ïay evsjvq Kov Abykxjb

Kw¤úDUvi
f‚wgKv t
‡mB gvbe Avwef©v‡ei cÖ_g hy‡M gvbyl wQj wbZvšÍ Amnvq, mvaviY ¶zav
wbe„wZi DcvqUzKz ZLb Zvi Rvbv wQj bv| wKš‘ cÖ‡qvRbB gvbyl‡KB Zv wkwL‡q‡Q
AÁvbZvi AÜKvi †_‡K gvbyl G‡m‡Q Áv‡bi Av‡jvi c‡_| †mLv‡b gvbyl †c‡q‡Q weÁvb|
weÁv‡bi Avðh©Zg me Avwe®‹vi gvby‡li Rxe‡bi MwZ cÖK…wZ cv‡ë w`‡”Q| GK
GKwU hyM| wesk kZvãxi GB †kl cÖv‡šÍ AvR‡Ki mf¨Zv weÁv‡bi Avwke©v‡` GK bZzb
bvgKiY †c‡q‡Q| ZvB‡Zv Albert Einstein e‡j‡Qb,
“Science is reality
Science is bona fide
Science is your constant company
Science is always creative.”
AvaywbK weÁv‡bi mKj Avð‡h©i Avwe®‹vi‡K AwZµg K‡i gvby‡li Áv‡bi GK
AKíbxq Øvi Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q ÒKw¤úDUviÓ ZvB AvaywbK weÁv‡bi we¯§q|
Kw¤úDUvi wK t
ÒKw¤úDUviÓ wK ? G cÖ‡kœi Dˇi ej‡Z nq Kw¤úDUvi (Computer) GKwU
Bs‡iwR kã| Gi AvwfavwbK A_© nj ÔwnmveKvix hš¿Õ| Avm‡j Kw¤úDUvi ïaygvÎ
wnmveKvix hš¿B bq MvwYwZK wnmve †_‡K ïiæ K‡i hyw³, wm×všÍ, ¯§„wZ‡Z †h †Kvb
Z‡_¨i mieivn AwZ Aí mg‡q wbfz©jfv‡e Ki‡Z cv‡i G Kw¤úDUvi| UvBcivBUvi, jvBb
wcÖ›U, KvW© wiWvi, KvW© cvwÂs, g¨vM‡bwUK †Uc, UªvwÄ÷vi mvwK©U BZ¨vw`
me©vwaK MYbvg~jK e¨ve¯’vB nj Kw¤úDUvi| myZivs Kw¤úDUvi n‡”Q GKwU AwZ
DbœZ I `ÿ Z_¨ mieivnKviK B‡j±ªwbK hš¿|
Avwe®‹vi t
Kw¤úDUvi GKwU AZ¨vaywbK B‡j±ªwbK hš¿ n‡jI Gi D™¢veb I weKv‡ki †cQ‡b
i‡q‡Q kZvãx a‡i AMwbZ mvabv I cÖ‡Póvi dmj| MZ d«vBW †jewbR cÖ_g ¸Y I fv‡Mi
ÿgZv m¤úbœ hvwš¿K K¨vjKz‡jUi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib 1671 mv‡j| AvaywbK K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii
g~jbxwZ cÖ_g 1812 mv‡j Pvj©m e¨v‡eR cwiKíbv K‡ib| 1944 mv‡j nvifvW©
wek¦we`¨vjq I AvB. we. Gg. ‡Kv¤úvbxi †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M B‡jK‡Uªv g¨vKwbK¨vj
Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi nq| 1947 mv‡j Gi DbœZZi ms¯‹vi mvwaZ nq| 1957 mv‡j Gi wecyj
e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| 1971 mv‡ji ci †_‡K Kw¤úDUvi RM‡Z ˆecøweK cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq|

~ iPbv ~
Z‡e Bsj¨v‡Ûi †KgweªR wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MwY‡Zi Aa¨vcK Pvj©m e¨v‡eR‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii
RbK ejv nq|
cÖ_g wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi t
nvIqvW© AvB‡Kb cwiKwíZ G Kw¤úDUv‡i ˆe`y¨wZK hvwš¿K e¨e¯’v Kv‡R
jvMv‡bv nq| 1946 mv‡j AvbyôvwbK fv‡e cÖewZ©Z nq cÖ_g mvwe©K B‡j±ªwbK ev
wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi| hvi bvg “ENIAC” [Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer]
Kw¤úDUv‡ii MVb t
GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii A‡bK hš¿vsk _vK‡jI Gi MVbixwZi cÖavb `ywU w`K jÿ¨ Kiv
hvq| GKwU nj hvwš¿K miÄvg ev nvW©Iqvi Ab¨wU nj †cÖvMÖvg m¤úwK©Z
mdUIq¨vi| nvW©Iq¨v‡ii g‡a¨ c‡o Z_¨ msi‡ÿ‡Yi ¯§„wZ, Af¨šÍixY Kv‡h©i Rb¨ e¨eüZ
ZvwË¡K w`K, msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ BbcyU Ask, djvdj cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ AvDUcyU Ask| Ges mKj
cÖKvi ˆe`y¨wZK eZ©bx| Gme hvwš¿K miÄv‡gi KvR nj †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨
Kw¤úDUvi‡K Kg©ÿg K‡i †Zvjv| wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ‡Z †h Kvh©wewa mwbœ‡ewkZ nq Zv‡K †cÖvMÖvg e‡j|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †kªYxwefvM t
‡gŠwjK MVbZË¡ GK n‡jI AvK…wZ, Kvh©m¤úv`‡bi MwZ I cÖwµqv Ges Af¨šÍixY
msMV‡bi wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y Kw¤úDUvi‡K wewfbœ †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| Kvh©cÖYvjxi
Dci wfwË K‡i Kw¤úDUvi‡K cÖavbZ wZb fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| h_v t
( i ) A¨vbvjM Kw¤úDUvi t
GbvjRx †_‡K A¨vbvjM bv‡gi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| A¨vbvjM K_vi A_© n‡”Q mv`„k¨|
ˆe`y¨wZK Zi½‡K BbcyU wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i †h mKj Kw¤úDUvi Zv‡`i Kvh©vewj
m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| ‡m mKj Kw¤úDUvi‡K A¨vbvjM Kw¤úDUvi e‡j|
6
 ïay evsjvq Kov Abykxjb
( ii ) wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi t
wWwRU n‡”Q msL¨v| wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi msL¨vi wfwˇZ Z_¨ msiÿY ev
cÖwµvqvRvZ K‡i| A_©vr GwU g~jZ MwY‡Zi bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i cwiPvwjZ MYK hš¿| G
ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi mg~n evBbvix wWwRU K‡i cwiPvwjZ MYK hš¿| G ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi
mg~n evBbvix wWwRU 0 †_‡K 1 Øviv mKj Kvh©µg m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K|
( iii ) nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvi t
‡hme hš¿ wWwRUvj †÷v‡iR I myBP _v‡K wKš‘ MYbvi KvR P‡j A¨vbvj‡Mi gZ
Zv‡`i nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvi e‡j| GQvov cÖ‡mwms ÿgZvi Dci wfwË K‡i Kw¤úDUvi‡K
Pvifv‡M fvn Kiv hvq| h_v t
K) mycvi Kw¤úDUvi
L) ‡gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi
M) wgwb Kw¤úDUvi
N) gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi

~ iPbv ~
6
 ïay evsjvq Kov Abykxjb
Kvh©KvwiZv t
( i ) mvswL¨K ZvwË¡K BDwbU t GwUi KvR nj Z_¨ ev Data -†K Kw¤úDUv‡ii
MÖnY‡hvM¨ fvlvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv|
( ii ) GKwU †ggwi BDwbU t Kw¤úDUv‡i wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg Pvjv‡bvi †KŠkj
msiwÿZ _v‡K| Ô‡cªvMÖvgÕ nj cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k m¤úv`‡bi ZvwjKv|
( iii ) Input - output t Input - output -Gi cÖavb KvR nj Z_¨ mieiv‡ni mv‡_ mv‡_
KvR ïiæ Kiv Ges KvR †kl nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Kw¤úDUvi ¯Œx‡Y Zz‡j aiv|
( iv ) K‡›Uªvj BDwbU t cÖ_g wZbwU BDwb‡Ui g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i GKB mv‡_
mKj BDwb‡Ui KvR m¤úbœ Kiv‡bvi `vwqZ¡ nj K‡›Uªvj BDwb‡Ui|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †cÖvMÖvg t
Kw¤úDUv‡i wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ MvwYwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ A_ev
†h‡Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Gi †ggwi‡Z GKBmv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv Kvh©wb‡`©ki ZvwjKv msiwÿZ nq|
Kvh©wb‡`©‡ki G ZvwjKv ev mgwó‡K Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg ejv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii G
Kvh©wb‡`©k ¸‡jv †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlv|
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© t
Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ Kw¤úDUvi ZvwjKvi b¨vq G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ hy³
_v‡K| Zv‡KB Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© e‡j| †bUIqvK© e‡j| †bUIqvK©‡K cÖavbZ `yÕfv‡M
fvM fvM Kiv hvq t -
( i ) †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (LAN)
( ii ) IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (WAP)
Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ cÖRb¥ t
Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖRb¥‡K cvuPfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v t
( i ) f¨vKzqvg wUDe cÖhyw³
( ii ) UªvbwR÷vi wcÖ‡›UW mvwK©U cÖhyw³
( iii ) Bw›U‡MÖUi mvwK©U cÖhyw³
( iv ) †fwi jvR© †¯‹j Bw›U‡MÖUi cÖhyw³ -G cÖhyw³i gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi hvi
IRb gvÎ K‡qK MÖvg| GwU GKwU cvZjv 2"×1" AvqZ‡bi wmwjKb wPc hv 512k evBU

~ iPbv ~
msiÿY Ki‡Z mÿg|
( v ) AvwU©wdwmqvj Bw›Uwj‡RÝ
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ˆewkó¨ t
Kw¤úDUvi K‡qKwU ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y GwU‡K mf¨Zvi Ab¨Zg evnb ej AwfwnZ Kiv
hvq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb cÖavb ˆewk󨸇jv wb‡gœ †`Iqv nj t
( i ) `ªæZMwZ
( ii ) ¯§„wZ
( iii ) K¬vwšÍnxbZv
( iv ) wek¦m‡hvM¨Zv
( v ) m~ÿZv
( vi ) mqswµqZv
( vii ) eûgyLx e¨envi
( viii ) hyw³msMZ wm×všÍ
gvbyl I Kw¤úDUvi GKB mv`„k¨ t
gvbyl †hfv‡e wnmve I Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY K‡i Zvi mv‡_ Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šÍixY
Kvh©Kjv‡ci mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| DfqB DcvË MÖnY, msiÿY I cÖwµqvKiY K‡i Ges
cÖwµqvKi‡Yi djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i| Z‡e `yB c×wZi g‡a¨ Zdvr nj gvby‡li gZ Kw¤úDUv‡ii
D™¢vebx kw³ †bB| Kw¤úDUv‡ii D™¢vebx kw³ A_©vr IQ cwigvb k~b¨|
ch©vqµwgK Dbœqb t
Kw¤úDUvi cÖ_‡g †h AvK„wZ I ÿgZv wb‡q m„wó n‡qwQj GLb Zv Avi †bB| Gi
AvK…wZ A‡bK †QvU n‡q‡Q Ges ÿgZv †e‡o‡Q eû¸Y| bZzb bZzb cÖwZfvi Ae`vb Ges
6
 ïay evsjvq Kov Abykxjb
Kw¤úDUvi †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv g‡a¨ Zxeª cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kw¤úDUvi‡K GK AmvaviY ÿgZvi
m„wó‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Q|
mxgve×Zv t
hw`I Kw¤úDUvi AvR wekvj ÿgZvm¤úbœ hš¿`vbe Zvic‡iI Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wekvj
k~b¨vZv| Kw¤úDUvi AvR e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zvi wbR¯^ †Kvb wPšÍvkw³
†bB| d‡j †Kvb mgm¨v m¤úwK©Z mgvavb wbR †_‡K †`evi ÿgZv †bB| Acv‡iUi Zv‡K
†hfv‡e Pvjvq †m †mfv‡eB PvwjZ nq|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR t
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kg©c×wZ A‡bKUvB gvby‡li gZ| gvbyl Zvi gM‡R †hfv‡e DcvËmg~n
aviY K‡i| web¨vm K‡i c‡i Zv mwVK mgvavYmn cÖKvk K‡i, Kw¤úDUviI †mfv‡e Zvi
†ggwi‡Z DcvËmg~n aviY K‡i ZvI Avevi myk„•Lj web¨v‡mi gva¨‡g| †Kej aviYvB K‡i bv
mgm¨v mgvav‡Yi gva¨‡g `ªæZ Zv cÖ`k©b K‡i| Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ae`vb e‡j †kl Kiv hvq bv|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvh©‡¶Î GLb ¯^M©-gZ©¨-cvZvj wenvix| gnvk~‡b¨I Kvh©µg †_‡K
Avgv‡`I ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b bvbv Kv‡R †hgb- wej ˆZwi, D‡ovRvnvR, K…wÎg DcMÖn,
wekvj BgviZ BZ¨vw` wbg©vY cwiKíbvq m~² wm×vš— MÖnb, ˆeÁvwbK cix¶v-
wbix¶v, eo eo KvR ¯^í mg‡q wbf©yjfv‡e Ki‡Z cv‡i| †gvU K_v AvaywbK we‡k¦
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¶gZv Acwimxg| AvaywbK mf¨Zv I Kw¤úDUvi GLb Avi Avjv`v fv‡e wPš—v
Kiv hvq bv|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi t
eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi wewfbœ †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii i‡q‡Q Amxg
Ae`vb| eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡`i †`‡ki M‡elYv I wk¶v cÖwZôvb, miKvwi I †emiKvwi wewfbœ
`ßi, e¨vsK-exgvmn Ab¨vb¨ evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvb, wkí cÖwZôvb, wkí KviLvbv, mvgwiK
¯’vcbv BZ¨vw` mKj †¶‡ÎB Kw¤úDUvi e¨eüZ n‡”Q| 1999 mvj †_‡K e¨eüZ I RbwcÖq n‡q
D‡V‡Q †µwWU KvW©, †WweU KvW©, eZ©gvb Kw¤úDUvivBRW Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi
mnRmva¨ Dcvq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g m¤¢e n‡”Q AvU© wWRvBb, fvlv Abyev`, my‡ii
g~Q©bv m„wó cÖf„wZ m„Rbkxj KvRI Kiv m¤¢e| Kw¤úDUvi RbmsL¨v wbqš¿b, ev‡RU
cÖYqb, wkí-KviLvbv wbg©v‡Y h_vh_ cwiKíbv MÖnb cÖf„wZ †¶‡Î we‡klfv‡e mvnvh¨
K‡i Kw¤úDUvi|
K…wl †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi t
eZ©gv‡b K…wl‡¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi ivL‡Q Amxg Ae`vb| DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvKv‡j

~ iPbv ~
†`Lv hvq †mLv‡b K…wli me©‡¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii i‡q‡Q Aeva wePiY| DbœZ exR,
D™¢vebv, DbœZ Pviv D™¢veb, DbœZ mvi wbe©vPb, AvMvg dmj Drcv`b mewKQzB
AvR Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g wbqš¿Y Kiv n‡”Q|
wPwKrmv‡¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi t
AvaywbK wPwKrmv weÁvb m¤ú~Y©B Kw¤úDUvi wbf©i| wPwKrmv ej‡ZB GLb
Kw¤úDUvi wPwKrmv| †ivMxi †`‡ni bvbviKg RwUj cix¶v, †ivM wbY©q, †ivM wbivgq,
†ivM cÖwZ‡iva BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z hš¿cvwZ e¨eüZ n‡”Q| GQvovI Ilya
wba©viY, nvmcvZv‡ji hveZxq wn‡me-wb‡Kk, ZvcgvÎv wbqš¿b, i‡³i MÖ“‡ci ZvwjKv
cÖYqb, †Pv‡Li ¶gZv wbY©q BZ¨vw` Kv‡R Kw¤úDUvi e¨eüZ nq|
wk퇶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi t
1959 mv‡j cvigvYweK Pzwj‡Z me©cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b
wk퇶‡Î DcvË msMÖn, c‡Y¨I gvb wbqš¿Y, ¯^qswµq wbqš¿Y, †ive‡Ui gva¨‡g kªg
e¨envi BZ¨vw` Kv‡R Kw¤úDUvi e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
e¨emv evwY‡R¨ Kw¤úDUvi t
AvaywbK e¨emv evwYR¨ Kw¤úDUvi e¨ZxZ APj| gRy` wbqš¿Y, Gqvi jvB‡bi
wUwKU eywKs, weZ‡bi wnmve, Avq-e¨q I ev‡R‡Ui wnmve, e¨vswKs wm‡÷g,
e¨emvwqK †hvMv‡hvM BZ¨vw` KvR Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g Kiv hvq| e¨emv evwY‡R¨i
‡¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii bZzb Ae`vb nj ÒB-Kgvm©Ó|
B-Kgvm© t
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g hLb †Kvb e¨emv evwYR¨ cwiPvwjZ nq Zv‡K B-Kgvm© e‡j|
B-Kgvm© mviv we‡k¦ Ggb GKwU †KŠZznjx bvg hvi gva¨‡g e¨emv evwYR¨ GLb Avi
†Kvb GjvKv, †Rjv ev †`‡ki g‡a¨ mxgve× bq eis mgMÖ wek¦e¨vcx Gi we¯—vi| mgMÖ
6
 ïay evsjvq Kov Abykxjb
wek¦UvB †hb GKUv gv‡K©U| B-Kgv‡m©i myweav jy‡d wb‡”Q we‡k¦i me Zz‡Lvo
e¨emvqxiv|
we‡bv`‡b Kw¤úDUvi t
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ AvRKvj ˆZwi Kiv n‡”Q my‡ijv Mvb, Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv
n‡”Q msev` cÖKvkbvq| eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUv‡i G‡m‡Q bvbv ai‡bi wfwWI †Mgm|
GQvovI wewfbœ welq, †Ljva~jvi LuywUbvwU wel‡qI Kw¤úDUvi Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î t
Kw¤úDUvi mgMÖ wek¦‡K G‡b w`‡q‡Q nv‡Zi gyVvq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g gvbyl
GLb gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨ ågb Kii‡Q mgMÖ we‡k¦| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii GK
Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb nj ÔB›Uvi‡bUÕ|
B›Uvi‡bU t
eZ©gvb we‡k¦i Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s cÖwµqvi GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨ we¯—viKvix
gva¨gwUi bvg B›Uvi‡bU| Kw¤úDUvi we‡k¦i wekvj mvgªvR¨‡K nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq G‡b
†¶ÎwUi wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q B›Uvi‡bU| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui my‡hv‡M †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v Pig DrKl©
mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| B›Uvi‡bU MwZgq gvBjdjK| Av½y‡ji ¯ú‡k© wePiY Kiv m¤¢e c„w_exi
GKcÖvš— †_‡K Aci cÖv‡š—| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g wjIbv‡`©v `¨v wfwÂi weL¨vZ
wPÎK‡g© Ô‡gvbvwjmvÕ †_‡K ïi“ K‡i †h‡Kvb wel‡q wb‡g‡lB Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|
cwien‡bi †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi t
eZ©gv‡b cwien‡bi †¶‡ÎI Kw¤úDUvi ivL‡Q Amxg Ae`vb| DbœZ †`k¸‡jv
Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡gB UªvwdK jvBb, i“j, hvZvqvZ e¨e¯’v I we`y¨r PvwjZ cwienb
wbqš¿Y Kiv nq|
wbivcËvi †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi t
†`‡ki mxgvš— †PK‡cvó, wegvb e›`‡i, mgy`ªe›`‡i, gš¿Yvj‡q I Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î
wbivcËv i¶vi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi eZ©gv‡b Acwinvh© e‡j MY¨|

Kw¤úDUvi I AvaywbK mf¨Zv t

GKwesk kZvãxi AvR‡Ki G mf¨Zv Kw¤úDUv‡iiB Ae`vb Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g AvR
mf¨Zv m‡e©v”P wkL‡i †cŠQv‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| ZvB AvR‡Ki w`‡b mf¨Zvi me©cÖKvi
Kg©KvÛ Kw¤úDUv‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj| ZvB eZ©gvb hy‡M AvaywbK mf¨Zv Kw¤úDUvi
e¨ZxZ gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨ APj n‡q hv‡e|

~ iPbv ~
Kw¤úDUvi I AvaywbK Rxeb t
Kw¤úDUvi AvaywbK hy‡M gvby‡li cig wbf©ikxj eÜz| †KvwU msL¨vi A¼ wgwj‡q
wb‡qvM K¨vwkqvi KwgwUi nv‡Z AwZ Aí mg‡q Zz‡j w`‡q Zv‡K wbwðZ wbf©vebvq
Nigy‡Lv Kwi‡q w`‡Z cv‡i Kw¤úDUvi| Kw¤úDUvi GLb eo eo Kj-KviLvbvq e‡m Drcv`b
cwiKíbv Avi Zv wbqš¿‡Yi Lei`vwi Ki‡Q, jvf-¶wZi wnmve-wbKvk Ki‡Q| †ijI‡q, Gqvi jvBÝ,
e¨vsK wiPvW© †m›Uvi, BÝwmI‡iÝ cÖf„wZ cÖwZôv‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨|
cix¶vi dj cÖKvk, Acivwa‡K Luy‡R †ei Kiv, cyiv‡bv gvgjvi bw_cÎ Luy‡R Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i
†`qv, weÁvcY cÖPvi Kiv G mg¯—B GLb Ki‡Q gvby‡li m„ó GB hš¿ gMR| Kw¤úDUvi
PvwjZ ¯‹¨vbvi Luy‡R G‡bwQj AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡i †f‡½ cov wegv‡bi Ôe¨vKe·Õ|
evsjv‡`‡k Kw¤úDUvi t
1964 mv‡j XvKv cigvYy kw³ Kwgkb †K‡›`ª IBM-1620 Kw¤úDUvi ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g
evsjv‡`‡k Kw¤úDUvi cÖPjb ïi“ nq| Avwki `k‡K Zv e¨vcK AvKvi jvf K‡i| BwZg‡a¨
Avgv‡`i †`‡k 640 IBM UNIBAC-1, ICL 2000 cÖf„wZ e¨eüZ n‡”Q| GQvov mycvi Kw¤úDUvi
CRA-1, CRA-2 e¨envi w`b w`b evo‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡k Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v t
Avwki `k‡Ki Av‡M G‡`‡k Kw¤úDUvi wel‡q wk¶vi †Kvb my‡hvM wQj bv| beŸB‡qi
`k‡Ki ïi“‡Z evsjv‡`‡k AvbyôvwbK I cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v ïi“ nq|
eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k Kw¤úDUv‡ii `ª“Z I e¨vcK e¨envi NU‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi wk¶vI h‡_ó
¸i“Z¡ cv‡”Q| Kw¤úDUvi wk¶vi ¸i“Z¡‡K we‡ePbv K‡i D”P gva¨wgK ch©v‡q 1991 mv‡j I
gva¨wgK ch©v‡q 1994 mv‡j Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v‡K cvVµ‡gi Aš—f©~³ Kiv nq|
evsjv mdUIq¨vi D™¢veb t
Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ_g evsjv †jLv m¤¢e nq 1987 mv‡j Ges G mvd‡j¨i K…wZZ¡ gBbyj
Bmjvg bvgK GKRb cÖ‡KŠkjxi| wZwb wb‡Ri D™¢vweZ evsjv d›U ÔgBbyj wjwcÕ
6
 ïay evsjvq Kov Abykxjb
e¨envi K‡i A¨v‡cj g¨vwK‡›Uvk Kw¤úDUv‡i evsjv †jLvi e¨e¯’v K‡ib| gBbyj wjwci ci ciB
knx`wjwc I ReŸviwjwc bv‡g Av‡iv `ywc evsjv d›U D™¢vweZ nq| 1988 mv‡j Avb›`
Kw¤úDUm© bvgK GKwU †emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi D‡`¨v‡M ˆZwi nq cÖ_g evsjv
B›Uvi‡dm ÔweRqÕ|
Kw¤úDUvi I †eKviZ¡ t
eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨vcK e¨envi gvbyl‡K Ki‡Q mvgwqK Kg©nxb| hš¿
gvby‡li µxovbK bv n‡q gvbyl n‡”Q h‡š¿i µxovbK| Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨env‡i BwZg‡a¨
Awd‡m, wkí cÖwZôv‡b wewfbœ ms¯’vq Kg©x‡`i msL¨v D‡jL‡hvM¨fv‡e n«vm cv‡”Q,
d‡j †eKv‡ii wgwQ‡j f‡i hv‡”Q †`k| Aek¨ Kw¤úDUvi bZzb bZzb Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó
K‡i‡Q| Acv‡iUi, †cÖvMÖvgvi, nvW©Iq¨vi BwÄwbqvi cÖf„wZ c‡` eû †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb
n‡”Q|
Kw¤úDUvi RwbZ Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨v t
GKbvMv‡o A‡bKw`b Kw¤úDUvi Pvjv‡j wKsev gvÎvwi³ Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡i †Pv‡Li
¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i| gv_v e¨v_vmn Ab¨vb¨ kvixwiK DcmM©I †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| A‡bKmgq
fvBivm Avµg‡Y A_ev hvwš¿K ΓwUi Kvi‡Y A_ev ‰e`y¨wZK †Mvj‡hv‡M ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨
gyn~‡Z©B bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Gme welq Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi I cÖhyw³MZ w`‡Ki Dci
wbf©ikxj|
Dcmsnvi t
weÁv‡bi Avkxe©v` †_‡K gvbyl wcwQ‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Z…Zxq we‡k¦i
Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z AvR AvaywbK cÖhyw³i AbycÖ‡ek Acwinvh©| Kw¤úDUvi‡KI AvR
Avi †VwK‡q ivLv m¤¢e bq| Awbevh©fv‡eB Gi AvMgb N‡U †M‡Q mviv `ywbqvq|
†m‡¶‡Î †`‡ki Ae¯’v‡K ¯^xKvi K‡iB cÖ‡qvM †¶Î wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Gi cÖ‡qv‡Mi
ga¨ w`‡q Avgiv †ei Ki‡Z cvie bZzb Kg©ms¯’v‡bi c_| kZvãxi GB we¯§qKi Avwe®‹viwU
AvR e‡j †`‡e †Kvb c‡_ Avgv‡`i mv_©KZv Avi †Kvb c‡_ Avgv‡`i AbMÖmiZvi KviY|
†mw`‡bi A‡c¶vq Avgiv AvwQ| ZvB‡Zv Donald e‡jb,
“Science is what we understand well enough to explain to a computer.”

~ iPbv ~
6
 ïay evsjvq Kov Abykxjb
K…wl Kv‡R weÁvb
f~wgKvt cÖL¨vZ weÁvbx Albert Einstein e‡jb,
“Science is reality
Science is bona fide
Science is your constant friend
Science is always ereative.”
‡mB gvbe Avwef©v‡ei cÖ_g hy‡M gvbyl wQj wbZvš— Amnvq| mvavib ¶zav
wbe„wËi DcvqUyKz Zvi Rvb wQj bv| wKš‘ cÖ‡qvRbB gvbyl‡K Zv wkwL‡q‡Q| AÁvbZvi
AÜKvi †_‡K gvbyl G‡m‡Q Áv‡bi Av‡jvi c‡_| †mLv‡b gvbyl †c‡q‡Q weÁvb wesk kZvãxi
GB †kl cÖv‡š— AvR‡Ki mf¨Zv weÁv‡bi Avkxev©‡` GK bZzb bvgKiY †c‡q‡Q| Kvjµ‡g
GB gvbe †Mvôx mf¨Zvi gyL †`wL‡q‡Q K…wl KvR| µgvb‡q gvby‡li wPš—vavivi K…
wl‡K weÁvb kãwU e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q cÖv‡Yi ¯ú›`b ZvB iex›`ªbv_ e‡jb,
ÔÔAvR ïay GKjv Pvlxi Pvl Kwievi
w`b bvB, AvR Zvnvi m‡½ weÁvb‡K
‰eÁvwbK‡K †hvM w`‡Z n‡e| ---,,
AZx‡Zi K_v t AvR †_‡K †ek K‡qKeQi Av‡M K…wl I K…lK wKQzB wQj bv| gvbyl djgyj I
gvQ kxKvi K‡i Ges Rš‘ Rv‡bvqv‡ii gvsm †L‡q Rxeb avib KiZ| `ywf©¶ wQj Zv‡`i
me‡P‡q eo kΓ| Lv‡`¨i mÜv‡b GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq Ny‡i †eov‡Z nZ| Ae‡k‡l
gvbyl cïcvjb I exRecb Ki‡Z †k‡L| gvbyl mgvReØ n‡q mevm ïi“ K‡i| GK`j gvbyl gb †`q
Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b| Gfv‡eB myPbv nq K…wl mf¨Zvi|
K…wl I K…mK t K…wl I K…lK G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ AÁvAwÁfv‡e RwoZ| gy`ªvi GwcV I wcV|
K…wl Qvov †hgb K…l‡Ki Aw¯—Z¡ †Zgwb K…lK Qvov K…wl wbðj| weeZ©‡bi wmwo
†e‡q †MvUv wek¦ AcÖwZnZ MwZ‡Z †a‡q Pj‡Q| Dbœq‡bi ¯^Y©wkLi cªv‡b| wKš‘ w`b
e`‡ji cvjvq AvRI evsjvi K…wl I K…lK AvRI †mB wZwg‡iB NyicvK Lv‡”Q| hyMZi½ Zv‡`i
gv‡S †Kvb Av‡jvob m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| ZvB AvRI evsjvi K…lK cÖvK…wZK †Lqvj Lwki
†Ljbv n‡q ay‡Ku ay‡Ku gi‡Q| GRb¨ Zviv Mvq,
ÔÔLivq Wy‡e ev‡b Wy‡e †cvKvq Kv‡U ivB‡Z
Avgiv _vwK Abvnv‡i, Avgiv bv cvB LvB‡Z

~ iPbv ~
Pj hvB †Zvi gv‡V bv½j evB‡Z|ÕÕ
K…wlKv‡Ri ¸i“Z t gvwU, cvwb, Ges gvbem¤ú` G wZbwU evsjv‡`‡ki †kªô m¤ú`| GB
wZb m¤ú‡`i m‡ev©Ëg mgwš^Z e¨env‡ii DciB wbfi Ki‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki fwel¨r Av_©
mvgvwRK DbœwZ I mg„w×| evsjv‡`k K…wl cÖavb †`k| myRjv mydjv km¨ k¨vgjv I
evsjv‡`‡ki gvwV cÖvš—‡i †h K…wl`ªe¨ Drcbœ nq Zvi mv‡_ †`‡ki fvM¨ RwoZ| ¯^vaxb
evsjcv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡K cybi“¾xweZ Ki‡Z n‡i, mev©‡MÖ PvB K…wl wece|
wkíwece I K…wl t cÖ¯—i hy‡Mi †k‡li w`‡K †_‡K K…wl Kv‡h©i m~Pbv| wKš‘ Gi cÖK…Z
DbœwZ MZ `yB kZvãxi g‡a¨ N‡U‡Q| Avwg hy‡M †h cwikª‡g gvbyl GK GKi Rwg Pvl
KiZ `yÕ kZvãx Av‡M †m cwikª‡gB Pvl K‡i‡Q cÂvk GKK Rwg, Avi AvR wVKB GBK
cwigvb kª‡g GKnvRvi GKi Rwg Pvl Kiv m¤^e| AZx‡Z Pvlvev` k~jZ Mi“ gwnl RvZxq
M„ncvwjZ cï‡`i Øviv Kiv nZ| Ae‡k‡l Aóv`k kZvãxi †kl w`‡K Ges Dbwesk kZvãxi
†Mvovi w`‡K wkíwece K…wlKv‡g© hyMvš—iKvix cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| Gmgq †_‡KB K…
lK‡`i n‡Z G‡m‡Q DbœZ ai‡bi hš¿cvwZ Ges K…wl c×wZ‡Z G‡m‡Q ˆecweK cwieZ©b|
weÁv‡bi RqhvÎvt gvbyl hLb cÖ_g Av¸b R¡vjv‡Z †k‡L, cv_‡ii A¯¿ wb‡q eb¨ cïi mv‡_
hy× Ki‡Z XvKv Mov‡Z †k‡L. ZLb †_‡KB weÁv‡bi RqhvÎv ïi“ n‡qwQj| gvbyl †hw`b
Avwe®‹vi Kij Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi †P‡q Zvi ¶z`ª Aeq‡e e‡q‡Q GK my¶ A_P cÖej
eyw×m¤úbœ gw¯—®‹, cÖK„wZ‡K Avwe®‹v‡ii †bkvq gvbyl Aw¯’i n‡q DVj| wKQz‡ZB
Avi Z…wß †bB| cÖK…wZ †_‡K AvnwiZ km¨ m¤ú‡` †m Z…ß _vK‡Z cv‡iwb| †m K…wl
we`¨v wk¶v K‡i wb‡Ri i“wPi I cwiZ…wß I cywicyó K‡i‡Q|
ˆeÁvwbK K…wl c×wZ wK? eZ©gvb hy‡M weÁvb n‡”Q we‡kl Ávb| wek¦‡Rvov †gavex
e¨w³e‡M©i wPš—v| cwi¶v wbix¶vi gva¨‡g wewfbœ Avwe®‹vi GB weÁv‡bi dmj K…wl
e¨e¯’v gvbemf¨Zvi GK Avw` e¨e¯’v, g~jZ †m e¨e¯’vi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q AvR‡ei
mf¨Zv, weÁvbxiv G K…wl e¨e¯’vi DbœwZi Rb¨ wewfbœ welq I c×wZ Avwe®‹vi
K‡i‡Q|
6
 ïay evsjvq Kov Abykxjb
‡hgbt K‡ji jv½j, DbœZgv‡bi exR, KxUbvkK Jka, ‡mmš¿, GgbwK eb¨v I wewfbœ
cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M †_‡K km¨ i¶vi e¨e¯’vmg~n|
Gmg¯— ˆeÁvwbK Avwe®‹v‡ii gva¨‡g K„wlKvR cwiPvjbv‡K ÔÔ‰eÁvwbK K…wl
c×wZÕÕ ejv nq|
K…wlhš¿ I myweavt weÁv‡bi Avkxe©v‡` K…wl ‡¶‡Î G‡m‡Q GK Af~&Zc~e©K
cwieZ©b| K…wl‡¶‡Î AvR e¨eüZ n‡”Q bvbv ai‡bi dmj KvUvi hš¿ km¨vw` gvovB‡qi
hš¿¸‡jv K‡qKRb †jv‡Ki cwiPvjbvq `y wZb w`‡b †h cwievi KvR Ki‡Q| GK GKwU cwievi
mviv FZz Ry‡o cwikªg K‡iI Zv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡e bv|
wgévi I Kzjvi t Lvgv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ hš¿cvwZi g‡`¨ we‡kl D‡jL‡hvM¨ ˆe`y¨wZK †`vnK hš¿
(wgévi) kxZjxKvix hš¿ (Kzjvi), gvKb †Zvivi hš¿ ----------- †fvR `ªe¨ †clK hš¿ --------- Ges
mvi wQUvevi hš¿ --------- BZ¨vw`| m¤úwZ K…wl Kv‡R bvbv ai‡bi hš¿‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv
n‡”Q †fvUvj PvwjZ BwÄb A_ev Uªv±‡ii gva¨‡g|
†mjK evBÛvi, K¤^vBb nvi‡f÷it ‡mjd evÛvi ev ¯^qs eÜbKvix h‡š¿i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q
¸i“Z¡c~Y© nj ÔK¤^vBb nvi‡f÷iÕ hš¿wU GKB mv‡_ dmj Kv‡U I SvovB gvovB K‡i|
gvwKb© hy³ivóª, KvbvWv, A‡÷ªwjqv, ivwkqv cÖf„wZ †`‡ki K…wl‡Z &G¸‡jv me©üZ
n‡”Q|
K…wlcw×wZ I cïcvjbt weÁv‡bi e‡`xj‡Z ïay K…wlc×wZ I Pvlvev‡`i Kvqv` Kvbyb e`jvq
wb| LvgviRvZ dm‡j Ges †mLv‡b Drcvw`Z RxeRš‘i cÖRb‡b bvbv cix¶v wbix¶ dmj
Drcv`‡b I cï-cvj‡b hyMvš—iKvix cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| AvR ZvB mn‡RB wewPÎ ai‡bi km¨ I
djg~j Drcv`m m•¤^ n‡”Q| M„ncvwjZ RxeRš‘i †Pnvivq Avbv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q Ggb me
DbœZ cwieZ©b hv Zv‡`i eb¨ c~e©mwi‡`i †_‡K we®§qKifv‡e Avjv`v|
Mevw`cï Drcv`‡b ˆewPÎt ‡h †Nvov gvj Uvb‡e Avi ‡h e¨eüZ n‡e `ª“Z †QvUvi Kv‡R
Zv‡`i cÖRbb c×wZ AvR Avjv`v| Mevw` cïi cÖRb‡bI G‡m‡Q ˆewPÎ| †Kv_vI fvj gvs‡mi
w`‡K bRi †i‡L| Avevi †Kv_vI †ewk `ya Drcv`‡bi w`‡K bRi †i‡L cÖRbb I jvjb cvj‡b ¸i“Z¡
Av‡ivc Kiv n‡”Q| †fovi ‡¶‡Î †Kv_vI Zvi gvs‡mi Dc‡i †Kv_vI Avevi Zvi ck‡gi DrKó I
cwigv‡bi Dci| GQvov ‰eÁvwbK c×wZ AbymÜv‡bi d‡jB AvR wWg Drcv`‡b we‡kl &
DbœwZ mvab m¤¢eci n‡”Q|
gm¨ I djg~j Drcv`bt km¨ I djg~j Drcv`‡b weÁv‡bi we¯§qKi Ae`vb bvbvw`‡K exR
wbe©P‡b mZK©Zv bZzb I DbœZ ai‡bi MvQcvjvi cÖRbb e¨e¯’v Ges exR AsKziY I
Mv‡Qi Kjvg e¨env‡ii bZzb bZzb e¨e¯’v K…wlKv‡R wece G‡b‡Q Avjy Drcv`‡b j¶ ivLv

~ iPbv ~
n‡”Q hv‡Z dj e‡o Mv gReyZ nq Ges AvKv‡i eo nq ey‡bv UK Av‡c‡ji RvqMvq nvRv‡iI
†ewk cÖRvwZi Av‡cj Drcvw`Z n‡”Q hv ¯^v‡`, e‡b©, M‡Ü PgrKvi Av½yi Drcv`‡bI
G‡m‡Q Amvavib cwieZ©b A¤gq I ex‡Rfiv Av½y‡ji RvqMvq G‡m‡Q Ggbme Av½yi hv
¯^v‡` gayi I i‡m cwic~Y©| k‡m¨i cvwbg~jK cwiKZ©b Avbv n‡”Q hv‡Z ki©Kiv,
Avwgl, wfUvwgb ch©vß cwigv‡b cvIqv hvq Gme †¶‡Î GwMÖKvjPvivj †KwgwUªÕ c_
cÖ`k©K wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Q|
†fvUvwbi mv‡qÝ A¨bU¨vgjwR t cky‡ivM msµvš— weÁvb Lvgv‡i ‡ivMRwbZ g„Zz¨nvi
wecyj cwigv‡Y Kwg‡q‡Q| MvQcvjv km¨vw`i g‡a¨ bvbv ai‡bi cZ‡½i FrcvZ, Rxevby
msµgY I †ivM †_‡K †hme ¶wZ nq mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j †m m¤ú‡K© cÖPzi M‡elbv n‡q‡Q|
GmeKv‡R cZ½wefvM (A¨vbvUgjwR) mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡k K…wlt hvwš¿K mf¨Zvi G Pig DrKl©Zvi hy‡MI Avgv‡`i †`‡ki K…lK c‡o Av‡Q
gvÜvZ¡vi Pvlvev` c×wZi e¨_© cÖ‡Pôvi g‡a¨| GLbI Avgv‡`i MÖv‡g M‡Ä †m Ki“Y Qwe,
GK‡Rvov kxY© e¼vjmvi ej‡`i †cQ‡b kxY©Zi K…lK †P‡c a‡i Av‡Q cÖvM‰ZnvwmK
cÖ¯—ihy‡Mi Kv‡Vi jv½j| Rwgi Drcv`b kw³ wbt‡kl n‡q †M‡Q A‡bK Av‡MB| †jvK msL¨vi
cÖwZwbqZ we‡õvi‡bi Rb¨ Rwg LÛ LÛ n‡q AMwbZ msL¨vq †f‡½ †M‡Q| †mP e¨e¯’v,
KxUbvkK Jla, DbœZ exR, weÁvb m¤§Z c×wZ Ges K…l‡Ki m‡PZbZv GB `y‡qi gv‡S
evav n‡q `vwo‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl‡Z cðvrc`Zvi KviYt
Rv‡ji gZ Qwo‡q cov b`x, ÔeÕ Øxc mv`„k evsjv‡`‡k Fwl Drcv`‡b wcwQ‡q covi
bvbv KviY i‡q‡Q|
wb‡gœ G KviY¸‡jv eY©bv Kiv njt
6
 ïay evsjvq Kov Abykxjb
A`„óev`xt Avw`Kv‡ji avivevwnKZvq evOvjx A`„óev`x ÔmªóvKZ…©K wbqwš¿Z
nq mg¯— wKQzÕ; G‡K m¤^j K‡i e‡m _v‡K| wKš‘ (ˆ`‡e K‡i, GUv Kvcyi“‡livB ev‡j) G
g‡š¿ `xw¶Z G †`kevmxi wm°vq ZvB †Rv‡U bv Abœ| d‡j K…wl djb e„w× cv‡”Q bv|
cwikªgwegyLt cwikªg wegyL evOvjx g~jZ; cikªxKvZi| GKKv‡ji myRjv mydjv
evsjv AvR cwiYZ n‡q‡Q ¶ivi †`‡k givi †`‡k| Aciw`‡K cvk©eZ©x ivóª fvi‡ZB wQj
km¨nxbZv| A_P Ômey‡Ri AwfRv‡bÕ Zviv AvR cÖvq ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©|
cÖK…wZi ZvÛet evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…wZi ZvÛeZvq wbt‡kl n‡”Q cÖPzi K…wl
m¤¢vi| Gi cÖavb f~wgKvq _v‡K So I R‡jv”Q¡vm| hvi mv¶¨enb Ki‡Q Avgv‡`i DcK~jxq
AÂj¸‡jv|
AwaK RbmsL¨vt RbmsL¨vi µgea©gvb Kvi‡Y †jvc cv‡”Q Avevw` Rwg d‡j K…wli
djb w`b w`b K‡g hv‡”Q|
K…wl‡Z cyiv‡bv c×wZi e¨envit Avgv‡`i †`‡k GLbI gvÜvZ¡vi Avg‡ji K…wl cÖ‡qvM
Pj‡Q| RxY©-kxY© Mi“ I Kv‡Vi jv½‡ji e¨envi K…wl‡Z msK‡Ui m„wó Ki‡Q| Awkw¶Z K…
lKK‚jt ÒK…wl evgv‡`i Sxeb-giY
K…wlB ‡gv‡`i meÓ
wKš‘ G K…lK cÖvq wbivmeŸB RbB Awkw¶Z| ZvB AvaywbK Pvlvev` m¤ú‡K© Zviv AÁ|
d‡j K…wl Drcv`b w`b w`b bv †e‡o eis K‡g hv‡”Q|
GQvovI †hmg¯— Kvi‡b K…wl Drcv`b Kg‡Q Zv wb‡gœ †`Iqv nj t
1| AQ‡l‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv 2| cwikªgx Rb‡Mvôx m„wó
3| cÖK…wZi nvZ †_‡K K…wl‡K i¶vi Dcvq 4| RbmsL¨v Îv‡mi
ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ cÖ‡qvM
5| K…lK‡`i g‡a¨ K…wl wk¶v cÖ‡qvM 6| K…wl‡Z hvš¿xKi‡bi
Afve
7| DbœZ †mP exR KxUbvk‡Ki Afve 8| K…wl F‡Yi AchvßZv|
9| K…wl‡Z c„ô‡cvlKZvi Afve|
Dchy³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z ejv hvq, K…lKKyjB bq evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZeQi K…wl Gfv‡e| G
fqvenZvi nvZ †_‡K †`k‡K i¶v Ki‡Z n‡j K…wl‡K AvaywbKib Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
wKfv‡e K…wl Drcv`b fvov‡bv hvqt K…wl Drcv`b evov‡bvi †h c×wZ i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨
me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© K…wl‡K Avay`xKib Kiv|
wb‡gœ G cš’v¸‡jv eY©bv Kiv nj t

~ iPbv ~
1| hvwš¿KxKibt K…wl c×wZ‡K hvwš¿Kib Ki‡Z cvi‡j Drcv`b wظb n‡e| G
c×wZ‡Z Uª±i wbovbx gvovB hš¿ BZ¨vw`i e¨e¯’vi LyeB cÖ‡qvRb|
2| K…wl F‡Yi mye¨e¯’vt Avgv‡`i †`‡k AwaKvsk K…lK `wi`ª Ges A‡b¨i
Rwg‡Z KvR K‡i| ZvQvov eM©v PvlxivI wVKgZ dmj djvB bv| Aciw`‡K ¶z`ª K…
lKKzj mgqgZ K…wlhš¿ bv cvIqvi d‡j dmj Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡Qbv| GgbwK K…wl FË
wVK mgqgZ bv cvIqvi evi‡b Zviv wbt‡kwZ n‡q hv‡”Q ZvB K…wlF‡bi m e¨e¯’v
Avgv‡`i †`‡k GKvš— cÖ‡qvRb|
3. meyR Av‡›`vjb t evsjvi K…wl‡K aŸs‡mi Zvn †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ meyR
Av‡›`vjb LyeB cÖ‡qvRb ZvB wkw¶Z †eKvi fvB †evb‡`i AnsKvi bv wb‡q meyR
Av‡›`vjb G †hvM w`‡q evsjv‡K ÔFb av‡b¨Õ c‡®ú I fwi‡q †`Iqvi Rb¨ GwM‡q
Avm‡Z n‡e GQvov †h me Dcv‡q K…wl Drcv`b evov‡bv m¤¢e †m¸‡jv wb‡gœ
cÖ`Ë n‡jvt
K) A`„ó‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv| L)cwikªgx Rb‡Mvôx m„wó| M) cªK…wZi nZ †_‡K K…wl‡K i¶i Dcvq| N)
K…lK‡`i gv‡a¨ K…wl wk¶ cÖ‡qvM Kiv|
K…wl M‡elYv weÁvb t K…wl M‡elbv weSÁv‡bi cÖ‡qvM Acwinvh©;
cÖ_gZ : K…wlRvZ `ª‡e¨i ev c‡Y¨i e¨vPvK e¨envi Ges bZzb ai‡bi exR D™¢veb|
wØZxq : AcÖPwjZ K…wlRvZ `ª‡e¨i ev c‡Y¨i e¨envi Pvlvev` m¤ú‡K© ˆeÁvwbK
ZË¡ I Z_¨ msMÖn |
Z…Zxq : cwi‡ek I AvenvIqvi cÖwZ j¶¨ †i‡L K…wl‡¶‡Î e¨envi Dc‡hvMx mvi I
KxUbvkK cÖ‡qvM wbwðZ Kiv
K„wl‡Z weÁvc‡bi cÖfve t mgm¨vi Ave‡Z©i mv‡_ mv‡_ weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ ‡`Lv
w`‡q‡Q| K…wl‡¶‡Î weÁvb‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q DbœZ ‡`k¸‡jvi b¨vq Avgv‡`i K…wl‡¶‡ÎI
ˆecweK cwieZ©b mwaZ n‡”Q gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb we‡ePbv K‡i K…wl Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g
6
 ïay evsjvq Kov Abykxjb
DbœZ †`k¸‡jv †hgb A_©‰bwZK ¯^v”Q›`¨ Avbqb Ki‡Q †Zgwb NvUwZ †`k¸‡jvi †_‡K
i¶v Ki‡Q| A_vr weÁv‡bi M‡elbvjä dj K…wl‡K K‡i‡Q we‡kl DbœZ|
K…wl‡Z †iwW †Uwjwfk‡bi f~wgKvt evsjv‡`k K…wl cÖavb †`k| ZvB G K…wl‡Z
ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ A‡bK Av‡M cÖPvi gva¨g †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb ¸i“Z¡c~b©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| m¤cÖwZ evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb †h ÒgvwU I gvbylÓ Abyóvm
cÖPvi Ki‡Q Zv‡Z K…lKK‚‡ji bvbviKg wk¶bxq welq i‡q‡Q| wK K‡i Pvlvev` I djbRvZ dmj
euvwP‡q ivLv hvq| K…wl Rwg‡Z DbœZ exR, mvi, dmj †evbvi wbqg Kvbyb,
mywbw`©ó K‡i wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| hv AbyKib Kj‡j Avgv‡`i K…wl Drcv`b e¨e¯’v eûjvs‡k
e„w× cv‡e| hw`I MÖvg evsjvq †Uwjwfk‡bi Afve i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †iwWI Kg †ewk Av‡QB|
ZvB K…l‡Kiv †iwWI Abyôvb¸‡jv wbqwgZ ïb‡Z cv‡i| KviY †iwWI gva¨g¸‡jv K…wl welqK
Abyôvb cÖPvi Ki‡Q& †hLv‡b KxUcZ‡½i Dc`ªe †_‡K i¶vi Dcvq K…wl‡Z AvaywbK
cÖhyw³i Dcvq, †mP, mvi, mvi-exR †ivc‡bi wbqgvejx, dmj msi¶‡Yi Dcvq BZ¨vw`
civgk©g~jK hv nZfvM¨ K…lK‡`i K…wl Drcv`b mnvqK n‡e|
DbœZ‡`‡ki K…wl‡Z weÁvbt DbœZ †`kmg~n K…wl m¤ú~Y©fv‡eB weÁvbwbf©i|
weÁv‡bi we®§qKi me Ae`v‡bi gva¨‡g Zv K…wl‡K hš¿wbf©i K‡i †d‡j‡Q| exR
wbe©vPb †_‡K ïi“ K‡i dmj †Zvjv ch©š— mKj KvRB Zviv h‡š¿i gva¨‡g Ki‡Q| D™¢veb
Ki‡Q fvb©vjvB‡Rkb, MÖxbnvDRmn bvbviKg c×wZ|
AZx‡Zi DbœZRvwZ I Zv‡`i K…wlt HwZnvwmK mv¶¨ †`q AZx‡Zi DbœZRvwZ¸‡jv K…
wlK‡g©I DbœZ wQj| cÖvPxb wgmievmx cvjv µ‡g wfbœ wfbœ k‡m¨i Pvl RvbZ K…wÎg
Rj‡mPb c×wZi m‡½ Zviv cwiwPZ wQj| GQvov K…wÎg Dcv‡q wWg †dvUv‡bvi Av‡Mi
ARvbv wQj bv| DbœZ ai‡bi Rj‡mPb c×wZ cÖvPxb fviZ I e¨vwej‡b cÖPwjZ wQj| `„óvš
— t gvwK©b hy³ivóª KvbvWv, A‡÷ªwjqv, ivwkqv cÖfywZ †`‡ki Lvgvi¸‡jv‡Z GKw`‡b
100 GKi Rwg Pvl n‡”Q †Kej GK GKwU Uªv±‡ii gva¨‡g †m¸‡jv Avevi GKB mv‡_ wZb
PviwU dmj KvUvi hš¿‡K GKB mv‡_ Kv‡R jvMv‡Z m¶g Zviv wewfbœfv‡e K…wÎg Ggb
AbyKzj cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i‡Q hv‡Z cÖK…wZK `y‡h©vM _vKv m‡Ë¡I Zviv K…wlKv‡R
e¨cKfv‡e AMÖMvwg †hgb ejv hvq Rvcv‡bi K_v| Rvcv‡b Rwg‡Z De©ikw³ Avgv‡`i †`‡ki
Rwgi De©ikw³i gvÎ GK Pnivsk| wKš‘ ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i Zviv Avgv‡`i Zzjbvq
6¸b †ewk dmj djv‡”Q |
†`‡ki Kj¨v‡b K…wl weÁvbt Avgv‡`i †`‡k K…wl cÖavb K…wli DciB G‡`k Z_v RvwZ
wbf©ikxj cÖvPxb I cÖðv‡Z¨i b¨vq Mi“ †Nvovi cwie‡Z© K‡ji jv½j cvIqvi wUjvi Uª±‡ii

~ iPbv ~
mvnv‡h¨ Pvlvev` K‡i Aí e¨q I kª‡g w`b w`b Drcv`b Ki‡ZB n‡e| Z‡eB G‡`k DbœZ n‡e|
Dcmsnvi t AvR‡Ki hy‡M weÁvb I cÖhyw³ Qvov K…wl‡¶‡Î Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z †hLv‡b
K…wl‡¶‡Î weÁv‡bi e¨envi LyeB mxwgZ| G Ae¯’vi Aemvb NUv‡bv `iKvi| K…wl Qvov
Avgv‡`i MZ¨vš— †bB| Avgv‡`i RvZxq DbœwZi Ab¨Zg g~j¯—¤¢ K…wl| Kvj-wej¤^ bv
K‡i K…wl‡¶‡Î weÁv‡bi e¨envi‡K wbwðZ K‡i Avgv‡`i K…wl wece NUv‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB
Avgiv Lv‡`¨ msm¤úY© n‡Z cvie G m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb ÔÔWe have to use hibread, power
teller, scicntfic method in our com filed”
6
 ïay evsjvq Kov Abykxjb
we`y¨r
f~wgKv t ‡mB gvbe Avwef©v‡ei cÖ_g hy‡M gvbyl wQj wbZvš— Amnvq ¶zav
wbe„wZi DcvqUzKz Zvi Rvbv wQj bv| wKš‘ cÖ‡qvRbB gvbyl‡K Zv wkwL‡q‡Q| AÁZvi
AÜKvi †_‡K gvbyl G‡m‡Q Z߇bi Av‡jvi c‡_| †mLv‡b gvbyl †c‡q‡Q weÁvb weÁv‡bi
Avðh©Zg me Avwe®‹vi gvby‡li Rxeb avivi MwZ cÖK…wZ cv‡ë w`‡”Q| wesk kZvãxi
†kl cÖv‡š— AvR‡Ki mf¨Zv weÁv‡bi Avk©xev‡` GK bZyb bvgKiY †c‡q‡Q| weÁv‡bi GK
Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb nj we`y¨r| m„wói Avw`g cÖfv‡e AvKv‡k we`y¨‡Zi SjKvwb †`‡L
Amnvq fqvZ© Zv‡K †Kvb Ajw¶Z kw³‡f‡e Aib¨ A_ev ¸nvq wbivc‡` Avkªq MÖnb K‡iwQ
AvaywbKv‡j weÁv‡bi e‡j ejxqvb gvbyl Zv‡K Rq K‡i‡Q mKj kw³i Drm we`y¨r†K †m
Avjv`x‡bi cÖØx‡ci GKwbô †mevq mf¨Zvi mvwe©K weKv‡k|
we`y¨r Avwe®‹v‡ii c~e©mix c„w_exi Ae¯’v t we`y¨r Avwe®‹v‡ii c~‡e© c„w_exi
Ae¯’v wQj Zgm”Qbœ| gvby‡li wPš—v †PZvbv Ges Rxeb avi‡bi Dcvq wQj LyeB RwUj
bvbv Kzms¯‹vi gvbyl‡K A‡÷c„‡ô †eu‡a †i‡LwQj e‡j gvbyl DbœwZi c‡_ †h‡Z cviwQj
bv| ZLb K…wl †hvMv‡hvM Ges ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b e¨e¯’v wQj LyeB K‡ói we`y¨r
Avwe®‹v‡ii c~‡e© c„w_ex‡Z mf¨Zvi †jkgvÎ wQj bv|
we`y¨r Avwe®‹v‡ii cieZ©x Ae¯’v t we`y¨r Avwe®‹v‡ii c‡i Av‡jvq Rjgj K‡i DVj mgMÖ
c„w_ex gvbyl Ly‡uR †cj Rxe‡bi mg©_©KZv| we`y¨r Avwe®‹v‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ mMÖn
c„w_ex †R‡M DVj bZzb Av‡jvKeZxKv nv‡Z wb‡q| me©‡¶‡Î Gj hyMvš—iKvix cwie©Zb|
G cwieZ©b DbœqbgyLx cwieZ©b| G cwieZ©b DbœqbgyLx cwieZ©b | gvby‡li wPš—
v †PZbv I Rxeb hvc‡bi c×wZ‡Z weivU cwieZ©b m~wPZ nj| gvbyl we`y¨r e¨envi K‡i
A‡bK Amva¨ mvab Kij| cÖK…wZi Lvg‡Lqvjxcbv‡K e‡k Avbj| K…wl Drcv`b evov‡bv
e¨e¯’v Ges †mB mv‡_ KvwqK kª‡g mvkªq Kiv nj we`y¨r e¨env‡ii d‡j †gvU K_v we`y¨r
Avwe®‹v‡ii mv‡_ Nygš— c„w_ex †R‡M DVj bZzb Av‡jvi mÜv‡b|
we`y¨r Avwe®‹vit m„wói Avw` jMœ †_‡K we`y¨r kw³ gvby‡lj mv‡_ mv‡_B gvbyl G‡K
wPb‡Z †c‡iwQj L„óc~‡e© 600 Av‡ã| MÖxK `vk©wbK †_wjm me©vcÖ_g we`y¨r wb‡q
M‡elbv K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z †lvok kZvãx‡Z wPwKrmv weÁvbx DBwjqvg wMjevU G wel‡q
we¯—vwiZ AbymÜvb K‡ib| 1986 gv‡m BUvjxi weÁvbx jyBwM M¨vjfvwb Pjwe`y¨r
m¤ú‡K© wm×vš— cÖ`vb K‡ib| Zvic‡i BUvjxi c`v_© weÁvbx KvD›U‡fvë Zvi †m
wm×vš— ms‡kvab K‡i we`y¨r Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| we`y¨r Avwe®‹v‡ii ci †_‡K Zv bvbv

~ iPbv ~
fv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q Rxeb, RxweKv me©‡¶‡Î|
we`y¨‡Zi †kªbxwefvMt we`y¨r †K cÖ`vbZ `yB †kªbx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| h_v : K)
¯’vqx we`y¨r L) Pj we`y¨r
¯’vqx we`y¨r e¯‘‡Z ¯’xi _v‡K| Avi Pjwe`y¨r cwievnx‡Z PjvPj K‡i c`v‡_©i cigvbyi
B‡j±ª& KwbKv cÖev‡ni d‡jB m„wó nj Pjwe`y¨r|
AvaywbK mf¨Zvq we`y¨r t Amxg kw³kvjx we`y¨‡Zi GK wekvj gnvmgy‡`ª GB Ro RMr
wbZ¨ fvmgvb| GB `yR©q we`y¨r†K KivqI K‡i gvbyl ax‡i ax‡i m¤¢e Am¤¢e‡`i
mxgv‡iLv gy‡Q †d‡j‡Q| we`y¨r kw³i wewPÎ Kvh©KvwiZvi Ici iwPZ n‡q‡Q eZ©gv‡b
mf¨Zvi my`„p eywbqv`| AvR‡Ki gvbyl GZ †ewk we`y¨r wbf©i †h, we`y¨‡Zi e¨evnvi
Qvov Zvi Avi GKcvI AMÖmi nIqv Dcvq ‡bB| weÁv‡bi †mvbvi KvwV n‡”Q we`y¨r |
we`y¨r wenxb eZ©gvb mf¨Zv n‡q co‡e Aby¾j wb_i I wb®úªvb| †mRb¨B we`y¨r†K
ejv nq AvaywbK mf¨Zvi avÎx|
we`y¨r I gvby‡li m¤úK© t we`y¨r I gvby‡li g‡a¨ GK Awe‡”Q` m¤úK© we`¨gvb|
Ava`ywbK mf¨Zvi hy‡M we`y¨r Qvov gvbyl GKgyn©Z Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| gvby‡li
cÖvZvwn¨K Rxe‡b mKvj †_‡K Nygv‡bvi AvM chš©— we`y¨rB gvby‡li GKvš— mv_x|
‰`bw›`b Rxe‡b we`y¨r t we`y¨r Avwe®‹v‡ii BwZnv‡mi cvZvq m~wPZ nj GK
gvbe‡Mvôxi myL ¯^v”Q›`¨| Pviw`‡K MwZ e¨e¯’vi gnvK‡jvj ïi“ nj| AvR we`y¨r
gvbeRxe‡bi myL ¯^v”Q›`¨ weavb K‡i‡Q| cÖk¯— K‡i w`‡q‡Q ¯’i c~ev‡š—i Aeva
MwZwewa| ‰e`y¨wZK evwZ cvLv †UwjMÖvd †Uwj‡dvb, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb meB
inm¨gq we`y¨r kw³i we¯§qKi Ae`vb| N‡ii †Kv‡b e‡m Avgiv AvR `~i`yiv‡š—i c„w_ex‡K
mn‡R cÖZ¨¶ Ki‡Z cvivB we`y¨r AvR ivwÎi AÜKvi‡K Av‡jvwKZ Ki‡Q, Zvc`wa MÖx‡®§i
wb`vi“b A¯^w¯—i Aemvb NwU‡q †Nviv‡”Q cvLv Pvjv‡”Q GqviKzjvi evmM„n‡K Ki‡Q
6
 ïay evsjvq Kov Abykxjb
kxZvZg wbqš¿b ZvB Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi mKj †¶‡ÎB Qwo‡q i‡q‡wQ we`y¨‡Zi
mwµq ¯úk©|
M„nKv‡h© we`y¨r t Avgv‡`i M„n¯’vwji me Kv‡RB we`y¨‡Zi †Qvqv j¶bxq, AÜKvi `yi
Ki‡Z i‡q‡Q jvBU, Mig †_‡K wb¯—vi †c‡Z cvLv I GqvKzjvi N‡ii ZvcgvÎv Avivg`vqK Ki‡Z
GqviKwÛkbvi Lv`¨ msi¶‡b †iwd«Rv‡iUi Kvc‡Z ayÎ Iqvwks †gwkb, ivbœvq I †fb, cvwb
Mig Ki‡Z wnUv‡ii e¨envi GLb mycwiwPZ|
we‡bv`‡bi ‡¶‡Î t we‡bv`‡bi †¶‡Î we`y¨r †hvM K‡i‡Q GK bZzb gvÎv, ‡Uwjwfkb,
wfwmAvi, m¨v‡UjvB wWk, wfwWI‡Mm K¬vš— I Aemv`MÖ¯— gvby‡li cÖwZwU
gynZ©‡K K‡i Zzj‡Q Avb›`gq|
wk퇶‡Î we`y¨r t we`y¨r wkí Drcv`‡bi †¶‡Î we‡k¦i BwZnv‡m PgK m„wó K‡i‡Q †m AvR
`yªZ Q‡›` K¬Kvi“gvbvi `yªZZvi Drcv`v‡bi bZzb `„óvš— Dc¯’yvcb K‡i‡Q †Kej
e„n`vqZb wk‡jcB fywgKv ivL‡Q| d‡j wekvj wekvj hš¿`vbe AvR we`y¨rkw³i e‡j cwibZ
n‡q‡Q gvby‡li K…Z`v‡m µgeag©vb RbmsL¨v‡K cvj w`‡q eZ©gvbKv‡j Drcv`b †h
µgvMZ e„w× cv‡”Q Zvi g~‡j i‡q‡Q we`y¨r|
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi ‡¶‡Î we`y¨r t AvaywbK †hvMv‡hv‡M e¨e¯’vi m¤ú~Y©UvB we`y¨r
wbf©i we`y¨r Avgv‡`i †hvMv‡hvZM e¨e¯’v‡K Qwo‡q w`‡q‡Q c„w_exi GK cÖvš— †_‡K
Ab¨ cªv‡š— Ab¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi ‡¶‡Î †Uwj‡dvb, †UwjMÖvd, †U‡j·, †gveBj †dvb,
B›Uv‡bU me wKQziB g~jkw³ nj we`y¨r| we`y¨r Avgv‡`i †hvMv‡hvM‡K K‡i‡Q mnR
mvejxj I `yªZZg c„w_ex‡K G‡b w`‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq|
cwienb e¨e¯’vq we`y¨r t cwienb e¨e¯’vq we`y¨‡Zi e¨envi D‡j¨L Kivi gZ eZ©gvb
hvZvq‡Zi †¶‡Î DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z e¨veüZ n‡”Q ˆe`y¨wZK †Uªb I UªvK, Ab¨vb¨
hvbevn‡bI we`y¨‡Zi e¨envi Ab¯^xKvh© fwKl¨r we‡k¦ hvbevn‡bi R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e †Zj
I M¨v‡mi cwie‡Z© e¨veüZ n‡e we`y¨r Ggb wbðqZv weÁvbxiv w`‡q‡Qb|
wPwKrmv †¶‡Î we`y¨r t AvR gvby‡li AvaywbK wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi †h¤^¯§qKi
DbœwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q Zv m„wó n‡q‡Q we`y¨‡Z¨iB mvnv‡h¨ †`nvf¨š—‡i wbYq© Kiv
m¤¢e nq bv| ZLb Abygvb wbf©i bv n‡q G·‡i ev iÄbiwki mvnv‡h¨ †`vnvf¨š—‡ii Qwe
f~‡j †ivM wba©vib m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ n‡q mwVK wPwKrmv Kiv m¤¢e nq| GQvov
AvaywbK wPwKrmv RM‡Z AvjUª‡mv‡bvMÖx B-wm-wR, ev‡qv‡cÖ, KvwW©‡qvMÖvd
meB we`y¨r‡Zi Ae`vb|
Awdm Av`vj‡Z we`y¨r t eZ©gvb Awdm Av`vj‡Zi me©Î we`y¨‡Zi GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨

~ iPbv ~
weivR K‡i| we`y¨r e¨ZxZ Awdm Av`vj‡Zi hveZxq KvR gyn‡Z©i g‡a¨ eÜ n‡q hvIqvi
Dcµg Nv‡U| ZvBZ AvaywbK Awdm Av`vj‡Z we`y¨r weåvU RwbZ mg&m¨ †gvKv‡ejvq
†Rbv‡iU‡ii e¨e¯’v ivLv nq|
gnvKvk M‡ekbvq we`y¨rt gnvKvk Awfhvb I gnvKvk weR‡q gvby‡li mg¯— mvd‡j¨i
g~‡j we`y¨‡Zi Ae`vb we¯§qKi m~¶wZm~¶ MYb| wbf~©j w`Kw¯’wZ wbYq© cwiwgZ
ZvcgvÎv msi¶b Ges gnvKvk Awfhv‡bi ûeyn Qwe c„w_ex‡Z ‡cÖi‡b BZ¨vw`i gZ
AK¬cbxq KvR GLb ev¯—‡e m¤úbœ Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q we`y¨‡Zi mvhv‡h¨ KvR GLb ev¯—
‡e m¤úbœ Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q we`y¨‡Zi mvnv‡h¨| MÖn DcMÖ‡n wewfbœ b‡fvhvb I
b‡fv‡Nbiv Dr†¶š— Pj‡Q we`y¨‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ hy³iv‡óªi gvnvKvk ms¯’v
ÔÔNASA”m¤ú~Y©fv‡e B‡jK‡Uªv g¨vM‡bwUK cÖhyw³wbf©i|
K…wl‡¶‡Î we`y¨r t eZ©gv‡b K…wl‡¶‡ÎI j¶¨ Kiv hvq we`y¨‡Zi mie c`Pvibv| DbœZ
†`k¸‡jv‡Z wMÖbnvDR ˆZwi fvbv©jvB‡Rkb BZ¨vw` c×wZi gva¨‡g AwZ Aí mg‡q AwaK
dmj Drcv`b, ivmvqwbK mvi cÖ¯‘Z Uªv±i cÖ¯‘Z, bjKzc ev †mPhš¿ Pvjv‡bv me©ÎB
we`y¨r e¨veüZ nq|
wk¶v‡¶‡Î we`y¨r t mf¨Zvi AMÖwZi gy‡j i‡q‡Q wk¶vi cÖmvi| we`y¨‡Z¨i Kj¨v‡b
K¬vmi“‡g wk¶‡Ki cvV`vb I wk¶v_©xi cvVMÖnb A‡bK mnRZi n‡q‡Q| wk¶vi DcKi‡b
c‡iv¶ I cÖZ¨¶fv‡e we`y¨‡Zi †Qvuqv me©`v cwijw¶Z n‡”Q| msev`cÎ ‡Uwjwfkb
cÖf„wZi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡K mnRfv‡e I Avb‡›`i mv‡_ wk¶vMÖn‡bi my‡hvM K‡i
w`‡q‡Q we`y¨r RvwZMVb, RbgZ ˆZwi µxov Dbœq, RbmsL¨v wbqš¿ BZ¨vw` wel‡q
RbMb‡K wk¶v`v‡b wUwf I msev`c‡Îi e¨env‡i mvdj¨ e‡q G‡b‡Q| ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ
wk¶v‡¶‡Î e¨env‡ii d‡j wk¶v_©x‡`i wPš—vkw³ e„w× cv‡”Q I Zv‡`i †gavi weKvk NU‡Q|
Kw¤úDUvi Pvjbvq t eZ©gvb mf¨Zvq we`y¨r PvwjZ me‡P‡q D‡jL‡hvM¨ hš¿ n‡jv
Kw¤úDUvi| weÁvwb‡`i G GK we¯§qKi Avwe®‹vi| Kw¤úDUvi AvaywbK mf¨ gvby‡li
6
 ïay evsjvq Kov Abykxjb
cÖwZwU c`‡¶‡c mvnvh¨ K‡i| M„n¯’vwj †_‡K gnvKvk ch©š— Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨vcK cÖfve
Avi G Kw¤úDUv‡ii me©kw³i Drm we`y¨r|
e¨emv evwb‡R¨ we`y¨r t AvaywbK e¨emv evwb‡R¨ we`y¨‡Zi e¨envi me©Î, µq
weµq wecbb, gv‡K©wUs Af¨š—ixb I ‰e‡`wkK evwb‡R¨ mdj †¶‡Î e¨eüZ n‡”Q
we`y¨r|
A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î we`y¨r t GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœ‡qi g~‡j †K›`we›`y
we`y¨r e¨emv evwb‡R¨, wkí KviLvbv A_©‰bwZK mKj Kg©KvÛB we`y¨‡Zi gva¨‡g
cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| ZvB †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq wbf©i K‡i we`y¨‡Zi m‡ev¨”P e¨env‡ii
Dci|
GKwU †`‡ki mvgvMÖxK wkí, evwbR¨, A_©‰bwZK me©‡¶‡Îi mgvb c`Pvibv, Avi G
Kvi‡b RvZxq Dbœq‡b we`yy¨‡Zi ¸i“Z¡ mvev©waK|
R¡vjvwb cwie‡Z© cvwb we`y¨r t R¡vjvbx cywo‡q cvwb we`y¨r Drcv`v‡bi w`b
A‡bK Av‡MB †kl n‡q‡Q| AvaywbK hy‡Mi ˆeÁvwbKMb eb¨v wbqš¿‡bi Rb c„w_exi
Li‡mvZv b`x¸‡jv‡K e›`x Ki‡Z wM‡q †c‡jb Adiš— cvwb we`y¨‡Zi mÜvb| c„w_exi
Dk„•Lj b`x¸‡jvi Aeva¨ Rj‡mv‡Z †h GZ cÖPyi cwigv‡b we`y¨‡Zi m¤¢vebv wQj Zv
Av‡M †KD Rvb‡Zv bv cvwb we`y¨‡Zi Drm Adzyiš—| wKš‘ c„w_exi R¡vjvwb m¤¢vebv
mxwgZ Kv‡RB `ywbqvi me‡`‡ki DwPZ R¡vjvwb msi¶b K‡i †mªvZw¯^bx b`x¸‡jvi
Rj‡mªvZ n‡Z cvwb we`y¨r Drcv`‡b g‡bvwb‡ek Kiv|
†mŠi we`y¨r t m~h©kw³‡K we‡kl Dcv‡q msi¶b K‡i we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi †KŠkjB nj †mŠi
we`y¨r| eZ©gv‡b †mŠi we`y¨r m¤ú©‡K bvbv M‡elbv I cwi¶v wb¶ Pvjv‡bv n‡”Q|
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki msKU †iva †mŠi kw³ e¨cK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|
DbœZ †`‡k we`y¨r t DbœZ †`‡k M„n¯’vjx KvRKg© †_‡K ïi“ K‡i e¨eüZ n‡”Q| Zv‡`i
hvwš¿K Rxeb I Kg©KvÛ m¤ú~Y©B we`y¨r wbf©i| we`y¨‡Zi e¨vcK e¨env‡ii d‡jB Zviv
AvR DbœwZi Pig wkL‡i|
evsjv‡`‡k we`y¨r t evsjv‡`‡k GL‡bv we`y¨‡Z ¯^qs m¤ú~Y© bq hv Avgv‡`i
A_‰bwZ‡Z e¨cK cÖfve we¯—vi Ki‡Q| AZ¨waK RbmsL¨v| A_‰bwZK †gi“Kib I
ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iKv cxwMZ evsjv‡`‡k we`y¨‡Zi NvUwZ GKwU eo mgm¨v| GB NvUwZ
mgvav‡b wKš—y wKQz c`‡¶c †bqv n‡jI we`y¨rNvUwZ Ae¨vnZ Av‡Q Ges w`b w`b
we`y¨‡Zi Pvwn`v †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| G Ae¯’vi †cÖw¶‡Z we`y¨r Drcv‡bi bZzb bZzb cÖKí
MÖnb Kiv DwPZ|

~ iPbv ~
we`y¨r msKU t we‡k¦i DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z we`y¨‡Zi mgm¨v †Zgb cÖKU bq| †mme †`‡ki
cÖwZ `„wócvZ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †mLv‡b N›Uvi ci N›Uv w`‡bi ci w`b we`y¨r weåvU N‡U
bv| eQ‡i `yPvi evi cvuP `k wgUvi we`y¨r msKU m„wó nq| G‡ZB we`y¨r KZ…©c¶
Revw`wnZvi mgyw¶b nq| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †cÖ¶vcU m¤ú~b© wecixZ| Zxeª we`y¨r
msKU G‡`‡ki RbRxe‡K wewl‡q Zy‡j‡Q| cÖZ¨vwnK Rxeb †_‡K wkí, K…wl, A_bxwZ‡Z Gi
e¨vcK cÖfve c‡o‡Q| mv‡eK cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv G cÖm‡½ e‡jb,
ÔÔThe crnis at the elecfric scecto will surely le reduced for the betterment of the whole
mation’’
Dcmsnvi t mf¨Zv I we`y¨r G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK GKwU‡K ev` w`‡q Ab¨wU A_©nxb wbùj|
wec` msKzj c„w_ex‡Z we`y¨‡Zi mvnv‡h¨B gvbyl n‡q D‡V‡Q wenj kw³i AwaKvix fvj
¯’yj Aš—ix‡¶‡Î AwacwZ we`y¨‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ gvbyk GwM‡q hv‡”Q| mKvj †_‡K ivwÎ †_‡K
mKvj we`y¨r Avgv‡`i †mevq wb‡qvwRZ AZ›`ª cÖnixi gZ wKš‘ we`y¨‡Zi Avkxe©v`
c„w_exi me †kªYxi †jvK mgvbfv‡e jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| G K_v ¯^iY ivL‡Z c‡e †h, weÁv‡bi
ag© wb®‹vg ag© mevB G‡Z mgvb AwaKvix| ZvB we`y¨‡Zi mnRjf¨ Ges Acwi‡gq
kw³‡K me© mvavi‡bi †mevq DrmM© Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvBZ ÔMicheal Faraday e‡j‡Qb,
ÒEelecrcity is itselt a great power that could eassily Vibrate the hole UniversÓ
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