SEK.

MEN SAINS MUZAFFAR SYAH

9.3

Describe a transistor in terms of its terminal A transistor has three leads connected to the emitter, base and collector. The emitter emits or sends charge carriers through the thin base layer to be collected by the collector. There is two-type of transistor: npn transistor and pnp transistor. In an npn transistor the emitter sends negative electrons to the collector. In an pnp transistor, the p-type emitter sends positive holes to the collector. In both cases, the arrow on the emitter shows the direction of current flow. The output current, of a transistor flows between the emitter and the collector. The current in the collector lead is called collector current, IC. The base current, IB is used to control the collector current through the transistor. The base current can be used to switch the collector current on or off. 1. Base current is too small compared to the collector current. The unit of base current is A while the unit for the collector current is mA. ( Ic >>>> IB ) Current = Collector current Amplication base current Emitter current, IE is equal the sum of base current and collector current IE = IB + IC Ie > Ic > IB

2.

Transistor as a current amplifier

3.

A small change in the base current, results in a big change in the collector current, Ic >>>>Ib

Transistor as an automatic switch

4.

If there is no current flow in the base circuit, then there is also no current flow in the collector circuit. IB = 0 then IC = 0 transistor is switch off IB flows then IC flows transistor is switch on

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Activity 1: To find the relationship between the base current (IB) and collector current, (IC) in a transistor Hypothesis: _________________________________________________________________________ Manipulated variable : _________________________ Responding variable : ___________________ Controlled variable : ____________________________

Apparatus : transistor, resistors of 2.2 k, 3.9 k, 4.7 k, 6.8 k, 8.2 k and 10.0 k, connecting wires, dry cells, milliammeters with range 0 1 mA and 0 100 mA 1. Switch S1 is open and switch S2 is closed. The readings of the ammeters are recorded. 2. Both switches S1 and S2 are closed. The readings of the ammeters are recorded. Repeat the experiment by replacing the 10.0 k in the base circuit with 8.2 k, 6.8 k, 4.7 k, 3.9 k and 2.2 k.

R / k IB / mA Ic / mA

2.2 0.60 94.0

3.9 0.45 70.0

4.7 0.32 46.0

6.8 0.20 36.0

8.2 0.13 24.0

10.0 0.08 10.0

Plot graph of IC against IB. Calculate the gradient of the graph.

Discussion 1. Which milliammeters measure Base current: Collector current : 2. When S1 opened, S2 closed : IB = ______ IC = _____ 3. How would the readings of the milliammeter A1 and A2 compare?

4. What does the gradient of the graph represent?

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Conclusion: A small increase in the ______ current results in a big increase in the ____________ current.

Describe how a transistor can be used as an automatic switch. Potential divider circuit Choose a suitable resistor R1 and a variable resistor R2. The voltage at base terminal can be adjusted to switch the transistor on or off. If the variable resistor = 0, base voltage = 0 and the transistor remains off. If the variable resistor is increased, the base voltage increases. When the base voltage reaches certain minimum value, the base current switches the transistor on. The large collector current flows through the transistor causing the bulb to light up.

If the variable resistor in the transistor is replaced by a device such as light dependent resistor (LDR), a thermistor or a microphone, the transistor can be used as an automatic switch controlled by light, heat or sound Activity 2: A light controlled switch 1. 2. The LDR has a very ___________ resistance in darkness and a _________ resistance in light. R is a fixed _____________ The LDR and R form a potential divider in the circuit. Circuit switches on the bulb at night and switches off the bulb at day time automatically Draw a circuit diagram

Circuit switches on the light at daytime and switches off the bulb at night automatically

In daylight, the LDR has a very _______ resistance as compared to R. Therefore the base voltage is ___________ enough to switch the transistor on and to light ________ the bulb. In darkness, the LDR has a very _________ resistance and therefore the base voltage is too ________ to switch the transistor ________. The bulb light _____

In daylight, the LDR has a very _______ resistance as compared to R. Therefore the base voltage is too ___________ to switch the transistor on In darkness, the LDR has a very _________ resistance and the base voltage is ________ to switch the transistor ________ to light ______ the bulb.

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Activity 3: Design a temperature operated switch The resistance of a thermistor varies with temperature. When the temperature increases, the resistance of the thermistor will _________

Thermistor
Figure shows a transistor-based circuit that function as a heat controlled switch. At room temperature, the thermistor has a . resistance compared to R. Therefore, the base voltage of the transistor is too low to switch on the transistor.

Diode RB high

Relay

Alarm

When the thermistor is heated, its . drops considerablely compared to R. Therefore, the ., VB is high enough to switch . the transistor. When the transistor is switch on, the relay switch is activated and the relay is switched . The circuit can also be used in a fire alarm system.

Transistor as a Current Amplifier A transistor functions as a current amplifier by allowing a small current to control a larger current. The magnitude of the ., IC is primarily determined by the .., IB. A .. change in the base current, IB will cause a .. change in the collector current, IC. The current amplification can be calculated as follows: A

mA

R2 R1 R IB IE

IC

Current Amplification

I C I B

Transistor circuit II (need one cell) Rx and RY : Voltage divider VRx = VRY = Rx ( Rx + Ry) x V

Ry xV ( Rx + Ry)

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TUTORIAL 9.3
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. Diagram 1 shows a symbol for npn transistor. Electrodes P, Q and R refer to

4. What are the electrical components that must be placed at P and Q in the circuit as shown in Diagram 2

Diagram 1 P Base Base Collector Emitter Q Emitter Collector Base Base R Collector Emitter Emitter Collector

Diagram 2 P Bulb Battery Resistor Bulb Q Bulb Bulb Battery resistor

A B C D

A B C D

2. The diagram shows the symbol for a transistor.

5. An npn transistor is connected to a dc power supply as shown in Diagram 3.

Which of the following shows the correct name of the electrode P and the type of the transistor? (2003) Electrode P Type of transistor Emitter pnp Collector pnp Emitter npn Collector npn

Diagram 3 Which of the following is correct? A Ie > Ic >Ib B Ie > Ib >Ic C Ic > Ie >Ib D Ic > Ib >Ie 6. In which circuit does the bulb light up? (2004)

A B C D

3. Which symbol represents the pnp transistor?

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7. The function of transistor in the circuit shown in Diagram 5 is ___

11. In which circuit will the light-emitting diode (LED) light up when the switch is on? (2005)

A. B. C. D.

Diagram 5 Rectifier Amplifier Automatic switch Voltage divider

8. The function of the transistor in the circuit shown in Diagram 6 is 12. Which of the following circuits can function? (2006)

A. B. C. D.

Diagram 6 Receiver A switch Transmitter Heater 13. Diagram shows an automatic switch circuit to light up a bulb at night.

10. Which of the following shows the correct circuit to light up the bulb during daylight but light off the bulb at night.

What changes should be done to light up the bulb during the day time? (2007) A. Reverse the therminals of the battery B. Interchange R1 and R2 C. Replace the npn transistor with a pnp transistor D. Replace resistor R3 with a resistor of lower resistance

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STRUCTURE QUESTIONS 1. Diagram 7 shows a light dependent resistor (LDR), resistors R and S, a light emmiting diode (LED), a transistor and a battery that will be connected to form a circuit. The LED emits lights when it is in a bright surroundings.

(i) State one electronic component which needs to be replaced. Give a reason for your answer. _____________________________ _____________________________ [2] (ii) Name two electronic components that are needed to replace the unsuitable components. _____________________________ _____________________________ [2] E. In the space below, draw a circuit diagram to show the new circuit. [2]

Diagram 7 (a) (i) State one function of a transistor. ________________________________ [1] (ii) Complete the circuit in Figure 25.1 so that the LED emits light in a bright surroundings. [1] (iii) Give one reason why LED emits light in a bright surroundings. _________________________________ [1] (b) What modification is required to the circuit so that the LED will emits light when the surroundings become dark? ________________________________ [1] (c) An alarm is needed which emits sound when there is a fire. Two modifications have to be made to the circuit in (a)(ii) by replacing electronic components. 2. Diagram 7 shows a circuit that acts as a switch to light up bulb M when the surrounding at P is dark. P is a light dependent resistor LDR.

Diagram 7

(a) What is the characteristic of LDR? ___________________________________

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(b)(i) Name component Q. __________________________________ (ii) What is the function of component Q? _________________________________ (c) What is the function of resistor R? ___________________________________ (d) (i) What is the change to the voltage Vp when the surrounding P is dark? __________________________________ (ii) How does the change of the voltage light up the bulb M? __________________________________ (e) Explain why the bulb must not be connected directly to the circuit switch. ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ SPM 2006 Section A # 7(c) 3. (c) The door of a lift is fitted with a light transmitter and a detector which is a light dependent resistor. If the light dependent resistor detects light, the relay switch is activated and the lift door will close. Diagram 8 shows an electronic circuit for the control system of the lift door. (iii) Explain how the circuit functions. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ [3 m] (i) State the relationship between the resistance and the intensity of light received by the light dependent resistor. ________________________________ ________________________________ (ii) Complete the circuit in Diagram 8 by drawing the resistor and the light dependent resistor using the symbols given below.

Diagram 8

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SPM 2007 Section B 10(d) 4. Diagram 9 shows a circuit with a transistor that acts as an automatic switch.

Diagram 9 The transistor in the circuit causes the light diode (LED) to light up when it is dark. A technician wants a fan labeled 240 V, 100 W in a room to be automatically switched on when the room is hot. Suggest modifications that can be made to the circuit in Diagram 4 so that the fan can be automatically switched on when the room is hot. State and explain the modifications based on the following aspects: - the electrical components that are needed to replace the LED and the light dependent resistor (LDR) in the circuit. - The positions of the electrical components in the circuit. [10 m]

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