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The Solutions Are Contained in Part 1 of The Tutorial
The Solutions Are Contained in Part 1 of The Tutorial
0.075
Since this is less than 2000 flow is laminar so Poiseuilles equation applies.
322 32 x 0.075 x 1 x 0.4
p =
=
= 150 Pa
d2
0.08 2
2. Oil flows in a pipe 100 mm bore diameter with a Reynolds Number of 500. The density is 800
kg/m3. Calculate the velocity of a streamline at a radius of 40 mm. The viscosity = 0.08 Ns/m2.
u d
R e = 500 = m
32 u m
P
= 1800 =
u m = 0.10125 m/s
L
d2
umax = 2 um = 0.2025 m/s
p R 2 r 2 1800 0.00152 - r 2
=
u = 0.10125 =
4L
4 x 0.005
r = 0.0010107 m or 1.0107 mm
4.
a. Explain the term Stokes flow and terminal velocity.
b. Show that a spherical particle with Stokes flow has a terminal velocity given by
u = d2g(s - f)/18
Go on to show that CD=24/Re
c. For spherical particles, a useful empirical formula relating the drag coefficient and the Reynolds
number is
24
6
+
+ 0.4
CD =
Re 1+ Re
Given f = 1000 kg/m3, = 1 cP and s= 2630 kg/m3 determine the maximum size of spherical
particles that will be lifted upwards by a vertical stream of water moving at 1 m/s.
d. If the water velocity is reduced to 0.5 m/s, show that particles with a diameter of less than 5.95 mm
will fall downwards.
a) For Re<0.2 the flow is called Stokes flow and Stokes showed that R = 3d u hence
R = W = volume x density difference x gravity
d 3g ( s f )
= 3d u
R=W=
6
s = density of the sphere material f = density of fluid
d = sphere diameter
d 3g( s f ) d 2 g( s f )
=
u=
18 d
18
b) CD = R/(projected area x u2/2) C D =
d 3g( s f )
4dg( s f )
=
2
2
( u /2)6 d /4
3 u 2
CD =
d 24
6
d 24
6
= 0.4
=x
let 21.389 2
2
R e 1+ R e
R e 1+ R e
u
u
Re = ud/ = 998 x 1 x d/0.89 x 10-3 = 1.1213 x 106 d
21.389
Make a table
D
Re
x
0.02
22426
0.387
0.03
33639
0.608
c) u = 0.5m/s d = 5.95mm
Re = ud/ = 998 x 0.5 x 0.00595/0.89 x 10-3 = 3336
d
C D = 21.389 2 = 0.509
u
24
6
CD =
+
+ 0.4 = 0.509
3336 1 + 3336
Since CD is the same, larger ones will fall.
5. Similar to Q5 1998
A simple fluid coupling consists of two parallel round discs of radius R separated by a a gap h. One
disc is connected to the input shaft and rotates at 1 rad/s.
The other disc is connected to the output shaft and rotates
at 2 rad/s. The discs are separated by oil of dynamic
viscosity and it may be assumed that the velocity
gradient is linear at all radii.
Show that the Torque at the input shaft is given by
D 4 (1 2 )
T=
32h
The input shaft rotates at 900 rev/min and transmits 500W
of power. Calculate the output speed, torque and power.
(747 rev/min, 5.3 Nm and 414 W)
u2
the
u1 u 2
x 2 r 2 dr
h
(
1 2 )
dT = rdF =
x 2 r 3 dr
h
dT = rdF =
R
(
1 2 )
T=
x 2 r 3 dr
T=
0
4
(1 2 ) x D
h
32
(1 2 ) x 2 R 4
h
(1 2 ) x 0.34
= 0.33(1 2 )
0.012
32
60P 60 x 500
=
= 5.305 Nm
N = 900 rev/min P = 500 W Power = 2NT/60 T =
2 N 2 x 900
The torque input and output must be the same. 1 = 2N1 /60 = 94.25 rad/s
5.305 = 0.33(94.251 2 ) hence 2 = 78.22 rad/s and N2 = 747 rev/min
P2 = 2N2T/60 = 2T = 78.22 x 5.305 = 414 W (Power out)
For maximum power output dp2/d2 = 0 P2 = 2T = 0.33 1 2 22
dP2
Differentiate
= 0.33(1 2 2 )
d 2
Equate to zero and it follows that for maximum power output 1 = 2 2
And it follows N1 = 2 N2 so N2 = 450 rev/min
Put D = 0.3 m, = 0.5 N s/m2, h = 0.012 m
T = 0.5
6. Show that for fully developed laminar flow of a fluid of viscosity between horizontal parallel
plates a distance h apart, the mean velocity um is related to the pressure gradient dp/dx by
um = - (h2/12)(dp/dx)
A flanged pipe joint of internal diameter di containing viscous fluid of viscosity at gauge
pressure p. The flange has an outer diameter do and is imperfectly tightened so that there is a
narrow gap of thickness h. Obtain an expression for the leakage rate of the fluid through the flange.
Note that this is a radial flow problem and B in the notes becomes 2r and dp/dx becomes -dp/dr.
An integration between inner and outer radii will be required to give flow rate Q in terms of
pressure drop p.
The answer is
Q = (2h3p/12)/{ln(do/di)}