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p;n] atfpFb} cfPsf] lyof] . clxn]
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g]kfnn] s';L{df a;]/ zlfGt / ;+ljwfg ;+ l jwfg;efsf] Dofb cGtl/d df]8\g] s;/tsf] kdf ;dfrf/
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pgLxsf] ts{ /x] s f] 5 . tf] l sPsf] lyof] . h; cg' ; f/ ;+of]hsTjdf 8f= eStdfg >]i7
;+;bLosfndf tTsfnLg /fhf;Fu ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb ut z'qmaf/ /flt a]kQf af/] 5fglag ;ldlt u7g
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zflGt / ;+ljwfgsf nflu /fli6o ;+o'Qm ;/sf/ ;/sf/L x7 / casf] lgsf;

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ydf}tL u/]sf] 3f]if0ff u/] . To;kl5
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cfdgful/sn] hgtfsf] s73/fdf
pEofpg] 5g\ . of] s'/f]nfO{ ;xhkdf
glng d g]sf Pdfn] / ;/sf/df
cfl;g dGqLHo"xnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg
rfxG5' .
g]sf, Pdfn] / ;/sf/n] of] s'/f]
klg e'Ng' x'Gg ls h]7 !$ ut]kl5
-afF s L & k] h df_
2 @)^& ;fn h]7 !^ ut] cfOtaf/
ltdL ltd|f] tl/sfn] n8, xfdL xfd|f] tl/sfn] n8\5f}
s= dfcf]T;] t' jt{dfg kl/l:yltnfO{ x]g{] xfd|f] rZdf
;+;f/df /x]sf j:t', kl/36gf /
ljsf;qmdnfO{ x]g]{ cfg} rZdf
x'G5g\ . tL rZdfnfO{ b[li6sf]0f
elgG5 . ju{ ljeflht ;dfhdf
b[li6sf]0f klg juL{o g} x'G5g\ .
!_ GfTds ef}ltsjfbL jf
;j{xf/fjfbL ljZj b[li6sf]0f . of] xfd|f]
cfgf] ;j{xf/fjuL{o rZdf xf] .
@_ clwe"tjfbL, oflGqs ef}ltsjfbL
jf k'h F LjfbL ljZj b[li6sf]0f . of] k"h
F Lklt
jif{ #, c+s #(, h]7 !^ ut] cfOtaf/ @)^& ju{sf] rZdf xf] .
;+ ; f/df 3l6t x' g ] ;Dk" 0 f{
;DkfbsLo k|lqmofx ha ;+Zn]lift x'g k'U5g\,
;} 4 flGts aG5g\ ta To;
wGo 5, dfcf]jfbL ;'ema'em ;+Zn]if0fnfO{ bz{g elgG5 . bz{gnfO{
sfn{ dfS;{n] cfk\mgf] ;dosf] af}l4s
bz jif]{ hgo'4 / !( lbg] hgcfGbf]ngdfk{mt\ k|fKt ;f/ eg]/ JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .
;+ljwfg;efnfO{ wf/f;foL agfpg] ;/sf/L k|of;nfO{ PsLs[t ;+If]kdf, bz{g cfk\mgf] ;dosf] af}l4s
g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] cfgf] /fi6 /fli6otf / gful/s k|lt r/d ;f/ xf] . lj1fgsf zfvfx h:tf]
bz{gn] s'g} Ps ljifo leq dfq} /x]/
;'ema'em k|of]u ub}{ Psjif{ Dofb yKg u/]sf] ;xdlt cfk}mF df cWoog ub}g{ a? k|sl[ t, ;dfh /
;x|fgLo 5 . ;+ljwfg;efdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bn aGg k'u/] klg dfgj lrGtgsf ;du| kIfdf cWoog
k|ltkIfdf a:g afWo ePsf] dfcf]jfbLsf] o; ;'ema'emn] g]kfnL ub{5 . ;du| lj1fgxsf af/]df klg
hgtfsf] ljZjf; p;n] c lht]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;QfsAhf o;n] cfk\mgf] cfd wf/0ff agfpF5 .
ug{ vf]Hof] eg]/ cf/f]k nufO{ ;Qf sAhf ul//xg] ;/sf/sf] o;y{ o;nfO{ lj1fgsf] klg lj1fg
ufnfdf P= g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf] o; sbdn] bx|f] emfk6 xfg]sf] eGg] ul/G5 . ;+If]kdf xd|f] bz{gsf]
cWoogsf] ljifoj:t' k| s [ l t,
5 . nf]stGqdf hgtfaf6 lt/:s[txsf] e'm08af6 ag]sf] ;/sf/ dfgj;dfh / lrGtg g} xf] .
hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g} ;Sb}g eGg] tYo ;fljt ug{ k'us ] f] ;+ ; f/ h:tf] 5 To:t} u/L
jt{dfg ;/sf/ / hgtfk|lt / hgtfsf] d'lQmsf] nflu bz cWoog ug]{ l;4fGt ef}ltsjfb xf] .
jif{;Dd hgo'4 n8]sf] / ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf hgtfsf] a|Xdf08 jf dfgj ;dfhdf 3l6t
ckf/ dfof kfP/ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bn aGg k'us ] f] PsLs[t g]skf x'g] 36gfx aflx/af6 ;+rflnt,
dfcf] j fbLsf] hg pQ/bfoL sfo{ s f] pRrtd k xf] lgb]l{ zt geO{ j:t' leq}af6 ;+rflnt
;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb yk . x' g ] k| d ' v sf/0f dfGg] l;4fGt
ef}ltsjfb xf] . O{Zj/, wd{, k"j{hGd,
b]z / hgtfsf] nflu ;w}F cfk"mnfO{ bfpdf nufpg] PsLs[t k' g h{ G d cflbnfO{ ef} l tsjfbn]
g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] zflGt / ;+ljwfgsf nflu k'gM Psk6s cfk"mnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub{5 . Tof] ef}ltsjfbL
bfpdf nufPsf] 5 . wGo 5 dfcf]jfbL h;n] g]kfnL hgtfsf] l;4fGtleq /x]sf] j:t'nfO{ hLjgzLn
;jf]k{ l/ rfxgf zlQm / ;+ljwfgnfO{ k"/f ug{ k'gM Psk6s cfgf] / d/0fzLn, pHofnf] / cWof/f], /fd|f]
bnut :jfy{nfO{ s'jf{gL u/]sf] 5 . p;sf] o; sfo{sf] eljiodf / g/fd|f] cflb sf]0faf6 x]g{] k4ltnfO{
g]kfnL hgtfn] pRrtd d"Nofg ug]{ g} 5g\ eg] ;w}F ;/sf/ ;Qf, Gjfb elgG5 . Gjfbn] ;w}
j:t'nfO{ b'O{cf]6f sf]0faf6 x]g]{ t/
kb / k|lti7fdf nl8/xg] k'/ftg ;f]r / ;+:s[lt af]ss ] f jt{dfg hLjgzLn / pHofnf]sf] kIfkf]if0f
;Qfl;g bnnfO{ g]kfnL hgtfn] slxNo} dfkm ug]{ 5}g . To;}n] ub{ 5 . ;j{ x f/fjuL{ o bz{ g sf
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ zflGt / ;+ljwfg lj/f]wL eGb} cfk}mF zflGt / ;+ljwfg cfwf/e"t ljz]iftfx ltg} x'g\ .
tf]8g vf]Hg] ltdLxsf] of] rfnf====nfO{ eGbf b]Vg]nfO{ nfh h:tf] GfTds ef}ltsjfb cGo bz{gx
eO;Sof] . ;do 5Fb} b]z / hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g l;s o;}df eGbf km/s PsLs[ t / cv08
;a}sf] lxt 5, b]z clg hgtf, zflGt, ;+ljwfg / cu|udgsf] . bfz{lgs k|0ffnL xf] . To;s} hudf
kf7s b[li6 /fli6o ;xdlt cfhsf] cfjZostf
ck/fwL dfs'g] u0f]z s6'jfn
;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb ;lsg] lbg
dfwj ltdL olt 7"nf] ck/fw g]kfnL hgtfdfly gu/ . ltdL ck/fwLsf] hlt sd x'b5 } Tolt g} w]/} lt/ rf;f]
gfO{s] gag . ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 of] ;+ljwfg;ef To;} ePsf] xf]Og . o;df / lrGtfsf] lta| t f a9bf] 5
nfvf}F g]kfnL hgtfsf] /ut / kl;gf au]sf] 5 . ltdL h:tf lzv08L ;xdltsf] Psf]xf]/f] cd[t /6fg
csf] 3fF6L lgdf]7]/ ;ef;b ePsf] xf]Og . ltd|f] of] b]z / hgtfk|lt s'g} af}l4s ju{ a'l4hLjLx / gful/s
lhDd]jf/ 5}gf} . ltd|f] cfTdf af]nL ;Sof} ;+ljwfg;ef xfd|f] dfu xf]Og eg]/ ;dfhsf cu'jfx nufO{/x]sf5g /
elg ;Sof}F . ltdL lsg olt w]/} tL dfxfg ;lxbxk|lt ck/fw u5f}F . ca w]/}n] d't{kdf sf] afws xf] clg
ltdLn] of] b]znfO{ u[x o'4tk{m nfb}5f}F . t/ ltdLn] slxn] klg lhTg] 5}gf}F . ;xdltsf] dfu{lrq s:tf] x'G5 eg]/
ltdLnfO{ ;fy g]kfnL hglj/f]wLxn] / ef/tLo bnfnxn] b]nfg . t/ /fo ;Nnfx klg lbPsf5g
;Eo ef/tLo hgtfn] ;d]t lbg] 5}gg . ltdLnfO{ g]kfnL hgtf ;Dk"0f{ dfcf]jfbLn] cfdx8tfn lkmtf{ lnP
jfkdlGy b]zeQm /fi6jfbL u0ftGqjfbL ldnL s7k'tnL k|wfgdGqL s';L{;uF } k|wfgdGqLn] /fhLgfdf ug{] / /fli6o
d;fg 3f6df nlu bfxf;+:sf/ ug]{ 5g\ . ltdL Ps lx;fan] dl/;Sof}F ltdL ;xdltsf] ;+o'St ;/sf/ lgdf{0fsf]
lhljt ePsf] eP g]kfnL hgtfsf] hgcfjfh kSs} ;'Gg ;SYof}F t/, d[t lbzfdf cl3 a9g] Pdfn]sfFu|];sf]
nfz;Fu cfzf ug'{ klg g]kfnL hgtfsf] d"v{tf xf], ca of] b]z / hgtfsf]
/Iff k|jl[ Qs ;Dkbf g]kfnL e"ld ul/a ls;fg xln uf]7fnf, blnt hghflt
kIfdf n8\g s= k|r08 g]tT[ j cfjZos 5 .
egfOnfO{ g]kfnL hgtfn] ;lDem/x]sf
5g . gofF gofF c8sf] yk]/ ;flGt /
;+ljwfgsf] ljifo k/k/ ws]Ng]
s= k|r08 k5fl8 nfvf}F g]kfnL hgtfx 5g\ . of] b]zdf cfd"n sfddf g} p4t eP em}F b]lvPsf] 5
kl/jt{g ug'{ 5 . ul/a, blnt, dh'b/ ls;fg, xln uf]7fnf kIfdf dfcf]jfbL kf6L{nfO{ clxn];Dd
hg;+ljwfg n]Vg' 5 . o:tf ;+ljwfg;efsf] xTof ug]{ xTof/fnfO{ ;fj{hlgs gful/s kf6L{ ;/x dfGb} cfPsf Pdfn]
:yfgdf nfvf}F hgtfsf] aLrdf kmf;L lbg'k5{ . ta dfq g]kfnL hgtfn]
/ sfFu|]; clxn] cfP/ dfcf]jfbLnfO{
d'lQm kfpg] 5g\ . zflGt kfpg] 5g\ . o:tf lzvl08n] ubf{ of] b]z ljuf/]sf kmf}hL kf6L{ b]Vg yfn]sf 5g zflGt
5g\ lzv08L dfwj 1fg]Gb|;Fu dxf/fh dnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfO alS;of];
k|lqmofdf cfO{;s]sf] kf6L{nfO{ kmf}hL
egL nDk;f/ k/]sf] g]kfnL hgtf ;fd' ce}m tfhf 5 . 1fg]Gb|n] 5fnfsf] kf6L{ eGg' ;xdlt xf]Og c;dltnfO{
h'Qf nufPsf] uf]8fn] nft xfg] clg ?Fb} s/fpFb} dfcf]jfbL vf]Hg lxF8] lgDtfpg' xf] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf
dfcf]jfbL;Fu bf}/fsf] k]m/ cfF;' k'5Fb} cfgf] a]lnlj:tf/ ;'gfP dfcf]jfbLn] ;xefuL eP/ gful/sxf/f j}wflgs
clNn nflQ vfPkl5 a'l4 knfP 5 ls eg]/ s]xL cf8 lbof] . To;}sf] 7"nf dfGotf k|fKt ul/;s]sf] bnnfO{
7"nf efif0f 7f]Sb} lxF8\g yfn] . ljr/f dfwj ;+ljwfg;ef r'gfj b'O{/yfg
Pp6f p;s}sf] cfFug /f}tx6af6 p7] ToxL v'f efFlrlbP . csf]{ sf7df8f}aF f6
kmf} h Lkf6L{ eGg' ;xdlt xf] O g
c;xdltnfO{ lgDtfpg' xf]
p7] ToxLaf6 csf]{ efFlrlbP . To;kl5 ;+ljwfg r'gfj g/fd|f] xf/ vfPkl5
clNn ;b\al' 4 knfpnfls eg]/ dfcf]jfbLn] afF;sf] j}zfvL 6]s/] ;+ljwfg;ef
;+ljwfg;efdf ;a} eGbf 7'nf] kf6L{sf]
x}l;otn] ;/sf/ agfpg cu|clwsf/
NofPsf] lyof] . To:tf d"t{ nfz JolQmnfO{ Nofpg' dfcf]jfbL 7"nf] e"n xf] .
t/ k|ltlqmofjfbL dfcf]jfbL sdhf]/ 7fGb} 5f}F g7fg . ltdLx e"n x'g]5
kfP/ ( dlxgf;Dd ;/sf/
rnfO;s]sf] bnnfO{ clxn] cfP/
dxfg ;lxb ;/fKg] 5g\ . ltdLxn] ca cfgf] d[To' lrxfg vGb} 5f}F . ca gful/s kf6L{ xf]Og eGb} km]/L
s]xL lbgkl5 ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtfn] bfxf;+:sf/ ug{] 5g\ .
lbks kl08t, l;Gw'kfNrf]s O{rf]s
c;xdltnfO{ lgDtfpg] cEof;
ul//xg] clg dfcf]jfbL ;xdltdf
;ftfsf] ax;
/fdbLk cfrfo{
pleP/ xfdL jt{ d fg g] k fnL
/fhgLltsf 36gfx Aff/] cfk\mgf]
ljZj b[li6sf]0f tof/ kfg{ ;Sb5f}+ .
xfdL tnsf s]xL ljifox Aff/] cfk\mgf]
b[li6sf]0f agfcf}+ .
s_ ;+ l jwfg lgdf{ 0 fnfO{ s;/L
a' g] <
;+ljwfg /fHo ;+rfng ug]{ d"n
sfg'g xf] . ju{ ljeflht ;dfhdf
/fHo juL{o cflwkTosf] ;fwg x'G5 .
/fHon] cfwf/e"t kdf cfk\mgf] ;]jf
ug]{ u/L ;+ljwfg, lgod, sfg'g\
agfpF5 . pbf/x0fsf] nflu hgo'4 /
hgcfGbf] n gsf] k| l qmof dfkm{ t
d/0fzLn / cj}w cj:yfdf k'u]sf]
)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ cGtl/d
;+ljwfgn] lj:yfklt uof] . xfdL
lg/k]If kdf ;+ljwfgsf kIfkftL
jf lj/f]wL xf]Ogf}+ . ;+ljwfgn] s'g ju{sf]
;]jf ub{5 eGg] d'Vo s'/f xf] .
;+ljwfgn] ;b}j Ps ju{sf] dfq ;]jf
ub{5, ha ;dfhdf ju{ ljefhg
d]l6G5 ta ;+ljwfgsf] h?/t g}
kb}{g . xfdLn] hgtfsf] ;+ljwfg,
/fli6o :jflwgtfsf] ;+ljwfgsf] dfq}
kIfkf]if0f / ;d{yg ub{5f}+ . h;/L
klg ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g] s'/fsf] lj/f]w
ub{5f}+ . ;+ljwfg;efn] hg;+ljwfg
hf/L ug] { cj:yf /x] d f xfdL
;+ljwfg;efsf] kIfdf /xG5f}+ . ha
;+ljwfg;efn] hglj/f]wL ;+ljwfg hf/L
ug]{ cj:yf x'G5, xfdL ;+ljwfg;efnfO{
sfFw yfKb}gf}+ .
v_ ;] g f ;dfof] h gnfO{ s;/L
a' g] <
;]gf /fHo;Qfsf] jf /fHo;Qf
lj36gsf] Ps dfWofd xf] . g]kfnL
;]gf k|ltlqmofjfbL, oyfl:yltjfbL
/fHo;Qfsf] d]?b08 xf], eg] hgd'lQm
;]gf gofF hgjfbL /fHo;Qf :yfkgfy{
hgtfsf] aLraf6 hgtfsf] kxndf,
;j{ x f/fju{ s f] /fhg} l ts kf6L{
P=g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] g]t[Tjdf
cfPg eg]/ bf]ifhlt ;a} p;}nfO{
lbg] / ;t{dfly ;t{/fVb} hfg' eg]sf]
;flGt / ;+ljwfgnfO{ k/ wsNg] sfd
ug{ xf] lsg g]kfnL sfFu|]; kf6L{n]
clxn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ gfufl/s kf6L{sf]
kdf b]Vg rfxb}gg < hasL sfFu; ]|
g]t[jsf] ;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbLnfO{
lgaf{rg lagf ;+;b\ / ;/sf/df
;fd]n ubf{sf] cj:yfdf gful/s kf6L{
lyof] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf]
;dodf of] s'/fnfO{ sfFu|];n] lsg
p7fpg rfx]g < l;lj/df /x]sf]
dfcf]jfbL ;]gf / Y.C.L. sf] cw{l} gs
;+u7g To; a]nf lsg k|hGqtfsf]
nflu vt/f lyPgg < /fi6kltsf]
sbddfly ;Nk k|:tfj dfcf]jfbLn]
Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ug{kfPg
;+ljwfgsf] cGt/j:t'dfly dfcf]jfbLn]
3lge"t ax; u/fpg kfPg lsgls
;+ljwfg;efsf] cwWo] / ;+ljwfg
n]vg d"n ;ldlt sf] ;efklt g]kfnL
hgtfsf] kS8odf lyPgg ;+jw} flgs
cdf dfcf]jfbLsf] pkl:ytL /
;xdlt lagf lgo' S t ul/G5
;/sf/df p;sf] ;an ;'g'jfO{ x'b}g
;+ljwfg;efdf t];|f] 7'nf] bnsf]
k| w fgdGqL / ^)! ;b:oL
;+ l jwfg;efsf ;efklt 5g
;+ljwfg;efsf] bf];|f] 7'nf] bnsf]
tkm{af6 /f:6klt 5g ;+ljwfg;efdf
@$) l;6 ePsf] bnnfO{ clxn]
e" l dsf ljlxg agfpg' zlSt
afF8kmf8df blvPsf] oxL c+t/a:t'
n] emu8fsf] lap df}nfO{ /x]sf] 5
bnx ;fr} OdfGbf/ 5g eg]
pgLxn] slDtdf ;+ l jwfgsf
ul7t ;]gf xf] . oyfl:yltdf ;]gf
;dfof]hg ;+ej 5}g . tnsf b'Oj{ 6f
cj:yfdf dfq} ;]gf ;dfof]hg ;+ej
x'G5 .
klxnf] M ;j{xf/fju{n] ;z:q
;+3if{sf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;}4flGts /
Jojxfl/s b'j} sf]0faf6 kl/Tofu ug',{
;]gf gePsf] hgtf;Fu cfgf] eGg'
s]xL x'bF g} eGg] dfGotfnfO{ kl/Tofu
ug'{, /fHo ;Qfsf] d'Vo c ;]gf xf]
eGg] ;+Zn]if0fnfO{ gh/cGbfh ug'{ sf]
cj:yfdf .
bf];f| ] M g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;j{xf/fju{sf]
g]tT[ jdf x'g] qmflGtnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{
tof/ /xg' . b'j} ;]gf cfwf/e"t kdf
cfgf] lxtk| l t k| l ta4 /x] s f]
cj:yfdf ;]gf ;dfof]hg ;Dej 5}g
jf eP klg wf] s f dfq} x' G 5 .
;]gf;DaGwL xfd|f] b[li6sf]0f xf]
;j{xf/fju{sf] /fHo;Qf k|fKt gx'Gh]n
;]gf ;dfof]hg jf lj36g ug'{ x'bF g} ,
a? ;'b[9 ug'{kb{5 .
u_ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfnfO{ s;/L
a' g] <
/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf zAb cfkmF}df
;j{xf/f juL{o zAb xf]Og . of]
;'wf/jfbL zAb xf] . xfdLn] ug]{ k'/fgf]
/fHo;Qfdf 6fn6' n , x] / km] / jf
;dfof]hg xf]Og . k'/fgf] /fHo;Qfsf]
lj36g, Wj+; / gofF /fHo;Qfsf]
lgdf{0f xf] . /fHosf] k'g;{/+ rgf eg]sf]
k| l tlqmofjfbL ju{ s f] cfwf/e" t
lxt;Fu gaflemg] u/L ul/g] clwstd
;'wf/ dfq xf] . xfdL Tof] clwstd
;'wf/nfO{ ToxL xb;Dd :jLsf/ ug{
tof/ x'G5f}F, hlt To;sf] ;Ldfaf6
k/ tGsfP/ xfd|f]ju{sf] lxtdf lng
;S5f} . ;}4flGts kdf g} /fHosf]
k' g ;{ + / rgf eGg' dfS;{ j fbsf]
dfGotf;Fu d]n gvfg' xf] . /fHosf]
cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf eGg lalQs}
To;n] hgjfbL ;Qfsf] ;f/nfO{
;Daf] w g ug{ ;Sb} g . /fHo
c+ t /a:t' / zflGtk| l qmofnfO{
lg:sif{df k'ofpg ;Ddfghgs ;]gf
;dfof]hg tyf k'g:{ yfkgsf d'2fdf
km/flsnf] 5ftL agfP/ ;fy} ;xdlt
ug'{ xf] eg] zflGt k|lqmof / ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fsf] sfd ;DkGg geP ;Ddsf
nflu ;/sf/sf] g]tT[ j dfcf]jfbLnfO{
lbg' cfZjs 5 ;a{q cfnf]lrt aGb}
uPsf] ;/sf/nfO{ /flhgfdf lbg] af6f]
/f]lsg', dfwj g]kfnnfO{ yk cnf]slk|o
agfpg' / d'ns ' nfO{ g} aGws agfP/
/fVg' ;fy} /Stkftsf] lbzfdf
b]znfO{ xf]Dg' klg xf] /fHo;QfnfO{
cfgf] k} l qs clwsf/ 7fGg]
afx|l;\u]sf] nflu s[lqd tfn
s~rgk'/ . z'Snfkm6f jGohGt'
cf/Ifdf /x]sf k|fs[tLs tfnx j9\bf]
udL{;u+ } ;'Sg yfn]k5L s[lqd tfnsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . afx|l;\uf
nufotsf cGo hgfj/xsf] ;+/If0fsf
nflu z'SnfkmfF6f jGohGt' cf/Ifn] s[lqd
tfnsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] xf] . ;'Vvfofd;u}
kfgLsf] cefjdf ljleGg /f]uaf6
;+qmldt ePsf]n] tfnsf] Joj:yf cf/If
sfo{fnon] hgfPsf] 5 . a};fvsf] klxnf]
;ftfaf6 vf]/t] /f]uaf6 bh{gf} hgfj/sf]
d[To' ePkl5 cf/Ifn] s[lqd tfnsf]
Joj:yf u/L kfgL 5f8g] sfo{ u/]sf]
5 . cfwf bh{g afx|l;\un ] ] vf]/t]
/f]uaf6 Hofg u'dfPkl5 /f]u lgoGq0f
ug{ kfgL / lxnf] rflxg] ePsf]n] tfnsf]
Joj:yf u/L kfgLsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
cf/Ifsf k| d ' v huGgfy l;xn]
atfpg'eof] .
kfgL / lxnf]df lx8bf / a:bf vf]/t]
/f]u lgbfg x'g] kz' lrlsT;ssf] ;'emfj
cg';f/ kfgLsf] nflu tfn lgdf{0f u/L
;Qf;DaGwL xfd|f] dfGotf xf], ljBdfg
k'/fgf] /fHo;Qfsf] lj36g / gofF /fHo
;Qfsf] lgdf{0f ug{' xf] .
3_ hUuf lkmtf{ jf qmflGtsf/L
e" l d;' w f/ <
bnfn tyf gf]s/zfxL k'FhLklt
ju{sf] /fhg}lts k|ltltlw g]kfnL
sfFu;| n] hUuf lkmtf{sf] gf/fnfO{ a8f]
hf] 8 bf/ 9n] p7fpg] ub{ 5 .
/fhgLltdf kLFw gePsf] nf]6f h:tf]
Pdfn] p;s} kl5 xFdf xfF ldnfp5 .
hUuf lkmtf{sf] gf/f hldgbf/nfO{
kIfkf]if0f ug]{ sfo{qmd xf] . qmflGtsf/L
e"ld;'wf/sf] gf/f h;sf] hf]t p;sf]
kf]tnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{, e"ldxLg,
ul/a ls;fg / ;'s'daf;Lxsf]
kIfkf]if0f ug]{ sfo{qmd xf] . b'O{j6f
leGg ju{sf] ;]jf ug]{ sfo{qmdsf]
aLrdf ;Demf}tf ug'{sf] cy{ ju{
;dGjo ug{' xf] . ju{ ;dGjon]
slxn] klg pTkLl8t ju{sf] ;]jf ug{
;Sb}g . xfd|f] gf/f / sfo{qmd xf]
qmflGtsf/L e"ld;'wf/ nfu" ug{' .
_ o;cl3sf] cw{ ; } G o ;+ / rgf
lj36g jf k" 0 f{ ;' b [ 9 Ls/0f <
jfOl;Pn g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;]jf
ug{] o'jfh:tf xf] . hgtfsf] d'lQm
b:tf xf] . o;sf] lj36g ug'{ qmflGtsf]
lj36g ug'{ xf] . g]kfnL sfFu; | n] t?0f
bn, Pdfn]n] o'jf ;+3 / o'ykmf];,{
dw] z L kf6L{ x n] cfgf ;z:q
;d" x x u7g u/] s f 5g\ t/
pgLx lrRofpFb}5g\ o;cl3sf]
lj36g tTsfn x'g' k5{ . pgLx
hgtfnfO{ lgz:q ug{ rxfG5g\,
sdhf]/ agfpg rfxG5g\, aGb'ssf]
h'jf d'lg /fv]/ zf;g ug{ rfxG5g\ .
xfd| f ] gf/f / sfo{ q md x' g ' k 5{
o;cl3sf] ;'b9[ Ls/0f . jfOl;Pnsf]
lj:tf/ . jfOl;Pn sf] k|efjsf/L
e"ldsf lgwf{/0f . xfd|f] cfwf/e"t
lxt;Fu gaflemg] ju{ b[li6sf]0fx
log} x'g\ . o;sf] andf 6]s]/ dfq}
xfdL cufl8 a9\g ;S5f}F . ljho jf
k/fho xfd|f] ;xL jf unt ljZj
b[li6sf]0fn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ 5 .
-n]vs clvn -qmflGtsf/L_ s]Gb|Lo
;ldltsf pkfWoIf x'g'x'G5 .+_
dfgl;stfnfO{ g} clxn] ;xdltsf]
d'Vo afws eP/ ;/sf/ kS8o
v8fePsf] 5 . cGttM ;xdtLo
kblt cg';f/ cl3 al9Pg eg]
/fhgLlts uTo/f]ws cGTo u/L gofF
nf]stflGqs, ;+3Lo, wd{lg/kRo,
u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut u/L sxNo} 6'f]df
k'Ug ;lsb}g of] jf:tljstf ;a}
bnxnfO{ yfx gePsf] xf]Og t/ klg
pgLx Pp6} w/ftndf v8f x'g
cfgfsfgL ul//x]sf 5g o; cj:yf
klg /fli6o ;xdltg} cfhsf] cjZso
xf] o;df bnxsf] Wofg hfcf]; .
s6f/L%pbok'/ xfn O/fs
kfgL xfn]sf] pxfFn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .
cf/Ifleqsf s[lqd tyf k|fs[lts
tfndf jf]l/af6 kfgL xfNg yflnPsf]
5 . /f]u /f]Sg k|fs[lts /fgL, jfjf
nufot s[lqd u/L @@ tfndf kfgL
xflnPsf] 5 . jGohGt'df nfu]sf] vf]/t]
/f]u cem} lgoGq0fdf gcfPsf] cf/Ifn]
hgfPsf] 5 . aflx/af6 k|jz ] kfPsf
kz'kIfLaf6 /f]u lelqPsf] cfz\sf
cf/Ifn] u/]sf] 5 .
5f]/f;/x
5f]/LnfO{ klg
:s'n k9\g
k7fcf}+ .
@)^& ;fn h]7 !^ ut] cfOtaf/
;ftfsf] s'/fsfgL
) tkfO{ + x n] k| w fgdGqLn ]
/fhLgfdf glbP;Dd
;+ l jwfg;efsf] Dofb gyKg]
c8fg /fVb} cfpg' e Psf]
lyof] , t/ clGtd cj:yfdf
cfP/ k|wfgdGqLsf] /fhLgfdf
lag} ;+ l jwfg;efsf] Dofb
yKg ;xdlt hgfpg'sf] d'Vo
sf/0f s] xf] <
hgtfsf] rf}tkmL{ bafa / tLg
bnsf pRr g] t fxaLr ePsf]
;xdltsf] cfwf/df dfwj g]kfnn]
cfgf] x7 5f8]sf 5g\ . pgL Psbd
k5fl8 x6]sf 5g\ . h;sf] sf/0f
d'n's zflGt / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf]
dfu{df Ps sbd cufl8 a9]sf]
dx;' ; xfdLn] u/] s f 5f} F .
k|wfgdGqLsf] /fhLgfdf;Fu} ;xdlt /
;xsfo{sf] cfwf/df d'ns ' nfO{ lgsf;
lbg /fli6o ;+oQ' m ;/sf/ u7gk|lqmof
cufl8 a9fpg] ;t{ d f xfdLn]
;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb yKg ;xdt
ePsf xf}F .
cfk;L ;dembf/L / ljZjf;sf] cfwf/df
ul/Psf] x:tfIf/Lt ;xdlt sfof{Gjog
u/fpg sfFu|];, Pdfn]sf ;fyLx k5fl8
x6\5g\ h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g . olb
;xdlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf pxfFx
k5fl8 x6\g' eof] eg] Pdfn] sfFu;]| sf]
cGTo x'g5] .
;]gf ;dfof]hg / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
k|lqmof ;u;u cufl8 a9\5 . ;+ljwfg
3f]if0ff;u} ;]gf ;dfof]hg x'G5 . of] b'O{
k|lqmof ;u;u} cufl8 a95 Pp6f cl3
csf]{ kl5 x'b g
} .
h;/L hgtfsf] va/bf/Lsf sf/0f
jt{dfg u7aGwg ;/sf/sf
k|wfgdGqLn] /fhLgfdf lbg] ;xdlt
aGof] . cfufdL lbgdf klg hgtfsf]
bafa af6} ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff x'G5 .
) tkfO{ + x aLr s' g s' g a' F b fdf
;xdlt eof] k| i 6 kfl/lbg' ; \
g <
zflGt / ;+ l jwfg lgdf{ 0 fsf]
k|lqmofnfO{ lgZsif{df k'ofpg d'Vo
afws 7flgPsf] jt{dfg u7aGwg
;/sf/sf] jlxu{dg clxn]sf] d'Vo
cfjZostf lyof] . d'Vo kdf xfdLn]
b'O{ cf]6f s'/fdf ;xdlt hgfPsf 5f}F .
klxnf] pxfFxsf] tk{maf6 k|wfgdGqLsf]
tTsfn /fhLgfdf cfpg] / xfd|f] tk{maf6
;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb yKg ;xdlt
hgfpg] sfd eof] . d'Vo ;xdlt eg]s}
k|wfgdGqLsf] /fhLgfdf xf] .
) k6sk6s /fhLgfdf lbG5'
eGb } e' m Sofp F b } cfPsf
k | w fgdGqLn ] o;k6s
/fhLgfdf lbg] d f tkO{ + x
s;/L ljZj:t x' g ' e of] <
d'Vo s'/f ;xdltsf] xf] . tLg
bnsf zLif{:y g]tfxaLr tLg a'Fb]
;xdlt kqdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] 5 .
To;dWo]sf] Pp6f a'bF fdf k|wfgdGqLn]
;+3if{s} aLraf6 ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f k|lqmof cl3 a9\5
hgtfsf] rf}tkmL{ bafa / tLg bnsf pRr g]tfxaLr ePsf]
;xdltsf] cfwf/df dfwj g]kfnn] cfk\mgf] x7 5f8]sf 5g\ .
xf], ca xfdL ;8s / ;/sf/ b'a} 7fpaf6 cfGbf]ng
cufl8 a9fp5f}+ .
;xdlt eg]s} k|wfgdGqLsf] /fhLgfdf xf] .
g]qljqmd rGb| ljKnj :yfoL ;ldlt ;b:o, P=g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_
/fhLgfdf lbg] ;xdlt ul/Psf] 5 .
cfk;L ;dembf/L / ljZjf;sf]
cfwf/df ul/Psf] x:tfIf/Lt ;xdlt
sfof{Gjog u/fpg sfFu|];, Pdfn]sf
;fyLx k5fl8 x6\5g\ h:tf] dnfO{
nfUb}g . olb ;xdlt sfof{Gjog ug]{
qmddf pxfFx k5fl8 x6\g' eof] eg]
Pdfn] sfFu; ]| sf] cGTo x'g5
] . pxfFx
hLjgd/0fsf] cj:yfdf k'Ug' x'g5 ] .
cfk}Fm k'l/g] vfN8f] cfk}Fm vGg Pdfn]
sfFu|]; tof/ xf]nfg\ h:tf] dnfO{
nfUb}g .
) hgtfnfO{ b' O { jif{ d f lbg
g;lsPsf] ;+ l jwfg ca Ps
jif{df lbg ;Sg' x'G5 t <
hgtfnfO{ hgd'lv ;+ljwfg lbg]
s'/f n8fO;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . hgtfsf]
rf}tkmL{ bafaaf6 zflGt / ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fsf] Pp6f cj/f]w x6fpg xfdL
;kmn ePsf 5f}F . ;+ljwfg ;lhnf]
u/L aG5 eGg] Uof/f]G6L 5}g . ;+3if{s}
aLraf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof cufl8
a9\5 . xfd|f] kf6L{ hgtfnfO{ l56f]eGbf
l56f] hgd'lv ;+ljwfg lbg hf]8tf]8n]
nflu/x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] of] k|of; clGtd
cj:yf;Dd klg hf/L /xG5 .
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g glbg] tTjxsf]
e08fkmf]/ ub}{ cfufdL Ps jif{leq
hgtfnfO{ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq
;+:yfut ePsf] ;+ljwfg lbg xfd|f]
kf6L{ sl6a4 5 .
) sfFu|];, Pdfn]n] p7fpFb} cfPsf
jfOl;Pn / 3/hUufsf]
ljifodf bnxaLr s ]
;xdlt ePsf] 5 <
xfdLn] clxn] of] d'2fnfO{ h?/L
7fg]gf}F . o; ljifodf nfdf] ;dob]lv
5nkmn x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;xdlt /
;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df g} jfOl;Pn /
3/hUufsf] d' 2 f cufl8 a9\ 5 .
dfcf]jfbLn] nfdf] ;dob]lv cufl8
;fb}{ cfPsf d'2fx clxn] cfP/ ;xL
k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . cfufdL lbgdf
klg dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ hgtf / /fi6nfO{
wf]sf gx'g] u/L cufl8 a9\5 .
) ca, ;+ l jwfg lgdf { 0 f /
;] g f;dfof] h g k| l qmof s;/L
cufl8 a9\ 5 <
xfdLn] klxn]b]lv g} eGb} cfPsf
5f}F ;]gf ;dfof]hg / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
k|lqmof ;Fu;Fu cufl8 a9\5 . ;+ljwfg
3f]if0ff ;Fu} ;]gf ;dfof]hg x'G5 . of]
b'O{ k|lqmof ;Fu;Fu} cufl8 a95 Pp6f
cl3 csf]{ kl5 x'Fb}g .
) eg] k l5 casf] Ps jif{ d f
hgd' l v ;+ l jwfg cfpg] d f
hgtf 9'Ss eP x'G5 t <
of] s'/f hgtfn] ug]{ ;+3if{df
e/k5{ . h;/L hgtfsf] va/bf/Lsf
sf/0f jt{dfg u7aGwg ;/sf/sf
k|wfgdGqLn] /fhLgfdf lbg] ;xdlt
3
aGof] . cfufdL lbgdf klg hgtfsf] jif{leq ;'lglZrt x'G5 eg]/ a9fpF5f}F . g]kfnL qmflGtnfO{ k"0f{tfdf
bafa af6} ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff x'G5 . hgtfnfO { cfZj:y kfg ] { n}hfg] g} xfd|f] d'Vo Wo]o xf] . To;sf]
hgtfsf] v/abf/L sfod eO/x]df cfwf/x s] 5g\ < nflu ;8s ;bg / ;/sf/sf]
cfufdL Ps jif{df ;+ljwfg cfpg] dfcf]jfbLn] slxNo} klg hgtfnfO{ df]rf{af6 xfd|f] cfGbf]ng lg/Gt/
lglZrt 5 . wf]sf x'g] sfd ub}{g . hgtf cfgf] cufl8 a9\5 .
) tkfO{ + x n ] ;8saf6 xsclwsf/ c;'/lIft ePsf] sbflk ) cGTodf, cfd hg;d'bfonfO{
;+ l jwfgsf] vfsf ;fj{ h lgs ;xF b } g g\ . dfcf] j fbLn] hgtf / s] x L eGg rfxg' x ' G 5 <
ug' { e of] , To;sf] sf/0f s] /fi6nfO{ s]Gb| ljGb'df /fv]/ cufl8 d}n] klxNo} b]lv g} tkfO{+xsf]
xf] < a9]sf] x'gfn] zflGt / ;+ljwfg klqsfdfk{mt\ eGb} cfPsf] 5', gofF
xfdLn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] hgtfsf] rf}tkmL{ bafadf ;kmn x'G5 7fpFdf k'u]/ dfq ;d:of ;dfwfg
vfsf ;fj{hlgs eof] . ;fj{hlgs eGg]df xfdL ljZj:t 5f}F . x'G5 . ;fgfltgf 36gfqmdaf6 lg/f;
eO;s]kl5 rf}tkmL{ kdf cfpg] ) ca tkfO{ + x sf] cfGbf] n g geO{ xfdL cufl8 a9\gk' 5{ . ;a}nfO{
;'emfjsf] cfwf/df xfdL cufl8 ;8saf6 geP/ ;/sf/af6 ;xLaf6f]df NofP/ b]znfO{ ljhoL
a9\5f}F . ;'emfjs} cfwf/df xfdLn] x'g] xf] < u/fpg cufl8 a9\g'k5{ . To;sf]
;fj{hlgs ug]{ ;+ljwfgsf] 9fFrfdf xf], ca xfdL ;8s / ;/sf/ nflu ;Dk"0f{ hg;d'bfonfO{ tof/ /xg
k]m/abn x'G5 . b' a } 7fpF a f6 cfGbf] n g cufl8 clkn ub{5' .
) kl5, tkfO{ + x n] ToxL
;+ljwfgsf] vfsf nfu" u/fpg' hgtfnfO{ hgd'lv ;+ljwfg lbg] s'/f
x' G 5 <
;+ljwfg nfu" ug{ s} nflu lgdf{0f n8fO;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . hgtfsf]
ul/Psf] x'G5 . lglZrt kdf xfdL,
xfdLn] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] ;+ljwfgsf]
rf}tkmL{ bafaaf6 zflGt / ;+ljwfg
vfsf nfu" u/fpg k|lta4 5f}F .
xfdLn] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] ;+ljwfgsf]
lgdf{0fsf] Pp6f cj/f]w x6fpg xfdL
vfsf nfu" u/fpg ;+ljwfg;efdf ;kmn ePsf 5f}F . ;+ljwfg ;lhnf]
;Sbf] k|of; ug]{5f}F .
) ca aGg] /fli6 o ;/sf/sf] u/L aG5 eGg] Uof/f]G6L 5}g . ;+3if{s}
g]tT[ j s;n] ug]{ eGg] ljifodf
bnxaLr ;xdlt ePsf] xf] < aLraf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof cufl8
tLg bnaLr ePsf] ;xdltdf a9\5 . xfd|f] kf6L{ hgtfnfO{ l56f]eGbf
s;n] g]tT[ j ug]{ eGg] ljifodf ;xdlt
ePsf] 5} g . ;/sf/sf] g] t [ T j l56f] hgd'lv ;+ljwfg lbg hf]8tf]8n]
hgfb] z sf] cfwf/df x' g ] 5 .
hgfb]zsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ xf] eg] /fli6o nflu/x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] of] k|of; clGtd
;+oQ ' m ;/sf/sf] g]tT[ j ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
cj:yf;Dd klg hf/L /xG5 .
kf6L{ x''g'sf] gftfn] dfcf]jfbLn] ug{
kfpg'k5{ .
) eg ] k l5, casf ] /fli6 o
;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj k|r08n] g}
ug' { x ' G 5, xf] O g < dfcf]jfbLn] slxNo} klg hgtfnfO{ wf]sf x'g]
g]tT[ j s;n] ug]{ eGg] ;Gbe{df
ax; tyf 5nkmn x'g;S5 . xfd|f] sfd ub}g{ . hgtf cfk\mgf] xsclwsf/
s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] lg0f{o cg';f/
;/sf/sf] g]tT[ j cWoIf k|r08n] g} c;'/lIft ePsf] sbflk ;xFbg} g\ . dfcf]jfbLn]
ug'x{ g' 5
] .
hgtf / /fi6nfO{ s]Gb| ljGb'df /fv]/ cufl8
) tkfO{ + x n] hgtf tyf
sfo{ s tf{ n fO{ k| w fgdGqLsf] a9]sf] x'gfn] zflGt / ;+ljwfg hgtfsf]
/fhLgfdf gcfP;Dd
;+ l jwfg;efsf] Dofb yKg rf}tkmL{ bafadf ;kmn x'G5 eGg]df xfdL
;xdlt hgfpFb}gf}F eGb} cfpg'
ePsf] lyof] , t/ /fhLgfdf ljZj:t 5f}F .
lag} ;xdlt hgfpg' e of]
o;n] sfo{ s tf{ n fO{ t s] x L
rf] 6 k' ofof] xf] n f lg <
xfdLn] sfo{stf{x;Fu 5nkmn ;/sf/sf] g]tT[ j hgfb]zsf] cfwf/df x'g5 ] .
u/]/} Dofb yKg] lg0f{o u/]sf xf}F .
/fhLgfdf Ps vfnn] cfof] eGg]df hgfb]zsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ xf] eg] /fli6o ;+oQ ' m
xfdL 9' S s 5f} F . To;sf/0f
sfo{stf{x lg/fzf x'gk' g]{ s'g} sf/0f ;/sf/sf] g]tT[ j ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kf6L{ x'g' s' f]
5 h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g .
) zflGt / ;+ljwfg cfufdL Ps gftfn] dfcf]jfbLn] ug{ kfpg'k5{ .
4 @)^& ;fn h]7 !^ ut] cfOtaf/
;]gf ;dfof]hg M g]kfnn] s;/L lhTg]
bLks af:tfsf] 6 L
g]kfnn] !) jif{;Dd cfg} e"lddf
g]kfnL bfh'efO, lblbalxgLlj?4
g]kfnLx g} ;lDdlnt o'4 a]xf]of]
h;sf] andf @$) jif{b]lv sfod
/fhtGqsf] cGTo eO{ e}F;L r/fP/
x'ls{Psf] ;j{;fwf/0f b]z k|d'v;Dd
aGg ;Sg] u/L kl/jt{g ul/lbof] .
ca o'4sf] cf}lrTotf, pknlAwtf
lx;fa u/]/ cxFsf/sf] /fhgLlt
ug{eGbf lgs6 cufl8 cfOk'u]sf]
;d:ofxnfO{ ;dfwfg ub}{ s/f]8f}F
g]kfnLxsf] eljio pAHofpg sl:;g'
a'l4dQf 7xl/g]5 . ;fFRr}, dfgjLo
;+j]bgf, dgf]lj1fg g} xf] cfgf]
kl/jf/sf] Kof/f] ;b:o u'dfpg' /
l5d]sL u'dfpg' w]/} km/skm/s
kbf]/{ x]5 . o'4sfnsf] Pscsf{sf] tkm{
Pscsf{n] k'ofPsf] Iflt tyf bnx
k|ltlqmof / k|ltzf]wsf] /fhgLlttkm{
pBt ePsfn] ubf{ g} clxn] g]skf
dfcf]jfbL / ;QfkIf ljz]ifu/L g]kfnL
sfFu|];sf aLrdf ;xdlt eP/ hfg
sl7g ePsf] b]lvG5 . d"ntM /fhtGq
;dfKt ug{] p2]Zo af]sL ;z:q o'4
;' ? u/] s f] dfcf] j fbLsf lj?4
lul/hfk| ; fb, b] p jfnufotsf
;/sf/x /fhtGqsf] 9fn ag]/ /
ufpFufpF;Dd /x]sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf
sfo{stf{x cfgf] kf6L{sf] ;/sf/sf]
9fn ag]/ al;lbFbf tNnf] txsf w]/}
hgtfx cgfxsdf Hofg u'dfpg
afWo eP / Pscsf{sf zq'sf kdf
Jojxf/ x'g] l:ylt cfOkof] . o;}
;Gbe{df Pp6f /f]rs cg'ej 5,
xfdLn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj ePsf]
jif{ x'gfn] xfd|f] ufpFaf6 o'4df Hofg
u' d fPsfxnfO{ lagf e] b efj
;Demgf:jk kmf]6f] /fVg] eg]/
tLghgf ;/sf/ kIfn] xTof u/]sf] /
tLghgf g]kfn k|x/L, g]kfnL ;]gfdf
sfd ubf{ d[To' ePsf] u/]/ hDdf
5hgfsf] tl:j/ 5fk] s f lyof} F .
k|sflzt ePkl5 dfcf]jfbLsf lhNnf
g]tfn] lsg o;/L xfd|f] ;lxb of]4f /
zq'sf] kmf]6f] nx/} /fv]/ k|sflzt
u/]sf] eg]/ xKsfP . jf:tjdf d[To'
a]xf]/]sf] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf hjfg
dfcf]jfbLsf] zq' x'g} ;Sy]g, pm zq'
lyof] t afa'nfO{ hLjge/ xnL ag]/
csf] af/Ldf hf]ltg' kg]{ / cfgf]
C0f slxNo} r' S tf gx' g ] rng
a;flnlbg] /fHo;Qfsf] . b'ef{Uo,
p;sf] afa'nfO{ xnL agfpg] kl/jf/
g]skf dfcf]jfbL ;dy{s / p g]skf
dfcf]jfbLsf] zq' eOlbof] . xnL afa'sf]
d[ T o' ePkl5 PSnL cfdfsf]
e/0fkf]if0fsf nflu ;]gfdf etL{ ePsf]
lyof] pm . vfnL cfgf] ;]gfdf
gcfPsf]df g} u/La p, zq' x'g] /
cfgf] kf6L{nfO{ ;xof]u ul/6f]kn]s}
e/df ;fdGtL ;f] r fO ePsf
ufpFufpFsf hghfltx, a|fXd0fx,
rt' / Joj;foLx, slxn] s fxLF
ck/fwLx;Dd klg ldq x'g] eGg]
kIfkftL efjgf t'?Gt TofUg' h?/L
5 . ca tL jLeT; lbgsf zq'tfsf]
b[li6 tTsfnLg ;QfkIf / dfcf]jfbL
ldn]/ km]g{ clxn]sf] r'gf}tL xf] /
eljiosf] nflu ckl/xfo{ klg clxn]
km]/L ;DklQ lkmtf{, jfOl;Pnsf] ;}lgs
;+/rgf e, gful/s kf6L{ x'gk' g{] eGg]
cTj yflkPsf] 5 . #) nfv lgz:q
hgftfn] ef]6 lbPsf] kf6L{ gful/s
kf6L{ g} x'g'kg]{ xf] clxn] g} . ;/sf/
lbg' kbf{ ;a} dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;}lgs
b]Vg] / ;]gfsf] Joj:yfkg ug{' kbf{
dfcf]jfbL ;]gf klg ;fwf/0f o'jf b]Vg]
/ ufpFlt/ t];} kmsf{pg'kg]{ eGg] ;f]Rg]
s:tf] crDdsf] lubL xf] <
jfOl;Pnsf] ;}lgs ;+/rgf e u/
clg ;/sf/ rnfpg lbG5f} eGg'
eGbf, k"j{klZrd kxf8L /fhdfu{sf]
afFsL efu ltd|f] jfOl;Pn nufP/ !
dlxgf, @ dlxgfdf ;s gq ltd|f]
;/sf/nfO{ xfdL ;dy{g ub}{gfF} eg]/
lsg eGg g;s] s f] <
k~rfotsfnb]vL /fHo ;Qfsf] andf
l;Q}df, csf] hfnem]n u/L x8k]/
jf cGo s'g} pkfPn] hf]8LPsf] s]xL
;Lldt JoStL kl/jf/sf] ;of}s F f ;of}
la3f hldg / em'kf| ] agfpg] 7fpF
klg gePsf nfvf}+ hgtfx aLrsf]
;Gt' n g slDtdf klg ldnfP/
n}hfgsf] vflt/ j}1flgs e'ld;'wf/
ug{ eGg] klg ;Demf}tfdf g} lyof] .
k6sk6s ;Demf}tf k'/f ug{e' Gbf klg
cfcfgf] :jfy{k'/f ug{ af6f]df
csf]{nfO{ k|of]u ub}{ lxF8\g] tl/sfn]
ul/of], h'g ljBfyL{ zAbsf] k|of]u /
cfkm'v';L To;nfO{ JofVof ug{]
u/]sf]af6 klg ;xh} a'g ;lsG5 .
cGo ljifonfO{ kG5ofP/ ;] g f
Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6} d'2fdf clxn]
;a}sf] Wofg uPsf] b]lvG5 h'g o'4sf]
bL3{ s fnLg ;dflKtsf] dxTjk" 0 f{
v'8\lsnf] klg xf] . xfn g]kfnL
sfFu|];nufot cGo ;/sf/ ;dly{t
g]tfx / cg'bf/ ;]gfsf clws[tx
dfcf] j fbL ;] g fnfO{ h;/L x' G 5
l5GgleGg kfg]{, pgLxn] lht]sf]
h:tf] b]lvg] u/L s'g} klg lsl;dsf]
Joj:yf gug]{ dgl:yltdf b]lvG5g\
. xfn} lkP;cf]sf] lg0f{o eg]/ ev{/}
aflx/ cfPsf] ;dfrf/df klg ;]gfdf
;d"xut kdf s;}nfO{ klg lng
g;lsg] eg]/ n]lvPsf] 5 .
s] ;fFRr} xfd|f] g]kfnL ;]gf ;/sf/L
bnxn] eg]sf / ;f]rs ] f h:t} b]zsf]
kl/jlt{t cj:yf;Fu d]n vfg] 5 xf]nf
t < s]nfP/ x]g{ h?/L 5 . g]kfnL
;]gfsf] j]ak]hdf g]kfndf ;dfj]zLsf]
;/sf/L wf/0ff / gLltg} gePsf]
a]nfdf klg ;]gfdf u'?, du/, lnDa',
/fO{, tdf, dw];Lxsf] nflu #,(%)
sf] ;+Vof cyf{t\ hDdf $ bzdna
$ k|ltzt cf/If0f ul/Psf] atfP/
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cfjfh b]zdf k|z:t
;'lgPsf] eGb} ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] pTs[i6
gd'gf k]; ul/Psf] 5 . t/ ToxLF
hgfOPcg';f/, IfqLsf] g]kfndf ;+Vof
!% b;dna *) k|ltzt 5 / g]kfnL
;]gfdf pSt hfltsf] k|ltlglwTj $!
b;dna *% -(),@@^ dWo] #&,&^@
hgf IfqL _ 5 . cGo #! j6f
hfthflt ;d" x xn] afF s L %*
b;dna !% k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj ug]{
cj;/ kfPsf /x]5g\ . g]kfnLxnfO{
d'Vo n8fs'sf] kdf b]v]/ cfgf]
;]gfdf /fv]sf] la|l6z uf]vf{df OG8f]
df]lnog ;d"xdf kg]{ u'?, du/,
lnDa', ls/ftL / tdfsf] dfq 5gf}6
x'bF f]/x]5 . oLtYoxn] b'Oj{ 6f s'/fx
k|:6 atfp5g\ -!_ g]kfnL ;]gfdf
cNk;+Vos If]qLxsf] afx'Notf 5
To;df klg dflyNnf] bhf{xdf -@_
xfn;Ddsf] xfd| f ] g] k fnL ;] g f
;/sf/sf] gLltcg';f/ rNg] ;+:yf
xf]Og, of] cfcfg} tl/sfn] rN5 .
g]kfnL ;]gfdf IfqLxsf] afx'No b]lvg',
;]gfsf] emG8fdf lqz'n / 8d? c+lst
x'g' lxGb' j0ff{>daf6 lgb]{lzt x'g'sf]
pbfx/0f xf] h;cg' ; f/ IfqLn]
/fhsfh / n8fOF ug{, a|Xd0fn]
k"hfkf7 ug{], j}Zon] Jofkf/ ug]{ /
cGon] oL slyt dflyNnf hfltsf
nflu cfjZos ;a} pks/0fx,
;/;fdfgx tof/ kfg]{ egL lyof] .
o;/L IfqLxsf] af]njfnf x'gd' f b]zdf
/fhtGq x'g', @)%$%% ljqmd
;Djt;Dd ;]gfsf] ;]sG] 8 n]l6g]G6sf]
kbdf b/af/sf], /fli6o k~rfotdf
ks8 hdfPsf g] t fx tyf
axfnjfnf hg{]n, sg]{nsf] cfkmGt,
gftfuf]tf / kx'Frdf dfq egf{ x'g]
rng x'g' xf], cem o'j/fhx t
pSt kbsf nfos eP/ g} hlGdGy] .
;Defljt efjL k|wfg;]gfkltsf]
5gf}6b]lv lnP/ a9'jf b/af/sf]
rfxgf / k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf x'GYof] .
/fhtGq /lx/x]sf] eP zfob} g]kfnsf]
Oltxf; aGg] u/L hghflt /
;j{;fwf/0faf6 klxnf] k|wfg;]gfklt
x'g] cj;/ xfnsf 5qdfgl; u'?n]
k|fKt uy{], ;Dejt pgL u0ftGqsf]
dL7f] kmn vfO/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL ;]gf
ca g/]zsf] /Iff ug{] eg]/ a:g]
cj:yf cfPg . o;sf] sfd b]zsf]
/Iffsf] nflu afXo cfqmd0fsf] ;fdgf
ug{] k"0f{kdf k|ltsf/ ug{ ;Sg]
x} l ;ot geP klg clGtd
cj:yf;Dd_, b]zsf] ;/sf/nfO{ ;'/Iff
dfdnfsf] ;xof] u L x' g ] , b} j L
k|sf]knufot cGo eljtJodf g]kfnL
hgtfnfO{ ;fy lbg] xf] . casf
lbgxdf cfk"mnfO{ bh{g hlt IfqLo
y/sf] 3]/faf6 p7fP/ Ifdtfsf]
cfwf/df g]kfnL df6f]k|lt k|lta4
hf]sf]xL klg pRr :yfgdf k'Ug]
jftfj/0f agfpg ;]gfsf clwsf/Lx
tof/ x'g} k5{ / of] g} nf]stflGqs/0f
ePsf] g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;]gf
x'g5 ] gq u'? ;]gfklt PskN6
ePsf]df g} ;dfj]zL x'g ;Sb}g /
b]zsf] c;n k|ltlaDa klg . s'g}
/fhg}lts ljrf/n] n]; dfG5]nfO{
;]gfdf 3';fpg x'Fb}g eg]/ g]kfnL
;]gfn] eGg] u/]sf] 5 of] pgLx 5gf}6
x'Fbfsf] avt kf/ u/]/ cfPsf] klg
xf] . /fhtGq /xFbf;Dd cem eg'F
clxn] s0f{]n, h0f]{n eP/ ;]jf
ul//x]sf clws[tx ;]jf k|j]z
ubf{ s f] avt kf6L{ x /fhfsf
lj?4df nuftf/ ;ft ;fnb]lv
nfu] s f] x' g fn] b/af/n]
cfgf]cg';f/sf] cg'ofoL tof/ kfg{
s'g} klg kf6L{sf] ultljlwdf gnfu]sf]
JolSt, kl/jf/ x'g'kg]{ eg]/ s;}sf]
lgod xf] . o;sf] dtna ;a} ;]gfsf
JolStx g/]zsf] nflu ;dlk{t
x'gk' g]{ ljrf/n] n]; ul/Psf] xf] . km]l/
csf]{ ;To s] xf] eg] g]kfn k|x/Lsf]
ljleGg kbdf k'Ug tTsfnLg ;Qfsf
jl/k/L /x] s f / ;f] x Lcg' ksf]
l;4fGtn] n]; ePsf] kl/jf/ jf
O:6ldq x'gk' g]{ nueu clgjfo{ h:t}
lyof] @)$* sf] kl/jt{gkl5 . ljrf/
af]Sg gx'g] eGg] s'/f g} xf]Og, To;sf]
k|of]u s;/L x'G5 / s;sf enfOsf
nflu x'G5 eGg] dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] .
;]gfsf hjfgb]lv clws[t;Ddn] klg
ut lgjf{rgdf /fhg}lts kf6L{nfO{
dt lbP / cfcfgf] ljrf/cg';f/
o;sf] k|of]u klg u/] . xfnsf]
kl/jlt{t g]kfndf klg ;}lgs g]tT[ jn]
/f0fftGq / /fhtGq /xFbfsf] k|lqmofdf
cfgf] lg/Gttf vf]Hg' ;dosf]
axfjnfO{ glrGg' xf] / d"v{tf klg .
To;} n ] oyfy{ x nfO{ :jLsf/] /
/fhgLlts bnx;lxt ;a}
;DalGwt kIfxn] a]sf/sf] s'ts{
ug{ 5f8]/ x/]s JolStn] af]Sg]
ljrf/sf] k|of]u efjL lbgdf b]z /
/fli6otfsf] hu]gf{sf] nflu k|of]u x'G5
jf /fi63ftL / ck/fwsf] nflu eGg]
dfq Vofn u/]/ cufl8 kb{5 . ca
g]kfnL ;]gf, /fhf, /f0ff / /fhtGqsf]
k|ToIo dftxtaf6 gful/s ;/sf/
dftxt cfpg] qmd ;'? eO;Sof] eGg]
dfGg' h?/L 5 . /Iff dGqfno slDtdf
klg 5'} v8f ul/Psf] 5 yf]/} g}
lsg gxf]; lgoldt sd{rf/L ;lxt .
ca o;nfO{ cem ;'b[9 ug{, ;'/Iff
kl/ifb\ k|wfgdGqL / ;]gfktL dfq
;lDdlntsf] x'g] cgL k|wfgdGqLsf]
;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/ cfk"m eGbf klg
tNnf]txsf] vq\ofs v'q's g]tf x'g]
nfhdb{ rng vf/]h u/L, kl/jlt{t
ljZjJofkL ;'/Iff cjwf/0ff cg';f/
rNgsf] nfuL ljz]if1tf ;lDdlnt
;'/Iffkl/ifb\ v8f ug{ / To;n] g}
b]zsf] ;a} ;'/Iff;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f
b]vL, kl/rfng ug{ sfd ub}{ hfg]
xf] eg] pko'S{ t af6f]df of] nlDs;s]sf]
5 . /fhtGqsf] cGTo ug{, u/La
;j{xf/f ju{sf] /fHo;Qf sfod ug{
eGg] /f]dflGrt t/ cToGt} si6s/
nIo;fy laut !) aif{;Dd P= g]skf
dfcf]jfbLsf] l;2fGtdf n]; ePsf]
elgPsf] hgd'StL ;]gfsf] Joj:yfkg
u/L b] z nfO{ ax' ; + V os u/La
hgtfsf] pGglt, k|utL, ljsf;sf]
af6f]df 8f]ofpg] sfd ug{ /fhgLlt
u5{ eGg] ;a}sf] clxn]sf] cleef/f
xf] . si6s/ psfnL cf]/fnLx
kf/ u/]/ cfPsf] hgd'StL ;]gf
;fnLg, ;Eo / r]tgzLn o'jfsf]
kdf b]z ljsf;sf] nflu nfUb}g
xf]nf eGg] k|Zg g} cfFpb}g . ;a}
dfcf]jfbL k|lzlIft elgPsf ;]gfnfO{
!(%) eGbf klxn]sf] laNs'n leGg
ljZj k/Lj]zdf hlGdPsf] afbsf]
;]/f]km]/f]df eGbf b]zsf] / hgtfsf]
/Iff ub}{ ljsfzsf] sfo{ef/ lbP/ /
c6]/ ug{nfO{ jf b]znfO{ IftL k'ofpg]
s'g} klg JolStnfO{ ;Vt sf/afxL
ug{' u/]/ pko'St lhDdf lbg' g}
plrt x' g hfG5 . clxn]
SofG6f]gd]G6df /x]sf ;a} ;]gf b]zsf]
/Iff u5f}{, ljsf;df nfU5f} eg]/
af/Daf/ elg/x] s f] a] n fdf t] q f]
Pslqt annfO{ oxL df}sfdf b]zsf]
xLtsf] nflu nufpg'sf] ;f To;nfO{
ltt/ lat/ kfg{ ckx]lnt ug{' kL
lsg nfUg' < xltof/ rnfpg l;kfn'
o'jfxnfO{ g}/fZo kf/]/ ufpF k7fpg'
slt plrt xf]nf < km]/L s]xL To:tf
o'jfsf] g]tT[ jsf] jfOl;Pnaf6 g} ;'Tg
g;lsPsf] s'/f lal;{P/ xhf/f} ToxL
k|s[ltsf] o'jfx ufpF ufpFdf 5l/P/
/xg] l:ylt lsg lgDTofpg' < ;]gfdf,
k|x/Ldf jf cGo If]qdf nufP/ Tof]
phf{ ljsf;kL nufpb} dgf]jl} 1s
tl/sfn] ;fdflhs k'g:{ yfkgf x'g ;xh
x'g] sfo{u/L *!) jif{kl5 cg's"n
kdf XofG8;]s ubf{ s] lau|G5 <
ljb]zdf k7fpg] pkfo ;f]lrPsf] 5
t/ !) aif{;Ddsf] To:tf] sl7g ofqf
c/a, dn]l;of hfg g;s]/ g} u/]sf]
kSs} xf]O{g eGg] ;f]Rg' h?/L 5 .
cfgf] o'jfxnfO{ ljb]zdf laqmL u/]/
cfk"m ;'/lIft ePsf] / x'g] b]Vg' csf]{
e'n x'g5 ] /fhgLlts bnx nufot
c clwsf/Lxsf] . @)%#@)%$
;fnlt/ dfcf]jfbL o'4df w]/} ufFpn]
o'afx ;dflxt x'g] 8/n] dn]l;ofsf]
pi0f h+undf, c/asf] tftf] afn'jfdf
ltgLxnfO{ l;Q}df a]lrof] To;n]
tTsflng kdf o'afsf] sdL o'4df
eof] xf] n f t/ lt 7fpF d f k' u ] /
aflkmPsf] lhGbuLsf] cfqmf] z
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf k|ltlalDat
eof] h'g lk8f, cfqmf]z ;d'Ggt g]kfn
ag]/ cfg} 3/ ufpFdf afa' cfdf
5f] / f 5f] / L;F u /x] / vfg nfpg
gkfpbf;Dd ;fDo gx' g ;S5 .
SofG6f]gd]G6df /x]sf cgk9 7flgPsf
o'jfx tkfO{+xsf 5f]/f 5f]/Lx
/x]sf] cd]l/sf, o'/f]k h:tf d'n'sdf
k7fpg ;lsFbg} xf]nf kSsf klg hxfF
lt hLjg ko{Gt e'lng ;Sy] . t/
km]/L tftf] g} vfg k7fpg] xf] eg]
To;n] lbg] kL8f tkfO{x+ sf] 6fpsf]df
3g ag]/ @$ jif{df g} alh|b}g eGg]
s] Uof/]G6L < *!) xhf/ dfl;s
tna lbP/ !( ;} xhf/ hg;]gf
;lDdlnt #) xhf/ ;]gfsf] ef}lts
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, cfktsflng p2f/
u0f eg]/ g} ePk klg u7g u/]
efO{xfNof] . o;/L *!) jif{sf]
;Ddfghgs s/f/df lng] xf] eg] klg
/fHon] !@!# nfv dfq vr{ ug'{
k5{ k|lt JoStL Tof] klg dfl;s
ls:tfalGbsf] kdf . clxn] g]kfnL
;]gfsf nueu Tolt g} hafgx
axfnjfnf clws[ t jf e' t k" j {
clws[txsf 3/]n' sfdbf/sf kdf
vl6Psf x'g;S5g, of] s6f}tL u/]/
vr{klg Joj:yf ug{;lsG5 . s;}sf]
3/df 3/]n' sfdbf/ rflxG5 eg]
O{h/fondf xhf/f} g]kfnL dlxnfx
ToxL sfd ul//x]sf 5g, sfg'g
agfP/ ;+ / lIft tl/sfn] cfg}
3/xdf nufp . s;}sf] 3/df %*
hgf ;/sf/L 3/]n' sfdbf/ /fVg s/
ltg{ hgtf / p;n] lgdf{0f ug{ ;/sf/
jfWo 5}g / x'g' klg x'Fb}g . c/asf]
tftf] d?e' d L, dn] l ;ofsf]
hnnufot ljZje/ cfgf] kl;gf
a]Rg jfWo nfvf}+ bfh'efO{x, O{h/fPn
/ cGo d'n'sdf ljleGg lsl;dsf]
kL8f / b' M vsf ;fy vl6PsL
dlxnfx, b]z leq / aflx/ a]lrPsL
5f]/Lx, csf] b]zsf] /Iff ug{cfgf]
5f]/L 5f]/fnfO{ 6'x/' f agfO{/x]sf xhf/f}
o'jfx, ljZjdf /]s8{/fVg ;kmn
u/La g]kfnL hgtfxsf] lxt / xfd|f]
5f]/f 5f]/Lsf] ;'Gb/ eljZosf] sNkgf
u/]/ tTsfn plrt lg0f{odf k'u] .
/fhgLlts Jofkf/Lx, ltd| f
/fhgLlts Jofkf/sf] gfkmf 3f6fdf
s/f]8f} hgtf 3f]lng jfWo gkf/ .
csf]{ b]znfO{ a]Rg] xf]Og{ cfgf] b]zsf]
o'af zlStsf] an cfg} b]z lgdf{0f
ug{ vl/b u/] . g] k fnL df6f] d f
aufO{Psf] /ut / klzgfsf] df]n
clxn]sf rlr{t nf]stflGqs g]tfx,
w'/Gw/ ljfgx, kqsfl/tfsf d'wo{
7]sb] f/x, df]bgfy k|l>tsf] pkGof;
rf]/sf cGo g]kfnL rf]/ kfqxn]
yfxf gkfP klg efaL ;GttL /
O{ltxf;n] cjZo kfpg]5 .
ljlrq ;+;f/
xftsf] Ozf/faf6 rNg] df]afOn
o;cl3 6]lnlehg / JolStut sDKo'6/xdf o;k|sf/sf] k|of]u eO;s]sf]
5 . t/ df]afOn kmf]gdf o; k|sf/sf] k|ljlw klxnf] k6s k|of]udf NofOPsf]
5 . tkfO+{df cfgf] df]afOn kmf]g g5f]Osg lgolqt ug{ / xftsf] cf}+nfsf]
Ozf/faf6 rnfpg] OR5f 5 eg] ca Tof] klg k'/f x'g] ePsf] 5aln{gsf] 8r
6]lnsd sDkgLn] Pp6f gofF ;6j]o/ ljsf; ul//x]sf] 5 . h;n] df]afOn
kmf]g j/k/sf] r'DasLo If]q kQf nufp5 . /, ToxL cfwf/df sfd ub{5 .
k|of]ustf{n] cfgf] cf}n
+ fdf r'Das ePsf] kGhfsf/sf] j:t' nufP/ df]afOn
kmf]g lgolGqt ug{ ;Sg]5g . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb kmf]g l/l;e ug{ 5 eg]
df]afOn l:qmgeGbf !) b]lv @) ;]lG6ld6/dfly klg cf}nfnfO{ tndfly
xNnfpFbf kmf]g l/l;e x'g]5 . o;/L g} nfOg sf?g klg ;lsg]5 . olb
df]afOn kmf]gdf Oa's kl9/xg' ePsf] 5 eg] k[i7 kN6fpgsf nflu xfjfdf
cfF}nfnfO{ bfofFafofF 3'dfPkl5 k[i7 kN6g]5 . lbgk|ltlbg df]afOn kmf]g
;fgf] x'bF 5
} eg] ;'ljwf a9bf] 5 . o;nfO{ 5f]P/ jf 6r:lqmgsf] ;xof]uaf6
rnfpg sl7g x'b}5 . To;}n] eljiodf o; k|sf/sf] l/df]6 sG6f]n k|ljlw
nfebfos x'g] kSsf 5 .
cjfl~5t P;PdP;af6 d'lSt
;g k|mflG;:sf] . olb tkfO{+ cfgf] df{6{kmf]gdf cjfl~5t P;PdP;
cfP/ tgfjdf x'g'x'G5 eg] ca cfOkmf]gsf] gofF 6fOu/6]S:6 PlKns]zg
dfq tkfO+s { } nflu xf] . of] PlKns]zgnfO{ cfgf] df]afOndf 8fpgnf]8 u/]/
tkfO+{ dfq ^) ;]s0] 8df o;af6 d'lSt kfpg ;Sg' x'g5 ] . dfr{sf] cGTo;Dd
of] PlKns]zg 6fOu/6]S:6 86 sd gfdsf] j]e;fO6 ;'? x'g5 ] . of] An]sa]/L
df{6s
{ f]g jf PG8fO8 Kn]6km{df rnfOg] df]afOndf dfq 8fpgnf]8 ug{;lsg]5 .
o;df df]afOndf P;PdP; cfpg] ljlQs} tkfO{nfO{ b'O{ ljsNk l8n]6 jf
l/8 b]vfpg]5 . olb tkfO{+n] l8n]6 cK;g 5fGg' eof] eg] Dof;]h ;wF}sf
nflu d]l6g]5 . o;nfO{ ;]e, km/jf8{of skL eg] ug{;lsGg .
;x/sf] gfd g} u'un
6f]ks
] f . cd]l/sL /fHo s];f{;sf] /fhwfgL 6f]ks] fsf] gfd u'un /flvPsf]
5 . ;x/sf d]o/n] of] lg0f{o oxL gfdsf] OG6/g]6 sDkgLnfO{ cfslif{t
ug{df nflu u/]sf x'g . sl/a ;jf nfv cfjfbL /x]sf] of] ;x/sf d]o/ &(
jlif{o lan a'G6]g OG6/g]6 qmflGtnfO{ l7s;Fu t a'b}g t/ pgL tLa|
OG6/g]6 sg]S;gn] ;x/sf o'jfxnfO{ kmfObf k'Ug]df ljZj:t 5g\ . pgn]
;f]daf/ Ps cf}krfl/s sfo{qmddf of] 3f]if0ff u/]sf x'g . dfr{dlxgfdf
;x/sf] gfd 6f]ks ] f xf]Og u'un, s];f{;n] lrlgg] pgn] atfP . of] 3f]if0ffsf]
d'Vo p2]Zo u'unsf] kmfOa/ km/ sDo'lgl6h sfo{qmd k|fKt ug{ xf] .
OG6/g]6 sDkgLn] cd]l/sfsf s]xL :yfgdf gofF OG6/g]6 sg]S;g nufpg]
3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . h;sf] ult cGo :yfgsf] t'ngfdf ;o u'gf a9L
x'g]5 . o;df 8f6f 6fG;km/ b/ Ps uLuf afO6k|lt ;]s]G8 x'g]5 . o;df
?rL /fVg]xn] ;x/nfO{ @^ dfr{Dd u'unnfO{ o;af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'
k5{ . sDkgLsf cg';f/ of] kfOn6 k|f]h]S6sf nflu Ps jf clws ;x/
5gf]6 ug{ 5g\ . dHhfsf] s'/f t !((* d hlta]nf d]o/ hf]cfg jfugfgn]
6LeL zf] jf u]d klsdfgsf] nf]slk|otfaf6 k|efljt eP/ To;sf kfq
lksfr'sf] gfddf ;x/sf] gfd 6f]lksfr' /fv]sf lyP . t/ of] gfd l;km{Ps
lbgsf nflu /flvPsf] lyof] .
gaf]nLsg} df]afOndf s'/fsfgL
xh'/ of] ;Dej x'g]5, Tof] klg lgs} rfF8} . ;f]Rg';\ gaf]lnsg klg
df]afOn kmf]gdf s'/f ug{ kfOg]5, tkfO{+n] dfq cfgf] cf]+7 rnfpg'kg{5 /
tkfO{+sf] sn l/l;e ul//x]sf] JolStn] ToxL lx;fjn] cfjfh ;Gg]5 . of]
cgf}7f] k|ljlwsf] zf]w u/]sf 5g hd{gLsf sfn>' OGi6LRo'6 ckm 6]Sgf]nhLsf
OlGhlgo/xn] . pgLxn] Pp6f cgf}7f] df]afOn l8efO; ljsf; u/]sf
5g, h;n] cf]+7sf] ultljlw k?g ;Sb5 . /, o;af6 lagf s'g} cfjfh
jftf{nfk ;Dej x'g]5 . of] k|lqmof On]S6f]dfof]u|fkmLdf cfwfl/t 5 . o;
k|lqmofdf :gfo'sf ultljlwaf6 pTkGg x'g] On]lS6sn ;+st] x k9]/ To;nfO{
/]sf8{ u/L To;sf] kfGt/0f ub{5 . kmS; Go'hn] lbPsf] ;dfrf/cg';f/
of] l8efO; cf]+7sf] ultljlwnfO{ /]s8{ u/]/ To;nfO{ cfjfhdf abN5 .
o;af6 glhs cfpg] JolStnfO{ cfgf] l/l;e/df cfjfh g} ;'gfOlbg]5 .
en} p;nfO{ kmf]g ug]{ JolSt s]xL gaf]ln/x]sf] xf];\ . of] k|ljlwsf] k|bz{g
xfn} x]gf]j/ ;Lla6 6]8 zf]sf qmddf ul/Psf] lyof] . of] k|ljlw ;'/Iff
Ph]G;L / u'Ktr/ Ph]G;Lsf nflu lgs} dxTjk"0f{ ;fljt x'g]5 .
sDKo'6/sf nflu k'?ifeGbf dlxnf a'g ;xh
sDKo'6/nfO{ :j/ klxrfgdf k'?ifeGbf dlxnf x'g] ub{5 . Ps zf]wsf
cg';f/ cfjfh klxrfg u/]/ sfd ug{ sDKo'6/nfO{ k'?ifsf] ;f dlxnfsf]
cfjfh /fd|f; ] uF a'g] ub{5 . Pl8gju{ ljZjljBfnosf j}1flgsxn] cfgf]
k/LIf0fdf o:tf sDKo'6/x k'?iff/f lbOPsf] lgb]z{ sf] kfngf ug{ ck]Iffs[t
a9L sl7gfO{ dx;'; ub{5g\ eGg] kfPsf 5g\ . cfgf] cWoogsf nflu of]
;+:yfn] j}1flgsxnfO{ s]xL kmf]g sN;sf] ;xof]udf sDKo'6/n] s'/fsfgL
slt a'5g\ eGg]af/] vf]h u/]sf lyP . o; qmddf j}1flgsxn] sDKo'6/
l;:6dn] k'?ifsf] cfjfh klxrfg u/]/ a'g ljkmn ePsf] kfP . o;sf]
sf/0f xf] Ps t of] ls k'?ifsf] cfjfh dlxnfsf] t'ngfdf ef/L x'G5 .
o;af6 pRrf/0f Tolt :ki6 x'Fb}g . sDKo'6/ s}ofF} zAbx a'b}gg\ jf k'gM
b'O{ zAbaLrsf] e]b kQf nufpg ;Sb}gg\ . o;sf ;fy} k'?if af]Nb} ubf{
c/] c cflb zAbsf] lgs} k|of]u ub{5g\ . o;af6 o; k|sf/sf] sDKo'6/
l;:6dsf nflu d"n s'/fsfgL a'g sl7g x'g] ub{5 . c+uh ]| Ldf s]xL zAb
Ps}h:tf nfU5g\ o;af6 klg sl7gfO{ pTkGg x'g] ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu I
saw him / I saw them df e]b 5'6fpg sl7g 5 . t/ dlxnfxsf
nflu I saw her sf] pkof]u x'G5 . o;nfO{ cnUu} klxrfg agfpg ;xh
5 . x/]s dflg;sf] cfjfh cnucnu x'g] ub{5 . To;}n] cfjfh klxrfgnfos
k"0f{ ;Ifd l;:6d tof/ ug{ lgs} sl7g 5 . t/, o; lbzfdf k|of]u /
;+zf]wgsf] k|of; hf/L 5 . o; k|sf/sf] zf]wn] o;nfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug]5 .
@)^& ;fn h]7 !^ ut] cfOtaf/ 5
;xdlt / ;+ljwfgsf] ljsNk 5}g <
l8NnL/fh kf} 8 ] n j:t'ut cfjZostfnfO{ lal;{P/ lge{/ ub{5 . ha bnxn] cf:yf ;d:of s] xf] / ;dfwfg s;/L ug{
o'jf x's
f/
cGof]ndf u0ftGq
;fu/ kGt

;don] 8fF8f sl6;Sbf klg
/fhgLlts bnxsf] a'l4df ;'l4
gknfPsf]n] / cfgf] st{Jokfngf
ug'{eGbf cnfO{ cfnf]rgf ug{d}
;do vr{s ] f]n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{
b'O{ jif{sf] ;do ;lsof] . le/df
v;]kl5 kz'n] klg r]t kfpF5 t/
/fhg}lts bnxdf lhDd]jf/Laf]w
x'g ;s]g . nf]stGq / ;dfj]lztfsf]
gf/f p/fNg] bnx g} ;}Go ;f]raf6
olt u|l;t ePsL aGb's af]Sg]x /
aGb's af]sfpg]x ;xcl:tTjnfO{
lal;{P/ Pscsf{sf] cl:tTj ;dfKt
kfg{ c;kmn sfo{df ;lqmo /x] .
ldn]/ n8\g] / n8]/ vfg] g]kfnL
/fhgLltsf] df}lns ljz]iftf xf] .
lg/\sz' tfsf] lj?4df Ps h'6 x'g]
bnx / aGb'ssf] e/df lg/\sz ' tf
c;Dej 5 eg]/ k|dfl0ft ug{ bnx
g} cGtTjuTjf aGb'sdf ljZjf;
/fv]s}n] nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLn] ult
lng ;s] g . dfcf] j fbL g] k fnL
/fhgLltsf] gofF cEof; xf] .
dfcf]jfbL g]kfnL /fhgLltsf]
Pp6f kf6f] dfq xf] . ha dfcf]jfbL
;Qfaf6 alxu{dg eof] 7Ls ToxLa]nf
Pdfn]sfFu; ]| n] 7"nf] e"n u/] . /fli6o
;xdltsf] ;/sf/ u7g ug{ ' k g] {
abnf :jk dfcf]jfbLnfO{ PSNofP/
slyt\ ax' d tsf] ;/sf/ u7g
ul/of] . o;n] b'O{j6f s'/f Ps} rf]6L
lgdf{0f uof] . Psftkm{ ;/sf/df
lalu|Psf] 5fljnfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] ;'wf/
ug{ plrt ;do k|fKt uof] /
ax'dtLo ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
ug{ g;s] k l5 dfcf] j fbLsf]
cfGbf]ngnfO{ yk dnhn uof] eg]
csf]{tkm{ ;Dk"0f{ bnx Psftkm{ /
l;f] dfcf] j fbL csf] { t km{ x' F b f
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ PSNofpg] xf]Og a?
p;nfO{ Pp6f k"0f{ j}slNks zlStsf]
kdf :yflkt u/fpg] sfd :jod\
Pdfn]sfFu; ]| af6 x'g uof] . k/LIf0fsf]
/fhgLlt ul//x]sf] dfcf]jfbL;Fu
kl/:s[t /fhgLlt u/]sf Pdfn]
sfFu|];n] ;d]t cleefjsLo e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug{s ' f] ;f6f] ab\nfsf] /fhgLlt
u/]s} sf/0fn] nf]stflGqs k|0ffnL
cl:tTjsf] ;+ s 6df kg{ uof] /
;+ljwfgn] d"t { k lng ;s]g .
clxn] ;+ljwfg;ef / To;sf]
x}l;otk|lt k|Zg pl7/x]sf] 5 .
P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{
e]8F fsf] df;' agfOFb} 5 . ;+ljwfg;ef
cfkm}dF f cd"t{ rLh xf] . o;sf] x}l;ot
/ k|efjsfl/tf To;sf] sof{Gjogdf
/ ljZjf;sf] ;+ljwfg;efdf cf3ft
/ abnfsf] gf6\o dGrg / @@ bn
gf6ssf kfq aGb5g\ clg s;/L
ult lnG5 ;+ l jwfg;efn] < of]
;+ljwfg;efsf] xf]Og, k|of]ustf{sf]
sdhf]/L xf] / o;sf] bf]ifL :jod\
bnxg} 5g\ . /fhgLlt ljsNkleqsf]
csf] { ljsNk xf] . ha;Dd
/fhgLltdf xfFl83f]K6] k|j[lQ cGTo
x'bF g} / ;jf]Q { d ljsNksf] rog x'bF g}
/fhgLltn] ult lng ;Sb}g, xfn
g]kfndf b]lvPsf] /fhg}lts ult/f]w
klg oxL k|j[lQsf] pkh xf] . ;/sf/
k|dv ' sf] ljsNk vf]Hg g;Sg] / grfxg]
;f]rs} sf/0f ;+ljwfg;ef 8]8ns x'g
k'us ] f] xf] . clxn]sf] ;jfn ;/sf/ /
;/sf/ k|d'vsf] x'Fb} xf]Og, cfhsf]
lglDt ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fafx]s c s'g}
ljifo d'Vo ljifo aGg ;Sb}g ;fy}
;/sf/ k|dv ' ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] afws
aGg x'Fb}g . ha ;/sf/ k|d'vs}
ljifonfO{ lnP/ /fhgLlts ult/f]w
pTkGg eO;s]kl5 / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
x'g g;s]kl5 ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg
agfpg] sfd xfd| f ] xf] O g eg] /
lhDd]jf/xLg cf]7] hjfkm lbP/ xnf]
c8\sfpg kfOFb}g .
cflv/ lhDd]jf/L s;n] lng] t <
;lsG5 eGg] j:t'ut cWog ub}{
;xcl:tTj / ;femf lhDd]jf/Laf]w
ug{' xf] eg] hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] ;xdltsf]
;femf laGb' sfod ug{'kb{5 / oxL
;femf laGb'af6 ;xdltsf] /fli6o
;/sf/ u7g u/L dfcf]jfbLnfO{
;/sfsf] g}lts aGwgdf kf/]/ ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ ult lbg ;lsG5 .
;/sf/L bof/fleq a;] / olb
dfcf]jfbLn] sfg'gL /fhsf] ckx]ngf
ub{5 eg] p;nfO{ dxfg\ g]kfnL
hgtfn] 7]ufg\ nufpg]5g\ . To;}n]
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;fOhdfkg ug{ sfd
g]kfnL hgtfsf] afx]s s'g} /fhgLlts
bn ljz]ifsf] xf]Og . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
;Nk xf] eg] ;xdlt lglj{sNk xf] .
Kofs]hdf ;xdltsf] lgdf{0f / ;+oS' t
/l:tof ;/sf/ cfhsf] cfjZostf
xf] . oxL ;xdltsf] dfWodn]
wldlnPsf] g]kfnL /fhgLltnfO{ d'lSt
k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf]
:ki6 /f] 8 Dofkn] dfq ;+ l jwfg
lgdf{0fsf] yk ;dofjlwsf] cfwf/ to
ug{ ;Sb5 . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ dxfg\
p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ag]sf] ;femf ;xdltn]
k|i6 /f]8Dofksf cfwf/df hgtfsf]
P]ltxfl;s ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{
;lsG5 .
b'O{ jif{cl3 d'ns ' df lg/\sz ' ;fdGtL /fh;+:yf 9n]/ u0ftGq 3f]if0ff x'bF f
;a}sf] ck]Iff / cg'dfg d'tfljs d'ns ' cufl8 a9\g ;s]g . ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfdf
u0ftGq k|flKtkl5 klg vf;} kl/jt{gsf] pT;fx b]lvPg . d'ns ' sf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgdf u0ftGq zAb pNn]v u/] klg Jojxf/df pxL k'/fgf] z}nL ljBdfg 5 .
b'O{ ;o #* jif{;Dd Ps5q PsfTds /fHoJoj:yfdf d'ns ' nfO{ bfa]/ /fv]sf]
/fhtGqsf] alxu{dg x'g' cfdg]kfnLsf] nflu v';Lsf] kIf lyof] . t/, u0ftGq
aRrfaf6 hjfg x'g gkfpFb} lgdf]l7g] if8\oGq b]vfj6Lkd} x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
;'b/" k"jb{ l] v ;'b/" klZrd;Ddsf g]kfnL hgtfdf u0ftGqsf] of] b'O{ jif]{ afnsn]
s] lbg ;Sof], l;+xfjnf]sg x'g h?/L 5 . u0ftGq g]kfnL hgtfsf] cys
alnbfg / ;+3if{af6 k|fKt ePsf] xf] . b'lgofFsf] ;a}eGbf sfG5f] u0ftGqnfO{
x'sf{pg' xfdL ;a}sf] bfloTj xf] . k|fKt u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ qmd cem}
;DkGg ePsf] 5}g . of] qmd afFsL Ps jif{df ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v u/]/ dfq k"/f
ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ b'O{ jif{df u0ftGq ;+:yfut x'g g;s]kl5
d'ns ' df tLg /fhgLlts bnsf] ;xdltdf Ps jif{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb ylkPsf]
5 . o; cjlwdf klg bnxaLr cfk;L ljZjf; / ;xdlt aGg ;s]g eg]
d'ns ' n] k|fKt u/]sf] sfG5f] u0ftGq hjfg x'g gkfpFb} dg]{ lglZrt 5 . g]kfnsf
bnxaLr g} u0ftGqsf] df]8ndf Jofks lje]b 5, To;sf/0f k|fKt u0ftGq
stflt/ hfg] eGg] cGof]ns} aLrdf cl8/x]sf] 5 . s'g} bn dfcf]jfbLsf] zAbdf
laxf/L u0ftGq h'g ef/tdf /x]h:tf] u0ftGq rfxG5g\ eg] dfcf]jfbL hgtfsf]
;+3Lo u0ftGq h;nfO{ hgu0ftGq gfdn] lrlgG5, Tof] rfxG5 . clxn] g]kfnsf]
u0ftGq stfkl hfG5 eGg] rf;f] ;a}df 5 . d'ns ' u0ftGq ;+:yfut x'g] s'/f
oxL uP/ c8\lsPsf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ dfcf]jfbL hgu0ftGqdf hfg rfxG5 eg]
cGo bnx ;+;bLo u0ftGqeGbf otfplt hfg rfxFbg} g\ . dfcf]jfbL
hgu0ftGqlagf d'ns ' hgtfsf] d'lQm x'g g;Sg] 7fG5 eg] cGo bnx hgu0ftGq
lg/\sz ' x'g] eGb} To;sf] ljkIfLdf v/f] u/L plePsf 5g\ . d'Vo s'/f u0ftGqnfO{
;a}eGbf a9L hgtfsf] kIfdf agfpg' g} xf] .
@)^% h]7 !% ut] ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7sn] cf}krfl/skdf g]kfnnfO{
u0ftGqfTds d'ns ' 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . To;kl5sf] b'O{ jif{sf] aLrdf u0ftGqnfO{

es'G8f] v]n / ;+ljwfg

uf]s'n 9sfn
;fg} 5Fbf sk8fnfO{ kf]sf] kf/L
agfOPsf] kf]s] es'G8f] v]lnGYof],
ufpFdf . kl5 :s"nsf] lg= df= lj=
txb]lv o;f] 5'g;Dd kfOGYof], :s'nsf]
es'G8f] jf elnan . cfk"m ;fgf] sbsf]
ePsf]n] 7Uy] ;a}n] . /x/ x'Fbf klg
5'g / v]Ng kfO{bg} Yof] . slxn] slxn]
t 5'g gkfPsf] l/;n] :s'nd'gL
enfof] l6Kg hfFbf d}bfgaf6 s;}n]
:of6/ xfg] s f] an cfof] eg]
of{ Q ' S s] s f] sf+ 8 fn] 3f] r ] / xfjf
km':sfOlbGy], d ansf] . xfkm 5'ldf
dnfO{ ;a}n] elnansf] /]lk|m agfp+y] .
;fyL / df:6/xsf 38L afFof
xfte/L af]s/] bfFof xftn] /]lk|m l;l7
km'Sy],+ d . hLjgdf w]/} al9Pg, To;}n]
/x/ nfu] klg hfFu/ k'ofP/ elnan
slxNo} v]lnPg . ;le{; u/]/ g]6
s6fpg rfF x L dHhfn] ;S5' .
k/b]zdf eP klg xKtfdf Psb'O
lbg ;fyLx e]6\g] lgxF+n] cfhsfn
xfdL es'G8f] v]Ng yfn]sf 5f}+ . cfgGb
cfpFbf] /x]5 . v]Nof], ljb]zL kfgL
lkof], ToxL rf}/df ;a} hgf Jofofd
uO{, Ho{g dsf{of], b'Mv ;'vsf ukm
uof], ;dfhsfb]zsf s'/fx uof]
cGtdf b]zsf] sGtlahf]s ;Demb}+
b'Mvn] cfcfgf 5ftL lk6of], clg
;a} hgf af6f] nfUof] . xfdLn] v]Ng]
es'G8f] / g]kfnL /fhgLltsf v]nf8Ln]
v]Ng] es'G8f] -;+ljwfg_ p:t} p:t}
xf], gfg", /x]5 . e]nf ePsf !$!%
hgf ;fyLx xfdL olt cg'zflzt
eP/ v]N5f}+ lg /fd|f /]lk|m cfPeg]
cg' z fzgdf xfdLnfO{ k' / :sf/
lbg]5g . xfdL b'O{ l6d afFl8P/ afhL
v]N5f}+ . Tof] afhL ;a}nfO{ lhTg'sf]
x'g]5, aflh lht]sf] k};f xfdL hDdf
u5f}{+ . s]xL w]/} ePkl5 g]kfndf
s'g} u/La ljBofyL{ k9fpg k7fp5f}+ .
ar]sf /sdn] s;}nfO{ ;xof]u ug{
kf6f] t Psfkl 5b}5 . t/ eGg
vf]hs] f] rfFxL s] eg], ug'k{ 5{ eGg]
lhDd]jf/Ln] st{JonfO{ cFufNg jfWo
agfpFbf]/x]5 . xfdL b'O{ l6d hf] lht]
xf/] klg g]kfnL bfh'efO aLrsf] xf/
t xf] cflv/ . Tof] afhLsf] k};f g]kfn}
t hfg] xf] cflv/ . a}dgZotf s]xLdf
g/fv] xfdL cem} cufl8 a9g ;SYof}+
xf]nf, h:tf] nfU5 . ylst xfd|f
Hofgx klg k/b]zdf ToxL eG5g
lsg xfdL xfdL gldn]sf xf}n + f / ^)!
hgfn] v]Ng] ;+ljwfg ;efkL Tof]
es'G8f] lsg h;n] htf kfof] Tot}
:of6/ xfg]sf] xf]nf . v]ndf lgod
x'G5, calw x'G5 . /]lk|msf] xftdf
l;7L x'G5 . Tof] l;7Ln] ;ts{tf
agfpFbf] /x]5 . xfd|f] b]zdf w]/} k6s
eP, es'G8f]sf Dofr . @)% hgfn]
v]n], d}bfgsf] afn'jf ;d]t vfP/
NofP . d} b fgsf] b' a fx cfgf
s/];fafl/df /f]kfP . cfgf] 3/ ;'Gb/
agfP, t/ cfkF}mn] v]n]sf] d}bfgdf
xu], d't] . cx hfg} gx'g]g;Sg]
u/L b'u{lGwt agfP . kl5 xfdLn]
d}bfg ;kmf uof}{+, b'u{Gwsf] k|afx
gu/L . ltg}nfO{ ^)! agfP/ v]Ng
k7fof}+, Pp6f /fd|f] es'G8f] lbP/ .
es'G8f] v]Ng ufsfn] s':tL v]n] .
clxn] es'G8f] x/fP . ltgsf st{Jo
Psflt/, v]n Psflt/ . ltgnfO{ g lng',
g lbg' . ltg}df a}dgZotf / 3dG8 .
xfdLnfO{ :yfgdf ;'tfP, cfk"mx
cflnzfg dxndf . es'G8f] v]n/] kbs
lbnfpg] afrf ug{x] n] xfdLnfO{ g} x/fP,
lab]zL dg k/fP . g b]zn] kbs kfof],
g ;Ddfg . tf/] xf]6n ] xdf ltgsf
nGr / l8g/ kfS5g xfd|f aRrfxsf]
s'l/ 5f]Kg] Ps;/f] hf+u] 5}g . ;+ljwfg
t logn] lbPgg / ca tL aRrfx
cfgf gff Hofg lnP/ logsf :yfgdf
RofTg cfpg dfq} afFsL xf]nf, ca .
ho ;+ljwfg .
alnof] agfpgeGbf sdhf]/ agfpg w]/} sfd ePsf] s'/f ;fFrf] xf] . ;fdGtL
/fhtGqsf] ljjfb;Fu} ;a} gful/sdf b]lvPsf] gofF o'uk|ltsf] rfvnfO{ dL7f]eGbf
a9\bf gdL7f] kfl/lbFbf bnxk|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; qmdzM 36\b} 5 . hgtf;Fu;Fu}
bf];f| ] hgcfGbf]ngdf n8]sf s]xL g]tfx cfk"mnfO{ d'ns ' sf] jfbzfx k|dfl0ft ug{
tF5f8d5f8 ub}5 { g\ . g]kfnL hgtfsf] r]tgfn] ca s'g} vfn] hg3ftL jfbzfxnfO{
:jLsfb}g{ g\ . ;+ul7t x'g cufl8 a9\b} u/]sf] u0ftGqnfO{ b'lgofFsf] ;fd' lr/:yfoL
/fVg xfd|f bnxaLr u0ftGqsf] dfu{df b]lvPsf] cGof]ntf x6\g h?/L 5 .
olta]nf u0ftGq lj/f]wL zlQmx ;nanfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . To:tf
u0ftGqlj/f]wLx;Fu clGtd ljho k|fKt gu/];Dd u0ftGq ;xLkdf ;+:yfut
x'g ufx|f] 5 . hgo'4 / bf];f| ] hgcfGbf]ngsf] dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw u0ftGqnfO{
;+:yfut gu/];Dd g]kfnL hgtf jf:tljs cy{df gful/s aGg ;kmn x'bF g} g\ .
t/, k|fKt u0ftGqnfO{ hgtfsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;fdflhskn] ;an
agfpg] kIfdf pEofpg ;Sg'k5{ . u0ftGq 3f]if0ff;Fu} k/flht zlQmxn] km]l/
6fpsf] p7fpg vf]Hg' :jefljs g} xf] . d'Vo s'/f u0ftGqjfbLxn] u0ftGqnfO{
;+:yfut u/]/ ltgLxnfO{ gi6 kfg'; { Sg'k5{ . of] d'ns
' df km]l/ /fhtGq kms{G5
eGg] xfpu'hL kfNg' h?/L 5}g . of] s'/f ca ;Dej 5}g . d'Vo s'/f cGof]ndf
/x]sf] u0ftGqnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L hgtfsf] kIfdf pEofP/ ;xL af6f]tkm{ 8f]ofpg'
g} a'l4dfgL x'g5 ] . panta_sagar@yahoo.com
ufpd} a;]/ dgUo cfGbfgL
lk7' j f . oxfF xfjfdf k} ; f lgSng' gf/fo0fu9 ahf/ hfg' /
pl8/x]sf] 5 . d]xg]t u/] dgUo df};d cg';f/sf kmnkm"n lsg]/
cfDbfgL ug{;lsG5 xfd|f bfh'efOx ufpFufpF rfxf/]/ a]Rb} lxF8g' . ;ft
b]zdf a;]/ s]xL ug{;lsPg eGb} jif{sf] cGt/fndf cfgf] hLjg

ofrf{ ;+sng ;'?, ufp ;'g;fg

dgf . lxdfnkfl/sf] lhNnf dgf
cfhef]ln ;'g;fg 5 . ufpFdf xftv'f
rNg] dfG5] 5}gg\ . ePsf a"9fa"9L /
afnaRrfdWo] sf]xL la/fdL kof] eg] klg
u'xf/ gkfpg] cj:yf 5 . ut $ h]7df
dgfsf] dgf uflj;df Ps j[4 nfdfsf]
d[To' eof] . t/, pgsf] ;tut ug{ dfG5]
g} ePgg\, ufpFdf . ToxfF /x]sf :yfgLo
afl;Gbfn] ufpF dfq} xf]Og, uflj;sf k"/}
8fF8fel/ dfOls u/]/ 8fF8f pSn]sfxnfO{
ufpF kms{g pbL{ hf/L u/] . gkm{gn] fO{
uflj;n] %) xhf/ k}ofF hl/jfgf ug{]
r]tfjgL;d]t dfOlsaf6} lbg' k/]sf] lyof] .
%) xhf/ k}ofF hl/jfgf nfUg] r]tfjgL
kfPkl5 8fF8f pSn]sfx ufpF emg{ afWo
eP, clg nfdfsf] cGTo]li6 ul/of] . j}zfv
clGtd ;ftfb]lv c;f/sf] klxnf] ;ftf;Dd
dgfaf;LnfO{ r6f/f] x'G5 . of] ofrf{uD' a'
l6Kg] ;do xf] . Pp6f ofrf{ km]nf kf/]df
b'O{ ;o %) k}ofF sdfOg] ePsfn] klg
clwsf+z dgf] $) xhf/ ld6/eGbf cUnf
8fF8f r9\5g\ / pt} a:5g\ . lxF8g\ ;Sg] /
cfFvf b]Vg]x ofrf{uD' a' l6Kg ghfg] lj/n}
x'G5g\ . lxhf] lat]sf] d]/} xh'/a'af xf] .
pxfF la:bf xfdL 8fF8fdf sL/f vf]Hb} lyof},F
d[ts nfdfsf gflt @$ jifL{o k]df nfdfn]
eg], cGTo]li6 ;lsPkl5 km]l/ hfg] xf] .
PSofksf] cfof]hgfdf cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f
If]qleqsf] cGgk"0f{ /fpG8 kbofqf dfu{
cWoog ug{ lxF8s ] f] kf]v/fsf] !) ;b:oLo
kqsf/sf] 6f]nL dgf k'Ubf :yfgLo efiffdf
dfOls eO/x]sf] lyof] . s] elgFb} 5
oxfF < kqsf/sf] lh1f;df ko{6g Joj;foL
;ldlt dgfsf cWoIf ljgf]b u'?n] eg],
tLg lbg sL/f l6Kg hfg k|ltaGw nufPsf]
;"rgf elg/x]sf] 5 . ufpFdf h'7f] k/]sf] /
d[tssf] cGToli6 ug{ dfG5] gePsfn]
tLg lbgsf nflu k|ltaGw nufpg'k/]sf]
pgn] atfP . g]kfndf kfOg] ofrf{dWo]
dgf / 8f]Nkfsf] u'0f:t/Lo dflgG5 . To;}n]
Pp6f ofrf{sf] b'O{ ;o %) k}ofFdf 7]sb] f/n]
vl/b u5{g\ . lbgdf !% b]lv Ps ;o %)
j6f;Dd ofrf{ ;+sng ug{] dgfLxn] of]
;donfO{ dgUg] cfDbfgL ug]{ ;dosf kdf
;b'kof]u u5{g\ . d]/f] xf]6ndf sfd ug]{
klg ;a} 8fF8f r9]sf 5g\, cfkm}F lan sf6\b}
u/]sf xf]6n ltlnrf]sf ;~rfns sd{
u'?n] eg], of] pgLxsf] sdfpg] ;do
xf], /f]Sg' x'bF g} . ofrf{ ;+sng ug{ hfg]xn]
cf}iftdf Ps lbgdf tLg xhf/b]lv !)
xhf/ k}ofF;Ddsf] ofrf{ l6Kg ;S5g\ .
dgfsf !# uflj;dWo] ;ft uflj;df
ofrf{uD' a' kfOG5 . To;}n] clwsf+z uflj;df
cfhef]ln r6f/f] 5 . ofrf{uD' a'n] dgfsf
uflj;nfO{ klg ;DkGg agfPsf] 5 . ofrf{
l6Kg hfg]x;Fu uflj;n] s/ p7fpg] u5{ .
o;af6 nfvf}F k}ofF ;+sng ePsf] 5 .
dgf uflj;sf ko{6g Joj;foL ljgf]b
u'?sf cg';f/ uflj;leqsf] gful/sn]
;ft xhf/ k}ofF / uflj; aflx/sf
dgfaf;Ln] !) k}ofF s/ ltg{k5{ . o;
jif{ sl/a rf/ ;ohgfn] ofrf{ ;+sng ug{
:jLs[lt lnPsf 5g\ . #) nfveGbf a9L
/fh:j ;+sng x'G5, u'?n] eg] . cl3Nnf]
jif{ gf/ 36gfkl5 dgfdf aflx/L lhNnfsf
afl;GbfnfO{ ofrf{ l6Kg /f]s nufOPsf]
5 . o;n] ubf{ of] jif{ ofrf{ l6Kg] ;+Vof
36]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf jif{df 8fF8f g} 6]G8/
u/]/ laqmL ul/GYof] . o;f] ubf{ yf]/} /sd
uflj;n] kfpFYof], :yfgLo ljgf]b u'?n]
/f8L a'Gg] k];f ;+s6df
vf]6f . u'? hfltsf] k/Dk/fut
/f8L a'Gg] k];f ;+s6df kg{ yfn]sf] 5 .
cfw'lgs sk8fn] ahf/ cf]u6\g yfn]kl5
pgLxsf] k];f ;+s6df kg{ yfn]sf] xf] .
cfw'lgs sk8fsf] a8\bf] k|of]u / e]8f
kfNg 5fl8Psfn] pgsf] ;d]t cefj
x'g yfn]kl5 klg of] k];f ;+s6df kg{
yfn]sf] Joj;foLx atfpF5g\ .
lhNnfsf b'O{ xhf/eGbf a9L u'?
;d'bfon] jiff}b+{ l] v cfn]sf] /f8L a'Gg]
k];f clwsf+z e]8fkfngsf nflu
cfjZos kg]{ jg, h+un ;fd'bflos
ag]kl5 r/0f cefjdf e]8fx 36\b}
uPsf] sf/0f pgsf] cefj ePsf]] td'
5f]h
+ wL vf]6fsf ;lrj df]xg u'?
atfpF5g\ . klxn] w]/} e]8f kfNg] u/] klg
clxn] r/0f If]qsf] cefj / o'jfk':tf
e]8fkfngsf] sfdk|lt cfslif{t gePkl5
e]8f kfNg 5f8]sf] clgtf u'?n] atfOg\ .
pgn] /f8Laf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL lng ;lsg]
eP klg e]8f kfng 36]kl5 To;} ;do
v]/ hfg] u/]sf] atfOg\ . To:t} csL{
xf}r/' uflj;sL dGh' u'?n] dfl;s ^
dlxgfjf/L kfFr ;ftxhf/ sdfpg
Hofgsf] afhL nufP/ ;ft ;d'Gb|
kf/L c/asf] d?e"lddf e]8+ f r/fpg
eg], o; jif{ aflx/sf cfpg k|ltaGw hfG5g . oxfF d]xgt ub}{gg d t
cfly{ s kn] sfofkn6 ePsf]
;'gfpFb} pgn] kmdf{P . d]/f] em'k|f] 3/
lyof] kf]xf]/ ;fn dfq} To;nfO{
eTsfP/ rf/ sf]7fsf] kSsL 3/
nufPkl5 dgfLnfO{ dfq l6Kg lbFbf
/fh:j klg w]/} p7\g] eof] . 7]sb] f/n] lwSsf/ eG5' ltgLxnfO{ . oL agfPF . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ s'g} klg s'/fsf]
6]G8/df 8fF8f lng] / l6Kg hfg] ;of}aF f6 egfOx x'g k"jL{ lrtjgsf] lk7'jf cefj x'g glbO /fd|f; ] uF k9fPsf]
s/ p7fpg] k|yf o; k6saf6 cGTo ! xfQLuf9] ufpFsf d]xgtL $) jifL{o 5' . ljb]z uPsf] eP olQs} gx'g
ePsf] 5 . x/L clwsf/Lsf] . cfheGbf @# klg ;SYof] . b'Mv kfP/ kms{s ] f klg
jif{cl3 g'jfsf]6sf] tf?sfaf6 lrtjg w]/} pbfx/0f 5g d t lbgel/ b'Mv
a;fO ;/L cfPsf l6sf/fd /
bLks'df/L clwsf/Lsf kfFr efO dWo]
b]lv !) j6f;Dd /f8L a'Gg] u/]sf]df sfF l xnf ;Gtfg x' g xl/ . rf/
u/] klg sDtLdf klg laxfg a]n'sf
kl/jf/;Fu a:g t kfPsf] 5' . b}lgs
slt sdfO x'G5 t eGbf xl/ xfF;]/
clxn] pgsf] cefjdf /f8L a'Gg] sfd ;Gtfgsf afa' lg/If/ xl/nfO{ 5f]/f eG5f b}lgs eGbf klg ;/b/ dlxgfsf]
k"0f{ aGb ePsf] u'gf;f] /flvg\ . vf]6fsf] 5f]/LxnfO{ lzIff lbgsf] nflu cfgf] lx;fa ubf{ !% b]lv @) xhf/;Dd
/f8L lbSt]n, xn];L, t/fOsf ljleGg v]tLn] / 3/sf] cfDbfgLn] ck'u x'Fb} sdfO x'G5 . sdfO ug{Tolt ;lhnf]
lhNnfdf lgof{t x'g] u5{ . u'? hfltsf]
s'n k"hfnufot ljjfxh:tf dxTjk"0f{ uPkl5 3/kl/jf/af6 ljb]z hfg'k5{ 5}g b'Mv ug{k5{ . k'; df3sf] 708L
sfddf e]8fsf] cfjZostf kg]{ u/] klg eGb} bafa a9b} uof] t/ pgsf] dg xf];\ of a}zfv h]7sf] rsf]{ 3fd
kfNg]qmd 36\b} uPkl5 oxfFsf u'? eg] ljb]z hfg' x'bF g} cfg} ufpF3/df Psf]xf]/f] l/S;f 7]Ng}k5{ . t}klg ;f]r]
;d'bfoxn] clxn] cGo hGt'xaf6 a;]/ s]xL ug{k5{eGg] nflu/x]sf] cg';f/ kmfObf ePkl5 vf;} b'Mvsf]
klg sfd rnfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . lyof] . To;}n] ;ft jif{cl3 pgn] cfg} cg'ej x'bF g} . lk7'jfsf] xfQLuf8]bl] v
:yfgLo:t/df /f8Lsf] pTkfbgdf sdL ufpFdf a;]/ d]xgt u/L kl/jf/nfO{ gf/fo0fu9 sl/a @) ls=dL= sf] af6f]
cfPkl5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z ahf/ / /fd| f ] ; F u nfngkfng u5{ eGg] l/S;fel/ df};d cg';f/sf] kmnkm"n
ufpFufpFdf un}r F f leqg] qmd a9\bf] 5 . dfGotfsf ;fy ^ xhf/ vr{u/]/ 6Gg} /fv]/ cf]xf]/ bf]xf]/ ug{] xl/sf]
clxn] /f8Lsf] d"NoeGbf sd d"Nodf l/S;f lsg]5g . xl/ eG5g d]/f] sdfO b}lgsL g} xf] . 3/ufpFdf g} a;]/
un}r F f kfpg yfn]kl5 ;j{;fwf/0f o;k|lt vfg] efF8f] oxL l/S;f xf] eGg] ;Dem]/ d]xgtL eO{ sfd u/] dgUo sdfO
cfslif{t aGg yfn]sf x'g . o;sf] pTkfbg l/S;f lsg]s} lbg d}n] To;nfO{ k"hf ug{;lsg] pgsf] /fo 5 . sfd ug{nfh
36g yfn]kl5 /f8Lsf] d"No a9]/ b'O{ u/]+ / To;} lbg gf/fo0fu9 ahf/ dfGg' x'bF g} . s'g} klg sfd 7"nf] ;fgf]
xhf/b]lv ;ft xhf/;Dd kg]{ u/]sf] 5 .
xf}r/' sf df]xg u'?n] hftLo klxrfgsf uP/ s]xL kmnkm"n lsgL l/S;fdf x'bF g} >dsf] ;Ddfg ug{k' 5{ kmh'n
nflu eP klg e]8fkfngnfO{ lj:tf/ /fv]/ af6f]df a]Rb} lxF8] . klxnf] lbgs} vr{ug'{ x'Fb}g . oxL a;]/ klg k};f
ug{k' g]{ atfP . e]8f kfNg]qmd 36\g cfDbfgLn] dnfO{ of] Joj;fo ug{ sdfpg ;lsG5 . ljb]z hfg dl/xQ}
yfn]kl5 /f8L a'g/] u'hf/f ug{x] nfO{ xf};nf ldNof] / To;kl5 d]/f] b}lgsL gu/f}+ xl/sf] ;'emfj 5 .
;+s6 kg{ yfn]sf] 5 . aGof] laxfg ;a]/} 3/af6 l/S;f lnP/ cg'zLn ;fksf]6f, k|lzIffyL{ kqsf/
6 @)^& ;fn h]7 !^ ut] cfOtaf/
;Gbe{ M cGt/f{li6o ;u/dfyf lbj;
ljZjsf] ;j{ R r lzv/
;u/dfyfdf klxnf] k6s dfgj
kfOnf 6]s]sf] lbg zlgaf/ -d] @(_
%& jif{ k'Uof] . h]7 !% ut]sf lbg
;f]sf] jflif{sf]T;jsf cj;/df t];|f]
cGt/f{li6o ;u/dfyf lbj; ljz]if
sfo{qmdsf ;fy dgfOof] . b'O{ ;fx;L
kj{tf/f]xL t]lGhgf]u]{ z]kf{ / ;/
P8dG8 lxnf/Ln] ;g\ !(%# d] @(
tfl/vsf lbg cf7 xhf/ *$* ld6/
cUnf] ;u/dfyfsf] r'r'/f]df k'uL
cfgf] cf/f]x0f ofqfdf ;kmntf k|fKt
u/]kl5 o; 36gfn] ljZje/ g} 7"nf]
rrf{ kfof] / g]kfn ;u/dfyfsf] b]z
eg]/ ;+;f/e/ lrlgof] . ;f]xL 36gfsf]
:d/0f ub}{ d] @( nfO{ cGt/f{li6o
;u/dfyf lbj;sf kdf g]kfn /
ljb]zdf ;d]t ljleGg sfo{qmdsf
;fy pT;fxk"js { dgfpg] ul/Psf] 5 .
;GtfpGg jif{sf] cf/f]x0fsf] cjlwdf
sl/a rf/ xhf/ kj{tf/f]xLn] ;jf]R{ r
lzv/sf] ;fxl;s ljho ofqf k"/f
ul/;s] s f 5g\ eg] gofF gofF
sLlt{dfg;d]t yKb} cfPsf 5g\ .
;fOsnofqfaf6 ljZjsf !%) b]z
3'd]sf k'is/ zfxn] oxL h]7 # ut]
;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f u/L Pp6f ljZj
sLlt{dfg yKg'eof] . ;u/dfyfsf]
r'r/' f]df !%) b]zsf] em08f kmxofP/
ljZjs} nflu zflGt / ;b\efjsf]
;Gb]z lbg zfx ;kmn x'g'eof] .
ljZjzflGtsf] ;Gb]z k|jfx ug]{ uf}td
a'4sf] b]z g]kfndf /x]sf] ;u/dfyf
ca ljZjzflGt / e|ft[Tjsf] ;femf
rf}tf/L ag]sf] 5 . o; hf]lvdk"0f{
cf/f]x0fsf qmddf s]xL jL/jL/ffgfn]
;u/dfyfs} gfddf cfgf] hLjg
pT;u{ u/] s f 5g\ . cfg}
sLlt{dfgnfO{ tf]8b\ } ljVoft kj{tf/f]xL
cfKkf z]kf{n] kj{tf/f]x0fs} Oltxf;df
Pp6f gofF sLlt{dfg yKg'ePsf] 5 .
oxL h]7 * ut] cfKkfn] @) cf}F k6s
;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f u/L ;a}eGbf
w]/}k6s ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f u/]sf]
ljZj sLlt{dfg sfod ug{eof] . ;f]x|
jif{sf] pd]/df ;kmn cf/f]x0f u/L
t] D afl5/L ;] k f{ n ] ;a} e Gbf sd
pd] / df ;u/dfyf cf/f] x 0f ug{
cf/f]xLsf] sL{ltdfg sfod ug{e ' Psf]
5 . g]kfnsf tkm{af6 !^ jif{d'lgsf
afnaflnsfnfO{ cf/f]x0fsf] cg'dlt
lbOF b } g . t/ ltAat tkm{ a f6
gfafnsnfO{ s'g} k|ltaGw gePsfn]
oxL h]7 * ut] Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf !#
jif{ cd]l/sL afns hf]8{/ /f]d]/f]n]
csf]{ sLlt{dfg sfod u/]sf 5g\ .
u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLsf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{
PrcfOeL kLl8tsf] Joyf aRrf hGdfPafkt s/
s] z j/fh hf] z L
s~rgk'/ . klZrd g]kfnsf
kxf8L lhNnfsf PrcfOeL
;+qmldtx cefj / kL8fsf] hLGbuL
afFRg ljjz ePsf 5g\ . ul/aL,
cfly{s cefj / cfjZos cf}ifwLsf]
cefj ePkl5 pgLxn] o:tf] ;d:of
a]xg'{ k/]sf] xf] . klZrd g]kfnsf
afh'/f, aemf, 8f]6L / 88]Nw'/fdf
PrcfO{eLsf] ;+qmd0f km}nbF } uPsf] 5 .
cfly{ s cefjn] /f] h uf/Lsf]
l;nl;nfdf ef/t hfg] / ToxfFaf6}
PrcfO{eLaf6 ;+qmldt eP/ g]kfn
kms{g] u/]sf 5g\ . o:t} afh'/fsf
sl/a @ ;ohgfeGbf a9L PrcfOeL
;qmldtx cf}ifwf]krf/sf] cefjdf
afRg afWo ePsf 5g . PrcfOeL
;+qmldtsf nflu cfjZos cf}ifwL
cf/6L vfg cfjZos hfFr ug{ lhNnf
aflx/ wgu9L hfg'kg]{ x'Fbf uf8L
ef8f;d]t gePsf sf/0f pgLxn]
cf}ifwf]krf/sf] cefjdf a:g' k/]sf]
xf] . lhNnfdf Pp6f eL;L8L s]Gb|
;Grfngdf cfPsf] eP klg PrcfOeL
;qmldtsf] nflu ;L8Lkmf]/ hfFrsf]
nflu eg] afh'/fdf ;'ljwf gePs}
sf/0f bh{gf}F ;+qmldtn] pkrf/ gkfP/}
Hofg u'dfpg' k/]sf] xf] . PrcfOeL
cfl5l/ z]kf{n] oxL h]7 ( ut]
;u/dfyfsf] cf/f]x0f ug{'ePsf] 5 .
cd]l/sfdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfpg'ePsf
z]kf{n] %) lbgleq ;ft} dxfb]zsf
cUnf lxdfnsf] cf/f]x0f u/L gofF
sLlt{dfg sfod ug{e ' Psf] 5 . blIf0f
Pl;ofs} klxnf] dlxnf kqsf/sf]
sLlt{dfg sfod ug{ ;kmn x'g'eof]
kqsf/ z}nL a:g]t . ;u/dfyfsf]
;kmn cf/f]x0f u/L a:g]tn] k|];
hut\sf] k|lti7f / uf}/j a9fpg'eof] .
o;}u/L k|yd dlxnf cf/f]xL hfkfgsL
h'Gsf] tfa]O{, k|yd dlxnf g]kfnL
cf/f]xL kf;fNxfd' z]kf{, s[lqd
clS;hglagf cf/f]x0f ug{] k|mfG;]nL
gful/s /fOgxf]N8 d]:g/, ;a}eGbf
sd ;dodf ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{
k]Dafbf]h{] z]kf{, afa'l5/L z]kf{ / s[lqd
v'fsf] k|of]un] cf/f]x0f ug]{ gjf
z]kf{sf] cbDo ;fx; / Tofusf] g]kfn
/ ljZj ;d'bfon] ;w}F sb/ / ;Ddfg
ug}{k5{ oL ljb]zL / g]kfnL cf/f]xLn]
;u/dfyfnfO{ ljZjdf lrGxfpg tyf
g]kfnsf] kj{tLo ko{6g k|a4{gsf
If]qdf k'ofPsf] of]ubfg ct'ngLo
5 . ljZjdf /x] s f cf7 xhf/
ld6/eGbf cUnf !$ j6f lxdfndWo]
cf7j6f g]kfnd} /x]sfn] klg ;+;f/sf
;fxl;s ko{6s / kj{tf/f]xLsf nflu
g] k fn Ps pTs[ i 6 / cfsif{ s
uGtJo:yn xf] . g]kfndf cfpg]
ko{6sdWo] tL; k|ltzt ko{6s
kbofqf / kj{tf/f]x0f If]qdf uO{
;fxl;s / /f] d f~rs ofqfaf6
dgf]/~hg ug{] u/]sf] tYof /x]sf]
5 . ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0fsf] :j0f{dxf]T;j
;g\ @))# df g]kfndf eJokdf
;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . To;avt k|yd
cf/f] x L lxnf/Lnufot ljZjsf
lxdfnk]d| L / k|Voft cf/f]xLsf] g]kfndf
ePsf] hd36 / ;Ddfg sfo{qmdaf6
ljZjdf ;u/dfyfsf] dxTj cem
pmhfu/ ug{ ;3fp k'u]sf] lyof] .
o;} ;kmntfaf6 pT;flxt eO{ ;/sf/
/ ko{6g Joj;foLn] g]kfnsf cf7
xhf/ ld6/ prfOsf cf7j6} lxdfn
cf/f]x0fsf] :j0f{ dxf]T;j dgfPsf
5g\ . ;f]xL qmddf o; jif{ wf}nflul/
cf/f] x 0fsf] :j0f{ dxf] T ;j klg
eJokdf dgfOof] . o; cj;/df
wf}nflul/ cf/f]x0f ug]{ cf/f]xLnfO{
krf; k|ltzt /f]oN6L ldgfxf ug]{
lg0f{ o ;d] t ul/Psf] 5 . g] k fn
kj{tf/f]x0f ;+3sf cWoIf cfl5l/
z]kf{ ;/sf/n] lxdz[v + nfsf] cf/f]x0fsf]
:j0f{ dxf]T;j dgfpg] lg0f{o u/]kl5
kj{tLo If]qsf ko{6g Joj;foL pT;fxL
P8\; dxf;+3 lhNnf zfvf afh'/fsL
cWoIf ldgf ljsn] lhNnfdf clwsf+z
dlxnf / afnaflnsf a9L ;+qmldt
ePs} sf/0f cfk"mxn] ef]s} / pkrf/
gkfP/} Hofg u'dfpg' k/]sf] atfpFb}
lu6 afh'/ff/f ;Grflnt eL;L8L s]Gb|n]
PrcfOeL ;+qmldtsf] ;+Vof lhNnfdf
@# hgf /x]sf] atfOg\ . afh'/fsf
PrcfOeL ;+qmldt Psn dlxnf /
afnaflnsfsf] hLjg ;'/Iffsf nflu
cfufdL jif{sf] cfly{s ah]6df k|ltdlxgf
# xhf/sf b/n] dfl;s eQfsf] Joj:yf
ug{' kg]{ dfu;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . dlxnf
/ afnaflnsfxn] /f]u Nofpgdf s'g}
bf]if gePsf] eGb} pgLxn] cfk"mxnfO{
afFRg] cfwf/ l;h{gf ul/lbg klg /fHon]
cnUu} Joj:yf ug{k' g]{ dfu cl3 ;f/]sf
5g\ . jflif{s ah]6df cfgf] dfusf]
;'gj' fO geP s8f cfGbf]ngdf plqg]
pgLxn] atfPsf 5g\ . afh'/fdf
utjif{ jif{ 5hgf PrcfOeL
;qmldtn] Hofg u'dfO;s]sf 5g .
lhNnfdf /x]sf eL;L8L s]Gb| ;b/d'sfd
dft{8Ldf dfq /x]sfn] k|foh;f] wgu9L,
g]kfnuGh, c5fdsf] dn;]gdf uP/
hfFr ug]{ ePs} sf/0f lhNnfsf
PrcfOeL ;+qmldtsf] ;xL tYofs v'Ng
g;s]sf] atfOPsf] 5 .
ePsf] tyf o;sf] lg/Gt/tf /
k|efjsf/L sfo{qmdaf6 g]kfn e|d0f
jif{ @)!! nfO{ ;kmn kfg{ 7"nf] ;3fp
k'Ug] ljZjf; JoSt ug{ x'G5 . o;
k6s ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0fsf nflu @%
6f]nLn] ;/sf/af6 cg'dlt lnPsf
5g\ . ljZjs} pRr e"efu ;u/dfyf
If]qdf utjif{ lqms]6 k|ltof]lutf
;DkGg u/L gf}nf] sLlt{dfg /flvPsf]
5 . ;u/dfyfsf] sfvdf /x]sf] kfFr
xhf/ !^% ld6/ cUnf] uf]/S;]k eGg]
dgf]/d :yfgdf a]nfot, c:6]lnof
/ Go'lhNofG8sf v]nf8L ;lDdlnt eO{
b Pe/]:6 6]G6 gfds cf/f]x0f bn
u7g u/] / t] l Gh / lxnf/L
l6ddfkm{t\ lqms]6 v]n ;DkGg u/]sf
lyP . ;f] lqms]6 k|ltof]lutfnfO{
lala;L, l;PgPgh:tf cGt/f{li6o
;~rf/ dfWodn] k|fyldstfsf ;fy
k|rf/k|;f/ u/]sf lyP . pSt cf/f]xL
bnsf g] t f a] n fotL v] n f8L
l/r8{s6{Ln] ;u/dfyf If]qdf lqms]6
v]n x'gn ' ] g]kfnsf] v]n ko{6g ljsf;
x'gfsf ;fy} g]kfnsf] gfd / lqms]6
v]Ng] v]nf8Lsf] gfd;d]t lulgh a's
ckm jN8{ /]s8{df /xg] ljrf/ JoSt
ug{'eof] . g]kfnnfO{ lxdfnsf] b]z
eg]/ lrgfpgsf nflu cGt/f{li6o
kj{ t Lo ;+ u | x fno csf] { HjnGt
pbfx/0f ag]sf] 5 . Pl;ofs} pTs[i6
;+u|xfnosf kdf kf]v/fdf lgld{t
;f] ;+ux| fnon] lxdfn, k|sl[ t / dfgjsf]
c6' 6 ;DaGw, o;sf] dxTj /
hLjGttfnfO{ emNsfPsf] b]lvG5 .
lxdfn, lxdfnL hflt ljz]ifu/L z]kf{,
hLjhGt', r/fr'?L / kj{tf/f]xLaf/]
cWoog, cg';Gwfg / cjnf]sgsf
nflu ;+u|xfno Pl;ofs} pko'St
uGtJo:yn aGg k'us ] f] 5 . d'ns
' n]
y'k}| ljb]zL d'bf| cfh{g ug{;Sg] kj{tLo
ko{6gsf] ljsf;df klxnf] k|fyldstf
;/sf/n] lbg'kg]{ ko{g Joj;foLsf]
wf/0ff 5 . cGt/f{li6o ;u/dfyf
lbj;sf cj;/df ;/sf/, ko{6g
Joj;foL ;+3;+:yfn] ;+o'Stkdf
;u/dfyf cf/f]xLnfO{ ;Ddfg ug],{
k|eftkm]/L, ofnL, n'Snfdf ;/;kmfO
cleofg, Pe/]:6 Dof/fy'g, ofl6
dxf]T;j / ko{6g tyf gful/s pog
dGqfnof/f ;u/dfyf k'/:sf/ /
t]lGhlxnf/L k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/g]
sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] 5 .
To;}u/L cf/f]xL cfKkf z]kf{nfO{ ;fs{
;b\efjgf /fhb"tsf] pkflwaf6 ;Ddfg
ul/g] sfo{qmd;d]t 5 . ljZj e|ft[Tj
/ cfTdLotfsf] ;Gb]z lbgsf nflu
;g\ @))* df rLgsf] /fhwfgL
afun' . aRrf hGdfpFbf klg
rGbf / s/ ltg{k' 5{eGg] s'/f tkfO{n+ fO{
;'Gbf crDd nfUg ;S5, t/ oxfF
crDd dfGg' kb}g{ . kj{t lhNnfsf]
lzjfno% sf cfly{s kdf ;DkGg
kl/jf/sf bDktLn] klxnf] k 6s
5f]/f5f]/L hGdfPjfkt :yfgLo dlxnf
;d"xnfO{ clgjfo{ rGbf / s/ ltb}{
cfPsf 5g\ . lzjfno% sf] kj{
ldng dlxnf ;d"xn] ljut % jif{bl] v
;dfhdf cfly{ s kdf ;DkGg
dflgPsf kl/jf/af6 klxnf] aRrf
hGdfPjfkt OR5fcg';f/sf] /sd
;ng ub}{ cfPsf] xf] aRrf hlGdg]
ljlQs} ;dfhdf gofF JolSt ylkG5
;d"xsL cWoIf a'l4s'df/L >]i7n]
k| i 6fpg' e of] , ToxL aRrf a:g]
;dfhnfO{ ;' G b/;dfhsf kdf
:yflkt u/fpg] p2]Zon] rGbf p7fpg]
u/]sf xfF}+ . o;/L ;ng u/]sf]
/sdaf6 cfly{s ljkGgtfsf sf/0f
pkrf/ u/fpg g;s]sf b'O{ ;'Ts]/L
dlxnfnfO{ ;d]t hLjg/Iffsf nflu
;xof]u u/]sf] ;d"xsL ;lrj ;Ltf
>]i7n] atfpg'eof] . ;d"xn] ufpFdf
lelqPsf nfx'/]sf] :jfut, ljjfxsf]
8f]nL 5]s/] , /TofFn
} L v]n/] ;d]t /sd
;ng ub}{ cfPsf 5g . dlxnfn]
o;/L ;ng u/]sf] /sdaf6 ? !@
nfvsf] nfutdf ;fd'bflos ejg
a]Olhdf ePsf] cf]nlDks v]nsf
;Gbe{df ;u/dfyfdf k'ofOPsf]
cf]nlDks Hof]ltsf] ;dfrf/nfO{
cGt/f{li6o ;~rf/ dfWodn] dxTjsf
;fy k|rf/k|;f/ u/]sf lyP . o;
sfo{ a f6 ;u/dfyfsf] dxTjaf/]
hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ ;3fp k'Ug] /
kj{tf/f]xLnfO{ yk xf};nf ldNg] ck]Iff
ul/Psf] 5 . ;u/dfyfaf6 g]kfnn]
sl/a 5 bzssf] cjlwdf y'k}| gfd
/ bfd;d]t sdfO;s]sf] 5 . ca o;
cg'kd ;Dkbfsf] h}ljs ljljwtf /
k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu
jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngk|lt hgr]tgf
clej[l4 ug{cfhsf] lbgb]lv ;a}
lxdfnk| ] d LnfO{ k] | / 0ff ldNg' k 5{
ljZjJofkL tfkqmd j[l4sf sf/0f
lxdfnL If]qdf lxpF klUng] qmd
al9/x]sf] 5 . ;u/dfyf cf/f]xLn]
lxpFsf] tx 3l6/x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .
sNkg} gu/]sf] 7fpFdf o; k6s vf]nf
e]l6Psf] / o;cl3 cfk"mn] slxNo}
kfgL gb]v]sf] s'/f aL;f}F k6ssf]
cf/f]x0fkl5 cfKkfn] atfpg'eof] .
utjif{ pxfFn] ;u/dfyfdf lxpFeGbf
a9L kmf]xf]/sf] y'k|f] b]v]sf] / lxpF
kUn]/ lxdtfn km'6\g] vt/f /x]sf]
cf} N ofpg' e Psf] lyof] . hnjfo'
kl/jt{gaf6 lxdfno If]qdf kl//x]sf]
gsf/fTds c;/k|lt uDeL/ eO{
;r]tgf ckgfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .
o;sf nflu ;u/dfyfnfO{ s]xL
;dosf nflu cf/fd lbg'kg]{ ;'emfj
s]xL cf/f]xLsf] 5 . lxdfnsf] jftfj/0f
;+/If0f / ;/;kmfOsf gfddf s]xL
vfnL l;;L / l;lnG8/ ;ng u/L
tn Nofpg]afx]ssf cGo 7f]; /
bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd /x]sf]
b]lvFb}g . oBlk xl/tu[x k|efj /
ljZjJofkL df} ; d kl/jt{ g sf]
gsf/fTds c;/ /f]Sg g]kfnsf] dfq
PSnf] k|of; c;Dej 5 . utjif{
;u/dfyfsf] cfwf/ lzlj/
sfnfkTy/df dGlqkl/ifb\sf] a}7s u/]/
;/sf/ lxdfnsf] jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0fsf
nflu bz a'bF ] 3f]if0ffkq tof/ u/L
ljZjsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg ;kmn eof]
eg] sf]k]gx]ugsf] ljZj jftfj/0f
;Dd]ngdf g]kfnn] lxdfnsf] /Iffsf
nflu hf]8bf/kdf ljZjsf] Wofgfsif{0f
u/fPsf] lyof] . cGt/f{li6o hut\sf]
k|lta4tf / ;fd"lxs k|of;af6 g}
;u/dfyf / lxdz[v + nfsf] jftfj/0fLo
;Gt'ng / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f
x'gk' 5{ h'g lxdfnL hgtfsf] hLljsf
/ g]kfnsf] bL3{sfnLg ko{6g ljsf;sf
nflu ckl/xfo{ 5 .
lgdf{0f ul/;s]sf 5g . ;d"xn]
;lnt /sdsf ;fy} ;b:osf]
lg/Gt/sf] hg>daf6 kfFrsf]7] kSsL
ejg lgdf{0f ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 .
dlxnfsf] pT;fx b]v/] lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt kj{tn] ? kfFrnfv ;xof]u
u/]sf] lyof] eg] lzjfno uflj;af6
klg ?= @% xhf/ ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf]
5 . ;f] ;d"x o;cl3 klg cfktdf
k/] s f dlxnfnfO{ ;xof] u ug{ ,
af6f] 3 f6f] , vfg] k fgL agfpg] /
;dfhdf hfF8/S;L lgoGq0f tyf em}
emu8f ldnfpg] sfddf ;lqmo /xFb}
cfPsf 5g .
ckfsf] kL8f
s~rgk'/ . b'j} v'f u'dfP/ k"0f{
ckf /x]sf 8d/] sfdL olt v]/
lXjnr]o/ Nofpgsf nflu ;xof]u dfuL
/x]sf 5g\ . pgn] ;xof]u :jk /]8qm;
zfvf 88]Nw'/fnfO{ cfu|x u/]sf] / pQm
;+:yfaf6 JolQmutkdf ;ft ;o
;xof]u kfPsf] atfP . oltv]/ sfdL
;xof]usf nflu ;a}nfO{ cu|x ul//x]sf
5g\ . 88]Nw'/f lhNnfsf] di6df08f}
uflj; ^ 3/ ePsf sfdLsf] @)%#
;fndf SofG;/sf sf/0f afofF v'f
u'dfPsf lyP eg] @)^# ;fndf
SofG;/s} sf/0f bfofF v'f u'dfP/ k"0f{
ckf ag]sf] atfpF5g\ .
pTklQsf] k|df0fkq hf/L ug{] ljifodf 5nkmn
sf7df8f}F . ;/sf/n] pTklQsf] k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{ clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo;Fu cfjZos 5nkmn ;'? u/]sf] 5 . lghL If]qsf pBdL
Joj;foLaLr k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{ clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf ljjfb pTkGg ePkl5
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"l\{ t dGqfnof/f ul7t ;ldltn] z'qmaf/b]lv To; ;DaGwdf
5nkmn ;'? u/]sf] xf] . jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf ;x;lrj ;"o{
l;njfnsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t ;ldltdf g]kfn pBf]u jl0fHo dxf;+3,
g]kfn pBf]u kl/;+3 / g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd;{sf k|ltlglw ;b:o 5g\ .
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnodf cfof]lht 5nkmnsf qmddf g]kfn pBf]u
jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] eg] ;xeflutf hgfPsf] 5}g . k|df0fkq hf/L ug{ clwsf/
cGo lgsfonfO{ lbg] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{osf] lj/f]w ub}{ cfPsf] dxf;+3n] z'qmaf/sf]
5nkmndf k|ltlglw gk7fPsf] ;ldltsf ;+of]hs l;njfnn] atfP . o;cl3
g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] Psflwsf/ /xFb} cfPsf] ljifodf lghL
If]qsf cGo ;+:yfnfO{ klg clwsf/ lbg] lg0f{o ePsfn] dxf;+3n] tTsfn ;f]
lg0f{o lkmtf{ lng / To;f] gul/P s8f cfGbf]ngdf pqg] r]tfjgL lbPsf] 5 .
cJojl:yt hUuf Knflg /f]Sg dfkb08
eStk'/ . dWok'/lyld gu/kflnsfn] cJojl:yt hUuf Knflg / 3/
lgdf{0f /f]Sg dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . gu/kflnsfnfO{ k/Dk/fut, cfjf;Lo,
;+:yfut, ljsf;zLn, ;'/lIft / xl/t If]qdf ljefhg ul/Psf] gu/kflnsfsf
sfo{sf/L clws[t /fdk|;fb kf7sn] atfpg'eof] . gu/kflnsf / gu/ ljsf;
;ldltsf] dfkb08nfO{ gdfgL cfkm"v; ' L Knflg ug]{ / 3/ agfpg] sfo{ a9]kl5
dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] . clws[t kf7sn] ;'/lIft If]q, gu/sf ljleGg
dxTjk"0f{ If]q / xl/tIf]qdf hUuf Knflg ug{] / 3/ agfpg gkfOg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] atfpg'eof] . gu/kflnsfsf] P]ltxfl;s ;+/rgf lau|g glbg / gu/nfO{
Jojl:yt 9n] ljsf; ug{ dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] atfOPsf] 5 .
P3f/ k|x/Ldfly ljefuLo sf/afxL
slknj:t' . xltof/wf/L ;'/IffsdL{;lxt Ef/tLo dGqL g]kfn k|j]z u/L
@@ lsld pQ/df /x]sf] nf]sdfu{f] rGb|f}6f cfpFbf;Dd klg r]shfFr gug{]
;'/IffsdL{dfly ljefuLo sf/afxL ;'? ePsf] 5 . ;Ldf ;'/Iffdf vl6Psf
;z:q k|x/L / gful/s ;'/Iff tyf r]shfFrdf vl6Psf g]kfn k|x/Lsf
8\o'6Ljfnx sf/fafxLdf k/]sf x'g\ . ;Ldf ;'/Iffan tf}lnxjfsf k|x/L
pk/LIfs xs{axfb'/ /fjnsf cg';f/ ;z:qsf gf}hgfdfly ljefuLo sf/afxL
;'? ePsf] 5 . sf/afxLdf kg]{df ;xfos lg/LIfsb]lv hjfg;Dd 5g\ .
g]kfn k|x/Lsf pk/LIfs z/b rGbsf cg';f/ ln+s u]6sf OGrfh/ Ps
8\o'6Ljfn hjfg sf/afxLdf k/]sf 5g\ . b'j}tkm{sf sf/afxLdf k/]sf
;'/IffsdL{nfO{ lx/f;tdf /fv]/ yk cg';Gwfg cufl8 a9fOPsf] rGbn]
atfP . slknj:t'sf] s[i0fgu/ gfsf x'Fb} rGb|f}6f cfOk'u]sL ef/tLo dlxnf
tyf ;dflhs ljsf;dGqL ljBf rf}w/LnfO{ rGb|f}6fdf /x]sf] ;z:q k|x/Ln]
kfFr lbgcl3 xltof/wf/L ;'/IffsdL{;lxt lgoGq0fdf lnPsf] lyof] . dGqL
rf}w/Ln] lrof vfg] k;nsf] vf]hL ub}{ lxF8\bf g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf] s'/f
/fhdfu{df cfP/ dfq yfxf kfPsf] atfPsL lyOg\ . ;Ldfgfsf ;'/Iff kf]:6,
ln+s u]6, Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no s[i0fgu/, axfb'/uGh r]s kf]:6nufotsf
7fpFdf /x]sf g]kfnsf ;'/IffsdL{n] xltof/wf/L ef/tLo ;'/IffsdL{sf ;fy
ef/tLo dGqL g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf] ;d]t yfxf kfPsf lyPgg\ .
vuf]n lj1fgdf g]kfnL ljBfyL{
sf7df8f}F . g]kfndf vuf]n la1fg dfla / pdfladf cf+lzs kdf
cWoog ug'{ kb{5 . of] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] la1fg dflgG5 5 . t/ g]kfndf
pRr lzIffdf vuf]n la1fgsf] 5'} laifosf] kdf cWoog u/fpg] ul/Psf]
5}g . lqlan] s]xL aif{ cl3 :gftf]sf]t/ tx cGt{utsf] ef}ltszf:q d'n
laifo lng] laBfyL{xsf] nflu Ps kq vuf]n la1fg laifo P]lR5s laifosf]
kdf /flvPsf] 5 . vuf]n la1fg s} cfwf/df ef}lts la1fgsf l;4fG5x
lasf; epsf x'g . ul0ft tyf cGo la1fgsf] a'em\g klg o;sf] ;xf/f lng
;lsG5 . lzlIft ;dfhsf gfu/Lsxn] vuf]n la1fg hfGg' clt cfjZos
5 . vuf]n la1fgsf kf7\oqmdx klxnf] c+zsf] kdf a|Dxf08sf] pTkltsf]
af/]df ;dfa]z ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . /fqLsf] ;dodf u|x gIfq x]g]{ ?lr ePsf
laBfyL{xn] o; laifodf Aofks vf]h ug]{ OR5f /fVg] u/] klg, g]kfndf
vuf]n la1fg ;DalGw s'g} 7f]; cWoog ePsf] 5}g . t/ cGt/LIfaf6
;a}eGbf glhssf] e';tx g]kfndf /x]sf] 5 . ;u/dfyfsf] 6fs'/fnfO{
cGt/LIfaf6 ;a}eGbf glhssf] k[YaLsf] w/ftnsf] kdf lnOPsf] 5 .
To;}n] g]kfnnfO{ tf/fd08n cWoog ug{ e/kbf]{ If]qsf] kdf laZjsf
vuf]n a}1flgsxn] lng] u/]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf] ;/sf/ pbfl;gtfsf] sf/0fn]
eg] o; If]qsf] nflu vf;} ;/sf/L sfo{qmd x'g] u/]sf] 5}g .
g]kfnsf laBfyL{xsf] lbdfudf vuf]n la1fg ;DalGw ?lr hufpg
x/]s aif{ s/La Ps ;o hgf pdfla tx / :gfts txdf la1fg laifo
lnP/ cWoog ul//x]sf laBfyL{xnfO{ la1fg tyf k|lalw dGqfnon] Ps
xKtf tflnd lbg] u/]sf] 5 . laut & aif{ b]lv o; lsl;dsf] tflnd x/]s
aif{ cfof]hgf x'b} cfPsf] 5 . o; aif{ klg olx h]7 $ ut] b]lv sf7df08'df
;f] tflnd ;'? ePsf] 5 . tflnddf g]kfnsf laleGGf lhNnfsf Ps ;o
laBfyL{xnfO{ vuf]n la1fg ;DalGw k|f/lDes 1fg lbOg] la1fg dGqfnosf
clws[t ;gt s'df/ zdf{n] hfgsf/L u/fP . tflnd calwdf @! j6f
laifodf hfgsf/L u/fOg] Aoa:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . laBfyL{xn] tflnddf
b'/bz{s oGqsf] k|of]u ug{ l;Sg]5g\ . o;/L l;s]sf] 1fgsf] Aoaxfl/s
k|of]usf] cEof; u/fpg pgLxnfO{ h]7 & ut] z'qmaf/ gu/sf]6sf] 6fj/df
/flvPsf] b'/bz{s oGqaf6 cfsfl;o lk08xsf] cWoog ug{ lbOg]5 .
tflnddf @$ j6f z}lIfs :f:yfsf laBfyL{xsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 .
tflnd kfPsf laBfyL{x/n] elaio vuf]n If]qdf pRr cWooog ug]{
cfof]hxn] laZjf; u/]sf 5g\ . ;'/]z kf}8]n, k|lzIffyL{ kqsf/
@)^& ;fn h]7 !^ ut] cfOtaf/
;dodf=== ;'b/" klZrddf===
u/] s f 5g\ . ;+ l jwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rg;Fu} kl/jt{gsf] cfzfdf
ef/taf6 3/ kmls{Psf ;'vt{] sf dfq
k| l tlbg sl/a @%) hgf o' j f
ljb]lzg] u/]sf 5g\ . ;'vt{] /fgLjf;
$ sf kbdaxfb' / /fgfn] cfk" m
/f]huf/Lsf nflu d'DaO{ hfg nfu]sf]
atfP . ufpFdf sfd gkfPkl5 b'O{
5fssf] hf]xf] ldnfpg ef/t hfg
nfuF] , pgn] eg] g]tfx r'gfjkl5
;Qfdf hfg] xfdL hxfFsf] txLF xfdLnfO{
kl/jt{ g n] s] g} u5{ < b] z sf]
P]ltxfl;s cj;/df r'gfjdf of]Uo
pDd]bjf/nfO{ ef]6 xfn]/ ;+ljwfg
agfpg] 7fpFdf k'ofPsf y'k}| o'jf
clxn] tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;+ljwfg g}
gag]kl5 pgLxsf sfo{kl| t lg/fzf
JoSt ub}{ ljb]lzg yfn]sf x'g\ .
;'v]{tsf k"jL{ uflj;sf ufpFxdf
o'jfx e]fpg} ufx|f] x'g] u/]sf] ;'vt{]
3f]/6] f uflj;sf k"jW{ oIf k[YjLaxfb'/
vqL atfpF5g\ . gofF ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff
ePkl5 h]7 !$ nfO{ kj{sf kdf
dgfpg] cfzf u/]/ b'O{ jif{;Dd
:jb]zd} s'//] a;]sf o'jfx k'gM
ljb]lzg yfn]sf] pgn] atfP . otf,
h]7 !$ ut]kl5 d'n'ssf] cj:yf
lalu| g ] eGb} ;' v ] { t sf] 3f] / ] 6 f /
ah] l 8rf} / uflj;sf ;ft ufpF
o'jfljxLg ePsf 5g\ . tf]lsPsf]
;dodf gofF ;+ljwfg aGnf / ufpFd}
a;]/ /f]huf/L u/f}Fnf eg]/ ;f]r]sf
o'jfx ;+ljwfg gag]kl5 pgLx
b]zdf a:g' plrt gePsf] eGb}
ljb]lzPsf x'g\ vqLn] eg] . 3f]/6] fsf
n'sO{, ;'Gtf]nf, 3f]/]6f, ufGb|f tyf
cflu|ufpF uflj;sf j8f;Ldf /
cflu|ufpF o'jfljxLg ePsf 5g\ .
:jb]zd} a;]/ s'g} /f]huf/L kfpg]
gb]vk] l5 pgLx ufpF 5f8]/ dhb'/L
ug{ ljb]lzPsf] :yfgLo afl;Gbf
atfpF5g\ . ufpFdf afnaRrf /
j[4j[4f dfq 5g\ . ufpFdf o'jf
gePkl5 hGtL, dnfdL, s'nfgfnf,
d] n fkft tyf cGo ;dflhs
sfdx;d]t k|efljt x'g yfn]sf
5g\ . ljb]z hfg' /x/ xf]Og afWotf
xf] rf/ 5f]/fnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf nflu
ef/t k7fPsf cflu|ufpF uflj;sf
sflnaxfb'/ ljsn] eg] ufpFdf
/f]huf/L 5}g, To;}n] ;a} 5f]/f ef/t
k7fPF . ;fx|fu] fx|f] kbf{ / ufpFdf sf]xL
la/fdL x' F b f af] s ] / c:ktfn
k'ofpg];d]t sf]xL x'bF g} j8f;Ldfsf
lbnaxfb' / a" 9 fn] eg] ufpF d f
a"9fa"9L, dlxnf / afnaRrf dfq
5f}F . !* jif{ s6]sf ufpFsf ;a} o'jf
ef/tdf 5g\ . ;a} ljb]lzPkl5
xfdLnfO{ ufpFdf cfOkg]{ ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{] cK7of/f] 5 3f]/]6fsf
lrq ljsn] eg] ansf] sfd ubf{
csf]{ ufpFaf6 tGg]/L af]nfpg'k5{ .
vd'ns ' df gofF ;+ljwfg gag]kl5 b'z
k'gM u[xo'4df km:g] cfzf ub}{
o'jfx t];|f] d'n'sdf /f]huf/Lsf
nflu knfog x'g yfn]kl5 cGo l5d]sL
uflj; /fgLjf;, sfkmnsf] 6 ,
ah] 8 Lrf} / , /fsdnufotdf klg
o'jfx vf]Hg} ufx|f] x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
if8\oGqsf]===
pgLx lg/fz ePsf 5g\ . tL bnaLr
;xdlt eO;s] kl5 klg Pdfn]leqsf
if8oGqsf/Lxn] k| w fgdGqLnfO{
/fhLgfdf glbg dWo/ft afn'jf6f/
k'u]/ bafa lbO/x]sf lyP . s'g}
xfntdf klg /fhLgfdf glbg' a?
;+s6sfn nufpg bafa lbFb} Pdfn]sf
s]kL cf]nL / k|wfgdGqLsf /fhLlts
;Nnfxsf/ /3' kGt clGtd
cj:yf;Dd klg bf}8w'k ul//x]sf
lyP . hgtfsf] rf}tkmL{ bafa /
dfcf] j fbLsf] c8fgsf sf/0f
k| w fgdGqLsf] /fhLgfdf /
;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb a9fpg] ;xdlt
eO;Sbf klg dfwj g]kfnnfO{ /fhLgfdf
glbnfpg s;/t u/]sf cf]nL / kGt
cfk" m c;kmn ag] k l5 emf] l Ssb}
k|wfgdGqL sfof{noaf6 /flt ca]/
aflxl/Psf lyP . casf] Ps jif{
;Dk"0f{ if8oGqnfO{ lrb}{ hgtfsf] ;+3Lo
nf]stflGqs u0ftGq :yflkt u/fpg
cxf]/fq nflukg]{ dfcf]jfbLn] atfPsf]
5 . cGtl/d ;+ l jwfg cf7f} F
;+zf]wgkl5sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf]
a}7s ef]ln ck/fGx tLg ah] a:g]
atfOPsf] 5 . ;fu/ kGt
ljBfyL{n] k'/fgf] lstfa cWoog ug]{
ePsfn] cg'dfg ul/P hlt vl/b
gePsf] pxfFn] atfpg'eof] . k':ts
gkfP/ k9\gaf6 sf]xL afnaflnsf
jl~rt gx'g\ egL ;'b"/klZrdsf
gf}j6f lhNnfdf k'Ug] u/L ;femf
k|sfzg If]qLo sfof{no, wgu9Ldfkm{t\
k':ts ljt/0f ul/Psf] pNn]v ub}{
kf7\ok':tssf] cefj x'g glbg hgs
lzIffn] e/dUb'/ k|of; ul//x]sf]
pklgb{z ] s nfld5fg]n] atfpg'eof] .
;/sf/n] o;cl3 sIff Psb]lv kfFr
sIff;Ddsf kf7\ o k' : ts
lgMz'Nskdf ljBfyL{nfO{ ljt/0f ub}{
cfPsfdf o; z}lIfs;qaf6 sIff
cf7;Ddsf kf7ok':ts lgMz'Ns
ljt/0f u/] s f] 5 . k6sk6s
lstfa cefjsf] ;d:of em]Nb} cfPsf]
;'b/" klZrddf o; k6s eg] To;af6
lzIfs, ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjs
;a}nfO{ /fxt ldNg] atfOPsf] 5 .
k|foh;f] kxf8L lhNnfsf ljBfyL{n]
slxn] lstfa gkfP/ k/LIff lbg'kg]{
t slxn] lzIfsn] lstfa geP/
cg'ejsf cfwf/df k9fpg'kg{] cj:yf
cfPsf] lyof] eg] sltko ljBfyL{ tyf
cleefjsnfO{ t/fO{sf lhNnfdf k'u/]
k'/fgf RofltPsf lstfa;d]t vf]h]/
n}hfg' kg]{ cj:yf lyof] .
;/sf/L===
;+ljwfg;efsf ^)! ;ef;bxsf]
x}l;ot klg u'Db} 5 eg]/ < o;sf]
;fy ;fy} cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cg';f/
/fi6klt Ho"sf] sfo{sfn klg b'O{ jif{sf]
dfq /xg] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg sfod /x] klg
To;kl5 d'ns ' df ;+jw} flgs ;'Gotf
sfod x'g] 5 / b]z stf hfg] x'Gg
eGg] s'/f g]sf Pdfn] ;/sf/nufotsf
JolQmxn] ;f]rc ] g';f/ x'G5 x'Gg eGg]
s'/f s;n] a'em] sf] 5 . o;af/] s;}n]
eGg ;S5 < eGg ;S5 eg] eg]/
b]vfpg' kof] . o;kl5 d'ns ' df gofF
/fhgLlts ;+j] f / kl/l:ylt pTkGg
x'g] Jofks ;Defjgf a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg a9Ldf ^ dlxgfdfq
sfo{cjlw a9fpg ;Sg] k|fjwfg /x]sf]
5 . To;df klg P=g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf]
;xdlt lagf Dofb a9fpg ;Sg] s;}df
x'lt 5}g . ;Ddflgt ;jf]R{ r cbfntn]
klg cfgf] k/fdz{ lbO;s]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL hgtf ca zflGt ;Demf}tf
jf:tljs kdf sfof{Gjog ePsf] b]Vg
rfxG5 . o;nfO{ k'gM u'dfpg rfxGg .
To;sf/0f ;/sf/df cfl;g
;Qfwf/Lxn] a'g h?/L 5 . o;n]
csf]{ ljs/fn k lng gkfcf]; . xfn}
dO{ lbj;sf] cj;/df /fhwfgLsf]
;8\sdf cf]ns {] f hgtfsf eL8 / ^
lbg;Ddsf] cfd x8\tfnsf] b'MvnfO{
s;}n] e'ns ] f] 5}g . To;}u/L zflGtsf]
nflu cfdhgtfn] ;a}df lbPsf] bafa
klg tfh} 5 . k"j{ /fhf 1fg]Gb|
hgsk'/wfddf hfgsL dlGb/sf] k"hf
ug{ hfF b fsf] hgfb] z / xfn}
g]kfnu~hsf] jfu]Zj/L dlGb/df k"hf
ug{ hfFbfsf] hgtfsf] hgfb]z g]kfnLsf]
dfg;k6ndf sfod} 5 . oL
hgfb]znfO{ s;}n] la;{g' ePg .
jf:tjdf hgtfn] s] rfx]sf] 5 eGg]
s'/f] af/] ;a} /fhg]tfxsf] leqL cfTdf
9\ofu|f] 76fPsf] g} xf]nf . ef]ln s] x'g]
xf] s;}n] a'em] sf 5}gg\ . To;sf/0f
klg ;a} bnsf g] t f tyf
sfo{stf{xn] hgfb]znfO{ nft xfg]
eg] pxfFxsf] v}/ 5}g eGg] a'em] x'G5 .
xfdLn] x]/f},F g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] @)^#
sf] wf/f # n] g]kfnsf] /fhsLo;Qf
hgtfdf lglxt /xg] 5 eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] kfOG5 t/ k|of]u ljlwaf/] pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvGg .
To;} u /L g] k fn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg @)$& nfO{ x]/f}F . g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& n] g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f
# n] klg g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf g]kfnL
hgtfdf lglxt /xg] 5 eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] kfOG5 / o;sf] k|of]u ;+ljwfgdf
Joj:yf ePadf]lhd x'g] s'/f pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf
g]kfnL hgtfsf] OR5fcg';f/ of]
;+ljwfg k|f/Dej ePkl5 g]kfn
clw/fHosf] /fhsLo;Qf / ;fj{ef}d
clwsf/ o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhs k|of]u
x'g] u/L xfdLaf6 k|of]u eO cfPsf]
/fhsLo;Qfsf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;Nnfx
/ ;Ddltcg';f/ ;+ljwfg hf/L u/]sf]
eGg] pNn]v ePsf]n,] oL s'/fxn] ubf{
d'ns ' df gofF /fhgLlts kl/l:ylt
pTkGg x'g; ] Defjgfx a9]sf] b]lvG5 .
lj36g ePsf] ;+;b\, k'gj{ xfn x'g ;S5
eg], d'ns ' df gofF /fhgLlts kl/l:ylt
lsg pTkGg x'g ;Sb}g eGg] clwsf+;
gful/sxn] eGg yfn]sf 5g\ . o;sf]
;+s]t hgsk'/sf] / g]kfnu+hsf]
hgfb]zn] b]vfO;s]sf] s'/fnfO{ r6\s}
hgtfxn] e'Ng ;Sb}gg . To;}n] o;f] ofqf z'?eof] . Ps 7fFp, b'O{ 7fFp xf/]sf
x'g glbg]tk{m ltg} 7"nf bnx ldn]/
/fli6o ;xdltsf] ;/sf/ u7gu/L
d'ns ' nfO{ ;+s6af6 hf]ufpg h?/L
/x]sf] 5 .
clxn] cfP/ g]sf Pdfn] / cGo
bnxn] P= g]skf dfcf]jfbLnfO{
gful/s kf6L{ x'g'kg]{ eGg] ub{5 .
gful/s kf6L{ eg]sf] s:tf] xf], To;sf]
ljZn]if0f klg pxfFxn] ug'k{ of] .
;] g fsf] ;+ V of tf] S g] cflbh:tf
g;'xfpFbf] s'/f u/]/ lxF8g\ pxfFxnfO{
cK7]/f] klg nfUb}g . oL ;a} s'/fx
pxfFxn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g'
cl3g} ug'{ kb{lyof] . cfh cfP/
b]znfO{ ;+s6df kfl/lxF8g\ pxfFxnfO{
s;}n] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5}g . pxfFxn]
s] a'g'k5{ eg] ;a} d} x',F eg] hgtf
x',F eGg] ;j{zlQmdfg x'F eg]/ lxF8g\ '
x'Gg . ef]ln pxfFxsf] ult klg
/fdfo0fsf] /fj0fsf] h:tf] ult gxf];\
eGg] rfxG5' . To;}n] s;}n] klg eL/af6
n8\g] ufO{nfO{ /fd /fd dfq eGg
;lsG5, To;nfO{ s;}n] sfFw yfDg
;Sb}g . ef]lnsf] ab\lnFbf] /fhgLlts
kl/l:yltn] lh;ls nf7L p p;ls
e}; + eGg] rl/tfy{ cg'k sfo{ x'g
ghfaf];\ eGg] z+sf a9\g uPsf]n] ;do
d} b'O{ de}mnf bn g]sf Pdfn] cGo
bnx ;r]t x'gk' g]{ cfjZostf /x]sf]
5 / lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfdf g]kfn
;/sf/ / P=g]skf dfcf]jfbL aLr
ePsf] ;Demf}tf ;fQ, /fhgLlts bn
/ P= g]skf dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ aLr ePsf]
!@ a'bF ] ;dembf/L / * a'bF ] ;xdlt
ljkl/t ghfg ;a}df clkn u5f}{F
;+s6df k/]sf] g]kfnsf] /fhgLltnfO{
cf]em] ndf gkfg{ ;a}df clkn ug{
rfxG5' . ca x]g'{5 xfd|f /fhg]tf
Ho" x sf] ;' e ma' e m / g] k fnL
hgtfk|ltsf] k|lta4tfnfO{ .
-n]vs jl/i7 ;'/Iffljb\ x'gx' G' 5 ._
k|fof]lht===
eGb} dfcf]jfbL cfkm}F cu|;/ ePsf]
bfaL u/] s f lyP . >] i 7
ljBfyL{sfnb]lv cfgf] ;fyL / s'zn
lrlsT;s ePsfn] cj:yf kQf
nufpg cu|;/ ePsf] dfcf]jfbL g]tf
z]/rgn] atfPsf lyP . e/tk'/sf]
aLkL d]df]l/on SofG;/ c:ktfnsf
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs 8f= eStdfg >]i7
!@ lbgb]lv a]kQf 5g\ .
k|wfgdGqLsf]===
plAhPsf] 5 s] k|wfgdGqLn] ;fFRr}
/fhLgfdf u5{g\ < o;cl3 klg o:tf
s'/fdf ;xdtL ePsf] eGg] sfof{Gjog
gug]{ / To; ;xdtLnfO{ cfg}
lx;fan] JofVof ug]{ k/Dk/fsf sf/0f
w]/} dfG5] ;xdtLk|lt z+sf JoSt
u5{g\ . oBlk dfcf]jfbL g]tfxn]
kfFr lbgleq} /fhLgfdf ug{ k|wfgdGqL
;xdt ePsfn] Dofb yKg ;xdlt
ul/Psf] hgfPsf atfPsf 5g\ .
k|wfgdGqL;Fusf] 5nkmnkl5 Pdfn]
g]tf s]kL cf]nLn] k|wfgdGqLsf]
/fhLgfdfaf/] s'/} ug{ rfx]gg\ .
/fhLgfdf af/] s] eof] eGg]
;+rf/sdL{nfO{ pgn] pN6} k|Zg u/]
s]sf] /fhLgfdf < s;sf] /fhLgfdf <
pgn] ;Demf}tfdf ePsf zAbnfO{
Vofn ug]{ / xNnfsf k5fl8 gnfUg
cfu|x u/] . To:t} g]kfnL sfFu|];sf
k| j Stf ch{ ' g g/l;+ x s] ; Ln]
k|wfgdGqLn] /fhLgfdf lbg] :ki6
kfl/;s] s f 5g\ . dfcf] j fbLn]
Kofs]hsf ljifodf ;xdlt hgfP b'O{
tLg lbgd} /fhLgfdf x'g] / ;xdlt
geP nlDag] pgsf] egfO{ lyof] .
To;sf/0f casf lbgdf /fhgLlt
km]l/ klg k|wfgdGqLsf] /fhLgfdf
j/k/ 3'Dg] lglZrt 5 . k|wfgdGqLn]
u/]sf] df}lvs ;xdlt Dofb ylkPkl5
kfngf x'g]df clwsf+z dflg; z+sf
JoSt u5{g\ . ca km]l/ klg clxn]
h:t} Kofs]h ;xdltsf] s'/fdf b]zsf]
/fhlglt clNemg] z+sf k|z:t} 5 .
t/ klg Pdfn]sf ;ef;b\xaLr
b]lvPsf] rsf]{ ljjfb clg sfFu|];sf
g/xl/ cfrfo{sf] ;/sf/sf] cf}lrTo
;dfKt ePsf] bfjLn] cfufdL lbgdf
k|wfgdGqL dfwj g]kfnsf] af6f] clxn]
eGbf r'gf}tLk"0f{ ePsf] cg'dfg ug{
;lsG5 .
zflGt====
k/fhosf] kmf]x/L y'kf| d] f 8'as
] f dfwj
g] k fnnfO{ k| w fgdGqL agfO{
k|ltudgsf/L lbzfdf cufl8 a8g]
ei6, kltt / ;+l3otf eP b]z 6'lqm|G5
;+l3otf geP klg b]z 6'lqm|G5 eGb}
lx8g]x wf]tL km]//] Pp6} efG5fdf
vfgf z'?u/] . ef/tn] g]kfnsf
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ km'6s ] f] cfFvfn] klg x]g{
;Sb}g . dfcf]jfbLn] xltof/ a'emfP
kl5 dfq ;+ljwfg aGg' k5{ . hgd'lQm
;]gfnfO{ ;d'xut kdf Pshgf klg
;dfof]hg u/fpg ;lsb}g . 3/hUuf
lkmtf{ ug'k{ 5{ , dfcf]afbL gful/s
kf6Ldf kfGt/0f x'gk' 5{ . jfO{=l;=Pn+
la36g ug'k{ 5{ cflb OToflb s'/fx
jfGtf ug{ yfNf] . cj of] lrGtg, k|jl[ t
/ lqmofsnfkn] b]zdf gt zflGt
k|so[ fnfO{ lg/Gt/ cufl8 a8\Gf ;S5
g t gofF ;+ljwfg a]nd} f aGg ;Dej
5 eGg] s'/f dfcf]jfbL kf6L{nfO{
nflUf/x]s} lyof] . zflGt / gofF ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fsf nflu klxnf] s'/f /fi6kltn]
h'g 7fpmaf6 c;++j}wflgs sbd
ckgfP . ToxL 7fpmaf6 ;Rofpg]
sfdsf] yfngL ug'{k5{ . To;jf/]
Joj:yflksfdf 5nkmn rnfpg
kfpg'k5{ . /fi6kltsf] c;+jw} fgLs
sbd lkmtf{ lng'k5{ . ;]gf k|dv ' n]
;/sf/sf] lg0f{onfO{ cj1f u/] sfn]
gful/s ;j{Rjtfsf] xgg ePsf]5 .
Tof] ljifoxdf ;bgdf 5nkmn ug{
kfpg' k5{ eGg] s'/f ub{} Joj:yflksf
;bgdf /fVg] sfd eof] . t/ Tof] s'/f
;'gj' fO{ gePkl5 dfcf]jfbLn] ;bg
jlxisf/sf] dfWofdaf6 clwsf/sf
nflu ;+3i{ f uof] . ha Tof] ;bgsf]
s'/fjf/] ;'g'jfO{ x'g 5f]8\of] clg
;8ssf] ;3{ifnfO{ cufl8 j9fpg' kg]{
jfWofTds kl/l:ytL pTkGg eof] .
cGtt nfvf}nfv hgtfsf] pk:yLtLdf
zflGtk'0f{ / ;flngtfk'js { hgcfGbf]ng
eof] . of] s7k'tnL ;/sf/ ePsfn]
x'gk' 5{ nfvf}nfv g]kfnL hgtf 4f/f
/fli6otf, hgtfsf] u0ftGq Pj+
hghLjLsfsf] lgDtL ul/Psf]
cfGbf]ngnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{, lgsf;
lgsfNg] s'/f ePg . Oltxf; / g]kfnL
hgtfk|lt u4f/L ub{} dfwj g]kfnsf]
ef/tLo ;/sf/ cufl8 jl9/x]sf]
lyof] . dfwj ;/sf/sf] lqmofsnfkn]
cfh b]znfO{ k|;j a]bgfsf] si6bfoL
kL8fdf ws]ln/x]sf] lyof] . /fi6sf]
;fj{ef}d;Qf, :jtGqtf / cv08tfsf]
/Iff d'nssf] /fli6o :jfeLdfg ;+/If0f
ug'kg{] bfloTjaf6 of] s7k'tnL
;/sf/af6 klG5/x]sf]5 . cfh 7fFp
7fFpdf l;dfcltqmd0fx eO/x]sf
5g . lbg bxf8} dfG5]x ckx/0f /
dfl/g] ul//x] s f5g . n' 6 kf6 /
ei6frf/ rsf]{ 9+un] df}nfO{ /x]sf]5 .
dlGqx /fi6;]js sd{rf/LxnfO{
uf]bb\ } lx8]sf5g . dlGqxdf tyfgfd
ufnL ub}{ jj{/fpg] dxf/f]usf] rsf]{
;d:of b]lvG5 .
P]ltxfl;s 36gfqmdnfO{ x]bf{ of]
;/sf/sf] kfnfdf ;a}eGbf k|;:t
dfqfdf j}bl] zs rnv]n a9]sf]5 .
;+ ; bjfbL /fhgLlts kf6L{ x
ljb]zLk|efjnfO{ j9fP/ dfcf]jfbLnfO{
PsNofpg], abgfd ug]{, l3;f/]/
cfkm\gf] cg'sn ' tfdf tfGg], gdfg] kl5
bdg u/]/ l;Wofpg] cleofgdf
nflu/x]sf5g . of] ;/sf/n] d'ns ' nfO{+
;sf/fTds lb;flt/ cufl8 j9fpg]
Pp6f klg sfd ug{;s]sf]5g} . cfkm'
;/sf/df a:g] t/ sfd ug{ g;s]sf]
bf]if dfcf]jfbL kf6L{nfO{ nufpg]
x:of:kb ts{ cufl8 /fVb} cfPsf]5 .
clg dfcf]jfbL kf6L{nfO{ hgtfsf]
cToflws dt eP klg clwsf/ ljlxg
cj:yfdf /xg jfWo kfl//x]sf]5 .
g]kfnL sf+u; ]| sf] /fi6klt, Pdfn]sf]
;+ljwfg ;ef cWoIf tyf ;efd'v /
k|wfgdlGq , sDo"lgi6 /+unfu]sf g]kfnL
sf+u; ]| sf ;+jw} flgs ;ldtLsf ;efklt
/x]sf5g . sfFxf lg/ dfcf]jfbLn]
;+ljwfg agfpg jf ;/sf/ rnfpg
/fSg] 7fpm5 eG] nfu]sf] lyof] . a?
ha zf;sLo :jk, /fHo zlQmsf]
afF8kmfF8 ,Gofo k|0ffnL ;DalGw s'/fsf
;fy} /fHosf] k' g /;+ / rgsf
7
a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL ug{ hUuf 7]Ssfdf
s~rgk'/ . s~rgk'/df a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL ug]{ clwsf+z ls;fgn]
hUuf 7]Ssf lnPsf 5g\ . t/sf/Lsf nflu dfq pgLxn] hUuf 7]Ssfdf lng]
u/sf x'g\ . nfdf] ;dob]lv t/sf/L v]tL ub}{ cfPsf] clwsf+z ls;fgx
hUufsf] cj:yf x]/]/ d"No ltg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . au/df k|ltsf Ps xhf/
jfifL{o lt/]/ lng] u/]sf] ;'gf/f gbLdf ljut kfFr jif{b]lv v]tL ug'{ePsf]
O{;/t cxdtn] atfpg'eof] . au/eGbf dflyNnf] hldgsf] d"No a9L kg]{
u/]sf] pgLxsf] egfO{ 5 . jflif{s Ps nfv ?lkofF;Dd sdfpg ;kmn
c/ljGb|sd' f/ df}on
{ ] eLdbQ gu/kflnsf^ agufpFdf hUuf 7]Ssfdf lng'ePsf]
5 . pxfFsf cg';f/ em08} Ps bh{g kl/jf/ jgufpFsf] em08} @@ lj3f
hldgdf ljut ;ft jif{b]lv 7]Ssfdf hUuf lnP/ t/sf/L pTkfbg ul//x]sf]
5 . jflif{s k|ltlj3f !% xhf/ ?lkofF lt5f}{+, df}o{n] eGg'eof] slxn] 3f6f
x'G5, slxn] b'O{9fO{ nfv k}ofF gfkmf . cxdbsf cg';f/ !% kl/jf/n]
emnf/L uflj;% df hUuf 7]Ssfdf lnP/ t/sf/L pTkfbg ul//x]sf] 5 .
dG;'/ cG;f/Lnufotsf] kl/jf/n] lnPsf] 7]Ssfsf] hUufdf t/sf/L dfq
ul/G5 . hUuf 7]Ssf lbP/ ;f] If]qsf] kl/jf/ aflx/ uPsf 5g\, dG;'/n]
eGg'eof] ;fndf cfpF5g\ /sd a'5g\ . s[lif ljsf; sfof{non] s]xL
kl/jf/nfO{ a}df};dL t/sf/Ldf ;xof]u u/] klg 7]Ssfdf lng]nfO{ ;xof]u ug{
EofPsf] 5}g . ;dfhdf ePsf] ;d"xcg';f/ ljp ljt/0f nufot k|fljlws
;xof]u u/]sf 5f}, al/i7 s[lif clws[t nIdLbQ kGtn] eGg'eof]cefj
u|:t ;dfhnfO{ t/sf/Lk|lt k|T;flxt u/]sf 5f} .
7]Ssfdf lnP/ s~rgk'/df t/sf/L v]tL u/fPsf 5f}, O{~rfh{ 6]saxfb'/
l;xn] eGg'eof]ljkGg ju{;Fu hUufsf] cefj x'g] x'bfF hUuf ef8f lng]
u/]sf xf} . ljkGgsf] cfly{s cj:yf psf:g ul/Psf] k|of;df !(! x]S6/
au/df t/sf/L ug{ k|]l/t u/]sf] atfpb} pxfFn] eGg'eof]z'?jft u/]sf xf},
ca pgLx cfkm} 7]Ssf lnP/ t/sf/L nufp5g\ .
au/ klg cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t
nxfg . b'O{ jif{cufl8 xftd'v hf]g{ wf}wf} x'g] l;/xf lhNnf lrsgf uflj; j8f
gDa/ % sf sfzL d'lvof sdnf gbLsf] au/df t/sf/L v]tL ug{ yfn]kl5 pgsf]
hLjgdf cfly{s kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . l;/xf lhNnfsf] sdnf gbLsf] au/df !)
sf hUufdf t/a'hf, km;L{, nf}sf, af]8L, s/]nf, sfFqmf], k/jnsf] t/sf/L v]tL
u/L d'lvofn] o; jif{ ?= %) xhf/ eGbf a9L cfDbfgL ul/;s]sf 5g\ . lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt l;/xfsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ldq ;dfhn] ;'sd' af;L tyf ljkGg
ju{sf blnt ;d'bfonfO{ sdnf gbL au/df t/sf/L v]tL ug{ clek|l] /t u/]kl5
To; e]usf @)) eGbf a9L ls;fg o; Joj;fodf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ . n3' pBd
cu'jfOdf @)# hgf ls;fgnfO{ ;d"xdf cfa4 u/fO{ t/sf/L v]tL ug{ yflnPsf]
5 . ljut b'O{ jif{bl] v ;~rflnt n3'pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd ;dfhn] utjif{ !@*
hgf ls;fgnfO{ ?= tLg nfv @) xhf/ d"No a/fa/sf] aLp, dn, vfB, sL6gfzs
cf}iflw pknAw u/fO/x]sf] 5 . ;dfhsf cWoIf tyf ;xhstf{ ;lxbf vft'gn]
eGg'eof], o; jif{ ;dfhn] &% hgf ls;fgnfO{ t/sf/Lsf] aLp dfq pknAw
u/fPsf] 5 . ;d"xdf cfa4 @)# hgf pBdLn] sdnf gbLsf] au/df t/a'hf,
ss8Lnufotsf t/sf/L pTkfbg u/L dgUo cfly{s nfe lng yfn]kl5 To;sf]
b]vfl;sL ub}{ To; e]usf cGo ls;fg ;d]t au/df t/sf/L v]tL ug{t] km{ cfslift{
eO/x]sf] ;dfhsf sfo{If]q ;+of]hg kjgs'df/ clwsf/Ln] atfP . pgL eG5g\,
n3'pBd sfo{qmd nfu" ePkl5 rf/ sfdf t/sf/L v]tL u/L sl/a ?= $) xhf/
cfDbfgL x'bF f d}n] sdfpg k~hfa hfg 5f8] lrsgf uflj;% sf ltlt/ ;bfo
eG5g\, t/sf/L v]tLaf6} /fd|f] cfDbfgL ePkl5 3/ klg agfof},F 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{
ljBfnodf klg egf{ u/fPsf 5f}F . t/sf/L v]tLaf6 dgUo cfDbfgL x'g yfn]kl5
;dfhsf] ;xof]udf To; e]usf ls;fgn] %) la3feGbf a9L If]qdf t/sf/L v]tL
lrsgf, emf]qmfxfnufot ufpFsf ^)) eGbf a9L blnt tyf e"ldxLgx o; Joj;fodf
;+nUg 5g\ . t/sf/L v]tLaf6 a9L kmfObf xf];\ egL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] rf/j6f
;d"xnfO{ yk l;FrfOsf] nflu rf/j6f klDk;]6 ljt/0f u/]sf] :yfgLo ljsf;
clwsf/L nfndl0f cf]emfn] atfpg'eof] . ldq ;dfhn] ls;fgnfO{ ahf/sf] Joj:yfkg
;d]t ul/lbPsfn] ls;fgn] cfgf] pTkfbg ;lhn} ahf/df nu]/ a]Rg] u/]sf 5g\ .
laifoxnfO{ ;ldtLx dfkm{t ;+lawfg s'g} klg xfntdf r'Sb}g . /fli6o
;efdf 5nkmnsf nflu cfP TotLa]nf ;xdlt lagf oxL k|ltalGwt cj:yfdf
b]lv cfh # dfxgf ;Dd lgsDaf k|ltudgsf/L / cj;/jfbL /fhgLlts
;flat agfPsf] s'/f cufl8 b]lvg kl08txn] zflGt / gofF ;+ljwfg
yfNof] . dfcf]jfbL kf6L{n] ;+lawfg lgdf0f{sf] dfnf hlt hk]klg hlt lrRofP
;efdf ;+lawfg lgdf{0fsf nflu sxfF klg of] ;+lawfg agfpg geO{ u[xo'4
/ s'g ;dodf s] sfdsf nflu cj/f]w lgDTofpg] rfnjfhL afx]s c? s]lx
v8f uof] of] ;/sf/ ;u r/kbf]{ xf]Og{ eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] . k'/fg}
hafkms]5 < eGGf] nfu]sfxf] . z]nLsf af;L ts{x lgsfn]/ o'4
a? o;sf] ;d:of ;+;bjfbL lgDTofpg] tof/L ul//x]sf] 5 .
/fhgLlts bnxAff6} k}bf ePsf]5 . ;/sf/jfbL kf6L{ x sf jf] n L /
;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 ls nfvf}nfv hgtf Jojxf/nfO{ x]bf{ jf:tljstf s'/f ToxL
;8sdf cf]ln{P/ zflGtk'0f{ cfGbf]ng b]lvG5 . of] s7k'tnL ;/sf/n]
ubf{ xf]; jf ltg} hgtfsf c;nL
k|ltlgwL ;ef;bxn] zflGt / gofF
/fhLgfdf lbP/ /fli6o ;+oQ' m ;/sf/sf]
nflu af6f] v'Nnf ug{k' b{5 eNg] s'/f
;+ljwfg lgdf0f{sf nflu ;bgdf s/fpbf /fVof} . ;f]daf/ ;Dd dfwasf] ;/sf/n]
xf]; of] ;/sf/ r'O{sd 6flF;Pem} /flhgfdf lbg /] /fli6o ;+oQ' m ;/sf/sf]
6fFl;Psf]5 jf lr/lgGb|fdf ;'t/] lagf nflu k|z:t dfu{ v'Nnf ug]{ ;xdlt
;xdlt ;+lawfg ;efsf] Dofb yKsf] ePsf]5 . ;+lawfg ;efsf] Dofb klg !
nflu ab ul//x]sf5 eGg] nfUof] . cfh aif{sf nflu yk ePsf]5 . olb s;}n]
of] ;/sf/n] ;+lawfg ;ef la36g of] P]ltxfl;s lg0f{onfO{ tf]8df]8 ug]{
u/fpg cfkm\gf] ck/fwk'0f{ sfo{sf] bf]if s' r ] i 6f u/] d f km] l / zflGtk' 0 f{
>dhLjL ju{ / To;sf k|ltlgwLxnfO{ hgcfGbf]ngsf] dfWofaf6 hgtfdf hfg'
nufpg rfxfG5 . Tof] ;a} s'/f jfx]s csf]{ ljsNk 5}g . ca b]zdf
yfxf eP/ g} dfcf]jfbLn] ;xdlt, ;xsfo{ zflGt / gofF ;+lawfg lgdf0f{ nufotsf
/ ;+emf}tfsf] s'/f cufl8 ;/]sf]xf] . claef/f k'/f ug{ b]zeQm, /fi6jfbL,
dfcf]jfbL kf6L{nfO{ l3;f/]/ ;+ljwfg jfdk+GyL, ;+lwotf, wd{lg/k]Iftfsf
;efsf] Dofb yKg nufpg] / cfkm\gf] kIfw/, ;Rrf u0ftGqjfbLx ;usf]
cfo' j9fP/ dfcf]jfbL bdGfsf nflu Pstfdf Ps zlQmzfnL ;+oQ' m df]rf{
;do lgsfNg] if8Gqsf/L ;f]r o;}df lgdf0f{ ul/ ;xL gLtL ;lx of]hgf lgdf{0f
lglxt5 . of] bdgsf] nflu rnfPsf] u/]/ b[9 sfof{gogsf ;fy cufl8 a9g'
uf]oj; ;}nLsf] e08fkmf]/ ub} j}bl] zs kb{5 . of] k|so[ faf6 dfq pTkGg ePsf
u|fO{g l8hfOgdf ePsf] ck/flws ;a} k|sf/sf /fi63ftL, hg3ftL,
of]hgfnfO{ s'g} klg xfntdf nfu' x'g ;+lwotf / wd{lg/k]Iftf la/f]wL
lbg' x'bg} eGg] s'/f a'em]/ g} Pp6f tTjxaf6 k}bf ePsf ;df:ofxsf]
e/kbf]{ ;xdltsf] af6f] vf]n/] dfq ;d]t cj;fg Ps} k6s x'G5 . tj
;+lawfg ;efsf] Dofb yKg' pko'Qm xf]nf dfq /fli6o ;+oQ' m ;/sf/ lgdf{0f x'gsf]
eGg] 7fg]/ ;xdltsf] nflu clGtd kxn cf}lrTo ;lxt :yfoL zflGt / gofF
u/\of] . dfcf]jfbL kf6L{;u+ ;r]t ju{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] bfloTj k'/fug} ;lhnf]
kIfw/tf / k|lt4tf 5 . >dhLjL x'g5] . gq eg] 3'ldlkm/L ?Dhf6f/ eg]
ju{nfO{ s] u/L kmfObf x'G5 Tof] laifodf em} x'g5 ] .
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xf]nf < eGg] Ps k|Zgsf] ;Gbe{df pxf"n]
k|hftflGqs ljsNkxsf] vf]lh
x'gk' g]d{ f k|hftGqsf] ljsNk -dfcf]jfb_
nfb\g vf]lhof] eGg] cfzosf] s'/f
of;f{u'Daf ;+sngsf] l;hg z'? hfh/sf]6 lhNnfdf ;+u7g lj:tf/df tLj|tf
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cyf{t\ hLjga'6L ;+sngsf] l;hg
z'?ePkl5 ?s'dn ] Lx cfgf] cGo
sfd yflt /fv]/ kf6gtkm{ nfu]sf 5g\ .
hLjga'6L ;+sng ug{ lhNnfsf ljleGg
ufla;xaf6 of;f{uD' af k|z:t kdf
kfOg] ?s'dsf k'jL{ uflj; /Gdfd}sf]6sf
n]sfnL If]q k'kfn, h+un, ;'gbxnufot
7fFptkm{ nfu]sf x'g\ . /Gdfd}sf]6 tyf
l5d]sL uflj; lkkn / hfsf hgtf
a9L of;f{ ;+snsdf hfg] ub{5g\ eg]
lhNnf ;b/d'sfd j/k/sf l5jf,
k] p 3f, d' ? , hfd' ? , hf,
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klg of;f{ ;+sng ug{ lhNnfsf k"jL{
uflj;sf ljBfyL{ / lzIfs;d]t :s"n
aGb u/L of;f{uD' af ;+sng :yntkm{
nfu]sf 5g\ . /Gdfd}sf]6 uflj;df cGo
afnL /fd|f] gx'g] ePsfn] klg ToxfFsf
afl;Gbfx cfly{s pkfh{gsf] ;|ft]
g} 7fgL of;f{ ;+sngdf hfg] / To;af6
cfPsf] cfDbfgLn] jif{e/Lsf] vr{sf]
hf]x ug]{ ub{5g\ .
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cTolws lxpF x'g] u/]sfn] ;+sng
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E-mail : chhepyastra@gmail.com, sDKo'6/ tyf d'bs
c+ u | ] h Ldf "Democratic
alternatives sf] abnf Alternative
to democracy" eGg] wf/0ff /fVg'
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lsg ulDe/tfk"js { lng' ePg s'lg .
o; af/]df nfdf] ax; x'g kfPg . To;}
sf/0f dnfO{ o; af/]df yf]/} s'/f /fVg
dg nfu]sf]n] s]xL k+lQm sf]b5{} ' .
/fhg}lts kf6L{x larf/sf
dfWodaf6 kl/jt{gsf ;+afxs x'g .
/fhg}lts larf/wf/fn] ju{ laz]ifsf]
lxt cg'sn ' ;]jf ub{5 . ;fdGtjfbdf
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af]nafnfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] kfO{GYof] .
v;|f s'/f
k"l" hjfbdf wgf9\o, pBf]uklt, Aofkf/L
ju{nfO{ ;jf]{k/L dflgG5 . To:t}
;fDojfbL ljrf/wf/fn] ;j{xf/f>lds
ju{nfO{ ;jf]k{ /L dfGb5 . of] ;fdfGotof
;a}n] a'em] sf] s'/f xf] . o;nfO{ Pp6f
kuf]8f z}nLsf] ejg sf] pkdf lbg] xf]
eg] ;fdGtjfbn] uh'/nfO{ dxTj lbG5 .
k"l" hjfbn] pkl/ ;+/rgfnfO{ 7"nf] 7fGb5
eg] ;fDojfbL larf/n] cfwf/ ;+/rgf
cyf{t\ hunfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dfGb5 . o;
lx;fan] kf6L{xn] ug]{ /fhgLlt klg
ju{ ;fk]If g} x'G5 . ca oxf" P=g]=s=kf=-
dfcf]jfbL_ ;fDojfbL larf/wf/fsf]
/fhg}lts w/ftndf plePsf] kf6L{ xf]
eg]/ s;}nfO{ lrgfO{ /xg k/f]Og . t;y{
o; kf6L{n] lng] gLlt lg0f{ox klg
juL{o :jfy{ cg'sn' bL3{sflng /0fg}lts
nIf pGd'v x'g] g} eof] . o;df b'lawf
x'g' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g .
P=g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_n] PSsfO{;f}+
ztfAbLsf] hgjfbL lrGtg cl3 ;f/]/
g]kfnL ;Gbe{sf] kl/dflh{t dfn]dfjfbsf]
j}rfl/s ;+Zn]if0f ug]{ sfd u/]sf]5 .
zflGt k| l qmofdf cfpg' s f] cy{
afnaflnsfsf] lr;f] s f sf/0fn]
d[To';d]t x'g] ub{5 . utjif{ klg
of;f{ ;+sng ug{ uPsf ?s'd]nLx
lxpFsf] klx/f]df k/L Hofg;d]t
u' d fpg' k /] s f] lyof] . of;f{ u ' D jf
;+sngsf nflu l5d]sL lhNnfx
/f] N kf, jfUn' , DofUbL, 8f] N kf,
hfh/sf]6nufotsf lhNnfxaf6
xhf/f+}sf] ;+Vofdf ;+snsx cfpg]
ub{5g\ . x/]s jif{ of;f{u'Djf h]7sf]
klxnf] ;ftfb] l v c;f/ klxnf]
;ftf;Dd ;+sngsf nflu 7"nf] le8
nfUg] ub{5 . ;+sng If]qdf Psbd}
/dfO{nf] jftfj/0f;d]t /x]sf] x'G5 .
;+sng ug{ uPsf dflg;x pQm
;+sng :ynd} af;:yfgsf] Joj:yf
u/]sf x'G5g\ . pQm :yfgdf of;f{sf]
Jofkf/;Fu} cGo pkef]Uo ;fdfg rfdn,
bfn, lrp/f, rfprfp nufotsf
;fdfgxsf] Jofkf/ klg x'g] ub{5 .
lhNnfsf ljleGg uflj;xaf6
;+sng:yndf hfg k}bn % b]lv !)
lbg nfUg] ePsfn] cfk"mn] ;+sng
cjlwe/ vfg] a:g]sf] aGbf]a:tL
;fdfg af]s]/ hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . To;
7fFpdf w]/} kmfO{bf x'g] ePsf]n]
Jofkf/Lx vfglkgsf] ;dfg 3f]8f /
vRr/af6 nu]/ /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug]{ u/]sf
5g\ . of;f{ ;+sngaf6 dfq} Ps
l;hgdf ;/b/ ;ftb]lv ;f9];ft
s/f]8;Ddsf] sf/f]af/ x'g] :yfgLo cldt
du/n] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . To;sf ;fy}
cGo pkef]Uo ;dfgaf6 klg 7"nf]
dfqfdf cfly{s sf/f]af/ x'g] atfOPsf]
5 . of;f{ ;+ s ng ug{ cfpg]
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;+sng :yndf k|jz ] hg;ef ePsf] 5 . rf/}lt/af6
z'Ns kfFr ;o krf; / v/Lb ug{]
Jofkf/LxnfO{ kfFr xhf/;Dd s/
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} ldn]/ hfh/sf]6L hgtfsf] xTof
| M lwDn] ckm;]6 k|;
P=g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_n] ;fDojfbL larf/
kl/Tofu u/]/ a'hj{' f k|hftGqsf af3
/ afv|fnfO{ Pp6} vf]/df /fVg] hgla/f]wL
a}rfl/s w/ftn l:jsf/ u/]sf] cy{df
a'g] ulNt ePsf] 5 eg] cfk'mdf /x]sf]
b[li6bf]ifnfO{ ;'N6f] kfg'{ lxts/ x'g5
] .
P=g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_n] bz aif]{ hgo'4
/ pGgfO; lbg] hgcfGbf]ngn] :yflkt
u/]sf] hgtfsf] ;+3Lo u0ftGqsf] 3f]lift
Ph]08fsf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{ z}lndf sfo{x
ul//x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL cg';f/sf gLlt
lg0f{ox cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{
k|hftGqsf] ljsNk eGg' ePsf] xf] eg]
xfdLn] d'Le/sf x'gv ] fg]n] dfq pkef]u
u0f] z a'nf]
/l~ht xgL
9fdu/
ul//x]sf] /fHo;Qf;+oGq tyf >f]t
;fwgxnfO{ o'uf}+ b]lv kfvf kfl/Psf,
zf]lift, pTkLl8t, blnt ju{, ln, hftL,
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xf] . o; k|sf/sf] hgklIfo sfdxnfO{
xfdL hg cfsf+Iff cg'k gof" g]kfn
lgdf{0f sf] nflu cfaZos 7fGb5f}+ .
xfdL oyfl:yltdf ?dlNng] kl/jt{g
lagfsf] d'bf{ zflGtsf] kIfdf 5}gf}+ . xfdL
;a} vfn] kZrufdL k|ltqmflGtsf/L
if8oGqxnfO{ lrb}{ kl/jt{g / cu|udg
;lxtsf] lbuf] zflGtsf] kIfdf 5f}+ .
oyfl:yltjfbLxn] vf]h] h:tf
;f"3/' f] bfo/fdf l;ldt kl/efiffsf]
k| h ftGqn] PsfO;f} + ;tflAbsf]
hgcfsf+Iff k'/f ug{ ;Sb}g . lkk'N;
k]m8/n l/klAns ;'Ggf ;fy} PnhL{ x'g]
dlitisxaf6 o'uf}+ b]lv x]lkPsf
ju{ n fO{ cuf8L Nofpg] vfnsf]
k|hftflGqs lasNk k|bfg ug{ ;S5
eGg]s/' fdf hgtf ljZj:t 5}gg\ klg .
@))& ;fn eGbf klxn] b]lv ljleGg
lsl;dn] qmflGt ub}{ ;Demf}tfdf 7lu+b}
k]ml/ klg qmflGt ub}{ k]ml/ klg 7lu+b}
hultk'/ . ev{/} a;]sf] PsLs[t
g] = s=kf=-dfcf] j fbL_ hfh/sf] 6
lhNnfsf] hultk"/, e'/ / k'Gdf
Pl/ofsf] a}7sn] lgDg cg';f/sf]
;+u7g lgdf{0f u/]sf]5 . clvn g]kfn
ls;fg ;3 -@))&_ ;+of]hs M
8Da/ rGb ;b:oxdf qmd; df]xg
dNn ,?b| axfb' / jnL,u0f] z
cfrfo{ , k[ Y jL af] x f] / f,z] / axfb' /
dNn,;h] g rGb blntdf] r f{ d f
;+ o f] h s M k| t fk l;+ x
n'xf/,;b:oxdf /Tg axfb'/
g]kfnL, dGb/ a/,hLj/fh a/,hLt
axfb'/ a/, zdf{nfn la s,s]j/
g]kfnL,jL/ axfb'/ lj=s=,wdf{ axfb'/
lj=s=clvn -qmflGtsf/L_ sf
;+ o f] h s M z] / axfb' / a:g] t
;b:oxdf uf}td lu/L,ljzfn
rGb,uf]kfn rGb,r'8fdl0f cfrfo{
,lzj axfb'/ dNn,OZj/L lj=s=,
hgs yfkf, pld{nf ufO{g,clvn
g] k fn dlxnf ;3 -qmflGtsf/L_
;+of]hs ;/:jlt k'g ;b:oxdf
;Ltf zfx ;/:jlt zfxL,sflnsf
zdf{ , lx;/f cfrfo{ , ;' l ;nf
a:g]t,,lx/f zdf{,clDjsf clvn
g]kfn lzIfs ;u7g ;+of]hs M ofd
axfb'/ /f]sfo ;b:oxdf k"0f{ axfb'/
lbNnLdf a[xt\ hg;ef
hfh/sf] 6 . vu] g sf] 6
uf=lj=;=sf] bNnLdf hfh/sf] 6
lhNnfsf] k"jL{ e]ss} Ps Jofks
cfPsf afhf ufhf ;lxtsf]
hg;d'bfoxn] gf/f h'n'; ;lxt
ofln u/]sf] lyof] . pQm ;efsf k|dv
' eO{ ; s] s f] 5 eGg' e of] . cGo
clylt P=g] = s=kf=-dfcf] j fbL_sf
s]lGb|o ;b:o, e]s /fHo ;ldltsf
;xOGrfh{ tyf hfh/sf] 6 sf
;ef;b s= dfofk| ; fb zdf{ -
kf/zdl0f_ n] ;Djf]wg ug'{ ePsf]
lyof] . ;efdf af]Nb} dxfg hgo'4sf
qmddf g] = sf= / Pdfn] s f]
lelhnfGt]x4f/f k|x/L ;]gfsf] aLr
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cfPsf] g]kfnL hgtf o; k6s eg]
To:tf] if8oGqxnfO{ lrb}{ ax';V+ os
g]kfnL bfh'efO{ lbbL alxgLxsf] d'xf/df
lbuf] zflGt, ;'v / ;d[l4 nfO{ ;'lgl:rt
ug]{ ul/ qmflGtnfO{ ;DkGg ug{ rfxG5 .
olb o; dxfg cleofgdf c"Wof/f
s'gfxaf6 afwf Aojwfg l;h{gf ul/
hg3ftL sbd rfNg] b':;fx; u/] eg]
tL hg3ftL vngfosxnfO{ dxfg
g]kfnL hgtfn] ;bfsfnflu Oltxf;sf]
Nof08lkmn ;fO{6df ?of"ls lbg] 5g\ .
cfk'mnfO{ a'l4hLlj 7fGg] ;a} tx /
tKsfsf dxfg'efjxsf] sf"wdf cfh
cToGt} uxg lhDd]jf/L cfO{ k/]sf]5 .
;lxlarf/nfO{ plrt tl/sfn]
hg;d'bfolar ;Dk|i] f0f ulPg eg]
at{dfgdf xfdLnfO{ k|fKt hgtfsf]
Oltxf; lgdf{0fsf] dxfg cj;/ u'Dg
;Sg] vt/f 5 . olb xfdLn] of] dxfg
cj;/ u'dfof}+ eg] efjL k':tfn] xfdLnfO{
sbfkL dfkm ug]{ 5}gg\ . P=g]=s=kf=-
dfcf]jfbL_n] cl3 ;f/]sf] larf/ cu|ufdL
xf] ls xf]Og{ < () k|ltzt eGbf a9L
hgtfsf] k|hftGq xf] ls xf]Og{ < o;
cy{df of] ;af]Q{ d k|hftflGqs ljsNk
(Best Democratic alternative) xf]
ls xf]Og{ < of] kf6L{n] cl3 ;f/]sf] eGbf
a9L hglxtsf/L j}1flgs lasNk lnP/
cfpg'xf]; xfdL 5nkmnsf] nflu ;"w}
v'nf 5f}+ . g]kfn cfdfsf xhf/f}+ >]i7td\
5f]/f 5f]/Lsf] alnbfgsf] hudf 6]s/]
oxf" ;Dd cfPsf] qmflGtsf] cu|ufdL
wf/nfO{ hfg]/ jf ghfg]/ pk]Iff ub}{
k|ltqmflGtsf/L k+lQmdf pleg k'Ug' ePsf
a'l4hLlj ju{nfO{ ;dosf] cfjfh g;'g/]
k|ltudgsf] tfgfafgf a'Gg] ulNt ug'x{ g' ]
5}g eg]/ xfdL ;flngtf k"j{s
kl/l:yltsf] ulDe/tf af]w u/fpg
rfxG5f}+ . tkfO{+ le/af6 n8g} rfxg'xG' 5
eg] Tof] tkfO{s + f] /f]hfO{ xf], xfdL sf"w
yfKg ;Sb}gf+} .
lj=s= 6]s axfb'/ 3lt{ uLtf zdf{
df] x g rGb s[ i 0f axfb' / /fgf
a'l4hLlj ;u7g ;+of]hs M lji0f'
axfb'/ zdf{ ;b:o wd{ axfb'/
zfxL dx]Gb| yfkf ofd axfb'/ a'9f
s]zj k|;fb zdf{ l8NnL k'g uf]kfn
sfsL{ du/ft df]rf{df ;+of]hs M
lx/f axfb'/ 3lt{ ;b:o lb3{
axfb'/ 3lt{ cSsn axfb'/ 3lt{
lIflth 3lt{, ;fu/ k'g ;lxb
kl/jf/ ;dfh ;+of]hs M u0f]z
cfrfo{ ;b:o bn axfb'/ rGb
h;' 3lt{ hLt axfb'/ a:g]t;'l/t
a:g]t gljg cfrfo{ sflnsf zdf{
jfO=;L=Pnsf] ;+of]hsdf M led
axfb'/ zfxL ;b:oxdf a;Gt
dNn lxdfn lxdfn uug k'g
lzj/fh /fjt plbt k| s fz
j/,o'jt xdfn, lvd axfb'/ ;'gf/
808 axfb'/ zfxL x'g'x'G5 . pQm
a}7sdf P=g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_sf
s]lGb|o ;b:o tyf e]s /fHo ;ldtLsf
;xOGrfh{ dfofk|;fb zdf{ kf/zdl0f
/ ;]qm]6/L s= l8=cf/= kf}8n
] sf] klg
pkl:ylt lyof] . ;f]lx ;dodf vn+uf
Pl/ofsf] k|lzIf0f klg lkk]df eJo
kn] ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
dLgf cfrfo{
u/fPsf] 3/uf]7df cfuf] nufPsf] dfg
axfb'/ jnL, /fjnxnfO{ olx vf]nfdf
v;fn]/ xTof u/]sf] km]/L Tolx k|lqmof
bf]ofpg vf]hs] f] s'/f cf}Nofg' eof] .
rf/}lt/af6 gfLPsf] of] lxr8f
;/sf/ casf] cf} l rTo ;dfKt
jQmfxdf s]=;=;=tyf e]s /fHo
;ldlt ;]qm]6/L s= l8=cf/= kf}8]n,
s]lGb|o ;Nnfsf/ s= x:t axfb'/
s]=;L= lhNnf OGrfh{ s= uug
v8\sf, lhNnf ;]qm]6/L s= u0f]zk|;fb
l;+x, cflbn] klg af]Ng' ePsf] lyof] .
o; cufl8 hfh/sf]6sf] @ g+= If]qsf]
s]Gb|ljGb' ynx ahf/df klg Ps eJo
hg;ef ePsf] lyof] .
lh= k|h]7 !^
= sf= b= g+ut] cfOtaf/
= !^#@)^#^$
;do;Gbe{
Pd= nfld5fg] dn
dfwj g]kfn k|j[lQ / ju{ lsQfsf] klxrfg
u0ftflGqs ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff ug]{ lbg glhs cfpFb} ubf{ qmdzM ;f] ;+ljwfg /
kl/jt{gsf kIfw/x / To;sf lj/f]wLxsf] klxrfg x'bF } lsQf 5'lb} 5 .
g]kfndf u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff Tolt ;xh kdf ePsf] lyPg . o;sf] Pp6f nfdf]
>[vnf 5 / o; cfGbf]ngdf 1ft c1ft kdf sof}F g]kfnL ;k'txn] k|f0fsf]
cfx'lt lbPsf 5g\ . To:t} u0ftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ljleGg kf6L{xdf ;d]t
k|;:t} ptf/ r8fj ePsf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbL kf6L{n] lg/+sz ' tf / kl/jt{gsf nflu
yfn]sf] hgo'4 3lge"t kdf cufl8 al9/x]s} a]nf b]zdf ;+s6sfn nfu"
ul/Psf] lyof] . dfcf]jfbL g]tfxnfO{ /]8sg{ gf]l6; dfq xf]Og 6fpsfsf] d"No
tf]lsPsf] lyof] . /fHosf] lg/+sz ' tfn] kl/jt{gnfO{ 5]sjf/ dfq xf]Og kZrudg
tk{m lng] k|oTg ul//fv]s} cj:yfdf kmfk'm u0ftGqsf cfjfhx qmdzM
pl7/x]sf lyP . ;f]xL ;Eotfsf Pdfn] ljBfyL{xdf u0ftGqsf] af/]df ax;
rln/x]sf] lyof] . Pdfn] lgs6 clvnsf #$ hgf ljBfyL{n] Go"gtd sfo{qmdsf]
kdf tTsfn u0ftGqdf hfg] dt /fVbf To:tf] dt lj?4df Pdfn] g]tfxaf6
x:tIf]Kf ub}{ To;nfO{ 5nkmndf Nofpg} glbg ul/Psf] k|oTgnfO{ clxn] cfZro{
gdfGbf klg x'G5 .
;+jw} flgs /fhtGqsf kIfkftL sfFu; ]| hgxsf] klg Pp6f ;fgf] e'm08, ;d"x
afx]s c?n] vf:;v':;} kdf u0ftGqsf] kIfdf nfUg] hdftsf] ;+Vof x'g ;S5
gq sfFu; ]| leq u0ftGqsf] kIfdf cfgf] dt / c8fg Pj+ bfjL /fVg] yf]/}
axfb'/x ePsf] eP /fd/fhfk|;fb l;+x, cgf/ l;+x sfsL{ / eofnxn] hgjfbL
df]rf{ gfdsf] 6's8' Lsf] :yfkgf ug}k{ g]{ lyPg . sDo'lgi6xdf gofF hgjfb, gf}nf]
hgjfbsf sfo{qmdsf k"mna'fn] hgu0ftGqnfO{ 3'dfO{ hgtflGqs ;/sf/;Ddsf
s'/fxnfO{ cNksfnLg gLlt clVtof/;Dd u/]sf] b]lvG5 . kl5 hgo'4sf]
pQ/f4{df cfOk'Ubf zflGtjftf{ x'bF f;Dd Go"gtd sfo{qmdsf] kdf ;+ljwfg;efsf]
dfWodaf6 kl/jt{gsf] nflu tTsfnLg ;+;bjfbL;efsf] dfWodaf6 kl/jt{gsf]
nflu tTtsfnLg ;+;bjfbL kf6L{;uF ;xsfo{ ug{ k'Uof] . ;+jw} flgs /fhtGq eGbf
6;d; x'g grfxg] k/Dk/fut zlQmsf] kdf /x]sf] sfFu; ]| . s]xL k|ultzLn
;'wf/df dVv k/L sDo'lgi6sf] gfdaf6 ;Qfdf k'Ug] clGtd nIo af]sL lbgfg'
lbg blIf0fkGy uf]/6] f]df 8f]l/Psf] Pdfn]n] c;Dej b]vs ] f] ;+ljwf;efsf] r'gfj;Dd
;xdt u/fO{ gofF kl/jt{gsf] dfu{ lrqdf Nofpg, lxF8fpg dfcf]jfbLsf] k|of; /
hgo'4sf k|efjn] NofPsf] efjgfTds kl/jt{gaf6 jt{dfgsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf]
ofqfdf clxn]sf] cj/f]w lsQf lgwf{/0f Pj+ klxrfg hfx]/ ug]{ u/fpg];Dd k'us ] f]
5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg];Ddsf] a'emfOdf ljutdf h]
h:tf ju{ ;f]r, /fhg}lts ;f]r eP klg oxfF;Ddsf] ofqfn] Pp6f dfu{lrq
lgdf{0f ul/lbPsf] 5 . /fhg}lts bn leq ca cfgf] uGtJosf] lgwf{/0f dfq x}g
hgkIfLo / k|ultzLn ;'wf/df jf gofF kl/jt{gsf] klxrfg Pj+ lgwf{/0f g}
clxn]sf] jf:tljs ;d:of xf] . oxL ;d:of jf a'emfO{ leq dfcf]jfbLnfO{ k]ml/
o'4d} kmsf{pbF f cfk"mnfO{ x'g] lglxt kmfObfsf] hf]8 36fp ;d]t jt{dfgsf] cj/f]w
xf] . lsgeg] zflGt ;Demf}tfb]lv jt{dfg;Dd cfOk'Ubf g]kfnL /fhgLlt dfcf]jfbL
j[Qd} 3'ld/Xof] . dfcf]jfbL lj?4df /x]sf 7"n} kf6L{ / ltgsf kIfw/x g]kfnL
/fhgLltsf] cu| efudf cfpg ;s]gg\ . dfcf]jfbLn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf
ef/L dtn] ljho u/]kl5 Onldnfosf dfcf]jfbL Ot/x dfcf]jfbL s} k|:tfljt
Ph]G8fnfO{ C0f ug{ ;s]gg\ . ;dfj]zL ;+3Lotf, /fHosf k'g;+/rgfn] h:tf gofF
k|of]un] cGo kf6L{ klg To;sf] lvnfkmdf hfg g;Sg' / dfcf]jfbL kf6L{sf] k"j{
hgdt oyfjt} /xg' / ljleGg kf6L{x / /fi6jfbL zlQmx / JolQm;Fu
glhlsFb} hfFbf kl/jt{gsf lj/f]wLxn] ca cfgf] kl/ro lbg afWo ePsf
5g\ . kl5Nnf] k6s Tof] jj{/fx6 k|wfgdGqL dfwj g]kfnn] u/]sf 5g\ . pgn]
cfgf s'07fx ;fj{hlgs ub}{ cfk"m ;+ljwfg;efsf] kIfdf gePsf] s]an
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ kmsfpg, v'zL agfpg dfq ;+ljwfg;efsf] kIfdf af]ns ] f] . pgsf
o:tf cleJolQm lglZrt kdf ju{ lsQf klxrfgsf] gff] ;+ljwfgsf lj?4df
u/]sf nlj k|i6 geP klg jt{dfg @ jif]{ cjlwdf logL / o:t} ;+ljwfg;efsf
lj/f]wLx d} jf:tjdf ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfgkfl/t x'g glbg] if8\oGqdf w]/}
klxnfb]lv nfu]sf] b]lvG5 .
/fhfn] )$& sf] ;+ljwfg s' ubf{ sfFu; ]| Pdfn]x ;8sdf pqg d'l:sn
eO/x]s} ;+;jfbLxsf] l76nfUbf] / bogLo cj:yfdf zflGt;Demf}tf ePsf]
lyof] . olb /fhfn] gws]ns ] f] eP, xl/ lahf]s gePsf] eP logLx ;+jw} flgs
/fhtGq eGbf dfly hfg} rfx]s} lyPgg\ . lxDdt} lyPg . u0ftGqsf] ax;nfO{
lg:t]h kfl//x]s} lyP . /fhfn] s' gu/]sf] eP hgtfnfO{ ;fj{ef}d agfpg] gofF
k|of]u, ;f]r / k|oTg ug]{ cf6 lyPg . a? )$& sf] ;+ljwfgsf] arfp ub}{
;+jw} flgs /fhtGqsf] 5xf/L d'lg /fhfnfO{ bfd r9fpFb} b]z n'6g kfP To;sf]
ljsNk vf]Hg] vfrf] g} lyPg . /fhfn] grfx] kl5, gdfg]kl5, dfq dfcf]jfbL;Fu
;xfsfo{sf] xft a9fpFb} ;+ljwfg;efsf] ofqfdf ;xdlt hgfP . ;+ljwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rgdf hgtfaf6 pk]lIft / ljutsf] a|Dxn'6nfO{ :ju{ dfGg] ToxL ju{,
hdftn] gofF kl/jt{gaf6 cfk"m pk]lIft x'g] 8/, qf;n] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;+sLt
kdf cfTd;ft ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . blIf0fkGyL / k'g?TyfgjfbL ToxL ju{sf]
lrGtgn] jt{dfgsf] ;+ljwfg;ef e+u u/L k'/fg} ;+ljwfg nfu" u/fpg k|oTgzLn
5 . clxn] h;sf] v'nf kdf dfwj g]kfnn] ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] kbf{ k5fl8
sfFu; ]| Pdfn]df w]/} :jgfd wGo g]tfx /x]sf 5g\ . h;df clwsf+z To:tf
k6L{ leqsf g]tfx hgtfaf6 k/flht / lt/:s[t ePsfxsf] afx'No dfq
5}g ljleGg sfnv08df b/jfl/of s/t'txnfO{ n'sfPsf, /fi6, /fli6otfsf
af/]df z+sf:kb rl/q af]ss ] fx 5g\ . ToxL e'm08, ju{, tKsf h;/L x'G5
;+ljwfg;ef e+u u/L oxL dlGq08nsf] cfo' a9fpg] jf /fi6kltnfO{ zf;gsf]
afu8f]/ ;'Dkg] if8oGqdf nfu]sf] 5 . ToxL zlQm hf] cfk"mnfO{ ef/tLo zlQm
s]Gb|;uF glhs ePsf] b]vfpF5 / hgkIfLo ;+ljwfg aGg glbg hf]8tf]8n]
nfu]sf] ju{nfO{ ;+/lIft ub}{ ltg}sf] af]nL dfwj g]kfn cleJoQm ub}5 { g\ .
;+ljwfg;efsf] lj/f]wLsf] kdf .
of] n]v k|sflzt x'bF f;Dd h]i7 !$ ut] ;dfKt eO;s]sf] x'g5 ] . Dofb yk
xf]nf gxf]nf, s:tf] ;/sf/ aGnf gaGnf . /fi6klt /xnf g/xnfg Tof] eljiosf]
s'/f xf] dfwj g]kfnsf] x7n] b]znfO{ kfg]{ k|efjn] kl5;Dd klg Oltxf;sf
s'kfqsf] sf]6Ldf kfg]{ lglZrt 5 . ;+ljwfg aGg] clGtd 38Ldf dfcf]jfbLk|lt
/fv]sf] k|:tfj / av]8fn] ;Dej} gx'gk] :| tfj / gful/s kf6L{ aGg] egfO g]kfnL
hgtfn] ga'g] s'/} ePg . olb ;Rrf kdf b]zdf gofF k|ultzLn ;+ljwfg
agfpg] Wo]o ePsf] eP dfwj kIfw/sf] x7n] b]znfO{ 7"nf] b'36{ gfdf n}hfb} 5 .
o;nfO{ 6'n' 6'n' x]ge{' Gbf ca zlQm ;+odsf] kmk]m6f} kfg o:tf] Hf]lvd p7fO
/fVg'kg]5 { . olb ;tf /fhLgfdf lbP klg log} k|jl[ Qn] gofF ;+ljwfg aGgdf nuf/f]
eO/xg] 5 . lsg eg] cfk"mn] n'6 dRrfpg /fhfnfO{ bfd /fVg tof/ 5g\ t/
kl/jt{g x'g} lbFbg} \ . ctM ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb ylkPg eg] cflQxfNg'kg]{ 5}g .
hgtfnfO{ ;fj{ef}d agfpg] ls gagfpg], kl/jt{g ug]{ ls gug],{ ju{sf] lsQf
ce}m klxrfg x'g afFsL 5 / jt{dfgsf] ult/f]wn] Tof] lsQfsf] klxrfg x'G5 /
dfwj g]kfnL k|jl[ Q;Fu n8\g ;lhnf] x'G5 . b\de]ifLx :jtM gflg]5g\ .