnh 4.4 Gii php iu ch rng xung cho nghch lu mt pha, a) iu ch lng cc, b)
iu ch n cc
4.3.1
Phng php iu ch hai cc
Hai cp van S1/S2 v S3/S4 c K bi 2 tn hiu c trng thi lgic ph nh nhau.

Cch K ny dn n: Trong mi chu k ca in p cn to, ph ti lun nhn in p
ngc du Udc hoc Udc (do c tn hai cc). Nu thc hin bng k thut Analog, c
th to hai tn hiu lgic bng cc so snh tn hiu iu khin m vi chui xung rng ca ur
99
(tn s chui xung rng ca ln hn nhiu ln so vi tn s tn hiu iu khin) nh Hnh

4.5.
Hnh 4.5 Dng sng in p theo phng php iu ch hai cc, a) Sng mang v tn hiu iu
khin, b) in p u ra mch nghch lu
Phng php iu ch PWM ni trn ch yu c thc hin bng linh kin Analog.
hiu r hn bn cht, ng thi to iu kin thc hin thun li bng k thut Digital (s
dng cho vi iu khin), ta c th nhn thc vn di gc nhn vector cho phng php
iu ch lng cc nh sau:
Hnh 4.6 Trng thi mch nghch lu theo phng php iu ch hai cc
Nh vy, gii php iu ch hai cc ta ch cn mt knh PWM iu khin mch

nghch lu mt pha.
4.3.2
Phng php iu ch n cc
Nu phng php hai cc ch dng 1 tn hiu iu khin m (hnh 3) K hai cp van

S1/S4 v S3/S2, th phng php n cc li dng 2 tn hiu ngc du nhau m v m
(Hnh 4.7) ch K cp van pha trn S1/S3. Cn hai van pha di c K hon ton
ph thuc 2 van : S4 nhn trng thi lgic ph nh ca S1, cn S2 nhn trng thi lgic
ph nh ca S3. D dng nhn thy: Trong phm vi na chu k ca in p cn to, ph
ti ch nhn in p mt du (do c tn n cc).
100

Tn hiu iu khin
(m,-m)
Chui xung rng ca

sng iu ch ur
uao
Udc
ubo
Udc
uab
Udc
-Udc
Hnh 4.7 Dng sng in p theo phng php iu ch n cc, a) Sng mang v tn hiu iu
khin, b) in p u ra mch nghch lu
Phng php iu ch PWM ni trn ch yu c thc hin bng linh kin Analog.
hiu r hn bn cht, ng thi to iu kin thc hin thun li bng k thut Digital (s
dng cho vi iu khin), ta c th nhn thc vn di gc nhn vector cho phng php
iu ch n cc nh sau. Nu nh ngha trng thi lgic ca hai im A, B (hai u ca
in tr ti) l 1 khi chng c ni vi cc dng, l 0 khi chng c ni vi cc m
ca mch DC. Khi y, mt nghch lu n vi 2 nhnh van c th to c 22 = 4 trng
thi lgic vi s mch minh ha hnh di:
Hnh 4.8 Trng thi mch nghch lu trong phng php iu ch n cc
Cc trng thi lgic hnh 10 ng vi cc vector in p chun

(trng thi 01) v u0,3
101
(trng thi 10), u 2
(trng thi 00, 11) biu din hnh 11. V tr vector ny nm
trn h ta tnh nh Hnh 4.9. Bin vector chun ny c xc nh nh sau:

u1 = u 2 = U dc
(4.20)
u0 = u 3 = 0
Hnh 4.9 Biu vector ca k thut iu ch vector n cc
Bc 1: Xc nh v tr ca vector in p u ab , v tr gc cho ta bit c thng tin
hin ti vector in p u ab ang nm trong gc phn t no.

Bc 2: Tnh thi gian thc hin cc vector chun.
Trong na chu k dng (v tr vector u ab hai gc phn t Q1 v Q4), t Hnh 4.9
vector u ab c thc hin bng vector u1 trong khong thi gian T1 , khong thi gian cn
li (Ts T1 ) thc hin vector khng u0,3 , thi gian T1 c xc nh nh sau:
u ab cos
u cos
Ts = ab
Ts
T1 =
u1
U dc
T = T T
0
s
1
(4.21)
Trong na chu k m (v tr vector u ab hai gc phn t Q2 v Q3), t Hnh 4.9 vector

u ab c thc hin bng vector u 2 trong khong thi gian T2 , khong thi gian cn li
(Ts T2 )
thc hin vector khng u0,3 , thi gian T2 c xc nh nh sau:
u ab cos
u cos
Ts = ab
Ts
T2 =
u1
U dc
T = T T
0
s
2
(4.22)
Ti 2 gc phn t Q2, Q3, gi tr cos mang du m. Do trong cng thc (2.2)

xut hin du tr.
102
Bc 3: Mun xc nh c thi gian dn cho cc van ta xy dng c mu xung

cho tng gc phn t, tng ng na chu k dng (gc phn t Q1&Q4) v na chu k
m (gc phn t Q2&Q3) Hnh 4.10.
Hnh 4.10 Mu xung chun a ra nghch lu mt pha, a) na chu k dng, b) na chu k m
H s iu ch cho van bn dn nhnh trn ca mch nghch lu trong mi chu k

iu ch c tng hp trong Bng 4.1
B ng 4.1
Bng tng hp h s iu ch cho mi nhnh van mch nghch lu
Gc phn t
Q1&Q4
Q2&Q3
Nhnh van trn

dS1 = d0/4
dS3 = d0/4+d1/2
dS1 = d0/4+d2/2
dS3 = d0/4
T
T1
T
, d2 = 2 , d0 = 0 .
Ts
Ts
Ts
Nh vy, gii php iu ch n cc ta phi dng hai knh PWM iu khin mch
nghch lu mt pha.
Trong : d1 =
4.3.3
Kt qu m phng phng php iu ch rng xung cho nghch

lu mt pha
Tham s m phng s Udc = 300V, ti ca mch nghch lu R= 5, L = 2mH, in

p nh l 100V. Theo (4.6), ta tnh c hm iu ch khi bit gi tr in p mt chiu
Udc v bin in p nh u ra mch nghch lu.

400
0.65
300
0.6
200
0.55
100
U ab (V )
0.7
0.5
0.45
-100
0.4
-200
0.35
-300
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
103
-400
0.02
0.022
a. H s iu ch
0.024
0.026
0.028
0.03
t(s)
0.032
0.034
0.036
0.038
0.04
b. in p u ra mch nghch lu
30
20
iS (A)
10
-10
-20
-30
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
d. Phn tch ph dng in
c. Dng in u ra mch nghch lu
Hnh 4.11 Kt qu m phng vi phng php iu ch lng cc
m+
400
m-
0.65
300
0.6
200
0.55
100
Uab(V)
0.7
0.5
0.45
-100
0.4
-200
0.35
-300
-400
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
a. H s iu ch
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
b. in p u ra mch nghch lu
0.1
104
25
20
15
10
iS(A)
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
c. Dng in u ra mch nghch lu

Hnh 4.12 Kt qu m phng vi phng php iu ch n cc
4.4 Phng php iu ch rng xung cho nghch lu ba pha

Tng t nh nghch lu mt pha, c th phn tch nguyn l lm vic ca phng
php iu ch rng xung cho nghch lu ba pha, ta gi thit cc van bn dn mch
nghch lu l phn t l tng.
PWM 1
PWM 2
PWM 3
PWM 1
PWM 2
PWM 3
Hnh 4.13 Gii php iu ch rng xung cho nghch lu ba pha
4.4.1
Phng php Sin PWM
Theo (4.17), (4.18) hm iu ch cho nghch lu ba pha ngun p c xc nh:
105
m = M sin ( t )
a
(4.23)
mb = M sin t
mc = M sin t +
Trong h s iu ch M c xc nh da trn bin in p ti ra mch nghch

lu v in p mt chiu t vo mch nghch lu nh sau:
uan
ubn
ucn
M=
=
=
(4.24)
0, 5U dc 0,5U dc 0,5U dc
4.4.2
4.4.2.1
Phng php iu ch vector khng gian (SVM)
Khi nim vector khng gian
Trong h thng in p 3 pha 3 dy thng thng, cc gi tr in p ( dng in) c

biu din bi cc gi tr tc thi ( ua , ub , uc ) . Bng php chuyn trc ta Clarke a h
thng 3 pha t h ta (abc) sang h ta , ta hon ton c kh nng biu din h 3
pha nh 1 vector duy nht vi bin xc nh v quay gc ta .
2
u = (ua + ub + 2uc )
(4.25)
3
2
j
1
3
Trong : = e 3 = + j
2
2
Vector in p u c biu in trn ta tnh thng qua hai thnh phn tng ng
theo (4.26).
u = u + ju
(4.26)
Trong :
1
1 u
1
u 2
2
2
ub
(4.27)
u =
3
3
3 0
uc
2
2
Trong h ta in p 3 pha c biu din bng 1 vector quay c gc ti tm h
trc ta , ln xc nh bng U m = (u2 + u2 ) v quay xung quang gc ta vi vn
u
tc gc = (vi = arctan( ) ). Cch biu din nh vy c gi l 1 vector khng
u
gian.
Vi h 3 pha cn bng v i xng cc pha in p c bin bng nhau, v gc lch
tng ng 2/3.
106
ua = U m cos(t )
u = U m (t )
(4.28)
ub = U m cos(t )
3
uc = U m cos(t + 3 )
Khi vector khng gian u s c ln bng U m v quay quanh gc ta vi vn tc
gc bng . Trong trng hp tng qut vi h 3 pha i xng (c th cn bng hoc
khng cn bng) vector khng gian in p 3 pha c th biu din bi 2 thnh phn thun
v nghch.
u = u p + un
(4.29)
Trong
u p = U pm p
m
u n = U n n
Thnh phn thun u p c coi nh thnh phn c bn ca h, v quay cng chiu vi

h khi h trong trng thi cn bng. Thnh phn nghch u n l thnh phn b xung vo h,
c chiu quay ngc chiu vi thnh phn thun, l tc nhn gy ra tnh cht mt cn bng
ca h.
Trong h thng in p 3 pha c dng sin v cn bng, th qu o ca vector khng
gian u l mt ng trn, c bn knh bng vi bin in p pha u = U m . Cn nu
in p ca h sin nhng mt cn bng, th qu o vector u v nn s c dng elip, ng
bn knh di c ln bng bin thnh phn th t thun u p = U pm , ng bn knh
ngn c ln bng hiu bin thnh phn th t thun v nghch u p u n = U pm U nm
Qu o in p ba
pha sin v cn bng
u
p
Qu o in p ba pha
sin v mt cn bng
u
n
Hnh 4.14 Qu o vector khng gian trn mt phng
4.4.2.2
Phng php iu ch vector khng gian
Hnh 4.13 th hin s ca 1 b nghch lu ngun p 3 pha vi 3 cp van bn dn

IGBT. ng vi 3 cp van ny ta c 8 trng thi ng ngt cc van, v tng ng vi mi
trng thi ng ngt van ta li thu c 1 vector in p c nh (c v hng v ln).
107
Do ta s thu c tng cng 8 vector in p c nh c gi l 8 vector bin chun,

nh lit k di bng sau:
B ng 4.2
Vector
Van dn
chun
u0
S2 , S 4 , S6
Bng gi tr in p cc vector chun
ua
ub
uc
u ab
u bc
0
-1/3 U dc
0
-1/3 U dc
0
U dc
0
2 / 3U dc 0
u1
S6 , S1 , S 2
0
2/3 U dc
u2
S1 , S 2 , S3
1/3 U dc
1/3 U dc
-2/3 U dc
u3
S 2 , S3 , S 4
-1/3 U dc
2/3 U dc
-1/3 U dc
0
- U dc
u4
S3 , S 4 , S5
-2/3 U dc
1/3 U dc
1/3 U dc
- U dc
u5
S 4 , S5 , S6
-1/3 U dc
-1/3 U dc
2/3 U dc
u6
S5 , S6 , S1
1/3 U dc
-2/3 U dc
1/3 U dc
0
U dc
u7
S1 , S3 , S5
0
U dc
2 / 3U dc ( / 3)
U dc
2 / 3U dc (2 / 3)
0
- U dc
2 / 3U dc ( )
- U dc
2 / 3U dc ( / 3)
2 / 3U dc (2 / 3)
108
Hnh 4.15 Trng thi mch nghch lu ngun p tng ng vector chun
Ta thy bin cc vector chun ( u1 , u 2 , u3 , u 4 , u5 , u 6 ) u c ln l 2 / 3U dc
v cc gc pha lch nhau mt gc / 3 , bin ca 2 vector khng cn li ( u 0 , u 7
ln bng khng. T cc cp vector bin chun ny, khng gian vector chia lm 6 sector
u nhau, c m l / 3 .
109
u1 = u 2 = u3 = u 4 = u5 = u 6 = 2 / 3U dc
u 0 = u 7 = 0
u3
(4.30)
u2
uS
u0
u4
u1
u7
u5
u6
Hnh 4.16 V tr vector chun trn h ta tnh
V tr vector in p u S c th nm bt k trong cc sector trn h ta tnh . Do

, bc u tin trong thc hin phng php iu ch vector khng gian l phi xc
nh c v tr hin ti ca vector in p ang nm trong sector no. C nhiu phng
php xc nh v tr vector in p da vo phn tnh thnh phn ca n trn h trc ta
tnh [].
Hnh 4.17 Mi quan h gia cc sector v in p tc thi usa, usb, usc
Tuy nhin, cng c phng php khc cho php ta c c thng tn v v tr vector
in p, ch bng cc xt du cc thnh phn in p dy, theo thut ton Hnh 4.18.
110
usa = us
us
usb =
us
usc =
us
+ 3us
2
3us
us
(* )
Hnh 4.18 Thut ton xc nh vector in p t trong mi sector
Bc 2: Vector in p u S s c tng hp t 2 vector chun trong mi sector , nn

cn xc nh c thi gian thc hin hai vector chun ny trong mi chu k iu ch, thi
gian cn li mch nghch lu s trng thi cc vector khng.
u2
u0
u7
u s = d1.u1 + d 2 .u 2
u1
Hnh 4.19 Vector in p c iu ch trong Sector 1
S dng phng php i s xc nh cc h s iu ch cho vector in p t hai

vector chun gn nht trong mi sector (H s iu ch l t s gia thi gian thc hin
vector chun trong mi chu k iu ch).
u S = d1u n + d 2u m
(4.31)
Trong u n , u m l hai vector chun trong mi sector.
Biu din (4.31) theo thnh phn trn h ta tnh .
u S
un
um un
= d1 + d 2 =
un
u m u n
uS
T tnh c h s iu ch nh sau:
um d1
um d 2
(4.32)
1
u S
d1 un um uS
=
(4.33)
= A nm
d u
2 n um uS
u S
H iu ch d 0 - thc hin vector khng s c xc nh:
d 0 = 1 d1 d 2
(4.34)
V d trong trng hp vector in p u S nm trong sector 1, u S c biu din theo 2
vector chun u1, u2. Theo (4.32) vector in p u S c vit li nh sau:
uS u1
u = u
S 1
111
2
3
u2 d1
= U dc
u2 d 2
1
3 d1
1 d 2
(4.35)
Theo (4.33) t s d1 , d 2 c xc nh nh sau:
2
d1
1 3
d = U
2
dc 0
1
1
3 u S
=
1 u S U dc
2
0
3
u S
u S
2 = A nm
u S
u S
3
(4.36)
Hon ton tnh ton tng t khi v tr vector in p nm trong sector cn li. Kt qu
tnh ton ma trn A nm c tng hp theo bng sau:
B ng 3.3
Bng tng hp ma trn A nm trong mi sector s dng trong (4.33)
A nm
A nm
A nm
2
1 3
=
U dc
0
1 3
=
U dc 1
1 3
=
U dc 1
Sector 1
1
1
3
1
3
=
2
1
U dc
0
3
Sector 3
1
2
0

1
3
=
U dc 3
0
2
Sector 5
1
3
1
1 2
3
=
1
U dc 3
3
2
Sector 2
2
3
3
1
3
1 2
3
2
A nm
=
1
U dc 3
3
3
2
2
Sector 4
1
2
1
0

3
1 3
1
3
=
A nm =
3
3
U dc 1
U dc
2
2
3
Sector 6
1
1
2
3
3
1 3
1
3
=
A nm =
2
2
1
U dc
U dc
3
0
0
3
1 3
=
U dc 1
2
3
Bc 3: Bc tip theo t h s iu ch thc hin cc vector chun phi xc nh h s

iu ch cho mi van bn dn ca mch nghch lu. xc nh h s iu ch cho mi
van bn dn, cn phi xy dng mu xung a ra cho mi sector. Mu xung ny c a
ra m bo cc van bn dn trong mch nghch lu phi chuyn mch nht.
Xt v d trong sector 1, c cc vector chun u1, u2 v u0, u7.
Hnh 4.20 Trng thi logic ca vector chun trong Sector 1
Pha a
Pha b
Pha c
u1
1
0
0
u2
1
1
0
u7
1
1
1
u0
0
0
0
112
Nh vy, nu trng thi cui cng ca chu k trc tng ng vi vector chun u0, th
trnh t thc hin m bo cc van bn n trong mch nghch lu t chuyn mch nht
s l: u0 u1 u2 u7. Trng thi cui cng ca chu k trc tng ng vi vector
chun u7, th trnh t thc hin m bo cc van bn n trong mch nghch lu t
chuyn mch nht s l: u7 u2 u1 u0. Ta c mu xung a ra trong sector 1 c
ch ra trn Hnh 4.21. Bng cch a ra mu xung Hnh 4.21 cho php ta gim cc thnh
phn hi bc cao do chuyn mch gia cc van c lp li trong 1 chu k trch mu, cc
1
thnh phn hi sau php iu ch s c tn s l f h = k .2 f s (vi f s = ) iu ch i
Ts
xng.
Hnh 4.21 Mu xung chun trong Sector 1
T mu xung chun trong sector 1 Hnh 4.21 ta tnh c h s iu ch ca tng van

bn dn ca mch nghch lu trong mi chu k iu ch. i vi nghch lu ngun p ba
pha, ta ch cn tnh c h s iu ch cho nhm van bn dn nhnh trn (S1, S3, S5)
a vo knh PWM ca vi iu khin. Cn trng thi ca nhm nhnh van di (S4, S6, S2)
c xc nh da vo trng thi nhm nhnh van trn (S1, S3, S5).
d
d a = 2 0
4
d 0 d1
db = 2 +
4 2
d d d
dc = 2 0 + 1 + 2
4 2 2
(4.37)
Tng t thc hin theo nguyn tc trn ta c mu xung a ra trong cc sector cn li

Hnh 4.22 v bng tng hp tnh ton h s iu ch cho nhm nhnh van trn ca mch
nghch lu trong mi chu k iu ch Bng 4.3.
113
Hnh 4.22 Cc mu xung chun a ra trong mi sector

B ng 4.3
Sector
Sector
1
Sector
2
Sector
3
H s iu ch cho nhm nhnh van ca mch nghch lu
Thi gian ng/ct

da = d0/2
db = d0/2 + d1
dc = d0/2 + d1 + d2
da = d0/2 + d1
db = d0/2
dc = d0/2 + d1 + d2
da = d0/2 + d1 + d2
db = d0/2
Sector
Sector 4
Sector 5
Sector 6
Thi gian ng/ct

da = d0/2 + d1 + d2
db = d0/2 + d1
dc = d0/2
da = d0/2 + d1
db = d0/2 + d1 + d2
dc = d0/2
da = d0/2
db = d0/2 + d1 + d2
114
dc = d0/2 + d1
dc = d0/2 + d1
Ngoi ra, trong mt s ng dng ngi ta c th s dung phng php iu ch c
bit: iu ch hai nhnh van, iu ch ngu nhin...[].
U dc / 3
2U dc / 3
U dc / 2
Hnh 4.23 Qu o vector in p theo phng php iu ch rng xung cho nghch lu ba
pha ngun p
4.4.3
Kt qu m phng phng php iu ch rng xung cho nghch

lu ba pha
Tham s m phng s Udc = 500V, ti ca mi pha mch nghch lu R= 5, L =

2mH (ti i xng, u hnh sao), v bin in p nh mi pha l 200V. Theo (4.18) ta
tnh c h s iu ch cho mi pha mch nghch lu.
600
1
0.9
400
0.8
0.7
200
Uab(V)
0.6
0.5
0.4
-200
0.3
0.2
-400
0.1
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
a. Hm iu ch nghch lu ba pha
0.1
-600
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
a. in p dy u ra nghch lu ba pha
0.1
115
50
40
30
20
iS(A)
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
a. Dng in u ra nghch lu ba pha

Hnh 4.24 Kt qu m phng vi phng php iu ch sinPWM
600
0.9
0.8
400
0.7
200
Uab(V)
0.6
0.5
0.4
-200
0.3
-400
0.2
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
a. Hm iu ch nghch lu ba pha
-600
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
a. in p dy u ra nghch lu ba pha
50
40
30
20
iSa(A)
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
t(s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.1

a. Dng in u ra nghch lu ba pha
Hnh 4.25 Kt qu m phng vi phng php iu ch vector khng gian
0.1
116
4.5 B thi gian cht deadtime trong nghch lu ngun p
4.6 Xy dng mch vng dng in cho nghch lu ngun p

mt pha
4.6.1
Thit k b iu chnh dng in cho nghch lu ngun p mt pha

iS
is*
Gc ( s )
us*
GPWM ( s )
us
uL
is
Hnh 4.26 S mch in thay th mch vng dng in nghch lu ngun p mt pha
Phng trnh cn bng in p s mch in Hnh 4.26

di
uS = Ris + L s + uL
dt
Phng trnh (4.38) vit di dng ton t Laplace:
is ( s )
1
1
Gi ( s ) =
=
=
us ( s ) uL ( s )
L R (1 + Ts )
R 1 + s
R
M hnh ton hc khu iu ch rng xung PWM :
T
ss
u ( s)
1
GPWM ( s ) = *s
=e 2
T
us ( s )
1+ s s
2
uL
is*
K
Kp + i
s
us*
1
T
1+ s s
2
us
1
R (1 + sT )
Hnh 4.27 M t ton hc mch vng iu khin dng in
(4.38)
(4.39)
(4.40)
is
4.6 Xy dng mch vng dng in cho nghch lu ngun p mt pha
117
Tham s K p , K i ca b iu chnh dng in c th c tng hp theo phng php

mc 2.2. Tuy nhin, mc ny ta c th s dng mt phng php khc tng hp tham s
b iu chnh dng in s dng tiu chun ti u module.
i tng b iu khin dng in:
i (s)
1
1/ R
Gdt ( s ) = s*
=
(4.41)
us ( s ) u s =0 Ts (1 + Ts )
L( )
1 + 2 s
Tuy nhin, i vi nghch lu ngun p mt pha lng t dng in is* lun thay i,
nu s dng cu trc iu khin PI th lun tn ti sai lch iu chnh. V vy, cn nghin
cu mt cu trc b iu chnh dng khc (cu trc iu chnh kiu cng hng PR)
gii quyt vn ny.
Ks
Gc ( s ) = K p + 2 i 2
(4.42)
s + 0
Phng thc thit k b iu chnh ny c thit k trn min tn s, trn c s la
chn bng thng (bandwidth) cho hm truyn h thng kn []. Thng thng, bng thng
c la chn trong khong 10 ln tn s c bn v 1/10 tn s pht xung vo mch
nghch lu m bo h thng c p ng ng hc nhanh v n nh.
Hm truyn kn mch vng dng in
GPR ( s) =
i (s)
i* ( s ) u
(K s + K s + K )
+ ( K + R ) s + ( K + L) s + K
2
=
L
( s )=0
Ls 3
2
0
2
0
+ 02 R
)
G ( j ) =
K + L ( ) + ( K + R ) ( )
L ( ) + K
K

arctan
G ( j ) = arctan
K ( )
( K + R ) ( )
( K i )
PR
2
0
PR
2
0
+ K p2 02 2
2
0
i
2
0
2
0
(4.43)
(4.44)
2
0
(4.45)
Bc 1: Cho Ki = 0, phng trnh (4.44) c vit li:
GPR ( j ) =
Kp
( L ) 2 + ( K p + R )2
(4.46)
Nu bng thng bw c xc nh th h s K p c xc nh nh sau c h s suy

gim bin l -3dB ( hay GPR ( jbw ) = 1 / 2 ).
Kp = R +
( Lbw )
+ 2R2
(4.47)
Bc 2: a thnh phn tch phn vo biu thc bin

2
bw
02 )
2
(
2
Ki =
. ( R + K p ) + 2. ( Lbw ) 2.K p2 Lbw
(4.48)
bw
dau +
Bc 3: Kho st mch vng dng in trn min tn s vi b iu chnh dng in
kiu PR b sng hi bc 1 (sng c bn).
118
4.6.2
V d v thit k mch vng dng in cho nghch lu ngun p mt

pha
4.7 Xy dng mch vng dng in cho nghch lu ngun p ba

pha
4.7.1
Thit k b iu chnh dng in cho nghch lu ngun p ba pha

iS
i*s
Gc ( s )
u*s
GSVM ( s )
us
uL
is
Hnh 4.28 S mch in thay th mch vng dng in nghch lu ngun p ba pha
Phng trnh cn bng in p mch in tng ng Hnh 4.26

diSa
=
+
+ u La
u
Ri
L
sa
sa
dt
disb
(4.49)
+ u Lb
usb = Risb + L
dt
disc
usc = Risc + L dt + u Lc
Phng trnh (4.49) c vit li trn h ta tnh thng qua php chuyn v ta
CLAKE.
dis
us = Ris + L dt + u L
(4.50)
di
s
u = Ri + L
+ u L
s
s
dt
Phng trnh (4.49) c vit li trn h ta quay dq (tc quay bng tc quay
ca vector dng in v in p), thng qua php chuyn v ta CLAKE v PARK.
disd
usd = Risd + L dt s Lisq + uLd

(4.51)
di
sq
u = Ri + L
+ s Lisd + u Lq
sq
sq
dt
4.7 Xy dng mch vng dng in cho nghch lu ngun p ba pha
119
Hnh 4.29 Biu in vector in p v dng in trn cc h trc ta
4.7.1.1
Thit k b iu chnh dng in trn h ta tnh
Do lng t dng in trn h ta tnh c dng hnh sin vi tn s bng s (tn

s c bn dng in hnh sin), ta s s dng cu trc iu chnh kiu cng hng (PR) c
tn s cng hng 0 = s gii quyt vn ny.
Ks
Gc ( s ) = K p + 2 i 2
(4.52)
s + 0
Phng php tng hp tm tham s K p , K i ging nh i vi b iu chnh dng
in kiu cng hng PR nghch lu ngun p mt pha (S c hai knh iu khin dng
in tng ng vi tng thnh phn dng in trn h ta tnh ). Cu trc b iu
chnh PR cho nghch lu ngun p ba pha c ch ra trong Hnh 4.30.
is*
PR
us*
is
is
is*
is
us*
us
SVM
PR
C dng in
is
is
uL
NLNA
is
abc
Hnh 4.30 Cu trc iu khin dng in trn h ta tnh
4.7.1.2
Thit k b iu chnh dng in trn h ta quay dq
B iu chnh PI c thit k da trn m hnh dng in trn h ta quay dq pt(3).

Nu t ud, uq, u0 l in p ri trn cun cm th pt (3) c vit li nh sau:
120
usd = ud + u Ld Lisq
usq = uq + u Lq + Lisd
(4.53)
Thnh phn in p ud, uq s c b bi b iu chnh dng in kiu PI:
ud = Kp (isd* - isd ) + Ki (isd* - isd )dt
*
*
uq = Kp (isq - iSq ) + Ki (isq - isq )dt
(4.54)
tnh tham s b iu chnh dng ta b qua tc ng xen knh dq v nh hng

thnh phn in p uLd , uLq tc ng ny s c b feedforward trong mch vng iu
khin dng in nh Hnh 4.31. V vy, ta c m hnh i tng iu chnh ca mch
vng dng in c hm truyn n gin nh sau (tng qut cho c thnh phn dng id, iq):
is ( s )
1/ R
Gi ( s ) = *
=
(4.55)
Ts
us ( s )
+
s
+
1
(1
sT
)
L
Trong :
Ts Chu k iu ch
TL Hng s thi i tng trong mch vng iu chnh dng in:
Hm truyn Gi ( s ) c dng khu qun tnh bc hai, p dng tiu chun ti u ln ta

tm c tham s cho b iu chnh dng c cu trc PI (nh l 2.40 [6]):
L
K p = T
s
(4.56)
K = R
i Ts
Gc s = s dt c xc nh nh ph thuc vo ng dng ca nghch lu ngun p
ba pha. i vi ng dng ni li, gc s s c xc nh t thut ton vng kha pha
PLL. i vi ng dng nghch lu ngun p lm vic c lp, gc s = s dt vi s l tn
s c bn ca in p u ra mch nghch lu.
4.8 Bi tp
121
u Ld
u d
isd*
isd
usd*
us*
usq*
us*
isd
is
isq
is
is
isq
uL
us
u q
isq*
uLq
is
1
s
uL
Hnh 4.31 Cu trc iu khin dng in trn h ta quay dq
4.8 Bi tp
Bi tp 1: Thit k b iu chnh cho mch vng dng in ca nghch lu c lp
ngun p mt pha c cc tham s Bng 4.4, s dng phng php iu ch n cc. Cu
trc iu khin m bo bin lng t dng in thay i t 2030A.
B ng 4.4
Tham s s mch lc nghch lu ngun p mt pha
in p mt chiu t vo mch nghch lu
Ti mch nghch lu
Udc = 300V
R= 5
L = 2mH
5kHz
50Hz
Tn s pht xung mch nghch lu

Tn s c bn u ra mch nghch lu
1. S dng cu trc b iu chnh kiu PI.
2. S dng cu trc b iu chnh kiu cng hng PR.
3. Nhn xt nh gi kt qu thu c
Bi tp 2: Thit k b iu chnh cho mch vng dng in ca nghch lu c lp
ngun p ba pha c cc tham s Bng 4.5, s dng phng php iu ch vector khng
gian. Cu trc iu khin m bo bin lng t dng in thay i t 2030A.
B ng 4.5
Tham s s mch lc nghch lu ngun p mt pha
in p mt chiu t vo mch nghch lu Udc = 500V
Ti mch mi pha mch nghch lu (ti cn R= 5
bng, u hnh sao)
L = 2mH
Tn s pht xung mch nghch lu
5kHz
Tn s c bn u ra mch nghch lu
50Hz
1. S dng cu trc b iu chnh kiu cng hng PR trn h ta tnh
122
2. S dng cu trc b iu chnh kiu PI trn h ta quay dq, vi tc quay bng

tn gc c bn u ra mch nghch lu.
3. Nhn xt nh gi kt qu thu c
5.1 Nhc li kin thc v iu khin s
123
5 H THNG IU KHIN S CHO B BIN I IN

T CNG SUT
Vi cng ngh cht to cc IC bn dn ngy cng hon chnh. Cc IC analog c cc

hng ch to sn gip ngi s dng linh hot. Vic thit k h thng iu khin analog l
cch tt nht ngi hc hin bn cht vt l ca cc qu trnh trong b bin i. Tuy
nhin, cng ngh ch to cc vi x l cng ngy cng hon thin, m ra chn tri rng m
cho cc ng dng dung iu khin s, c bit l cho cc b bin i DC-DC v s lng
ln ca chng trong thc t.
ng dng vi x l trong iu khin in t cng sut mang li nhng u th sau:
a s cc vi iu khin dng trong iu khin c tch hP PWM iu khin thi gian
thc. PWM c nhiu ch lm vic mang li tnh linh hot rt cao cho ngi s dng.
Ngi dung c th thay i tn s PWM, la chn ch u ra tch cc cao, thp (H,L),
la chn ch trch mu dng in, in p.
Cc qu trnh tnh ton c th c thc hin chnh xc, khng b tri hoc thay
i theo nhit nh trong mch analog.
Tnh chng nhiu rt tt nu c thit k ng v vi iu khin ch giao tip vi bn
ngoi qua mch o u vo v gi xung iu khin u ra.
C th thc hin iu chnh hoc thay i lng t theo chng trnh mt cch d
dng.
C kh nng qun l ton b h thng nng lng mt cch hiu qu v chng trnh
qun l tch hp trong vi iu khin khng cn s dng nhiu ti nguyn lm. T c th
to ra h thng d dung, thn thin vi ngi s dng.
Nhng vn khi thit k h thng iu khin s:
Cn c k nng thit k h thng iu khin s. Bit cch gin on ha, biu din
h thng qua php bin i Z.
C hiu bit v vi x l, vi iu khin. La chn h vi iu khin ph hp v c k
nng thit k trn vi iu khin.
C kh nng lp trnh. Khc vi h thng analog mch c kiu nghim bng cc
php o dng sng vt l dng oxilograph, cc h thng s cn c th nghim bng cch
debug cn thn trnh nhng li khng hin ran gay.
Nhng h thng pht trin c tch hp trn m phng nh MATLAB c th tr gip qu
trnh thit k rt hiu qu. Cn phi nm c cch thit k da trn m hnh: Model base
design, Hardware in loop simulation (m phng bao gm mch phn cng).
5.1 Nhc li kin thc v iu khin s
5.1.1
M hnh i tng trn min gin on z
i tng iu khin c m t di dng khng gian trng thi nh sau:
124
5 H THNG IU KHIN S CHO B BIN I IN T CNG SUT
dx
= Ax + Bu
dt
Phng trnh (5.1) c vit li di dng:
dx
e At Ax = Bu
dt
d
e At x ( t ) = e At Bu
dt
Ly tch phn (5.2) trong khong t 0 n t ta c:
(5.1)
(5.2)
At
x ( t ) = x ( 0 ) + e A Bu ( ) d
0
t
(5.3)
x ( t ) = e x ( 0) + e
At
A ( t )
Bu ( ) d
x ( t ) trong (5.3) l nghim ca phng trnh (5.1). S dng kt qu ny, ta s i tm

cch xy dng phng trnh sai phn t phng trnh trng thi (5.1) ca i tng iu
khin. Gi thit ma trn A, B l hng s trong phm vi mt chu k trch mu. Phng trnh
sai phn ca i tng iu khin m t nh sau:
x ( k + 1) T = G (T ) x ( kT ) + H ( T ) u ( kT )
(5.4)
Trong : T l chu k trch mu.
Ta s dng kt qu (5.3) tm ma trn G (T ) v H ( T ) . Trc ht, ta c trng thi
x ti thi im ( k + 1) T nh sau:
x ( k + 1) T = e
A ( k +1)T
x ( 0) + e
A ( k +1)T
( k +1)T
x ( kT ) = e
x ( 0) + e
(5.5)
V trng thi x ti thi im ( kT ) nh di y:

A ( kT )
e A Bu ( ) d
A ( kT )
( kT )
e A Bu ( ) d
(5.6)
Gi thit i lng u vo m hnh u ( ) c a ti qua mt khu trch mu gi
chm v nh vy u ( ) cng l hng s trong mt chu k trch mu. T (5.5) v (5.6) ta c

x ( k + 1) T = e x ( kT ) + e
AT
A ( k +1)T
( k +1)T
( kT )
e A Bu ( ) d
(5.7)
Hay
T
x ( k + 1) T = e AT x ( kT ) + e AT e At Bu ( kT ) dt
0
x ( k + 1) T = e AT x ( kT ) + e A Bd u ( kT )
0
Trong : = T t , ma trn G (T ) v H ( T ) c tnh nh sau:
G ( T ) = e AT
T
T A
A
1
AT
H
B
d
T
=
e
=
(
)
e d B = A ( e I ) B
0
0
(5.8)
(5.9)
5.2 H thng iu khin s cho b bin i in t cng sut
Theo phng php ny e AT c khai trin trc tip thnh chui ly tha.
2
v
AT )
AT )
(
(
AT
e = I + AT +
+ =
2
v!
v =0
Vi chu k trch mu b, loi b cc thnh phn bc cao, c ly xp x:
e AT I + AT
u ra y ( kT ) c tnh nh sau:
125
(5.10)
(5.11)
y ( kT ) = Cx ( kT ) + Du ( kT )
(5.12)
S dng (5.4), (5.12) thu c m hnh trng thi gin on ca i tng iu khin
c dng tng qut nh di y:
x ( k + 1) = G (T ) x ( k ) + H (T ) u ( k )
(5.13)
y ( k ) = Cx ( k ) + Du ( k )
Ly bin i z ca h phng trnh sai phn (5.13).
zx ( z ) = AX ( z ) + Bu ( z )
(5.14)
tm hm truyn coi iu kin u bng khng:
[ zI A ] x ( z ) = Bu ( z )
(5.15)
1
x ( z ) = [ zI A ] Bu ( z )
u ra vit li trn min gin on z:
y ( z ) = Cx ( z ) + Du ( z )
(5.16)
T (5.15), (5.16) hm truyn gia u ra y ( z ) v u vo u ( z )
y (z)
1
= C [ zI A ] B + D
u ( z)
Khng mt tnh tng qut (5.17) c vit di dng:
b + b z 1 + b z 2 + + bm z m
G ( z ) = 0 1 1 2 2
a0 + a1 z + a2 z + + an z n
G ( z) =
(5.17)
(5.18)
5.2 H thng iu khin s cho b bin i in t cng sut

Cu trc h thng iu khin s in t cng sut:
126
Hnh 5.1 H thng iu khin s cho thit b bin i in t cng sut
5.3 Yu cu v phn gii ca A/D v khu iu ch rng

xung
5.3.1
phn gii ca A/D

2 n A/ D
Vmax A / D
2 nA/ D
Vmax A / D
Hnh 5.2 Biu din d liu vo ADC
Trong : U q - rng lng t.
U max A/ D
= U q
2 n A/ D
(5.19)
5.3 Yu cu v phn gii ca A/D v khu iu ch rng xung
U max A/ D - in p vo ln nht cho php ca chuyn i ADC.

n A/ D - S bit dng biu din knh ADC
m bo:
U q < U 0
Trong : U 0 - thay i ln nht ca in p u ra.
T (5.19), (5.20)
U max A/ D
U
< U 0 2nA/ D > max A/ D
n A/ D
U 0
2
Hay c th vit li:
U
nA/ D > log 2 max A/ D

U 0
Nh vy phn gii nh nht ca chuyn i ADC cn c l:
min ( n A/ D ) = log 2 max A/ D

U 0
V d:
Vmax A/ D = 2, 0V
V0 = 3,3 2% V0 = 0, 066V = 66mV
2, 0
nA/ D = log 2
= 5 cn ADC 5bit
0,
066
Vi V0 = 3, 3 1% V0 = 0, 033V = 33mV
n A/ D = 6 cn ADC 6 bit
5.3.2
Yu cu phn gii DPWM
Hnh 5.3 V d dao ng h s iu ch
127
(5.20)
(5.21)
(5.22)
(5.23)
128
5.3.3
ng b gia thi im trch mu ADC v khung thi gian iu ch

rng xung
Thi im trch mu c ADC c thc hin chnh gia thi gian ton hoc toff trong
mi chu k iu ch.
5.4 M hnh ha khu iu ch rng xung
129
5.4 M hnh ha khu iu ch rng xung
Hnh 5.4 Nguyn tc thc hin chc nng iu ch rng xung theo k thut s (DPWM)
Hnh 5.5 Single update mode
i vi ly Hnh 5.5b ta c m hnh ton hc gia u vo v ra ca khi DPWM :

u ( s ) e sDTs
=
(5.24)
GPWM ( s ) = MO
m ( s )
c pk
130
i vi ly Hnh 5.5c ta c m hnh ton hc gia u vo v ra ca khi DPWM :

u ( s ) e s(1 D )Ts
GPWM ( s ) = MO
(5.25)
=
m ( s )
c pk
i vi ly Hnh 5.5d ta c m hnh ton hc gia u vo v ra ca khi DPWM :
T
s (1+ D ) s
u ( s )
1 s(1 D ) T2s
2
GPWM ( s ) = MO
=
e
+
e
(5.26)
m ( s )
2c pk
Hnh 5.6 Double update mode
i vi ly Hnh 5.6 ta c m hnh ton hc gia u vo v ra ca khi DPWM :

T
s (1 D ) s
u ( s )
1 sD T2s
2
GPWM ( s ) = MO
e
e
(5.27)
=
+
m ( s )
2c pk
5.5 Thit k mch vng iu chnh s

C hai cch tip cn khi thit k mch vng iu chnh s:
Phng php thit k gin tip: Trc ht ta s thit k b iu chnh trn min ton
t Laplace hoc trc tip t h phng trnh vi tch phn m t i tng, s dng cc
phng php thit k tuyn (nh c cc mc trc) hoc phng php thit phi tuyn.
Sau khi c c cc b iu chnh, ta s tm cch xp x cc b iu chnh thu c
phng trnh sai phn ci t vo vi iu khin.
Thit k trc tip: thit k h iu chnh s trc ht ta cn s c m hnh gin
on ca i tng. Phng php a ra m hnh gin on (discrete time model) nh
hng rt ln n tnh hiu qu ca qu trnh thit k nh phc tp, chnh xc cng
nh p ng mong mun ca h thng. Phng php thit k ny c u im m bo
c d tr v pha, bang thng v p ng bin ng tt hn so vi phng php thit
k gin tip.
5.5.1
Phng php thit k gin tip
S dng cc phng php thit k trn min lin tc ta s thu c cc b iu chnh

trn min ton t Laplace, sau s dng cc phng php xp x sau thu c b iu
chnh trn min z.
131
a. Phng php xp x t ton t Laplace sang min gin on z
Hnh 5.7 Minh ha cc phng php xp x

B ng 5.1
Phng php
Backward Euler
Cc phng php gin on
Mi quan h gia s v z
z 1
s=
zT
s=
Forward Euler
Phm vi ng dng
fs
> 20
f fud
z 1
T
fs
f fud
> 20
fs
2 z 1
> 10
f fud
T z +1
b. Phng php xp x ZOH: Gi tr trch mu c gi nguyn n thi im trch mu
mi (xp x hnh ch nht).
c. FOH: Ni suy tuyn tnh gia hai gi tr trch mu
Vic xp x t min lin tc sang min gin on s c h tr thc hin da trn phn
mm Matlab theo c php: c2d(Gc(s),TS,METHOD) tm c hm truyn gin on
Gc ( z ) .
s=
Tustin
5.5.1.1
B bin i kiu Buck

uo*
Gc ( z )
Gvd ( s )
uo
Hnh 5.8 Mch vng dng in s dng b iu chnh s
B qua nh hng ca khu trch mu gi chm, hm truyn b iu chnh Gc ( s ) c

cu trc nh sau:
s L
1 + 1 + s
z
(5.28)
Gc ( s ) = Gco
s
1 +
p
S dng lnh c2d(Gc(s),TS,METHOD) tm c hm truyn gin on Gc ( z ) .
132
5.5.1.2
Nghch lu ngun p mt pha
is*
Gc ( z )
us
2U dc
is
1
Ls + R
Hnh 5.9 Mch vng iu chnh dng in thc hin bng k thut s
Xt v d thit b iu chnh cho mch vng dng in ca nghch lu ngun p mt

pha. Chng ta s tm cch xp x tm c hm truyn t ca khu iu ch rng
xung v khu tr do tnh ton b iu khin.
Theo [], hm truyn khu DPWM c m t nh sau:
T
ss
1
GDPWM ( s ) = e 2
(5.29)
T
1+ s s
2
Do tr ca vi iu khin, nn gi tr tnh ton thi im th k n thi (k+1) mi tc
ng n i tng diu khin (ngha l tr mt chu k iu ch). Nh vy, ta c hm
truyn m t tr do vi iu khin gy nn nh sau:
1
Gd ( s ) = e Ts s
(5.30)
1 + Ts s
T ta c hm truyn m t tr do tnh ton v khu iu ch rng xung nh sau:
3T
s s
2
1
(5.31)
3Ts
1+
s
2
Kt hp m hnh dng in c xy dng da trn phng trnh cn bng in p ca
nghch lu ngun p mt pha, ta c mch vng iu chnh dng in c m t trn min
ton t s nh di y.
uL
G ( s) = e
is*
K
Kp + i
s
us*
1
3T
1+ s s
2
us
1
R (1 + sT )
is
Hnh 5.10 Mch vng iu chnh dng in c xp x trn min lin tc
5.5.2
133
Phng php thit k trc tip
5.5.2.1
B bin i kiu Buck
uo*
Gc ( z )
e sTd
GPWM ( s )
e sTd
uo
Gvd ( s )
Gvd ( s )
Gp ( z )
GZOH ( s )
z 1
Gvd ( s )
Gp ( z )
Hnh 5.11 Mch vng iu chnh cho b bin i Buck theo in p
Hm truyn i tng iu chnh in p c chuyn sang min gin on:

G p ( z ) = Z e sTd GPWM ( s ) Gvd ( s )
(5.32)
Hm truyn GPWM ( s ) coi nh khu trch mu gi chm ZOH, nn (5.32) c vit li:
sT (1 e sTs )
G p ( z ) = Z e d
Gvd ( s )
(5.33)
s
Mt khc thi gian tr do thc hin thut ton iu chnh l mt chu k trch mu (ngha
l tn hiu iu khin tnh ton c thi im th k th n thi im th (k+1) mi tc
ng ln i tng iu khin, v tr do thc hin thut ton iu khin Td = Ts ). Nn
(5.33) c vit li:
G (s)
G p ( z ) = z 1 (1 z 1 ) Z vd
(5.34)
s
Tuy nhin, thc t khi thit k b iu chnh thng thng chng ta s dng phn mm
Matlab tm ra c hm truyn G p ( z ) theo cc bc sau:
Bc
1:
Khai
bo
hm
truyn
e sTd Gvd ( s ) theo
php
sys = tf(num,den,'inputdelay',Td). Trong : num l t s ca hm truyn Gvd ( s ) ,den- l
mu s ca hm truyn Gvd ( s ) .
Bc 2: Hm truyn G p ( z ) c tm theo c php Gpz=c2d(sys,Ts,'zoh').
V d cho b bin i c tham s mc , hm truyn G p ( z ) tm c theo Script (phn

mm Matlab) nh sau:
%Script tim ham truyen Gp(z)
Uin=28; %28V
R=3;%3ohm
134

L=50e-6;% 50uH
C=500e-6;% 500uF
Ts=1/(100e+3);%100kHz
Td=0; %khong co tre do tinh toan
sys = tf(R*Uin,[R*L*C L R],'inputdelay',Td);
Gpz=c2d(sys,Ts,'zoh');
Kt qu hm truyn G p ( z ) tim c nh sau:
0.05586 z + 0.05573
(5.35)
z 2 1.989 z + 0.9934
S dng cng c sisotool trong Matlab ta s thit k h h c d tr pha PM=400 v tn
s ct f c = 10kHz . Bng cch b sung thm hai im khng thc (real zero), mt im cc
thc (real pole), v mt khu tch phn. Tham s v cu b b c tnh nh sau (do cng
c sisotool tnh ra).
5.9861 ( z - 0.9041)( z - 0.9687 )
Gc ( z ) =
(5.36)
( z - 0.05082 )( z -1)
Gp ( z ) =
Open-Loop Bode Editor for Open Loop 1(OL1)

60
40
Magnitude (dB)
20
0
-20
-40
G.M.: 8.93 dB
Freq: 23.1 kHz
Stable loop
-60
-80
0
Phase (deg)
-45
-90
-135
-180
-225
P.M.: 40.5 deg

Freq: 10.3 kHz
-270
-2
10
-1
10
10
Frequency (kHz)
10
Hnh 5.12 th bode ca hm truyn t Gc ( z ) G p ( z )
10
5.5.2.2
uo*
135
Mch vng iu chnh dng in nghch lu ngun p mt pha

Gc ( z )
e sTd
e sTd
GPWM ( s )
G ( s)
uo
G ( s)
Gp ( z )
z 1
GZOH ( s )
G ( s)
Gp ( z )
Hnh 5.13 Mch vng iu chnh dng in thc hin bng k thut s, a) Mch vng dng in,
b) Mch in tng ng, c) Mch in tng ng.
Hm truyn i tng iu chnh in p c chuyn sang min gin on:

G p ( z ) = Z e sTd GPWM ( s ) G ( s )
(5.37)
Mt khc thi gian tr do thc hin thut ton iu chnh l mt chu k trch mu (ngha
l tn hiu iu khin tnh ton c thi im th k th n thi im th (k+1) mi tc
ng ln i tng iu khin, v tr do thc hin thut ton iu khin Td = Ts ).
G p ( z ) = z 1Z H ( s ) G ( s )
Trong hm truyn ca khu trch mu gi chm ZOH c dng:
1 e sTs )
(
H (s) =
s
T (5.38), (5.39) ta c:
(5.38)
(5.39)
G (s)
G p ( z ) = z 1 (1 z 1 ) Z
(5.40)
s
Theo (4.39) hm truyn i tng ca mch vng iu chnh nghch lu ngun p mt
1/ R
, thay vo (5.40) ta c:
pha l G ( s ) =
L
s + 1
R
1
1
G p ( z ) = z 1 (1 z 1 ) Z
(5.41)
R
s L s + 1
R

Tuy nhin, thc t khi thit k b iu chnh thng thng chng ta s dng phn mm
Matlab vi on Script di y tm ra c hm truyn G p ( z ) .
Kt qu hm truyn G p ( z )
%Script tim ham truyen Gp(z)

L=2e-3;% 2mH
R=0.1;%0,1ohm
136
Gp ( z ) =
Ts=2e-4;%200us (5kHz)
0.0995
0.0995 2
=
z
(5.42)
Td=2e-4;
z 2 0.99 z 1 0.99 z 1
sys = tf(1,[L R],'inputdelay',Td);
Gpz=c2d(sys,Ts,'zoh');
a. Thit k b iu chnh dng in cho i tng GP ( z ) theo tiu chun ti u

module s.
Trc ht ta s vit li (5.42) theo dng tng qut nh sau:
1 + b1 z 1 + b2 z 2 + b3 z 3 ) 2
(
GP ( z ) = Vs
z
(5.43)
1 + a1 z 1
b1 = b2 = b3 = 0
Trong : a1 = 0.99
V = 0.0995
s
Theo [], la chn cu trc iu khin dng in kiu PI theo (5.44), ta s p dng tiu
chun ti u module s ta c b tham s nh sau:
1 + d1 z 1 )
z + d1 )
(
(
GPI ( z ) = Vr
= Vr
(5.44)
z 1
1 z 1
d1 = a1 = 0.99
Trong :
1
V =
= 3.3501
r V ( 3 + 5b + 7b + 9b )
s
1
2
3
b. Thit k b iu chnh dng in cho i tng GP ( z ) theo phng php gn

im cc
La chn cu trc b iu chnh kiu PI theo (5.44), t (5.42), (5.44) ta c phng trnh
c tnh N ( z ) .
N ( z ) = ( z 2 0.99 z ) ( z 1) + 0.0995Vr ( z + d1 ) = ( z z1 )( z z2 )( z z3 )
(5.45)
Trong : z1 , z2 , z3 l ba im cc mong mun (do ngi thit k la chn).

Phng trnh (5.45) c vit li (ta la chn d1 = 0.99 v mt im cc z1 = 0.99 ):
N ( z ) = ( z 0.99 ) ( z 2 z + 0.0995Vr ) = ( z 0.99 ) z ( z2 + z3 ) z + z2 z3
(5.46)
Chn z2,3 = 0.5 j 0.2 ta s tnh c Vr = 2.1106 .
5.5.2.3
B iu chnh dng in nghch lu ngun p mt pha kiu deadbeat
5.6 Chun ha b iu chnh
137
Hnh 5.14 Mch in thay th nghch lu ngun p mt pha
B qua st p trn in tr ( RS 0 ), ta c phng cn bng in p mch in Hnh

5.14
di
L s = uS u L
(5.47)
dt
p dng cng thc (5.4), (5.9) ta c phng trnh cn bng in p mch in Hnh
5.14 vit di dng gin on:
is ( k + 1) = is ( k ) +
Ts
us ( k ) u L ( k )
Ls
(5.48)
Nhim v b iu chnh dng in phi p t c is ( k + 1) = is* ( k ) (ngha l, gi tr

thc phi bm theo gi tr t sau ng mt chu k trch mu).
T
is ( k + 2 ) = is ( k + 1) + s us ( k + 1) u L ( k + 1)
Ls
(5.49)
Ts
= is ( k ) + us ( k + 1) + us ( k ) u L ( k + 1) u L ( k )
Ls
Gi thit rng in p pha u L l thnh phn bin i chm (y l trng hp ph bin),
nn ta coi nh uL ( k + 1) uL ( k ) . Phng trnh (5.49) c vit li:

us ( k + 1) = us ( k ) +
Ls
is ( k + 2 ) is ( k ) + 2u L ( k )
Ts
(5.50)
y, is ( k + 2 ) c thay th bi is* ( k ) (gi tr t cho b iu chnh dng in).
Phng trnh (5.50) dng xc nh in p u ra nghch lu thi im ( k + 1) Ts (d

bo trc mt chu k), v m bo dng in thc s bm theo dng in t sau ng hai
chu k trch mu.
L
us ( k + 1) = us ( k ) + s is* ( k ) is ( k ) + 2uL ( k )
(5.51)
Ts
B iu chnh dng in c thc hin theo (5.51) c tn gi l b iu chnh dng
kiu Deadbeat.

Cc thut ton iu khin c xy dng trong (mc 3), (mc 4) s cha th ci t hay
vit chng trnh do bin cn cha th nguyn vt l. c th ci t thut ton vo
DSP, cn thit phi chun ha thut ton. Nhim v chun ha, chuyn cc bin sang dng
khng c th nguyn m khng lm sai ngha vt l ban u ca chng, to iu kin cho
cng tc lp trnh. Ngoi ra, DSP s dng l loi du phy tnh, nn t tham s thu c
sau khi chun ha s xc nh c cn thit phi trt v tr du phy bao nhiu m
bo chnh xc thut ton, vic trt du phy s c thc hin da trn th vin ton
hc Iqmath() [].
Cc gi tr thc hin chun ha l di o ln nht do mch o lng quyt nh (gii
hn mch o lng), v d gii hn mch o lng c ch ra trong Bng 5.2.
138
B ng 5.2
K hiu
Udc_max
Gii hn o
800V
IS_max
US_max
50A
350V
Gii hn i lng chun ha theo mch o lng
ngha
in p mt chiu ln nht t vo mch nghch
lu ngun p.
Bin dng in pha ln nht
Bin in p pha ln nht
a). H s iu ch nghch lu ngun p mt pha

H s iu ch cho nghch lu ngun p mt pha c xc nh:
u
m= s
(5.52)
U dc
Chun ha (5.52) vi in p mt chiu ln nht t vo mch nghch lu ngun p
Udc_max v in p pha ln nht Us_max.
U
u dsp
(5.53)
m = s _ max sdsp
U
U
dc
_
max
dc
b). Thut ton iu ch vector khng gian cho nghch lu ngun p ba pha
Xt v d trong sector 1, t (4.36) tnh c h s iu ch d1 , d 2 cho hai vector chun
u1, u2.
1
2 1
3
3
d
1 3 3 us
1
1
us
=
=
(5.54)
2
2
d U
us
1 us U dc
2
dc

0
3
0
3
Chun ha (5.54) vi in p mt chiu ln nht t vo mch nghch lu ngun p

Udc_max v in p pha ln nht Us_max.
U s _ max 1 3 dsp
3 dsp
us
d1 =
dsp us
2
U dc _ max udc 2
(5.55)
U
1
d
(
)
s _ max
3usdsp
dsp
d 2 = U
dc _ max udc
c).B iu chnh in dng in cho nghch lu ngun p

B iu chnh dng in cho nghch lu ngun p mt pha hoc nghch lu ngun p ba
pha c thc hin trn h ta quay dq (bao gm 2 knh iu chnh thnh phn dng
in isd , isq ) c cu trc kiu PI c vit di dng:
K
(5.56)
us = K p + i ( is* is )
s
Thc hin chun ha lut iu chnh (5.56) vi gi tr dng in pha ln nht Is_max v
in p pha ln nht Us_max
139
K pU s _ max * dsp
dsp
u
k
is ) ( k ) isdsp ( k )
=
(
)
(
p
I s _ max
dsp
K iTcU s_ max * dsp
dsp
dsp
(5.57)
ui ( k ) = ui ( k 1) +
( is ) ( k ) is ( k )
I
s _ max
i *dsp ( k ) = u dsp ( k ) + u dsp ( k )

p
i
sd
Trong : Tc l chu k trch mu thc hin thut ton (5.56).

d).B iu chnh in in p cho b bin i DC/DC kiu Buck iu khin theo
in p
Cng thc (5.36) vit li di dng tng qut nh sau:
Y (k ) b1 + b2 z 1 + b3 z 2
Gc ( z 1 ) =
=
(5.58)
X ( k ) b4 + b5 z 1 + b6 z 2
T (5.58) ta c phng trnh sai phn nh sau:
b
b
b
b
b
(5.59)
y (k ) = 1 x (k ) + 2 x (k 1) + 3 x (k 2) 5 y (k 1) 6 y (k 2)
b4
b4
b4
b4
b4
Hay vit gn li :
y (k ) = c1 x ( k ) + c2 x ( k 1) + c3 x (k 2) c4 y (k 1) c5 y ( k 2)
(5.60)
in p u ra u c chun ha vi U c max . u ra d khng th nguyn nn

khng cn chun ha. Vi U c max l gi tr in p ln nht m mch o c th o c.
Ta c:
u (k )
u ( k 1)
d ( k ) = c1U c max
+ c2U c max
U c max
U c max
(5.61)
u ( k 2)
+ c3U c max
c4 d ( k 1) c5d ( k 2 )
U c max
T phng trnh trn ta thu c phng trnh sai phn b iu chnh sau khi chun
ha:
d ( k ) = ( c1.U c max ) u DSP ( k ) + ( c2 .U c max ) u DSP ( k 1)
(5.62)
+ ( c3.U c max ) u DSP ( k 2 ) c4 d ( k 1) c5d ( k 2 )
140
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]
V Minh Chnh, Phm Quc Hi, Trn Trng Minh (2007) in t cng sut, NXB
Khoa hc v K thut.
[2]
Phm Quc Hi (2009) Hng dn thit k in t cng sut, NXB Khoa hc v K

thut, 2009.
[3]
Trn Trng Minh (2009) Gio trnh in t cng sut, NXB Gio dc.
[4]
Nguyn Phng Quang (2002) Truyn ng in thng minh; Nh xut bn Khoa hc

v K thut.
[5]
Nguyn Phng Quang (2206) Matlab&Simulink dnh cho k s iu khin t ng;

Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut.
[6]
Nguyn Don Phc, Phan Xun Minh, Hn Thnh Trung (2008); L thuyt iu
khin tuyn tnh; In ln th 3, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut.
[7]
Robert W. Erickson, Dragan Masksimovc (2004) Fundamentals of Power

Electronic, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
[8]
Ned Mohan (2003) First courses on power electronics and drives, Published by
MNPERE.
[9]
Remus Teodorescu, Marco Liserre, Pedro Rodrguez (2011); Grid converters for
photovoltaic and wind power systems; 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[10] Simone Buso, Paolo Mattavelli (2006) Digital Control in Power Electronics,
LECTURES ON POWER ELECTRONICS.
[11] J. F. Silva and S. F. Pinto (2011) Advanced Control of Switching Power Converters,
pp. 1038-1058.
[12] Robert Sheehan () Understanding and applying current-mode control theory
[13] Cc bi bo ng trn tp ch v hi tho v lnh vc in t cng sut.
141
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TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN IN BM. T NG HA XNCN

Trn Trng Minh, V Hong Phng

THIT K IU KHIN CHO CC B BIN I

M HNH HA V THIT K CC MCH VNG IU CHNH

1.1 Gii thiu h thng iu khin b bin i in t cng sut

1 GII THIU H THNG IU KHIN B BIN I IN T CNG SUT

1.1 Gii thiu h thng iu khin b bin i in t cng sut

Thit k b iu chnh dng in cho nghch lu ngun p mt pha ...... 116

1 GII THIU H THNG IU KHIN B BIN I IN T CNG SUT

DANH MC K HIU V CH VIT TT

1.1 Gii thiu h thng iu khin b bin i in t cng sut

Cc phng php gin on............................................................ 131

1 GII THIU H THNG IU KHIN B BIN I IN T CNG SUT

H thng iu khin in t cng sut tiu biu .............................................. 12

So snh tng i v cc phn t van bn dn ................................................. 13

c tnh von-ampe ca tiristor ......................................................................... 13

Dng in p v dng in ca Tiristor trong qu trnh ng ct .................... 15

Mch iu khin m MOSFET ........................................................................ 17

S th nghim c tnh ng/m IGBT ...................................................... 19

Cu trc ca h thng driver cho cc b bin i ph thuc............................ 24

Gii hn gc iu khin . ............................................................................... 24

in p ta dng rng ca sn xung ............................................................ 26

in p ta dng rng ca sn ln ................................................................. 26

in p ta dng cosin ..................................................................................... 27

Hnh 3.1 M t b bin i DC/DC, a) mch lc b bin i DC/DC, b) M hnh b

Mch in m t b bin i Buck vi tn hiu nh......................................... 52

Mch in m t b bin i Boost vi tn hiu nh........................................ 56

S mch lc b bin i Buck ..................................................................... 60

Hnh 3.10 Dng in p v dng in b bin i Buck trong ch DCM .................... 60

1.1 Gii thiu h thng iu khin b bin i in t cng sut

1 GII THIU H THNG IU KHIN B BIN I IN T CNG SUT

Hnh 3.39 Kt qu m phng b bin i Boost theo nguyn l iu khin dng in

S mch lc nghch lu c lp kiu ngun p, a) Mt pha, b) Ba

M hnh nghch lu ngun p mt pha c m t bi kha chuyn

M hnh nghch lu ngun p ba pha c m t bi kha chuyn

Gii php iu ch rng xung cho nghch lu mt pha, a) iu

ch lng cc, b) iu ch n cc ......................................................................... 98

Dng sng in p theo phng php iu ch hai cc, a) Sng mang

v tn hiu iu khin, b) in p u ra mch nghch lu ...................................... 99

Trng thi mch nghch lu theo phng php iu ch hai cc ..... 99

Dng sng in p theo phng php iu ch n cc, a) Sng

mang v tn hiu iu khin, b) in p u ra mch nghch lu .......................... 100

Trng thi mch nghch lu trong phng php iu ch n cc 100

Biu vector ca k thut iu ch vector n cc ..................... 101

Mu xung chun a ra nghch lu mt pha, a) na chu k dng, b)

na chu k m......................................................................................................... 102

Kt qu m phng vi phng php iu ch lng cc ............... 103

Kt qu m phng vi phng php iu ch n cc .................. 104

Gii php iu ch rng xung cho nghch lu ba pha ............... 104

Qu o vector khng gian trn mt phng ............................... 106

1.1 Gii thiu h thng iu khin b bin i in t cng sut

V tr vector chun trn h ta tnh ....................................... 109

Mi quan h gia cc sector v in p tc thi usa, usb, usc ........... 109

Thut ton xc nh vector in p t trong mi sector ................ 110

Vector in p c iu ch trong Sector 1 .................................. 110

Trng thi logic ca vector chun trong Sector 1 ........................... 111

Mu xung chun trong Sector 1 ...................................................... 112

Cc mu xung chun a ra trong mi sector ................................ 113

Qu o vector in p theo phng php iu ch rng xung cho

nghch lu ba pha ngun p.................................................................................... 114

Kt qu m phng vi phng php iu ch sinPWM ................. 115

Kt qu m phng vi phng php iu ch vector khng gian .. 115

S mch in thay th mch vng dng in nghch lu ngun p