15.

Effects of Heat Energy

Effects of Heat
Expansion : Occurs when things are heated. Heat energy is gained by the body and results in an increase in size.

Effects of Heat
Contraction: Occurs when things are cooled. Heat energy is lost by the body and results in a decrease in size.

Expansion of Solids
Solids expand when heated.

Expansion of Solids
Different solids expand at different rates.
Invar 0.1 mm/m Pyrex Platinum alloy Glass 1m length solid bars when heated to 1000C Concrete Steel Brass Aluminum 0.3 mm/m 0.9 mm/m 0.9 mm/m 1 mm/m 1 mm/m 2 mm/m 3 mm/m

Expansion of Liquids
Liquids expand when heated. When heating water in a beaker, you will initially notice a dip in the water level before the water level rises.

Expansion of Liquids
Different liquids expand at different rates.

Expansion of Gases
Gases expand when heated.

Expansion in Solids, Liquids and Gases

For a same rise in temperature, gas expands more than liquid, and liquid expands more than solid.

Expansion and Contraction of Water

As temperature increases from 4OC to 100 OC, water expands. But from 0OC to 4OC, water contracts, i.e. its volume decreases. At 4OC, water has the lowest volume and therefore it has the highest density (since density = Mass/ Volume and mass is constant).

1g/cm3 Density Ice Volume Temperature/oC

4oC

Density

How do marine life survive during cold weather?

Expansion Problem in Solids

Small Gaps

Railway gaps are left along the rails to allow for expansion.

Expansion Problem in Solids

Bridge one end on the bridge is fixed while a gap is left at the other end supported by rollers.

Expansion Problem in Solids

Gaps filled with bitumen

Concrete Ground

Pavement small gaps between cement sections are filled with soft black bitumen.

Expansion Problem in Liquids

Bottles containing liquids are never completely filled. This allow space for expansion when the surrounding temperature is higher.

Expansion Problem in Gases

Aerosol cans carry a warning - to be stored in cool places.

Application of Expansion and Contraction - Riveting

Rivets are applied when heated. Once cooled, they contract and bind the metal sheets together tightly.

Application of Expansion and Contraction Bimetallic Strip

Bimetallic strips works on the principle that different metal expands / contracts at different rate for the same increase / decrease in temperature.

Application of Bimetallic Strip Heating Element Control

Application of Bimetallic Strip Fire Alarm

Application of Expansion and Contraction Hot air balloons

Hot air balloons depend on the low density of the hot air to float. The air in the balloon is heated up which causes its volume to increase. Therefore the density of the hot air decreases. As the air in the balloon is less dense than the surrounding air, the balloon floats.

Melting & Boiling Points

Melting point is the temperature where solid changes to liquid Boiling point is the temperature where liquid changes to gas

Temperature
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold a body is.

Temperature
Temperature of a substance is commonly measured in degree Celsius (C). SI unit : Kelvin (K)

Temperature
Thermometer is the instrument used to measure temperature accurately

Temperature
Why is a thermometer needed? Is touching a good means of measuring temperature?

Temperature
An object that is very hot would burn the hand when in contact. Feeling is not an accurate means, as it only measures relative temperature differences.

Temperature
Put left hand in cold and right hand in hot water. After some time, place both hands into lukewarm water. You would find that left hand feels hot while right hand feels cold.

Temperature
Water boils at 100C Ice melts at 0C Normal body temperature is at 37C

Temperature
Thermometers make use of a measurable physical property that varies with temperature. A Thermometer measures temperature in degree Celsius (oC).

Temperature
Ice point is the temperature at which pure ice melts at 0OC

Temperature
Steam point is the temperature at which pure water boils under normal conditions at 100OC.

Liquid in Glass Lab thermometer

Purpose For Laboratory Use Range : -10oC 110oC

Liquid in Glass Clinical thermometer

Purpose Measure body temp Range : 35oC 42oC A constriction serves to prevent the mercury thread from going back into the bulb after the thermometer is removed from the mouth.

Thermocouple thermometer

Purpose Lab use, strength of current varies with temperature

Resistance thermometer

Purpose Lab use, resistance of wire changes with changes in temperature

Bimetallic thermometer
Purpose Measure hot oven/ molten metal Ranges: 0 to 400OC

Constant Volume Gas Thermometer

Pressure of the gas at constant volume varies with changes in temperature

Liquid Crystal Thermometer

Chemical changes which bring about colour changes

End