Calorimetr y

Franz Laurence L. Alvarez Louise Gabrielle M. Valdez

Theoretical Framework


Calorimetry
Science of measuring the heats of reaction Calorimetric techniques: based on the measurement of heat that may be:
  

Generated (exothermic) Consumed (endothermic) Dissipated Construct a surroundings retains heat, where temperature change is observed

In measuring change in enthalpy (H):



Theoretical Framework


Calorimeter
Apparatus used to measure heat released or absorbed Acts as the surroundings


Changes temperature when heat is transferred to or from the system

Calorimeter:

Theoretical Framework


Heat capacity
Quantity of heat required to change an objects temperature by 1K

Specific heat capacity

Quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1K

Theoretical Framework


 

The heat released (Q) by a reaction is absorbed by the calorimeter and any substances in the calorimeter. The following energy balance exists if the only substance in the calorimeter is water: 0 = Qcal + Qwater Remember: First law of Thermodynamics when energy is transferred from one object to another, it appears as work and/or as heat

Experimental


Part A: Calorimeter Constant

10mL of tap water Calorimeter with thermometer Record temperature until 3 identical readings
This is the initial temperature of calorimeter and water.

10mL of hot water

Heat to 50oC
(use another thermometer)

50mL of tap water

Calorimeter with tap water

Record temperature every 3s until temp becomes constant for 4 successive readings.

This is the final /equilibrium temperature.

Part B: Heat of Fusion

10mL of tap water Calorimeter with thermometer Record temperature until 3 identical readings
This is the initial temperature of calorimeter and water.

Calorimeter with tap water

Record temperature every 3s until temp becomes constant for 4 successive readings.

Determine weight of beaker with tissue and weight of ice.

Weigh 10g of ice in beaker with tissue paper at bottom

This is the final /equilibrium temperature.

Part C: Heat of Reaction

Record temperature of each reagent
Place in water bath if temp is not equal

Read temperature (initial temp)

Measure volume

Set I: 5.5mL 6M HCl + 4.5mL 6M NaOH Set II 5.5mL 6M HOAc + 4.5mL 6M NaOH Set III 5.5mL 6M HCl + 4.5mL 6M NH4OH

Record temperature every 3s until temp becomes constant

Mix reagents in calorimeter

Results


Part A
Time (s) Temperature (oC)

0 40

3 41

6 41

9 41

12 41

15 41

     

Mass of tap water: 10g Mass of hot water: 10g Initial temperature of tap water: 35oC Initial temperature of hot water: 50oC Equilibrium temperature: 41oC Calorimeter constant, cal/oC: 5 cal/oC

Part A.
Evaluation of alo imeter Con tant .

Temperature (C)

.8 . . .

.8 8 Time (s)

Results

        

Part B
Time (s) Temp (oC) 23 20 17 15 13 12 11 10 10 9 9 Time (s) 33 39 42 45 4 51 54 55 57 7.5 7.5 7 7 7 7 Temp (oC) .5

Mass of tap water: 10g Mass of ice + beaker + tissue: 34.45g Mass of beaker + tissue: 24.39g Mass of ice: 10.06g Initial temperature of tap water: 34oC Initial temperature of ice: 0oC Equilibrium temperature: 7oC Calorimeter constant: 5 cal/oC Heat of fusion of ice, cal/g: 37.74 cal/g

0 3 6 9 12 15 1 21 24 27 30

Part B.
Evaluat on of H at Fusion of I

Temperature ( )

Time (s)

Results


Part C.
Set I: 5.5mL 6M HCl + 4.5mL 6M NaOH Mols of HCl: 0.033 mols Mols of NaOH: 0.027 mols Mols of limiting reagent: 0.027 mols H of neutralization: -15.56 x 103 cal/mol
Time (s) 0 3 6 9 12 15 1 21 24 27 Temperature (oC) 35 45 54 5 60 62 63 63 63 63

Part C: Set I
Evaluation o H at o action o S t I

p atu

(C)

( )

Part C.
Set II: 5.5mL 6M HOAc + 4.5mL 6M NaOH Mols of HOAc: 0.033 mols Mols of NaOH: 0.027 mols Mols of limiting reagent: 0.027 mols H of neutralization: -3.61 x 103 cal/mol
Time (s) 0 3 6 9 12 15 Temperature (oC) 50 55 56 56.5 56.5 56.5

Part C: Set II
Eval ation of at of R action of t II

ratur

Part C.
Set III: 5.5mL 6M HCl + 4.5mL 6M NH4OH Mols of HCl: 0.033 mols Mols of NH4OH: 0.027 mols Mols of limiting reagent: 0.027 mols H of neutralization: -13.33 x 103 cal/mol

Time (s) 0 3 6 9 12 15 1 21 24 27 30

Temperature (oC) 34 43 49 52 55 56 57 57.5 5 5 5

Evalua i
70 60 50 eau e 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10

f Hea

f Reac i

f Se III

Te

15 Ti e s

20

25

30

35

Discussion
   

Part A: Calorimeter Constant Qhot water + Qtap water + Qcalorimeter = 0 *Q = m c t ; Qcalorimeter = ccalorimeter t Qcal = -mtapcttap mhotcthot

Part A: Calculations
 Qcal

= -mtapcttap mhotcthot

= -(10g) (1.00 cal/goC) [(41-35) + (41-50)]oC = 30 cal

 Ccal

= Qcal/t

= 30cal / (41-35)oC = 5 cal/oC

Discussion


Part B: Heat of Fusion

 Hfusion

= (-Qice Qtap Qcal)

mice

Part B: Calculations


Hfusion = -Qice Qtap Qcal mice

= {[-10.06g(4.1 4J/goC)(7-0)oC] [10g(4.1 4J/goC)(7-34)oC] [(5cal/oC)(7-34)oC(4.1 4J/cal)]} 10.06g = 139.15 J/g 33.25 cal/g

Discussion


Part C: Heat of Neutralization Hneut = (-Qcal Qsoln) mollimiting Hneut = (-Ccalt msolncspt) mollimiting Hneut = [-msolncsp(tf - ti) Ccal (tf - ti)] mollimiting

  

Part C: Set I: Calculations

  

Hneut = (-Qcal Qsoln) mollimiting Hneut = (-Ccalt msolncspt) mollimiting Hneut = [-msolncsp(tf - ti) Ccal (tf - ti)] mollimiting

= [(-10g)(1.00cal/goC)(63-35)oC (5cal/ oC)(63-35)oC] 0.027 mol = -15.56 x 103 cal/mol

Part C: Set II: Calculations

Hneut = (-10g)(1.00cal/goC)(56.5-50)oC (5cal/oC)(56.5-50)oC 0.027 mol


= -3.61 x 103 cal/mol

Part C: Set III: Calculations

Hneut = (-10g)(1.00cal/goC)(5 -34)oC (5cal/oC)(5 -34)oC 0.027 mol


= -13.33 x 103 cal/mol

COMPARISON OF VALUES
  

Experimental Values Hfusion = 139.15 J/g Hneut(SET I) = -15.56 x 103 cal/mol Hneut(SET II) = -3.61 x 103 cal/mol Hneut(SET III) = -13.33 x 103 cal/mol

  

Theoretical Values 333.55 J/g -13.4 x 103 cal/mol -13.42 x 103 cal/mol -11.92 x 103 cal/mol

Conclusion and Recommendation



Calorimetry is very helpful in determining heats of reaction especially in chemistry experiments. We found out that heat is related with temperature and it can be defined in many ways. Conservation o energy is also a part of heat processes were heat is neither created or destroyed but instead, it is passed on by the system to the surroundings or vice versa. Conservation of such energy gives definition for endothermic and exothermic reactions.

Conclusion and Recommendation



Calorimeter constant is the specific heat of the calorimeter. Specific heats of different calorimeters vary from each other. The heat o usion is the amount of thermal energy which must be absorbed or evolved for 1 mole of a substance to change states from a solid to a liquid or vice versa. The heat of fusion in the experiment may be positive or negative with respect to different substances. It is endothermic in the experiment with respect to ice.

Conclusion and Recommendation



The heat o neutralization is the amount of heat involved (either given off or absorbed) in the neutralization reaction of acids and bases to form salt and water. Different factors affect the experiment that led to different experimental errors and that not all experimental measurements were so accurate.