Av#Mufcjhwjh Ekdifiha& C&D Av#Mufcjhwjh Ekdifiha& C&D Av#Mufcjhwjh Ekdifiha& C&D Av#Mufcjhwjh Ekdifiha& C&D Av#Mufcjhwjh Ekdifiha& C&D

av#mufcJhwJh EkdifiHa&;c&D;
(jyef a jymif ; owd & csuf )
&J a bmf a zaomif ;
rJacgif v_dif;cwfoHpnf;csuf
+idrfhanmif;nufanmap
&J a bmf r D e m(tcga'o)
ES i f ; qD v G i f _ yif p mayu xk w f a 0onf

(jyef a jymif ; owd & csuf )
&J a bmf a zaomif ;
rJacgif v_dif;cwfoHpnf;csuf
+idrfhanmif;nufanmap
&J a bmf r D e m(tcga'o)
ES i f ; qD v G i f _ yif p mayu xk w f a 0onf
2007 ck E S p f / atmuf w k d b mv
rJacgifv_dif;cwfoHpnf;csuf nufanm+idrfhanmif;ap
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&SdcJhonf? wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf EkdifiHwum tultnD&Sm&ef jynfy
xGuf}uKd;yrf;r_ jyK=u&mwGif ta&S@xGufolrsm;u &JabmfokH;usdyf/ taemuf
xGufolrsm;u avxD;ppfom;æwJh? ta&S@xGufaom awmfvSefa&;orm;wkd@
odyrf rsm;vSovkd taemufxu G o f rl sm;vnf; odyrf rsm;cJyh g? jynfwiG ;f ukd t"du
xm; vkycf =hJ ujcif; jzpfavonf? T&Jabmf ok;H usyd Ef iS hf avxD;ppfom; rsm;onf
zufqpfawmfveS af &;/ wkid ;f jynfvw G v f yfa&;twGuf oufpeG @f }uKd;yrf; wku d yf 0JG ifchJ
±krH #omru vGwv f yfa&;+y;D acwfwiG v f nf; r+y;D qk;H ao;aom wkid ;f jynf wm0efrsm;
ukd qufvufxrf;&Guu f m xif&mS ;aom Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm; jzpfvmcJ=h uav
onf? ok@d &mwGif wOD;ESiw hf OD; ,k=H unfcsucf si;f / &yfwnfcsucf si;f um; rwln=D u
awmh? wcsK@d u tpk;d &buf/ wcsK@d u uGejf rLepf/ wcsK@d u ppfom;/ wcsK@d u Ekid if aH &;
orm;/ wcsK@d u olyek æ f ?
taemufbuf tdE, dN Ekid if rH aS eI zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGuf Armjynf
wGi;f avxD;qif; 0ifa&mufco hJ l odyrf rsm;vSonft h xJwiG f Akvd rf LS ;cspaf umif;/
avxD; OD;tke;f armif/ ref;0if;armif/ OD;ausm&f ifæponfo h rl sm;rSm aemufyidk ;f wGif
olenf;ESio hf l xif&mS ;ausm=f um;olrsm; jzpfvmcJ=h uavonf? &Jabmfazaomif;
rSmvnf; xkdokd@ odyfrrsm;vSonfh avxD;ppf om;rsm;wGif wOD;tygt0ifyg?
ok@d &mwGif wjcm;olrsm; ajray:Ekid if aH &;vkyaf ecsed Yf olonfum; wlwpH OftvH
awmfatmufwiG f Armjynf olw&yfv;Hk vk;H 0vGwaf jrmuf a&;twGuf olus&m
wm0efudk tqif;&Jtyifyef;cH uk, d u f sK;d pGe@f +yD; qufvuf xrf;aqmifaecJo h nf?
olonf ygw. D acgi;f aqmif &Jabmf wa,mufvnf; jzpfonf?
ArmjynfwiG f zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;ta=umif; azmfjya&;om;aom
pmayrsm; xGu&f cdS ahJ omfvnf; jynhpf v Hk aHk vmufonf[u k m; rqkEd idk yf g? zufqpf
awmfveS f a&;wGif yg0ifco hJ rl sm;uk, d w f idk f a&;om;wifjyaom pmayrsm;um; ykI d yif
(1)
ta&twGuf enf;ayao;onf? xk@d xuf tdE, dN Ekid if o
H @dk jynfwiG ;f rSaeI pGe@f peG @f
pm;pm; oGm;a&mufum ArmjynfwiG ;f ok@d pGe@f peG @f pm;pm; jyef0ifvm+yD; zufqpf
awmfveS af &; qifEcJ¸ =hJ uaom wu,fjh zpf&yfreS u f dk azmfjyaom pmayrsK;d um; ykI d yif
&Sm;ao;onf? &Jabmfazaomif;. “av#mufcJhwJh EkdifiHa&;c&D;ukd jyefajymif;
owd&csu”f rSm xku d o hJ @dk aom &Sm;yg;onfh pmaytrsK;d tpm;0if pmtkyw f tkyf
jzpfaeojzifh Tpmrludk xkwaf 0cGihf &&So d nfth wGuf “ESi;f qDviG jf yifpmay”taejzifh
rsm;pGm 0rf;om*k%, f rl yd gonf?
aemufwcsurf mS ArmjynfwiG f wkid ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;.b0ukd tajc
cHaom pmaytrsK;d tpm;rsm; a&;om;xkwaf 0r_ &Scd ahJ omfvnf; ‚onfvnf;
ta&twGuf rrsm;vSyg? jynfph v Hk aHk vmufrr_ &Syd g/ xkrd #ru wkid ;f &if;om; vlenf;pk
trsK;d om;rsm;.b0o±kyrf eS u f dk yDjyifatmif wifjyEkid af om pmtkyrf sm;rSm ta&
twGuf ykI d yif enf;yg;ygao;onf? xk@d xufyI dk wkid ;f &if;om; vlenf;pk trsK;d om;
rsm;.b0ukd ,if;wkid ;f &if;om;vlenf;pktrsK;d om; uk, d w f idk u
f a&;om; wifjyxm;
aom pmtkyrf sK;d rSmvnf; &Sm;yg;vSygonf? &Jabmf‘rDem’. “rJacgif v_id ;f cwfoH
pnf;csu-f nufanm +ird ahf nmif; ap”pmrlrmS Armjynf tpGet f zsm; rJacgijf rpfem;
u tcgtrsK;d om;wk@d . cHpm;csuEf iS hf ol@cifyeG ;f onf.yk&H yd v f m¸ wk@d udk ol cHpm;rdovkd
aygi;f pyfa&;zG@J xm;aom pmrlwyk'f jzpfonf?
Arm/ w±kw/f avm e,fpyf/ rJacgijf rpf taemufbufjcrf;wGif rJacgif
jrpfEiS hf erfah vGacsmif;t=um; awmifwef;a'orsm;Y tcgtrsK;d om; trsm;pk}uD;
rSw
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xkid =f uaomfvnf; ArmjynfbufrmS u trsm;pkyg? &Jabmf‘rDem’rSm tcgtrsK;d
orD;wOD; jzpf+yD; ‘rDem’qkd onfrmS vnf; tcgemrnf jzpfygonf? &Jabmf ‘rDem’
onf &Jabmfazaomif;. ZeD;onf jzpfygonf?
Tpmtkyu f dk xkwaf 0Ekid jf cif;twGuf ESi;f qDviG jf yifpmaytaejzifh *k%, f l
0rf;ajrmufjcif;jzpfro d vkd pmzwforl sm;twGuv f nf; wpkw H &m todtjrif tusK;d
aus;Zl;rsm; ay;a0Ekid v f rd rhf nf[k ,k=H unfar#mv f ifrh yd ga=umif;? ?
ESi;f qDviG jf yifpmay
2007 ckEpS /f atmufwb dk mv
(2)
pma&;ol
&Jabmfazaomif;
(3)
avsSmufchJ wJh Ekid if aH &;c&D;

jyefajymif;owd&csuf
&Jabmfazaomif;
(1)
1)
e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wGif pwifyg0ifjcif;
1300 jynft h a&;awmfy[ kH m u|eaf wmfw@dk Armjynf t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J orm;

atmufusa&mufco hJ nfrpS / Armjynfoal wGu t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J udk wav#mufv;kH
qef@usicf w hJ w
hJ u
dk yf JG trsKd ;rsKd ;teufu jynfv;kH u|w+f idrf ;f csr;f pGm qENjytHºk ucJw
h hJ
tawmfyw kH &yfyg?
a&eHajrtvkyform;wyf}uD; &efukefcsDwufjcif;
a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;rsm;[m t*Fvyd t f &if;&Sif bDtpdk /D a&eDurk % ` }D u;D &J@

&ufpufvw S hJ aoG;pkyrf a_ wGudk rcHr&yfEidk f awmhwthJ qH;k rdrw
d @dk &oif&h xkud wf hJ tcGihf
ta&;rsm;twGuf pwifawmif;qkd oydwaf rSmufvu dk =f uw,f? ukr% ` u D vspf
vsL&_aewJt h wGuf &efuek +f rKd @}u;D ok@d txd wufomG ;+y;D qENjh yta&;qk=d u&ef tvkyf
orm;wyf}uD;[m &efuek u f dk ajcvsif pwifcsD wuf=uw,f? 'Dtvkyo f rm; wyfz@JG
}uD;ukd wk@d Armtpnf;t±H;k ocifrsm;u acgi;f aqmifra_ y;w,f? tvkyo f rm;udk
(4)
v,form;rsm;u axmufcHtm;ay;ulnD=uw,f? ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf;
axmufc+H y;D / ‚wk@d &@J acgi;f aqmif rsm;jzpf=uwJh ArmEkid v f ;kH qkid &f m ausmif;om;rsm;
or*~ (Auo)OuÏ ukAd [de;f eJ@ twGi;f a&;rSL; ukAd aqGw@dk udk csw D ufvmwJh tvkyf
orm;wyfz@JG }uD;ukd oGm;}udK&ef apv$wv f u dk =f uw,f? t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J orm;[m
ukAd [de;f eJ@uAdk aqGw@dk udk tvkyo f rm;wyfz@JG }uD;eJ@ rqufo, G rf ad p&ef vrf;rSm zrf;
qD; \vku d w f ,f? 'DtcgrmS ausmif;om; rsm;u ‚wk@d acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk jyef
v$waf y;zk@d e@J tvkyo f rm;rsm;ukd axmufczH @dk ArmEkid if v H ;kH qkid &f m ausmif;om;rsm;
or*~eJ@ &efukef wuUokdvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~wkd@&J@ aqmf=ocsuft& Arm
jynfwjynfv;kH &Sd ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vH;k u wcJeuf oydwaf rSmuf vku d =f u w,f?
a*:&mwyfu ausmif;om;xkudk jrif;eJ@wu dk /f jrif;ay:u eHygww f w k ef @J
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d +f yD; vlpck w JG ,f? ausmif;ol ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; '%f&m&=uw,f? Akv d f
atmifausmf yGcJ si;f +y;D usq;kH oGm;w,f? 'Dtjzpftysuu f dk ArmEkid if v H ;kH qkid &f m ausmif;
om;rsm;or*~e@J wuUov dk af usmif;om;rsm;or*~u “ausmif;om;wk@d aoG;ajr
us+yD”qkw d hJ pmvH;k }uD;}uD; pmvH;k rJ}uD;eJ@ owif;pm&Guf ESprf suEf mS &Sd pm&Guef @J
ausmif;om;awG t±ku d cf &H yH/k usq;kH oGm;wJh Akv d f atmifausm&f @J "mwfy/kH ywfw;D rsm;
eJ@ '%f&m&=uwJh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;&J@ "mwfyakH wGudk Armwjynfv;kH ukd
jzef@a0vku d w f ,f?
u|eaf wmf[m 'DyakH wGudk jrifvu dk &f wJt h cgrmS 0rf;vnf;enf;/ a'go vnf;
xGu/f t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J orm;tay:rSmvnf; tvGeef m=unf;r_ jzpf&w,f? Armjynf
tES@H tjym; +rKd @}u;D toD;oD;rSm ausmif;om;tvkyo f rm;/ &[ef;&Siv f l +rKd @aevlxu k
+rdK@wiG ;f vSnv hf nf qENjN yuef@uu G =f uw,f? ausmif;om;rsm;ukd axmufc=H uw,f?
rEWav;vlxq k ENjyyGrJ mS t*Fvyd pf pfwyfu pufaoewfe@J ypf/ vlpck v JG @dk ausmif;om;
&[ef;&Siv f l 17 OD;usq;kH &w,f? orkid ;f rSm tmZmenf 17 OD;vk@d wGi&f pfw,f?
trsm;tjym;vnf; '%f&m&=uw,f? 'DtxJrmS aemif &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if/ ‚
aemuf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD A[kad umfrwDtzG@J 0if vl}uD;wOD;jzpfwhJ Akv d af Z,s
(usq;kH ) vnf; aygirf mS '%f&m&cJw h ,f? tmvH+rdK@ rSmvnf; tJ'v D ydk J aoewfe@J
ypfv@dk Akv d Af rk;d usq;kH w,f? '%f&m&ol &w,f?
tJ't D csed uf Armjynfv;kH rSm +cdr+hf cdro hf o J J tH;k tH;k ºuufºuufe@J tHºk u
vk@d aew,f? 'g[m orkid ;f wGiv f mcJw h hJ “1300 jynf@ta&;awmfy”kH }uD;ayg?h 1300
jynf@ ta&;awmfykH twGi;f rSm u|eaf wmf[m trsKd ;om;pdw"f mwf wqifw h ;dk +yD;
(5)
wufºuvmw,f? rsKd ;csppf w d "f mwf wzGm;zGm; wk;d wufvmw,f?
1300 jynf@ ta&;awmfyt kH +yD; wk;d wufwhJ ocife@J ausmif;om;rsm;[m
t&if;&Si0f g' r[kww f hJ vrf;a=umif;ukd pwif &Smvm=uw,f? 1939 ckEpS f =o*kwf
v 15 &ufae@rmS tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;ygwjD zpfwhJ ArmjynfueG jf rL
epfygwu D dk v#Kd @0u
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ygwxD aJ &mufrS od&wmyg?
1300jynfh ta&;awmfyHkeJ@ vuf0Jpmayrsm;
1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHkt+yD;/ 1300jynf@ta&;awmfyHk rD;awmuf

rD;v#tH jzpf vuf0pJ mayrsm; qufwu dk xf u
G vf m w,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk tpfut dk }u;D
qH;k [m olu, dk f wkid u f Ekid if aH &;ukd vufawG@rvkyaf yr,fh u|eaf wmfw@dk nDtpfudk
awG zwfz@dk olu, dk wf idk f e*g;eDtoif;0if+y;D / e*g;eDu xkww f hJ pmtkyw f idk ;f u|eaf wmf
wk@d udk ay;w,f? wjcm;pm tkyw f u dk rf sm;u xkwf wJh wk;d wufwhJ pmtkyrf sm;ukv d nf;
u|eaf wmfw@dk twGuf rSmay;w,f? 'Dpmtkyrf sm;xJu u|eaf wmfu h dk txl;pdw0f ifpm;
apwJh pmtkyrf sm;uawmh ukAd [de;f a&;om;jyKpkwhJ “"e&Siaf vmu”/ ocifp;dk a&;wJh
“qdk&S,fvpf0g'”/ “tvkyform; avmu”“ArmhawmfvSefr_”/ ocifAkdvfa&;
“um;vfrmhupf 0f g'”pmtkyw f @dk ygy?J ocifEb k momjyefw“hJ vlrw JG @dk xGu&f yfvrf;”
ukdvnf; zwf&w,f? txl;ojzifh ukdA[def;&J@ “"e&Sifavmu”eJ@ ocifpkd;&J@
“qkd&S,fvpf0g'”pmtkyfESpftkyf[m u|efawmfhukd txl;pGJrufoGm;apcJhw,f?
u|eaf wmfzwfc&hJ wJh pmtkyaf wGxrJ mS ocifoef;xGe;f a&;wJh pmtkyaf wmh rawG@&yg?
'gayrJ@ ukAd [de;f / ocifp;dk wk@d a&;wJh pmtkyrf sm;rSm ocif oef;xGe;f a&;wJh trSmrsm;ukd
zwf&w,f? ol&@J “"e&Siaf vmu”xJrmS ukAd [de;f u "e&Siv f uf0g;}uD;tkyu f rk `
%D}uD;rsm;&J@ ±kyv f ;kH ukd wduscidk v f w kH hJ pm&if;tif; tcsuf tvufrsm;eJ@ zGichf sazmf
xkwfxm;w,f? 'Dpmtkyf ESpftkyf[m u|efawmfha&S@b0twGuf vrf;n¸efcsuf
jzpfapw,f?
txufyg pmtkyaf wG[m 1300jynf@ ta&;awmfyu kH xGuv f mwJh vl}u;D
vli,frsm;eJ@ tJ'aD cwfumvu vl}uD;vl i,frsm;twGi;f tvGeaf cwfpm;cJw h ,f?
(6)
(2)
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ppfjrm;OD;[mvnf; Armjynfudk csed &f ,
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zufqpf*syefukd qef@usifwkdufckdufr,fh ygwDukd vkduf&Smjcif;
zufqpf*syefrsm; ArmjynfwiG ;f ok@d 0ifa&mufrvmrD 1300 jynfh ta&;

awmfyHkt+yD; 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;pwifvmcsdefuwnf;u vufyHwef; OD;bwif
bmomjyefwhJ “*syefov l #Kd ”pmtkyu f dk u|eaf wmfzwfczhJ ;l w,f? tJ'u D wnf;u
zufqpf0g'ukd oabmw&m;t& r[kwaf yr,f/h zufqpf*syefw@dk u w±kwjf ynf
refcsL;&D;,m;ukd usL;ausmo f rd ;f yku d +f yD;aemuf/ ‚wk@d &@J vlrqefwhJ &ufpuf=urf;
=uKwfr_/ vlzrf;vlowf/ n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_trsdK;rsdK;/ t&Sifvwfvwf ajr}uD;xJ
jr‡Kyfowfjcif;/ rD;±_@d owfjzwfjcif;/ acgi;f jzwfowfjcif;/ vufonf;cGcH jJG cif;/ a&aEG;yl
avmif;jcif;/ yufvufveS f vl@EmS acgi;f ay: t0wfwifxm;+yD; a&avmifjcif;pwJh
vufawG@vyk &f yfawGudk =uufo;D xp&maumif;avmufatmif odaew,f? arhr&
ao;yg? zufqpf*syefrsm; ArmjynfxJ 0ifa&mufvm+yD;aemufrmS awmh zufqpf
*syefw@dk &@J &rf;um;Akv d u
f s rif;rlra_ wGudk uk, d af wG@rsujf rif rcHr&yfEidk af tmif jzpfvm
&w,f? zufqpf*syefawGudk rke;f wD;pdw/f qef@usiw f eG ;f vSef vkpd w d af wG wae@wjcm;
yGm;rsm; vmcJw h ,f? “zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &; rif;vkyrf ,fq&dk if wu,fv@dk *syef
zrf;rdomG ;u “*syefov l #Kd ”pmtkyx f u J vkd n‡O;f qJrt _ rsKd ;rdsd K;ukd rif;cHEidk &f nf&&dS @J
vm;? &if;&if;csmcsm rift h artkw d a,muf/ nDtpfuadk rmifEpS rf 8 a,muf/ aqGrsKd ;
rsm;ukd *syefzufqpfu zrf;qD;n‡O;f qJowfjzwfra_ wGvyk &f ifaum rif;cHEidk yf gh rvm;”
vk@d uk,d uhf , dk uf ,dk f ar;cGe;f rsm;xkwcf w hJ ,f? uk, d vhf rl sKd ; uk,
d jhf ynfoal wG ae@pOfe@J
tr# zufqpf*syef&@J zrf;qD;r_/ ESyd pf ufr/_ rsKd ;pHck pH m;aecsed rf mS 'Db0u vGwf ajrmuf=u
apzk@d tm;vH;k ukd pGe@f vw $ rf ,fqw dk hJ jywfom;ckid rf mwJh qH;k jzwfcsuu f dk cscw hJ ,f?
'Dvedk @J u|eaf wmfw@dk +rdK@u ukx d eG ;f vS (avxD;usq;kH )/ ukv d eG ;f armif(qH;k )
eJ@ u|eaf wmfw@dk oH;k a,muf v#Kd @0u S af qG;aEG; wkid yf if+yD; zufqpf*syefudk qef@usif
wkdufckdufr,fh ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf;/ wckckoGm;&SmqufoG,fzkd@ &efukefqif;&ef
qH;k jzwfvu dk =f uw,f? tJ't D csed t f xd u|eaf wmfw@dk taeeJ@ 1300jynfh ta&;awmf
(7)
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k +y;D / 1939 ckEpS f =o*kwv f 15 &ufae@rmS Arm jynfueG jf rLepfygwD v#Kd @0u S zf @JG pnf;
xm;wmukd vH;k 0rod=uyg? u|eaf wmfw@dk +rdK@uav;[m Armjynfr}uD;eJ@ tquf
toG,af 0;wJh +rdK@uav; jzpfwt hJ wGuf t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J orm;u olw@dk ArmjynfrS
rajy;rD Armjynfatmufyidk /f tv,fyidk ;f / te,fe,ft&yf&yfu ocifrsm;ukd Aef;
armfaxmifxcJ sxm;cJw h mawG&w dS ,f? *syef0if vmawmh olw@dk axmifu vGwf
vm=uw,f? Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwu D adk omfvnf;aumif;/ zufqpf*syef awmfveS f
a&;udak omfvnf;aumif; olw@dk rod rajym=uyg? u|eaf wmf[m nDtpfudk armifEpS rf
9 a,mufxrJ mS 'kw, d taxG;qH;k / a,mufsm; uav;awGxrJ mS qk&d if ti,fq;kH
jzpfwt hJ wGuf u|eaf wmft h pfr[m u|eaf wmfu h dk rsupf ad tmufu taysmufrcH/
tvGecf spyf gw,f? rdcif}uD; pdwo f ufomatmif/ rdcif}uD;ukd b,fvedk @J b,fvcdk JG
&rvJ? aemufq;kH awmh *syefawGu tm&S vli,fawGxu J ac|;wyfqaJG wmhr,f?
'gudk a&Smifz@dk twGuf atmufqif;r,fv@dk wcgz;l r# rvdrcf zhJ ;l wJh rdcif}uD;udk vdr&f
w,f?
1943 ckEpS uf ek cf ge;D rSm u|eaf wmf/ ukx d eG ;f vS(avxD;-usq;kH ) eJ@ ukv d eG ;f
armif/ u|eaf wmfw@dk oH;k a,muf Aef;armf-rEW av;wav#muf qm;ukeu f ;l aewJh
ukx d eG ;f vS&@J tpfu&dk @J avS}uHKeJ@ Aef;armfrS rEWav;ok@d wdww f qdwf pkeq f if;xGuf
cGmvm=uw,f? rEWav;a&muf+yD;aemuf rEWav;rS rD;&xm; usyu f syw
f nf;wnf;
pD;+yD;/ &efuek u f dk qufomG ;=uw,f? *syefacwf rD;&xm;pD;&wmawmh tm;vH;k
od=uygw,f? &efuek u f dk wcgrv S nf; ra&mufz;l / todrw d af qGvnf;r&Sed @J a,mifcsm
a,mifcsm jzpfaewke;f uHtm;avsmpf mG Aef;armfu todwa,mufe@J oGm;awG@
w,f? olu &efuek +f rdK@awmfcef; rukd apmifah ewJh ol@todrw d af qG uk&d efuif;qD
oGm;yk@d ay;w,f? uk&d efuif;uvnf; oabmaumif;/ u|eaf wmfw@dk udk ae@pOf'idk cf H
ukvm;yJ[if;/ twk@d tjr‡Kyf uav;rsm;eJ@ au|;arG;xm;w,f? *syefacwf ukvm;yJ
[if;pm;&wm u|eaf wmfw@dk tzk@d tifrwefrS [if;;aumif;ayg?h
ae@pOfae@widk ;f aexGurf S ae0if/ ajcwkad vmufatmif &efuek w f +rdK@v;kH
vrf;xGuaf v#muf&if; ae@wae@ vrf;=um;wvrfrmS ocifoef;+rdKife@J yufyif;wk;d
rd=uw,f? ol@yckH;rSm vG,ftdwfwtdwf vG,fxm;w,f? ocifoef;+rdKif[m
Aef;armfaxmifu xGuv f m+yD; Aef;armfrmS ‘tk;d a0owif;pm’pmapmif xkwo f jl zpf
vk@d ol@udk u|eaf wmfw@dk u odco hJ vkd oluvnf; u|eaf wmfw@dk [m tm&Svil ,f
qkw d m odcw hJ ,f? olu u|eaf wmf wk@d udk 0rf;yef;wom E_wq f uf&if; b,fwek ;f u
(8)
a&muf=uw,f? b,frmS ae=uw,f qkw d mawG ar;w,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk uvnf;
ol@tar;awGudk jyefajzw,f? ol@ ta&S@aemuf vlo=l unf+h yD; u|eaf wmfw@dk em;
yked ;D eD;uyf+y;D wk;d wk;d wdww f w d af jymw,f? uifayu ocifausmpf ed *f % dk ;f ukd zrf;rdomG ;
w,f? ocifausmpf ed f aoewfypfc&H +y;D &efuek af q;±H}k u;D a&mufaew,f? uifayu
ol@*% dk ;f om;awGudk }uD;=uyfaew,f? ol@qrD oGm;=ueJ@v@dk owday;w,f? aemuf
olv, G x f m;wJh vG,t f w d u f dk wm0ef,l 0Suaf y;xm;Ekid rf vm;vk@d ar;w,f? u|ef
awmfw@dk uvnf; wm0ef,El idk af =umif; jyefajym=uw,f? olvnf; pmtdw/f pmapmif
pmwrf;awGtjynfeh @J ol vG,x f m;wJh vG,t f w d u f dk u|eaf wmfw@dk uadk y;+yD; oljyef
vm,lr,fv@dk ajymxGuo f mG ;w,f? wjcm;awmh bmrS ajymroGm;yg? ol@v, G t f w d f
ukd u|eaf wmfw@dk yJ +rdK@awmfcef;r}uD;xJu vH+k cHKwJah e&macsmifwacsmifrmS 0Sux f m;
ay; vkduf=uw,f? aemuf oHk;av;&ufaeawmh ol@vG,ftdwfukd oljyefvm
,lomG ;w,f? wjcm;Ekid if aH &;udpP bmrSrajym/ aemufvnf; ole@J rawG@&awmhyg?
tJ'aD emufwae@rmS Aef;armfuu dk }dk uD;(avxD;-vufeufcs/ uG,v f eG )f eJ@
vrf;wvrf;rSm awG@qHkrdjyefw,f? ukdukd}uD;eJ@ u|efawmfwkd@u rlvuwnf;u
odu|r;f cJ=h uolawGyg? OD;uku d }dk u;D u trSeu f a&$uo l m;yg? Aef;armfrS ausmif;wuf/
Ekid if aH &;vkyv f m&mu Aef;armfuu dk }dk uD; wGiv f mwmyg? wa,mufe@J wa,muf
E_wq f uf ol@tajctae/ uk, d t hf ajc taersm; tjyeftvSef ajym=uw,f? aemuf
qH;k uku d }dk u;D u Aef;armf tm;vH;k jyef&atmif/ tm&Svil ,frmS jyefvyk =f ur,f? wjcm;
uk, d f vkycf siw f hJ tvkyaf wGvnf; v#Kd @0u S v f yk Ef idk wf myJv@dk ajym=uw,f? u|eaf wmf
wk@d rmS ygwhJ aiGtenf; tusO;f avmufuvnf; jyefvrf;p&dwaf vmufyJ useaf wmh
wmrk@d oabmwlvu dk =f u w,f? 'Dvedk @J &efuek rf S rD;&xm;pD;jyef=uw,f? ukv d eG ;f
armifuo dk m xm;cJ+h yD;/ Armh0efxrf;wufz@dk uku d }dk uD;uyJ pDpOfay;xm;cJw h ,f?
u|efawmfwkd@pD;vmwJhrD;&xm; rEWav;teD;u ykvdyf&Gmblwmvnf;
a&mufa&m/ t*Fvdyfav,mOfysHESpfpD;u +AKef;ceJ a&mufvm+yD; pufaoewfeJ@
ypfcwfw,f? u|eaf wmfvnf; rD;&xm;ay:rS qif;/ ykvyd &f mG xJ 0ifa&Smif=u&mrSm
pufb;D w pD;wGe;f vmwJh jrefrmppfAv dk w f a,mufe@J oGm;awG@=uw,f? ole@J uu dk }dk u;D
tjyeftvSef E_wfqufpum; ajym=u+yD;/ olcGJxGufoGm;w,f? ocifwifjrvkd@
uku d }dk uD;u u|ef awmfw@dk udk ajymjyw,f? rEWav;rSm csed ;f xm;a=umif;vnf; ajym
w,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk rEWav; a&muf+y;D aemuf uku d }dk u;D u u|eaf wmfw@dk udk aqG;aEG;jy
w,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk Aef;armfu v#Kd @0u S f ygwo D ifwef;wufz@dk ESpaf ,muf&w,f?
(9)
oluawmh yg&r,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk ESpaf ,mufxu J wa,mufb,fow l ufrvJ
n‡Ed id_ ;f w,f? u|eaf wmfuyJ udx k eG ;f vSwufz@kd tqkjd yKw,f? 'Dvedk @J uku d }dk uD;eJ@ ukd
xGe;f vS ygwo D ifwef;wuf=uygw,f? u|eaf wmfu rEWav;+rdK@u ppfuidk ;f acsmifrmS
Ak;H a&Smifa±¸@ajymif;aexkid w f hJ ukud }dk uD; &J@tpfut dk rd rf mS oGm;apmifah e&ygw,f?
udu k }dk uD;eJ@ ukx d eG ;f vSw@dk oifwef;wufwm 10 &ufavmufyJ =umyg
w,f? zufqpf*syefukd qef@usiw f u dk cf udk rf ,fh ygwt D zG@J tpnf;wckcu k dk vku d &f mS wJh
u|eaf wmfw@dk &@J &nf&, G cf sujf ynfah jrmufyg+yD? ygw[ D m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwyD g?
Armjynf uGejf rLepfygweD @J u|eaf wmfw@dk 'Dvydk xrqH;k tquf&cJw h ,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u
u|eaf wmfw@dk 0rf;omrqH;k jzpfc=hJ uw,f? olw@dk oifwef;wufwahJ e&mu rEWav;/
yku
d u f sK;H / tk;d bkd bke;f }uD;ausmif;/ ausmif;xkid b f ek ;f }uD; OD;=obmum; uku d }dk uD;&J@
OD;av;awmfoyl g? v#Kd @0u S af &;uef@owfcsuaf =umifh w}urd w f }urd rf mS oifwef;wuf
ol 8 a,mufxuf rykyd g? bke;f }uD;ausmif;ae OD;yOPi;f rsm;u ae@n tvSnu hf s
uif;apmifhay;+yD; vHk+cHKa&; ukdwm0ef,l=uw,f? u|efawmfu oifwef;rwuf
&ayr,fh olw@dk oifwef;+yD;pD;awmh oifwef;rSm yk@d cswhJ pmwrf;tm;vH;k ukd avhvm&
w,f? tJ'D pmapmifrsm;uawmh “Armhvw G v f yfa&;a=unmpmwrf; trSwf 1”/
'Drx D a&mhA&f @J “tvkyo f rm; vlwef;pm; eJ@zufqpfqef@usiaf &;k”(Working Class
Against Fascism)/ “tEkyËdavmr±ky0f g'”/ 'DpmapmifawGxu J “tEkyÉdavmr
±ky0f g'”pmapmifudk u|eaf wmf odyf em;rvnfcyhJ g? 'Drx D a&mhA&f @J “tvkyo f rm;
vlwef;pm;eJ@ zufqpfqef@usiaf &;” ukad wmh tawmftwef em; vnfcw hJ ,f?
'Dpmapmifu t"dutm;jzifh zufqpfqef@usifa&; nDnGwfa&;wyf aygif;pk
jy\emyg? “Armhvw G v f yfa&; a=unmpmwrf; trSw(f 1)” ukv d nf; u|ef awmf
oabmuscJhw,f? zufqpfqef@usifa&;qkdif&m u|efawmf em;rvnfwm/
r&Si;f vif;wmawGudk uku d }dk uD;eJ@ux dk eG ;f vSw@dk u pdw&f n S &f n
S f &Si;f jy=uw,f? tJ'D
tcsed u f p u|eaf wmfw@dk ygw0D ifjzpfvm=uwmyg?
Aef;armftjyefc&D;
u|eaf wmfw@dk Aef;armfjyefwufz@dk pDpOf=uw,f? udp&P adS o;vk@d uku d }dk uD;u
rEWav;rSm use&f pfcw
hJ ,f? rD;&xm;vrf;u vrf;ysuaf evk@d u|eaf wmfe@J udx k eG ;f vS
ESpaf ,muf Aef;armfqefwufr,fh qm;ukeo f nf ukwd ;dk qkw
d v
hJ &l @J avSe@J yJ vku d =f u
(10)
w,f? ukw d ;dk [m uku d }dk u;D eJ@ aqGrsKd ;awmfpyfov l nf; jzpfw,f? oabmvnf; aumif;/
aysmf w wf &$ i f w wf o l wa,muf y g? u|ef a wmf w k d @ *syef q ef @ usif a &;uk d
ulnaD y;olvnf; jzpfw,f? rEWav;rS Aef;armfa&vrf;c&D;[m Z&m0wDjrpfudk qef
wufwhJ a&&Sncf &D;yg? wwd, jrpfusO;f eJ@ 'kw, d jrpfusO;f ESpcf v k nf;&Sw d ,f?
(ygwo D ifwef;u pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;ukd ukw d ;dk &J@t}uHay;csut f & xk;d 0g;
wvH;k wnf;rSm a&vHak tmif ydwx f nfx h m;w,f? ta=umif;u wcsKd @qyd u f rf;awG
rSm ppfaq;wJ*h w d af wG &Sv d @dk yg? ukeo f nfavSrsm;rSm xk;d 0g;tykrd sm; xm;=u&w,f?
oH;k aewJh xk;d 0g; wckcjk zpf&if oH;k zk@d yg?)
Aef;armf+rdK@[m {&m0wDjrpf&@J ta&Sbufurf;rSm wnf&w dS hJ +rdK@jzpfw,f?
u|eaf wmfe@J ukx d eG ;f vS[m Aef;armfom;rsm;jzpf=uwJt h wGuf avSavSmaf vScwf/
avSx;dk avSyu hJ dk tajccHawmh wwf=uw,f? u|r;f u|r;f usiu f siaf wmh r[kwyf g?
olrsm; avSay: tcrJ@ avS}uHKpD;/ avS&Sifau|;wmvnf;pm;/ tvum;vnf;
aewwf=uolawG r[kwfwhJ u|efawmfwkd@ ESpfa,muf[m avScwfwht J cgcwf/
avSx;dk wJt h cgx;dk / yJu h idk w
f t hJ cguidk /f avSucdk sw d ef @J qGw J ufwt hJ cgwuf/ }udK;qGJ
vrf;&Sw d thJ cg avSudk }udK;eJ@qif;qGJ 0ifvyk =f uw,f? &Guw f u
dk &f wJt h cg &Guw f udk /f
avScwfavSx;dk / avSq&JG wJt h vky[ f m tvGeq f if;&J yifyef;vSwt hJ vkyyf g? {&m
0wDjrpfudk qefwuf&mrSm jrpfurf;ab; }udK;qGv J rf;&S&d if}udK; qif;qG=J uwmygy?J
yJu
h idk o
f u l wa,muf/ wa,mufu avSO;D rSm&yf+y;D / avSurf;xk;d ruyfomG ;atmif
xk;d 0g;eJ@ axmuf axmufay;&w,f? ESpaf ,mufavmufu urf;ay:/ ab;}udK;qGJ
vrf;twkid ;f wuf&wmyg? }uKd ;qGeJ nf; taumif;qH;k u ykq;dk wxnfudk pvG,o f idk ;f /
ykq;dk rSm avSq}JG udK;pudk csn+f yD; qGw J myJ? awmifavvmEkid &f if &Guw f u dk &f w,f?
'DtcgrmS awmh avSay:xkid f avc|ev f u dk &f wJt h csed ?f ajrmufavvm&ifawmh a&
qef&±Hrk u avukyd gqef&vk@d tm;pku d x f wk =f u&jyefw,f? b,fvydk q J if;&Jqif;&J/
b,fvydk yJ ifyef;yifyef;/ b,fvydk cJ ufccJ ufcJ u|eaf wmfw@dk EpS f a,mufuawmh Aef;
armf tjrefjyef a&mufa&;udo k m pdwt f m;oefae=uw,f? waumif;eJ@ }uHny‡ f
t=um; naeapmif;csed rf mS av,mOfysEH pS pf if;[m {&m0wDjrpftaemufbufurf;
awmifwef;ay:rS ±kww f &ufqif;vm+yD;/ jrpf±;dk twkid ;f u|eaf wmfw@dk acgi;f ay:u
yso
H ef;ausmo f mG ;w,f? av,mOfyso H u H dk ta0;rS }udKwifr=um;vku d &f wJt h wGuf
avSudk urf;uyfcsed yf if r&vku d yf g? wcsed w f nf;rSmyif pufaoewfe@J ypfcwfomG ;
oHrsm;vnf; =um;vku d &f w,f? pufaoewfypfwm u|eaf wmfw@dk udk ypfcwfomG ;jcif;
(11)
awmh r[kwyf g? wcgrmS vnf; ZD;csKd if&h mG a&mufcge;D u|eaf wmfw@dk avSay: npm
xkid pf m;aecsed /f 'Dvydk J av,mOfEpS pf if; ±kww f &ufa&mufvm+yD;/ {&m0wDjrpf±;dk
twkid ;f yso H ef;oGm;jyefw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk av,mOfysaH pmif=h unf&h if; xrif;pm;+rJ
pm;ae=uw,f? 'Dav,mOfysEH pS pf if;[m {&m0wDjrpfrmS oGm;vmae=uwJah vSrsm;ukd
r=umc% ypfcwfwkdufckduf taESmifht,Suf ay;wwfw,f? {&m0wDjrpfrSm
oGm;vmvkyu f idk f pm;aomufaewJh avSorm;rsm;/ a&vkyo f m;rsm; {&m0wDjrpf
urf;wav#muf&mG rsm;u &Gmol&mG om;rsm;[m 'Dav,mOf ysEH pS pf if;ukd u|n J aD emif
vk@d ac:=uajym=uw,f?
u|efawmfwkd@avS[m a&$ul+rdK@vGefvm+yD; a&$ul-Aef;armft=um;u
{&m0wD jrpf &J@ 'kw, d jrpfusO;f ukd a&mufvmw,f? ukeo f nfrsm;/ avSorm;rsm;/
a&vkyo f m;rsm;eJ@ 'Djrpf±;dk wav#muf &Gmol&mG om;rsm;u 'DjrpfusO;f ukd 'kw, d
jrpfusO;f vk@d rac:/ rod=uyg? ausmufwiG ;f vk@d om ac:=uod=uw,f? 'DjrpfusO;f ukd
0ifprS xGuw f t hJ qH;k txd jrpf&@J ESpb f ufpvH;k jrifrh m;wJah usmufaqmif/ ausmuf
awmifawGyg? ausmufawmif}uD;wvH;k =um;xJu {&m0wDjrpfu pD;qif;oGm;wm
eJ@ wlw,f? 'ga=umifv h al wGu ausmufwiG ;f vk@d ac:=uod=uwmyg? {&m0wDjrpf
usOf;oGm;wJhae&mqkdawmh 'DausmufwGif;u a&=urf;w,f? ausmufawmifu
a&xJx;dk qif;vmwJh ausmufpeG ;f ausmufaqmifrsm;ukd wuf&wJt h cg a&pD;u
vnf; oefvw S mrk@d avScwfou l cwf/ avSx;dk oluxk;d / csw d ef @J qv
JG @dk &wJah e&m
cswd ef @J qoJG ul qG/J vluek v f ufuek v f ufnwD ufnD tm;xkw=f u&wmyg? wcgwcg
vefuswwfygao;w,f? wcgvefus&if a&pD; jrpfurf;atmuf tawmfa&muf
oGm;wwf+yD;/ wcgjyefwuf=u&jyefw,f? ausmufwiG ;f vGew f thJ cgrmS awmh urf;
uyf em;=u&w,f? a&S@c&D;vrf;vnf; acsmifoGm;+yDvkd@ qkdEkdifyg+yD? rEW av;rS
Aef;armftxd u|eaf wmfw@dk 10 &ufausmaf usmf vm=u&w,f? 1943 ckEpS u f ek /f
1944 ckEpS f ESpq f ef;avmufrmS u|eaf wmfw@dk Aef;armfudk jyefa&muf=uw,f?
Aef;armfjyefa&muf+yD;aemuf u|efawmfeJ@ukdxGef;vSu tm&Svli,f
tpnf;t±H;k rSmyJ qufvyk =f uw,f? acgi;f aqmifyidk ;f rSm rvky/f atmufajcrSm vkyf
w,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk EpS af ,mufpvH;k xif&mS ;olrsm;r[kwyf g? 'gayrJh atmufajc
vli,frsm;eJ@ xd awG@&if;ES;D em;vnfr&_ atmif vkyEf idk cf w hJ ,f? tm&Svil ,f&@J tum
tuG,, f /l ajratmuf vkyif ef;ukd ydy&d &d v d yk =f uw,f?
ukud }dk u;D &J@wm0efu Aef;armf-uom ESpcf ±kid pf vH;k &J@ tm&Svil ,f pnf;±H;k
(12)
a&;eJ@ ygwaD jratmufpnf;±H;k a&;wm0efuydk g ,l&awmh Aef;armfaevku d /f uom
oGm;vkduf/ rEWav;qif;vkduf vkyf&w,f? Armh0efxrf;oifwef;+yD;vkd@ &efukef
ujyefvmwJh ukv d eG ;f armifuadk wmh Aef;armf0efxrf;xJrmS 0ifvyk af p+yD; wm0efay;
xm;w,f? 'Dvedk @J u|eaf wmfw@dk vli,ftawmfrsm;rsm;eJ@ qufq&H if;ES;D r_&vm+yD;/
olw@dk &@J axmufcrH u
_ &dk vmw,f? wufºuckid rf mwJh vli,ftcsKd @udk pnf;±H;k vk@d &vm
w,f? wcsKd @udk *syef pum;jyeftjzpf xnfx h m;vmEkifd w
f ,f?
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;eJ@ tquftoG,f&&Sdjcif;
(1944) ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvxJrmS r[mrdww f yfawG eD;uyfvmw,f?

t*Fvdyf-w±kwf-tar&duefwyfrsm;/ Armjynfxkd;ppfpwifvmw,f?
tar&duefwyfqw dk muawmh wyfvu dk af wmh r[kwyf g? axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfzeJG @J
w±kwf wyfawG&@J t}uHay;tzG@J rsm;r#om jzpfw,f? 'Dvt dk csed u
f svmrS ygwu D
u|eaf wmfw@dk udk r[mrdwrf sm;eJ@ qufo, G &f ef/ r[mrdwrf sm;&J@ tultnD&,l&ef/
r[mrdww f yf rsm;ukd vnf; tultnDay;&ef/ o wif;ay;&ef/ vrf;jy&efpwJh n¸ef
=um;csuu f &dk w,f? uku d }dk u;D / ukx d eG ;f vS/ u|eaf wmfw@dk o;kH a,muf aqG;aEG;=uw,f?
uku d }dk uD;u a&$ub l uf/ u|eaf wmfe@J udx k eG ;f vSu Aef;armfbufrmS wm0ef,=l u&ef
wm0efc=JG uw,f? tJ'u D p uku d }kd uD; a&$ub l ufomG ;w,f?
u|eaf wmfe@J ukx d eG ;f vSvnf; Aef;armf+rdK@xrJ mS pDpOfp&m&So d r#udk pDpOf
=uw,f? u|efawmfwkd@ &JabmfjzpfaewJh pum;jyef&Jabmf oef;a&$xHrS aemuf
qH;k owif;rsm;eJ@ *syefaewJah e&mrsm;/ ppfae&mrsm;ukd ,lw,f? wu,fv@dk u|ef
awmfw@dk *syefzrf;rd oGm;&ifjzpfap/ ppfO;D bDv;l rk@d r[mrdwrf sm;u owfvu dk &f if
jzpfap qufvyk &f efppD Of&w,f? ajymoifo h rl sm;udk ajymxm;cJw h ,f?
1944 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvxJrmS u|eaf wmfe@J ukx d eG ;f vS apmif wxnf
pDomygwhJ &Sr;f vG,t f w
d w f vH;k pDe@J Aef;armfrS wdww f qdwx f u G o f mG ;=uw,f? {&m
0wDjrpfe@J Aef;armf-jrpf}uD;em;um;vrf;=um;/ awmvrf;rS jrpf}uD;em;ukd OD;wnf+yD;
ajrmuf buf csw D uf=uw,f? Aef;armf+rdK@e@J rkid f 20 avmufa0;wJh wmydeaf csmif;
ay:u a&$[oFmw-pDaumf&Gm a&mufcgeD;awmh yxrqHk;&GmxJ *syef&Sdr&Sd/
ar;jref;axmuf vSr;f &w,f? *syefr&Sb d ;l qkrd S &GmxJ0if=uw,f? a&$[oFmw&GmeJ@
pDaumf&Gmwkd@u u|efawmft&ifu a&mufzl;wJh &Srf;Arm&GmawGyg? Armpum;
(13)
vnf;wwf=uajym=uw,f? todrdwfaqGawGvnf; &Sdw,f? 'D&GmawGvGef+yD;
wJah emuf &Sr;f w±kw&f mG awG jzwf&w,f? &Sr;f w±kwf &GmawGuawmh Armpum;
vH;k 0avmufrwwf/ rajymwwf=uawmhyg? u|eaf wmfw@dk t&ifa&mufz;l wJh &Gmrsm;
vnf; r[kwaf wmhyg? tJ'D aemufyidk ;f vnf; acsmif;ukd ausmjf zwf&jyefw,f? &Sr;f
w±kw&f mG tcsKd @udk ausmo f mG ;+yD;wJah emuf wae@ naeapmif;rSm &Sr;f w±kwf EGm;
ausmif;om;vkd 0wfqifxm;wJh w±kwu f if;axmuf wa,mufe@J oGm;awG@w,f?
yxrawmh u|eaf wmfw@dk u ol@udk &Sr;f w±kwv f @dk yJ xifw,f? olu b,fu vm
ovJ- b,fomG ;rvJv@dk Armpum; rwwfwwwfe@J ar;ygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk u
wmydeaf csmif; ±k;d u jzpfa=umif;/ u|J 0,fEmG ;0,fvma=umif; jyefajymw,f? olu
*syefowif;awG xyf ar;w,f? 'DawmhrS u|eaf wmfw@dk &dyrf v d mw,f? u|eaf wmf
wk@d [m Aef;armf+rdK@rS jzpf a=umif;/ *syefta=umif;vnf; enf;enf;yg;yg;oda=umif;/
cifAsm;txufu vl}u;D eJ@ awG@csiaf =umif; olpw d 0f ifpm;atmif ajymvku d =f uw,f?
tJ'u D pvk@d w±kww f yfe@J u|eaf wmfw@dk tquftoG,f p&=uw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk u
olw@dk udk Aef;armfòr@xu J *syef&dS wJah e&mawGudk ajrykaH y:rSm axmuf+y;D ajymjyw,f?
olw@dk [m Aef;armfwu dk af &;twGuf jyifqifaecsed jf zpfv@dk u|eaf wmfw@dk ajymjywJh
tcsut f vufawG[m olw@dk twGuf ta&;}u;D wJh tcsut f vufawG jzpfaew,f?
olw@dk [m wyfr 38 jzpfa=umif; wjznf;jznf; odvm=u&w,f? yxrtpykid ;f
olwkd@u u|efawmfwkd@ukd r,Hk=unfao;yg? u|efawmfwkd@uvnf; olwkd@tajc
taeukd tuJcwf&if; tuket f pifajymjyjcif; rvkyaf o;yg? olw@dk u u|eaf wmfw@dk udk
,H=k unfr&_ atmif yxr vkyzf @dk vkw d ,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk udk a&S@wef;wyfrmS yJ xm;
w,f? Aef;armfwu dk &f mrSmvnf; a&S@wef;tusq;kH wyfrmS u|eaf wmfw@dk ygygw,f?
1944 ckEpS f 'DZifbm vqef;ykifd ;f rSmyg? u|eaf wmfw@dk vku d vf mwJh ppfa=umif;u
Aef;armfòr@&@J ajrmufbufrS ta&S@bufywf+y;D Aef;armfòr@udk 0kid ;f xm;w,f? u|eaf wmf
wk@d ESpaf ,muf pvk;H a&S@wef;tusq;kH ppfrsuEf mS uwkwx f rJ mS ae@a&mna&m
ae=u&w,f? wnrSm *syefu ajymufusm;xGu+f yD; wyfEpS w f yft=um; 0ifypf
cwfv@dk tjyeftvSef ypf=uw,f? w±kww f yfu usou l s/ '%f&m&ol& jzpfuek f
ygao;w,f? Aef;armfusomG ;w,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk vku d yf gvmwJh wyfu Aef;armfxJ
r0ifyg? Aef;armf&@J ta&S@buf (6) rkid u f mG &Sd rk;d armuf&mG eJ@ rvSr;f rurf;u &GmawGrmS
jzef@ceJG m;=u&w,f?
u|eaf wmfw@dk w±kww f yfxrJ mS yJ twlomG ;/ twl aecJ=h uw,f? olw@dk
(14)
uvnf; u|efawmfwkd@ukd ,Hk=unfvm/ u|efawmfwkd@uvnf; olwkd@ta=umif;
odwefoavmuf odvmwJt h csed u f srS u|eaf wmfw@dk vu dk yf gvmwJw h yf txufyidk ;f
ume,ftqif&h o dS l wa,mufe@J paqG;aEG;w,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk [m *syefqef@usif
a&; ajratmuftzG@J tpnf;u jzpf a=umif;/ *syefuw kd udk v f adk =umif;/ cifAsm;wk@d qu D
vufeufc, J rf; rD;ausmuf tultnDvadk =umif;/ 'DrmS vnf; u|eaf wmfw@dk wyfz@JG
pnf;+yD; *syefudk wku d rf ,ft
h a=umif;/ cifAsm;wk@d qu D vufeufc, J rf;rD;ausmuf
tultnDvadk =umif;/ u|eaf wmfw@dk jynfwiG ;f u *syefqef@usiaf ewJh vufeufuidk f
wyfe@J tzG@J tpnf;rsm;twGuv f nf; vufeufc, J rf;rD;ausmuf tultnD vkd
a=umif;/ *syefppfaemufyidk ;f vnf; u|eaf wmfw@dk wm0ef,yl @dk ay;Ekid af =umif;/ u|ef
awmfw@dk A[kXd mecsKyfe@J vnf; tquftoG,v f yk af y;Ekid af =umif; wifjy=uw,f?
olu txufwifjyay;ygr,f/ jzpfEkdifr,fxifa=umif; jyefajymw,f? ESpf&uf
oH;k &ufavmufaeawmh u|eaf wmfw@dk udk ta=umif;jyefygw,f? cifAsm;wk@d wifjy
wm jzpfEidk af =umif;/ txufu 'k-wyfrrSL;wa,mufvm+yD; cifAsm;wk@d e@J tao;
pdwf aqG;aEG;vdrrhf ,f? ESp&f uf oH;k &ufavmufapmifyh gv@dk jyefajymw,f? 'Dvq dk &dk if
u|eaf wmfw@dk tpDtpOfawGvyk zf @dk tdrcf % jyefO;D r,f? ESp&f uftwGi;f jyefvm
r,fajym+yD; xGuv f m=uw,f?
tjyefvrf;rSm rk;d armuf&mG ukd jzwf&w,f? rk;d armuf&mG rSm Aef;armfc±kid f
tkycf sKyfa&;tzG@J CAS(B) a&mufae+yD? rd;k armuf&mG xJa&mufawmh ukb d OD;eJ@
awG@w,f? ukb d OD;u wk@d ArmtzG@J tpnf; ocifyg? jrefrmhtvif; owif;axmuf
vnf; vkyw f ,f? Aef;armf+rdK@xrJ mS aeolyJ jzpfw,f? *syefacwfrmS u|eaf wmfw@dk e@J
od=uw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk pnf;±H;k xm;olawmh r[kwyf g? rk;d armuf&mG xJrmS ole@J
twl wGaJ v#mufvm=u&if;/ vlawG ±ke;f ±ke;f ±ke;f ±ke;f jzpfae=uwm 0if=unfrh w d ,f?
t*Fvdyfwyfu +rdK@jytkyf csKyfa&;(uufpbD) u ar*smtqifh&Sdol &mZ0wf0ef
axmufu vlzrf;aewmjzpfw,f? olut*Fvyd f vlrsKd ;yg? t*Fvyd f ArmjynfrS
tdE, dN qkwo f mG ;awmh ygomG ;olv@dk o&d w,f? Armpum;aumif;pGm wwfw,f?
olu ukb d OD; ukjd rifawmh ol@vufxufpm&Guu f pm&if;r(J black list) xkwf
=unf&h if; “rif;bOD;r[kwv f m;/ rif;ukzd rf;&r,f”qk+d yD; zrf;w,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk
ESpaf ,muf ukad wmh ol rodyg? ukb d OD;udk zrfawmh ukx d eG ;f vSu 0if+yD; “cifAsm;u
bmOya'eJ@ zrf;wmvJ”vk@d 0ifar;w,f? 'Dwif ar*smu “rif; bmaumifv?J rif;
ukd \yg zrf;w,f”qk+d yD; ukx d eG ;f vSuydk g zrf;jyefw,f? u|eaf wmfuawmh w±kwf
(15)
wyf jyefajymrSjzpfr,fq+dk yD; pufb;D eJ@ xGuo f mG ;r,fvyk af wmh ar*smu “'Daumifh
pufb;D u vG,t f wd u f dk &Smprf;”vk@d ol@wynfyh v k yd af wGudk trde@f csw,f? vG,t f wd f
ukd pufb;D rS ,l =unfah wmh tdwx f rJ mS w±kww f yfu ay;xm;wJh (45) ypPwdk
wvufudk awG@omG ;w,f? “'Daumifu h dk vufeufre_ @J zrf;”qk+d yD; u|eaf wmfu h ydk g
zrf;jyefw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd o;kH a,mufpvH;k rk;d armuf&mG xJu &Sr;f tdrw f tdr&f @J atmuf
xyf ywfywfvnfopfom;awG±u dk f tcsKyfcef;vkyx f m;wJh tcsKyfcef;xJ twlwl
xnfh xm;w,f? tcsKycf ef;xJ zrf;xnfx h m;wJh &Sr;f Arm/ &Sr;f w±kw/f ukvm; vlrsKd ;pHk
ckepf a,muf/ &Spaf ,mufavmuf &SEd iS ahf ew,f? ajr}uD;ay:rSmyJ atmufrmS bm
tcif;rS r&Sd/ tcsKyfcef;tay:xyfrSmawmh tapmifhykvdyfawG aew,f? tcsKyf
cef;xJa&mufwJhae@ naerSmyJ ukdxGef;vSeJ@ ukdbOD;ukd tapmifhykvdyfu a&cyf
ac:oGm;w,f? olw@dk jyefvmawmh u|eaf wmfw@dk [m zufqpfawmfveS af &;orm;awG
jzpfw,f? 'Dvt dk vky=f urf; ckid ;f wmrsKd ;ukd rvkyo f ifb h ;l xifw,fv@dk u|eaf wmfu
pajymw,f? ukx d eG ;f vSu csucf si;f oabmwlw,f? ukb d OD;uawmh a=umufw,f?
ppfO;D bDv;l jzpfw,f? olw@dk owfypfcsiv f nf; ypfEidk w f ,f vk@d ajymw,f?
aemufwae@reufrSm u|efawmfwkd@u ta&;}uD;udpPwck&Sdvdk@ 'DrSm
tkycf sKyfoel @J awG@csiw f ,fv@dk tapmifyh v k yd uf dk ajymw,f? tvkyw f ufcsed f a&muf
awmh reD;ta0; tdrw f tdraf tmufrmS ±H;k cef;vkyx f m;+yD; ±H;k cef;pm;yGrJ mS xkid af ewJh
Akdvf wa,mufqD ac:oGm;w,f? olu tar&duefAkdvfrSL;tqifh&Sdolyg? 101
axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG ueJ@ wlw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk u ol@udk u|eaf wmfw@dk [m *syef
qef@usif olawGjzpfw,f? w±kwaf wGudk ar;=unfyh g? u|ef awmfw@dk udk 'Dvadk jr}u;D ay:
tusO;f uav;rSm rxnfo h ifbh ;l ? tvkyv f rJ ckid ;f oifb h ;l vk@d ajymvkud w
f ,f? olu
u|eaf wmfw@dk udk ukvm;xkid af y:xlid cf idk ;f +y;D tar&duefaq;vdyf wnfw,f? ay; w,f?
u|ef a wmf w k d @ u raomuf w wf a =umif ; ajym+yD ; raomuf = ubl ; ? ol u
ar;wmawGudk u|eaf wmfw@dk u ajzoifw h m jyefajzw,f? em;vnf;r_&oGm;+y;D aemuf
ol@txufe@J aqG;aEG;ay;ygrh ,f jyefajymw,f?
aemufwae@rmS awmh u|eaf wmfw@dk udk atmufxyftcsKycf ef;xJu xkw+f y;D
tdrftay:xyfrSmaewJh tcsKyfcef;apmifhykvdyfawGeJ@twl ajymif;xm;w,f?
tar&duef &m&Siaf wG oD;jcm; pay;w,f? w±kww f yfawGuvnf; u|eaf wmfw@dk
owif;=um;awmh csucf si;f yJ vku d v f mw,f? olw@dk csi;f tawmfpum;ajym=uw,f?
(16)
u|eaf wmfw@dk udk vmawmif;yHk &ygw,f? 'gayrJh aemufq;kH usawmh Armjynf wGi;f udpP
ol w k d @ eJ @ rqk d i f v nf ; rqk d i f u|ef a wmf w k d @ vk y f i ef ; awG u k d v nf ; em;vnf
oGm;vk@d xifygw,f/ u|eaf wmfw@dk udk vm=unf/h “udprP &Syd gb;l ”vk@d ajym+yD; jyefomG ;
=uw,f? wu,fawmh tdE, dN rS 0ifvm=uwJh r[mrdwaf wGxrJ mS w±kww f yfu
tar&duef&@J uGyu f rJ a_ tmufrmS &Sw d ,f? *syefwu dk f &mrSm w±kww f yf[m jrpf}uD;
em;/ Aef;armf/ vm;±_;d txdom vku d yf g&+yD;/ onfah emuf w±kwjf ynfxJ jyef0if
oGm;=u&w,f? &yf&mG tkycf sKyfa&;rSmvnf; olw@dk e@J rqkid yf g? t*Fvyd w f yf(uufpb f )D
uom ukid w f ,f?
r=umrD rk;d armufrS Aef;armfòr@xo J @dk òr@tyk cf sKyfa&;(uufpb f )D u olw@dk
a&$@ ajymif;vk@d u|eaf wmfw@dk uv dk nf; ac:oGm;w,f? Aef;armf axmifA;l 0 taqmuf
ttkaH wGrmS ykvyd ±f ;Hk cef; zGix hf m;w,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk udk axmifxu J tcsKyfcef;rSm
rxnf/h axmif ±H;k cef;xJ &mZ0wftyk af wGe@J yJ twlxm;w,f? *syefacwf tm&S
vli,f/ wk@d Arm qif;&Jom;/ Armh0efxrf;acgi;f aqmifawG axmifxaJ &mufvm=u
w,f? aemufw&ufrmS t*Fvyd f ar*smwa,muf a&mufvmw,f? u|eaf wmf
wk@d EpS af ,mufe@J awG@+yD; “umv uwWm; uko d ed ;f azu ac:w,f? uko d ed ;f azqD
oGm;&r,f? 'gayrJh Armjynfatmufyidk ;f u *syefqef@usiaf &;vkyif ef; awGrxdcu dk f
apzk@d v#Kd @0u S &f r,f? cifAsm;wk@d udk zrf;ovkyd J ac:oGm;r,f? cifAsm;wk@d uvnf; 'D
ta=umif;awG b,folrS ajymjyrxm;cJhygeJ@”vkd@ ajymw,f? u|efawmfwkd@ ESpf
a,mufuvnf; u|eaf wmfw@dk t ode@J u|eaf wmfw@dk b,fo@l rS bmrSajymrxm;cJyh g?
axmifxu J vlawGuawmh u|eaf wmfw@dk udk pk;d &drf w f rhJ suEf mS eJ@ use&f pfc=hJ uw,f?
olw@dk udk “u|eaf wmfw@dk twGuf rpk;d &dr=f uyge@J ? cifAsm;wk@d vnf; r=umcif jyefvw G f
rSmyg”qkw d hJ tm;ay;pum;avmufuadk wmh ajymjycJyh gw,f? tJ'u D xGuf vmawmh
u|eaf wmfw@dk udk vufxw d cf wfjcif;rsm; rvkyaf wmhyg?
zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf tdENd,okd@ a&mufjcif;

1945 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v
D ukecf ge;D avmufrmS u|eaf wmfe@J ux
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*syefqef@ usifa&;orm;rsm;&Ja*[m bD[mvm ukdodef;az qDa&mufygw,f?
&ckid jf ynf u tdE,dN eJ@qufaew,fqadk wmh &ckid &f aJ bmfawmfawmfrsm;rsm; awG@&
(17)
w,f? usew f mu awmh Armjynfru ArmjynfuGef jrLepfygwD0ifawGyg?
ESpx f yfwu dk tf ay:xyf tcef;us,}f u;D wck tv,f/ ab;rSm w,fvzD ek ;f
wvk;H eJ@ ukwifay: yufvufu uko d ed ;f az[m u|eaf wmfw@dk udk vufq f EJG w_ q f uf
}uKdqdk w,f?olu a&m*ga=umifh ausmukd yvmpwm ukid x f m;&+yD; tdy&f mxJrmS
yufvufyJ ae&w,f?
ukodk ed ;f azeJ@ u|eaf wmfw@dk tajctaeawGukd ar;jref;ajymqk+d yD;aemuf
&JabmfxeG ;f vSudk &Jabmf‘cifarmif’/ u|eaf wmhu f dk ‘wifarmif’/ “a&$ref;wifarmif
ayg”h vk@d &,farmajymqk&d if; u|eaf wmfw@dk udk emrnfajymif;ay;vku d wf ,f? uko d ed ;f az
ukd ola&;wJh “wufzek ;f }uD;”pmtkyef @J u|eaf wmfocd w hJ ,f? vluadk wmh ckrS awG@&
wmyg?
t*Fvyd u f ‚&J@tajctaeeJ@ u|eaf wmfw@dk jynfwiG ;f &J@ awmfveS af &;/
jynfo@l tiftm;a=umifh rwwfombJ uko d ed ;f azukd Armjynfzf ufqpfwu dk zf suaf &;
tzG@J csKyf&@J u, dk pf m;vS,t f jzpf todtrSwjf yKxm;&w,f? zufqpfawmfveS af &;
twGuf Armjynfu a&mufvmwJh &JabmfreS o f r# tdE, dN jynf/ umvuwWm;òr@/
bD[mvm bkH&dyfom ukdodef;azqD a&muf=uw,f? a&mufvmwJh &Jabmf
tm;vk;H ukd uko d ed ;f azu t*Fvyd f ppfwyf-wyfz@JG (136) eJ@ aqG;aEG;pDpOf wm0ef
cef@cw JG ,f? ArmjynfrS a&mufvm=uwJh &Jabmfrsm;[m wokww f nf;-wzG@J wnf;-
wcsed w f nf; a&mufvm=uwm r[kwyf g? wokw-f wzG@J a&mufvmwmeJ@ Arm
jynfawmfveS af &;&J@ vkt d yfrt
_ & uko d ed ;f azeJ@ wyfz@JG (136) aqG;aEG;+yD; wcsK@d udk
umvuwWm; ppfausmif;wausmif;rSm tcsed w f dk ppfynmoif/ avxD;qif;oif
wef;wuf/ Armjynfjyef wm0efxrf;aqmif=u&w,f? wcsKd@ukdawmh oD[kd
(oD&v d uFm) ukv d b H pdk pfausmif;yk@d / umvwck ppfynmoif/ umvuwWm; uko d ed ;f
azqDjyef/ avxD;qif;oifwef;wuf/ Armjynfjyef avxD;qif; wm0ef ,l=u&w,f?
'Dvadk =umifh *syefawmfveS af &;twGuf ArmjynfrS oGm;=uwJh tzG@J rsm; &Jabmfrsm;
[m umvuwWm;rSm jzpfap/ ukv d bH rdk mS jzpfap/ tm;vk;H awG@}uKHqpHk nf;&wm
r[kww f t
hJ wGuf wcsK@d udk &if;&if;ES;D ES;D odayr,fh wcsK@d uadk wmh od=uwm r[kwyf g?
u|eaf wmf umvuwWm; bD[mvm bk&H yd o f mukd a&mufwhJ tcsed rf mS
ukbd apm (&ckid o f @dk avxD;qif;cge;D )/ ukad usm&f if pwJh &JabmftcsK@d awG@&w,f?
&ckid &f aJ bmf awGuawmh awmfawmfrsm;w,f? &Jabmf*&dk , S (f &Jabmfbwif) ukv d nf;
uko d ed ;f azwk@d eJ@twl awG@&w,f? &Jabmf*&dk , S [f m nnrsm;rSm u|eaf wmfw@dk
(18)
qDvm+yD; Armjynf tajctaeawGudk odcsiaf ZmeJ@ ar;jref;avh&w dS ,f? u|eaf wmf
wk@d uvnf; odoavmuf jyefajym=uw,f? oltrsm;qk;H ar;wmu u|eaf wmfw@dk
tajctae/ Armjynfoal wG&@J tajctaeeJ@ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD ta=umif;
awGygy?J u|eaf wmfw@dk ajymjy ae&if;vnf; =um;n‡y0f ifar;wwfv@dk ajzvnf;ajz/
ajymvnf; ajym=uw,f?
&Jabmf *k&d , S u f vnf; u|eaf wmfw@dk udk tdE, dN jynfueG jf rLepfygwu D tdE, dN
jynfumuG,zf @dk / *syefudk ckcw H u dk cf udk zf @dk / +AwD o d #tpk;d &ukd urf;vSr;f cJah =umif;/ +Aw d o d #
tpk;d &u vuf rcHa=umif;/ 'ga=umifh tdE, dN jynfueG jf rLepfygwu D uk, d hf [muk, d f
vl x k u k d pnf ; ±k H ; v_ H @ aqmf / nnrsm;rS m ppf y nmuk d v#Kd @ 0S u f o if w ef ; ay;
avhusiahf e=ua=umif;/ olu, dk w f idk vf nf; ppfoifwef;wufaea=umif; ajymjyw,f?
ppfavhusiv hf @dk ol@wawmiff qpfawG yGe;f yJah ewmukd tusv ô uf vSejf yw,f? 'l;awG
yGe;f yJah ewmawGudk abmif;bD tay:qGw J ifjyw,f? tdE, dN jynfov l x l &k @J xufoef
wJh zufq f pfqef@usiaf &;eJ@ rsK;d csppf w d /f jynfcsppf w d "f mwfawGyg? ArmjynfrmS awmh
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&J@acgif;aqmifr_/ us,fjyef@ wJhnDnGwfa&;wyfaygif;pkeJ@
jynfo@l tiftm;a=umifh rwwfomvk@d t*Fvyd w f @dk u vufct H odtrSwf jyKwm
jzpfa=umif;vnf; ajymw,f? &Jabmf*kd&S,f[m ol@wkdif;jynf&J@ rsdK;cspfjynfcspf
0g'w D a,muf/ Armjynftay:rSmvnf; oHa,mZOf}u;D wJh Armjynf olawGucdk spw f hJ
Ekid if w
H umh0g'w d a,muf qkw d mukd awG@&w,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm &Jabmf *k&d , S uf
'DrmS cse'f &mbk@d p&f @J vlawGvnf; &Sad =umif;/ olv#Ked @J tzsuv f yk if ef;awG vkyw f wf
a=umif;/ v#K@d 0u S af &;owdxm;zk@d u|eaf wmfw@dk udk owday;w,f?
uvuwWm;ukad &mufp u|eaf wmfw@dk EpS af ,mufudk uko d ed ;f azu xGuf
vnf ckid ;f w,f? &Jabmf*&dk , S (f &J abmfbwif) u u|eaf wmfw@dk EpS af ,mufudk ESpx f yf
xa&mf vDum; tay:xyfa&S@wef;u wufp;D +yD; +rdK@xv J n S v hf nfjyw,f? +rdK@xu J
ol@tpfrtdrf ac:oGm;w,f? tdru f awmh cyfusO;f usO;f oyfoyf&yf&yf yg? {nfch ef;/
tdycf ef;/ rD;zkcd ef;awG &Sw d ,f? &Jabmf*&dk , S uf ol@tpfreJ@ rdwq f ufay;w,f? ol@tpfr
uvnf; tdE, dN uGejf rLepfygw0D ify?J trsK;d orD; pnf;±k;H a&;vkyif ef; vkyw f ,f?
ol@tpfra,musmF ;uvnf; uGejf rLepfygw0D ifwa,mufyv J @dk od&w,f? ole@J awmh
rawG@yg? &Jabmf*kd&S,f&J@ tpfru ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu &JabmfawGukd
awG@&awmh 0rf;omtm;&eJ@ u|eaf wmfw@dk udk E_wq f uf}uKdqydk gw,f? ol@tpfru
csygwD olu, dk w f idk v
f yk +f yD; vufzuf&nfcsKd eJ@ u|eaf wmfw@dk udk {nfch w H ,f?
(19)
&Jabmf*&dk , S uf u|eaf wmfw@dk udk ol@tpfr&J@ toufu;dk ESp&f , G o f m;eJ@ rdwf
qufay;+yD; “uJ-cifAsm;wk@d ole@J t*Fvyd v f dk Ekid if aH &;pum;ajym=unfph rf;”vk@d ajym
ygw,f? ukx d eG ;f vSu ol@wu l dk “rif; *sKd &Su
D dk odovm;/ olb,fov l ”J vk@d ar;w,f?
vli,fu “odygw,f? ol[m tdE, dN tvkyo f rm;vl wef;pm;&J@ygwjD zpfwhJ tdE, dN
uGejf rLepfygw&D @J acgi;f aqmifjzpfw,f”vk@d oGuv f ufpmG jyefajymw,f? ukx d eG ;f vSu
quf+yD; “pwmvif ukad um rif;odovm;”vk@d qufar;w,f? vli,fu “u|ef
awmf odygw,f? olu qkAd , D uf,el , D H uGejf rLepfygw&D @J acgi;f aqmifjzpf±rkH u urBm
yh pPn;f rJh vlwef;pm; w&yfv;kH &J@ acgi;f aqmifvnf;jzpfw,f”vk@d jyefajymw,f?
1945 ckEpS af zazmf0g&v D qef;avmufrmS awmfveS af &;&J@vt dk yfcsut f &
u|eaf wmfw@dk ESpaf ,mufpvk;H umvuwWm; ‘*suq f ’dk rSm avxD;oifwef;ukd yxr
oGm;wuf&w,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk e@J twl ukad usm&f ifvnf; ygw,f? *suq f dk a&muf
wJt h cg av,mOfqif; oifr,fh ppfwyfrS tjcm; ppfAv dk f ppfom;rsm;vnf; ygw,f?
reufyidk ;f rSm *suq f adk v,mOfysu H iG ;f xJ&yfxm;wJh ‘'guw dk m’o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;
av,mOfysH wpif;ab;em; av,mOfysaH y:u ckeq f if;+yD; ajray:uswt hJ cg av
t[keu f dk =unf+h y;D nmbuf(ok@d r[kw)f b,fbufo@dk tvku d o f ifh vScJ svu dk &f yku H dk
yxr oifjy avhusi=hf u& w,f? naeykid ;f &yfxm;wJh av,mOfay:wuf/ tm;vk;H
wef;pD&yf+yD; oifwef;rSL;u av,mOfysaH y:u ckeq f if;wJt h cg wa,mufe@J w
a,muf qufwu dk f ckecf s=u&r,fh ta=umif;/ wu,fv@dk ckecf sow l a,mufu
aES;oGm;&if ajray:uswt hJ cg wa,mufe@J wa,muf a0;oGm;r,ft h a=umif;/ a&S@
u ckecf swhJ vlwa,mufu wGe@f qw k o f mG ;&ifvnf; aemufu ckecf soel @J xyfomG ;+y;D
avxD;}uKd;ESpcf k vdro f mG ;wwfv@dk avxD;ryGib hf J jzpfomG ;Ekid af =umif;awG ajymjy
w,f? olajym+yD;aemuf wa,mufpD reufu oifjyavhusihf xm;wJt h wkid ;f av
,mOfysHwHcg;aygufrS ckefcs/ ajray:tvkdufoifh vSdrfhvw JS mawGudk qufavhusifh
=u&jyefw,f? aemufwae@ naecif;rSmwcg/ nOD;rSmwcg/ yso H ef;aewJh 'guw dk m
av,mOfay:u ajray:v,fuiG ;f xJudk vufawG@EpS cf g ckeq f if;=u&w,f? naecif;
yxrqif;wJhtcgrSm ukdausmf&if ajcqpfvdrfoGm;vkd@ atmufuapmifhaewJh
vlemwif um;eJ@ aq;±kaH &mufomG ;w,f? 'kw, d t}udrrf mS rygEidk af wmhyg? (2)
&ufe@J yJ avxD; qif;oifwef; +yD;oGm;ygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk &JabmfawGtm;vk;H
rsK;d csppf w
d /f jynfcsppf w d "f mwfe@J av,mOfay:rS rwGe@f rqkwf &J&&J if&h ifh ckecf s atmif
jrifc=hJ uw,f?
(20)
avxD;oifwef;+yD;wJah emuf awmfveS af &;&J@ vkt
d yfrt
_ & uko
d ed ;f azu
ukx
d eG ;f vSudk Armjynf avxD;eJ@qif;zk@d uvuwWm;&Sd ppfausmif;oGm;wuf&w,f?
zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf oD[kd(oD&dvuFm) a&mufjcif;
u|efawm/f ukdodef;(ukdbaomif;-avxD;) eJ@twl oD[kd(oD&dvuFm)

ukv d bH dk ppfausmif; oGm;&w,f? (1945) ckEpS /f ZEM0g&D vukeaf vmufrmS u|ef
awmfw@dk ESpaf ,muf[m t*Fvyd f t&m&SEd pS af ,mufe@J twl umvuwWm;rS av
,mOfyseH @J xGucf mG vmcJ=h u&m bkaH brSm wntdy+f yD; aemufwae@rmS ukv d bH u dk dk
a&mufw,f?
ukv d bH pdk pfausmif;qkad yr,fh ukv d b H edk @J rkid of ;kH q,favmufa0;wJh tke;f
awm}uD; xJrmS yg? wem&De;D yg; ppfum;pD;+yD;rS ppfausmif;ukd a&mufw,f? omom
,m,mawmh &Sw d ,f? us,jf yef@whJ tke;f awm}uD;xJrmS ppfwef;vsm;rsm;/ ±k;H rsm;/
xrif;pm;±kHrsm;/ pm;aomufqkdifrsm;/ avhusifhuGif;rsm;udk oef@&Sif;oyf,yfpGm
tuGucf s wnfaqmuf xm;wmukd awG@&w,f?
'Dppfausmif;[m r[mrdwrf sm;&J@ ta&S@awmiftm&SppfXmecsKyf&@J tkycf sKyf
r_atmufrmS &S+d yD; jyifopf/ t*Fvyd /f w±kw/f jrefrm(Arm/ u&if/ ucsi/f csi;f ) xkid ;f
(,k;d ' ,m;) vlrsK;d pko H ifwef;ausmif;om;rsm; &S=d uw,f? t*Fvyd /f jyifopfrsm;u
ar*sm tqifu h tp uy`wed /f vufzw f ifeiftqift h xd &S=d uw,f? Armjynf zuf
qpfwu dk f zsuaf &;tzG@J u u|eaf wmfw@dk &Jabmfrsm;ukd t&m&St d qifah y;xm;w,f?
t*Fvdyf/ jyifopft&m&Sdrsm;eJ@ oifwef;wuf&mrSmvnf; tzG@J vkduftwlwuf/
pm;aomuf&m rSmvnf; t&m&Sx d rif;pm;±krH mS twlpm;aomuf=uw,f? olw@dk u
vcpm;rsm; jzpf=u+yD; u|eaf wmfw@dk u vcpm;rsm; r[kwyf g? u|eaf wmfw@dk udk t*F
vdyu f olw@dk vcpm;rsm;tjzpf vkyaf pvkad yr,fh u|eaf wmfw@dk &Jabmftm;vk;H u
awmfveS af &;&yfwnfr&_ &dS edS @J zufqpfwu dk zf suaf &;tzG@J u awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;
tjzpfom &yfwnfc=hJ uw,f? aiGrsm;rsm; xkwo f ;Hk =u&if ol@vcpm;vkd jzpfrmS
pkd;wJhtwGuf umvuwWm; bD[mvmbkH&dyfomrSmvkdyJ wa,mufukd wywf
ESpq f ,fusyo f m xkwo f ;Hk =uw,f? tJ'u D mvu aiGwefz;dk &Sw d ,f? wjym;ESpjf ym;
utp ok;H vk@d &ygw,f?
(21)
'Dausmif;ukd u|eaf wmfw@dk &JabmfawG wokww f nf;wcsed w f nf; a&muf
=uwm r[kwyf g? ppfoifwef;vnf; +yD;/ ArmjynfawmfveS af &;uvnf; vkt d yf
vmr_t& jyefwt hJ zG@J ujyef/ usew f t hJ zG@J uuse/f topfa&mufwt hJ zG@J ua&mufe@J
yg? 'gayrJh wcsKd @ wzG@J e@J wzG@J yif rawG@vu dk =f u&yg? u|eaf wmfausmif;ukad &mufawmh
ocifAv dk (f ukjd zL)/ ref;0if;armif(ukw d if) &Jabmftek ;f armif(ukjd r)/ ukcd spaf umif;
(ukad tmifxeG ;f )/ ukb d ode;f / ukb d nGe@f / &Jabmfuu dk }dk uD;(uko d ef;)/ ukv d uS eG /hf &Jabmf
baomif;(uko d ed ;f ) wk@d udk awG@&w,f? wcsK@d &aJ bmfawGuadk wmh rrSwrf ad wmhyg?
ocifAv dk &f @J emrnfuadk wmh u|eaf wmf od&rdS w S rf ad eygw,f? vlcsi;f awG@z;l vk@d awmh
r[kwyf g? u|eaf wmfausmif;om;b0u ola&;wJh ‘um;vfrmhupf ’f pmtkyu f dk zwfchJ
zl;vk@d jzpfygw,f?
u|efawmfwkd@tm;vHk; oD;jcm;ukd,fhtzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ukd,f pnf;pnf;vHk;
vH;k &S=d uw,f? ygw&D @J *% k o f ud mQ / awmfveS af &;orm;wa,muf&@J *k%o f u d mQ ukd
xde;f odr;f =uw,f? pnf;urf;vku d ef m=uw,f? ppfoifwef;ukd wufwufºuºu
wuf=uw,f? ppfausmif;rSm oif&wJb h mom&yfawGe@J ywfoufv@dk awmh ukcd spf
aumif;&J@ pmtkyrf mS jynfph ykH gw,f? r[mrdwaf wG&@J jyefveS x f ;dk ppfrmS &efo@l aemuf
ykid ;f u ajymufusm;ppfe@J aygi;f pyfay;zk@d twGuf 'Dausmif;u oif=um;ay;wJh ppfynm
&yfawGu vufeufi,frsKd;pkHukdifwG,fypfcwfenf; PIAT (Preventary
Infantry Anti Tank) twkad umuf‘yD,uf’vk@d ac:wJh wifu h m;ypfvuf
eufypfcwfenf;/ ,rf;rsKd;pkHazmufcGJenf;/ csKHckdwkdufckdufenf;wkd@tjyif ajrykHzwf
enf;(Map Reading) wu,fv@dk }uK;d rJq h ufo, G af &; puform;usq;Hk oGm;u
puf e J @ tquf t oG , f vk y f e nf ; / tcsuf j yenf ; / awmwG i f ; csD w uf e nf ; /
csufðywfpm;aomuf+yD; ajc&m vuf&mazsmufenf; pwJh ajymufusm;ppfeJ@
ywfoufwJh oabmw&m;a&;t&a&m vufawG@t&yg oif=um;avhusifh=u
&w,f?
*syefzufqpfwu dk zf suaf &;rSm olw@dk e@J u|eaf wmfw@dk tckvdk aygi;f pnf;=u
&ayr,fh &nf&, G cf sucf si;f uawmh wl=uwm r[kwyf g? olw@dk u *syefudk wku d +f yD;
t*Fvyd u f vnf; Armjynfudk jyefvnf ukv d edk D vky+f rJvyk +f yD; qufvufp;dk rk;d rif;vkyf
zk@d yg? jyifopfuvnf; tvm;wl tif'cdk sKid ;f em;ukd ukv d edk D jyefvnfvyk +f y;D qufvuf
rif;rlz@dk yg? u|eaf wmfw@dk uawmh zufqpf*syefawGudk wku d xf w k +f yD; u|eaf wmfw@dk
wkid ;f jynf vk;H 0 vGwv f yfa&;&zk@d jzpfw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk e@J olw@dk ,m,Daygi;f
(22)
pnf;r_om jzpfw,f? Armjynf *syefzufqpfqef@usiaf &; ajratmufvyk if ef;rSm
avhvmcJw h hJ a*sm*f s'D rD x D a&mhAf a&; “tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;eJ@ zufq f pfqef@usif
a&;”pmapmif&@J twGi;f oabmjzpfwhJ nDnw G af &; wyfaygi;f pk pdw"f mwft&yg?
ukb d ode;f u u|eaf wmfw@dk xrJ mS aysm&f i$ w f wfow l a,mufyg? nae t
pm pm;+y;D tdy&f mr0ifrD u|eaf wmfw@dk oD;jcm;aewJh ppfwef;vsm; ckwifay:uqif;+y;D
t*Faw =urf;ay:rSm wifyv†iaf cGxidk /f cg;b,f,rd ;f nm,dr;f / vufEpS zf ufe@J ywf0idk ;f
wD;ovkd ywfywfvnfw;D +yD; yg;pyfqidk ;f wD;/ pdeaf A'gvyk w f wf=uw,f? use&f aJ bmf
awGu tdy&f m ukwifawGay:u xkid ef m;axmif&if; vufcyk =f obmay;/ &,f=u
arm=u aysm&f i¸ =f u&w,f?
we*FaEGae@widk ;f rSm yifv,fqyd u f rf; a&oGm;csKd ;csicf sKd ;/ ukv d b H +dk rdK@xJ
vnfcsiv f nfv@dk &w,f? we*FaEGwae@rmS u|eaf wmf/ ukb d nGe@f / ukb d ode;f / ukb d
aomif;wk@d av;a,muf t&m&Spd pfausmif; pm;aomufqikd rf S tdE, dN / oD[Vdk rf mS
&Sm;wJh taumif;pm; aq;vdyu f mwGe;f rsm;/ azsm&f nfrsm;/ tom;bl;rsm;/ pnfoyG f
bl;rsm;/ csKcd sOrf sm; 0,f+yD; ukv d bH u dk o
dk mG ;w,f? ppftwGi;f òr@xrJ mS ypPn;f tvGef
&Sm;yg;w,f? ppfwyftwGi;f rk@d 'Dvdk ypPn;f rsm; &wmyg? u|eaf wmfw@dk pm;zk@d aomuf
zk@d awmh r[kw?f u|eaf wmfw@dk &nf&, G f csuef @J u|eaf wmfw@dk yg?
ukv d b H dk òr@xaJ &mufawmh um;ay:rSqif;/ 0,fvmwJh ypPn;f xnfh xm;wJh
ab;vG,t f w d f ESpv f ;Hk ukd vG,+f yD; òr@xaJ v#muf=uw,f? oD[dk uGejf rLepfygwu D dk
u|eaf wmfw@dk vku d &f mS =uwmyg? vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;ukd ar;&if; ukv d b H òdk r@vnfu
vrf;}uD;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ukd av#mufvm=uw,f? vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u
oD[u dk eG jf rLepfygw&D @J ae&mukd rod=uyg? aemufq f ;Hk vlwa,mufxu H owif;
tpte &&Sw d meJ@ wuUpw D pD; pD;+yD; ukv d b
H dk qifajczk;H &yfuu G w f ckudk a&muf
oGm;=uw,f? '±kid b f mukd wuUpcD ay;+yD; um;ay:rSqif;/ ar;&if;jref;&if; vku d &f mS rS
&yfuGuftpGef;em;u uGefjrLepfygwD qkdif;bkwfeJ@ wxyfwkdufykav;wvkH;ukd
oGm;awG@w,f?
u|eaf wmfw@dk vnf; 0rf;yef;womeJ@ wku d yf u
k av;xJudk wef;0ifomG ;
=uw,f? wku d &f @J {nfch ef;xJrmS vlo;Hk a,mufe@J awG@+y;D u|eaf wmfw@dk ukd tHt h m;oifh
=unfah e=uw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk tm;vk;H u ppf0wfppfpm;eJ@csn;f jzpfaevk@d yg? &Jabmf
bnGe@f u p+yD; “u|eaf wmfw@dk [m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD S &Jabmfrsm; jzpfa=umif;/
cifAsm;wkd@ acgif;aqmif wa,mufa,mufeJ@ awG@vkda=umif;”pwif rdwfquf
(23)
ajymqkw d ,f? tJ'aD wmhrS olw@dk u u|eaf wmfw@dk udk {nfch ef; pm;yGyJ wfvnfu uk
vm;xkdifrsm;ay: txkdifckdif;ygw,f? olwkd@ tawmftwef pdwfoufomoGm;
[ef&adS yr,fh oHo,ruif;=uao;a=umif; olw@dk rsuv f ;Hk awGu azmfjyaew,f?
olw@dk acgi;f aqmifrsm; c&D;xGuo f mG ;=ua=umif;/ olw@dk [m ±k;H apmifh useaf eolrsm;
jzpfa=umif; jyefajymw,f? &JabmfbnGef@eJ@ &Jabmfbodef;u udpPr&Sda=umif;
jyefajymjy+yD; u|eaf wmfw@dk ygvmwJh ypPn;f rsm;ukd tdwx f u J xkw/f pm;yGaJ y:wif
vufaqmiftjzpf ay;=uw,f? olw@dk uvnf; aus;Zl;wifa=umif; jyefajymw,f?
ukb d nGe@f e@J &Jabmfbode;f wk@d u Armjynfe@J zufq f pf*syefawG&@J ta=umif;/ Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygweD @J zufpf q f ef@usiaf &;tzG@J u *syefzf ufqpfawGudk awmfveS zf @dk b,fvdk
}uKd;yrf;aeykt H a=umif;awGudk ajymjy0g'jzef@=uw,f? 'Dvedk @J u|eaf wmfw@dk e@J olw@dk
tjyeftvSef em;vnfre_ @J ,k=H unfr_ wjznf;jznf; &&Sv d mcJw h ,f?
*syefawmfveS af &;&J@vt dk yfrt _ & ppfoifwef;+yD;wJah emuf u|eaf wmfw@dk
wawG/ ukv d b H rdk S umvuwWm;ok@d ESpaf ,mufwwG/J oH;k a,mufwwGJ pk+yD;/ wpk+yD;
wpk/ wokwf +yD;wokwf jyef=uw,f? ocifAv dk /f ukb
d ode;f wk@d xu G o
f mG ;+yD;aemuf
ocifAkdvf/ &Jabmfbodef;/ &JabmfapmOD;eJ@ twlygwJh t*Fvdyfrsm;yg wzGJ@vkH;
umvuwWm; *suq f dk av,mOfysu H iG ;f twuf pufysuu f s rD;avmif+yD; tm;vk;H
usq;Hk oGm;=uwJh owif;ukd =um;=u&w,f? use&f adS ewJh u|eaf wmfw@dk &Jabmf
tm;vk;H 0rf;enf;a=uuGJ pdwx f cd udk rf _ jzpf=u&w,f? 'gayrJh &Jabmfwa,mufr#
a=umuf&@HG jcif;/ wGe@f qw k jf cif;awmh rjzpf=uyg? r=umrD 1945 ckEpS rf wfv ukecf ge;D
avmufrmS u|eaf wmfe@J uo dk ed ;f (&Jabmfbaomif;) wm0efxrf;aqmifz@dk umv
uwWm;jyef=uw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk wm0efu ocifAv dk w f @dk tzG@J &@J wm0efudk xrf;
aqmifzf @dk yg? 0rf;enf;r_uae 0rf;omr_ jzpfvm&jyefw,f?
umvuwWm;jyefa&mufawmh u|eaf wmfw@dk udk t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J orm;u
npfywfwhJ taESmift h ,Suw f cke@J oGm;awG@=u&w,f? bD[mvm uko d ed ;f azqD
jyefryk@d bJ av,mOfoifwef;wufz@dk *suq f adk v,mOfysu H iG ;f ukd wef;oGm;xm;w,f?
av,mOfqif;oifwef;u wreufcif;eJ@ wnaecif;qk&d if av,mOfuiG ;f rSm &yf
xm;wJh 'guw dk m av,mOfwcH g;aygurf mS ckeq f if;/ atmufus&if tvku d of ifh vSrd hf
vSv J yk &f wmeJ@ +yD;oGm;w,f? aemufwae@ av,mOfysaH y:u vufawG@EpS cf gqif;/
+y;D oGm;wmygy?J av,mOfqif;oifwef;wuf+y;D vnf; ta&;}u;D aevk@d tcsed f r&Sb d ;l
qk+d yD;/ uko d ed ;f azqD jyefryk@d bJ +rdK@e@J tvSr;f tawmfa0;wJh pcef;wckrmS oGm;xm;
(24)
w,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk u uko d ed ;f az&J@ n¸e=f um;csurf &&if rjzpf/ ole@J rawG@bJ rqif;
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uko d ed ;f azukd tusKd ;ta=umif;awG ajymjyw,f? uko d ed ;f az[m ukwifay:yufvuf
u ol@ab;em;&Sd w,fvzD ek ;f ukd csucf si;f aumufuidk /f 136 wyfz@JG udk qJqal wmh
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ode;f azukd wzufu&Si;f jy/ wzufu trsKd ;rsKd ; awmif;yefvyk yf gw,f? t*Fvyd f
e,fcs@J orm;[m u|eaf wmfw@dk udk ol@a=u;pm;rsm;ozG,f vkycf siw f ,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk
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jyw af tmifvyk cf siw f ,f? 'gayrJh u|eaf wmfw@dk udk 'Dvdk vkyv f @dk r&Ekid yf g? u|eaf wmfw@dk
(25)
tzG@J tpnf;udk todtrSwrf jyKbJvnf; vkyv f @dk r&Ekid yf g? tJ'aD e@rmS yJ uko
d ed ;f azu
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zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf jrpf0u|ef;ay: avxD;qif;jcif;
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olawGjzpfv@dk pl;pl;pku d pf u
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ESpaf ,mufe@J qufo, G af &;t&m&Srd sm;yg?
u|eaf wmfw@dk &@J wm0efu ocifp;dk tajccHwhJ zsmykcH ±kid f a';'&J òr@ e,fxJ
qif;zk@d jzpfygw,f? a&S@tzG@J u av,mOfysuu f scvhJ @dk u|eaf wmfw@dk pD;=ur,fh av
,mOfys&H @J toHudk u|eaf wmfw@dk tm;vk;H em;axmifapwm jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk
pdwaf useyf+yDqrdk S av,mOfysaH y: wuf=uzk@d yg?
“'Davmufqdk &+yD? av,mOfysaH y: wuf=upk@d ” av,mOfysH pufo=H um;
u xGuaf y:vmwJh ar*smukid w f &dk @J toHudk =um;=u&w,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk tm;vk;H
av,mOfysH ay: wuf=uw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk tzG@J av,mOfysaH y: ol@ae&m uk, d ahf e
&m xkdif+yD;wmeJ@ av,mOfysH[m puf&Sdefukd jr‡ifh+yD; av,mOfysHajy;vrf;ay:rSm
t&Sed wf ;dk ajy;&if; aumif;uifo@dk acsmarmpGm wufa&mufcu hJ m ArmjynfbufqD
OD;wnfyso H ef;aeyg+yD?
(26)
av,mOf[m puforH eS rf eS f yso H ef;vm+yD;aemuf u|eaf wmfw d @dk tzG@J xrJ S
wa,mufu av,mOfysH ArmjynfxJ p0if+yD vk@d u|eaf wmfw@dk udk toHus,u f s,f
ajymw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk vnf; qif;&ef toifah e&m ,l=uw,f? eHeuf (2) em&D
(3) em&Dcef@rmS u|eaf wmfw@dk av,mOfys[ H m qif;&r,fah e&m a&mufvm+y;D ajrjyifrS
tcsujf yxm;wJh rD;rsm;ukd yxr wywf ywfw,f? qif;zk@d 'kw, d tywfrmS atmufrS
tcsufjyrD;rsm; ±kwfw&uf +idrf;oGm;w,fvkd@ av,mOfysHay:rS w a,mufu
ajymjyw,f? 'DwywfrmS u|eaf wmfw@dk atmufo@dk rqif;vku d &f yg? wwd , wywf
xyfywfrS atmufrS rD;rsm; jyefvif;vmvk@d u|eaf wmfw@dk qif;jzpf oGm; =uw,f?
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av,mOfysaH y:u avxD;qif;oifcphJ Ofu ‘'guw dk m’av,mOfys&H @J wHcg;ayguu f
ckecf s &wmyg? ,ckwywf qif;wJt h cgrmS awmh ‘vpfb&,fwm’av,mOfys}H uD;
atmufrmS vlwuk, d pf m xkid ±f o Hk m tvGeaf csmwJh Zvm;&Snw f ck&@J ab;ukd vuf
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(dispatcher) u ‘qif;’vk@d qw dk meJ@ a&S@q;Hk vlu p+yD; ajcESpzf ufudk Zvm;ay:
wif vku d w f meJ@ vufEpS zf ufuv dk nf; tayguaf bmife@J rwku d af tmif uk, d ehf zl;ay:
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atmufrS tquftoG,ef @J tpDtpOfaumif;wJt h wGuf u|eaf wmfw@dk
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rrSwrf ad wmhyg?
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aeEkid af cgi;f aqmifwhJ tzG@J o;kH zG@J w@dk udk nwGi;f csi;f t+y;D cGaJ 0ay;&rSmjzpfw,f? ukx d eG ;f
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avSrsm;eJ@ *Guav;&Gmukd oGm;=uw,f? uko d ed ;f u vufeufc, J rf;rsm;ukd a0ay;zk@d
(27)
usecf w hJ ,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk udk *Guav;&Gm udw k ifarmiftrd rf mS ae&mcsay;w,f?
ocifoef;+rdKifudk *Guav;&GmrSmyJ awG@&w,f?
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yef;}u;D eJ@ocifp;dk a&mufvmw,f? u|eaf wmfawG@csiaf ewJh ‘qk&d , S f vpf0g'’ pmtkyf
ukd a&;cJo h l ocifp;dk ukd ae@cif; vif;vif;csi;f csi;f rSm ckrS u|eaf wmfawG@ &wmyg?
uk, d cf E<m awmifah wmifw h if;wif;/ Avaumif;aumif;/ &Syt f usv ô ufw/dk ykq;dk wkw d dk
eJ@ ajcrSm zdeyfryg/ rsuEf mS vufajcwk@d rmS vnf; ql;jcpf&mawGe@J yg? ocifp;dk u oJuek ;f
&GmrSm nu *syeft0kid ;f cH=u&a=umif;/ vk+H cKHa&;ukd Akv d af e0if;u wm0ef,x l m;wm
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rausreyfe@J ajymjyw,f? oJuek ;f &Gmwku d yf [
JG m u|eaf wmfw@dk avxD;qif;wJn h rSm
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jynfo@l ppfawGu &GmrS ckcw H u dk cf u dk =f uw,f? wku d yf [
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owif;awGu [ku d 'Du tqufrjywf a&mufvmaew,f? a';'&Jòr@xJ
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w,f? 'Dowif;ukd wyfz@JG (136) XmecsKyfudk a=u;eef;eJ@ csucf si;f yk@d vu dk w f ,f? aemuf
wae@rmS yJ ppfav,mOfysH av;pif;vm+yD; a';'&Jòr@xu J ypfrw S rf sm;ukd Ak;H vnf;}uJ/
(28)
pufaoewfrsm;eJ@vnf; ypfcwfwu dk cf u
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u u|eaf wmfw@dk udk ckvadk jymjyw,f?
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tzrf;cHvu dk =f u&w,f? *syefu olw@dk EpS af ,mufudk a';'&J+rKd @uadk c:oGm;+y;D wae&m
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atmufxyfow H idk f wcke@J w+JG yD; ol@vufwzufudk vufxw d cf wfxm;w,f? *syef
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atmif emusiw f t hJ xd qGx J w
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(29)
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wm0efcHjzpfwJh Akdvfae0if;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;wm0efcHjzpfwJhocifpkd;wkd@[m 'Da'orSmyJ
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u|efawmfwkd@ u|Ja*g}uD;&Gmukd ajymif;a&$@oGm;+yD;aemuf u|efawmfwkd@
vufeuf cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf xyfawmif;vk@d av,mOfysrH S vufeufc, J rf;rsm;ukd
avxD;eJ@ xyfcsay;w,f? zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;rSm yg0if+yD; *syefawGudk awmf
vSew f u dk cf u
dk =f uwJh u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;ukd acgi;f aqmifwhJ apmaeEkid u f v dk nf; u|J
a*g}uD;&GmrSmyJ awG@&wm jzpfw,f?
&efuek u
f dk odr;f yku
d rf jd cif;
&ckid ef @J txufArmjynftygt0if Armjynfw0ef;vk;H u zufq f pf*syef

awmfveS af &;}uD; ayguu f aJG y:ayguv f m+yD;aemuf ppf&@J jzpfay:r_[m r[mrdwrf sm;
cef@reS ;f xm;wmxuf tvGev f sijf refvmw,f?
(1945) ck {+yvD aemufyidk ;f rSm tpDtpOft& u|aJ *g}u;D &GmteD;rSm avxD;
qif;tzG@J wzG@J xyfqif;vmw,f? ‚tzG@J rmS zufqpfwu dk zf suaf &;tzG@J xrJ S &Jabmf
nGe@f a0(zsmyk)H eJ@ wyfz@JG (136) u t*Fvyd af r*smwa,muf/ uy`wed w f a,muf/
(30)
qm*sif ESpaf ,muf aygi;f (5) a,muf ygvmw,f? 'DtzG@J [m u|eaf wmfw@dk tzG@J &@J
wm0efudk v$Jajymif;,l&rSm jzpfw,f? u|efawmfwkd@tzGJ@u r[mrdwfa&wyf
&ef u k e f q d y f u rf ; uyf E k d i f a &;twG u f vk d t yf w J h tul t nD ay;zk d @ yg?
&JabmfneG @f a0wk@d tzG@J udk wm0ef v$J ajymif;ay;+yD;aemuf u|eaf wmfw@dk tzG@J [m
&efuek t f em; csO;f uyfz@dk &efuek b f ufudk csw
D uf =uw,f?
wGaH w;teD;u &mbm+cH}uD;xJrmS pcef;cs+yD; &efuek òf r@e@J &efuek q f yd u
f rf;
tajctaersm;ukd axmufvrS ;f w,f? wGaH w;u *syefawG qkwo f mG ;+yqD w
dk hJ owif;
&&csif; wGHaw;ukd wufodrf;ae&m,lxm;vkdufw,f? r[mrdwfavwyfu
&efukefjrpf0ukd yxr AkH;}uJrkdif;&Sif; vkyfw,f? aemuf a&wyfrkdif;&Sif;oabFm
rsm;uvnf; rkid ;f awG &Si;f jyefw,f?
(1945) ck arv(1) &ufae@rmS &efuek òf r@wiG ;f ,l*su D ay;yk@d whJ “òr@wiG ;f rSm
*syef a wG r&S d a wmh b l ; ”qk d w J h owif ; uk d &w,f ? wcsd e f w nf ; rS m
*syefzuff qpfwkdufzsufa&; jynfol@vufeufukdiftiftm;pkrsm;u &efukefukd
0ifwu dk =f uw,f? ra&S; raESmif;rSmyJ t*Fvyd af &wyf/ uke;f wufwyfawGuvnf;
&efuek òf r@xJ 0ifa&mufomG ;=uw,f? u|ef awmfw@dk tzG@J wzG@J v;Hk [mvnf; wm0efawG
+yD;ajrmufomG ;+yD;aemuf &efuek òf r@udk wuf oGm;=uw,f?
ygweD @J zufqpfwu dk zf suaf &; jynfo@l vwG v f yfa&; tzG@J }uD;rS ay;tyfwhJ
wm0efrsm; +yD;ajrmufoGm;+yDjzpfwht J wGuf u|efawmfe@J &Jabmfbaomif;vnf;
wyfz@JG (136) rS ygw&D &dS m Am;u&mvrf;vrf;ukd xGuv f m=uw,f? Am;u&mvrf;u
taygiq f idk af [mif; ESpx
f yfwu dk rf mS ygwXD mecsKyfziG zhf @dk oef@&iS ;f a&;vkyaf e=uwJh
&Jabmfwpkudk awG@&w,f? ocifoef;xGe;f vnf; 'Dae&meJ@ reD;ra0; prf;acsmif;-
prf;a&wGi;f vrf;xJu wxyf ysOaf xmifysOcf if;tdru f av;rSm ae+yD; OD;pD;aew,f?
ocifoef;xGef;u u|efawmf wkd@ESpfa,mufukd ol@tdrfac:oGm;+yD; ol@tdrfrSmyJ
aeapw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk EpS af ,mufu {nfch ef;uav;&J@ =urf;jyifay:rSmyJ ygvmwJh
uk, d thf yd &f mukd cif;+yD; tdy=f uw,f? {nfch ef;tv,frmS awmh opfom;pm;yGu J av;
wvk;H eJ@ ukvm;xkid f ESpv f ;Hk yJ &Swd ,f? 'D tcsed uf ukAd [de;f tawmf ruse;f rrm
jzpfaevk@d ajreDuek ;f ajrEkvrf;u ol@trd rf mS tem;,laew,f? “"e&Siaf vmu”
pmtkyfa&;cJhwJh ukdA[def;ukd u|efawmf tvGefawG@csifayr,fh taESmifht,Suf
jzpfrmS pk;d vk@d u|eaf wmfomG ;rawG@Eidk cf yhJ g?
wae@rmS ocifoef;xGe;f tdraf &S@ um;wpD;xk;d &yfo=H um;&+yD; tdraf y:
(31)
wufvmwJ/h cg;rSm "m;&Sncf sw d vf suf ppf,el aD zmif;0wfe@J Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;ukd awG@&
w,f? ocifoef;xGef;vnf; um;oH =um;=um;csif; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd
xGu}f uKdw,f? ESpaf ,mufom; wa,mufe@J wa,muf vufwif;wif;usyu f syf
qkyf+yD; E_wfquf=uw,f? {nfhcef;tv,fu pm;yGJa&mufwJhtcg AkdvfcsKyf
atmifqef;u ol@cg;u "m;ukðd zwf/ pm;yGaJ y:wif&if;æ
“u|eaf wmfawmh &efuek af &mufa&mufcsi;f cifAsm;qD wef;vmcJw h myJ?
u|eaf wmfw@dk bmqufvyk =f urvJ” vk@d ajym&if; ukvm;xkid af y: xkid w f ,f? ocif
oef;xGe;f uvnf; ukvm;xkid af y: xkid &f if;æ
“jznf;jznf; aqG;aEG;=uwmayg”h vk@d jyefajym+y;D “u|eaf wmfw@dk vnf; 'DrmS
zsmyku H yk@d whJ ig;yd iefjym&nfyJ wG,af e=u&w,f”vk@d qufajymw,f? Akv d cf sKyf
atmifqef;ukd {nfch &H rSmukd pum;cHxm;[efwyl gw,f? Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;u pm;yGJ
ay:wifxm;wJh ol@"m;&Snaf y:ukd vufwifvu dk &f if;æ
“u|eaf wmf"h m;}uD; a&mif;pm;=uwmaygAh sm”vk@d jyefajymw,f?
u|eaf wmfe@J &Jabmfbaomif;vnf; tdy&f may: xkid af e&mrS x+yD; acgi;f
aqmif ESpaf ,mufw@dk vGwv f w G v f yfvyf ajymqkEd idk =f uzk@d tvku d o
f pd mG olw@dk udk
E_wq f uf+yD; ocifoef;xGe;f tdraf y:rS qif;vmcJ=h uw,f?
t*Fvyd u f v dk edk aD cwfrmS (3) ESp/f zufq f pf*syefacwfrmS (3) ESp/f ajratmuf
v#K@d 0u S yf gwtD jzpfe@J tvkyv f yk cf +hJ y;D vufeufuidk w f u fdk yf 0JG ifc&hJ wJh Armjynf uGejf rLepf
ygw[ D m &efuek f Am;u&mvrf;rSm “ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw”D qkid ;f bkwf }uD;ukd
ajAmif wifvu kd yf g+y?D wcsed w f nf;rSm uk, d rhf if;uk, d chf si;f vrf;&Sd *syefacwf tm&Svil ,f
tpnf;t±kH;a[mif;rSm “zufqpfwkdufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&; tzG@J csKyf”
qkid ;f bkw}f uD;ukv d nf; twdtvif; wifvu dk =f uyg+yD?
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD;rSm *k%fajymifpGm usqkH;oGm;=uwJh &Jabmf/
&Jabmfr/ jynfo@l ppfe@J jynfojl ynfom;taygi;f ukd OD;nGwt f av;jyKygw,f?
“zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;}uD;&J@ awmfveS af &;pdw"f mwf xm0pOf xGe;f
ajymifygap”? ?
&Jabmfazaomif;
(32)
tcgawmif w ef ; ay:u
&Jabmf(r)aiG
(1)
vif;vkaygh jzma&mifjcnf csrf;ajr@umom,mpnf
ae@wae@&@J naecif;rSm at;jrwJah vajyavn‡i;f av;eJ@twl vGiahf rsmpD;

qif;aewJh oDcsi;f oHav;[m t&ifuqk&d if 'Dae&m 'Da'orSm =um;&zk@d qdk a0vm
a0;/ tdyrf ufawmif rrufz;l cJyh g? tckawmh vGwaf jrmufa'ojzpf+y;D ygwD (Armjynf
uGejf rL epfygw)D a&mufvmwm oH;k ESpaf wmif=ucJ+h yrD @dk jynfo@l wyfrawmfom;rsm;eJ@
jynf olvx l }k uD;w&yfv;kH ukd tajccHynma&;ausmif;/ 0g'jzef@csad &;tzG@J u ausmif;
olav;awGu nDnmwufºupGm azsmaf jzoDq=kd uwJh oDcsi;f uawmh æ
jynfoal wGqENtnD » vGwaf jrmufz@dk rSe;f ar#m&f nf » ygweD @J wyfO;D qD
» qD;}udKzk@d pw
d uf &nf » tjrefvmzk@d ar#maf wG;onf » vSr;f vifu h m }udKqkrd nf
»»
csD » rkd;aomuf=u,f xGef;awmuf+yD » twnf » trsKd;om;awG
vGwfajrmufrnf » vif;vkaygh jzma&mifjcnf » csrf;ajr@um om,mpnf »
csp=f unfwef;wl&rnf » nDnw G pf nf;vH;k » wk@d jynfopfuw dk nf » »
oDcsif;qHk;oGm;awmh =obmvufckyfoHawG awmfawmfeJ@ rpJygbl;?
aemufxyf xyf+yD;awmif;qkad ejyefyg+yD? wyfrawmf om;awGu jynfo@l wyfrawmf
ppfcsDoDcsif; ukd qkdygOD;wJh? oluav; (33)&if c k e f a e&+yD ? a&mæ'D w cgrS c uf + yD ?
'DocD si;f utopfqadk wmh 0g'jzef@tzG0J if tm;vH;k u r&ao;ygb;l ? ykid yf idk Ef idk Ef idk &f wJo h l
wa,mufwnf; qkdjyvkduf ygwJh? q&mu ckdif;aejyefyg+yD? q&majymwmukd
rvGeq f ef&?J qkjd y&rSmuvnf; uk, d w f a,mufwnf;&,f? q&mu tm;ay;pum;
ajymaew,f? “bmrS &Suzf @dk a=umufz@dk rvkb d ;l ? &J&oJ m qkjd yvku d yf g”wJ?h
“q&m&,f æ q&mu ajymawmh tvG,af v;yg? u|erf u 'gavmuf
owWrd &Syd gb;l ? wcgrv S nf; u|erf wa,mufwnf; rqkzd ;l ygb;l ? rqkyd g&apeJ@”?
'Dpum;vH;k av;awGuawmh oluav;&J@ &ifxrJ mS pkecf sq D efcsjD zpfaewmyg? olu
av;&J@ E_wcf rf;uawmh yGit hf efxu G rf vmygb;l ?
“vkyaf v/ qkad v/ bma=umufaewmvJ/ qkv d u dk pf rf;yg? &JabmfawGu
'gavmufawmif;qdkaewm/ qkdjyvkdufyg? rif;wkd@wm0efu ygwD&J@oDcsif;awGukd
vlxw k iG ;f rSm ys@H E@HS apzk@d / +y;D awmh 'DocD si;f awG[m wyfrawmfom;awG/ &JabmfawG&@J
yifyef;EGr;f e,fra_ wGudk yaysmufap+yD; tm;tjzpf ajymif;vJaysm&f i$ af pEkid zf @dk r[kwf
ygvm;? qdv k udk yf g”
&JabmfawG t}udr}f udraf wmif;qkrd e_ @J q&m&J@ tcgcg ajymqkw d udk w
f eG ;f
r_awGa=umifh oluav;[m tm;wif;+yD; jynfo@l wyfrawmfocD si;f ygwhJ pmtkyf
uav;ukd zGiu hf m rsuEf mS uku d m+yD; xqdv k u dk yf gw,f?
jynfo@l wyfrawmf » csw D ufc+hJ yD » jynfo@l tusKd ; OD;xdyyf efrnf » t
oufudk bmrxD» uGejf rLepfygwD wk@d rsm;a&S@ aqmif» armfpw D ek ;f tawG;tac:
» atmifvv H i$ xhf u l mwku d rf nf »
(awmawmif jrpfacsmif; » rk;d a&xJqD » csw D ufv@dk wku d cf +hJ yD)2 &efou l dk
vSpH yG x f ;dk um w[kew f ;dk cscD +hJ yD »
±_avmhppfonf » wk@d rsm;&J@ ppfonf » *si;f azm » u&if » Arm »
&Sr;f pHn
k D » vlrsKd ;pHck sp=f unf » wk@d Armjynf » r=umrD » vGwaf jrmufaprnf »
tvkyo f rm;awG tm%m&rnf » v,form;awG v,fyidk &f rnf » zdEydS ’f %f&,f
» jc,fv, S rf cH+yD » wGe;f vSecf +hJ yD » qD;}udKyguek t f wnf » jynfo@l ppfonf »
csDwufvmae+yD »
awmawmif jrpfacsmif; rk;d a&xJqD æ æ æw[kex f ;dk » csD » cJh » +yD »
a[; æ aumif;w,fa[hw?hJ =obmoH}uD;xJu oluav;[m wuk, d f
vH;k &Sed ;f zde;f oGm;um 0rf;om&rvkv d /dk &Su&f rvkv d dk jzpfaew,f?
(34)
tJ'0D rf;om&rvk/d &Su&f rvkd wuk, d vf ;kH &Sed ;f zde;f oGm;oluav;qkw d m
uawmh tcgawmifwef;ay:u tcgrav; ‘rDem’ayg?h ‘&JabmfreD m’qkw d hJ tcg
trsKd ;orD;av;ayg?h
olt'J v D dk jzpfaewke;f rSmyJ aemufxyftoHwoH xyfay:vmjyefw,f?
“oDcsi;f qkw d t hJ oHuawmh aumif;w,f? 'gayrJh tqk&d iS &f @J rsuEf mS ukd
rjrif&awmh aumif;oiho f avmuf raumif;bl;? rsuEf mS ukd uG,rf xm;yge@J ? zGihf
vkdufyg? jynfol@wyfrawmfoDcsif;udkvnf; xyfqkdjyygOD;”wJh? tm;vHk;uvnf;
vufcyk =f obmay; 'Dtwkid ;f awmif;qkad e=uw,f? cufyg+yD? b,fvv dk yk &f ygrh vJ?
&JabmfawG&@J awmif;qkrd [ _ m avsmrh oGm;±Hrk u ykv d @dk yv dk @dk awmif rsm;vm/ us,f
avmifvmygw,f? rwwf omawmhwmrk@d rDemav;[m uk, d uhf ,dk u f , dk f tm;
wif;um oDcsi;f ukq d zdk @dk rwfwwf&yf vku d w f ,f? rDem&J@ wuk, d v f ;kH ewf0ifovkd
qwfqwfwek af eygw,f? &Suv f nf;&Su/f a=umufvnf;a=umuf t&ifu 'Dvdk wcgrS
r}uHKbl;yg? vlu a=umufvGef;tm;}uD;awmh ikdcsifvmw,f? &JabmfawGu
awmif;qkad ewm qkjd yzk@d igrh mS wm0ef&dS w,f? ig}uKd ;pm;+y;D qkjd yr,f? rDemuav;[m
tm;wif;+yD; oDcsi;f ukd pqkv d udk &f ayr,fh toHu wkeaf e+yD;/ 'l;awGu wqwf
qwfwek u f m aZmac|;awG jyefvmw,f? aemufq;kH oDcsi;f qH;k oGm;vk@d =obmay;
oHawG =um;vku d af wmhrS oDcsi;f +y;D +y/D igw h m0ef +y;D oGm;+yq D w dk hJ todjyef 0ifvmw,f?
b,fvq dk v dk @dk b,fv+dk yD;oGm;w,fqw dk mukad wmh uk, d b hf momawmif rodvu dk f
ygb;l ”?
'g[m &JabmfreD m yxrOD;qH;k t}udrf wa,mufwnf; oDcsi;f qkjd y&jcif;
ygy?J
twdwu f dk jyefawG;&if; twdw&f @J yef;csu D m;csyaf wG[m wcsy+f yD;wcsyf
ay:vmjyefygw,f? v@al vmuta=umif;ukv d nf; bmrS em;rvnf/ pmoifvu dk /f
qkvd udk /f uvku d ef @J us&mawmfveS af &;wm0efrsm;ukd wufwufºuºu xrf;aqmif
ae&if; jynfo@l wyfrawmfom;wa,muftjzpf awmfveS af &;b0ukd jzwfoef;
vmvku d w f m aysmv f u dk f wmvnf; tvGeyf ?J touf 14 ESpt f &G,rf mS oli,fcsi;f
awGp+k yD; awmfveS af &;wyfz@JG x0J ifz@dk vmvku d w f m ±H;k a&mufawmh oli,fcsi;f awGu
t&yfjrifjh rifah wGqadk wmh olw@dk udk ‘wyfxu J o dk mG ;’wJ?h u|erf ukad wmh t&yferd w hf ,f?
‘aoewfrEkid b f ;l ±H;k uko d mG ;’ wJ?h 0rf;enf;vku d w f m? ±H;k a&mufjyefawmh ‘±H;k rSm wm
0ef,rl ,fq&dk if pmwwfrS &w,f? rif;pmwwfatmif t&if pmoifyg’wJ?h 'Dvedk @J
(35)
ausmif;ukd a&muf&jyefw,f? oli,fcsi;f awGe@J uGo J mG ;+yD; ausmif;ukd a&mufomG ;
awmh 0rf;enf;vGe;f vk@d ik&d jyefw,f? ‘rwwf Ekid b
f ;l avæ awmfveS f a&;orm;
wa,muftaeeJ@ us&mwm0efudk taumif;qH;k jzpfatmif }udK;pm;ygawmhr,f’
vk@d yJ uk,
d phf w
d uf dk ajzvku
d &f w,f?
[kæ d i,fpOfuav;b0/ jynfo@l wyfrawmfom;opfb0tjzpf ausmf
jzwfchJ wmawGudk jyefvnfawG;rd&if; vufiif; &ifqidk af e&wJh tajc tae awGudk
w'*F tm;jzifah wmh arhc+hJ yD; twdw&f @J a&,Ofa=umrSm arsmygomG ;cJyh gw,f?
(2)
tarSmifuef@vef@um r[l&m+cHKv$mvSyfav+yD
awmfveS o f rl sm; ESv;kH om;rDtrd f xdef x f ed n f ;D awmhonf
w±kwjf ynf/ Armjynfe@J avmqkw d hJ 'Do;kH Ekid if H e,fpyfrsO;f a=umif;ay:rSm
wnf&u dS m awmtxyfxyf awmiftoG,o f ,G w f @dk t=um;rSm tvGeq f if;&JraJG w
vSpGm/ 0rf;r0cg;rvSeJ@ tod^m%fynmacgif;yg;vS+yD; arSmiftwdusaewJh tcg
trsKd ;om;wk@d aexkid &f m a'o}uD;wckv;kH [m xGe;f vif;awmufyvSwhJ =u,feD
atmifa&mifatmufrmS vlveG @f vy_ &f mS ; Ed;k xmvmcJyh g+y?D 1971 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmv(1)
&ufae@[m u|erf wk@d tcg wrsKd ;om;vH;k woufwmrSm arhr&Ekid af vmufatmif
ESv;kH om;rSm pG0J if+idw, G f aewJh xl;jcm;vSwhJ ckEpS w f &yfygy?J
rmausmvSwhJ awmifuek ;f awmifwef;rsm;ay:rSm awmif,mckwf vkyu f idk f
pm;wm/ 0rf;pmrvHak vmuf&if arsmufOvkd pm;vk@d &wJo h pfOopfzrk eS of r#udk &SmazG
pm;aomuf+yD; 0rf;pmukd jznf&h wJb h 0? A[kow k qkw d ma0vma0;/ aopm&Sipf m
av;awmif rodrwwfwb hJ 0? ulrifwefwyfºuif;wyfuserf sm;/ ppftpk;d &a=u;pm;
wyfrsm;/ umuG,af &;wyfrsm;eJ@ ra&rwGuEf idk af tmif rsm;jym;vSwhJ apmfbmG ;qk;d
awmckw d yf trsKd ;rsKd ;&J@ Akv
d u f sp;dk rk;d r_awG&@J '%fudk tvl;tvJccH &hJ wJah 'o? tcGef
twkwf trsKd ;rsKd ;/ vk,uf&rf;um;r_ tzHzk /kH zdEydS af oG;pkyrf _ toG,o f ,G /f ckid ;f or#
uke;f ±ke;f vkyaf y;&if;uae vlrqefpmG ESyd pf ufowfjzwf tapmfum;cHc&hJ wJh yde;f ydwf
atmifarSmifvw S hJ tarSmifumv? 'DarSmifru dk vf w S b hJ 0qk;d xJu vGwaf jrmuf vmcJh
&wmqkdawmh csrf;ajr@om,mwJhb0ukd zefwD;ay;vmwJh ygwDukdvnf; wae@
rjywfowd& aus;Zl;wifaeovkd b0qk;d u vGwaf jrmufvmcJ&h wJh 'Djzpf&yfreG u f dk
woufwmrSm rarhEidk af wmhyg?
(36)
(3)
zl;pmewfrif;ukd,fwkdifa&;wm vGefqef;=u,f
rDemhb0rSm tcspaf &;eJ@ ywfoufv@dk rpOf;pm;Ekid af vmufatmif ±H;k rSm
ta&;}uD;pmapmifpmwrf;rsm;ukd vufESdyfpuf ±kduf&if; tvkyfawGrsm;aeovkd
wzufrmS 0g'jzef@csad &;vkyif ef;rsm; (ausmif;wke;f u tqufayg)h ukd ausmif;rSm
pmoif&if; 0g' jzef@csad &;vkyif ef;vnf; vkycf w hJ mqdak wmh tckvnf; qufvyk f ae&
ygw,f? rDem[m tvkyaf wG b,favmufyifyef;yifyef;/ yifyef;w,fv@dk rxifbJ
rdrb d 0ukd aysmaf eygw,f?
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0ifvmyHk uvnf; xl;qef;vku d w
f m? uk, d u hf , dk f uk,
d af wmif r,HEk idk af vmufatmif
ygyJ? u|efrukd arwWmr#zkd@ awmif;qkdvmolu u|efrwkd@ jynfol@wyfrawmfu
EdkdifiHa&;rSL;vnf; jzpfjyef/ wm0eft&vnf; t}uD;qHk;acgif;aqmifvnf; jzpfwhJ
u|erf wk@d tm;vH;k u av;pm;pGmjzifh qufqaH ewJh Ekid if aH &;rSL;yg? arwWmr#z@kd oabm
wlw,fqkd&if b0woufwmrSm twlvufw+GJ yD; awmfvSefa&;ukd qHk;cef;wkdif
atmif qifEo J$ mG ;=uzk@d ygy?J 'Dvedk @J aemufq;kH rSm rdbawGa&m acgi;f aqmifawGa&m
&Jabmfrsm;yg 0kid 0f ef;oabmwl/ ulnyD yhH ;dk r_ eJ@ u|erf [m Ekid if aH &;rSL;eJ@ vufxyf
cJhw,f? 1977 ckESpf/ Zlvkdif 17 &ufaygh”wJh? &JabmfrDemu zl;pmewfrif;u
zefwaD y;vku d w f hJ ol@&@J qef;=u,fvw S hJ ezk;l pm&Gmvnfyu kH dk jyefajym zl;ygw,f?
“u|efrvufxyf+yD; wESpfausmfavmuf&Sdawmh orD;av;wa,muf
&vmyg+yD? 'DorD;av;&vmawmh u|erf b,fwek ;f urS rpOf;pm;rdcw hJ hJ rdcifwOD;
taeeJ@ &vmwJh tcGit hf a&;awG[m tHrh cef;ygy?J
u|erf wk@d b0a[mif;wke;f u tcgtrsKd ;orD;awG[m uav;rD;zGm;+yD;&if
uav;csu}f udK; jzwf+yD;wmeJ@ rdcifjzpfo[ l m rD;zGm;pOf aoG;awGpeG ;f aewJ/h npfay
aewJh xrDudk ud, k bhf mom av#mzf yG &f w,f? rD;wGi;f wav#mufv;kH rSmvnf; 'Dvydk gy?J
cifyeG ;f jzpfou l bmrS ulnw D mr&Syd g? ole@J bmrSrqdik o f vkyd gy?J rD;aeonf ZeD;
r,m;ukd bmrS jyefvn S rhf =unfyh gb;l ? rD;aecef;xJudk rvmygb;l ? tcef;xJ0if&if
jrifjh rwfwhJ a,musmf ;om;rsm; bke;f uHerd o hf mG ;rSm pk;d vk@d yg? 'Dvydk J ypfxm;vku d f
wmygy?J pm;&wmuvnf; qm;ukad vSmx f m;wm wrsKd ;wnf;ygy?J wjcm;bm[if;rS
r&Syd gb;l ? xrif;pm;&if a&eJ@ ar#mcs&ygw,f? tckvdk orD;rde;f uav;om arG;w,f
(37)
qkd&ifawmh ykdvkd@awmif rsufESmi,fygao;w,f? uav;tjr¸myl; arG;&ifvnf;
tJ'aD 'o}u;D wckv;kH tarSmifuswwfw,fq+dk y;D arG;vmwJh uav;tjrm¸ ylav;ukd
rdcifu b,forl S tod ray;bJ vufonfe@J aygi;f owfypf &ygw,f? aemufwyf
u|erf wk@d &@J xH;k pHwcku uav;rD;zGm;+yD; wvjynfw h ahJ e@rmS uav;ukd yk;d +yD; awmif
,m oGm;um uav;ukd awmif,mjyw,fqw dk hJ xH;k pHa[mif;wckvnf; &Sad o; w,f?
u|erf [m 'Dvdk tjzpfq;dk awGudk }uHKawG@&rSm a=umuf+yD; uk, d 0f ef&ifv
h m avav/
tawG;tac: txkyt f yk;d jzpfum pk;d &dr&f r_awG rsm;vmavavygy?J 'gawGudk &dyrf w d hJ
u|efr&J@ cifyGef;u u|efrukd bmrSrpkd;&drf/ rylyefzkd@ tm;ay; pum; awG t+rJ
ajym=um;cJw h ,f? u|erf &J@ pk;d &drpf wd af wGudk ajzodrhf ay;cJw h ,f? u|erf tm;i,frmS
u|efrpkd;&drfrSm a=umufrSmukd ra=umuf&atmif/ rpkd;&drf& atmif/ tm;ri,f
&atmif tpOft+rJ ajymqkd aqG;aEG;tm;ay;cJyh gw,f”?
“u|erf rD;zGm;awmhvnf; cifyeG ;f onfua&m &Jabmfrsm;uyg tm;vH;k uyg
0kdif;0ef;*±kpkduf=uygw,f? cifyGef;onfu vkdtyfr_t& ta&;}uD;wm0efe@J c&D;
xGuo f mG ;vk@d tdrrf mS r&Sjd yef&ifvnf; &Jabmfrsm;u vkad v;ao;r&Sad tmif ulnD
=uygw,f? t&if rvGwaf jrmufcifb0wke;f uawmh t&yfom; vufonfe@J rD;zGm;
&wmyg? t&yfom;qkad wmh twwfynm/ bmrS r&Sad wmh uav;rsm; aoqH;k r_
E_e;f vnf; jrifyh gw,f? +yD;awmh u|erf wk@d trsKd ;orD;awG[m cifyeG ;f onf eJ@awmif
xrif;w0kid ;f wnf; pm;cGirhf &Scd yhJ gb;l ”?
“tckawmh b0qd;k u vGwaf jrmufvm+yDr@dk om;zGm;q&mreJ@ pepfwus
rD;zGm;/ cifyeG ;f onf&aJ bmfrsm;u uav;rdcifudk ulnv D yk uf idk af y;wmawG jrif&awmh
aqGrsKd ; om;csi;f rsm;uvnf; ‘a=omfæ 'Dvv dk yk &f ygvm;/ uln&D wmyguvm;’vk@d
odem;vnf vm+yD;/ 0kid ;f 0ef;ulnv D yk u f idk v f m=uw,f? u|erf wOD;wnf;omru
rD;zGm;wJh uav;rdcif tm;vH;k 'Dvt dk cGit hf a&; tm;vH;k cHpm;=u&ygw,f? 'Dvedk @J
u|efrwkd@ wrsdK;om;vHk;[m b0opfrSm ynma&;/ usef;rma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;pwJh
bufaygi;f pHrk mS wk;d wuf jzpfxeG ;f cJh wmyg”vk@d &JabmfreD mu ol&@J uav;rdcifb0eJ@
qufpyf+yD; olw@dk tcga'o vGwf ajrmuf+yD;b0rsm;ukd ajymjyzl; ygw,f?
“trsKd ;orD;b0 vGwaf jrmufa&;qdw k mukv d nf; Ekid if aH &;rSL;u u|erf ukd
aqG;aEG;jyygw,f? u|erf [m tJ'v D dk Ekid if aH &; udpaP wG aqG;aEG;vm&ifawmh em;vnf
ovkv d /dk em;rvnfovkv d dk jzpfygw,f? vufvrS ;f rrDwmygy?J cifyeG ;f jzpfou l
}udrzf efrsm;pGm aqG;aEG;+yD; &Si;f jyygw,f? 'Dvpdk w d &f n S vf uf&n S f ynm ay;aqG;
(38)
aEG;zefrsm;vmawmh u|erf [m rod&muae odvmw,f? odem;vnf vmw,f?
u|efrukd &Jabmfwa,muf vkda&m/ ZeD;wa,mufvkdyg ynmay;arG;jrLcJh vkd@
tckawmh u|erf [m ‘uGejf rLepf ygw0D if’wa,muf jzpfvmcJyh g+yD? wcsed w f nf;
rSmvnf; Ekid if aH &;rSL;[m Armjynf tpGet f zsm;awmifay:ol u|erf ukd wu,fh
tpfu}dk uD;wa,mufvydk J tppt&m&m ynmay; oGeo f ifcv
hJ @dk vl@avmu}uD;
ta=umif;ukv d nf; wpHw k &m em;vnf vmcJ&h ±Hrk u tpfu}dk uD;[m u|erf tay:
rSm cifyeG ;f onfwa,muftaeeJ@ tEkid , f w l m/ ESrd w
f m/ txifao;wmrsKd ; vnf;
r&Scd yhJ g”vk@d olw@dk ZeD;armifEt
HS =um;u qufqaH &;ukd ajymjy wwfygw,f?
(4)
rdcifarwWm pdrhfprf;a&yrm
“teEW*% dk ;f 0if aus;Zl;&Siaf rar- arar[m 'gavmufatmuf

wef;uspmG trsKd ;orD;rsm;ukd vl&,fv@dk oabmrxm;/ a,mufsm;rsm;eJ@ wef;wl
rxm;bJ tESrd cf /H tzdc/H ty,fc&H wJh rde;f rrsm;b0rSm aecJ&h wJ=h um;u vlom;
rsKd ;EG,&f @J wm0efudk aus¹yefpmG xrf;aqmifcw hJ ,f? 'gavmufqif;&J usyw f nf;wJh
b0rSm om;orD; ajcmufa,mufudk &Sio f efvv l m;ajrmufatmif arG;jrL ay;cJw h hJ
rdcif&@J }u;D rm;vSwhJ arwWmw&m;eJ@ aus;Zl;w&m;ukd orD;±kad on$wu f sKd ;vufprkH ;dk I
&Scd ;dk OD;cku
d u
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“ararwk@d [m b0a[mif;rSm 'kucQ u H m }udK;pm;vkycf =hJ uayr,fh bmrS
t&mra&mufcJhygbl;? awmif,mu xGufwJh pyg;0rf;pmravmufwma=umifh
arsmufOeJ@ pm;vk@d &or# wjcm;tpmtrsKd ;rsKd ;ukd jznfu h mpm;ayr,fh rjynf0h Ekid f
wma=umifh urBmrD;avmif om;aumifcseif;qko d vkd rv$oJ mra&Smifom uav;
rsm;tay:rSm onf;cHwwf/ cspw f wfw/hJ pdw&f n S w f wfwhJ orD;i,fudk pyg;0rf;pm
wpHw k &m jynf0h wJh tdrw f tdrrf mS uav;xde;f tvkyu f dk vkyaf pcJyh gw,f? tJ'D
wke;f u orD;u i,fi,f? &SpEf pS yf J &Sad o;wmrk@d avmu}uD;tv,f bmukrd S em;r
vnfwma=umifh uav;&Si/f tdr&f iS rf &J@ jiLpl/ uefausmuf ±ku d Ef u
S rf a_ tmufrmS
ikd,kd[pfau|;&if; uav;ukd xdef;ay;cJh&ygw,farar? wESpfrSm pyg;ig;awmif;
aumif;aumif;&atmif orD;}uKd ;pm;vky&f if; uav;&J@ bmomb0 trsm;wumeJ@
a&maESmupm;csiaf yr,fh tdr&f iS rf &J@ wkwpf =umukd a=umuf&wmrk@d upm;csif
(39)
pdwu f dk &ifrmS odr;f &if; uav;ukd xde;f ay;cJyh gw,farar? tJ'v D dk uav;xde;f &if;
orD;pdwf xJrmS a=omfæ araru igu h dk roem;vk@d 'Dtrd rf mS vmxm; &ufw,f?
&Sdygapawmhæav? igh&J@b0uHay; qkd;vSw,f &,fvkd@ pepfukdrjrif/ tarhukdyJ
tjypfwif 0rf;enf;cJ&h wmawGæ orD;&J@ pdw±f idk ;f 0ifcw hJ mawGtm;vH;k ukd tckawmh
orD;em; vnfyg+yD? orD;awmif;yefygw,farar? orD;ukd cGiv hf w$ yf g? orD;ararhudk
t}udrf}udrf &Sdckd;awmif; yefvkdufygw,farar”wJh? &JabmfrDem[m ol@&Jb0
a[mif;ukd jyefajymif; ajymjy&if; w±_u d ±f u_d if dk aeygawmhw,f?
(5)
ayzl;v$m &ifrSmykdufygvkd@
“u|erf &J@cifyeG ;f / Ekid if aH &;rSL; (&Jabmfazaomif;) [m vkyif ef;wm0efe@J

ta0;ukd c&D;xGuaf e&ifvnf; u|erf ukd t+rJrjywf ynmay;aeygw,f? u|erf
tay: awmif;qkdr_awGvnf; rsm;ygw,f? wcgw&HrSm u|efrpOf;pm;r_ rvHk
avmufygb;l ? ‘bmvk@d rsm; u|erf ukd 'gavmufawmif awmif;qkrd a_ wG rsm;ae&
wmvJ’vk@d em;vnfrv _ +JG yD;/ pdw[ f m wif;usyf aewwfygw,f? oabmrayguf
jzpfaewwfygw,f? tckawmh u|erf em;vnfyg+yD”?
“u|erf ukd vufxyfz@dk cspcf iG yfh efvmwke;f uvnf; u|erf [m r0Hrh &J jzpfryd g
w,f? ta=umif;u olu omref &Jabmfav;r[kw?f 'Da'orSm tjrifq h ;kH acgi;f
aqmif wa,muf/ ppfwyfrmS vnf; acgi;f aqmif Ekid if aH &;rSL;yg? u|erf u pmrwwf/
ayrwwf/ bmrSem;rvnfwJh awmifay:olwa,mufrkd@yg? vufxyfvkduf+yD;?
t&mudpt P m;vH;k rSm u|erf u wufnv D ufnD raqmif&u G Ef idk /f trDrvku
d Ef idk &f if
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r[kwb f /J u|erf ukd &Jabmfwa,muf vkad &m/ ZeD;wa,muftjzpfyg u|erf &J@
tm;enf;csufawGukd odem;vnfcGifhv$wf+yD; rodwm odatmif/ rwwfwm
wwfatmif/ &Jabmfaumif;wa,muf/ ZeD;aumif; wa,mufjzpfvmatmif
bufaygi;f pHu k dk teD;uyf pdw&f n S v f uf&n S ef @J ulncD yhJ gw,f? n¸ejf yay;cJyh gw,f?
'Dvu dk n
l yD yhH ;dk r_awGa=umifh u|erf [m wpHw k &m ,Ofaus;r_a&csed f jrifw h ufvm+yD;
awmfvSefa&; wyfzGJ@0ifaumif;wa,muftjzpf vkdufygEkdifum aemufqHk;rSm
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D @J ygw0D if aumif;wa,muf jzpfvmwmyg? ol@&@J wif;usyf
(40)
wJh awmif;qkrd a_ wG[m u|erf ukd &Jabmfaumif;wa,muf/ awmfveS af &;orm;

aumif; wa,muf/ ygw0D ifaumif;wa,mufjzpfapcsiv f eG ;f vk@d / om;orD;awGudk
aumif;pGm ynmay;EkdifwJh rdcifaumif;wa,muf jzpfapcsifvGef;vkd@ tckvkd
awmif;qkdcJhwm qkdwmukd ol@pmawGukd tckxufxd t}udrf}udrfzwf&if;eJ@rS
em;vnf+yD;&if; em;vnfvmcJh&yg+yD? vlqkdwm vlom;awGtusdK;/ jynfolawG
tusKd ;ukd aqmif&u G Ef idk rf S vlom;wa,muf&@J wm0ef ausyeG w f ,fqw dk mukv d nf;
tckawmh u|efrem;vnf;cJh+yDrkd@ u|efrtdrfaxmifonfb0 a&mufawmhvnf;
u|efrwwfpGrf;oa&G@ awmfvSefa&;wm0efrsm;jzpfwJh vufESdyfpuf±kdufwm/
0Supf mukid w f mawGudk u|erf ausyeG pf mG xrf;aqmifEidk cf w hJ ,fv@dk yJ qk&d rSmayg”h ?
“tckawmh u|erf ukd tppt&m&m qH;k ryJjh yif ynmay;cJw h hJ Ekid if aH &;rSL;/
u|erf &J@acgi;f aqmif/ u|erf &J@ csp&f aJ bmf/ u|erf &J@ cspcf ifyeG ;f / u|erf &J@tpfu}dk uD;[m
olcspw f hJ &Jabmfrsm;eJ@ olcspw f hJ u|erf wk@d ro
d m;pkudk xm;cJ+h yD; u|erf wk@d tm;vH;k eJ@
xm0& cGcJ mG oGm;wm tckqdk &uf&n S v f rsm; =umanmif; oGm;ayr,fh u|erf &J@
csp&f aJ bmf/ u|erf &Jcspcf ifyeG ;f / tpfu}dk uD; &Jabmfazaomif;ukd wae@rS rarhyg?
u|erf &J@ csp&f aJ bmf/ u|erf cifyeG ;f Ekid if aH &;rSL; &Jabmfazaomif;[m ol@&b J 0w
oufwmrSm jynfot l wGu/f trsm;tusKd ;twGu/f tzdEydS cf H trsKd ;om;aygi;f pHk
jynfow l &yf vH;k twGuf r&yfrem; aemufq;kH xGuo f uftxd vkyaf qmifomG ;cJo h rl @kd
ol@twGuf *k%, f rl qH;k jzpfr&d ovkd use&f pfcw hJ u
hJ |erf [m u|erf cifyeG ;f n¸ejf y cJw h hJ
twkid ;f u|erf wd@k rdom;pkav;ukd olav#mufvrS ;f cJw h v hJ rf;twkid ;f av#mufvrS ;f Ekid f
atmif }udK;pm;oGm;rSom u|efr[m u|efrcifyGef;tay:ukd opPmapmifhod&m
a&mufvrd rhf ,fv@dk cH,x l m;ygw,f”?
“twdwu f rdk eS ;f / pdwuf yef;+yD; vGr;f tm;a0avwkid ;f u|erf &J@cspcf ifyeG ;f /
Ekid if aH &;rSL;&Jabmfazaomif;&J@pmrsm;ukd w,kw,jyefvnf zwf±+_ y;D oljzpfapcsiw f /hJ
olawmif;qkcd w hJ mawGudk jzpfatmif u|erf }udK;pm; aqmif&u G o f mG ;ygrh ,fqw dk m
tpfu}dk uD;eJ@wuG usq;kH oGm;=u+yDjzpfwhJ acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ &Jabmfrsm;tm;vH;k ukd
OD;nGwf tav;jyK&if; tav;teuf uwdopPmjyKvku d yf gw,f”wJ?h &JabmfreD m
[m ol@t"dÏmefudk ajymjyae&Smygw,f? ?
(41) &Jabmf(r)aiG
13-9-2007?
(42)
nufanmjidrfhanmif;ap
&Jabmf‘rDem’(tcga'o)
tdrjf yefc&D;yg?
awmifay:vloGm;vrf;uav;rS usrjzwfoef;aecsdef awmxJrS iSuf
uav;rsm; pk;d pDp;Dk pD atmfjrnfae=uaomfvnf; usruawmhjzifh ud, k jf yefvm +y[D I l
[pfaºu;&efyif tm;r&Sdawmhovkd &ifxJrS EGrf;vsaerdygonf? vrf;c&D;
=urf;wrf;r_a=umifh ,if;okd@ cHpm;&jcif;r[kwfyg? tcgtrsKd;orD;wOD;taejzifh
i,fpOfuwnf;u Tok@d aom awmawmif c&D;vrf;=urf; rsm;ESihf usr,Ofyg;cJ+h yD;
om;yg? ,ckvnf; &GmrS tcgtrsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf pum; wajymajym em;em;aeae
av#mufvrS ;f cJ=h uojzifh armyef;EGr;f e,fonf[k rqko d myg?
&ifxJrSm EGrf;vsaerdonfrSm Twacguf arG;&yfajr tdrfjyefc&D;wGif
usrESihf twl ‘ol’ygrvmEkid o f jzifh ol@ukd owd&wrf;wpdwjf zifh &if0,fwodro hf rd hf
EGr;f vsaerd jcif;om jzpfygonf? om;orD;rsm;url ausmif;wuf&uf ysurf nfp;dk
ojzifh ac:rvm Ekid jf cif;yg? oluawmhrl b,faomtcgr# usrESit hf wl usrwk@d &mG ok@d
vdkufvnfEkdifjcif; &Sdawmhrnf r[kwfyg? usrcHpm;csuft&qkdv#if 'Dwacguf
tjyefc&D;[m ‘EGr;f vs tdrjf yef’yg?
,if;ok@d awG;rdvu dk of nfEiS hf usr rsuv
f ;Hk tdr0f ,f rsu&f nfaEG;rsm; pdrt hf idk f
a0h o D v mygawmh o nf ? usronf rsuf a wmif r sm; wzswf z swf cwf u m
(43)
rsuf&nfrsm;ukd cgxkwfvkduf+yD;aemuf tm±kHajymif;oGm;atmif ywf0ef;usifudk
vSr;f =unfh vku d rf yd gonf?
tcgtrsK;d orD;wOD; jzpfaevk@d vm;rod/ usrrSm onftcg awmifwef;
rsm;ay:okd@ a&mufwkdif;a&mufwkdif; awmifwef;}uD;awGu usrukd qD;}uKd ayG@
axG;vku d of vkd aEG;oGm;wwfp+rJyg?o}uFe&f ufe;D ae+yDr@dk awmxJwiG f a&¸0ga&mif
opfcyG ef;rsm; yifjrif}h u;D rsm;ay:wGif tqkyv f u dk tf ckid v
f udk f 0ga±¸aeatmif yGiahf e=u
yg+yD? olajymjyzl;aom ydawmufyef;rsm;url usrwk@d tcga'orSm r&Syd g? o}uFef
&ufeD;vmv#if Ta&¸a&mif opfcGrsm;om usrwkd@ awmifwef;wGif yGifhvef;
=uygonf? vrf;ab;rS csKEH , G pf rd ;f pdr;f rsm;wGiv f nf; awmyef;awmifyef;rsm; a&mifpHk
zl;yGiahf e=uygonf? awmifay:awmeuf}uD;rS vlomG ;vrf;uav;rk@d iSurf sK;d pkH w
usnu f snf wusmusm atmforH sm; qlnv H mygonf?
ta0;qDo@dk vSr;f ar#m=f unfv h udk vf #if awmifwef;jym}u;D rsm; wawmifEiS hf
wawmifquf+yD; v_id ;f rsm;yrm edro hf mG ;vku d f jrifw h ufvmjyefvu dk f jzpfaeygonf?
Tawmifrsm;ay:wGif usrwk@d . tcg&mG uav;rsm; wnf&adS e=uavonf?
Tae&mrS wem&Domomc&D;wGifrl usrwkd@cspfaom“rJacgif”onf
tm;refaw;ukd [pfaºu;&if; o@cl &D;ukd olquf/ ol@wm0efudk olxrf;aeqJyg? wcg
w&H rJacgif a&pD;oHudk onfbuf&mG rsm;uyif vSr;f I =um;ae&ygonf? usr onf
i,fpOfuwnf;u rJacgi. f a&pD;oHudk em;axmif&if; =unfE;l wwfygonf? rJacgiu f dk
cspwf wfcyhJ gonf? usr}uD;jyif;I ygwx D J a&mufvmonft h cgwiG f usr =um;csif
vmonfrmS ‘rJacgif a&pD;oH’ r[kwaf wmhbJ ‘rJacgiaf oG;pnf;oH’ jzpfvmygonf?
rJacgijf rpf0rS ;f ESihf Tawmifwef;}uD;rsm;ay:wGif ulrifwef wyfºuif;wyf
userf sm;/ vlrsK;d pk vufeufuidk w f yfz@JG rsm;/ tpk;d &wyfrsm; ol0ifigxu G f oGm;vm
v_y&f mS ;cJ&h m ae&m jzpfygonf? ppfy. JG '%f&m'%fcsurf sm;ukd tcgjynforl sm;rSm
ajrpmyifyrm rGrGa=uatmif cHcJh=u&ygonf? pepfqkd;trsKd;rsKd;. vlxktay:
aoG;pkyzf ad xmif;r_rmS vnf; tvGe}f uD;rm;cJo h nf?
tcgawmifwef;ay:rS vlrsK;d pkjH ynfov l x l rk sm; aoG;pnf;rdaomtcgwiG f
awmfveS af &;ukd qifEv J¸ mEkid cf =hJ uygonf? yxrqk;H awmfveS af &;rSm tcg v,f
orm; olyek ?f
onfah emuf ygwaD &muf&v dS maomtcgwiG f usrwk@d jynfo@l b0 vGwf
ajrmufvmcJ=h u&ygonf? usrwk@d vGwaf jrmufvmonft h cg cHpm;&onfh tusL;d
(44)
aus;Zl;rsm;rSm rsm;jym;vSojzifh usr jynfph pHk mG azmfjyjcif;iSm rpGr;f omyg? usr
xdawG@cpH m;&or# usrb0ESihf qufpyfIom wifjyoGm;Ekid yf gvrd rhf nf? ,ckuo hJ @dk
usr pma&;aeEkid jf cif;rSm ygwu D pmoifay;cJv h @dk omyg?
+yDf;awmhæygwDtvHawmfatmufrSmyJ ‘ol’ESifh usr awGqkHcJh&jcif;
jzpfavonf?
zufqpfawmfveS af &;rSm avxD;qif;ppfom;wOD;jzpfco hJ l ajrjyefo h m;
awmfvSefa&;orm; ArmwOD;ESifh vufeufukdifwyfzGJ@rsKd;pkHwkd@ ajccseif;&m
awmifay:&Gmuav;rSm cufcJqif;&JpGm }uD;jyif;vm&ol tcgtrsKd;orD;av;
wOD;onf Ttcgawmifwef; ay:wGiyf if ygwt D vHawmfatmufY awG@qrHk =d u+yD;
csp}f uKd;oG,af ESmifum om;orD;ajr;rsm; yGm;rsm;cJo h nfth jzpfrmS ,kEH idk zf ,
G &f myif
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ok@d aomf ykjH yif r[kwcf yhJ g? ykjH yifr[kwaf =umif; twdwu f dk owd&wrf;
w&if; rsuv f ;Hk tdrrf S jynfv
h #zH w
d uf svmaom usr. rsu&f nfrsm;u oufaocHae
ygawmhonf?
· · · · · · ·
usrwk@d wawG qif;&J'u k aQ &mufc&hJ ykt
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cJo
h vkd jrifa,mifrq d /J =um;a,mifrq d yJ if jzpfygonf? awG;rdwidk ;f cg;onf;em
=unf;r_awGu pdwt f m±krH mS w&dy&f yd f ay:vmaeygonf?
usrwk@d tcga'oonf awmifbufwiG f rJacgijf rpfEiS hf vmtk-fd jrefrm e,f
pyf&+dS yD; ajrmufbufwiG f w±kw-f jrefrm e,fpyf wnf&adS om e,fpeG ef ,fjcm; a'o
yg? onfa'owGif awmifwef;rsm;ay:Y tcg/ yavmif/ vm;[l/ tac;ponfh
vlrsK;d pkrsm; aexkid =f u+yD; awmifajcajrjyef@f uiG ;f jyifwiG rf l &Sr;f vlrsK;d rsm; trsm;qk;H
aexkdif=uygonf? awmifay:vlrsKd;pkrsm;. t"du toufarG;0rf;a=umif;
vkyif ef;rSm awmif,mvkyif ef;yif jzpfonf?
usrwk@d rmS ArmjynfrmS arG;onfh Armjynfom;rsm;yg? 'gayrJh Armjynfr
}uD;rqkx d m;ESihf Armjynfu òr@}uD;jy}uD; wòr@wavr#avmufurdk # oGm;a&muf
zl;jcif;/ qufo, G zf ;l jcif; r&S=d uyg? vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;uvnf; r&So d avmuf
(45)
jzpfojzifh usrwkd@a'orsm;okd@vnf; vlolta&muftayguf enf;vSygonf?
usrwkd@a'owGif aps;[lI r&Sdyg? aiGa=u;[lonfrSmvnf; w&m;0ifowfrSwf
okH;pGJonfh aiGa=u;r&Sdyg? wcsKd@u t*Fvdyftpkd;&vufxufu xkwfa0cJhaom
aiG'*Fg;a[mif;rsm;/ a=u;jym;rsm; ok;H =uonf/ wcsK@d u jyifopf'*Fg;ok;H =uonf?
w±kwjf ynf ulrifwefacwfu '*Fg;a[mif;rsm; ok;H =uonfvnf; &So d nf? qif;&J
aom &Gmol&mG om;rsm;uawmh ukeyf pPn;f csi;f zvS,o f nfh enf;uko d m ok;H =u
onf?
usrwk@d &Gmol&mG om;awGtwGuf rok;H rjzpfaom vkyif ef;ok;H ypPn;f rsm;
jzpf onfh "m;r/ aygujf ym;/ ayguw f ;l ponfw@dk udk 0,fvv dk #if rdrw d @dk . 0g*rG ;f rsm;/
0uf/ =uuf/ acG; ponfw@dk udk xrf;yk;d +yD; aps;ae@rsm;wGif wzufEidk if aH ps;ok@d omG ;um
ypPn;f csi;f zvS,f ,l=u&onf?f 0,f,pl &maiGqI dk usrwk@d xH r&Syd g?
0wf&onft h 0wfrmS vnf; uk, d pf u
dk yf sK;d wJh 0g*rG ;f ukd uk,d bhf mom csnif if/
wcg &ufuef;pifrmS ydwpf &uf/ onfah emuf 'Dyw d pf ukd rJe,fteufa&mifq f ;dk um
0wfqif&jcif; jzpfonf?
tpm;taomufqo dk nfrmS vnf; trsm;tm;jzifh awmxJrS opfOopfzk
rsm;ukd pm;&onfu rsm;ygonf?
zdeyfta=umif; a&;&v#iaf wmh yk+d yD; 0rf;enf;a=uuGpJ &m aumif;ygonf?
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u|wo f nfah erSp+yD; b,fca,mif;awm/ b,fq;l ykcH if; eif;&av#muf&onfjzpfap
tarhtarG zdeyfw&Hrv S I
JG wjcm;zdeyf usrwk@d wcgr# rpD;zl;=uyg?
twdwb f 0ukd jyefpOf;pm;=unfv h #if tarSmifx}k uD;pk;d aom acwf}uD;
wacwfxw J iG f aecJ&h ovkd cHpm;rdygonf? vif;a&mifjcnf rawG@rjrif&yg?
Ta'owGif v¸r;f rk;d }uD;pk;d xm;olrsm;rSm ae0if;-pef;,k ppftpk;d & a=u;
pm; wyfrsm;/ ulrifwef wyfºuif;wyfuserf sm;ESihf apmfbmG ;ESihf e,fpm;y,fpm; wk@d .
vufatmufcw H yfrsm;/ apmfbmG ;rsm; tm%m usqif;csed w f iG f apmfbmG ;wyfrS jyef@uJG
oGm;aom vlrsKd;pk azmufjyefa&; vufeufukdifwyfrsm;/ umuG,fa&;wyfrsm;
ponfw@dk jzpf=uygonf? T wyfaygi;f pkH wk@d aomif;use;f or# zdEydS o f r# tcg vlxk
rSm jym;jym;0yf ik@H ccH =hJ u&onf?
usrwkd@a'owGif a&S;uwnf;u wyfrsKd;pkH vma&mufeif;acsjcif;ukd
cHvmcJ&h wmyg? t*Fvyd pf pfwyf vmzl;onf? *syefppfwyf vmzl;onf? xkrd #om
(46)
ruyg? avmwyf/ xkid ;f wyfrsm;yg usrwk@d e,fajrukd 0ifar¸czhJ ;l ygonf? usrwk@d
vlxb k 0ukd awG;=unfv h #if tawmfoem;p&m aumif;ygonf? usKid ;f wkaH pmfbmG ;ESihf
e,fpm;rsm;u tcGet f wkwt f rsK;d rsK;d aumufc=H uonf? vlceG /f ajrcGe/f tdrcf eG /f
ppfwyfcGef/ vufeuftcGef/ v,f,mtcGef/ oD;ESHcGef/ bdef;cGef/ om;owfcGef/
awmypfcGef pojzifh tcGefrsKd;pkHukd ay;&onf? tcGefay;&onfrSm apmfbGm;ESifh
e,fpm;y,fpm;rsm;uko d m ruyg? wyfrsK;d pku H awmif;or#udk ay;&ygao;onf?
vlxrk mS obm0tavsmuf jzpfay:aeaom a&ayguf a&ajrmif;uav;rsm;ukyd if
ykid qf idk cf iG hf r&Syd g? tcGeaf y;&vGe;f ojzifh w&Gmvk;H rSm wGepf &m =uufzwaumifyif
rusefawmwJhtxdyg? vlxkrSm awmxJrS opfOopfzkrsm; &SmazG+yD; ukd,hfrSm
useaf eonfh qefuav;tenf;i,fEiS hf a&m}uKdpm;&onfh b0jzpfygonf?
txl;ojzifh ulrifwef wyfºuif;wyfusefrsm;onf awmifwef;a'o
tcg&mG rsm;teufrS tcsut f csm usonfah e&mrsm; a&G;cs,u f m olw@dk . pcef;rsm;
tckid t f rm aqmufvyk w f yfpx JG m;+yD; a'ocHrsm;ukd aoG;pkycf siw f idk ;f aoG;pky/f jc,f
vS,cf siw f idk ;f jc,fv,S cf =hJ uygonf? jynfov l x l t
k aejzifh rdrud , kd u f dk ckcEH idk t
f m;
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f k cHpm;
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jzpfaeygonf?
vufeufrhJ tcgawmifwef;ae jynforl sm;rSm vufeufuidk x f m;olrsm;
b,fov l mvm wkeaf eatmif a=umufc=hJ u&ygonf? ae0if;wyfvmvm/ vlrsK;d pk
vufeufukdiftzGJ@rsm;vmvm 'grSr[kwf ulrifwefrsm;yJvmvm vlawGrSm
uk, d thf ouf zufe@J xyk x f m;&ovkd cHpm;ae&+y;D toufrao+y;D a&m olw@dk vo dk r#
bmrqkd tukezf ef wD;ay;ae=u&onf?
usr uav;b0wke;f uqkv d #if usrwk@d tcg&mG rsm;rSm ulrifwefwyf.
'%fudk trsm;qk;H cH=u&ygonf? olw@dk wyfpx JG m;&mpcef;awGudk oGm;+yD; olw@dk cidk ;f
or# pcef; taqmufttkaH wGudk aqmufvyk af y;=u&onf? uwkwu f si;f wlay;
&onf? ay:wmqGJv#if vkduf&onf? 'Dvkdt"rRckdif;apr_rsm;ukd &GmpOftvkduf
&Gmtm;vk;H u tvSnu hf s vkyaf y;&wmyg?
xkrd #ru olw@dk ae@pOfpm;aomufz@dk qef/ =uuf/ 0uf/ qm;/ i±kwyf grusef
olw@dk pcef;&S&d mok@d ta&muf vlxu k tvSnu hf s oGm;a&mufy@dk aqmifay;&ygonf?
tcsed rf D ta&mufryk@d Eidk v f @dk uawmh }u;D av;onfh tjypf'%f cH&+yo D m rSwaf ya&mh?
(47)
vlxk ukd,fwkdifuawmh awmxJrS opf&Guf/ opfOopfzkrsm; &Smpm;ae&+yD;
olw@dk twGuf &Spd rk phJ k =uuf0ufawGudk ay;ae&jcif; jzpfonf? uk, d rhf mS r&Svd #iv f nf;
&So d nfyh pPn;f ESihf zvS,u f m &atmif&mS ay;&onf?
olw@dk u qefb,favmuf/ =uuf0ufb,favmuf/ qm;-i±kwf b,f
ESpyf \ d mukd b,fae@ta&muf pcef;ok@d vmyk@d &r,f[k E_wrf ed @f EiS hf rSmvku d v f #if
&Gmol}uD;u wcg &GmxJrmS E_wrf ed @f EiS hf toHuek af tmf+yD; b,ftrd u f b,favmuf
ol@trd f b,fae@ta&muf vmyk@d &r,f[k cGw J rf;csvu dk of nf?
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wyfawGu jzpfjzpf usrwkd@ tcgtrsKd;om;awGukd pmjzifhta=umif;=um;um
trde@f ay;I r&yg? ta=umif;rlum; b,fow l OD;wa,mufr# bmpmukrd S rwwf
onfh twGuf jzpfygonf? xkad =umifh vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;awGuvnf; olw@dk
trde@f ay;vkw d m &Syd gu E_wrf ed @f ay;+yD; &GmpOftvku d f wqifjh cif; trde@f ay;yk@d um
ckifd ;f apae=ujcif; jzpfygonf?
e,fpeG ef ,fpm; acsmifusonfah e&m awmifay:rSm aexkid &f onft h jyif
acwftqufquf pepfq;dk rsm;. v¸r;f rk;d csKyfcs,x f m;r_atmufwiG f jym;jym;0yf
aecJ&h onfh usrwk@d jynforl sm;rSm pmay,Ofaus;r_qw d o f Ok ;f onfb h 0 ESpaf ygi;f
rsm;pGm usa&mufchJ &ygonf? awmifwef;}uD;ay:wGif ta&S@qrD S ay:xGe;f vmonfh
aea&mifjcnfukd zl;ar#mf Ekdifjcif;rSwyg; pmay,Ofaus;r_ vif;a&mifjcnfukdum;
zl;awG@ciG hf r&cJ=h uyg? todtjrif A[kow k uif;rJu h m tem*wfaysmuf aecJ&h yg
onf? usrwkd@jynfolrsm;. acwfa[mif;b0ukd jyefvnf pOf;pm;v#if &ifeifh
a=uuGzJ , G yf g?
Tok@d usrwk@d tcgjynforl sm; qif;&J'u k t Q wd+yD;cJ&h aom acwfumv
twGi;f usr. i,fpOfuav;b0wGif usrpdwx f J oHrEd_ u S of vkd pGaJ e+yD; em=unf;
a=uuG&J aom tjzpftysuw f &yf }uKHawG@c&hJ ygonf? usr rarhwEhJ idk f jzpfc&hJ aom
xkad e@onf 1970 ckEpS /f atmufwb dk mv. ae@wae@yif jzpfygonf? &ufpaJG wmh
twdtus rrSwrf yd g? ok@d aomf tcg±;dk &m ‘tzDavmh’ESpo f pfu;l yG. J t}uKd&uf
w&uf jzpfonfuadk wmh taotcsm rSwrf ad eygonf?
‘vmacstzDavmh’ ac: xkdESpfopful;yGJrSm Armbmomjzifhqkdygu
'ge;f pD;yG[J k t"dym` ,f&ygonf? T'ge;f pD;yGrJ mS wESpw f }udro f m &Syd gonf? wjcm;
tcsed rf sm;rSm 'ge;f pD;I r&yg? TESpo f pfu;l yGrJ mS pyg;&dwo f rd ;f zk@d twGuf txl;
(48)
&nfp;l onfh yGv J nf; jzpfygonf? tcg trsK;d om;wk@d . "avhx;Hk pHt& TyGrJ jyKvyk b f J
pyg;&dwo f rd ;f vk@d r&yg? T'ge;f pD; ESpo f pfu;l yG+J yD;rS pyg;&dwo f rd ;f I &ygonf? TyGJ
onf wenf;tm;jzifh ewfyal Zmfyv JG nf; jzpfygonf?
tJ'ED pS -f ESpo f pfu;l yG.
J yxr t}uKd&ufwiG f usr. tpfudk w0rf;uGJ
‘*smaqmif’onf reufapmapm tdy&f mrS x+yD; awmif,mcif;xJo@dk yJyyk yf J oGm;
ckwf aeygonf? ol tdrjf yefa&mufonft h csed wf iG f ulrifwefvufeufuidk w f yfwpk
&Gmol}uD; tdrrf mS a&mufEiS hf ae=uav+yD?
“rif;wk@d &mG u &Gmol&mG ;om; usm;-r ra&G; ol}uD;tdrrf mS csucf si;f vm
pk=u”[k acgif;aqmifvkyfolu trdef@ay;onf? &Gmol}uD;onf wkefwkef&D&DESifh
vlxu k dk [pfatmf +yD; oltrd rf mS vlpak ponf? w&Gmvk;H &Sd usm;-r ra&G; &Gmol&mG
om;rsm; a&muf&v dS maom tcg “tm;vk;H wef;pDvu dk =f uprf;”[k Akv d v f yk o
f ul
ckdif;onf? yJykyfcif;rS jyefa&mufvmcgp usrwkd@. tpfukd*smaqmifonfvnf;
wef;pDxm;aom vltyk }f uD;xJ 0if&yfvu kd of nf?
olw@dk . aoewfajymif;rsm;u &Gmol&mG om;rsm;ukd csed &f , G x f m;vsu?f
&Gmol}uD;yifv#if wkeaf eatmif a=umufae+yDjzpf&m &Gmol&mG om;wk@d .
pk;d &drf ylyefrr_ mS ajymzG,&f m r&Sad wmh? Tok@d wef;pD+yD; &yfjy=u&olrsm;xJwiG f
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uyfvsuw f nf&o dS jzifh ajymqkod aH wG =um;ae&ovkd (a=umufvef@onf=h um;u
ajcmif;=unfah e=uojzif)h tjzpftysurf sm;ukv d nf; jrifawG@ae=u&ygonf?
wa,mufa,mufu r[kwrf rSef owif;ay;vku d of jzifh olw@dk ouFm
ruif;jzpfonfh tvk&d adS eaom olrsm;ukd vma&muf&mS azG=ujcif; jzpfonf? &Gmol
&Gmom; rsm;onf Tvltyk x f rJ S b,fo@l urdk sm; olw@dk rouFmjzpf+yD; qGx J w k f
vku d =f uavrvJ[k &ifwxdwx f wd Ef iS hf apmifah e=uonf?
ol w k d @ onf usr tpf r t&if ; ‘a&S m if ± k d ’ uk d qG J x k w f v k d u f o nf ?
onfah emuf wjcm; &Gmolred ;f rysKd ‘a=umifph ’D ?
onfrdef;rom;ESpfOD;ukd a&G;xkwfvkduf+yD; aemufxyfa&G;xkwfvkdufol
uHq;dk ol armif&iS rf mS rlum; usrtpfu0kd rf;uGJ *smaqmif yif jzpfavonf? olw@dk u
rif;xGucf /hJ rif;xGucf hJ qk+d yD; wa,mufpD qGx J wk v f u
dk =f ujcif; jzpfonf? pkpak ygi;f
&Gmom; 3 a,mufw@dk rmS olw@dk vufcyk x f u J a& jzpfomG ;+yD? oGev f o
dk eG /f arSmufvdk
arSmuf owfv#iv f nf; ao&rnfb h 0 a&mufomG ;+yD? &Gmol&mG om;rsm;uawmh
(49)
T 3 a,mufpvk;H b,fow l OD;wa,mufr# bmtjypfrS r&Sad =umif; odxm;
=uonf? wa,mufa,mufu owif;rSm;ay;+yD; wkd@rD;±_d@rD; vkyfvkdufjcif; jzpf
ayrnf? b,fvydk jJ zpfap rSm;,Gi;f tzrf;cHvu dk &f olrsm;. b0rSm awG;0Hph &m r&S+d yD?
tpfudk *smaqmifurdk l olw@dk u }uKd;jzifh wif;wif;usyu f syf wkyaf ESmif
vku d of nf? trsK;d orD; 2 a,mufurdk u l m; }uKd;wkyjf cif;r&S?d onfah emuf olw@dk EiS hf
twl onf 3 a,mufukd ac:oGm;onf? (usr t&G,fa&mufcgrS jyefvnf
pOf;pm;rdonfrmS trsK;d orD;ESpaf ,mufudk olw@dk zrf;ac:oGm;jcif;rSm tjypf&o dS nf[k
ouFmruif;I r[kwb f J ,kwrf maom t}uHtpnfEiS hf zrf;ac:oGm;jcif; jzpfay
vdrrhf nf? pepfq;dk atmufrS trsK;d orD;rsm; b0rSm qk;d 0g;avpG?) onfjrifuiG ;f ukd
jrifvu dk &f onfu h srrSm urBm}uD; ysuo f mG ;ovkd cHpm;vdu k &f onf?
usrwk@d rdom;pkrsm;rSm rsu&f nfpufvufEiS hf tpfr.uH=urRm b,fvdk
jzpfrnfudk rcef@reS ;f wwfbJ xdwv f ef@a=umuf&@HG vsuo f m &Sad e=uonf? w&Gm
vk;H onfvnf; xdwv f ef@acsmufcsm;oGm;onf? w&Gmvk;H +idro f ufomG ;+yD; ae@cif;
a=umifawmif wap> tjcmufcv H u
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(50)
a&mufwiG f olw@dk . bDv;l Zmwd±yk af y:vmawmhonf? bmompum;csi;f rwlojzifh
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(51)
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uGejf rLepfygwD a&muf&v dS m+yD; jynforl sm; vGwaf jrmufvmonft h cgusrS wbuf
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· · · · · · ·
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tcgjynfolrsm;a&m/ wjynfvkH;rS jynfolawGyg rvGwfajrmufao;oa&G@ usr
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vmrdygonf? xkpd Ofuawmh a=umuf&@HG rke;f wD;pdwEf iS hf usr.oli,fcsi;f twGuf
0rf;enf;a=uuGpJ w d o
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tcg jynforl sm; rvGwaf jrmufao;rD 1971 ckEpS f arvtwGi;f [k usr
(52)
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wckyg?
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onfhenf;wl usrwkd@. e,fpGefe,fzsm; awmifwef;a'owGifyif 'Dab;'%fu
rvGwu f if;cJb h J wcsK@d aom udprP sm;wGif ykrd q dk ;dk 0g;pGm cHc&hJ onf[k usrxifryd g onf?
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onfb h 0yg? jynfwiG ;f ppfaoewfoaH tmufrmS jynforl sm; pm;aumif;jcif;rpm;
&/ tdyf aumif;jcif;rtdy&f onft h jyif toufudk zufe@J xyk x f m;&onfb h 0aqkw d m
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b,ft&mr# vk+H cKH pdwcf s&r_ r&Syd g?
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tdrrf mS tdy=f uonf r[kwyf g? wku d yf jJG zpfv#if a&Smif&wdr;f & vG,u f al p&efEiS hf
awmxJajy;0ifzkd@ teD;uyfqkH;jzpfonfh &GmtpGefu tdrfwtdrfrSm tm;vkH; pk
tdy&f jcif; jzpfonf? xko d @dk pktyd =f u&onft h xJwiG f usrwk@d uav;omomt&G,f
rde;f uav;rsm;vnf; yg0if=uyg onf?
tJ'n D uawmh usrwk@d &Gmukd vlrsK;d pk azmufjyefa&; vufeufuidk t f zG@J
tpnf;wck 0ifa&muf vm+yD; ntdy&f yfem;ygonf? apmfbmG ;rsm; tm%m ,dr;f
(53)
,kid òf yvJcsed f apmfbmG ;vufeufuidk w f yfrS tiftm;pkrsm; wcsK@d tpk;d &ukd uyfou l yf/
wcsK@d uk, d bf mom xifwidk ;f }uJaecsed yf g? usrwk@d &mG ok@d a&muf&v dS monfrmS
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usrwk@d jynfov l x l t k ay: qk;d 0g;vSonf? usrwk@d vx l rk mS tpk;d &ppfwyf/ ulrifwef
wyfrsm;. '%fuo dk mru olw@dk . '%fuydk g tawmfcg;oD;pGm cHc&hJ onf? tqk;H
rawmh jynfwiG ;f ppf. tedÏm±krH sm;[kom +cKHiaHk jym&awmhrnf xifygonf?
Ttjzpftysurf mS a&;jy&rSmukyd if usr r0Hrh &J jzpfaerdonf? ok@d aomf
wu,ft h jzpfreS ?f usrwk@d &mG rS oufw&l , G wf l tcgtrsK;d orD;uav;rsm;. ESv;Hk
om;xJrmS xifuseaf e&pfaom trm&Gww f ckjzpfojzifh csev f yS x
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ukid w f yfom; 2 a,mufonf tdraf y:ok@d cyfwnfwnf wufvm=uonf? w
a,mufu rD;wkwf}uD;ukd ukdifxm;vsuf? aemufwa,mufu aoewfarmif;
wifum ypfcwfrnf[ h ef toifh csed &f , G v
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aoewfESifh csdef&G,fxm;+yD; ckcHzkd@}uHv#if ypfcwfrnfhoabmukd jyaeonf?
usew f a,mufu rde;f uav;rsm;teuf usr.tcifrifq;Hk / usrtcspq f ;Hk (12)
ESpt f &G,f rde;f uav;ukd qGaJ c:+yD; Ttdraf y:rSmyif rk'rd ;f usiyhf gawmhonf? vlwidk ;f
rcHcsi=f uaomfvnf; vufeufro hJ rl sm;rk@d v_yaf wmif rv_y&f =J u?
pOf;pm;om =unf=h uygawmh? 'Davmufawmif vlrqefatmif ,kwrf m
±kid ;f pkid ;f vku d wf t hJ aumifawG? rde;f uav;. ESv;Hk om;uGaJ =u ikad ºu;atmf[pfo/H
vl,w k rf m. w%Sm&m*oH? vlawG 'Davmufrsm;jym;pGm &Sad ewJah &S@rmS t&Suu f if;
(54)
rJph mG b,fo@l urdk S *±krpku d b
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&Sirf ed ;f uav;omru vli,ftm;vk;H ukyd g pdwEf v S ;Hk om;rSm temw& jzpfomG ;
apcJw h hJ tjzpftysuyf g?
usroli,fcsif;twGuf usrrSm 0rf;enf;a=uuGJrqkH;yg? ol@trnfukd
vnf; usr razmfjy&ufyg? Ttjzpfq f ;dk a=umifh usroli,fcsi;f rSm zl;ikpH t&G,f
rSmyif ppfzed yfEiS hf eif;acsjcif; cHvu
dk &f onfh yef;uav;wyGiyhf rm a=urGomG ;cJ&h +yD;
woufv;Hk rdcifb0r &Ekid af wmhonft h xd T'%f&m'%fcsuu f dk cHpm;oGm;&yg
awmhonf?
· · · · · ·
tarSmifxk òyuGJoGm;+yD; 0if;pufeDa&¸ aevdarRmf}uD; tcgawmifwef;

ay:rSm ay:xGuv f mcJ+h yD?
usr onfta=umif;ukd a&;jyonfrmS ta=umif;rJo h ufouf [dr0EWm
csD;rGrf;cef; zGifhaejcif; r[kwfyg? txufwGif usrtenf;tusOf;a&;jyonfukd
zwf=unfv h #if usrwk@d tcgjynforl sm;. twdwb f 0 rnfr#avmuf 'kuq Q if;&J
a&mufc=hJ uonf qko d nfudk em;vnfo&d EdS idk =f uvdrrhf nf xifygonf? ,if; ok@d qdk
v#if ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD a&muf&v dS mjcif;ESit
hf wl usrwk@d wawG vGwaf jrmuf
vmonft h jzpftysurf mS usrwk@d twGuf rnfr# 0rf;ajrmufaysm&f i¸ zf , G af umif;
aom tajymif;tvJ}uD;vnf; qkw d m pmem em;vnf Ekid =f urnfxifygonf?
tcgjynfov l x l u
k ygwu D dk aus;Zl;wifonf? ,cktcsed f olw@dk u aus;Zl;
wifa=umif; zGi[ hf ajymzk@d tcGirhf omao;v#iv f nf; olw@dk u,
dk pf m; tcgtrsK;d orD;
wOD; taejzifh usru ygwt D ay: aus;Zl;wifa=umif; ajymvko d nf?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwED iS hf usrwk@d tcgv,form;olyek rf mS yg0ifczhJ ;l aom
awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm; vufw+JG yD; ae0if;-pef;,kppftpk;d &. a=u;pm;wyfEiS hf
azmufjyefa&;wyfreS o f r#udk wku d cf udk zf ,f&mS ;cJo
h nf? ygw. D jynfo@l wyfrawmfrS
wkdufyG0J ifwyfom;rsm;ESifh jynfolvlxk. toufrsm;ukd ay;tyfpGef@vSLjcif;jzifh
usrwk@d jynforl sm; vGwaf jrmufvmcJ=h uonf? toufaoG;ac|;rsm; &if;ES;D +yD; &,l
cJ&h aom atmifyyJG g? vif;a&mifjcnf usa&mufcahJ y+yD?
usrwk@d tcga'o vlrsK;d aygi;f pkH jynforl sm;. b0ukd txufwiG f usr
(55)
wifjycJ+h yd; yg+yD?acwfa[mif;rSonf wyfrsK;d pkw H @dk vma&mufzEd yS o f r# ausmaumh
atmif cHvmcJ=h u&onfh vlx?k t*Fvyd w f yfrt S p/ *syefwyf/ ulrifwefwyf/ vmtkd
wyf/ xkid ;f wyf? apmfbmG ;wyf/ umuG,af &;wyf/ vlrsK;d pk azmufjyefa&;wyf ponfh
wyfaygi;f pk. H zdEydS ef if;acsru
_ dk acwftqufqufc&H ovkd apmfbmG ;/ e,fpm;y,fpm;/
ajr&Sif/ aiGwkd;}uD;pm;wkd@. txktaxmif;wkd@a=umifhvnf; acwftqufquf
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usrwk@d rarG;cif tbk;d tbGm;rsm; acwfuwnf;u rao±kw H r,f vdrf
yde+f yD; tzdEydS cf u H m tarSmifx}k uD;wnf; wav#mufv;Hk aevmcJ&h aom tcgvx l k
onf 1968ckEpS pf +yD; zdEydS rf r_ sm;ukd acgi;f ik@H rcHbJ wk@H jyefawmfveS u f m zmvkzH mv,f
tcgv,form;olykef}uD;ukd qifE¸Jvkduf=uygawmhonf/ zmvkHzmv,fqkdwm
rJacgijf rpfteD;u &Gmrsm;trnfyg? wu,fwrf;wGif zmvk/H zmv,f&mG rsm;omru
bqm/ armfwm/ eyefE@JG / emvDponft h jcm;&Gmrsm;yg yg0ifwhJ vlxk awmfveS f
tkºH ur_yg? v,form;olyek w f @dk onf &&mvufeufp+JG yD; ZGeJ bJEiS hf wku d yf 0JG ifc=hJ uyg
onf?
Tv,form;olyek af cgi;f aqmifrsm;onf 1971 ckEpS w f iG f Armjynf uGef
jrLepfygw. D tvHawmfatmufrmS yg0ify;l aygi;f +y;D azmufjyefa&;wyftrsK;d ukd wku d f
cku d zf ,f&mS ;vku d o f nfah emufrmS rS tcga'ojynforl sm; vGwaf jrmufa&; &&Sd vm
cJjh cif; jzpfygonf? onfvdk jynfov l x l k vGwaf jrmufz@dk ta&; ygw. D jynfo@l wyfr
awmfom;rsm; touf aoG; ac|; ay;cJ&h onfeh nf;wl usrwk@d tcgtrsK;d om;rsm;
onfvnf; toufaoG; ay;qufpeG @f vLS cJ&h ygonf? zmvk&H mG om; v,form; ol
ykeaf cgi;f aqmif“ygqef;”onf 1971 ckEpS w f iG f ulrifwefumuG,af &;wyfrsm;ESihf
wku d cf u
dk &f if; ol&aJ umif;yDppGm usq;Hk oGm;cJyh g onf?
tckawmh usrwk@d vGwaf jrmufc+hJ y?D 1971 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmv 1 &ufae@wiG f
“815 ppfa'o”ukd pwifziG v hf pS v f u dk of nf? awmifwef;a'orsm;a&m/ ajrjyef@
vGijf yifrsm;yg tcga'owckv;Hk ae&mtES@H tjym; vGwaf jrmufvmcJyh g+yD? xkpd Of
tcsed u f mvwke;f u yg0ifywfoufco hJ rl eS of r# &Jabmfrsm; jzpfap/ jynforl sm;jzpfap
xkt d csed t f a=umif; jyefajymif;pOf;pm;rdv#if &ifxrJ mS v_u d v
f aJ EG;axG;ae=uOD;rnf[k
usr xifro d nf?
815 ppfa'oXmecsKyfukd ‘eaygifEGJ@’rSm xm;&Sd+yD; ppfa'oaq;±kHu
XmecsKyfEiS hf eD;aom eeH&mG rSm zGiv hf pS x f m;onf?
(56)
ygwu D vGwaf jrmufa'owGi;f &Sd awmifwef;ajrjyef@rusef vlxpk nf;±k;H a&;/
ynmay;v_H@aqmfa&;/ 0g'jzef@csda&;wkd@ukd tm;oGefcGefpkduf qufwkdufvkyf
aqmifco hJ nf?
&Gmrsm;wGif jynfo@l tm%m xlaxmifay;onf? v,form;or*~rsm;
zG@J pnf; xlaxmifaponf? vlxrk mS vnf; vufeufrhJ vlxrk [kwaf wmh? jynfo@l
ppfrsm; zG@J pnf;ap+yD; vufeufwyfqifay;onf? jynfo@l wyfrawmfonf wyfe@J
jynfol a&eJ@ig;yrm wom;wnf; jzpfapa&; azmfaqmifvkH;yef;onf? vlxk
b0jrifw h ufvmapa&;twGuf pdu k yf sK;d xkwvf yk af &;wk;d wufz@dk tultnD ay;±kH
omru ynma&;/ use;f rma&;/ todtjrif wk;d wufvmapa&; tppt&m&m
tultnDay;=uonf?
vGwaf jrmufa&;tajccHa'owGif c±kid /f òr@e,f/ 'kid ef ,f toD;oD;ukd zG@J
pnf; xlaxmif=uonf? usrwk@d &mG rSm vlxu k , dk pf m;vS,f &Gmau'gEiS hf jynfo@l
ppfacgi;f aqmif rsm;onf òr@e,f/ c±kid t f qifh tpnf;ta0;rsm;ok@d oGm;wuf=uum
jyefa&mufvmv#if vlxt k pnf;ta0; jyefac:+yD; ygwED iS hf aqG;aEG;cJo h r# jyefajym
jyonf? olw@dk udk ygwu D oDcsi;f awGvnf; oifay;vku d o
f nf? olw@dk u olw@dk
wwfu|r;f vmonfh oDcsi;f rsm;ukd &GmwGif jyefoifay;onf? &GmwGif qk=d uu=uESihf
aysmf±¸ifrqkH;Ekdifatmif jzpfvmonf? tu0goemygaom usruawmh tu
qkv d #if a&S@q;Hk wef;u uvku d wf m auG;vk@d ?
tcg vlxrk sm;onf acwftqufquf pk;d rk;d jc,fv, S f tkycf sKyfvmcJo h nfh
azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;ESihf rk;d eJ@ajrvkd uGmjcm;aom ygwED iS hf jynfo@l wyfrawmf
om;rsm; ukd xdawG@qufq=H u&aomtcg cs;D usL;±ko H mru tH=orqk;H Ekid af tmif
jzpfr=d uonf? avmurSm 'Dvydk gw/D 'Dvw dk yfrsK;d vnf; &Syd gao;uvm;?
,cifuvkd vlxo k nf wyfrsm; ckid ;f apwm vky&f onfb h 0r[kwaf wmh?
jynfo@l wyfrawmfu a&mufav&m aus;&Gmrsm;wGif vlxu k nl aD &;vkyif ef;tjzpf
&yf&mG ukd tvkyaf wG vkyaf y;=uonf? tdr&f iS rf sm; awmif,mcif;oGm;aecsed w f iG f
jynfo@l wyf rawmfom;rsm;u xif;acG/ a&cyf/ 0ufpmau|;/ wHjrufvn S ;f / xrif;
csupf onfh tdrrf u _ pd P t00 vkyx f m;ESi=hf uonf? tdr&f iS rf sm; ,mcif;u jyefvmcsed f
tppt&m&m tqifoifh jzpfaeESi+hf yD?
jynfo@l wyfrawmfonf pnf;urf;}uD; 3 &yfEiS hf owdjyK&ef 8 csuw f @dk udk
owd}uD;pGm vku d ef m+yD; vlxq k uD bmwckr# tcrJh pnf;urf;rJh &,ljcif;r&S/d tpp
(57)
t&m&m vlxt k ay: n‡mwmaxmufxm;ojzifh vlxu k jynfo@l wyfrawmfudk
wG,w f m vm=uonf? vlxq k u D &ifxrJ xS u G af y:vmwJh wu,f&h ifwiG ;f pum;
ukd usr i,fpOftcgrmS yif =um;cJzh ;l onf? ygw[ D m wk@d aus;Zl;&Si/f 'DygwrD sK;d / 'DwyfrsK;d
t&ifu wcgrS rjrifz;l cJb h ;l wJ?h
Tae&mwGif tvsO;f oifo h jzifh usr cifyeG ;f onf ajymjyzl;aom tcsuf
uav; wckudk jyefvnf azmfjyvkyd gonf? vlxu k ygwt D ay: xm;&Sad om oabm
xm;ta=umif; jzpfygonf?
tcga'ojzpfaom 815 ppfa'o. acgi;f qmifjzpfol cifyeG ;f onf &Jabmf
azaomif;onf 84 ckEpS u f ygwAD [k. d wm0efay;csut f & ygwvD rf;pOfay:vpDudk
vlxkwGif; csjy&eftwGuf tcga'o aus;&Gmrsm;txd qif;+yD; tpnf;ta0;
vkyfonf? olvmrnfqkdonfukd =um;onfESifh aus;&GmvlxkawGu vrf;c&D;
awmawmif=um; xJtxd vma&muf}uKdq+dk yD; &Gma&mufonfEiS hf ol@EiS hf (tapmifh
wyfz@JG vnf; ygonf) ygvmaom jrif;awG vm;awGudk awmxJomG ;0Suf xm;vku d f
onf? &Jabmfazaomif;u tusK;d ta=umif;ar;awmh olw@dk &mG rSm ntdyrf aebJ
c&D;qufxGufoGm;rSmpkd;vkd@wJh? ntdyf+yD; ynmay;aqG;aEG;yGJvkyfoGm;yg&ef
awmif;yef=uonf? &Jabmfazaomif; wm;jrpfonfh =um;xJu w&GmvkH;u
pkaygi;f I =uufowf/ 0ufowfEiS hf {nfch }H uKdq d ydk rHk mS acwfa[mif; wke;f u =uufq/JG
0ufqJG xifwidk ;f }uJorl sm;ESihf tjcm;em;}uD; jcm;em;oGm; cJ+h yD? &Jabmf azaomif;
uvnf; uk, d &hf yfu,
dk &hf mG jyefa&mufomG ;onfEh , S f cHpm;&ovkd vlxu k vnf;
uk, d ahf qGrsK;d &if;csmwa,muf jyefa&mufvmovkd cHpm;=u&onfh tjzpfrsK;d yg?
( cifyeG ;f onf &Jabmfazaomif;onf tcga'o rvGwaf jrmufrD acwf
a[mif;umvESihf vGwaf jrmuf+y;D wk;d wufvmr_tajctaewk@d ta=umif; E_id ;f ,SO+f y;D
jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk azmfjya&;om;vkad om qEN tvGejf yif;xefpmG &Sad ecJyh gonf? ol@use;f
rma&;tajctaeESihf ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d a=umifh Twm0efudk olxrf;aqmif roGm;
cJ&h onft h wGuf olvnf; 0rf;enf;rdrnf jzpfovkd usrvnf; wooESihf 0rf;
enf;a=uuGrJ &d ygonf?)
· · · · · ·
1973 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmvxJwiG f usr ausmif;ok@d oGm;cJ&h onf?

(58)
usr ,ckvkd pma&;om;Ekdifjcif;ukdu ygwDaus;Zl;a=umifhyg? wlwHpOf
tvHawmfatmuf vGwaf jrmufa&;tajccHa'ojzpfonfh 815 ppfa'o . yxr
tokwf tajccHynma&; pmoifausmif;ok@d oGm;a&mufoif=um;&ef usrwk@d &mG rS
usrukd a&G;cs,f apv¸wv f u
dk =f uonf? ygw. D &ifciG af tmuf ckv d cH_ iG ohf m r&&Scd v
hJ #if
usra&m/ tcg trsKd;om; &Jabmfaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm pmoif=um;cGifhr&=u?
pmwwfc=hJ urnf r[kwyf g?
pmoifausmif;ukd tcuftcJtrsK;d rsK;d tm; &ifqidk af usmef if;+yD; usrwk@d
uk, d wf idk f yg0ifxal qmufc&hJ jcif; jzpfonf?
usrwkd@.pmoifausmif;onf zmvkHzmv,f v,form;olykefx&m
ae&mteD;u avmfa,mfqo dk nfh ae&mwGif zGiv hf pS cf jhJ cif; jzpfonf? aus;&Gma'o
rsm;rS pmoifom; 100ausmf/ ausmif;q&mu 10 a,muf? q&mawGa&m/
ausmif;om;rsm;yg wa,mufwvuf pkaygi;f +yD; pmroifrD uk, d ahf usmif;ukd uk, d hf
bmom aqmufvyk cf =hJ u onf? oufi,fr;dk 0g;x&Hum ausmif;uav;om yg?
ok@d &mwGif tESpo f m&bufu ajymv#irf l ygwt D wGuaf &m jynfov l x l t
k wGuyf g
wefzkd;&SdvSonfh ausmif;av;yg? tajccHa'owGif awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;
qufvufvnfywfEidk af pa&;twGuf ygwt D wGuv f nf; Tausmif;rSm r&Srd jzpf
tylwjyif; vkdtyfaeonfhausmif;uav;yg?(101) ppfa'orS Tausmif;okd@
wm0eft& a&muf&v dS maom ucsif q&m 4 OD;u OD;pD;+yD; usrwk@d ausmif;ukd
1974 ckEpS f ZEM0g&v D 1 &ufae@wiG pf wif zGiv hf pS cf u
hJ m pm poifcyhJ gonf? ausmif;
om;rsm;rSm ArmpmrajymeJ@? b,forl S Armpum; rwwf=u? wvk;H wav em;
vnfz@dk rajymeJ@/ aumif;aumif;yif r=um;zl;=u?
usrwk@d tcg trsK;d om; &Jabmf‘twD;’u w±kwpf um;wwfonf? ol@
toufu 25 ESp&f +dS yD; wbufEidk if o H @dk oGm;um w±kwpf um;ukd oD;oef@avhvm
oif = um;cJ h & jcif ; jzpf o nf ? ol @ wm0ef u bmomjyef j zpf o nf ? usrwk d @
pmoif&onfrmS pmoifay;aom Armq&m.pum;ukd w±kwb f momjyef/ &Jabmf
twD;u w±kwv f u
dk ae tcgvdk bmomjyef+yD; cufcufccJ J oif=um;&jcif; jzpf
onf? bmompum;raygufawmh tcuftcJ }uKHwmawG uoduatmuf
jzpfwmawG 'ke@J a';ayg?h
usrwk@d ausmif;. ausmif;tkyrf mS q&mva,mfjzpf+yD; q&maZmfawmif
u Ekid if aH &;rSL; jzpfonf? q&matmifEidk u f use;f rma&;ESihf ynma&;/ q&maemif
(59)
awmifu vli,fah &;&mESihf pnf;±k;H a&; pojzifh wm0eftoD;oD; cGaJ 0 xrf;aqmif=u
onf?
1976 ckEpS f ZGev f wGif 815 ppfa'o. Ekid if aH &;rSL;jzpfol &Jabmfazaomif;
onf usrwk@d ausmif;ok@d olu, dk wf idk f vma&muf+yD; ppfaq;ar;jref;ygonf? ol@udk
yxrqk;H t}udrf pwifawG@z;l cJjh cif;yg? olvdk acgi;f aqmifwa,mufu aemifwiG f
usr. cifyeG ;f onfjzpfvmvdrrhf nf[v k nf; rnfo@dk r# }uKdwifo&d cdS jhJ cif; r&Syd g?
&Jabmfazaomif;u olu, dk wf idk f ar;cGe;f rsm;ar;+yD; ausmif;om;rsm;ukd
tajzckid ;f onf? onfah emuf pnf;urf;}uD; 3 &yf/ owdjyK&ef 8 csuf oDcsi;f ukd
tqkcd idk ;f onf? ToDcsi;f ukd ta&;ckid ;f +yD; owfyrHk sm;ukd ppfaq;onf? jynfo@l
wyf rawmf. acgi;f aqmifrsm;a&m &Jabmfrsm;yg tvGet f av;xm; vku d ef m=u
onfh ToDcsi;f rSm ,ckwidk f usr&ifxJ pG+J rJvsuyf g?
“jynfo@l wyfrawmfreS pf mG » »» pnf;urf;ok;H &yf[m»»»bmyJvyk v f yk f
taotcsm trdef@emcH&rSm»»»jynfol@ypPnf;ukd csnfwr#ifyif r,l& »»
»ppf a jrjyif u od r f ; yk d u f a vor# trsm;yk d i f q k d i f a p&m»»»owd r l p &m
&Spfcsufukdom»»» ckdifckdifrmrm pGJrSwfap&m»»»csKdcsKdomom ajym=um;ap&m
»»»0,f,&l mrSm wefz;dk ay;ap&m»»»
»»»jynfo@l OpPmrSepf mG iSm;+yD; jyeftyfyg»»»ypPn;f ysu&f if avsmyf g»»»
rl;,pfaomufpm;wm a&Smif=uOfap&rSm»»»pyg;oD;ESaH wGudk xde;f odr;f umuG,f
trsKd; orD;awGtay: oabmxm; jzLpifyg»»»vlrsKd;pkHpGm xkH;wrf;pOfvm
av;av;pm;pm; oabmxm;rS e f y g»»»ok H @ yef ; awG u d k rn‡ O f ; qJ a p&m »»
»jynfopl OfruGm tvkyt f au|; jyKap&m»»»”[lI jzpfygonf?
xko d @dk jzifh usrwk@d ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;rSm pmar;yGaJ jzqk=d u&+yD;
aemuf pmar;yGaJ tmifjrif=uolrsm;onf awmfveS af &;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd xrf;aqmif
&eftwGuf refzidk f ppfa'oXmecsKyfo@dk ajymif;a±¸@c&hJ yg onf?(xkpd Oftcsed w f iG f 815
ppfa'o.XmecsKyfonf refzidk o f @dk ajymif;a&¸@xm;+yD jzpfygonf?) pmar;yGJ atmif
jriforl sm;xJwiG f usrvnf; yg0ifojzifh ppfa'oXmecsKyfo@dk vku d yf g oGm;cJh &ygonf?
76 ckEpS f ZGev f xJrmS yg? XmecsKyfo@dk a&mufv#if ay;onfw h m0ef/ us&m wm0efudk
xrf;aqmif&ef pdw"f mwft& toifjh yifq f ifxm;&ygonf?
usruawmh reufwidk ;f ausmif;wufcge;D tcsed w f iG f wlwpH OftvHawmf
ukd v¸ix hf +l yD; ygwt D vHawmftm; ae@pOf tav;jyKcJ=h u&yku H dk owd&aerdygonf?
(60)
· · · · · ·
usrwk@d refzidk Xf mecsKyfo@dk a&mufomG ;+yD;aemuf r=umrDrmS yif Ekid if aH &;
avhvma&;oifwef; wuf=u&ygonf? rmhupf 0f g'/ vDeif0g'ESihf armfpw D ek ;f tawG;
tac: oabmw&m;rsm;ukd avhvm&jcif; jzpfygonf?
Ekid if aH &;avhvma&;oifwef; +yD;pD;oGm;aomtcgusrS usrwk@d udk wm0ef
toD;oD; cGJay;ygonf? wcsKd@u a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;Xme a&mufola&muf/
axmufyahH &;Xme a&mufoal &muf/ ukeo f , G af &;Xmea&mufoal &mufEiS hf usrwk@d
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;rSm vkyfief;wm0eft& ukd,hfwm0ef&Sd&mt&yfokd@
ajymif;a&¸@=u&ygonf? usrESihf &Jabmfq,fzsew f @dk EpS af ,mufuawmh XmecsKyf.
±k;H Xmeok@d a&muf&o dS mG ;=uygonf?
±k;H XmewGif ±k;H tkyt f jzpf wm0ef,al eaom &Jabmf roef;oef;0if;ukd
usrwk@d awG@&&dS onf?
Tae&mwGif ppfa'o. ygwDaumfrwDta=umif; tenf;i,frdwf
qufwif jyygrnf?
815 ppfa'o. acgi;f aqmifrKS tzG@J jzpfaom ppfa'o ygwaD umfrwDwiG æ f
&Jabmfazaomif;- Ekid if aH &;rSL;
&Jabmfoef;armif- 'k-Edikd if aH &;rSL;
&JabmfaZmfqidk ;f -wyfrLS ;
&Jabmfpidk ;f vif;- ppfO;D pD;rSL;ESihf ppfqifa&;rSL;
&Jabmf tbk;d [kid &f , G -f ygwaD umfrwD0ifEiS hf
&Jabmf avmft,f*sjD zL-ygwaD umfrwD0ifæwk@d jzpf=uygonf?
‚wk@d teufrS a'ocH &Jabmf tbk;d [kid &f , G Ef iS hf &Jabmfavmft,f*sjD zLwk@d
ESpaf ,mufrmS zmvk-H zmv,f v,form;olyek . f acgi;f aqmif tcgtrsK;d om;rsm;
jzpf=uygonf?
usrwk@d . ±k;H tkyf roef;oef;0if;u tqkyd g ppfa'oaumfrwD0if ppfO;D pD;
rSL; &Jabmfpidk ;f vif;. ZeD;yg? XmecsKyf±;Hk rSm ±k;H tkyrf mS vnf; &Jabmfroef;oef;0if;/
±k;H vkyo
f m;rSmvnf; &Jabmfroef;oef;0if;? w±k;H vk;H olwa,mufwnf; jzpfaeyg
onf? a'ocH tcg&aJ bmftrsm;tjym; &Sad eaomfvnf; Armpum;/ Armpm rwwf
=uojzifh ±k;H vkyif ef;wGif tok;H jyKI r&Ekid b f J jzpfaeygonf? roef;oef;0if; uawmh
tcgpum;ukd r¸waf eatmif/ ajzmifah eatmif ajymEdik o f l jzpfygonf? XmecsKyf±;Hk wGif
(61)
roef;oef;0if; wOD;wnf; &Sad eojzifh usrwk@d EiS hf tm;jznfv h u
dk &f jcif; jzpfygonf?
usrwk@d 2 a,muf vufEydS pf uf t±ku d o f if&r,fw?hJ 'gayrJh XmecsKyf
±k;H rSm vufEydS pf ufu wvk;H wnf;&,f? 'DvufEydS pf ufEiS hf oifv@dk rjzpfEidk yf g?
usrwk@d 2 a,muf vufEydS pf uf avhusio hf if=um;vk@d jzpfatmif Ekid if aH &;
rSL; &Jabmfazaomif;u uwfxpl uULaowWmyk;H awG zsu+f yD; uyfxjl ym;ay:wGif
vufEydS pf ufypHk t H wkid ;f pmvk;H rsm;azmfum wDxiG +f yD; vufjzifh ±ku d Ef ydS af vhusihf apyg
onf? ygwED iS ahf wmfveS af &;twGuf ta&;w}uD;vkt d yfaecsed rf mS vufEydS pf uf±u dk f
wwfatmif &Sad eonfh ±ky0f wˆKtajctae=um;xJraS eI jzpfonfeh nf;jzifh usrwk@d
oif=um;&ygonf? awmfawmfav; avhusio hf m;&vmrS vufEydS pf ufudk usrwk@d
pwifuidk w f ,G &f ygonf? vufEydS pf ufudk usrwk@d &if;ES;D vmovkd ppfa'o. tjrifh
qk;H acgi;f aqmifjzpfaom &Jabmfazaomif; ESiv hf nf; vufEydS pf ufavhusirhf o _ ifjy&if;
&if;ES;D vmcJyh gonf?
wae@wiG f usrukd vufEydS pf uf±u dk f avhusiahf y;aecsed w f iG f &Jabmfaz
aomif;xHrS ar#mv f ifrh xm;aom ar;cGe;f wckudk ±kww f &uf =um;vku d &f onf?usr
csucf si;f wkev f y_ of mG ;rdonf? “rDemæeifrh mS &nf;pm;&So d vm;”wJ?h
usr rsuv f ;Hk awG jyma0oGm;rdygonf? wu,fwrf;wGif usrwGif cspo f l
&nf;pm; &Sad eyg+yD? 'gayrJh &Sw d ,fv@dk usr jyefrajz&Jyg? ygwx D rJ S pnf;urf;w&yf
&So d nf[k usr =um;zl;xm;ygonf? awmfveS af &;vkyaf epOf tcsed rf wef t&G,f
rwkid af o;bJ aemuf+yD; ygw. D oufqidk &f m tzG@J tpnf;xH wifjyawmif;cHjcif; rjyK
bJ &nf;pm;rxm;&/ tdraf xmifrjyK& [laom pnf;urf;csuf jzpfygonf? &Sw d ,fv@dk
ajzvku d &f if ig wyfxu J xGuo f mG ;&awmhr,f? ygwx D uJ xGuo f mG ; &awmhr,f?
[ift h if;æ? ig ygweD @J wyfudk rcGEJ idk b f ;l ? usrpdwx f w J iG f usri,fpOf uav;b0u
cHpm;cJh&aom twdwfcg; tjzpftysufrsm;onf rsufpdxrJ Sm w&dyf&dyf jyefay:
vmonf? i,fpOfu xrif;iwf+y;D awmxJu opfOopfzk &Smpm;=u&aom usrwk@d
&Gmol&mG om;rsm;/ trESit hf udw k @dk udk ulrifwefw@dk u zrf;ac:oGm;yk/H usr.tcspq f ;Hk
oli,fcsif; rk'drf;tusifhcH&ykHæonfb0awG usr jyefroGm;csifawmhbl;? usr
acgi;f ukd wtm;cg,rf;ypfvu dk yf gonf?
“r&Syd gb;l ”
onfhaemuf &Jabmfazaomif;u bmrS qufrajymyg? ol@rsufESmrSm
0rf;omoGm;onfph w d jf zifh +yKH;a,mifoef;oGm;aomfvnf; xkpd Ofurl usronf r¸ex f l
(62)
aeojzifh xkt d csuu f dk aumif;aumif;owdrxm;vku d rf yd g? &nf;pm;xm;rdonfh
twGuf ygwu D tjypfay;ta&;,l+yD; wyfu xkwyf pfvu dk rf mS ukyd J pk;d &draf erdyg
onf?
usrtcef;ok@d jyefa&mufv#iv f nf; bmrS ajzmifah jzmifw h ef;wef; vkyu f idk f
vk@d r&? &nfpm;xm;rdonft h jypfuydk J usrpdwx f pJ aJG e+yD; tcsed Ef iS thf r# xku d pd u P
usrukd ajcmufveS @f vsuf &Sad eonf? xrif;pm;v#iv f nf; xrif;vkyf yg;pyfxJ b,f
vk0d if oGm;rSe;f yifrod? xrif;awmif rpm;csiaf vmufatmif jzpfaerdonf?
xkad e@naerSmyif usr. cspo f &l nfpm;xHo@dk pmwapmif a&;yk@d vu dk yf g
awmhonf? “'k@d wawG toufawGuvnf; i,f=uao;w,f? ygwaD y;wJh vkyif ef;
wm0efawGvnf; aumif;aumif; rvky&f ao;bl;? 'ga=umifh 'Dtcsed rf mS cspaf &;
}uKduaf &; tdraf xmifa&;awG rpOf;pm;ao;&if aumif;r,f”[laom oabmrsK;d
yg0ifygonf? wenf;tm;jzifh tqufjzwfpm[kvnf; qkdEkdifygonf? usrcspf
oluawmh usr bma=umifh 'DpmrsK;d a&;vku d of nfudk rod&mS yg? olu oabm±k;d ESihf
usrpmukd oabmwla=umif;/ em;vnfyga=umif; pmjyefvmygonf?
xk@d a=umifh usrrSm pdwo f ufom&m &moGm;cJyh gonf? pdwaf t;oGm;yg
onf? usronf us&m awmfveS af &;wm0efudk qufvuf xrf;aqmif&if; aysm&f i¸ f
aeygonf?
ok@d &mwGif Tudpo P nf Tae&mrSmyif wcef;&yfomG ;cJo h nfr[kwyf g?
udprP sm; qufvuf jzpfymG ;vmcJo h nf? ok@d &mwGif wyfxrJ S xGuo f mG ;&rnfu h pd P
r[kwfawmhyg? r[kwf±kHr#ru &moufyef awmfvSefa&;xJvkdufyga&; udpPjzpf
vmygonf?
wae@wiG f usr vufEydS pf uf±u dk of nfah e&mok@d &Jabmfazaomif; a&muf
&Sv
d mygonf? olu oufawmifo h ufom xkid &f if;u ol@b0ta=umif;awGukd at;
at;aq;aq; ajymjyaeygonf?
xkad e@udk usr aumif;aumif;rSwrf ad eygao;onf? 1977 ckEpS /f arv
(8) ae@yg? naeydik ;f 2 em&D/ 3 em&DavmufrmS jzpfygonf?
olonf zufqpfawmfveS af &;orm;b0uwnf;u awmfveS af &;wm0ef
awGukd ukd,fhtoufukd,friJhbJ vkyfvmcJha=umif;? xkdpOfuwnf;u olonf
ygwD0if jzpfvmcJha=umif;? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;t+yD;wGifvnf; Armjynfol
w&yfv;Hk vk;H 0vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf olonf ygwaD y;aom awmfveS af &; wm0ef
(63)
rsm;ukd qufvufxrf;&Gucf ahJ =umif;? wm0eftrsK;d rsK;d xrf;&Gucf +hJ yD;aemuf tzG@J
tpnf;rS aemufxyfay;vmaom wm0eft& olonf wbufEidk if o H @dk a&muf&dS
vmcJah =umif;? olEiS hf &Jabmfrsm;onf uk, d Ehf idk if wH iG ;f jyef0if+yD; awmfveS af &;wm0ef
vkyaf qmif zk@d om pdwt f m;xufoefjyif;jy ae=ua=umif;? ok@d &mwGif urBmEh idk if aH &;
tajctae ESihf ArmjynfEidk if aH &;tajctaet& olEiS w hf uG wbufEidk if o H @dk a&muf
&Sad e=uaom &Jabmfrsm;rSm uk, d Ehf idk if H uk, d jf yefciG rhf &ao;bJ wbufEidk if w H iG yf if
tcsed =f umjrifph mG aomifwifae=u&a=umif;? &Jabmfrsm;rSm touft&G,v f nf;
}uD;&ifv h m =u+yDjzpfojzifh txuftzG@J tpnf;rS &Jabmfrsm;ukd tdraf xmifjyKcGihf
ay;cJha=umif;? xkd@a=umifh tjcm;&Jabmfrsm;enf;wl olonfvnf; wbuf
Ekid if o
H w l OD;ESihf tdraf xmifjyKcJah =umif;? om;orD;ESpOf ;D yif &Scd ahJ =umif;? ol Arm
jynfwGif; jyef0if+yD; awmfvSefa&;wm0efxrf;aqmifzkd@ ygwDu wm0efay;onfh
tcsed w f iG f ol@ZeD; jzpfoo l nf ol@Eidk if u H dk pGe@f vw ¸ +f yD; ArmjynfawmfveS af &;twGi;f
vku d yf gz@dk qEN r&Sad =umif;? ol@ZeD;onfEiS hf Tok@d cGcJ mG vmcJ+h yD; 1975 ckEpS w f iG f
uGm&Si;f pmwifI uGm&Si;f vku d =f ua=umif;? ponfw@dk udk usrem;vnfEidk rf nfh pum;
rsm;ukd a&G;jc,f+yD; &Si;f jyaeygonf?
usr em;rvnfyg? usr em;rvnfonfrmS olpum;rsm;ukd r[kwyf g?
ol bma=umifh igu h dk 'gawGvmajymaeygvrd -hf qk+d y;D Tonfudk em;rvnfEidk af tmif
jzpfaejzif;yg? 'gayrJh odyrf =umvku d yf g? usrem;vnf vmygawmhonf? usr em;
vnfatmifvnf; ol ajymjywmu &Si;f vif;vSygonf?
“u|eaf wmfrh mS touft&G,u f vnf; wjznf;jznf; }uD;vm+yD? use;f rm
a&;uvnf; odyaf umif;vSwmawmh r[kwb f ;l ? 'gayrJh ygwaD y;wJh awmfveS af &;
wm0efawGuadk wmh raorcsi;f tpGr;f uke}f uKd;yrf; xrf;&Guo f mG ;rSmyg? Armjynf
wjynfv;Hk rvGwaf jrmufao;bl;? awmfveS af &;wm0efawG r+yD;ao;bl;? 'Dawmh
orkid ;f ay;wm0efawGudk u|eaf wmfw@dk qufvuf xrf;aqmifz@dk vkad eao;w,f?
'Dwm0efawG qufvufxrf;aqmifz@dk u|eaf wmf ckid cf idk rf mrm qk;H jzwfxm;wm
jzpfayr,fh u|eaf wmfrh mS teD;uyf u|eaf wmfu h dk ulnaD pmifah &Smufay;r,fh vufwJG
azmfwa,muf vkt d yfaew,fv@dk cHpm;&w,f? wa,mufe@J wa,muf tjyef
tvSef ulnaD pmifah &SmufomG ;&r,hf vufwJG azmfvnf; jzpf&r,f? awmfveS af &;ukd
atmifyrJG &rcsi;f qufvyk rf ,fh ,k=H unfcsuw f l &Jabmf&b J ufvnf; jzpf&r,f?
'ge@J ywfoufv@dk u|eaf wmf pOf;pm;=unfw h hJ tcg usaemfh pdwx f rJ mS &JabmfreD mukd
(64)
jrifvmw,f”?
olu tdraf xmifwck xlaxmif+yD; &moufyef aygi;f oif;aexkid o f mG ;zk@d
uwday;a=umif;/ wa,mufe@J wa,muf tjyeftvSeu f n
l aD z;r+yD; &moufyef
awmfveS af &;tdraf xmif wnfaqmufomG ;r,f [k qufvuf&iS ;f jyaeonf?
usrrSm r¸ex f al e+yD; acgi;f razmf&bJ J jzpfaerdonf? uk, d af v;pm;aom
aemuf+yD; ol@t&Sed u
f dk a=umuf&@HG ae&aom acgi;f aqmifwOD;vnf; jzpfaeojzifh
b,fvdk jyefajym &rSe;f vnf; rodyg?acgi;f ik@H +y;D pm;yGcJ u
Hk dk vufonf;ESihf ukwjf cpfaerd
onfrmS vufacsmif;awG emvmonftxdyg?
· · · · · ·
1977 ckEpS /f Zlvidk v

f (17) &ufae@wiG f usrwk@d vufxyfvu kd =f uygonf?
wjcm;ta=umif;t&mrsm;ukd usr tao;pdwrf azmfjyvkad wmhyg? usr
azmfjyvko d nfrmS ZeD;jzpfol usrtay:wGif xm;&Sad om ol.oabmxm;yif jzpf
ygonf?
olonf usr. cifyeG ;f onf jzpfovkd usr.acgi;f aqmifjzpfonf? ol@udk
usronf cifyeG ;f onftaejzifh cspcf ifovkd acgi;f aqmiftaejzifh av;pm;onf?
olonf usrtwGuf cifyeG ;f onftjzpfomru wcgw&H zcifozG,/f wcgw&H
tpfuo dk zG,tf jzpf cHpm;rdygonf? xl;xl;jcm;jcm; usrcHpm;rdonfrmS olonf
usrukd t+rJrjywf ynmay; oGeo f ifwwfol awmfveS af &;q&m wOD;yg?
&Jabmfazaomif;onf acgi;f aqmiftcsi;f csi;f omru atmufajc&Jabmf
rsm; ukyd if b,fawmhrqkd u|eaf wmfEiS /hf cifAsm;ESihf - qk+d y;D ok;H E_e;f qufqw H wfoyl g?
xk@d a=umifh usrukd olwif;wif;usyu f syf awmif;qkw
d wfaomfvnf; Ekn, hH Ofaus;pGm
ajymqkd+yD; awmif;qkdjcif; jzpfygonf? usrESifh ajymqkd&mrSmawmh vufxyf+yD;
csed rf mS awmif ol@u, dk of l ‘u|eaf wmf’[k ok;H +yD; usrudak wmh ‘eif’[k ok;H wwfyg
onf? usrwk@d u ‘eif’qko d nfh pum;ukd ‘cifAsm;’[laom pum;xuf ykrd dk em;,Of
aewwfvdk@yg? aemufykdif;usrSom vifr,m;obm0 rif;ESifhigESifh okH;vmjcif;
jzpfygonf?
“uk,d wf idk f pHjyvkyEf idk rf S wjcm;&Jabmfrsm;ukd acgi;f aqmifEidk rf mS jzpfw,f?
u|eaf wmfu ppfa'oacgi;f aqmifau'gwa,muf? eifu u|eaf wmfh ZeD;vnf;
(65)
jzpfovkd wyfrawmfom;wa,mufvnf; jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh &JabmfawGe@J cGjJ cm;
qufqaH evk@d rjzpfb;l ? wef;wl qufq&H r,f? ud, k u f sK;d rzuf&bl;? uk, d uf sK;d
rzuf±rHk u vkt d yf&if uk, d u f sK;d ukd pGe@f vw ¸ Ef idk &f r,f? t&m&mrSm +cKd;+cHac|wm &
r,f? 'Dvdk ajymwm eifu h dk rcspv f @dk ajymwm r[kwb f ;l aemf? cspv f @dk / ygw&D @J orD;
aumif;wa,muf jzpfapcsifvGef;vkd@ 'Dvkd ajymjyaewm? ygwDe@J awmfvSefa&;
twGuf vkt d yfvm&if rdrt d oufuadk wmif pGe@f vw ¸ Ef idk &f r,f? aemuf+yD; uk, d b
hf 0
ukd b,fawmhrS uk, d rf ar@&bl;?”
olEiS hf usr vufxyf+yD; ESpw f csK@d t=um wae@om;wGif usru olEiS hf
vufrxyfrD &nfpm;OD;&Scd +hJ yD; &nfpm;OD;eJ@ cGcJ &hJ a=umif; ol@udk ajymjyrdonf? olu
+yKH;+y;D ol@udk tJ'u D wnf;u bmvk@d rajymcJw h mvJ [k ar;onf? usru “a=umuf
vk@d ayg”h [k jyefajz cJoh nf? a=umufv@dk qw dk mukd olb,fvdk em;vnfomG ;onfrod?
usr a=umufonfrmS ygweD @J ccJG mG &rSm/ wyfu xGu&f rSm/ twdwcf g; acwfa[mif;u
b0rsK;d jyefomG ;&rSm a=umufrjd cif; jzpfa=umif; jyef&iS ;f jy&onf?
olEiS hf usrwGif om;orD;ESpaf ,muf xGe;f um;cJo h nf? t}uD;u orD;
av;? om;u ti,fayg?h
ol@ta=umif; usr pOf;pm;rdv#if ol qk;H roGeo f if ynmay;cJah om pum;
awGyJ em;xJ a&mufa&mufvmwwfonf? TonfrmS ZeD;tay: xm;&Sad om
ol@oabm xm;yif jzpfygonf? ol@pum;awGukd usru jyefa&;jyonfxuf
usrxH ola&;ay;cJah om pmawGxu J xkwEf w k jf yv#if ykrd dk ay:vGix f if&mS ;vdrrhf nf
xifyg onf? &Jabmfazaomif;. “ cspZf eD;ok@d ay;pmrsm;”ayg?h
ol A[kd tpnf;ta0;ok@d oGm;v#if jzpfap/ vkyif ef;wm0eft& ta0;ok@d
a&mufaev#if jzpfap? usrxH pma&;wwfonf? ol@pmu b,fvdk pmrsK;d awGv-J
qkw d m zwf=unf=h uyg?
19-10-78 &ufaf e@/ ay;pm (1) rS
cspaf omrDem
rif;wk@d om;trd ESpaf ,mufpvH;k rzsm;rem aeaumif; xkid af umif; &S=d u&J@vm;?
igvnf; use;f use;f rmrmyJ &Sad ew,f?
(66)
ig A[ku d dk 13 &ufae@u a&mufw,f? tpnf;ta0;awmh rpao;/ tpnf;
ta0; b,fae@avmufpr,f/ b,favmuf=umr,f/ b,fae@avmuf+yD; r,f
qkw d mawmh rodao;bl;? =umawmh=umvdrrhf ,fv@dk xifw,f?
igw@dk vufxyfc=hJ uwm wESpaf usmf &Scd +_hJ yD/ 'DwESpaf usmt f wGi;f rSm trSeyf J
igt
h aeeJ@ rif;ukd ulnrD r_ vHak vmufcb hJ ;l ? aemif ig }udK;pm; ulno D mG ;r,f? rif;u
vnf; igu h dk tultnDrsm;rsm;ay;oGm;zk@d awmif;qkd ar#mv f ifwh ,f?
ig[m ygwD0ifwa,mufjzpfw,f? acgif;aqmifwa,mufvnf; jzpf
w,f? rif;[m ygwD&@J acgif;aqmifr_atmufrSm&SdwhJ jynfol@wyfrawmfom; w
a,muf jzpfw,f? igw@dk [m woufv;kH aygi;f oif;aexkid o f mG ;=u+yD; &moufyef
awmfveS af &;tdraf xmif wckjzpfatmif }udK;pm;wnfaqmufomG ;=urS jzpfr,f?
awmfveS af &; tdraf xmifqw dk m taza&m tara&m om;orD;awGa&m wtdrf
axmifv;kH awmfveS af &; vkyw f thJ rd af xmifudk ac:w,f? igw@dk om;awGorD;awGudk
awmfvSefa&;rsdK;qufawGjzpfatmif arG;jrLoGm;=u&r,f? awmfvSefa&;rsdK;quf
qkwd m ige@J rif;vkyw f hJ awmfveS af &;ukd igw@dk om;orD;awG qufvyk o f al wGjzpf wmukd
qkv d w
kd ,f?
'Dvkd awmfvSefa&;tdrfaxmifjzpfzkd@qkd&if xm0pOf ygwD&J@ tvHawmf
atmufrmS ygwpD um;ukd em;axmif/ ygwn D e¸ f =um;wJt h wkid ;f vky/f ygwaD y;wJh
wm0efudk xrf;aqmifomG ;=u&r,f? uk, d u f sKd ;ukpd eG @f vw
$ &f r,f? uk, d uf sKd ;ukd wkud f
&r,f? ukd,fusdK;ukdrpGef@Ekdif/ rwkdufEkdif&if awmfvSefa&;tdrfaxmif jzpfEkdifrSm
r[kwb f ;l ? igw@dk qkw, f wk yf supf ;D oGm;vdrrhf ,f? igw@dk tawG;tac: ajymif;oGm;
vdrrhf ,f? igw@dk b0 ajymif;vdrrhf ,f? 'ga=umifh igw@dk tawG;tac:ukd igw@dk jyKjyif
=u&r,f? igw@dk tawG;tac: ysupf ;D oGm;apvk@d rjzpfb;l ? igw@dk b0ukd arhomG ;vk@d
rjzpfb;l ? raumif;wJt h awG;tac:ukd jyKjyif+yD; tawG;tac:ukd aumif;atmif
wnfaqmufomG ;=u&r,f? 'gro S m &Jabmf aumif; jzpfEidk v f rd rhf ,f? awmfveS af &;
tdraf xmifjzpfEidk v f rd rhf ,f?
ig[m ygw0D ifwa,mufvnf;jzpf/ ppfa'o acgi;f aqmifwa,mufvnf;
jzpfw,f? rif;eJ@ig[m pHjyjzpfz@dk vw dk ,f? igw@dk u pHerlemjy vkyEf idk rf S tjcm;&Jabmf
awGudk acgi;f aqmifEidk v f rd rhf ,f? igw@dk u, dk w f idk f aumif;wJv h rf;ukd vku d Ef idk rf S tjcm;&J
rif;eJ@[m odyt f a&;}uD;w,f?
(67)
'ga=umifrh @dk tawG;tac:ukd ysupf ;D apEkid w f hJ tcsKd @raumif;wJh aexkid rf /_
pm;aomufra_ wGudk jyKjyifz@dk vw dk ,f? igw@dk wnfaqmuf&r,fh tawG;tac:u
trsm;twGupf Of;pm;wm/ wOD;csi;f twGuf pOf;pm;wm rjzpfoifb h ;l ? wOD;csi;f
twGuf tvkyv f yk w f m r[kwb f ;l ? trsm;twGuf pkaygi;f tvkyv f yk =f uwm jzpf&
r,f? 'Dvdk r[kw&f if uk, d u f sKd ;=unhw f t hJ awG;tac:awG 0ifvmvdrrhf ,f? uk, d u f sKd ;ukd
rpGe@f Eidk /f uk, d uf sKd ;ukd rwku d Ef idk f jzpfvmvdrrhf ,f?
rif;wk@d igph um;ukd em;axmifvrd rhf ,fv@dk ig,=kH unfygw,f?
igw@dk tdr0f if;+cx H rJ mS pku d yf sKd ;xm;wJh [if;oD;[if;&Gu+f cH uk, d yf idk +f cu H av;
rjzpfygapeJ@? igpvkyu f wnf;u uk, d yf idk +f cH vkyzf @dk r&nf&, G bf ;l ? igu tvkyrf sm;w,f?
um,tvkyf xkwv f yk af &;vnf; vkycf siw f ,f? &JabmfawGe@J ta0;}u;D vnf; oGm;
vkyv f @dk vnf; rjzpfawmh tem;rSmyJ vkyx f m;wmyJ jzpfw,f? trsm;qkid &f m+cHy?J
trsm;twGuyf ?J uk, d yf idk +f cHjzpfae&if raumif;bl;? &JabmfawGtm;vH;k ukd 'Dvydk J
ajymjyyg? +cHxu J [if;oD;[if;&Guaf wGvnf; olw@dk ,lpm;ygap? olw@dk udk ay;pm;yg?
tm;vH;k twGuyf ?J tm;vH;k csupf m;ygap?
rDem rif;vnf; rif;use;f rma&;ukd *±kpu dk yf g? ygwu D ay;wJh awmfveS f
a&;tvkyfawGukdvnf; wwfEkdifor# }udK;pm;vkyfyg? trsm;qkdif&m tvkyfawG
ukdvnf; &JabmfawGeJ@twl wwfEkdifor#vkyfyg? tjyeftvSefulnDyg? rif;[m
igrh ed ;f rjzpfayr,fh &JabmfawGe@J twlwyl ?J &JabmfawGudk wef;wloabmxm;&r,f?
aygi;f &r,f? rmer}uD;&bl;? pdwx f m;ESrd cfh s&r,f? &JabmfawGe@J rsm;rsm;pnf;vH;k
&r,f? pnf;vH;k r_rxdcu dk af p&bl;? &JabmfawGe@J &if;ES;D r_ &S&d r,f? cGjJ cm;cGjJ cm;raeeJ@?
'Dvrdk [kw&f if &JabmfawG xifjrifcsuf &Sv d rd =hf uvdrrhf ,f? &Jabmfwidk ;f eJ@ pnf;vH;k
&r,f? *k% d ;f rjzpfap&bl;?
rDem tckiga&;cJhwmawG[m rif;ukd igrcspfvkd@r[kwfbl;? cspfvkd@yJ?
&Jabmfvnf; &Jabmf/ ZeD;vnf; ZeD;jzpfv@dk y?J &Jabmfaumif;wa,mufjzpfapcsiv f @dk /
ZeD;aumif; wa,muf jzpfapcsiv f @dk / ygw&D @J orD;aumif;wa,mufjzpfapcsiv f @dk y?J
'g[m uk, d fh uk, d uf , dk f arG;jrLwnfaqmufa&;vnf; jzpfw,f? uk, d uhf , dk uf , dk f
awmfveS af &;vkyw f mvnf; jzpfw,f? rif;aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;yg? ckiga&;wmawG
[m rSm;ovm;/ rSeo f vm;/ vkyo f ifo h vm;/ rvkyo f ifb h ;l vm;/ ygwt D wGuf [kwf
ovm;/ r[kwb f ;l vm;/ rif;twGuf [kwo f vm; r[kwb f ;l vm;/ awmfveS af &;
(68)
tdraf xmifa&;twGuf [kwo f vm; r[kwb f ;l vm;? rSe&f if/ vkyo
f if&h if [kw&f if
rif;jywfjywfom;om; vkyv f rd rhf ,fv@dk ig,=kH unfygw,f?
rDem olrsm;awGvnf; 'Dvydk q J +dk yD; rvkyyf ge@J ? olrsm;awG[m olrsm;awGy?J
uk,
d [ hf muk, d yf ?J uk,
d [
hf muk, d f aumif;wmvkyzf @dk y?J olrsm;raumif;wm vkyw f idk ;f
rvkyef @J / olrsm;qDu aumif;wm twk,al vhvmyg? raumif;wm twkr,le@J ?
ravhvmeJ@?
rif; 'Dpmukd c%c% zwfyg? pOf;pm;yg? oabmaygu&f if vkyyf g?
Aoef;
17-10-78
&Jabmfazaomif;wGif ‘Aoef;’[laom awmfveS af &;trnfwckvnf;

&Sad eojzifh xked mrnfEiS hf usrxH pma&;vku
d jf cif; jzpfygonf? &Jabmfazaomif;onf
usrxH ay;aom pm wapmifwavavmufrmS om xko d abmrsK;d ygonfr[kwyf g?
xif&mS ;atmif aemufpmwapmifudk =unfyh gO;D ?
13-12-78
pmtrSwf 3 rS
rDem
12 v 1 &ufae@peJG @J ay;pmukd 12 &ufae@u &&Syd gw,f? rDemxHu pmukd
&vk@d igtawmfyJ 0rf;omw,f? rDemxHrS pmukd ar#maf ewm tawm=umcJ+h yD? tck
pm&awmh 0rf;om&wmayg?h rDemeJ@aomif;ar ZeD;a&morD;yg om;trdEpS af ,muf
pvH;k use;f use;f rmrm &Sad e=uwm od&vk@d yk+d yD;0rf;omvSw,f? rDemowd&ovkd
rDemwk@d om;trdudk igvnf; tpOfowd&aewmygy?J tpnf;ta0;+y;D udpaP wG +y;D +y;D
csi;f tjrefjyefvmcJrh ,f? pdwcf syg? tck orD;aomif;ar enf;enf;}u;D vm+yyD ?J ol@±yk f
ay:vma&m ayg?h ige@J wo l vm;/ rDemeJ@wo l vm;? rDemeJ@w&l if +y;D +y?D ige@J wrl S vSrmS ?
tvum; ajymwmygumG ? ige@J ww l l rif;eJ@ww
l l vSrmS yg? igvw
S ahJ e&meJ@ wl/ rDemvS
wJah e&meJ@ wl&if ykv
d rS mS ayg?h ige@J vnf; rwl/ rDemeJ@vnf;rwl&ifawmh vSawmhrmS
r[kwb f ;l ?
(69)
iga&;ay;vku d w f phJ mawG rDemzwf+yD; oabmayguf em;vnfwmod&wJh
twGuv f nf; 0rf;omygw,f? &Jabmfaumif; wa,mufjzpfatmif }uKd ;pm;oGm;r,fh
ta=umif; ighpum;em;axmifoGm;r,fhta=umif; raumif;wmrvkyf/ pdwfcszkd@
ta=umif; woufv;kH aygi;f oif;aexkid o f mG ;r,ft h a=umif;awGvnf; ygv@dk 0rf;om
w,f? rDemukd igcspyf gw,f? rDemuvnf; igu h dk cspw f m igoyd gw,f? rDemukd igpw d f
csygw,f? igu h vdk nf; rDem pdwo f mcsyg?
jynfo@l wyfrawmfom;aumif;wa,mufjzpfatmif }uKd ;pm;&rSmomru
tvGe*f % k af jymifwhJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD 0ifwa,mufjzpfatmifvnf; rDem
}udK;pm;oGm;zk@d igawmif;qkyd gw,f? pdwq f ;kH jzwfcsu&f &dS edS @J }udK;pm;&if jzpfvnf; jzpf
Ekid yf gw,f?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw0D ifwa,muf jzpfz@dk bmawGvo dk vJ?
eHygwf (1) -ygwt D ay: awmfveS af &;tay: jynfov l xl t k ay: tºuif;rJh
opPm&S&d r,f? wckwnf; ajym&&if ygwt D ay: vH;k 0opPm&S&d r,fqw dk myJ? ygwD
tay: opPm&Sw d ,fq&dk if awmfveS af &;tay: opPm&Sw d myJ? jynfov l x l tk ay:
opPm&Sw d myJ? awmfveS af &;tay: opPmr&S&d if jynfov l x l tk ay: opPmr&S&d if ygwD
tay:vnf; opPm&Sad wmhrmS r[kwb f ;l ?
eHygwf (2) -uk, d u f sKd ;ukpd eG @f &r,f? ygwt D wGuf rdrt d ouf rdr&d @J rb d /
tpfut dk pfr/ armifEpS rf rdrad ,mufsm;om;orD; aqGrsKd ;&if;csmtm;vH;k / tk;d tdrpf nf;
pdrt f m;vH;k ukd pGe@f vw$ Ef idk &f r,f? ygwt D usKd ;ukd OD;xdyx f m;&r,f? ygwt D usKd ;ukd
t"du xm;&r,f? rdrt d usKd ;ukd ygwt D usKd ; vufatmufrmS xm;&r,f? ygwD
tusKd ;qkw d m awmfveS af &;tusKd ; jynfov l xl &k @J tusKd ;eJ@ twlwyl J jzpfygw,f?
eHygwf (3) -pnf;vH;k r_pnf;urf;awG wif;wif;usyu f syf vku d ef m&r,f?
b,fawmhrS razmufzsu&f bl;? &JabmfawGe@J pnf;pnf;vH;k vH;k nDnD nGwn f wG f &S&d
r,f? &JabmfawGudk uln&D r,f?
eHygwf (4) -ygw&D @J vrf;pOfay:vpDawGudk wufwufºuºu aqmif&u G f
taumiftxnfazmf&r,f? ygwn D e¸ =f um;wJt h wkid ;f vky&f r,f? ygwpD um; em;
axmif &r,f?
eHygwf (5) -tvkyw f idk ;f rSm wufwufºuºu vky&f r,f? txl;ojzifh
ygwaD y;xm;wJh uk, d w hf m0ef uk, d t hf vkyaf wGudk wufwufºuºu ausyeG af tmif
vky&f r,f?
(70)
eHygwf (6) -vky[ f efaumif;&r,f? tusiphf m&dwaW umif;&r,f?
eHygwf (7) -avhvma&;aumif;&r,f? rmhupf 0f g'/ vDeif0g'/ armfpw D ek ;f
tawG;tac: trSew f &m;ukd avhvm&r,f? pmay,Ofaus;r_udk jr‡iw hf if&r,f?
pmykzd wfwwf/ a&;wwfatmif }udK;pm;&r,f? *%ef;ocFsm wGuw f wfcsuw f wf
atmif }udK;pm;&r,f?
uGejf rLepfygw0D ifwa,mufjzpfatmif rDem 'gawGudk }udK;pm;oGm;&r,f?
rDemukd igvnf; tpGr;f ukef tultnD ay;oGm;r,f? uGejf rLepfygw0D if wa,muf
jzpfatmif }udK;pm;oGm;r,fv@dk rDemuvnf; igu h dk uwday;&r,f?
igay;wJph mrsm;ukd rDem aoaocsmcsm odr;f qnf;xm;yg? c%c% xkwf
zwf avhvmyg? vufawG@usio hf ;kH Ekid af tmif }udK;pm;yg? 'DpmawG[m igw@dk orD;
aomif;arav; }u;D jyif;vmwJt h xd odr;f qnf;xm;&r,f? ol}u;D vm&if ol@ut dk arG
tjzpf ay;&r,f? ol@udk avhvmap&r,f?
tck vlxak &m igw@dk &aJ bmfawGyg tvkyt f awmfrsm;ae=uw,f? igw@dk
tdraf qmufa&; raqmufygapeJ@awmh? igw@dk jzpfovkyd J ae=u&atmif? jzpfygw,f?
udprP &Syd gb;l ? tdrrf +ydKEkid yf gb;l ?
Aoef;
13-12-78
uJ- tJ'gygyJ ol@pw d "f mwf?

aemuffqkH; pma=umif;uav;ukdyJ =unfhyg? usrwkd@tdrf tajctae
qk;d aevk@d ppfa'ou tdraf qmufay;r,fqw dk mukad wmif &JabmfawGa&m vlxyk g
tvkyrf sm;aevk@d ol@trd u f dk aqmufray;ygapeJ@awmhw?hJ
usru ygwaD cgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfol ol@avmufawmh Ekid if aH &;a&csed f
rjrifEh idk yf g? pmay,Ofaus;r_vnf; ol@avmufrjrifyh g? ok@d &mwGif usru ol@awmif;qkd
oavmuf jynf0h atmif rvku d ef mEkid o
f nfw
h idk f ol@pum;em;axmif+y;D wwfEidk o
f r#
&Jabmfaumif; wa,mufjzpfatmif }uKd;pm;cJyh gonf?
aemufyidk ;f wGif usrwk@d ol@vyk if ef;wm0ef ajymif;a±¸@rt_ & tcga'ojzpf
aom/ aemuf+yD; usr. arG;&yfajrjzpfaom ‘815 ppfa'o’rS ajymif;a±¸@ vmcJ&h yg
onf?
(71)
awmfveS af &;vkyif ef;wm0eftwGuf cGcJ mG =uOD;pk@d cspaf om ‘rJacgi’f a&@-
[lIawmh usr vufjyE_wq f ufcyhJ gonf?
· · · · · · ·
ckawmh rJacgiEf iS hf jyefvnf qkpH nf;um rJacgif v_id ;f ykwo f uH dk jyefvnf

=um;cGihf &ayOD;awmhrnf? usronf twdwu f dk jyefvnfawG;awmvGr;f armae&mrS
tcg awmifwef;rsm;ay:rSaeI rJacgib f ufudk rsuEf mS rlvu dk yf gonf?
usr tdrt f jyef usrwk@d a'o &Sr;f &Gmuav;rsm;ukd jzwfoef;pOfu vrf;
wav#muf tjyKid ;f t±kid ;f yGiahf e=uum avtvm ,dr;f EG@J ae=uaom ae=umyef;rsm;
udk jrifawG@&pOf arG;&yfajrukd cGcJ mG oGm;wJh tcgrav; jyeftvmukd }uKdqadk e=u
wmvm;uG,-f [k ar;vku d cf sirf yd gonf?
aemuf+yD; rJacgiu f aum uk, d u hf dk }uKdqadk erSmvm;[k ,ckawmh ar;&ay
awmhrnf? ar;onfjzpfap/ rar;onfjzpfap arG;&yfajr tcga'ou ol@&ifaoG;ukd
aEG;axG;pGm }uKdqrdk nfjzpfovkd rJacgiu f vnf; ol@aw;oHawGEiS hf tm;rmefawG
ay;a0vdrOhf ;D rnfq
f w dk m usr ,k=H unfpw d cf sxm;rdygonf?
wu,fwef;wGiv f nf; usr a&mufvmonf =um;onfEiS hf usrwk@d &mG
ol&mG om;rsm;u v_u d v
f ud_ v f v JS JS }uKdqadk e=uonfudk =unfE;l 0rf;ajrmufpmG awG@&dS
&ygonf?&Gmol&mG om;rsm;/ aqGrsK;d om;csi;f rsm;u usrab;rSm 0kid ;f vk@d ?
olw@dk u owif;ar;onfudk jyefajz&onf? olw@dk au|;wmawGudk tm;yg;
w& pm;&ovkd usrrSm yg&v dS monfrsm;ukv d nf; olw@dk udk ay;a0&onf? vlpJ
oGm;onfh tcg usr txl;*±kpu dk f pum;ajymjzpfonfrmS usrtpfr ‘a&Smif±’dk ESihf
&Gmu usrtcspq f ;Hk oli,fcsi;f wk@d udk jzpfonf? olw@dk udk ,ckvdk use;f use;f rmrm
jyefvnf awG@qcHk iG &hf onft h wGuf usr 0rf;omvk@d rqk;H ? olw@dk EiS hf pum;awG tm;yg;
w& ajymae&if;rS olw@dk . twdwu f tjzpftysuaf wGu usrpdwx f rJ mS jyefay:
vmojzifh aeomaeqJ ±kww f &uf wdrrf aJ wG zk;H tkyv f movkd usrpdwx f rJ mS tk@H rid_ ;f
oGm;rdonf?
twdww f ek ;f u uHq;dk cJah om tpfrrSm ,ckvnf; usravmufawmif
uHrvSygvm;[k pdwfraumif;jzpfrdonf? twdwfu '%f&m'%fcsufa=umifh
(72)
om;orD; r&Ekid af wmhonfb h 0a&mufomG ;&onfh oli,fcsi;f twGuv f nf; oem;vk@d
rqk;H ?
&Gma&mufp xkdnrSm usr aumif;aumif; tdyfraysmf? tdyfr&? &Gm
ta=umif;/ aqGrsK;d om;csi;f rsm;ta=umif;/ oli,fcsi;f awGta=umif; awG;awm&if;
twdwu f tcg trsK;d om;wk@d . qif;&J'u k aQ wGta=umif;ukv d nf; jyefowd&rdonf?
ygwaD &mufvm+yD; usrwk@d wawG vGwaf jrmufvm+yD; tcgtrsK;d om; jynfoal wG
aysm&f i¸ +f idr;f csr;f vm=uyk?H
tcga'oukd ‘815 ppfa'o’tjzpf ajymif;vJ+yD; ygwD.tvHawmf
atmuf0,f jynfov l xl tk us;dk onfy;dk xrf;&Guaf y;&mY usrcifyeG ;f onfrmS vnf;
tm;}uKd;rmefwuf pGr;f aqmifay;cJo h rl sm;wGif wOD;tygt0if jzpfco hJ nf? olonf
‘815 ppfa'o’ukd oHa,mZOf }uD;cJo h nf? tcgjynforl sm;tay: apwemxm;
onf? wm0eft& wjcm;a'ook@d ol ajymif;a&¸@vm&aomtcgwiG v f nf; tcg
a'oESihf tcgjynforl sm;udk olrarh? onfa'ota=umif; t+rJwrf; pkpH rf; ar;jref;
aewwfonf?
ok@d &mwGif ArmjynfEidk if aH &;ESihf urBmEh idk if aH &;rSm tajymif;tvJ}uD;awG
jzpfcohJ vkd usrwk@d vGwaf jrmufa'owGiv f nf; tajymif;tvJawG jzpfco hJ nf?
usrwk@d a'o acgi;f aqmifawGu ppftpk;d &ESihf ‘+idr;f csr;f a&;’[laom acgi;f pOf
atmufrmS em;vnf r_,v l u dk =f uonf? onftcg cifyeG ;f onf &Jabmfazaomif;
onf ygwDESifh aotwl &SifruGm ygwDtvHawmfatmufrSm æxkd@twl usr
onfvnf; &Jabmfazaomif;ESihf aotwl &Sirf uGm ygwt D vHawmf atmufrmS æ?
&Gm jyefa&mufonfh nrSm usrtawG;awG [kad &muf'aD &muf jzpfae&mrS
aemufq;Hk wGif ol@ta=umif; jyefa&mufomG ;cJo h nf?
usr em;vnfoavmuf olonf b,ftcsed af &mufa&muf ygwu D dk 0ef;&H
tm;jznfah &;ESihf jynfou l dk tvkyt f au|;jyKa&;twGuf olwwfprG ;f or# vkyaf y;zk@d
}uKd;pm;cJo h l jzpfonf? tajctaet& usrwk@d wbufEidk if w H iG f ckv
d aH_ exkid &f aom
b0ok@d a&mufomG ;csed w f iG v f nf; olonf olpOf;pm;or# ygwu D dk t}uaH y;wifjywm
rjywf vkyo f nfudk teD;uyf&adS eaom usru awG@xrd yd gonf?
ok@d &mwGif olonf ol qEN b,fvdk }uD;rm;aeonfjzpfap/ pdwo f mG ;wkid ;f
uk,d yf gEidk af om b0rsK;d um; r[kwaf wmh+yD? t±G,u f pum;ajymvm+yD? Z&mu
pum; ajymvm+yD? ol@cE<mukd,fESifh ol@a&m*gu pum;ajymvmcJh+yD jzpfonf?
(73)
ol@b0c&D;. aemufyidk ;f tcsed u f mvrsm;wGif Z&mESihf ol.wku d yf /JG a&m*gEiS hf ol.
wku d yf w
JG @dk udk ol ZGeJ bJEiS hf wku d yf 0JG ifcahJ om jzpfpOfjzpf+y;D usru teD;uyf ulnaD pmifh
a±Smufay;ol jzpfcahJ vonf?
ol@b0 ed*kH;ykdif;ta=umif; usr razmfjyvkdyg? jyefvnf awG;awm
pOf;pm;jcif;yif rjyKvkyd g? jyefvnf awG;awm pOf;pm;wkid ;f emusiaf =uuGrJ u _ &ifrmS
wpdrfhpdrfh tcsdef=umjrifhpGm wG,f+idv_dufpm;aewwfaoma=umifh jzpfygonf/
ok@d &mwGif xko d @dk 0rf;enf;a=uuGrJ _ jzpf&rnfudk odvsuu f yif usr r=umc%qko d vkd
'Dta=umif;awG jyefvnf pOf;pm;awG;awm aerdwwfygonf? xk@d twl 'Dta=umif;
awG usr razmfjyvko d nfw h idk f ol@b0.ed*;Hk ykid ;f ukd csev f yS x
f m;I roifah oma=umifh
usr }uKd;pm;+yD; azmfjy&ayOD;awmhrnf?
1998ckEpS /f *|ev f 6 &ufae@ eHeuf 4 em&Dct JG csed ?f wbufEidk if H aq;±kw H ±kH
. cGpJ wd cf ef;wGi;f ok@d vlemwifweG ;f vSn;f ay:rSm vku d yf g+y;D ol 0ifa&mufomG ;csed w f iG f
usronf cGpJ w d pf w
d cf ef;tjyifrmS pk;d &dryf yl efpw d rf sm; vdi_ ;f cwfaevsuf &if wxdwf
xdwjf zifh apmif;qkid ;f ae&avonf? usrESit hf wl &Jabmf±, _ Of/ &Jabmf a':OD;pde/f
&Jabmfrcif/ OD;rif;'ifEiS hf a':rmvkw@dk vifr,m;-wk@d onf usrukd tm;ay;az;r&if;
olw@dk u, dk f wkid v f nf; pk;d &dryf yl efpmG jzifh apmifq h idk ;f ae=uavonf/ usrorD;}uD;
aomif;arESihf om;i,f aomif;nGe@f w@dk rmS pmar;yGJ ajzqkad e=ucsed jf zpfojzifh olw@dk
taz.tajctaeukd uav;rsm;tm; today;rxm;ay? ol@a&m*gu qD;usw d f
uifqmæwJ?h ol@rmS rS 'D a&m*g jzpf&avjcif;æ?
ol@a&m*gudk cGpJ w d u f o k jcif; jyKrvm;-rjyKb;l vm; qko d nfudk q&m0efrsm;
t}udwt f e,f tjiif;tckev f yk +f yD; qk;jH zwfcsucf s&jcif; jzpfonf/ ta=umif;rlum;
ol@ qD;usw d u f ifqmtusw d o f nf aoG;v¸waf =umr}uD;. tm±kaH =umESihf odyf
eD;uyf vGe;f ojzifh cGpJ w d rf j_ yKygu ol@touftEW&,fudk pk;d &dr&f aoma=umifh jzpf
onf/
aemufq;Hk wGirf l cGpJ w d u f ok zk@d qk;H jzwfcsuf csvu kd =f uonf? cGpJ w d uf o k zk@d
oabmwla=umif; usru vufrw S af &;xk;d ay;vku d &f onf? ol@touf qkyH g;oGm;
rnfu h pd u P dk usr vufrw S x f ;dk ay;vku d &f wmrsm; jzpfavrvm;[k pk;d &drpf w d Ef iS hf
awG;awm&if; usr wv_u d v f u d_ f armvs aerdygonf/ q&m0efrsm;url tapm
uwnf;u &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; ajymxm;ESio hf nf? touf&iS rf nf-r&Sirf nfudk olw@dk
(74)
tmr rcHEidk yf g-wJ?h b,favmuf pk;d &dryf yl efz, G af umif;vku d w f hJ tajctaevJ?
ol@toufonf uH=urRm tay: rlwnfaeouJo h @dk æ?
cGpJ w
d uf o k cef;xJ ol 0ifomG ;+y;D aemuf 2 em&Dcef@t=umwGif ol@udk t"du
wm0ef,l cGpJ w d o f nfh q&m0ef cGpJ w d cf ef;xJrS xGuv f monf/ usr pk;d &draf eojzifh
q&m0ef. rsuEf mS ukyd if &J&J r=unf0h yHh g? ok@d &mwGif q&m0ef. rsuEf mS rSm 0rf;om
tm;& jzpfonfh t&dyt f a&mif oef;aeygonf? olu cGpJ w d vf u dk of nfh ausmufuyf
ukd ,lvm+y;D cGpJ w d uf ok r_ atmifjrifa=umif; 0rf;omtm;& ajymvmygonf? ol@cE<m
uk,d rf S uifqmtusw d uf dk z,f&mS ;Ekid vf u
dk +f yjD zpfovkd usryck;H rSm xrf;xifxm;ovkd
jzpfaeonfh pkd;&drfylyefr_ ausmufwkH;}ud;onfvnf; ,ckrSyif usrukd,fay:rS
av#musomG ;ygawmhonf?
ok@d &mwGif cGpJ w d cf ef; vlemwifweG ;f vSn;f ay:rSm ygvmaom olonf
arhaq;a=umifh ,cktcsed t f xd owdjyef vnfrvmao;yg? q&m0efrsm;uvnf;
ol owd jyefvnfrvmrSmukd pk;d =uojzifh ol@ab;rS ol@emrnfudk ac:+yD; E_;d E_;d ay;&ef/
jrefjrefE;dk vmav aumif;avætqufrjywf E_;d ay;yg[k ajymvmonf? usr E_;d rSm
ayg?h ol touf&iS f vmr,fq&dk if/ owdjyef&vmapr,fq&dk if &Siahf b;uae t+rJ
wap tqufrjywf E_;d aerSmæ&Siehf mrnfudk ac:aerSmaygh &Jabmfazaomif;&,f?
uHaumif;axmufrpGm olowd jyefvnfvmygonf? ol touf&iS cf yhJ g+y?D
aq;±krH S q&m0ef q&mrrsm;ESihf ab;rS tultnDay;ae=uaom usrwk@d . &Jabmf&J
bufrsm;. aus;Zl;ukd usr b,fawmhr# arhEidk v f rd rhf nf r[kwyf g/
8 ESp?f [kwu f ?hJ cGpJ w
d u
f o k r_atmifjrif+yD;aemuf olonf 8 ESpw f wd d
touf&Sif aexkdifoGm;cJhygonf? okd@&mwGif uifqma&m*gu cE<mukd,fwGif;rS
tjrpfjywfroGm;bJ wjznf;jznf; ys@H E@HS aeojzifh olonf a&m*gEiS hf wku d yf q
JG if&if;
touf&iS af exkid &f jcif; jzpfygonf? 3 vwcg aq;±ko H @dk omG ;jy+yD; a&m*gppfaq;um
vkt d yfaom ukor_w@dk udk cH,&l onf?
oluawmh tm;rmefudk t+rJarG;um ZGeJ bJEiS hf tvkyv f yk &f if; T8 ESpf
tawmtwGif; ol vkyfEkdifwmav;awGukd }uKd;pm;vkyfaqmifoGm;cJhygonf?
ygwt D wGuf ol wwfEidk o f r# t}uHjyKv$mrsm; a&;wifonf? ol. zufqpfawmf
vSeaf &; tawG@t}uKHrsm; ukd “vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygi;f 60 u”[laom acgi;f pOfjzifh
vnf;aumif;/ ol. Ekid if aH &;tawG@t}uKHrsm;ukd “av#mufcw hJ hJ Ekid if aH &;c&D;ukd jyef
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(75)
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tay:rSmawmif tm;emwwfoyl g?
(76)
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(77)
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(78)
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(79)
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· · · · · ·
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(80)
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(81)
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tmrcHcsurf mS rJacgi. f aoG;pnf;oH? jynfow l &yfv;Hk ESihf aoG;pnf; nDnw G +f yD;
wjynf v k H ; vG w f a jrmuf r S rJ a cgif . atmif y G J r S m ck d i f r mwnf w H h v mrS m yg?
xktd csed uf sv#ijf zifh rJacgijf rpf. v_id ;f cwfoH pnf;csuw f @dk onf *DwoDusL;um csKo d m
vm Ekid af umif;&J@? nufanm +ird ahf nmif; vmEkid af umif;&J@? onfo@dk usrar#mv f ifrh d
onf? onfo@dk jzpfvmap&efvnf; usr qEN jyif;jyaerdygonf?
tem*wfrmS vSyvif;vufpmG zGiv hf pS v f mrnfh jynfo@l b0opfudk tdyf
ruf ruf&if; rJacgio f nf tvsOrf jywfp;D qif;aeqJ? awmifwef;pdr;f pdr;f }u;D awGay:rS
rJacgijf rpfbuf rsuEf mS rl&if;u usronf &ifxrJ S v_u d v f jSJ yif;jypGmqENwckjyKrdyg
onf/
“rJacgi&f @J tarSmifncif;ærk;d pifpifvif;ygap/ rk;d jrefjrefvif;ygap”? ?
&JabmfreD m(tcga'o)
wnf;jzwfo-l ESi;f qDviG jf yifpmay
(82)

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