.

.

) . )(Cook, 1997: 262
:
.

.
-1
-2
-3
) " "
(.




.
.



.

principles and parameters

.
Government and Binding (Chomsky, 1981,
) 1986a, 1986b
.
,
.
1






language
) .acquisition device (LAD
)
(


.

.


.
.



,competence performance


.
.


/ / .

.
=) .John saw himself .1 (
*=) i.Himself saw John * .2 (
)=
.Looking after himself bores John .3
(
)=
.John said that Fred liked himself .4
(
2

*=) .John said that Fred liked himself * .5

(
=) .John told Bill to wash himself .6
(
*=) .John told Bill to wash himself * .7
(
=) .John promised Bill to wash himself .8
(
=) .John believes himself to be intelligent .9
(
** =).John believes that himself is intelligent
.10
(
=) .John showed Bill a picture of himself
.11
(
.12

reflexive pronoun .antecedent )
(1 ) (2
) (3 . ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 )(7
) (8
. ) (8

.
) (9
) (10 .

) (11 ) ( himself ) ( john )
.( Bill



" "

.

1



)Saleemi, 1992:
.(58
3

 .



.
structure -
dependency
)
( .
.

:
)( ) .She bought a new car yesterday
(
)( ) .My friend bought a new car yesterday
(
)( The friend that I met in Australia last year bought a new car
.yesterday
)
(
)( The friend I am closest to and who was so supportive when I
.lost my job two years ago bought a new car yesterday
)=
(
) ( she ) ( my friend ) the friend that you met in
(Australia ) The friend I am closest to and who was so supportive
(when I lost my job two years ago

.

) (and ) (that ) ...(which ,
!
) friend( ) she(
.

) ( phrase
Noun Phrase )(
)( .

] [VP sing ] [ NP Paul

)( .
4

 ) (


.
)
(.
your cat is friendly ?Is your cat friendly
.

.
The cat who is friendly is ginger
*? Is the cat who friendly is ginger
*? Who the cat is friendly is ginger
? is the cat who is friendly ginger
) (is .

]
[ .

. Cook
and Newson "

"Cook and Newson, 1991:)
.(8 ) ( is
.
. the
) car hit the girl (
the girl was
=) hit by the car ( .
)
(Lisa ) =) (the girl with the blue trousers (
) ( the girl who won first prize in the creative writing composition
)= ( .
L'enfant:
) chatouille le nounours ( Le nounours est
5

 =) chatouill par l'enfant ( .

"
,

" )Cook and Newson, 1991:
.(11
) (


.
)
(.
your cat is friendly ?Is your cat friendly
,
) ,
, ( ,
.
. .
,

. " " head parameter

) .
, )Cook and Newson,
,(1996 ) ,(Towell and Howkins, 1994
(.
.
,head
, ,
, .
, ,
. )The girl
(with blue trouser
) (girl
) ,(with blue trouser ) (hit the girl
((hit ) ,(the girl
) (with blue trouser ) (with
6

 ) .(blue trouser head

first .
head-last .
E wa kabe ni kakatte imasu
) (
" "
) (kakatte imasu
) ,(kabe ni ) (ni
)) (kabe )Cook and Newson,
.(1996: 14

.

: )
( , ) ( .
,

:
.


. ""
.

) , ( .

,
.

,

.

.
Radford :
)
( )
( , ) (
.(Radford, 1997: 22) .
7


) (2,3,3

) (himself
.

Binding Principle
Governing Category Parameter

) . ,
.(Schachter, 1996: 178) :

" ,

" ) .(Chomsky, 1995: 388 " "
:

, modules ,
.
.

.
, .
.

.
...
Chomsky, 1987:)
.(68
,
,(Chomsky, 1988: 63) , )Lust
.(et al., 1994



phrase-structure


, ,

.
) .(Towell and Hawkins, 1994: 61-8
,
8

 .
invariant structure )
( .
, , ,specifier

) .(2.3

holiday in the Caribbean Island

holiday in the Caribbean Island my
.mother's

.
) (3.3 Adjectival Phrase
) (4.3 ) Prepositional Phrase .(5.3

NP
( N1
)
( complement
)
in the Caribbean Islands

specifier
)(
N0

my mothers

holiday

[NP my mothers holiday in the Caribbean Islands] [ VP

)was fantastic]: (2 3
VP
( V1

)(
specifier

( complement
)
the first prize

r
egularly

V0
wins

[ NP My mother] [ VP regularly wins the first prize] :

)(33
) (

AP

A1
( complement
)

) specifier(
A5

incredibly
clever

at making
excuses
: )She became [ AP incredibly clever at making excuses] (4 3

( PP
)
) P1 specifier
(
quite
( complement
0
P
)

reason

without

)He did this [pp quit without reason] (5 3

0

'X ) X(
, X N0 :
)() V0 ,() A0 ,() P0 , () D0 ,(INFL0 ,
) =) .(inflection 'X X0
, X0
, 'X + ( .
10


.
) (5.3-2.3
).(Towell and Hawkins, 1994: 64) (6.3
XP
X1
(Complement
)

) specifier(
X0

)(6 3


.

) .(7.3
,my mother's in the Caribbean Islands holiday : incredibly
,at making excuses clever .quite reason without

) .(8.3
holiday in the :
,Caribbean Islands my mother's clever at making excuses
,incredibly .without reason quite
Malagasy ).Fijian (Towell and Hawkins, 1994:64
X0
) = 'N'( ""a cup of tea
tea
Cup
" "

) = 'N'( ""a ball of wool

wool
Ball
" "

) = 'V'( ""open the box

box
Open
" "

) = 'V'( ""get my toys

toys
Get
" "

) = 'P'( ""put it in there

there
in
)(put
" "

) = 'P'( ""I want to get out of the cot
cot
)out (get
11

"

"
)=NP ( ""Mummy's car
car
Mummy
" "

)=NP ( ""Hayley's dress

dress
Hayley
" "

)=NP ( ""Dolly's hat

hat
Dolly
" "

)=NP ( ""Daddy has gone

gone
Daddy
" "

"Hayley is
)=VP (
)draw (boat
Hayley
)"drawing (a boat
" )(
)(

)=VP) play (with ball ( "Paula is playing

Paula
"(with a ball
" )("
)(

:

,
)
) (%20 -/+
) 'X ,(XP
) (Radford, 1990 )Towell and Hawkins, 1994:
.(66

12

2i