PRESENTATION

LAYOUT
 Presentation include:

 Introduction to voltmeter and its connections

 Ac voltmeters
 Dc voltmeters
 Analogue voltmeters
 Digital voltmeters
 Multirange voltmeters
 Advantages & disadvantages of voltmeters
 WHAT IS VOLTMETER
 Voltmeter is an instrument used to measure voltage, potential
difference or voltage drop across a component or in a circuit.

 It was invented by a Danish physicist Hans Oersted in 1819.

 CONNECTING A VOLTMETER
 Voltmeter has two probes by it is connected in a circuit.

 One is “pos” or “red” and other one is “neg” or “common”. It

is connected such as that it became parallel to the circuit.

 When it is in parallel, it became a part of circuit and reduces

the total resistance of the circuit.
 VOLTMETER TYPES

 Voltmeters are mainly classified on the basis of current

type & display type:

 Current type:
Ac voltmeter
Dc voltmeter

 Display type:
Analogue voltmeters
Digital voltmeters
 MULTIPLIER RESISTOR
 A very basic Dc meter can be constructed by placing a high value
resistance called multiplier, in series with basic d’Arsonval meter.

 The multiplier resistor limits the current through d’Arsonval

meter so as not to exceed the value of full scale deflection current.

 So a potential difference is created proportional to the applied

voltage that is measured by the voltmeter.
 For this the resistance of multiplier must be determined to
measure the desired voltage.
 For this applying KVL in circuit:

V = ImR s + I mR m

I m R s = V - Im R m

Rs = V/Im - Rm
 ACCURACY OF VOLTMETER

 Loading effect have a serious effect on voltmeter accuracy,

especially for low current circuits.

 The accuracy of a voltmeter (Kv) is defined as the ratio of

measured voltage when the meter is in the circuit (Vw) to the
voltage measured with the meter out of the circuit(Vo).

Kv = Vw/Vo
 AC TYPE VOLTMETER
 AC electromechanical meter movements come in two basic
arrangements:

 Based on Dc movement design

 Engineered especially for Ac

 In (PMMC) it will not work properly if directly connected.

 Permanent-magnet meter movements, like permanent-

magnet motors, are devices whose motion depends on the
polarity of the applied voltage.
 Ac through this movement will cause the needle to flutter back
and forth uselessly according to the polarity changes each time.
 DC STYLE METERS
 In order to use a DC-style meter movement such as the
D'Arsonval design, the alternating current must be rectified into
DC. This is most easily accomplished through the use of devices
called diodes.
 Another way is also available avoiding (PMMC) Probably
the simplest design is to use a nonmagnetized iron vane to
move the needle against spring tension, the vane being
attracted toward a stationary coil of wire energized by the
AC quantity to be measured.
 ELECTROSTATIC VOLTMETERS

 These are designed to measure high potential differences;

typically from a few hundred to many thousands volts.

 The electrostatic voltmeter utilizes the attraction force

between two charged surfaces to create a deflection of a
pointer directly calibrated in volts.

 Electrostatic meter movements are capable of measuring very

high voltages up to 200kv without need for range resistors or
other, external apparatus and have high accuracy.
 Typical construction is shown in the engraving. The pivoted
sector NN is attracted to the fixed sector QQ. The moving
sector indicating the voltage by the pointer P and is
counterbalanced by the small weight w or a spring.
 When two parallel conducting plates (cross section area A and
spacing x)are charged q and have a potential difference V, then
the energy stored in the is given by

Energy stored W = 1
2 C V2 so that change d W = 12 V 2 d C = F d x

dC
 Force F = 12 V 2 N
dx

A dC A
for uniform field Capacitance C = so that =- 2
x dx x

2
 F = - 12 A  V2 N
x
 It is thus seen that the force of attraction is proportional to the
square of the potential difference applied, so that the meter
reads the square value and tells
the value whatever it is.

2
V
F= - A 2 N
1
2
x

 Its benefit is that it has very high input impedance means that
no need to draw a current from the circuit.
 RMS RESPONDING VOLTMETER

 RMS voltage is absolutely the most common way to measure AC

voltage.

 RMS voltage will give you information that how much work will
be done by an AC voltage. The RMS voltage of a pure sine wave is
approximately 0.707 peak voltage.

 If you read voltage with a voltmeter you are generally given the
RMS voltage of the wave form.
 TRUE RMS VOLTMETER
 AC source to be measured is connected across a resistor of
known value, and the heat output of that resistor is measured
with a device like a thermocouple.

 This would provide a far more direct measurement means of

RMS than any conversion factor could.
 If you have a 'true RMS' voltmeter, the meter measures the
instantaneous voltage at regular time intervals.
 The microprocessor in the voltmeter then 'squares' all of the
voltages at each point and adds the squared values together. It
then calculates the average (mean) from the squared values.
And finally... it calculates the square root of the average
(mean) value.
 ANALOGUE & DIGITAL METERS
 Analogue meters use a needle and calibrated scale
to indicate values.

 Digital meters displays those values on a digital

display.
 Analogue voltmeter
 A moving coil galvanometer can be used as a voltmeter by
inserting a resistor in series with the instrument. It is the basic
construction of voltmeter.

 It employs a small coil of fine wire suspended in a strong magnetic

field.

 The angular rotation is proportional to the current through the

coil.
 CONSTRUCTION
 A moving coil galvanometer is shown in figure:

 The red wire carries the

Current to be measured.

 The restoring spring is in green.

 N & S are the permanent magnets.

 Needle moves on a calibrated analogue scale.

 ANALOGUE VOLTMETER SENSITIVITY
 The sensitivity of such a meter can be expressed as "ohms per
volt", the number of ohms resistance in the meter circuit divided
by the full scale measured value.

 Example:

a meter with a sensitivity of 1000 ohms per volt would draw 1

milliampere at full scale voltage; if the full scale was 200 volts, the
resistance at the instrument's terminals would be 200,000 ohms
and at full scale the meter would draw 1 milliampere from the
circuit under test.
 For multi-range instruments, the input resistance varies as the
instrument is switched to different ranges.

 Moving-coil instruments with a permanent-magnet field respond

only to direct current.

 Measurement of AC voltage requires a rectifier in the circuit so

that the coil deflects in only one direction.

 Moving-coil instruments are also made with the zero position in

the middle of the scale instead of at one end; these are useful if the
voltage reverses its polarity.
 DIGITAL VOLTMETERS
 The first digital voltmeter was invented and produced by Andrew
Kay of Non-Linear Systems (and later founder of Kaypro) in 1954.
 READING
READING ANALOGUE
ANALOGUE SCALES
SCALES

 Check the setting of the range switch and choose an appropriate

scale. For AC voltage ranges use the red markings because the
calibration of the scale is slightly different.
 Sample readings on the scales
shown:

DC 10V range: 4.4V (read 0-10 scale directly)

DC 50V range: 22V (read 0-50 scale directly)
DC 25mA range: 11mA (read 0-250 and divide by 10)
AC 10V range: 4.45V (use the red scale, reading 0-10)
 Digital voltmeters (DVMs) are usually designed around a
special type of analog-to-digital converter called an integrating
converter.

 Typically, an A/DC is an electronic device that converts an

input analog voltage or current to a digital number
proportional to the magnitude of the voltage or current.

 Voltmeter accuracy is affected by many factors, including

temperature and supply voltage variations.
 ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL
VOLTMETER
Digital voltmeters are accurate so they can measure the values up
to milli-volts.

In order to check if any component is defective, you have the

option to test voltage using a digital voltmeter.
Itconstantly takes readings at regular intervals
according to the setting of the clock.

lessfluctuations are in the case of digital

voltmeter.

In digital voltmeters there is no need of adjusting

scale.
DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL
VOLTMETERS
Digital voltmeter require a battery to operate and if
this battery is damaged , than we can not made
measurements with this digital voltmeter.

Itis difficult to read values on digital voltmeter from

some distance.
ADVANTAGES OF ANALOGUE
VOLTMETER
Analogue voltmeters do not require a battery to
operate.

Analog meters are easier to read at a distance.

 DISADVANTAGES
OF ANALOGUE VOLTMETER
That are not so fast as digital voltmeters.

They are not so sensitive so with the help of analogue voltmeters we

can not measure the values in milli-volts.

Analogue voltmeters are not very accurate.

ANALOGUE VS DIGITAL
Digital voltmeters do require a functioning battery
to operate but analog do not require this.

Ifbattery fails the digital voltmeters do not work but

analog is working.

A digitalvoltmeter has a higher input impedance,

and is more sensitive than an analog meter .
Digitalvoltmeters can be read much more
accurately, to four digits or more.

Analog meters are easier to read at a distance.

Digital voltmeter does not illustrate the change in

values. But on a high quality analogue voltmeter the
needle swing gradually.
 REFRENCES

www.wikipedia.org
www.ehow.com
www.allaboutcircuits.com
www.laurels.com
www.datelmeters.com
www.voltmeterguage.com