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sbpw Ipdn ]T-ns ^e-kozhikode-673
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p.o.\merikunnu,
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first
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january 1998
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tZthm `mKw bYm ]qcvth kwPm-\m\m D]m-ktX
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(EtKzZw 101902, 3, 4)

(Atbm a\p-jytc, \n Fm-hcpw Hn-n, At\ym\yw

kwhmZw \S-p-hn, \n-fpsS a\v Htc Adnhv D-Xm-Is.
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a\v Hm-bn-cn-s. C{]-Imcw \n-fpsS ip`-amb an{XX kZm
]pe-cs.)

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apK `c-Wm-\-cw jm A_vZp Akokv Zlvehn (17461824), AIv_ jm

14

1 5

\Po_v B_mZn (1857 1938), knZv k\mDm Aar-X-kcn (18681948), auem\m

A_p Iemw BkmZv (18881958) XpS-nb {]apJ ]n-Xamcpw lnp-aXspdnv Bg-n ]T\w \Sn.
Fm, lnp-aX
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thZ-sf {]am-Wa- mn DS-se-Sp {]h-\
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{ian \thm-m\ inev]n-If- psS Nn-Ifpw At\z-jW

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sNdn-bXpw al-z-h-cn-m Cu hmZw klm-bn-pp. kaq-l-nse `cW-]-ctam kmwkvIm-cn-Itam Bb cwKv kvXpXyl-amb tkh\w sNbvX-hsc
Ah-cpsS Ime-tijw ssZh-am-pp. ]ptcm-ln-Xamcpw Ihn-Ifpw `c-W-IqShpw X-fpsS Xm]cy kwc--I-cm-bmWv Ahsc hymJym-\nv ssZh-am-pI.
\mfp-I ]nn-Spw-tXmdpw Ah-cpsS alzw h[npw. Znhy-in tNmZyw
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Ah m\w t\Sn. BZn-bn IY-I-fnepw Ihn-X-bnepw \ndp\n hyn-Xz Cv ssZh-fpw aX-m-]-I-cp-amWv. lnp-aX Ncn-{X-n kmaqlnI
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1 6

1 7

AXns imk-\I
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- f- n kqvaX ]pem\pw
t{]cn-n-pp. Fm, ]p\P knmw a\p-jy-\n ssZh-`b
- tam kZm-Nmc
\nc-X\
- m-bn-cn-m-\p t{]c-Wtbm sNep-p-n. hopw Cu `qan-bn asmcp
Pohn-bmbn ]nd-p-sa `mh\ Ip-hm-fn-Isf Ipd tXmXnte kzm[o-\n-p-

pq. kzK\c-I
- f
- nse cmin-Ifpw Ah a\-n krjvSn-p `b-`nbpw kIr-Xy-f- n apgp-Im-\p t{]c-Wbpw ]p\P knm-
- n\v \evIm
Ign-n-n. ]p\P knmw, ]c-temI PohnX Nn{X-W-fn-eqsS kwPm-Xa- mp am\-kn-Im-h
- s- b-mfpw, hnizm-k
- ns in Ipd-bvp-Ib
- mWv. Ah-Xmc-hm-Zhpw hn{K-lm-cm-[\
- bpw AssZz-Xhpw krjvSn ^e-f
- n\nv Gsd-sbmpw
`n-a ]p\P knm--n-sbpw t\-. a\p-jym-cw`w apX `qap-Jv
kzm[o-\a- p-d
- n AXn-i
- hpw al-c- h
- p-amb ]mc-c- ysCuizc hnizm-ks
a\p-jy-a\
-
- n \npw Ah-cd- n-bmsX Dcp-n-f- b
- p-Ib
- mWv ta-d Nnm-co-XnI. \nkzmYcpw k-\
- f- p-amb F-a lnp-aX hnizm-kn-Iv X-fpsS a\ns {iotIm-hn-en \nv Cuiz-cs\ Btcm ]Sn-bS- v ]pd-n-cp-n-bXv Adn-bm
Cpw Ign-n-n.
thZ-hym-Jym-\-n h {Ia-t-Sp-Ifpw thZ-`m-K- \jvS-s-Xpw `mjbnepw en]n-bn-ep-ap-mb ]cn-h-\-fpw thZ-a-{--fpsS icn-bmb Bibw
{Kln-p--Xn XSw krjvSnp. Cubh-kcw NqjWw sNbvXv, thZ-hm-Iysf ]ecpw Zphym-Jym-\np. Ch-bmWv ]noSv lnp-aX
- Z- i-\a- mbn {]N-cn-Xv.
Ah lnp--fpsS ac-Wm-\c PohnXw ip`-I-c-am-p kt-i-am-bn-cp-n
\evIn-bXv.
]nevm-ev IY-Ifpw ]pcm-W
- fpw \ncn Cu Ahy-X
- I
- koWam-n-b-X-msX {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-p-hm Ign-n. D]\n-jZv Im-
ssZhnI Zi-\-ns N-q-Sn \nv kzX-{-am-hm {]b-Xv\np. KWy-amb
]cn-h-\--tfm-sS-bmWv thZZi\s Ah Ah-X-cn-n-Xv. thZ--sfm thtZ-Xc {K-v {]m[m\yw Iev]np. Cu Agn-p-]Wn lnp-aXns in bn-np. Cs A^vKm-\n-kvXm, ]mIn-kvXm, _wm-tZiv,
Ctm-t\-jy, Iwt_m-Unb Fn-hn-S--fn \nv lnp-aXw ]nhmn. AhnSs thZm-\p-bm-bn-I-fmb lnp- ]p lnp-a-X-hp-ambn th]n-cnp.
ssZhnI t{]m-amb NXpth-Z--fpsS kt-i-n\nv `n-amb hnizm-kmNm-c- AwKo-I-cn-m hnk--Xnp. thZ--fpsS ssNX\yw ]pXnb lnp-aX-n {]Xn-^-en-m-Xn-cp--tm thZ-hn-cp--a-m kamKw Ah Btjnp. Cy-bnepw Hcp henb hn`mKw P\-n-S-bn thZ-hn-cp--amb lnpa-X-n\v thtcmw Inn-bn. tIc-f-n, kzw km{amPyw ap--hv Zm\w
sNbvXv tNc-a s]cp-am alm-cm-Pmhv thZ-hn-cp--amb lnp-aXw Dt]-nv
a-bn-tev bm{X-bm-bXv DZm-l-cWw. Ncn-{X-ns KXn-am-p Acw a\wam-- Dm-Ip-Xv, ssZhnI kt-i-sf kmm-XvI-cn-m Xz-
thZm-\p-bm-bn-If
- psS a\-n thcq-m-X
- n-\m-emWv. Fm, GI-ssZh hnizm-ktmSv ]cm-Pb
- s- thZm-n-I Ncn-{X-nse cXv\t- im` hnX-dnb Acw kw`-hsf apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-If
- psS ssItb-a- mbn am{Xw Nn{Xo-Ic- nv kmbq-Py-aS- b
- pI-bmWv.
thZshfn-
- n PohnXw {Ia-s-Sp-m {hX-sa-Sp-h
- sc t]mepw hgn-sXn kw`-h
- lnp-aX Ncn-{X-n ImWm Ignbpw. {_lvak
- a- m-P
- ns ZznXo-

1 8

1 9

bm-Nm-cy\pw alm-Ihn cho-{-\mY SmtKm-dns ]nXm-hp-amb aljn tZth{-\mY

SmtKmdn(18171905)s PohnXw lnp-aX
- ns Bmhv hgn-am-dn-bX
- ns \ng-ep-IfmWv. 14mas hb-n Hcp cm{Xn Atlw \-{X- \nd BIm-it- v
t\mp-Ib
- m-bn-cpp. {]]-
- ns AXp-ey-amb krjvSn amlmyw Iv Atlw
AZv`p-Xs- p. awK-ey-
- t]mse {]tim-`n-p Xmc-\n-_n-Ua- mb BImiw, Hcp
aqn-bpsS ssI-Wn-bm-Im CS-bn-sv a\v a{np. tZhotZh hn{Kl]qPtbmSv Cfw-{]m-b
- nte Atlw hnS-]d- p; GI-ssZh hnizm-knbpw {_lvak
- a- mP
{]h-I\
- p-ambn. Xs ktlm-Zc-
- m-scbpw _p-s- fbpw kvt\ln-Xam-scbpw
GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[\
- bvv thn Atlw t{]cn-np. Hcp Znhkw hon ZpKm-]qP \Sp-tm tZth-{-\mYpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw honse Hscm-gn apdn-bn GI-\mb
ssZh-tmSv {]mYn-p-hm-\p Hcp-
- Bcw-`np.
thZ Xz- Cuiz-c\
- m shfn-hmb {]am-Zc- l
- n-Xa- mb hnm-\a- m-sWv
tZth-{-\mY SmtKm-dn\v Dd hnizm-ka- p-m-bn-cpp. {_lvak
- a- m-P
- ns hoWhpw cmPmdmw tamldm-bn-bpsS A[ym-]\
- hpw AXm-bn-cpp. Fm, ]nevmes {_lvak
- a- m-Pmw-K
- f- mb A-bI
- p-am Z, cmavX\
- p-em-lncn, cmP-tKm-]m
tLmjv XpS-n-bh
- Cu hnizm-ks tNmZyw sNbvXp. {_-ka- m-P
- ns t]mjI
thZn-bmb Xz-t_m-[n\o k`-bpsS tbmK-f
- nepw AXns apJ-]{- X-nepw hnhmZ-v Xncn-sIm-fpn: {_lvak
- a- mPw Hcp ]pXnb aX-amWv. ssZhn-Ia- mb ]g-
Xz-imkv{X(thZw)a AXn-\p-thn lmPcm-t-Xv Fm-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS
hmZw. Nne kmaqlnI hnizm-k-sfw_-nv CXv icn-bm-sW-nepw
aXhnizmksw_n Cu kev]w XnIpw A_-a- mWv. thZ-sfpdnv
hf-sc-mew apdpsInSn-n-cp knm-s Dt]-n-p-hm tZth{\mYn-s\tm-ep Hcp kXymYnv Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-n.
cmPmdmw taml-dm-bn-bpsS Imew- ap-X kzoI-cn-p-h, thZ-v {]Y-a m\w F BZy- \n-e-]mSv amp-hm-\p kZw apdpIn. AWn-In-S-bn
hf Bi-b-p-gw tZth-{-\m-Yns\ ZpxJn-np. FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS ]w
kzoI-cn-m Atlw \n_-n-X-\mbn. {]m-\-tm-Sp {]Xn-_-X
ImcWw Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h Xm hniz-kn-n-cp--h-bn \nv ]nam-dp-hm
Xm-dm-bXv lrZ-b-t`-Z-I-am-bn-cpp. At-l-ns Poh-N-cn-{X-Im-c-\mb \mcm-bW Nu[cn Fgp-Xpp: ""Ah-cpsS A`n-em-j-sf am\nv thZ-sfw_n Xs \ne-]mSv ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[\ sNm Atlw Xm-dmbn. ]t, AXv
At-l-n\v Hpw Ffp--ap tPmen-bm-bn-cp-n. `{Z-amb ASn-m-\-sav
Atlw hniz-kn thZ-sf B[m-ca- m-n-bmWv At-l
- ns aX-]c- a- mb Xz-Nn-I ]Sp-p-bn-bn-cp-Xv. Xs Xz-im-kv{X-ns LS\sb BsI amn-ad- nt Imcy-aptm F Imcyw ]cn-KW
- n-p-X
- n\v apv \njvIr-jvShpw {ia-Ic- h
- pamb Hc-t\z-jWw \S-t-X
- p-m-bn-cpp.'' (hnh. _n. lrZ-bI
- p-amcn, aljn tZth{-\mY SmtKm, t]. 51, kmlnXy Am-Zan, \yqZln 1983).
XnIpw hyXy-kvXa- mb ho-W
- m-cm-bn-cpp A-bI
- p-amdpw tZh-{-\mYpw.
Cuizc hnizm-kn-bm-bn-cp-p-sh-nepw Dn-s-bp-n A-bI
- p-am bpn-hm-

Zn-bm-bn-cpp. At-l
- ns ISp hnai-\
- f
- n \npw {_lvak
- a- m-Ps
cn-p-hm D]\n-j
- p-Iv {]Ya ]cn-KW
- \ \evIp-Ib
- mWv A`n-Im-ay-sav
IcpXn, tZth-{-\mYv Ah-sb-p-dnv ]T-\a- m-cw-`np. D]-\n-j
- p-Is
- f-p-dnpw
{_lvak
- q-{X-s-p-dnpw i-cm-Nm-cy \S-nb ]T-\
- At-ls Akw-Xr]vX\
- mn. _rl-Zm-cW
- y-tIm-]\
- n-j
- nse "tkml-akvan'pw Otm-tKym-]\
- n-j
- nse
"Xz-ak
- n'pw i-cm-Nm-cy \evInb hymJym\w hmbn-t- m bYmY ssl-hZi\w AXns ASn-m-\
- f
- n\nv hyXn-Ne
- n-X
- mbn tZth-{-\mY SmtKm-dn\v
t_m[y-ambn. \mcm-bW
- Nu[cn Xs ]d-bs: ""{_lva[
- a-ns ASn-m\w
Bcm-[nX\pw Bcm-[-I\pw Xn-ep _-amWv. CXn-\p- ]-Icw Cuiz-c-s\bpw
`-s\bpw Xpey-cmbn ImWp Hcp _-n Bcm-[Is Al AXn-em-f\-tbv {Iam-Xo-Xa- mbn hf-cpp; AtXmsS {_lva
- ns LS\ XI-cpp. BI-Y-bn Cu hnj-b-s-n tZth-{-\mYv ]d-bpp: "Rm {_lva-amWv- Cu
hn[ap B-{]-iwk hf-sc-tbsd Xn-bpsS aqe Imc-W-amWv. Cu hn[-ap
hmp-I D-cn-p-Xv \nWw. a\p-jy Zu_-ey-, hnc-l-, ]m], ZpxJ- Fn-h-bn Ipcp-n-n-S-p-tm, euIn-I-amb \qdp- a-a-X-Ifn _n-X-\m-bn-cn-p-tm Xm Fs-tpw kzX-{-\m-sWv kev]np-Xv AZv`p-XI
- cw Xs. Poh\pw {_lvahpw Xpey-am-sWv ]Tn-nv i-c
Cy-bpsS Xe Xncn-p-I-fp. At-l-ns am{nI in-bn _-cmbn
k\ym-kn-am am{X-a Krl-am t]mepw "tkmlw'Rm Cuiz-c\
- mWv F
A_w Dcp-hn-Sp-I-bmWv (A[ymbw28).'' (aljn tZh-{-\mYv SmtKm, t]. 55,
56.)
thZZi-\a- m-bn-cpp {_lvak
- a- m-P
- ns BZiw. Fm ap-h
- c- psS
kZ-m, tZh-{-\mY SmtKmdpw {]Y-a
- m-\p \nv thZs amn. ]Icw
"{_lva[
- a'sa t]cn {Kw cNnv {_lvak
- a- m-P
- ns {]mam-WnI tcJ-bm-n.- thZ-f
- psS A`yp-X
- nv Hcp {]m\w XpS-p-Ibpw PohnXw thZ-Zi-\-fpsS kwm-]\
-
- n\v kan-p-Ibpw sNbvX alm-\m-bn-cpp tZth{-\mY
SmtKm. At-l
- n\v t]mepw ey-n-se-m Ign-bm-h
- n[w ssZhn-IZ- i-\-fn \nv lnp-aX
- w AIsp.
kpZoL-amb Hcp Ime-n-sbpw kwkvImc k--amb Hcp kaq-l-nsbpw aX-Zi-\
- n-tepw Ncn-{X-n-te-p-ap Xncnpt\m-am-WnXv. hmZnm\pw Pbn-m-\p-a, Adn-bm\pw Adn-bn-m-\p-ap Hcp {iaw. CXn \yq\-XI-fp-s-n am\y- hm-b-\-m Nqn-m-p-sav {]Xo-n-pp. sshZnIw,
Bcyw, Bjw, ssihw, sshjvWhw Fn-s
- \-bp \nc-h[n Nnm-[m-cI
- sf
sam-n lnp-aX
- a- mbn ]cn-Nb
- s- -Sp-n-bXv Cv Ah-sbmw B t]cn Adnb-s-Sp-X
- n-\m-emWv. hmfy-f
- p _rl-Zv{K-
- n t{ImUo-Ic- n-m-\p hnj-b-fmWv CXn kw{K-ln-Xv. hni-Zo-Ic- W
- fpw Nbpw Aln-p Cu cN\
Bs-nepw shfnw ]Im {K-Im-c kwXr-]vX\
- mbn.
]cn-an-Xa- mb kuI-cy-f- p-]t- bm-Knv BIm-hp-{X hkvXp-\n-jT
v a- mbn ]T\w \Sm {ian-n-pv. 1989- XpS-nb Cu {ia-n\v klm-b-fpw kuI-cyhpw

20

\evIn-bh
- \nc-h[
- n-bmWv. Imen-v bq\n-th-gvkn-n-, tImgn-tms tZi-t]m-jnWn
hmb-\i
- me, ZAvhm tImfPv Fn-hn-S
- f
- n-se sset{_-dn-bamsc {]tXyIw kvacnpp. AJn-teym sshZnIv anj P\-d sk{I-d- nbpw {K-Im-c\pw {]apJ
lnp-aX ]n-X\
- p-amb BNmcy \tc-{-`q-jt- WmSv Af-h \n-bpv. Cu {Kns ssIsb-gpv {]Xn ]cn-tim-[n-p-Ibpw kmc-k
-
- a- mb Ah-Xm-cn-Ibpw
hne-s \ntZ-i
- fpw Xv IrXymc _mlp-ey-n-Sb
- nepw Atlw kl-Icnp. bph kwkvIrX ]n-X\pw Fgp-p-Im-c-\p-amb Fw.B. cmtP-jns
tkh\w hnkvac- n-m-\mhn. CXns cN-\bv
- p-]t- bm-Kn ]e A]qh IrXn-Ifpw
hne-tb-dnb A`n-{]m-b
- fpw \evInb At-lt- mSp koam-Xo-Xa- mb \n Fs\-bmWv tcJ-s-Sp-pI? hmWn-Zmkv Ff-bm-hqcv, kp[o ]dq, {]t_m-[\w ]{Xm[n-] Sn.sI. Dss_Zv, Fw.]n.sI. apl-Zv, kplr-p-f
- mb ]n.F.Fw. l\o^v,
F.Fw. lpssk Fn-hs- cbpw {]tXyIw kvacn-pp. BZ-cW
- o-bc- mb Sn. Bcn^en, JmPm inlm-_p-o Fn-hc- psS \nc-c- a- mb t{]c-Wbpw CXns ]qo-Ic-W
- n\v klm-bI
- a- m-bn-pv. {]km-[\w Gs-Sp tImgn-tms Ckvem-anIv ]njnwKv lukn-t\mSpw Ub-dI
- Sv P. ssiJv apl-Zv Imc-Ip-n-t\mSpw AssI-Xh
- a- mb
\n.
CXnse hni-Ie
- \
-
- sfpdn hkvXp-\n-jvTa- mb hnai-\
- sf Xpd a\tmsS kzmKXw sNpp. hcpw \qm-ns\ hc-thm\pw AXns apn \Sm\pw "thZZi\' n\v Ign-bs F {]mY-\t- bmsS Cu IrXn hmb-\
- mv
kan-pp.

inlm-_p-o Bcm{w

Bcm{w
1101998

Ah-Xm-cnI

ln

p-a-X- kn-m--sf kw_-nv H]Xv teJ-\ {io. inlm-_p-o Bcm{w Fgp-Xn-b-Xn\v Hcp
Ah- X m- c nI thW- s apw ]pkvX- I - a m- p- t m
AXn tNm-\m-sWpw Atlw F\n-s-gp-Xn.
Ah-[m-\-X-tbmsS am{Xta CsX-gp-Xm Ign-bp-Ibpq Fp adp-]-Snbpw sImSpp. kzbw-Ir-X-amb
Xnc-n-\n-S-bn Cu Ah-Xm-cnI Fgp-Xp-Xv Iptd\m sshInp. teJ-\- Inn-bnv Ctm aqpam-k-sa-nepw Ign-n-cn-Ww.
Hmw teJ\w Ah-Xm-c-hm-Z-s-p-dn-mWv. AhXm-c-hmZw `n-Ime {]m-\-ns kw`m-h-\-bmWv;
auen-I-ambn sshZn-I-a. {_mhnjvWpatl-iz-cm Ah-Xm-c--f; {Xnaqn-I-fmWv. krjvSnnXnkwlm- c - - f psS aq- ` m- h - - s f- Yw. Chsb
am\-h-i-cocw \evIn ]qPn-p--XmWv Cs sslh- Bcm-[\m coXn. CXn\v sshZn-I-amb ASn--dsbm-p-an. hmKv`-Sm-\ Kpcp-tZ-h-sbpw Zbm-\-a-ljn-bp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-b- teJ-I ]IpXv {it-b-amWv.
hmKv`-Sm-\ Kpcp-tZ-hs ]e A`n-{]m-b-fpw
hfsc Ah- [ m- \ - X - t bmsS thWw Xp- I tbm
sImp-Itbm sNp-Xv. sshZn-I- tZ-h-X-Isf sFXnlm- k nI Xe- n- t ep sImp- h - c m ]mSn- m- -

22

23

XmWv. Ah shdpw k-ev]- am{X-amWv. inh

An-bpsS {]Xo-I-amWv; hnjvWp B[n-ssZ-hn-ImYn kqcy\pw. {_mhv hmbp-hns {]Xo-I-amWv.
Ch-cpsS t]cp-I ]nevm-ev a\p-jypw apw
\evIn-bn-pv. AmsX a\pjy-cpsS Ncn-{X-sampw
thZ--fn-en. A\nXy CXn-lmkw thZ-n-en; \ntXyXn-lm-k-tf Dq. Dgm-- `q-an-bn F{X ag-s]bvXmepw Aley (Dgm `qanine -t]mse) bmbn InS-pItb Dq F \ntXy-Xn-lm-k-amWv thZ-n-ep-Xv.
kaY-\mb cmPm-hn\p am{Xta Duj-c-`q-ansb Dh-c-bmm Ignbq Fp m]n-t-n-Sv Cu IY-bn {iocmas\ sImphv Al-eym-tamw \S-p-tm AhnsS
AZv`p-XI
- r-Xy-sampw \S-p-n. ]t, \mw [cn-p-Xv
Imbn InS Hcp-nv tamw Inn-sb-mWv. Ah-Xmc-hm-Zs kw_-n BZy-te-J\w Iptd-qSn Bg-nep Hcp ]T-\a- m-m-am-bn-cpp. ]e sskm-nI ka-kyIfpw N-bvs-Sp-m-hp-X
- m-bn-cpp.
cmw teJ\w hn{K-lm-cm-[\
- b
- mWv. ssP\-aX
-
- m-cmWv
CXv Bhn-jvIc
- n-Xv. sshZn-I[
- a-n Iev]s
- a thZmwKs A[n-I-cn 26 b--fpsS A\p-jvTm-\ta Dmbn-cp-pq. ssP\ _p-aX
-
- lnp-aX
-
- ns Dt]mXv]
-
- Xs-bmWv. BkvXn-Ic
- Ah-sc-t-bpq.
ssihcpw sshjvWh
- cpw Xn-ep-{- Xbpw AI, Ccp
I
- q-pw ssP\_u-m-tcm-Sn. Hcn-epw c-sm-cnn-en-eqsS aXwamtam aX{]Nm-c-Wtam \S-n-bn-p-an.
hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z
- km[m-cW
- b
- m-bn-cpp. tXmevp-h
-
Pbn-p--h-cpsS ]p tNcpw. CXm-bn-cpp \Sv.
hn{K-lm-cm-[\ sNp-h
- v AsXm-cp-Xcw el-cn-bmbn
]cn-W-anpw. G.Un. Fmw \qm-n Pohn A`n-\-h- i-c\
- mWv sslh hn{K-l
- f
- psS Bhn-jvIm-cI
- . ]noSv
AXn\v H-[nIw am- kw`-hn-n-pv. A`n-\h i-c
hmZ-n tXmev]n ssP\ sshjvW-hcpw, ssP\
hnlm-c- hnjvWp-t-{X-fpw, _u ssihcpw,
_u-hn-lm-c
- inhan-c
- f
- p-ambn cq]m-cw {]m]n-Xm-Im Fm km[y-Xb
- p-apv.
BZn-Im-es {_m-W amwk-`p-p-I-fm-bn-cp-s
{]kvXmhw sI. Zmtam-Z-cs\ D-cn-p-sImv \S-p-

Xv icn-b. Ghpw p{Z-amb IrXn-bmWv At-lns "Cy-bpsS Bmhv'. AXns \ho\ cq]-am-bncn-Ww `mc-Xob Nn. \ndsb Akw-_---fmWv
AXn-ep-Xv.
GIssZh hnizmkw F ASp teJ-\-s-n
ChnsS Hpw Ipdn-p-n. Cuiz-c Ht-bpq, KpWIa kz`m-h--f-\p-k-cnv ]e t]cn Adn-b-s-Spp
F-XmWv GtI-iz-c-hm-Z-ns ASn-m\w. Hmw F
apJy-\m-a-ap {_-am-WXv. asm t]cp-Ifpw Hmtcm
KpW- s tbm (kh- h ym]n) Htcm Ia- s tbm
({kjvSmhv)- kz`m-h-stbm (\nXy) {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp--XmWv. AssZz-X-n\v c-m-Xv Ft AYapq. AXn-\m-eXv Cuiz-c-]-cym-b-amWv. tZh-kwbvpw hnhn-[mY--fpv. Xnf-p-Xpw hnf-p-Xpw
tZh-\mWv. Cu AY-n Abpw A\pw Kpcphpw
Xobpw tZh-m-cmWv; Cuizc-m-c. Hcp Cuizc ]cym-bamWv tZh.
\mem-a-tXv ]p\P knm--amWv. CXn-s\-n
kmam\yw _rl-mb Hcp ]pkvXIw Cu teJ-I FgpXn-bXv \nXy-`m-cXn _pIvkv {]km-[\w sNbvXn-pv.
Hp-am{Xw Fgp-Xs. ]p\P knmw thZ--fnepv. F\nv II, C{n-b-, ico-c- Fnh
hopw hopw Xv DZn-p-b-cp kqcys\ XpSP--fn ImWm-\-\p-h-Zn-tW F {]mY-\-bpv thZ-fn. \ho-\-a ]p\P knmw FYw.
Apw Bdpw Ggpw teJ-\- ]c-temI hnizmkw,
\c-Iw, kzKw Fn-h-bmWv. ]c-tem-I-hn-izmkw AsshZn-I-amWv. kzKw, \cIw Fnh \psS Ia-
sImv Cl-tem-I-p-Xs \nan-p--h-bmWv. `mK-hXmZn ]pcm-W--fn \c-I-hW\ ImWmw. Ah shdpw
Ihn-`m-h\ am{X-amWv. kzKhpw AXp-t]mse `mh-\bmWv. e-hn-ti-j
- f
-
- nh. ]p\P knmw Chsb
\ncm-I-cn-pp. Bm-hn\v Pw, t{]Xy-`mhw, apn
Fo aq-h--Itf Dq. Pw Ignv arXyp-hn-\ptijw, ASp Pw kzoI-cn-p--Xn-\n-S-bnse Ah-bmWv t{]Xy-`mhw. Atm Bmhv Cuiz-cob \nb-an\v A[o-X-\m-Ipp. ASp Pw FSp-p--Xn\v

24

apP- - - f nse Ia- - f psS kwkvImcw Bmhns IqsS-bp ImcWico-c-n Cuiz-co-b-ambn

IpSn- b n- c p- - s - S pp. CXmWv Hmtcm hynbpw
hyXy-kvXX ]pep--Xn\p ImcWw. ac-Wm\-cw
sNp {im- X - W - \ncY- I - { In- b - I - f msWp ]d-bm ImcWw Cu t{]Xy-`m-h-amWv. t{]Xy`m-h-n-\p -tijw Ia--\p-cq-]-amb ]pXp-Pw
e`n-pp. CXv \cIXpeytam kzK-Xp-eytam Bbncnpw. CXmWv Cu hnj-b-sf kw_-n sshZnI
knmw Npcp--n.
Fm-as teJ\w thZ-Zi-\-amWv. AXn-s\-n
ChnsS hnkvXc
- n-s-gp-Xm-\m-hn. Hcp Imcyw am{Xw Nqnm-s. thZ-hym-Jym\w F D]-ioj-I-n\p ap]v
Fgp-Xn-bn-p Jn-I-bpsS Ah-km\w ""AhnsS hv
An-n-c-bm--s--Xn thZ--fpsS aa{]-[m-\-amb
A[ym-]-\-fpw Ds-n-p-mhmw'' F \nK-a\w icnb. An-n-c-bm--s-h apgp-h bm-Nm-cy-\mb
{_ hmbnp tIn-p-mIpw. Assh-Zn-Itam thZ-hncp-tam Bb-h-sbmw b-im-e-bn An-n-cbmpw. ap-h Xncnp\evIpw. {]mNo-\- Im-es
skk-dnMv Bbn-cpp CXv. Aaq-ey-am-b-sXmpw \jvSs-Sp-p kz`mhw {_\vNXpth-Z-\vDm-bncn-p-I-bn. Dm-bm B m\-tv Abm Al\. AXp-t]mse \mcm-iw-knv thZ-hym-Jym\w Fpw
AY-apv. {_mW {K--fpsS ]cym-b-]-Z-hp-am-WXv.
Ah-km\ teJ-\-amWv "lnp-a-X-ns Bhn-`mhw'.
thZ- am{X-amWv Cuiz-cobw, asmw (D]-\n-j-pI klnXw) a\p-jy-Ir-X-am-sW ImgvN-mSv Xopw
Bj-amWv.
s]mXpth t\mp-tm, CX-c- [am-h-ew-_n-bmb
teJ-Is ]cn-{iaw A\p-tam-Z-\ml-amWv. Nne kvJen-X kw`-hn-n-n-sv CXn-\Y-an. AXp kzm`m-hn-I-amWp-Xm\pw. teJ-I\v hnPbw Biw-kn-p-sImv Cu
Ah-Xm-cnI D]-kw-l-cn-s.
\tc{
Zbm\ `h\w,
sNq,
28.6.'98.

`qj

Ah-Xm-c-hmZw
B

[p-\nI sslh Zi-\-ns ASn-m\ LS-I--fn HmWv AhXmcw. [a-n\v tem]w kw`-hn-p-tm ssZhw icocw [cn-pp FmWv
CXnse apJy-k-ev]w. {ioIrjvW\pw {iocm-a-\p-samw Ah-Xmc ]c--c-bnse
{]ap-J-cmWv. thZ--fntem BZy-Im-es sslh [a-im-k-\-I-fntem AhXmc k-ev]-s-p-dn kqN\ e`y-a. thZ-nse ""AP GI ]mXv''(P-\nm GI c-I) bPpthZw (34-53), ""AImbw''(i-co-cc- l
- n-X) bPpthZw
(40-8) Fo hnti-jW
-
- Ah-Xm-ch
- m-Zh
- p-ambn Hcn-epw s]mcp-s- -Sm-h
- bmWv. {]apJ thZ]n-X\pw lnp-aX ]cn-jvIm-hp-amb hmKv`S- m-\
- - Kpcp
Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j
- msc ]cn-Nb
- s- -Sp-pp:
""sshjvWh aXs {]_-e-ambn {]N-cn-n--hsc hnjvWp-hns Ah-Xmc
]pcp-j-m-cm-nbpw ssih aX-n\p {]m_eyw hcp-n-b-hsc inhs ]p{Xm-cm-nbpw hWn-p-I-bmWv {]mtbW sNbvXp ImWp-Xv. {iocm-a\pw
{ioIr-jvW\pw apw Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j-m-cm-bXpw KW-]-Xnbpw kp{_-lvaWy\pw inh-kp-Xam-cm-bXpw Cu hgn-bn IqSn-bm-Ipp.'' (hmKv`-Sm-\s
kqW IrXn-I, t]. 752, amXr-`qan ]n-jnwKv I\n, tImgn-tmSv, 1988)
sshjvWh `n{]m-\-n-emWv Ah-Xmc kev]w Bhn`-hn-Xv.
AXn\p apv lnp-a-X-n Ah-Xm-c-s-p-dnv ]d-bp-n. HSp-hn _ps\bpw hnjvWp-hns Ah-Xm-c-amn. {InkvXz_vZw ]Xn-s\mmw iX-I-n
"Zim-h-Xm-c-N-cnXw' F IrXn-bn tta-{-\mWv BZy-ambn hnjvWp-hns
Ah-Xm-c-ambn _ps\ hWn-Xv. IqSmsX Pb-tZh Ihnbpw "KoX-tKm-hn'n _ps\ hnjvWp-hns Ah-Xm-c-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cnp. ]{mw iX-Iam-b-tm-tgpw CXn\v hn {]Nmcw e`np. 1
_p-aX Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-m, _p-m ssih sshjvWh aX-mcn \nv {Iqc-amb ]oU-\- A\p-`-hn--Xm-bn-mWmw. _phnlm-c-
lnp-t-{X--fmn amn-bXpw _p-msc lnp-a-X-n ebn-n-m \S-

26

thZZi\w

nb t]mcm-
- fpw XpSp-mb \n_ aX-]c- n-h-\
- f- p-samw lnp-aX
\thm-m-\
- ns \nWw hgn-bp Ncn-{X-f- mWv. ]t, AtX _p-aX m]I-\mWv ]nevm-ev aZI hwi-ns Bcm[y ]Z-hn-bn {]Xn-jvTn-s- -Xv.
lnp-aX
-
- nse Ah-Xmc cq]o-Ic- W
-
- f- psS kz`m-ha- m-WnXv.
ssZhw Ah-Xmcw sImpp Fm BImcw {]m]n-pp Fm-WYw.
BIm-c-ap--sXmw \iz-c--fmWv. sslh hnizmk{]Imcw, ssZh-ns
cv {][m\ Ah-Xm-c--fmWv inh\pw hnjvWphpw. Chsb IqSmsX {_m-hns\bpw ssZh-ns AhXmcambn KWnpp. AhXmcfpsS hynXzspdn-p ]T-\
- n \nmWv Ah-Xmc hmZ-ns bmYmYyw hyam-hpI. sslh \thm-m\ Ncn-{X-n tim`np\nevp Cu "ssZh'sfp-dnv hmKv`-Sm-\ Kpcp ]d-bpp: ""]v {_mhv, hnjvWp, inh Fpw
apw Nne a\p-jy Dm-bn-cpp. Ah-scmw aX-hm-Zn-Ifpw _p-aX {]Nm-ctm-Sp-IqsS DSp XIp t]mb ]utcm-lnXy {]`-h-tm--bpsS ]p\-cp-mc-W-n-mbn Ipap-bn NmSn-p-d-s hoc-ho-c-mcpw Bbn-cpp.'' (hmKv`Sm-\-s kqW IrXn-I, t]. 751)
lnp-a-X- hn-izm-kn-I ssZh-ns Ah-Xm-c-sav hniz-kn-p--hsc
pdn ]cm-ai-am-WnXv. sslh [a-ns ]X-\-Im-ev AXns A`yp-Xnv thn {]hn--h-cm-bn-cpp Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j-m. Cu \thm-m\
\mb-Iam-tcm-Sp BZ-chv \nanw ]nevm-ev Ahsc ssZh-am-p-I-bmWp-m-bXv. {_mhv, hnjvWp, inh Fn-h bYmY a\p-jy-cm-bn-cp-p-sh
pw ssZh-ns Ah-Xm-c-am-bn-cp-n-spw CXn \npw hy-am-Ipp.
sslh \thm-m\ \mb-I\pw thZ]n-X-\p-amb kzman Zbm-\ kckzXn Ah-XmchmZs \nin-Xa- mbn hnain-n-pv. Cuiz-c Ah-Xmcw kzoIcn-p-ptm F tNmZy-n\v Atlw \evInb adp-]Sn bpn-`-{Z-amWv:
""(Cuiz-c\v Ah-Xmcw) C. Fs-m "AP GI ]mXv' (3453), "k ]KmOp{IaImbw' (408) Fv XpS-n-bp bPpthZ hN-\--fn \nv ]c-ta-iz-c
Pw sImp-n-sv a\-n-em-Ip-pv.
""{]iv\w: bZm-b-Zmln [aky
m\n`-hXn `mcX
A`yp-m\a[aky
XZm-\w krPm-aylw (`K-h-ZvKoX, A. 4, tm. 7)
[a-n\v tem]w hcp-tm-sgmw Rm icocw [cn-pp Fv {ioIrjvW ]d-bp-p-tm?
Dcw: thZ-hn-cp-a- m-bXp sImv CXv {]am-Wa- m-Ip-n.'' (kXymY {]Imiw,
t]. 304, tIcf Bcy-k-am-P-an-j, tImgn-tmSv, 1933)
thZ-hn-cp--amb knm--amWv Ah-XmchmZ-sapw sslh kaqlw
Dsm Cu hnizmkw sXm-sWpw hy-am-p-I-bmWv Zbm-\ kckzXn. Cuiz-c Ah-Xm-c-sa-Sp-pp F-hmZw thZspdn A-XbmWv. km{-Zm-bn-Iam-cpsS ]c--cm-K-X-amb IY-I-fn A-amb hnizmkw
]pen-bXpw {]am-W-iq-\y-amb hmp-Iv hne-Iev]n-Xpw aqe-amWv Cu

Ah-Xm-c-hmZw

27

A_-- [m-cW hym]n-Xv.

Nne Ah-Xm-c
- f- psS {]tXy-IX Iwk, cmh-W apX-em-bh
- sc kwl-cn-emWv. Ccw Ahnizm-k--tfmSv i-amb `mj-bn-emWv kzman Zbm-\
kc-kzXn {]Xn-I-cn-p-Xv. ssZhw icocw {]m]nm-sX-bmWv {]]--nse
krjvSnnXnkwlm-c- \S-p-Xv. B {kjvSm-hns apn Iwk,
cmh-W apX-em-b-h \nmc Pohn-I-tfmSv t]mepw kmZr-iy-s-Sp-m-hp--hc. Cn-p W-ns GXv Pohn-sbbpw h[n-m Cuiz-cv
Ignbpw. B alm-i
- Hcp Pp-hn-s\tbm a\p-jy-s\tbm sImm P\\acW--fp--h-\m-bn-o-cpp Fv ]d-bp--hsc, hnUvVn-I-tfm-S-msX am-tcmSmWv D]-an-m km[n-pI?2 D ev \nv Cm e-t-p
{]bm-W-amWv Ah-Xmcw. Atm Hcp ev Dm-bn-cp-spw asmcp
e-tv amdn-bXp \nanw Cm-Xn-cp-n-Sv hp tNp Fp-amWv a\n-em-hp-Xv. CXv ssZhw Fm-bn-Spw Ds hnizm-k-ns J-\amWv. IqSmsX ]c-ta-iz-c kh i-s\ hniz-mks ewLn-p-Ibpw
sNpp.
kqva hni-I-e-\-n, thZ- Dbn-n-Sn-p ssZh hnizm-kns IS-bv In-sh-bvp hnIe ssZhnI Zi-\-amWv Ah-XmchmZsav ]ecpw Nqn-m-n-bn-pv. {]apJ thZ ]n-X-\mb BNmcy \tc{
`qj Ah-Xm-c-hm-Z-ns tZmj-hiw Nqn-m-Wn-pp:
""Ah-Xc- Ww P\\ac-W
- pw hrn-
- b
-
- pw ico-c[
- m-cW
-
- n\pw
kpJ-Zpx-J-pw hnt[-b-amWv. CXv bPp (40 8)se hnti-j-W-v hncp-am-I-bm thZ-hn-cp-hpw XZzmcm BkvXn-Iv XymPy-hp-ambn `hn-pp.
"\mkvXnImx thZ-\n-Ix' Fm-Wtm kvarXn. Ah-Xm-c-hmZw AwKo-I-cn-ptm thZ-\n sNp-Ibpw Cuiz-c P\\ac-Wm-Zn-Ip hiw-h-Z-\msWv k-Xn-p-Ibpw sNt-X
- m-bn-hcpw. CXv ISp knmlm\n-bmWv.''
(hn{K-lm-cm-[\ t]: 51, 52. sshZnI kmlnXy ]cn-jv sN-q 1984)
Cu {]kvXm-h\
- I
- s- fmw Ah-Xm-ch
- m-Z
- ns km[p-Xsb Xopw XIncn-p-I-bmWv. lnp-a-X-ns ASn-m-\--fn Cm-Xpw sslh [anse Cuizc kev]-n\v \nc-m--Xp-amb Ccw hmZ- lnp-aXs hnI-e-am-p--Xn {][m\ ]v hln-pp. CXv Xe-ap-d-I-fn-eqsS \Snb ssII-S--ep-I-fmWv. AXn-te-p Hc-S-bmfw am{X-amWv ""bpK-
tXmdpw injvS-P-\-sf ]cn-]m-en-m\pw ZpjvSsc \n{K-ln-m\pw Rm P-saSpp''sa KoXm-hmIyw.
"AP GI -]mXv', "AImbw' Fo hnti-j-W--fn-eqsS ]c-ta-iz-c P\\ac-Wan-m-h
- \pw ico-c[
- m-cWw sNm-h
- \pamsWv hy-am-hpp. bpnsImv t\mn-bmepw ssZhm-h-Xmc hmZw ssZh imkv{X-n\v \nc-p--X.
kh ]me-I\pw A]-cn-n-\pw kpJZpxJmZn KpW--sfm-p-an-m--h-\pamb ]c-ta-iz-c a\p-jys ssewKnI {]{In-b-bn-eqsS cq]-s-Sp--sX-s\?
A-cs- amcp in Ah-Xc- n-p-shv ]d-bp-Xv hym-]p-{X hnhmlw sNbvXp
Ahp ]p{X ]ndp Fv hmZn-p-Xv t]mse-bmWv.3

28

thZZi\w

Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j-m
Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j
- m-cpsS X\-Xmb hyn-Xzhpw PohnXcoXn-Ifpw ]T-\h
- n-t[-bam-p-tm, Ah-Xmc kev]-ns ASn-m\ cmlnXyw IqSp-X
sXfnphcpw. Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j-m-cn {]Ya KW-\o-b-cmb inh\pw hnjvWphp-samw tIhew a\p-jy-cm-bn-cpp. sslh[a- kw-c--W-n-\n-d-nb
km[m-cW a\p-jy. inh, BZy-`mcy acn-X
- n\v tijw ]mhXn F ae-b
- ns-ns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]p{XIf-{Xm-Zn-I-tfmsS Pohnv, acn-p-t]mb HcmfmWv inh. inh-s\bpw hnjvWp-hn-s\bpw hmKv`-Sm-\ Kpcp-kzm-an-I ]cn-Nb-s-Sp-p-Xv ImWpI:
""`nm-in-bmbn k-cn-n-cp-Xv sImpw k hio-Ic- W
-
- n kmckyw
Imn-bn-cp-Xv sImpw "\' F Ipd-h-kv{Xo-bpsS ]nXm-hm-bn-cpp F-dnb-s-Sp-Xv sImpw apw "inh' Hcp Ipdh-\m-bn-cpp Fq-ln-p-hm hgnbpv. GXm-bmepw inhs ss\th-Zys Cpw {_m-WP
- m-Xn-m `n-mXp sImv Atlw Xmgv-s Hcp PmXn-bn Ds Hcm-fm-bn-cn--W-saXp Xo-Xs. "{_m-hns Igp--dp ]mXIw \nan--amWv {_mW
PmXn-m inh-ss\-thZyw `n-m-Xv' Fp ]d-bp-Xv kzoIm-cy-a. As\-bm-sW-n At\-Im-bncw P\-f- psS Kf-\mfw apdnv P\mZ\ F t]
km-Zn--Xn\v ]pdta amXr-lXym alm-]m-X-Ihpw IqSn sNbvX hnjvWp-hns
ss\thZyw taPmXn-m Bl-cn-p-s- X-s\?'' (hmKv`S- m-\
- s kqW
IrXnI, t]. 751)
Atlw XpS-cpp: ""hnjvWphpw inh\pw X-fpsS aX-{]-Nmc-W-n-\mbn
Ic-hmfw, KZ, iqew apX-em-bh
- sb \njvIc- pWw {]tbm-Knp. AXns ^e-ambn
Ah-cpsS aXw Cy-bn {]_-e-sp. hnjvWp hnIpWvT F kv{XobpsS
aI\pw sshIp-WvT-s\p {]kn--\p-am-Ipp. Atlw Bcy-hK-ns
Hcp-h\
- m-bn-cpp Fv hniz-kn-p-X
- n\v hntcm-[a- n.'' (hmKv`S- m-\
- s kqW
IrXn-I, t]. 751)
inh-sbpw hnjvWp-hn-sbpw hyn-Xz-n-te-mWv Cu hcn-Ifpw A[ymb-ns BZyw D-cn--hbpw kqN\ \evIp-Xv. Ah-bn \npw hy-amIp Imcy- Xmsg ]dbmw.
Hv: inh\pw hnjvWphpw lnp-aX ]cn-jvIm--fm-bn-cpp. _p-a-Xns {]Nmc-W-tmsS in-bw _m[n sslh [as ]p\-cp-ohn-n-p--Xn apJy-]v hln-n-cpp.
cv: inh km[m-cW a\p-jy-\m-bn-cpp. BZy-`m-cy -a-cn--Xn\v tijw
]mhXn F ae-b-n-s-ns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp.4 "\' F Ipd-h-kv{XobpsS ]nXm-hmWv. asm-ch
- X
- m-ca- mb {_m-hns\ h[np. XmW-Pm-Xn-bns-h
- \mWv. inh ssZhm-h-Xm-c-am-sWv {_m-W hmZn-p-p-s-nepw inhss\-thZyw Ah `n-p-n. Ic-hmfw, KZ, iqew apX-emb Bbp-[- D]tbm-Kn-mWv aX{]Nm-cWw \S-n-bXv.
aqv: hnIpWvT F kv{XobpsS aI-\mWv hnjvWp. At\-Im-bn-c--fpsS
Igp--dp Atlw P\mZ-\ F t]cn Adn-b-s-Spp. kzw amXm-hn-

Ah-Xm-c-hmZw

29

s\bpw h[np. Ic-hmfw, KZ, iqew apX-emb Bbp-[

- D]-tbm-Kn-mWv aX-{]-NmcWw \S-n-bXv. inh-s\-m Db PmXn-bn s]-h\
- mWv.
\mev: Bbp[{]tbmKw aqe-amWv Cy-bn ssih-a-Xhpw sshjvWh aX
(lnp-aXw)hpw {]N-cn-Xpw in-s-Xpw.
lnp-aX hnizm-kn-I ssZh-ns Ah-Xm-c-fpw Bcm-[y-cp-ambn KWnp-h
- Bcm-bn-cp-p-shv hy-am-n-c- n-Ib
- mWv hmKv`- S- m-\ Kpcp. ssZhns Ah-Xm-c-ambn hnti-jn-n-p inh\pw hnjvWphpw [a-_--cm-bn-cp-Xmbn ImWp-n. Fnepw Ah-cpsS {]h\w aptJ\ ]nevm-ev lnpaXw in-s--tm P\w Ahsc _lp-am-\n-p-Ibpw Imem--c-n ssZhns Ah-Xm-c-ambn hmgvp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ah-X-cWw
Ncn-{X-n {]Xm-]n-If- m-bn-cp-h
- mWv Ihn-Ifpw `-mcpw Ah-Xm-c]
- Z- hn
\evIn-bXv. sslh [a-im-k{v X-
- m, temIv Imcy-am-bn-s-s-nepw {]hn-hs- c-sbmw ]nevm-ev Ah-Xm-ca- m-n-bn-pv. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf tkh-I
- mcpw
Ihn-Ifpw A\p-tam-Zn-pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cpp. s]mXp-P\
-
- n-Sb
- n cmP-Ion
h[n-n-p--Xn\pw cmP-im-k-\-I tNmZyw sN msX A\p-k-cn-p--Xn\pw
thn-bm-bn-cpp CXv. Ccw {]iw-kI
- f- n-eqsS s]mXp-P\
-
- n-Sb
- n cmPm-hnsbpw cmP-hw-i
- n-sbpw alzw IqSp-X
- n-\\
- p-kc- nv, {]iw-kI
- am-cpsS
PohnX \ne-hm-chpw kpc-n-XX
- zhpw Dbcpw.
cmPm-hns\ al-z-h-cn-p--Xn {]iw-k-I-mn-S-bn a-cwt]mepw kwPm-X-amhpw. (Xqew Htc -cm-Pm-hns hyXy-kvX-amb IY-I {]Ncn-n-pv.) Ccw kvXpXn]mTI cmPm-hn-s\bpw cmP-hw-i-sbpw kqcy-\ntepw N{-\n-tepw Dbpw. ]noSv cmPm-hns\ ssZh-ns ka-ioj\pw
Ah-Xm-c-hp-ampw. Atbm-[y -hm-Wn-cp {iocm-a DZm-l-cWw. Cu cq]-n
Ah-Xm-c-hmZw cq]-s-Sp-p--Xns\ Ipdnv BNmcy \tc-{-`q-j tcJ-s-Sppp:
""{]mNo\ `mc-Xob cmPm--m "hnjvWp'hns Awim-h-Xm-c-tfm
Zmkamtcm Bbn-cp-s {]kvXmhw ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k--fn Zriy-amWv.
cmPmhv hncm-Pn-p--h-\mWv. AXm-bXv kzw cmPy-n kh{X hym]nv
{]hn-p--h-\m-sW-Yw. kqcy hfsc Zqsc kvYnXnsN-p-s-nepw
kzw {]Im-is kh{X hym]n-n-p-pv. CXp-t]mse cmPm-sh hyn
Hcp ev hkn-p-s-nepw `c-W-]-chpw cmP-Io-b-hp-amb \nb-a- B
`c-Wm-[n-]s cmjv{S-n-sepw hym]nv hncm-Pn-pp. B \nb-a--fmWv
cmPm-hns\ AYhm cmPm-[n-]s\ hnjvWp-hns Awim-hX
- m-ca- mbn Nn{Xo-Ic- n-p-Xn\v \nZm-\-am-bXv. cmjv{S-ns `c-W-L-S-\bpw `cW ]c-amb \nb-a-fpw
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS apJy Bbp-[-amWv. ZpjvS-\n-{Klw aptJ\ injvS-c-Ww
\nh-lnv hnjvWp-hns\ A\p-Ka- n-p `c-Wm-[n-Imcn tbmKy-\mbn `hn-pp.
NXp`p-P-\mb hnjvWp-hns N{Iw `uXn-ImY-n `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS \nba-]m-e-\-n-sbpw Acm-P-I-Xz-an-m-bva-bp-sSbpw {]Xo-I-am-Ipp.'' (tZh-X-I-

30

thZZi\w

fpsS sshZnI kev]w, `mKw 2, t]. 72, 73, \nXy-`m-cXn _pIvkv, sN-q, 1990)
Cu {]kvXm-h\
- I
- f- n \npw Ah-Xmc kev]w sslh [a-ns ASnm\ knm--a-sv hy-am-hpp. AXv, ]nevme krjvSn-bmWv. {][m-\s cmPm--msc Ihn-Ifpw apw ssZh-ns ]Z-hn -\evIn hWn-tXm ]pIgvn-btXm BWv. sslh {K- ]cn-tim-[n-m, iX-]Y {_m-Wa- mWv
ssZhs Ah-Xm-c-ambn hnh-cn BZys {]mam-WnI {Kw. AXn-eqsS
ssZhnImhXmcns sskmnI hi Bcw`nXv {_m-Wm-[n-]-Xyn-s\-Xnsc H-s i_vZ- Db Ime-m-bn-cpp. Ahsb Cm-Xm-phm\pw `mhn-bn Acw `oj-Wn-I XpSv \op--Xn\pw thn {_mW
ta[m-hn-Xzs A\p-{K-ln-p ssZh-sf Ah Ah-X-cn-np. ssP\-aXs A\p-I-cnpsImmWv ssl-hcpw Cu coXn Ah-ew-_n-Xv. ssP\-a-Xn XoY-cam-cpsS ]qW-Imb {]Xn-a-I-fm-bn-cpp Bcm-[n-m {]XnjvTn-n-cp-Xv. Fm, Ah-Xm-c-hm-Zn-I-fmb sshjvW-h (ssl-h) ssP\-aX-nse \-cmb {]Xn-a-Iv ]Icw Krl-m-{i-a--cmb {iocm-a-sbpw
{ioIr-jvWsbpw ]Xv\ok-ta-Xa- p aZn-tcm-h
-
- f- mWv t{X-f- n {]XnjvTn-m Is-n-bXv. AXn-\p-tijw, ssP\-a-X-n\v kam--c-ambn lnpaXw hfp.5
Cuiz-cs kIe inbpw tafn a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw A[-a-\p-jy-cp-sSbpw
AZv`p-X-Ir-Xy--fmWv Ah-Xm-c-hm-Z-ns BIj-Wo-bX. lnp-a-X-n,
Ahm-c hn`m-K
- f- mbn h-hsmw al-zh-cW
-
- n-p thZn-bmbn-cpp CXv. ssihsshjvWh aX-f- p-sSbpw D]-hn-`m-K
- f- p-sSbpw t\XrXzw
hln-h
- Ah-Xm-c
- f- m-bXv As\-bmWv. hoc-Xbpw kml-kn-IX
- bpw apnb
{]h\ ^e-ambn Ah-cpsS Imev lnp-aXw in-{]m-]n-n-p-mhmw.
]nevm-ev, A\p-bm-bn-I t\Xm--msc Ah-Xm-c-amn. Ah-cpsS hmpw
{]hrnbpw ssZhn-Ih
- -cnp. ]no-SXv Znhy-{K-
- f- mbn. inh, hnjvWp,
{_mhv XpS-n-b-h Ah-Xm-c-am-bXv ]Tn-p-tm-gmWv lnp-a-Xs aptmv
\bn LS-I
- Fm-bn-cp-p-shv a\-n-em-hpI. ]t, Ncn-{X-ns Cu
adp-hiw \qm-p-I-fmbn Ah-K-Wn--s-Sp-I-bmWv.

IpdnpI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

hnth-Im-\-, {io\mcm-bW Zi-\hpw am\h apt-hpw, t]. 280, 281, \mj-\

_pIvm, tImbw.
kXymY {]Imiw, t]. 305.
kXymY {]Imiw, t]. 305.
hmKv`-Sm-\-s kqWIr-Xn-I, t]. 359.
hn{K-lm-cm-[\, t]. 50.

3 1

hn{K-lm-cm-[\
_

lp-ssZ-hXz Zi-\
- f- psS ASn-m\ LS-I
- f- n HmWv hn{K-lm-cm-[\.
ssZh-sav kev]nv GsX-nepw hkvXp-hn-s\tbm {]tXyIw \nan ineminev]-sftbm ]qPn-p k{-Zm-b-am-WnXv. lnp-fpw Aln-p-fpw lnp-a-Xns ASn-m\ {]am-W-sa \ne-bn-emWv hn{K-lm-cm-[-\sb KWn-p-Xv.
Fm, hn{K-lm-cm-[\
- b
- n hniz-kn-p-tXm AXv \S-p-tXm sslh [ans ssNX-\y-n\v \nc-p-X
- .
ssP\_p aX-sf ssl-h-X-bn ebn-n-p--Xn\p thn-bp {ia-fn \nmWv lnp-a-X-n hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bpsS XpSw. AXns `mKambn, in-bw kw`-hn lnp-a-Xs {]_-e-am-p-hm, _pssP\ aXs-Xnsc hym]-Ia- mb {]Nm-cW
-
- \Sn. _pssP\-aX
-
- f- psS ]mc-cy-sf A\p-I-cnv cmPy-p-S-\ofw inh-stbm hnjvWp-hn-stbm {]XnjvTI-tfmSv IqSnb lnp-t-{X-fpw aT-fpw aX-]m-Ti
- m-eI
- fpw m]np. ]e
e--fnepw _pssP\ hnlm-c- _emmcw lnp-t-{X--fmn
amn. _pssP\ hn`m-K- ssihsshjvWh aX-m-cpsS aZ-\-nc-bmbn. ]oU-\- kln--h-msX ]ecpw aXw-am-dm \n_-n-X-cmbn.1
Ch IqSmsX, hn{K-lm-cm-[\
- t- ]m-ep ]qPmcoXn-I sslh[a-hm-Zn-I
BIj-Wo-ba- mbn \S-n hcpn. iwJvhnfn, aWn-ap-g
- , sN-tafw Fnhbpw lnp- X-fpsS Bcm-[\m NS-p-I-fmn. lnp-aXw kzoI-cn--hsc
AXn ]nSnp \np-hm Ccw hnt\m-Z
- hln ]v sNdp-X. ]pd-p-hsc BIjn-p--Xn\v thn kt`yX-c-amb ]eXpw t{]mm-ln-n-sp. ssP\ hn{K-l-n\p kam-\-amb hn{K-l-v lnp-aX hnizm-kn-Isf
ssP\-a-X-n tNcp-Xv XS-bm-\m-bn. AXn-\m, lnp-a-Xm-Nm-cy-m hnizmkn-Ip apn kan hn{K-l-v Nne {]tXy-I-X-I Dm-bn-cpp.
lnp-sf kza-X-n Dd-np \np-hm\pw Aln-p-sf BIjn-phm\pw ]p coXn-bn-em-bn-cpp ssZh--fpsS cq]-I-ev]\.

32

thZZi\w

Bcy-ka- mP m]-I\
- mb Zbm-\ kc-kzXn ssZh-v BNm-cy-m \evInb
cq]-`m-h
- s- f-p-dnv Fgp-Xpp: ""ssP\-mv hntcm-[a- mbn {]hn-p-Xv
Ah-cp-(ssl-h)sSbpw Ahv hntcm-[a- mbn {]hn-p-Xv ssP\-m-cp-sSbpw
{][m\ I-hy-am-bn-cpp. ssP\-m-cpsS hn{K-l
- \cpw [ym\-n-en-cn-p-hc- p-amb hnc P\-s- f-tm-se-bmWv \nan-s- -n-p-Xv. AXn\p t\sc hn]co-Xa- mbn sshjvWh
- (ssl-h) X-fpsS hn{K-l
- sf CjvSw t]mse irwKm-ch
- nem-kh
- X
- n-If- mb AwK-\m-P\
-
- t- fmSp IqSn-bh
- cpw hnj-bm-\t- m-]t- `m-K
- n AXymk-c- p-amb ]pcp-j
- m-cpsS BIr-Xn-bn \nevp-X
- m-bntm Ccn-p-X
- m-bntm
BWv \nan-n-p-Xv.'' (kXym {]Imiw, t]. 510, tIcf Bcy-ka- mP anjy
tImgn-tmSv, 1933)
sslh BNm-cyamsc hn{K-lm-cm-[\ \S-n-em-m \n_-n-X-cm-nbXv, lnp-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I _pssP\ aX--fn tNcp-Xv XS-bp-hm
thn-bm-bn-cpp. _pssP\ aX--fpsS \thm-m\ Imev Bfp-Isf
sslh hnizm-k-n Dd-nv \nn-bXv, \-cmb hn{K-l-sfirwKmc
temecpw tamln-\n-I-fp-amb kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw t`mtKm-p-I-cmb ]pcp-j-m-cpsSbpw {]Xn-a-I{]Xn-jvTn-m-bn-cpp. \ {]Xn-a-I-tfm-Sp sshIm-cn-I-XbmWv _pssP\ aX-n-tev Bfp-Isf BIjn-p--sX-m-bn-cpp
ssl-hm-Nm-cy-m-cpsS \nK-a\w. AXp-sIm-mWv AtX Bcm-[\m coXn lnpa-X
- n \S-n hcp-n-bXv. Ccw a-c
- {ItaW lnp-aX
-
- n hn{Klm-cm-[\ hfp-I-bm-bn-cpp.
lnp-aX
-
- nse hn{K-lm-cm-[\
- b
- psS hf hn{K-l{- ]-Xn-jvTb
- p-sSbpw kzbw
`qhm-I-en-sbpw Ncn-{X-hp-ambn _-s-n-cn-pp. Hp-an hn{K-l-fpw
kzbw`qhmWv. kzbw `qhm-Ip hn{K-l- Is-nb etm AXn\p
kao-]tm {]Xn-jvTnv Bcm-[\m tI{- ]Wn-bpp. Ccw {]Xn-jvTIpw t{X \nam-W-n\pw thn hnizm-kn-I Fpw sNm Xm-dmIpp. AXn\v thn-bp X-fpw hgpw s]mXp-P-\--fn hn{K-lm-cm[-\t- bmSv hodpw hminbpw ]utcm-ln-Xy `-
- nbpw hfpp. Fm, Ccw
hn{K-l
- sf ]ptcm-ln-X
- m Is-p-X
- n-sbpw kzbw`qhm-Ip-X
- n-sbpw
IY, lnp-aX ]cn-jvIm-hmb Zbm-\ kc-kzXn ]d-bpp: ""hymk apXemb At\Iw aljn-am-cpsS t]cpw ]dv Akw-`-hy--fmb IY-I sIn-av Ah X-fpsS CjvSw t]mse {K- cNn-p-Ibpw Ahbvp ]pcmW-s- fv t]cnv Ah-bn-ep IY-I sNmn-tn-p-Ibpw sNbvXpXpSn.
]noSv Ah Xmsg ]dbpw {]Im-ca- p ]e ambm-{]-tbm-K
- fpw sNbvXpXpSn.
Icn-v sImv hn{K-l- ]Wn-sN-nv Ahsb ae-I-fntem ImSp-I-fntem
atm Fm\pw Hcn-Sv KqV-ambn \nt-]n-p-Itbm an Ipgn-n-Sp-Itbm
sNbvXX
- ns tijw X-fpsS injy-m-tcmSv Cs\ shfn-hmbn ]d-n-cpp:
"Cse cm{Xn kz]v\-n alm-tZ-h, ]mhXn, cm[m-Ir-jvW, koXm-cm-a
As-n evao-\m-cm-bW
- , AYhm ss`ch l\p-am-\m-Zn-I FtmSv ]dp:
R C e--fn-em-Wn-cn-p-Xv. AhnsS \np Rsf sImphv
A-e--fn {]Xn-jvTn-pI. \n Xs R-fpsS ]qP-I-m-cmbn Xocp--

hn{K-lm-cm-[\

33

Xm-bm \n a\-p-sIm-`- n-ej

- n-p ^e-s- f-sbmw R \evIp-XmWv.' Am-\m--mcpw [\m-Vy-m-cp-am-bn-p P\- t]mam-cpsS
Cu t\ctmv tIv AXv kXy-am-sWpXs hnNm-cn-p-Ibpw Ah-tcmSv B
hn{K-l
- Fhn-sS-bm-Wn-cn-p-Xv Fv tNmZn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cpp. Atm
t]m-m, C ae-bn As-n Imn BWn-cn-p-Xv, Fs IqsS
hm ImWnp Xtmw Fv adp-]Sn ]d-n-cpp. AXp tIv B Am\m--m B [qs Hcp-anv t]mhp-Ibpw AhnsS sNp-t\mn B-cyspsImv B t]ms Im hoWv Cs\ ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cpp:
"Chn-Ss t\sc Cu tZh-Xbvv Af-h Imcp-Wy-apv. AXp-sImv Chn-Sv
Xs Cu hn{Klw FSppsImp hcnI. R Hc-ew ]Wn-bnp Xcmw.
Cu aqnsb AXn m]nv Chn-SpXs ]qP sNpI. Rfpw Cu D{Kaqn-bpsS Zi\ kv]i-\-sfsmv R-fpsS at\m-hm-RvOnX-sf
t\Sn-smmw.' C{]-Imcw Hcp-h I]Sw {]tbm-Kn--tm AXp-sImv t]mm-sc-m-hcpw Ah-ch
- c- psS Al-hr-n(D]-Po-h\w)-mbn hymPw {]hnp.
hn{K-l-sf m]np.'' (kXym {]Imiw, t]. 510, 511)
F-a ssZh--sfbpw Bcm-[-\m-ebw \ndsb hn{K-l--sfbpw {]Xn-jvTnm-cm-[nv hcp sslh kaqlw B Ah-b
- n-se-nb Ncn-{X-amWv Zbm-\
kc-kzXn hni-Ie
- \w sNbvXXv. kzw Imcy-em-`
- n\p thn sshZnI [as
hnev]\ \Snb ]ptcmlnXamcpw ]qPm-cn-I-fp-amWv hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bpsS
{kjvSm-. _pssP\ aX-f- nse A\m-Nm-c
- sf A-ambn A\p-Ic- n-pIbpw Ah-cpsS Zphr-n-Isf IqSp-X Xpdv Ah-X-cn-n-p-Ibpw
sNbvXpsImmWv k\m-X\ sslh [aw Cs lnp-a-X-ambn amdn-bXv.
_p-aX
-
- n, aXm-Nm-cy-m-tcm-Sp `n-bn \np-Ss- e-Sp-X
- m-bn-cpp hn{Klm-cm-[\. hnlm-c--fn aX-]-T-\-n\v hn-cp hnZymYn-Iv _u
Zmi-\n-Isc kvacn-p-hm thn Ah-cpsS kvXq]- m]n-n-cpp. _p
injy-m-cm-bn-cp B\-, cmlp-e, kmcn-]p-{X Fn-hc- psS knm-
-
]Tn-p-tm Ah-cpsS kvXq]-v apn GIm-{K-cmbn \nv AXXv
aljn-am-cpsS knm-- kvacn-Ww. ssN\okv _p-aX k\ym-knbpw
km-cn-bp-am-bn-cp ^mln-bms Imev Ccw kvXq]- [mcm-f-ap-mbn-cpp. kvXq]-v apn [ym\nv \nevp \nc-h[n `np-sf
Atlw Ip. ^mln-bmv tijw h lyqbmkm-Mns Imev hnlm-c
- fn kvXq]-v ]Icw hn{K-l
- f- m-bn-cpp. _p-aX hnlm-c
- f- nse hn{Klm-cm-[\m coXn _p-aX hntZz-jn-I-fmb lnp-fpw ]In. Ah ]pcm-W-fnse \mb-I-m-cp-sSbpw \mbn-I-am-cp-sSbpw hn{K-l--fmWv t{X--fn
- ns `mK-am-bn-cp-n-sv hyw.
IpSn-bn-cp-n-bXv.2 hn{K-lm-cm-[\ thZZi-\
thZ--fpsS tahn-em-k-n sslh hnizm-kn-In-S-bn ASn-tev]n
Cu Bcm-[\ thZm-\p-bm-bn-Isf Ah-cpsS ASn-m-\
- f- n \npw _lp-Zqcw
AIn.

ssZh kev]w
hn{K-l
- f- n ssZhs k-e]
v n-p-Xv ssZh `n-bm-Ip-n. Hcp hkvXp-

34

thZZi\w

hn B hkvXp-hns\bmsX asm-ns\ k-e]

v n-p-Xv bp-a. Nne hkvXp-fn ap Nne-Xns kmZriyw A\p-`h
- s- -Sm-sa-nepw AXv bYmY hkvXp-hn\v ]Ic-am-hn. aW-cn-bn ]-km-csb hn`m-h\ sNm-sa-nepw bmYmYy-hp-ambn
AXv Hcn-epw s]mcp-s- -Sp-n. hn{K-l
- f- n ssZhs kev]n-p-Xv CXns\-mfpw F{Xtbm \ncY-Ia- mWv.
kh-hym-]n-bmb ]c-ta-iz-cs\ GsX-nepw Hcp hkvXp-hn am{Xw kev]np-Xv ssZhhnizm-k-tm-Sp [nm-c-amWv. temI-amsI ]cn-]m-en-p
kmh-`u-as\ hn{K-l
- ntem ine-bntem HXpn\np-X
- n-s\-Xnsc sslh
\thm-m\ \mb-Is {]Xn-Ic- Ww F{X i-amWv: ""]c-ta-iz-c kh-hym-]nbm-bn-cnt Hcp hkvXp-hn am{Xw ]c-ta-iz-cs\ `mh-\-sImv kev]n-pIbpw asm-cn-Spw Aw kev]n-m-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv, N{I-hnbmb Hcp-hs\ Ahs kakvX km{am-Py-n \npw ]rY-c- np sNdn-sbmcp
IpSn-ens kzman-bmbn hnNm-cn-p-Xv t]mse-bmWv. AXv Hcp kh-`u-a\v F{X
h
- e
- nb A]-am-\a- m-sWv Btem-Nnp t\mpI.'' (Zbm-\ kc-kzXn, kXymY
{]Imiw, t]. 515, )
kh-temI ]cn-]m-e-I-\mb Cuiz-cs\ Hcp hkvXp-hn kev]n-p-Ibpw
AXns\ Bcm-[n-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv sslh [a-ns `mK-a. lnp-aX
hnizm-kn-In-Sb
- n \ne-\nevp hn{K-lm-cm-[\ thZ- DZvtLm-jn-p
ssZh kev]s hnI-e-am-p--XmWv. am{X-a, ssZh-hn-izm-knv hn{K-lns apn \nv aS-n-bm Cuizc kvacW \jvS-sSpw. GIm ep-sNv tamjWw, hy`n-Nmcw apX-emb ZpjvIr-Xy- {]hn-m\pw
A[a--fp-ambn ka-c-k-s-Sm\pw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\m-coXn hgn-sbm-cp-p-sav
Zbm-\ kc-kz-Xn-sb-tm-ep--h Nqn-m-n-bn-pv.3

hn{K-lm-cm-[\ C
hn{K-lm-cm-[\ sslh [a-ns `mK-am-bn-cp-n. sslh [ans
B[mc ine-bmb EtKzZw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\sb ]cm-ain-p-n-. AXn \npXs thZ-Im-e-n\p tij-amWv hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bpsS XpS--sav hy-amIpp. Nne ]n-X-m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-n _pn-hn-Imkw knn-n-n-m
a\p-jyv thn-bmWv hn{K-lm-cm-[\ Bcw-`n-Xv.4
Bc-Wy-I--fntem D]-\n-j-p-I-fntem t{X \nanXn, t{Xm-cm-[\,
hn{K-lm-cm-[\ Fn-h-sb-n ]cm-ain-p-n. bcoXn-I hni-Zo-I-cnp {_m-W--fn-se-nepw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-sb-n N sNt--Xm-bncpp. b-ime ]Sp-p-bp--Xn\v \nan-t CjvSn-I-I-fpsS BIrXn,
hepw, Fw apX-em-bh {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-n-Sv t{X-K-WnXw, inev]-hnZy,
A-K-WnXw Fn-h-bpsS ka-\zbw Zriy-amWv. hn{K-lm-cm-[\ \ne-hn-ep-m-bncp-p-sh-n b-im-e-bn GsX-nepw hn{Klw {]Xn-jvTn-p--Xn-\p
hn[nbpw Dm-Ip-am-bn-cpp. {_mW {K--fn t]mepw hn{Kl {]XnjvTsbpdn ]cm-aiw C FXv hn{K-lm-cm-[\ ]nevm-ev Iqn-tXm-sWv \s t_m[y-s-Sp-pp. kp{]-kn ]n-X\pw Kth-j-I-\p-amb

hn{K-lm-cm-[\

35

BNmcy \tc-{-`q-j Fgp-Xpp: ""hn{K-l

- n\v icocw, Ielw, BIrXn, `mKw,
hym]vXn Fo AY-fpw aqnv icocw, cq]w, hkvXp, inh, {]Xna,
ImTn\yw Fo AY--fp-amWv \nL-p--fn ImWp-Xv. Cu k`-n\v
tbmPn kam-\mY- cnepw Dv. icocw, BIrXn (cq]w) Fnh kam-\-fmWv. Cuiz-cs {]Xnabn F thZ-hmIyw Nne A\p-am\ {]am-W--fntev \s \bn-pp. {]Xna ico-c-ns BIr-Xn-bn \nn cq]-amWv.
Cuiz-c\v {]Xn-ab
- n-s-n cq]w, BIrXn, icocw Fn-hb
- n-spw Ah \nanm-\m-hp-I-bn-spw A\p-am-\n-Ww. Atm knn-p asmcp knm-amWv cq]w, BIrXn, icocw Fn-hb
- n-ep-s- Xmpw Cuiz-c\
- FXv. Cs\
A\p-tema {]Xn-tema ho-W
- f- n \apv e`n-p Adnhv Cuiz-c\v hn{Kl-an-spw hn{K-lhpw aqnbpw Cuiz-c-\-s-p-amWv.'' (BNmcy, \tc-{-`qj, hn{K-lm-cm-[\, t]. 40, sshZnI kmlnXy ]cn-jv, sN-q, 1984)
D]-\n-j
- p- -fn, hn{Klkmao-]y-neq-sS-bp ssZhm-cm-[\
- s- bbpw Cuizc-km-ao-]y-sbpw \ncm-Ic- n-p-Itbm Xn-f- b
- p-Itbm sNp-X
- mbn ImWmw.
tizXm-izXtcm]-\n-j
- nse \memw A[ym-b
- n 19, 20 hmIy- ImWpI.
""ss\\ aqzw \Xn-cyw
\ at[y ]cn-P-{K-`Xv
\ Xky {]Xnam AkvXn
bky\ma al-Zrix.'' (419)
(B ]-c-am-m-hns\ Hcp a\p-jypw apI-fn \ntm Xmtg \ntm a[y-n
\ntm Chn-sStbm Ahn-sStbm \ntm {Kln-m km[y-a. Fs-m,
Ah A{Km-ly-\mWv. al-Zy-i-iv F \ma-tm-Sp-Iq-Snb B ]cm-]c {_n\v kZr-i-ambn Hp-an.)
""\ kwZrti XnjvTXn cq]-aky
\ Npjm ]iyXn I-ss\\w
lrZm lrZnw a\-kmb G\
tahw hnZqc arXmkvtX `hn.'' (420)
(Cu ]c-am-m-hns cq]w ZrjvSnp hnj-b-a. Cu ]c-am-m-hns\ amwk
Np-p-sImv Bpw ImWp-hm km[y-a. km[-Iam lrZ-b
- n-X\pw
A-cym-an-bp-amb ]c-am-m-hns\, `n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb lrZ-bt- mSpw \nae a\tmSpw, C{]-Imcw Adn-bp--h Aa-cam-cmbn `hn-pp)5
]cm-]c {_-n\v kZr-ia- mbn Hp-an-spw ]c-am-m-hns cq]w ZrjvSnv
hnj-b-a-spw hy-ambn ]d-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS. ]c-am-m-hns cq]w
ZrjvSnv hnj-ba- s- D]-\n-jXv hN-\
- n \npw ]c-am-mhv AtKm-Nc- \
- msWv {Kmly-am-Ipp. Bcp-sSbpw ZrjvSnv hnjbo`hn-m Hns {]XoIw
Zriy hkvXp--fn \nan-pI km[y-a. AXn-\m, AZr-iy-\mb ssZhs
hn{K-l
- f- n cq]-Ie
- ]
v \ \S-p-Xv Hcn-epw kXy-k
- a- m-hp-Ib
- n. AtXmsS
hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bpsS Dtiyw t]mepw Ab-YmY-am-hpp.
hn{K-lm-cm-[\ sslh [a-ns ASn-m-\m-ib
-
- f- n\nv cq]-s-X
- sv apI-fnep-cn {]am-W- hy-am-pp. thZ]n-X\pw `mc-Xob

36

thZZi\w

Zmi-\n-I\
- p-amb tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jW
v , hn{K-lm-cm-[\ `mc-Xo-bZ- i-\
- ns
]Sn-p-cbvv ]pd-m-sWv A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-I-bp-mbn. Atlw Fgp-Xpp:
""sshZnI aX-n hn{K-lm-cm-[\ Dm-bn-cpp Fv tXmp-n-. Av tZh-XIv t{X- Dm-bn-cp-n. CS-\n-e
- m Bcp-an-msX t\cn-p-Xs a\pjy tZh-XI
- f- p-ambn CS-s]-p-t]mp. Bcm-[I
- c- psS kplr-p-f- m-bmWv tZh-XIsf Icp-Xn-h-Xv. ]nXm-hmb tZymhv, amXm-hmb `qan, {`mXm-hmb An Fnh
shdpw hmIy-ssi-en-I am{X-am-bn-cp-n. a\pjycpw tZh-XI
- fpw Xn AXyw
ASp sshb-nI _w \ne-hn-en-cp-p. Po-hn-X
- n-emsI aX-n\v B[n-]Xyw
Dm-bn-cp--Xmbn tXmpp. Cuizc\n a\p-jy ]qW-ambpw B{i-bnp
hp. \nXyPohn-X
- nse km[m-cW Bhiy-p IqSn Bfp-I Cuiz-ct- \mSv
{]mYn-p-hp.'' (hnh. Sn.\mcm-bW
- \o-i, `mc-Xo-bZ- i\w, t]. 86, amXr-`qan
]n-jnwKv I\n, tImgn-tmSv, 1975)
hn{K-lm-cm-[\ {]N-cn-p-X
- n\v app lnp-aX hnizm-kn-If- psS Bcm-[\m
coXn-bmWv tUm. cm[m-Ir-jW
v s hmp-I. Ah Xmsg ]d-bp coXn-bn {Ia-sSpmw:
Hv: ]pcm-X\ Imev lnp-a-X-n hn{K-lm-cm-[\ Dm-bn-cp-n. Bcm[\ \S-p-tm ssZhs kev]n-m thn-bp {im-tI-{-amWv
hn{Klw F hmZw ]nevm-ev DS-se-Sp--XmWv.
cv: t{X-tfm CS-\n-e-mtcm hn{Kl kmao-]ytam CmsX t\cn-m-bncpp Ah Cuiz-cm-cm-[\ \S-n-bn-cp-Xv.
aqv: Cuiz-c-\n ]qW-ambpw B{i-bn-n-cp Ah Pohn-X-ns Fm
taJ-e-I-fnepw aX-n\v B[n-]Xyw \evIn. \nXy Pohn-X-nse sNdnb Bh-iyv t]mepw Cuiz-c-t\mSv {]mYn-n-cpp.
BZy-Im-ep {]Np-ca- m-bn-cp Cu bYmY sslh Bi-b
- Cs
lnp--fntem sslh {K--fntem {]Xn-^-en-p-n. hnhn[ Ime-pmb ]cn-jvI-cW {]h-W-X-Isf AXn-Po-hn-m lnp-aXw AXns auen-Imi-b-sftmepw _en-I-gnp. a[y-Im-es lnp-aX {]am-W-, As
P\-kzm-[o-\-ap _pssP\ aX--fnse ]e knm--fpw Zs-Spp.
{]apJ Kth-j-I-\mb sI. Zmtam-Z-c Fgp-Xpp: ""BZy-Im-es {_m-W
amwkw `n-pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cpp. ]ip-amwkw t]mepw Ah `n-n-cpp
FmWv Nne ]n-X
- m Nqn-m-Wn-p-Xv. Fm a[y-Im-es {_mW, Cy-bnse an e--fnepw _pssP\ knm---fpsS kzm[o\w
ImcWw kky-`p-p-If- mbn amdn. hWm-{ia hyh-b
- psS Bcw-`I
- m-ev hn{Klm-cm-[\v m\apmbncpn. lnpaXnse hn{Klmcm[\ _u-mcn\nv kzoI-cn--XmWv. hWm-{ia hyh--bpsS Imev \ne-hn-en-m-Xncp t{X- _p-hn-lm-c--fp-am-bp a-c-n-eq-sS-bmWv h[n-p
hXv. lnp-a-tXm--h-, B`m-S-ns Imcy-n _p-a-X-tLmj-bm{X-I-sfbpw D-h--sfbpw Ih-p-hp. Atim-Is Imew apXp-Xs
_uamn-S-bn ]pWy--e--fn-te-p Xom-S-\- Bcw-`np
Ign-n-cpp. lnp-fpw AXv A\p-I-cnp. Cy-bnse an `mK--fnepw
lnp-f- psS Xom-S\ tI{- hym]np. ]e- -e
- f- nepw henb henb

hn{K-lm-cm-[\

37

t{X- Dbphp.'' (`mc-Xob Nn, t]. 276, tIcf `mjm Cn-yqv,

Xncp-h-\--]pcw, 1992)
_pssP\ Zi-\-sf ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-m lnp- ]e- ]-cn-jvIm-cfpw \S-n hcp-n. B ]cn-jvIm-c
- f- n bYmY lnp-aXw IS-]p-gI
- p-Ib
- mbn-cpp. ssP\-m XoY-c-
- m-cpsS hn{K-l
- f- p-mn ]qPn-p-X
- ns\ adnI-S
- m sslh Nn-Iam Is-n-bXv tZh-XI
- sf ssZh-f- m-pIsbXm-bn-cpp.
CXv _lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bn-te-mWv Ahsc \bn-Xv. _lp-ssZh hnizm-kn\v kaq-l-n kzoIm-cyX e`n--tXmsS hn{K-lm-cm-[\ lnp-a-X-ns
Ahn-`m-Py -L-S-I-am-bn-op. Cv hn{K-lm-cm-[-\bpw _lp-ssZh hnizmkhpw {]N-cn-n ssP\-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS AwKkwJy bn-n-cn-pp.
]t, Ah {]N-cn-n hn{K-lm-cm-[-\bpw _lp-ssZh hnizm-khpw bnmsX lnp-a-X-n \ne-\nevpp. Xo--c-m-cpsS m\w sshZnI
tZh-X-I ssIb-S-n-sb hyXymkw am{Xw.6
hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bpsS {]Nm-c-tmsS lnp-aXw ]qW-ambpw ]pXnb aXambn. t{X-tfm CS-\n-e
- mtcm hn{K-lk
- m-ao-]ytam CmsX Cuiz-cm-cm-[\
\S-n-bh
- ]pXn-ba- X
-
- n ebn-m \n_-n-Xc- mbn. Ah-cpsS `n-km-{amb Bcm-[\ hnIm-tcm-t-Pn-X-amb {]Xn-a-I-fn-tev hgp-Xn-hoWp. ]pXnb
Bcm-[\m k{-Zmbw, lnp-aX
-
- ns apJ-mb amn. thZ-Zi-\s Xm\pw
thZ-hn-cp-m-ib
-
- sf kzoI-cn-m\pw hn{K-lm-cm-[\ Hcp a[y-hn-bmbn. Hcp
Ime-L-
- ns shfnw sISp-p-X
- nepw Hcp P\-Xb
- psS Bob ssNX\yw
l\n-p--Xnepw AXv \n_vZ kmn-bmbn. sslh ta[m-hn-Xz-ns
Imhm-c-\mbn cmjv{S-sbpw kaq-l-sbpw ]nfn, hn{K-lm-cm-[\
Cpw AXns ssP{X-bm{X XpS-cp-I-bmWv.
IpdnpI
1. sI. Zmtam-Z-c, `mc-Xob Nn, t]. 325, tIcf `mjm Cn-yqv, Xncp-h-\--]pcw, 1992.
2. Da-b-\-q _me-Ir-jvW-]n, Cy-bnse {]mNo\ hnZym-`ymkw, t]. 123, 124, \mj-\
_pIvm, tImbw, 1961.
3. kXymY {]Imiw, t]. 512.
4. tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW, hnh. ]n.Fw. Ipam-c \mb, `mc-X-n-s Bmhv, t].
26, ]n.sI. {_tZgvkv, tImgn-tmSv, 1974.
5. hnh. sI. `mkvIc- \mb, D]-\njZv Zo]vXn hmfyw 2, t]. 117, 118, sI.B.sI {]ntgvkv
s]mp-aqSv, 1987.
6. hn{K-lm-cm-[\, t]. 39.

Ah-Xm-c-hmZw

38
thZZi\w

GI-ssZh hnizmkw
ln

p-aXw ASn-m-\]
- c- a- mbn GIssZhn-IX
- b
- n-e[
- n-jvTn-Xa- mWv. ]ptcm-ln-X
- mcpsS hymJym-\
- f- n-eq-sS-bmWv lnp-aX
-
- n _lp-ssZ-hXzw ISpIqSn-bs- Xv
Icp-tX-n-bn-cn-pp. Fnepw GI-ssZ-hn-IX
- sb kmy-s-Sp-p Nne {]amW- sslh thZ-f- n Ctmgpw Ah-ti-jn-p-pv.
1.""C{w an{Xw hcp-W-an amlp
ctYm Znhy--kp-]tWm Kcp-m
GIw kZzn{]m _lp-[m-h-Zy
Kv\nbaw amX-cn-iz\ amlpx.'' (EtKzZw 2322)
(Cu BZnXys\ C{-s\p ]d-bpp, an{X-s\p ]d-bpp, An-sbp ]dbpp. ]ns tZymhn-ep-mb kp]-X\
- mb Kcp-Us- \pw ]d-bpp. hmkvXh
- a- mbXv Ht-bpq. tZhXm Xz-hn-p--fmb ta[m-hn-I ]e-Xmbn ]d-bpp;
An-bmbpw ba-\mbpw hmbp-hmbpw.)1
2.""lncWy Kcv`x ka-h-cv-Xmt{K
`qX-ky-PmXx ]Xn-tcI AkoXv
kZm-[mc ]rYnhnw Zymap tXamw
Ikvssa tZhmb lhn-jm-hn-t[a.'' (EtKzZw 101211)
({]Imi kzcq-]nbpw kqcym-Zn-bmb {]Im-in-p ]ZmY-sf krjvSn-p- h-lnp-h
- \pw DXv]
- a- mb apgp-h PK-ns {]kn-\
- mb c-I\pw Bb GI
{_w Dv. PK-p-mhpw apv [Ah] shfn-sp. B ln-cWy K` Cu
`qan-sbbpw tZymhn-s\bpw hln-pp. kpJ-kz-cq-]n-bmb B ]c-am-m-hns\
kzoI-cn----Xmb ]qW-amb D]m-k-\-sImv R `Pn-pp.)
3.""hniz X pcpX hniztXm aptJm hniztXm

GI-ssZh hnizmkw

39

_mlp-cpX hnizX kv]mXv

kw_mlp `ymw [a-Xnkw ]X-ss{X
Zymhym `qan P\-b-th GIx.''
(bPpthZw 1719)
BcpsS II-fmtWm kh{X hym]n-n-p-Xv, Fpw BcpsS apJ-amtWm
DXv, Fpw BcpsS ssII-fmtWm Imcy- \nh-ln-p-Xv, BcpsS ]mZ-fmtWm Fpw \ne-sIm-p-Xv, Ah Fm-n-s\bpw Imep-If- mepw ssIIfmepw \S-pp \bn-pp. C{]-Im-ca- p GI tZh-\mWv hm\-tem-Isbpw
]rYzn-sbbpw krjvSn-n-cn-p-Xv.)2
apI-fnep-cn thZ-hm-Iy- Dsm-p-Xv GI-ssZh Zi-\-amWv.
C{, an{X, An, Kcp-U, ba, hmbp Fo t]cp-I-fn-semw hn{ip-X-\mbXv Htc Hcp Cuiz-c-\m-sWv Hmw kqw hy-am-pp. hyXykvX t]cpI ]d-bp-Xv Cuiz-c \nKq-V-am-bXv \nan--am-sW-p kqN-\-t]mepw
C. adnv, m\n-I-fmWv Cuiz-cs\ ]e- t]-cnepw A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXsXv hni-Z-am-pI IqSn-bmWv.
cm-a-t-Xn, ssZh-ns t{ijvTX FSpp]d tijw, B GI
{_s al-z-s-Sp-pp. aqm-at- -Xn BIm-i`- q-an-If- psS {kjvSmhpw
Ah-bpsS c-I\pw GI ssZh-am-sWv Dun--d-bpp.
thZ-Zi-\--fnse Cuizc k-ev]-s-p-dnv ]T\w \S-nb ]ecpw
GIssZh knm--amWv thZ- kan-p--sXv Nqn-m-n-bn-pv.
{]apJ ]n-X-\mb \mcm-bW `-Xncn Fgp-Xpp:
1. "GIw kZzn{]m _lp-[mh Zn.'
kmb Hns\ hnZzmam ]e -hm-p-I sImpw ]d-bp-p-shv
Xm]cyw.
2. "GIw kw _lp[m Iev]-bn'
kmb Hns\ Adn-hp--h ]e {]Im-c-n Iev]n-p-p-shv
Xm]cyw.
3. "tbm tZhm \mw \mam[m GI Gh'
tZh-m-cpsS \ma-sf [cn-n-p hyn Hp Xs-bm-Ipp.
Cu aqp a{- sImv thZ-f- n Cuizc \m\m-Xz-an-sv kv]jvSa- mIpp. thZw, {_mlvaWw, bmkvI apX-em-b-h-cpsS D-c-W- hgn-bmbn
Cuizc \m\m-Xz-an-sv ImWn-m C\nbpw hf-sc-bpv.'' (thZmY-hn-Nmcw,
t]. 28, 29. amXr-`qan ]n-jnwKv I\n, tImgn-tmSv, 1984)
hn. sI. \mcm-bW
- - `-X
- ncn, thZ-f- n GI-ssZ-hh
- n-izm-ks- -p-dnv kqN\-I Ds-p-am-{X-a ]d-Xv. Atlw asm-cn-Sv Fgp-Xpp: ""GIXzs ]pc-kvI-cn-n-p {]m\w, {XnXz-tmSp IqSnb {]m\w. Cs\
cv {]m-\- thZ--fn-epv. A\y-th-Z--fpsS klm-b-tm-Sp-Iq-Sm
AYhW thZ-{]-m-\-amWv BZy-tXv. B {]m\w Cp `mc-X-hjn \mam-h-ti-j-am-bn-cn-pp. \memw thZ-m Fp ]d-b-s-Sp apl-Zo-b apX-em-bh
- c- psS {]m\w AYhW thZ-ns {]m-\t- `-Za- m-sWp

40

thZZi\w

Nne Nnm-io-e
- m hnNm-cn-pp.'' (thZmY hnNmcw, t]. 32, amXr-`qan ]n-jnwKv
I\n, tImgn-tmSv, 1984)
Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bn hn. sI. \mcm-bW `-Xncn thZ-nse GI-Xzs ]pckvI-cn-p {]m-\w-sImv Dt-in-Xv, Ckvem-anse GI-ssZh hnizm-k-amsWv hy-am-pp. A\y-th-Z
- f- psS klm-bt- m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b
- m AYhW
thZ-{]-m-\-amWv sslh thZ--fnse GI-Xzs ]pc-kvI-cn {]m\w
Fv thXn-cnv ]d-bpp. CXn \npw GI-Xz-sbpw AssZz-X-sbpw
Atlw Hm-bn- hnh-n-n-p--sXp hyw. ImcWw, CkvemanteXv
AssZz-Xa- . AssZzXw `mc-Xh
- j-n \mam-ht- i-ja- m-bn-t-bn. thZ-f- n
CkvemanteXn\v kam-\-amb GI-ssZh hnizm-ks ]cm-ain-p kq Cpw \ne-\n-evp-p-sh\pw Ah AssZz-X-n-p sXfn-h-spw
kv]jvSa- m-hpp.

_lp-ssZh hnizmkw
lnp-aX
-
- ns ASn-m-\a- mbn _lp-ssZh hnizm-ka- mWv Cv {]N-cn-n-pXv. GI-ssZh hnizmkw auen-Ia- mbn AwKo-Ic- n-n-cp lnp-aX
- m-\p-bm-bn-I
Ime-{I-a
- n _lp-ssZ-hh
- m-Z
- m-cm-bXv, At\Iw AY-f- p "tZhv' F kwbpsS AY-{K-lW
-
- n-ep-fh
- mb {]am-Za- mWv. kwkvIrX [mXp-hmb "Znhv' F-Xn
\nmWv "tZhv' F kw. Cuiz-cs ]cym-b-]-Z-ambn {]tbm-Kn-p Cu
kw a-t\Iw AY-f- nepw thZ-f- n {]tbm-Kn-n-pv. kwkvIrX hymI-cW
\nb-a-a-\p-k-cnv, "tZhv' F kw-bpsS Htm AXn-e-[n-Itam apgp-h-\ptam
AYw e`n-p-X
- n-s\mw Cu kw {]tbm-Kn-m-hp-X
- m-sWv BNmcy \tc{
`qj A`n-{]m-bs- -Spp. {IoU, {]hrn, {]Im-i\w, tamZw, kz]v\w, hnPn-Koj,
kvarXn-aZw, Imn, KXn Fo AY-f- mWv Znhv, tZh Fn-hbvv {]tbm-Knphcp
av AY-.3
thZ--fnse tZh F i_vZ-n\v \nc-h[n AY--fp--Xn-\m Ahbnse Cuiz-c F AYs am{Xw thZ-]-WvUn-X-m Ah-ew-_n--Xn-\memWv lnp-a-X-n \nv GI-ssZh hnizmkw hnkvar-X-am-bXv. hyXykvX
AY--fp Hcp ]Z-ns AYw, k`-n-\-\p-k-cnv thZ-]-Tn-Xm-sf
t_m[y-s-Sp-p-X
- n lnp-aX
- ]
- W
- vUn-X
- m ]penb \nw-KX
- a- qew thZnse Cuiz-c-k-ev]w Iogvta adnp.
`mjbn Hcp ]Z-n\v Hn-e-[nIw AY- Dm-hpI kzm`m-hnIw.
kwkvIrX `mj-bnepw \m\mY-ap ]Z- Dv. Ime-{I-taW ]Z-v
{]Nm-c-p-dthm AY-hy-Xym-ktam kw`-hn-pI Akm-[m-c-W-a. Fm,
ASn-m-\-]-Z-v AY-hy-Xym-ktam {]Nm-c-p-dthm kw`-hn-m-dn. h
amhpw kw`-hn-m Xs kqvaX
- t- bmsS AXv hni-Za- mbn ]Tn-npw. ]t,
sslh thZ--fnse Nne ]Z- thZ-]-WvUn-X-m-cpsS kXz-c- {i--bpsS
A`m-h-n GImYw {]I-Sn-n-p--Xm-bn-op. Ah-bn Ghpw {][m\-s--XmWv "tZhm' F ]Zw. tZh, ssZhw Fo kwkvIr-X- ]-Z-v

GI-ssZh hnizmkw

41

Cuiz-c F-msX asm-cYhpw k-ev]n-m km[y-a

- m \ne-bmWv CpXv. 4
aX-hn-izm-k-n-sbpw ssZh-hn-izm-k-n-sbpw ASn-m\w a\p-jy
{kjvSm-hn\v ]qWambpw BmWw sNpI F-XmWv. kqW kaWw
GI-ssZ-h
- ns apnte km[y-amIq. ]e ssZh-v Htc-ka- bw ]qW-ambn
kan-pI km[y-a. krjvSnka-Xzhpw {kjvSm-hns alzhpw DZvtLm-jnp Cuiz-ck
-
- e
- v]s- -p-dnv thZ-]W
- vUn-X\pw Nn-I\
- p-amb tUm. cm[mIr-jvW Fgp-Xpp: ""]c-ta-iz-c Ht Dm-bn-qSq. cv ]c-ta-iz-c-mcpw
F-a k-Ifpw Dm-hpI km[y-a. Hcp tZh asmcp tZhs krjvSnbmtWm F tNmZyw Fm-bn-Spw tNmZn--s-n-pv. krjvSn--s Hcp
tZh Cuiz-ct\ A.'' (`mc-Xob Zi\w, hmfyw 1, t]. 68, 69, amXr-`qan ]njnwKv I\n, tImgn-tmSv, 1975).
thZ- _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izmkw ]Tn-n-p-p-sh hmZw thZ-]-WvUn-Xmcpw Nn-I-mcpw AwKo-I-cn-p-n. At\Iw Cuiz-c-m Dsv AYw
e`n-p Hcp ]Zhpw \mep thZ--fn Hcn-S-p-an-spw, thZ--fnse Cuizc GI-\m-sWpw Zbm-\- -k-c-kz-Xnbpw hy-am-n-bn-pv.5
""{]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b GI-ssZ-h- hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cpp. Ah-cpsS Bcm-[\m
k{-Zm-b- ]T\w \S-n-b-h-scmw CXv AwKo-I-cn-pp. thtZm--amb
Cuim-\mZn hnti-j-W--fmepw AtWm-c-Wo-bm apX-emb D]-\n-jXv t{]mamb hnti-j-W--fmepw {]Xn-]m-Zn-X-\m-bXv GsXmcp ]c-ta-iz-c-\mtWm B ]cta-iz-cs\ am{Xta krjvSn-bpsS Bcw`w apX Cp -h-scbpw Bcy-m bYmhn[n Adnv D]m-kn-n-p-qshv Adn-mepw. GXm\pw Nne Bcy-]p-cp-jm am{X-a, bqtdm]v BZn-bmb tZi-f- n hkn-p Bwn-bm-Zn-Ifpw Bcym At\I tZh-X-I-sfbpw `qX--sfbpw Bcm-[n-n-cp-p-shv ]d-bp-Xv
shdp-sX-bmWv. Fs-m, {]mNo\ `mjy--fn An apX-emb \ma--fn
\nv {Kln-n-p-Xv D]m-ky-\mb GtI-iz-c-s\-bmWv. B GtI-iz-cs\ am{Xta
Ah D]-h-kn-n-pq.'' (Zbm-\--k-c-kzXn, hnh. \tc-{-`q-j-, thZ-]-cy-S\w,
t]. 94, sshZnI kmln-Xy-]-cn-jv, sN-q, 1973)
Cu hnh-c-W--fn \nsmw lnp-a-X-ns auen-I-X-sb-p-dnv Nne
Imcy- hy-am-hpp:
Hv: thZ-Zi-\-nse ssZh kev]w GI-ssZh hnizm-k-am-bn-cpp.
cv: thZ--fpsS BZy-Im-es A\p-bm-bn-I GI-ssZ-h -hn-izm-kn-I-fmbn-cpp.
aqv: _lp-ssZh hmZw thZ-ns ASn-m-\-a. thZ-kw--I a\-nem-p--Xn ]nW {]am-Z-amWv _lp-ssZh hnizmkw {]N-cn-m CS-h-cpn-bXv.

ico-c -c-ln-X
GI-ssZh hnizm-k
- ns ASn-m-\ L
- S- I
- a- mWv Cuiz-c ico-c c- l
- n-X\
- m-sW-

42

thZZi\w

Xv. Cuiz-cs {]Xn-aI

- fpw Nn{X-fpw ssZhw icoc-ap-h
- \
- m-sW hmZ-n
\nmWv DS-se-Sp-p-Xv. hn{K-l
- fpw Nn{X-fpw [mcm-fa- mbn {]Ncn-n-p-Ibpw
AXn-tev P\-lr-Zb
-
- sf BIjn-n-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv Cv sslh hnizm-kns `mK-ambn amdn-bn-pv. Fm, sslh hnizm-k
- ns ASn-m-\- {K- ssZhw ico-c- c-ln-X\
- m-sWv JWvUn-Xa- mbn ]d-bpp:
1."k]-cy K
- mNvyp {Ia-Im-ba- {- ]-Wa- kv\m
hnc-ip a]m-]-hnw Iho a\ojn
]cn{`x kzbw `qcymYm XYytXmYm
hnmXv imiz-Xo-`yx kam-`yx.'' (bPpthZw 40:8)
(kh-hym-]nbpw thK-hm\pw A\-- _-e-hm\pw ip\pw khm--cym-anbpw
k\m-X-\\pw ico-c -c-ln-X\pw On{Z-c-ln-X\pw \mUo-R-c-p-I-fm A_-nX\pw ]m]-N-c-W-an-m--h\pw kh-\pw alm-[n-am\pw Fpw hnp kzb-`qhpw Bb Cuiz-c kz{]-P-I-fmb Bm-v thZ-m\w
aptJ\ kh-hn-Zym-Zm\w sNpp.) 6
2.""Ahyw hyn-am-]w
a\yt ama-_p-bx
]cw `h-a-Pm-\tm
aam hyb-a-\p-aw
\mlw {]Imix khky
tbmK-ambm kam-hrXx
aqtVmbw \m`n-Pm-\mXn
temtIm ama-P-a-hybw.'' (`K-h-ZvKoX 724,25)
(kthmIr-jvShpw hnIm-c-an-m--Xp-amb Fs B-kz-cq-]s a\-n-emm Aev]-_p-n-I Ahy--\mb Fs, hy-amb cq]-tmSv IqSn-b-h\m-sWv hnNm-cn-pp. tbmK amb-bm aqS-s-n-cn-p Rm Fm-hpw
{]Im-i [ImW---h] Bbn-o-cp-n. P\-\tam hnIm-ctam Cm
Fs aqV-P-\- Adn-bp-n.)
3.""Ah-Pm-\n amw aqVm
am\pjow X\p-am-{inXw
]cw `mhaPm\tm
aa`qX-at- l-izcw
tamLmim tamL-IatWm
tamL--m\m hntN-Xkx
cm-ko-am-kpcow ssNh
{]IrXnw tamln\ow {inXmx.'' (`K-h-XvKoX 911, 12)
(aqV-P\
-
- , kh-`q-tX-iz-c\
- mb Fs ]c-am `mhs Adn-bmsX, a\pjy
icocw {Kln-n-cn-p Hcp-h-s\v Fs Ah-K-Wn-pp. As\ Fs
Ah-K-Wn-p--h-cpsS Bi-Ifpw Ah sNp Ia-fpw Ahp
m\hpw \njv^-e--fmWv. Ah AhnthInIfpw a\ns\ tamlnnp

GI-ssZh hnizmkw

43

cmk{]Ir-Xn-sbbpw Akp-c{- ]-Ir-Xn-sbbpw B{i-bn-n-phcp-am-Ipp.)

apI-fn tN Hm-as bPpthZ kq-n Cuiz-cv \evInb
hnti-jW
-
- ico-c c-ln-X, \mUnRc-p-If- m _n-X\
-
- m-h
- , ]m]ap-, On{Z-cl
- n-X, kh- Fs-m-amWv. Cu hnti-jW
-
- ssZhw
Acq-]n-bm-sWv {]Jym-]n-pp. hn{K-l--fn-eqsS, Cs lnp-a-Xm-\p-bmbn-I ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-n--cp ssZh-v Cu hnti-j-W- Ah-Im-is-Sm Ign-bp-I-bn. ssZhns {]Xnabpw hn{Klhpw Ahbvp
Bcm[\bpw lnp-aX
-
- nse ASn-m\ ssZh-k
- e
- v]h
- p-ambn bYmYn
s]mcp-s- -Sp-n.
cm-as KoXm-h-N-\-n, Cuiz-cs\ Adn-bm Aev]-_p-n-I
ssZhs k-ev]n-p-Xv a\p-jy, arKw, ayw Fn-hb
- psS cq]-n-emWv.
ssZhw Zim-h-Xm-c--sf-Sp-p-sh sslh ssZh-k--ev]-nse ]pXnb
hmZs Cu KoXm-tmIw ]mtS \ntj-[n-pp.
aqm-a-t-Xn, ssZhw ico-c- c-ln-X-\m-sWv {]Jym-]n-p-Xv Kuc-h-kzc-n-emWv. Cuiz-cv ico-ca- p-sv hmZn-p-h
- ssZhs Ah-KW
- n-p-h-cm-sWpw Ahn-th-In-Ifpw cm-k-{]-Ir-X-m-cp-am-sWv i-amb `mjbn JWvUn-pp. Cu ASn-m-\- {]-am-W-, lnp-aX hnizm-kn-I-fpsS
ssZh-k-ev]w Ah hniz-kn-p-Xpw hniz-kn-t-Xpw Xn-ep auenI
hyXym-k-n-tev hnc Nqpp. {]Xn-a-Ifpw hn{K-l-fpw Nn{X-fpw
krjvSnv, ssZhw BIm-ca- p-h
- \
- m-sWv hniz-kn-p-Xpw {]N-cn-n-p-Xpw
thZm-\p-bm-bn-Iv `qj-W-a.

GI-ssZ-h-hn-izmkw AssZz-X-a
GI-ssZh k-e]
v a- mWv ssl-ht- h-Z
- f- psS A[mc. Fm thZ-f- nse
GI-ssZh k-e]
v s \ncm-Ic- n-p AssZz-Xh
- m-Zn-I CXv ssl-th-Xc hn`m-K-fpsS Is-e
- m-bn-mWv {]N-cn-n-p-Xv. GI-ssZh hnizm-k
- n-tev kqN\
\evIp thZ-hm-Iy-sf AssZzX ]mT-f- mbn hymJym-\n-p-Ibpw sNpp.
Fm, lnp-aX
-
- ns BNm-cy-mcpw \thm-m\ \mb-I
- m-cpambn Adn-bs- Sp cmPmdmw taml dmbv, alm-tZh tKmhn dmWsU, Zbm-\ kc-kzXn XpS-nb-h ]d-bp-Ibpw {]N-cn-n-p-Ibpw sNbvX hkvXp-XI
- f- m-Wh. cmPmdmw tamldmbv,
lnp-f- psS ]gb apJy {- K-
- s- fmw GI-ssZh hnizm-ktam GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[\tbm A\p-im-kn-p-h
- b
- m-sWv A`n-{]m-bs- p. Cu hmZw sXfn-bn-p-X
- nmbn Atlw thZ-f- psS _wKmfo XP-abpw Av apJy D]-\n-j
- p-fpw
{]kn-o-Ic- np. GI-ssZh hnizm-k
- n\v A\p-Iq-ea- mbn Atlw eLp-te-JI
- f- psS
Hcp ]c-c- X
- s FgpXn........ 1809 cmPmdmw taml dmbv "GI-ssZh hnizm-knIp D]-lmcw' F Xs {]kn- I
- rXn t]jy-\n FgpXn. AXn-et- lw
\nc-h[n ssZh-f- n-ep hnizm-k
- n-s\-Xnsc Hscm ssZhs Bcm-[n-p-X
- n\v
thn-bp I\-s hmZ- \nc-n-sh-n-cpp.......... 1929 Atlw {_lvak
- `
(]noSv {_lva-k-amPv F-dn-b-sp.) Fp t]cmb Hcp ]pXnb aX-kw-L-S\

44

thZZi\w

m]np. lnp-aXw ipo-Ic- n-p-Ibpw GI-ssZ-hh

- n-izmkw {]N-cn-n-p-Ib
- p-ambn-cpp AXns Dtiyw. 7
{_lvakamPw t]mse `mc-X
- n DS-se-Sp asmcp lnp-aX \thm-m\
{]m-\a- mWv {]mY\m kamPw.
AXns {][m\ ey-f- n-semv GI-ssZh hnizmk {]Nm-cW
- a- m-bn-cpp.
(Cym-N-cn{Xw, cmw `mKw, t]. 238, tIcf `mjm Cn-yqv, 1987)
Cpw Cy-bn {]hn-p lnp-aX \thm-m\ {]m-\-amWv
Bcy-k-amPw. Bcy-k-am-P-ns ASn-m\ hnizm-k--fn Hv "thZ-
DZvtLm-jn-p-Xv GI-ssZh hnizmkw am{X-am-sWv {]N-cn-n-p-I'-bm-bncpp. AXns m]-I-\mb Zbm-\ kc-kzXn "kXymY {]Imiw,' "thZ-]-cyS\w' XpS-nb {K--fn-eqsS Cu Bibw i-ambn Ah-X-cn-n-p-I-bpmbn Fv am{X-a, GI-ssZh hnizm-k-n\v ]Icw {]N-cn-n--p AssZzX
knm-s \J-in-Jmw FXnp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ""Pohm-mhpw ]c-ammhpw Hm-sWpw PKv anYy-bm-sW-p-ap-Xv i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS kzw
aX-am-sW-n AXv \smcp aX-a. ssP\amsc JWvUn-p-hm-\mbn Atlw
B aXw kzoI-cn-p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-p--sX-n Ipdp t`Z-amWv.'' (kXymY
{]Imiw, t]. 479, tIcf Bcy-k-amP anj, tImgn-tmSv, 1933)
i-cm-Nm-cy {]N-cn-n AssZzX knmw thZ-Zi-\tam ssZh Iev]\tbm A. lnp-a-X-n\v `ojWn Dbn hfp-h ssP\-a-Xs ]cmP-b-s-Sp-p--Xn-\mbn- Atlw Bhn-jvI-cn X{-fpw Xfpw ssP\aXw ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-thmfw AwKo-I-cnmw. CXn-e-pdw AssZzX knm--n\v
bmsXmcp {]k-n-bp-an Ft{X C-d
- X
- n-\Yw. AssZzXhmZ-n-s\-Xnsc
Zbm-\ kc-kzXn tcmjw sImp-Xv ImWpI:
""Atbm Ak-Xy-hm-Zn-I-fmb thZm-n-Itf, \n kXy-kz-cq-]\pw kXyIm-a\pw kXy-k
- e
- v]\
- p-amb ]c-am-m-hns\ anYym-Nc- \
- m-n-btm. \np
A[x-]-X\w Dm-Ip-hm-\p Imc-W-at CXv? ]c-ta-iz-c anYym-k--ev]\pw
anYym-hm-Zn-bp-am-sWv GXp-]-\n-j-n-emWv, As-n GXp kq{X-n-emWv,
AYhm GXp -th-Z-n-emWv Fgp-Xn-bn-p-Xv? "Ipw sNbvX I t]meo-kptZym-K
- v in \evIn' F ]g-sm-p t- ]m-se-bm-Wtm \n ]d-Xv.
t]meo-kp-tZym-K- Is\ innp Fv ]d-bp-Xv DNnXw Xs-bmWv.
Fm, I t]meo-k[
- n-Im-cnsb inn-pI Fp ]d-bp-Xv \mp-\S-
- n\v
t\sc hn]-co-X-am-Wtm? AtX hn[-n Xs \n anYym-k-ev]-mcpw
anYym-hm-Zn-I-fp-am-bn-cppwsImv Ah-c-h-cpsS tZmj-sf shdpsX {_lvan Btcm-]n-p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. {_lva-ns GXm-\p-sam-cwiw anYymm-\nbpw anYym-hm-Znbpw anYym-Im-cn-bp-am-sWv hcp ]w A\--amb
{_lvaw apgp-h\pw AtX hn[-n-ep--Xm-bn-ocpw. Fs-m, AXv GI-cq]-am-Ipp....... \n bmsXm-ns\ hnZy-sbv ]d-bp-pthm AXv Ahn-Zy-bmIpp. \n-fpsS Aym-tcm-]hpw anYy-bm-Ipp. Fs-m, {_lva-a-m-Xn-cnp BXvam-hns\ {_lva-am-sWpw {_lvas Poh-\m-sWpw k-ev]n-

GI-ssZh hnizmkw

45

pI FXv anYym-m-\-a-s-n as-mWv?'' (kXymY {]Imiw, t]. 388)

thZ--fnse ]cm-aiw AssZzX knm--a-spw GI-ssZh k-ev]-amsWpw Cu hni-I-e-\-n \nv hy-am-hpp. Fm, GI-ssZh kev]s \ncm-I-cn-p--h, GI-ssZh hnizmkw A\p-im-kn-p thZ-hm-Iysf AssZzX ]mT--fmbn hymJym-\n-p-I-bmWv.
lnp-a-X-ns ASn-m\w GI-ssZh hnizm-k-am-bn-cpp. Ah-Xm-c-hmZhpw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\bpw AssZz-X -Zi-\-hp-amWv ssZh-hn-izm-k-ambn lnp-aX
]WvUn-X-m ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-Xv. Fm, thZ- Ahsb \ncm-I-cnv
GI-ssZ-h -hn-izm-ks Dbn-n-Sn-pp. ]ptcm-ln-X-m-cpsS Zphym-Jym-\-fnepw thZ-hn-cp Nnm-K-Xn-bnepw Aen-n-m-Xm-hm Hcp aX-nsebpw
ssZh-k
- e
- v]
- n\v km[y-a. Cuiz-cs- \-p-dnv kXy-k
- a- mb Zi-\a- m-bX
- n\m-emWv, GI-ssZh hnizm-ks ad-p-h-bvm {ian-npw Zphym-Jym-\-fpsS {]hm-l-nepw, thZ--fn AXv \ne-\n-Xv. GI-ssZh hnizm-ks
{]Xn-tcm-[n-m AssZzXw Hcm-bp-[-am-bn-cpp. thZ-n thcn-sv t_m[yam-bnpw AssZz-X
- ns ASn-m-\- h-N\
-
- sf alm- hm-Iy-s- fpw thZ-hmIy-s- fpw ]cn-Nb
- s- -Spn. Fm, Ah thZ-hm-Iy-f- s- pw {_mlvaW
hN-\
- f- m-sW-Xpw {]kn-a- mWv. AXv AssZzX Zi-\s ssZth-Xc knm-ambn a\-n-em-m Cuiz-c-hn-izm-kn-Isf _m[y--cmpp. GI-ssZh
hnizmkw thZ-nse ssZh-t{]m--amb Cuiz-c- hn-izm-k-a-s-n, lnp-a-Xn ssZh-hn-izm-ka- n-s \nK-a\
-
- n-emWv FpI.

IpdnpI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

hnh. H. Fw. kn. \mcm-b-W \q-Xn-cn-mSv, EtKzZw (`mjm-`mjyw), hnX-cWw: ssIcfn

_pIvkv, Xriq.
hnh. hn. _me-Ir-jvW, B. eoem-tZhn, bPpthZw, hnZymYnan{Xw _pIvUntm
tImbw, 1975.
\tc-{-`q-j, hn{K-lm-cm-[\, t]. 41, sshZnI kmlnXy ]cn-jv, sN-q, 1984.
hn{K-lm-cm-[\, t]. 41.
kXymY {]Imiw, t]. 282, tIcf Bcy-k-amP anj, tImgn-tmSv, 1933.
thZ-]-cy-S\w, t]. 85.
hnh. Fw. ]n. {ioIp-am-c \mb, sI. sI. F. Ipdpv, _n] N{, B[p-\nI Cy,
t]. 137, 138, Hmdn-bv temMva enan-Uv, 1986.

thZZi\w

]p\P-- kn-mw
ln

p-aX
-
- n ac-Wm-\
- c Pohn-Xs- -p-dn hnizm-ka- mWv ]p\P knmw.
[aw ]men-m-h
- ac-Wm-\
- cw ip\-It\m iq{Zt\m Bbn hopw Cu `qapJv P\npw. [an-jTv \
- m-sW-n {_m-Wt\m {Xn-bt\m sshiyt\m Bhpw.
Fm, ]pcm-X\ `mc-Xo-b ]p\P-s CXp-t]m-ep P-]c- n-Wm-aa- m-bn- a\n-em-n-bn-cp-Xv; ]c-temI Pohn-X
- n-e[
- n-jTv n-Xa- mb \cIkzKhmk-am-bn-m-bncpp. CXn\v ]nevm-ev \evInb hymJym-\a- mWv Cs ]p\P-- kn-mw.

thtZ-Xc Zi\w
]p\P knmw thZ-f- n ]cm-ain-p-n. ac-Wm-\
- cw Cu temIv
Bhnv P\nv cm-in-I
- Ic-a- m-p-X
- ns\pdn kqN-\I
- \mep
thZ-f- nepw e`y-a. {_m-W
- f- psS Ime-Lw Ah-km-\n-p-Xp hscbpw,
`qan-bn Bhnv P\nv cm-in-I
- t\Sp-sa hnizmkw `mc-Xo-bpm-bn-cp-n. D]-\n-j
- p-If- psS BK-a\
- t- m-sS-bmWv Cu knmw DS-se-SpXv. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW Cu hkvXpX Dun--d-bpp: ""{_mWw ASp
temI-nte P\\ac-W
- \S-p-X
- mbn kzoI-cn-p-pq. D]-\n-j
- p-Ifn-em-b-tm B hnizmkw, Cu temI-mWv ]p\P--sa hnizm-k-{]-am-Wambn amdn'' (`mc-Xob Zi\w, hmeyw Hv, t]. 224, amXr-`qan ]n-jnwKv I\n,
tImgn-tmSv, 1995). thZ-pw {_m-W
- pw A\y-amb ]p\P knmw
D]-\n-j
- p-IfpsS kw`m-h\
- b
- mWv. _n.kn. Adp-\q-dn-\S- pv hnc-Nn-Xa- mb BZyIme D]-\n-j
- p-If- mWv ]p\Pw Bhn-jvIc- n-Xv1. Omtm-tKym-]\
- n-j
- nepw
_rl-Zm-cW
- y-I
- nepw CXns hy-amb Nn{Xw ImWmw. ]p\Pw D]-\n-jXv
krjvSn-bm-sW-X
- n-\p aXn-bmb sXfn-hp-If- m-WnXv. sslh [a-n ]nevme
aljn-am Iqn-t Cu knm-
- ns ]nXr-Xz-s-p-dnv tUm. cm[m-IrjvWXs ]d-bs: ""Bmhv k-cn-p Hcp PohnX Xz-am-sW hnizmkw
EtKz-Z
- n \mw ImWpp. Zia aWvUe
-
- nse 58mw kq-n, t_m[-cl
- n-X-

]p\P knmw

47

\mbn InS-p-p-shv Icp-Xm-hp Hcp-hs Bm-hns\(a\x)ac-f- n \npw

Xncnp hcp-hm Wn-n-cn-pp. Nne Akzm-`m-hnI nXn-If- n Bm-hns\
ico-c
- n \nv thXn-cn-m Ign-bp-sav Icp-Xs- -n-cpp FXv {]I-Sa- mWv.
Fmepw ]p\P- -hn-izmkw sshZn-Im-cyamv ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cpp Fv
CXn \nv knn-p-n.'' (`mc-Xob Zi\w hmeyw Hv, t]. 93)
]p\P knmw thZ--fn Dsv kaYn-m ]ecpw Ah-ew-_nm-dp thZ-`m-K-amWv tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW ]cm-ain-Xv. Fm Cu thZkqw Atlw hy-am-n-bXpt]mses ]p\P knm--n-\p
sXfn-h. B kq-ns Ah-X-cW ]m-ew IqSn hne-bn-cp-p-tm
CXv hy-amhpw: ""CzmIp hwi-P-\mb Ak-amXn F cmPm-hn\v Ku]m-b-\m-cmb _p, kp_p, {ipX-_p, hn{]-_p Fn-s\ \mev ]ptcm-lnXam-cm-bn-cpp. Ahsc amn ambm-hn-I-fmb thsd ]ptcm-ln-X-m \nb-an-sp. CXn-s\-Xn-cmbn kp_p apX-em-b-h B`n-Nmcw sNbvXp. CX-dn
ambm-hn-I kp_-p-hns\ sImp. ap- aq-p- t] acn kp_-p-hns\ a{w
sImpw Ank]-cy- sImpw Pohn-n-pp.'' (H.Fw.kn. \mcm-b-W \qXn-cn-mSv, EtKzZw `mjm-`mjyw, hmeyw Fv, t]. 5, Un.kn. _pIvkv, tImbw,
1995)
_p, {ipX-_p, hn{]-_p Fn-h X-fpsS sIm-s kplrn\p thn \S-p hnem-]-{]mY\-bmWv Zia aWvU-e-nse 58mw
kqw. Cu kq-n D]-\n-j-p-I {]kvXm-hn-p-Xv t]mse `qan-bn
Bhnv P\n-p-satm, GsX-nepw P-nse [am-[a--fpsS ^eamWv Cu P-satm kqNn-n-p-n. thZ-nse Cu kqtam CXp-t]mep {]mY-\-Itfm ]p\P-a -kn-m--n-\p sXfn-hm-sWv AwKo-I-cnmXs, ac-Wm-\-cw Da tbm\n-bn P\n-m thn lnp-aX hnizmkn-I Hbvtm kwL-Sn-X-amtbm Ccw ]p\P {]mY\-I \S-mdptm? thZ--fn ]p\P knmw hni-Z-am-p kq- C
FmWv Cu hkvXp-XI-sfmw kqNn-n-p-Xv. ac-Wm-\
- cw injvSv \nXyim-nbpw ZpjvSv Zpcn-Xhpw e`n-p asmcp Pohn-X-ap-s ]c-tem-I-PohnX hnizm-k-am-bn-cpp ]pcm-X-\- `m-c-Xo-bv. 2
{]apJ lnp-aX ]WvUn-X-\mb kzman cwK-\m-Ym-\, thZ--fn ac-W-tij-ap cp amK-sfpdn-p-h ]cm-aiw hni-Z-am-pp: ""\psS
sshZnI kmlnXyw Bm-hns cv ac-Wm-\-c amK-sf-n ]d-bpp.
[qamZn amKhpw An-cmZn amKhpw. BZy-tXv Ccp aqSnb hgn. cm-atXv {]Im-i-am\ ]Yw. Cu cv amK-sf ]nXr-bm\w (]nXr- t]mIp
hgn) Fpw tZh-bm\w (tZham-cpsS hgn) Fpw bYm-{Iaw hnfn-pp.
BZyw ]d- -amKw Bm-hns\ hnK-Wnv kzmY-tem-ep-]-cmbn km[m-c-W- an Pohn--hp--XmWv. CXv Zn-Wm-b\ ]Y-amWv. \-\n-d--hcpw DX-amb B[ym-n-I a- q-ey- Pohn-X
- n DS-\ofw A\p-k
- m\w sNbvXh
- cpw
tZh-bm\ amK-n IqSn t]mIpw. Cu cv amK--fp-sSbpw s]mcp
Fsv hy-a.'' (hnh. s{]m^. hn. apc-fo-[-c-ta-t\m, D]-\n-j-p-I-fpsS
ktiw, t]. 192, {iocm-aI
- r-jvWa- Tw, Xriq, 1994)
thZ-f- nse ]c-tem-Ih
- n-izm-ks- -p-dn-p Xpd ImgvN
- m-SmWv Cu {]kvXm-

48

thZZi\w

h\. CXn BZy-tXv \c-Ihpw cm-at- Xv kzKhp-amWv. Fm, ]c-tem-I- Pohn-Xs- -- nbpw AXns kz`m-hs- -- nbpw Cp ImWp thZ-f- n hni-Zambn ]d-n-n. AXp-sIm-mWv, ""Cu cv amK-fpsS s]mcp Fsv hya-s''v kzman cwK-\m-Ym-\ A`n-{]m-bs- -Xv. Fm, ]c-tem-Is- -p-dnv thZ-fn h kq- D]-\n-jXv Nn-Iam AwKo-Ic- n-n. Ah ]c-temI
hnizm-ks hnain-p-Ibpw ]Icw asmv Bhn-jI
v c- n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kzman
cwK-\m-Ym-\ Xs ]d-bs: ""D]-\n-j
- p-Iv Cu cv amK- sImpw
Xr]vXn hn. Ah aqm-as- Xmcp hgn Isn; Poh apn.'' (D]-\n-j
- p-IfpsS ktiw, t]. 193)
lnp-aX
-
- n ac-Wm-\
- c Pohn-Xh
- o-W
- spdn koWX ChnsS
\nmWv XpS-p-Xv. Cpw AX-hk
- m-\n-n-n. \cIkzK hnizm-ks- bpw
AXpsm-p ]c-tem-I-sbpw D]-\n-jXv BNm-cy-m \njvIr-jvS-amb
kao-bvv hnt[-b-amn; ]c-tem-I -hn-izmkw A]-cym-]vX-am-sWv hne-bncpn.3 thZ--fnse ]c-temI hnizm-ks \ntj-[n-p-Ibpw kzw ho-Wn-eqsS, Cs ]p\P knm--ambn AXns\ ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. thZ-nse ASn-m\ hnizm-k--tfmSpw Xz--tfmSpw ]WvUn-Xm \S-nb hnai-\m--I-amb kao-]\w, thZkt-i-n BZi amn\pw sshcp-[ym-[n-jvTnX ho-W-pw If-sam-cpn.

D]-\n-jXv knmw
]p\P knmw BZy-ambn ]cn-Nb
- s- -Sp-p D]-\n-jXv IY, CsXmcp
ssZth-Xc Zi-\a- m-sWpw sshZn-Im-cyamv A]-cn-Nn-Xa- m-bn-cp-p-shpw
hy-am-pp. BcpWn alm-cm-Pm-hns ]p{X-\mb tizX-tIXp ]nXm-hn
\npw Fm hnZybpw A`y-kn tijw ]m-e-m-cpsS k`-bn-tev sNp.
AhnsS shv {]hm-l-W F {Xnb ]WvUn-Xs ac-Wm-\-c Pohn-X-kw_-n-bmb tNmZy-v Dcw ]d-bm tizX-tI-Xp-hn\v Ign-n. Ahkm\w, B {Xnb ]WvUn-XXs At-l-ns tNmZy-v \evInb
adp-]-Sn-bmWv Cs ]p\P knmw.
ac-Wm-\-cw Cu temIpXs Bhn-p-m-hp P--sf-p-dnv
Omtm-tKym-]\
- n-j
- nse hcn-I ImWpI: ""Ah BIm-i
- n-tepw BImip \nv hmbp-hn-tepw hcpp. hmbp-hm-bn-ov [qaambnocpp.
[qaambnov ]ns A{`-am-bn-o-cpp. A{`-am-bn-ov ]ns taL-ambn-o-cpp. taL-am-bn-ov ]ns ag-bmbn Iotgmv hogpp. ]noSv Ah
s\v, bhw, Hmj[n, hr-, Fv, Dgpv apX-embn ]e cq]-n ChnsS
P\n-pp'' (Omtm-tKym-]-\n-jv, 5106). am{X-a; "kaNm-cn-I
Da({_mW) tbm\nbntem ZpjvIan-I ]n-bp-sStbm ]n-bp-sStbm
NWvUm-e-tbm-\n-bntem P\npw'' (Omtm-tKym-]-\n-jv 5107). Cu ]p\P-kn-mw cmPm-hns\ ]Tn-npw apv B {Xnb ]WvUn-X C{Xbpw IqSn
]dp: ""Av FtmSv Bh-iy-s Cu hnj-b
- n Ipdv Adn-tb-X
- pv.
Atv apv Cu hnZy Hcn-epw {_m-Wsc {]m]n-n-n. AXp-sImv Fm
temI-f- nepw apv {Xn-b am{Xta Cu hnZy ]Tn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-pq.
Fnepw Atv Rm CXp ]dp Xcmw'' (Omtm-tKym-]-\n-jv 537).

]p\P knmw

49

Omtm-tKym-]-\n-j-nse Cu hnh-cWw ]cn-tim-[n-p--tXmsS ]p\P

knmw D]-\n-jXv knm-a- m-sWpw thZ-Zi-\a- s- pw Dd-mbn. thZm-\pbm-bn-Ifpw thZ ]Tn-Xm--fp-amb {_m-Wv Adn-hn-m knm--am-WnsXv Omtm-tKym-]-\n-jp Xs hy-am-pp. BcpWn alm-cm-Pm-hmWv
`qan-bn Bhnv P\n-p-sa ]p\P knmw BZy-ambn a\-n-emnb {_m-W. {Xn-b am{Xw ]Tn Cu knmw {_m-W-dnp
IqSm-X
- m-sWpw Xpdp]d-n-cn-pp. am{X-a, ]p\P knm-
- ns
]nXr-Xz-s-p-dn D]-\n-j
- p-If- psS Ah-Imi hmZs Zbm-\ kc-kz-Xn-bS-a- p lnp-aX ]WvUn-X
- m tNmZyw sNbvXn-n. Cu hkvXp-XI
- ]p\P
knmw ]pcm-X\ `mc-Xo-bv A]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cpp Fv hy-am-pp.
Ana hni-I-e-\-n, ]p\P-- kn-mw thZ-t{]m--a-s Imcy-n
`qcn-`mKw ]WvUn-Xamcpw GIm-`n-{]m-b
- m-cmWv: ""Ia]-Xn-bp-sSbpw ]p\P
-kn-m--nsbpw Bibw Bcy- a-kvXn-jvI-n cq]w sIm-Xm-sW-p-dnv ]dbmw. Fm, CXn-\p t{]cW e`n-Xv ac-W-tijw Bm- arKi-co-c
- f- n IpSn-sIm-pp Fv hniz-kn-p BZn-tKm-{X-m-cn \nm-Imsa kwK-Xnbpw \ntj-[n-t--Xn''(`mc-Xob Zi\w, hmeyw Hv, t]. 113,
tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW). kp{]-kn Ncn-{X-Im-cam-cmb B.kn. aPqw-Zm,
Fv.kn. dmbvNu-[cn, Imfn-In- Z Fn-hcpw ]p\P- -kn-mw thZ-Imev {]Nmcw t\Sn-bn-cp-n-sv kv]jvSa- mn.4 ]p\P-- kn-m-s- -p-dnv
hkvXp-\n-j-vT-ambn hni-I-e\w \S-n-b-h-scmw AXv D]-\n-jXv t{]m-amsWv hy-am-n-bn-pv. 5
]p\P knm--s-p-dnv CXp-hsc hni-I-e\w \S-nb {]am-W-fn \nv hy-am-hp Imcy- Xmsg ]d-bp--p.
Hv: ]p\P knmw thZ-Im-es `mc-Xo-bv A]-cn-Nn-Xa- m-bn-cpp.
cv: Cu temIv Bhnp P\nv cm-in--Iv hnt[-b-am-hpsa knmw thZ--fnepw {_m-W--fnepw ]c-ain-n-n.
aqv: thZ- kan-p ]c-tem-I -hn-izm-ks \ntj-[nv D]-\n-jXv
Nn-Iam Bhn-jvI-cn--XmWv ]p\P- -kn-mw.
\mev: D]-\n-jXv BNm-cy-msc ]p\P knmw cq]-s-Sp-m t{]cn-nXv thZ--fnse cv a-c-Wm-\-c amK--fmb tZh-bm-\-n-sbpw ]nXr-bm\-n-sbpw s]mcp Fsv hy-am-hm-Xn-cp--XmWv.
Av: ac-W-tijw Bm- arK-i-co-c-n IpSn-sIm-pp F
tKm{X kev]-n \nmWv ]p\P knm--n\v cq]w sImSp-Xv.
Bdv: BcpWn alm-cm-Pm-hmWv ]p\P knmw BZy-ambn a\-n-emnb {_m-W. At-l
- n\p apv {Xn-b
- mt CX-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-pq.

bpn-cm-lnXyw
Cu `qan-bn shpXs, Bhn-p-m-hp P-f- n-eqsS Ia-^ew A\p`-hn-p-Ib
- m-Wtm ]p\P knmw FXpsImv AY-am-p-Xv. Fm
ZpjvIan-bmb Hcm cmw P-n A[a Pohn-bm-bn-cnpw. A[a Pohn-If- n
\nv ka- A]qh-amtb Dmhq. Ah-bpsS aqmw P-n Ia^ew
IqSp-X No-bm-hm-\mWv km[yX. Cs\ ]m]n-If- psS Bmhv Pm-c-
- f- n

50

thZZi\w

5 1

IqSp-X A[x-]X
- n-p-Ib
- mWv, Fn-cns AsX-s\-bmWv Da Pw {]m]npI? a\p-jyv arK-amhmw; arK-n\v a\p-jy-\m-hmtam?
]p\P knm{]Imcw arK-f- p-sStbm iq{Z-m-cp-sStbm kpIr-X^
- e
- a- mWv
D-a P
- m-Xn-bmb {_mW Pw. Fm, Cp ImWp arK-fpw iq{Z-mcpw
{_mW P-n ]m]w sNbvXh
- c- mtWm? ]p\P- k
- n-m-{- ]-Imcw ]m]nv
]m-]
- n-m Ah-kc- a- n. {]mb-nw aptJ\ Ia-^ew XS-bm-\p-am-hn. Cu
\ne-]mSv ]m]nsb IqSp-X ]m]-\n-cX
- \
- m-pp. ImcWw, ]m]-^ew ASp Pn lo\-amb Pohn-Xa- mWv. Ip-n\v in \n_-a- m-bX
- n-\m, Xs ASp
Pw lo\-am-Ip-sav t_m[-ap a\p-jy Cu P-n Inm-hp kpJw ]qWambn Bkz-Zn-m Xocp-am-\n-pI kzm`m-hnIw. AXp-sIm-mWv ]p\P knmw
A]-cym-]X
v hpw Ahy-h
- p-am-sWv Cuizc hnizm-kn-bmb thZNn-I hn[nsbgpXn-bXv: ""kzKw, \cIw Fn-hsbn-bp Nne Ahy [mc-WI
- f- n \nv Nnmi-n-bp a\-p-Iv Hgn-p-am-dp-hm Ign-n-cp-n. ]p\P knm- Atmgpw hnZq-c
- n-em-bn-cpp. ac-Wt- msS Fmw Ah-km-\n-p-n-s
Ddv sshZn-Im-cy-mv Dm-bn-cpp.'' (tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW, `mc-Xob
Zi\w hmfyw 1, t]. 91, )
Cv \n A\p-`h
- n-p Zpcn-X
- f- n \nv tamN-\a- n-s A\oXn \nd
ap-dn-bn-mWv ]p\P knmw. AtXmsS, ]oUn-Xc- p-sS t- a ASn-tev]n-p
A\ym-b
- , aZ\- Fnh \ymb-am-sWv hcp-n-opp. Fm,
ssZhnI Zi-\s ka-Xz-n-sbpw \oXn-bp-sSbpw alm-{]-hm-la- mbn ImWp-hv ]p\P knmw bpnhncp--amb Hchnizmkw am{Xw. thZ-nstbm shfn-]m-Sn-stbm bmsXmcp ]np-Wbpw AXn-\n.

\nW-bn-p-Xv. {]]-{- k-jvSm-hn-ep AN-e

- a- mb hnizmkw P\-Xsb
ZpjvIa-f- n \nv \ncp-m-ls- -Sp-p-Ibpw ka-p thn t{]cnn-p-Ibpw sNpI Fo ASn-m-\
- t- fm-sS-bp Hcp ]c-temI hoWw Fm
ssZhnI Zi-\
- fpw kan-pp. sslhblqZss{IkvXhCkvem-anI Zi\-f- n CXns kphy Nn{Xw ImWmw. Imem-c-
- n Dmb a\p-jy-cpsS
ssII-S
- e
- p-If- psS ^e-ambn an aX-Zi-\
- f- nepw ]c-temI knmw hnI-ea- mbn-pv Fnepw kzKw, \cIw Fn-hs- b-p-dnpw AXpsm-p ]c-temIspdn-p-ap hN-\
- am-n-cp-e
- p-It- fmsS sslh thZ-f- nepw A\p_ {K-f- nepw Cpw \ne-\nevpp.

IpdnpI

thZ--fn

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

hniz-hn-m\ tImiw, hmfyw 8, t]. 380, {]km-[\w: kmlnXy {]hI klI-cW kwLw, hnX-cWw: \mj-\ _pIvm tImbw, 1972.
hn.sI. \mcm-bW `-Xncn, thZw [a-aqew, t]. 70, amXr-`qan ]n-jnwKv I\n, 1987.
D]-\n-j-p-I-fpsS ktiw, t]. 325.
hnh. Fw. tKmhn-, sI.sI.kn. \mb, `mc-Xob _rl--cn{Xw, `mKw 1, t]. 41,
tIcf `mjm Cn-yqv, Xncp-h-\--]pcw, 1995.
hniz-hn-m\ tImiw, hmfyw 8, t]. 380.

]c-temI hnizmkw
a

\p-jys ac-Wm-\
- c- m-h
- sb kw_-n auen-Ia- mb ImgvN
- m-SmWv ]c-temI
hnizmkw. Cl-tem-I
- nse Ia-f- psS kz`mhamWv ]c-tem-Is hnPb]cm-Pb
- -

1.""Xnt{k-Zym-h
- h
- n-XpZzm D]m
GIm-ba- ky `qht\ hncm-jmSv
BWnw \cYy aar-Xm[n Xp
cnl-{_-ho-Xpb DX-n-tI-X.'' (EtKzZw 1356)
(kzKw, `qan, A-cow Fn-s\ {]Im-ia- m-\
- f- mb temI- aqpv.
AXn Zyptem-Ihpw `qtem-Ihpw kqcys kao-]-m-\v hn-pp.
kqcy-\m {]Im-in-X--fp-amWv. A-co temI-n-eq-sS-bmWv ba-tem-Itv t]mIm ]p amKw. [acn-h
- A-co amKn-eq-sS-bmWv ]nXrtem-I-n-tev t]mIp-Xv.] N{\-{XmZn tPymXn-p-I, Ap-X-ns\
_n-p Ipn tXcns\sb t]mse, Hgn-bm _-n kqcys\ Npnn \nevpp. GXp -a-\p-jy kqcytemIw Adn-bp-pthm Ah am{Xw Cu
hnj-b
- n kwkm-cn-s.)1
2.""cmtb AKvt\ atl-Xzm Z- m-\mb kao-[o-aln
CuUnjzm lnatl hrj Zymhm tlm{Xmbm ]rYnhn.''
(kma-thZw BKvt\bImw: 93)
(Fm B{K-l-fpw ]qW-am-p Atbm `K-hmt\, An \npw
Ghpw henb Zm\w e`n-m Asb R ktm-jn-n-pp. m\n-\mbpw `qan-bn imn-bp-m-m-\mbpw ]c-tem-Iv imn-bp-m-m-

52

thZZi\w
2

\mbpw R Asb kvXpXn-pp.)

3.""tl Z-Xn-Itf, ]c-tem-Is- -n NnnpsImv ka- sNq.''3
(AYh thZw, 61223)
EtKz-Z-nepw kma-th-Z-nepw AYh thZ-nepw ]c-tem-I-s-p-dnv
hy-ambn ]cm-ain kq-f- m-WnXv. Hmw kq-n, kzKhpw `qanbpw
kqcys kao-]-m-sWpw acn--h A-co--n-eq-sS-bmWv ]c-tem-Iv
Fp-I-sbpw hy-am-pp. CXnse kzK-s-p-dn ]cm-ai-n
\np-Xs `qan-b
- m asmcp temI-ap-sv hyw. A-co-- tem-Ia- mWv
ba-tem-I-n-tev t]mIm ]p amKw F-Xn\v hni-Zo-I-c-W-sa-tmWw
EtKzZ hnh-I-\mb H.Fw.kn. \mcm-b-W \q-Xn-cn-mSv, acnh A-co- amK-n-eq-sS-bmWv ]nXr-tem-I-n-tev t]mIp-Xv Fv hni-Zo-I-cn-Xn \npw thZ-nse ]cm-aiw ]c-temIw Xs-bm-sWv hy-am-hpp.
cmw kq-n, ssZhs kvXpXn-p-Xv m\-n\pw, `qan-bnepw
]c-tem-Ipw imn-bp-m-hm-\p-am-sW-p {]mY\-bmWv. ssZh-tmSv `qanbnse imnpw m\-n\pw {]mYn-p-X
- nse bpnbpw `nbpw t_m[ys-Sp Hcmv ]c-temI imn-sb-qSn ]cm-ain-p-tm AXv am{Xw
bYmY ]c-tem-I-a-sv ]d-bm Ign-bp-I-bn. ImcWw, ]c-temI hnizmkw
thZ-Ime kwkvIm-c
- ns `mK-am-bn-cp-p-shp IqSn Cu a{- t_m[n-npp.
aqmw kq-n, ]c-tem-I-s-p-dnv Nnnv kaw A\p-jvTnm-\p D]-tZ-i-amWv. CXnepw bYmY ]c-temI hnizm-khpw kan\-\p-k-cnv ]pWyw t\Sm-\p kt-i-hp-am-Wp-Xv. CXn \nsmw t_m[ys-Sp-Xv thZ-Im-es P\-X-bvp-m-bn-cp AKm-[-amb ]c-temI hnizm-kamWv. {]apJ thZNn-I-\m-bn-cp cmlp kmwIrXym-b Cu hkvXpX
Dun-d- b
- pp.
""thZ-nse Ejn-am Cu temI-n\v hn`n--amb asmcp temI-ap-sv
hniz-kn-n-cpp. Ahn-tS-mWv ac-Wm-\-cw kXvIan-I t]mIpI. Ah
AhnsS B\ ]qhw Pohn-p--XmWv. Xmsg-bp ]mXmfw A-Im-c-amb
\c-I-tem-I-amWv. Ahn-tS-mWv ZpjvIan-I t]mIp-Xv.'' (hniz-Zi-\-,
t]Pv 552)
ac-W
- n\p tijw X-fn\nv t\ct th]n-cn _p-an-{Xm-Zn-If- pambn Ipapm-sapw Ah-tcm-sSmv hopw Pohn-m-sapw sshZnI Imes
Bcy-m hniz-kn-n-cpp.4
thZ Kth-jI
-
- m-cpsS ]T-\
- shfn-hm-p-Xv Bj `mc-X
- nse P\-Xbvp-m-bn-cp ]c-temI hnizm-ka- mWv. ac-Wm-\
- cw kanbpw ZpjvIanbpw
cbvpw inbvpw hnt[-b-am-Ip temIw. Ahn-sS-shv X-fn \nv
th]n-cn _p-an-{Xm-Zn-If- p-am-bp Hp-tN-c.
CsXmw ac-Wm-\-c Pohn-X-ns `mK-ambn sslh kaqlw Incpp. AXn hniz-kn-p-Ibpw B temIs tam-n\p thn Cl-temI

]c-temI hnizmkw

53

kpJw XyPnv Pohn-pI t]mepw sNbvXn-cpp.

Cl-temIw Abpw ]c-temIw A-\p-am-sW AY-n [mcmfw a{ EtKz-Z-n-epv. ""sZu ]nXm-hr-Ynhn amXm'' F a{w DZm-l-cWw.
Atm Cl-tem-Is \ PohnXw amXr-ip-{iq-jbpw, ]c-tem-I-n\v thnbp tkh\w ]nXr-`-P-\-hp-am-bn-o-cpp. Cl-temI Nn Dt]-nv ]c-temI-n\p thn am{Xw {]hn-p-h
- c- m-bn-cpp Bj Imes `mc-Xo-b.
Ah Cl-tem-Is Ah-K-Wnv ]c-tem-I-n\p AanX {][m\yw Iev]n-n-cp-Xns\ ]e ]n-X
- mcpw hnain-n-p-X
- mbn ImWmw. ""Cl-temI Nnsb
Dt]-nv ]c-tem-I-n-\p-thn am{Xw {]hn-p--hs \ne, Asb
Dt]-nv As\ tkhn-p-h
- t- -Xp-t]m-se-bm-Ipp. A-c
- n-ep ]nXrtkh B A-\p-Xs {]oXn-I-c-am-hn. Cl-temI Imcy-sf \nm-c-tIm-Snbn Xn-hnv ]c-tem-Is khm-\m BZ-cn-pI Fp--XmWv lnp-fpsS hfsc Ime--g--ap Hcm-Zi-sav ]dbmw.'' (hn.sI.\mcm-bW `-Xncn,
thZw [a-aqew, t]. 70, amXr-`qan ]n-jnwKv I\n, 1987)
ssl-h-Zi-\-sbpw AXns ]c-temI ho-W-sbpw ]p\hn-Nn-\-n\v hnt[-b-am-m \s t{]cn-n-pp. thZ-fpw ssl-h-ao-amw-kIcpw Dun-d- ]c-temI hnizmkw, Cv lnp-aX
- m-\p-bm-bn-If- psS hnizm-kns `mK-a-m-Xm-bn-on-cn-pp. sslh [a-ns ]ucm-Wn-I-amb
apJ-a Ah-cpsS ac-Wm-\-c PohnX Zi-\-n Cv {]Xn-^-en-p--Xv.

D]-\n-j-p-I-fn
]c-temI hnizm-k-n\p ]Icw lnp-a-X-n Cp- Im-Wp-Xv D]-\n-jXv
Nn-I-m Bhn-jvI-cn ]p\P--hm-Z-amWv. Fm, ]c-temIw thZ-Imes P\-X-bpsS hnizm-k-ns `mK-am-bn-cpp. ]c-tem-Is Ah-K-Wn-phm\pw ]p\P knm-w- -sImv AXn\v ad-bn-Sm-\p-amWv D]-\n-jXv Nn-Im {ian-Xv. ]t, sshZn-I-amb ]c-temI hnizm-k-n \nv ]qWambn
ap-cm-m Ahpw Ign-n-cp-n F-XmWv hkvXpX. Xmsg tNp
D]-\n-jv hN-\--fn \npw CXv t_m[y-amhpw.
1.""\ kmw]-cmb {]Xn-`mXn _mew
{]am-Zyw hn tamtl\ aqVw
Abw temtIm \mkvXn]c CXn-am\n
]p\x]p\hi am ]ZytX ta'' (ItTm-]-\n-jv 2: 6)
(sFizcy taml-m hnth-N\ in-bn-m-Xm-b-hcpw {]amZw ]d-bp--h-cpamb A-mv, ]c-temIw {]m]n-p-hm-\p km[-\I
- s- f-- n-sbmpw Adnbp-Ib
- n. Cu temIw am{X-ta-bpq; ]c-tem-Ia- n, Fv hnNm-cn-p Ah hopw
hopw Fs A[o-\
- n-tepXs hcpp.)5
2.""Akpcym \matX temIm
At\ Xakm hrXmx
Xmw kvtX t{]Xym-`n-K-n
tb tI Nmlt\m P\mx'' (Cuim-hmtkym]\n-jv 3)

54

thZZi\w

(t{ijvTa- mb a\p-jy-Pw Inn-bnpw B-tam-

- n\p thn {ian-m P\ ac-Wt- ijw Am-\a- b
-
- f- mb Akpc temI-sf {]m]n-pp.)6
3. B\m \ma-tX-temIm At\ Xa-km-hrXx
Xm Hmw kvtX t{]Xym-`n-K-Oy
hnZzm Hmwtk _pt[m P\mx''. (_rl-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-jv 4411)
(B\ [AkpJ] F temIw A-X-a-n-\m hym]vX-am-Ipp. Ahn-Zzmmcpw Am-\n-If- p-amb Bfp-I ac-Wm-\
- cw Ahsbs {]m]n-pp.)7
]c-temI hnizm-ks \ntj-[n-p-h
- p adp-]S- n-bmWv CXnse Hmw
kqw. Cu temIw am{Xta Dqshpw ac-Wm-\
- cw asmcp temI-an-spw
hmZn-p--h acWtijw ssZh kn-[n-bn lmP-cm--s-Sp-sav hyambn {]kvXm-hn-n-cn-pp. Cv ]c-temI hnizm-ks Xn-f- b
- p-Ibpw, ]ctem-Ispdn-p thZkq-sf ]p\P hmZ-ambn hym-Jym-\n-p-Ibpw
sNp lnp-aX ]n-X-m-scbpw Cu hmIyw Dsm-p-nt? ]c-temI
\ntj-[n-I-sf-p-dnv ]d-bp-Xv, ]c-temIw {]m]n-m-\p km[-\-Isfnsbmpw Adn-hn-m--h FmWv; Ah ]p\P--hm-Zn-I-fm-hs Am-Xn-cns. Cu temIw am{Xta Dq FmWv ]c-temI \ntj-[n-I-fpsS hmZw.
Fm acW tijw arX-i-cocw adhv sNbvXmepw An-n-c-bm-n-bmepw
Cuiz-cs A[o-\
- n-te-mWv Fm-hc- p-sSbpw aSw. ]c-temI imkv{Xs
An-a-dn-p ASn-m\ cln-X-amb knm-s tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW hnebn-cp-p-Xv ImWpI:
""Hcp Xz-im-kv{X-n\pw AXns `qX-Ime Ncn-{Xs Xn--f-bm-\mhn. ]c-temI Pohn-Xsw_-n D]-\n-jXv knm-
- n \npw ]c-temI-n ka-v km-\hpw ZpjvIav inbpw hn[n-p
{]mNo\ sshZnI knm--tmSv tbmPnv t]mtI--Xp-m-bn-cpp. a\pjys bmYm-n-XnI kz`mhw ]pXnb ]p\P--hm-Zs {]mNo-\-amb ]ctemI imkv{X-tmSv tbmPn-n-m {ianp.' (`mc-Xob Zi\w, `mKw 1, t].
226)
]p\P-h
- mZw ]pXnb knm-a- m-sWpw {]mNo-\I
- mew apXt ]c-temIhnizm-kamWv `mc-Xo-bn-Sb
- n \ne-\n-n-cp-s- Xpw cm[m-Ir-jW
v s hmpI hy-am-pp.
cmw kq-n, B-tam-
- n\v (kwkvIc- W
-
- n\v) thn {ian-m-h ac-Wt- ijw Am-\a- b
-
- f- mb Akp-ct- em-I
- sf {]m]n-p-sa-mWv.
"ac-W-ti-j-ap Akp-c-temIw' sImp hnh \c-I-amWv. B-tam-n\v {ian-n-s-n ac-Wm-\
- cw in- e-`n-p-sa-Yw; AmsX asmcp Pw
{]m]n-p-sa-. Chn-sSbpw Dun-d- b
- p-Xv ]c-tem-IP
- o-hnXw Xs.
aqmw kq-n Ahn-Zzmamcpw Am-\n-If- p-amb Bfp-I ac-Wm-\
- cw
A-Im-cm-hr-Xa- mb temIw {]m]n-p-sa-mWv. CXpw apI-fn hni-Zo-Ic- n-X
- n\nv
`n-a.

`K-h-ZvKo-X-bn

]c-temI hnizmkw

55

thZ t{]m-amb ]c-tem-Ih

- n-izm-k
- n-te-p A\n-tj-[y-amb kqN-\I
-
`K-hX
- vKo-Xb
- nepw ImWmw:
""A-m-{X-[
- m-\
kwi-bm-m- hn\ iyXn
\mbw temtIm kvXn\-]tcm
\ kpJw kwi-bm-\.'' (`K-h-ZvKoX 440)
(A\pw m\-an-m-h
- \
- p-amb kwi-ba- \
- k
- I
v \inpt]mIpp. kwib
_pn-bp--hpw Cu temIw CXs. ]c-tem-I-hp-an. kpJ-hp-an.)
]c-temIw \jvS-s--h-sc-p-dn KoXm-hm-Iy-am-WnXv. m\-an-m--h,
kwi-b-a-\-kvI XpS-n-b-h \inpt]mIp--hcpw Cu temIpw ]c-temIpw kpJw \jvS-s--h-cp-am-sWv hfsc hy-ambn ]Tn-n-p-I-bm-WnhnsS.

]pcm-W--fn
A-hn-izm-k
- f- n-eqn \nevp tam-k
- ev]t- m-sSmw Xs, ]pcm-W-fn ac-Wt- i-ja- p Pohn-Xs- -p-dn Nn{Xw ImWm-hp-X
- mWv. acnpIgnm-ep Ah Fs--dn-bpI a\p-jy-I-gn-hp-Iv AXo-X-amWv. ITn\
X]-n-n -sImv t]mepw AX-dn-bpI km[y-a-sv ay-]p-cmWw hy-ampp. AXn-\m, ac-Wm-\-cw ta-n-\p-thn Pohn-X-n {]b-Xv\n-phm-\mWv ]pcm-W- DZvtLm-jn-p-Xv.
]c-tem-I-Po-hn-X-n \c-Iml-\m-hm-Xn-cn-m ]-]p-cm-W-n \nch[n Xmo-Xp-I-fpv. A\ys `mcysb A-bmbn Icp-Xp--h \c-I-n
{]th-in-p-I-bn. ]c-kv{Xo-K-a\w sNm--h ]c-tem-Iv \n`-b\pw tZhtemIw {]m]n-p--h-\p-amWv. tIm]w \nb-{n-p--h\pw Nmcn-{Xy-`wKw hcpm--h\pw a-c-Wm-\-c Pohn-X-n hnPbw {]m]n--h-cmbn ]pcm-W-
kqNn-n-pp.8
ay]pcm-W-n ]c-tem-I -Po-hn-X-nse kpJ-Zpx-J--sf-p-dnv ]dbpp: acWw hsc {i-tbmSp IqSn-bn-cn-p--h kzKa-Sv Dujva-]cpw
tkma-]-cp-amb tZh-]n-Xr--tfmSv tNv kkpJw \nh-knpw. km-\-ap-hpw {im-a-\p-jvTn-p--hpw Cu KXn-Inpw. kzw Xd-hm-nse Bfp-Ifm \nhm]w \evIs- -h
- amk-{imw `pPn-p-sImv N{-tem-I
- n hmgpp.
Ch amk-{imw `pPn-p a\p-jy-]n-Xr--ft{X.
B{ia [a-f- n sXp-]- p-Ibpw kz[m-kzm-lI
- shSn-bp-Ibpw sNp-h acn-m t{]X--fmbn bas cmP-[m-\n-bn kzw ZpjvIa--sf-p-dnv
hyk-\nv \c-I--f-\p-`-hn-pp. Ah hmsX saenv, \ov, aoi-h-fv,
\-cmbn, phn-]m-km-]o-Un-X-cmbn Atm-p-an-tmpw ]mbpp. ]pgtbm
s]mbvItbm Ipftam h-Xo-tbm tXSn-smv Aev \S-pp. Ahsc ba`-S imivaen, sshX-cWn, Ipw`o-]mIw, A[hm-epIw, Ako-]{- X-h\w apX-emb
\c-I--fn sImn-Spp.'' (ay-]p-cmWw, t]. 185, hnZymYn an{Xw _pIvkv,
tImbw, 1976)

56

thZZi\w

]c-temI hnizm-k
- n ssl-h Z- i-\
- p-m-bn-cp Bgw alm-tZ-ho `mK-hX
-
- nepw hy-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-pp. ]pcm-W
- f- psS A\p-_
- a- mbn hntijn-n-s- -Sp Cu IrXnbpw ac-Wm-\
- c Pohn-X
- nepw \cIkzK-f- nepw
BZy-Im-es- sl-h
- p-m-bn-cp hnizm-k
- n-te-mWv kqN\ \evIp-Xv.
""Cm-Wp-aq-go-Xe
-
- ns Xmgv
sX-X-emJy temI-n apI-fn-embv
Dsmcp temIw, ]nXr-tem-I-sa- -t]
sImXp aqp -tem-Ipw {]kn-amw.
X{X-ta-hpp ]nXr--f-Xp-hgn
sp-thmsm-sbpw \-t\-cp-h
- ,
At{]-Xt- em-I
- n-\o-i\
- mbv hmgpp
apm ]pI-gvnSpw \oXn-am\mw ba.
NnSpw {]mWn-hK-sf kzamw
`rXy-sc-smp ]nSn-np kXzcw
Xp-n-em-n-b
- a-^e
-
- Xm
\bpw Xnbpw t\mn thpwhn[w
H- Z-WvU- sImSp-p-sIm--s\
ba-cm-P Pbn-pp \mcZm.'' (hnh. ]WvUnv sI.sI. ]Wn-, almtZ-ho- `m-K-hXw [Infn-mv], 8: 21, hnZym-cw`w ]n-tjgvkv, Be-pg 1983)
\--Xn--I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n cm-in--I \S-m-p ]c-tem-Is-p-dn-p DZvt_m-[\
-
- f- m-Wnh. Ccw DZvt_m-[\
-
- , hnizm-kn-Isf
ka-n\v t{]cn-n-p-Ibpw ZpjvIa-n \nv AI-p-Ibpw sNpp.
Cl-tem-Iv A\p-jvTn-p Ia-ns ^ew Ah-\h
- \p Xs ]c-tem-Iv
e`n-p--Xm-sW hnizmkw sImv lnp- \nyhpw \oN-hp-amb Iafn \nv ]nn-cn-bp--XmWv.
ImcWw, A\p-hZ- \
- o-ba-
- m amK-n-eq-sS-bp-m-hp A`yp-Xn bYmY
]ptcm-K-Xn-b-sv ]c-tem-I -hn-izm-kn-I-fmb lnp- hniz-kn-n-cpp. 9
]c-tem-I -Po-hn-X-s-p-dnv lnp-p-m-bn-cp auenI kev]amWv apI-fn hnh-cn-Xv. a\pjyPohnXw ac-W-tmsS Ah-km-\n-p-n.
Cl-tem-I I
- a-f- psS ASn-m-\
- n-ep ac-Wm-\
- c Pohn-Xs Ah-KW
- nm\pw Bhn. thZ--fnepw A\p-_-- {K---fn-ep-ap ]cm-ai-
CsXmw hy-am-pp. a\p-jy-Ia-p cbpw inbpw Cl-temIv Xs \evIp-hm km[y-a. CXv ssZhnI \oXn-bpsS ]qo-I-c-W-n\v
\nc-p--X. kan-Iv kzKhpw ZpjvIan-Iv \c-Ihpw {]Zm\w
sNp ]c-temIw ssZhnI \oXn-bpsS A\n-hm-cy- Xm]-cy-amWv. `qan-bn a\pjy sNp Xn-Iv \c-Ihpw, \-Iv kzKhpw {]Xn-^ew e`n-p ]ctemI kw_-n-bmb hnizm-k
- ns {]m[m\yw hy-am-m \cIkzK-kev]
- IqSn hni-Ie
- \w sNt-X
- pv.

]c-temI hnizmkw

57

IpdnpI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

H.Fw.kn. \mcm-b-W \q-Xn-cn-mSv, EtKzZw (`mjm-`mjyw), hnX-cWw: ssIcfn

_pIvkv, Xriq
hn. _me-Ir-jvW, B. eoem-tZhn, kma-thZw, hnZymYn-an{Xw _pIvUntm, tImbw,
1975.
hn. _me-Ir-jvW, B. eoem-tZhn. AYh-thZw, hnZymYn-an{Xw _pIv Untm,
tImbw, 1976.
tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW, hnh. \mcm-bW
- \o-i, `mc-Xob Zi\w, Hmw hmfyw,
t]. 93, amXr-`qan ]n-jnwKv I\n, tImgn-tmS,v 1975.
hnh. arUm-\--kzman, ItTm-]-\n-jv, {iocm-a-Ir-jvWm-{iaw, Xriq, 1980.
hnh. arUm-\--kzman, Cuim-hm-tkym-]-\n-jv, {iocm-a-Ir-jvWm-{iaw, Xriq, 1970.
hnh. hn. _me-Ir-jvW, _rl-Zm-cW
- y-tIm-]\
- n-jv, hnZymYn-an{Xw _pIvkv, tImbw,
1976.
]-]p-cmWw `mKw 1, t]. 69, hnZymYn an{Xw _pIvkv, tImbw, 1977.
B-cm-a, `mc-Xob kwkvImcw, t]. 12, Pbm-{]kv, amth-en-c, 1965.

\cIw
\

cIkzK-f- n-msX ]c-temI Zi\w ]qW-am-hp-Ib

- n. Ia-^e
- m-[n-jvTnXamb cm-in-I
- sfpdn-p ImgvN
- m-SmWv AXv. temIv \-bpsS {]Nm-cW-n\pw Xn-bpsS Xntcm-[m-\
- n\pw If-sam-cp-p \cIkzKhnizm-ks

thZZi\w

sslh {K- Fs\ hne-bn-cp-p-p-sh-Xv AXo-h- {]m-[m-\y-ap Hcp

]T-\h
- n-jb
- a- mWv.
sFlnI Pohn-X-n a\p-jy sNbvXp-Iq-p ]m]--fpsS ^e-ambn acWm-\
- cw Ahv e`n-p {]Xn-^e
- a- mWv \cIw. A{I-aW
- I
- m-cn-Ifpw Zphr-cp-amWv \c-I-hm-kn-I. thZ--fnepw A\p-_ {K--fnepw \c-I-s-pdnp hy-amb Nn{X--fpv. Ncm-Nc {]]-s apgp-h Nqgvp \nevp
Znhy-i-nsb{kjvSm-hns\pdn-p kev]w IqSn \cI kzK-sf
Ipdn-p ImgvN-m-Sn A`-hn-n-cn-pp. Pohn-X-Im-ev {]hn-p
]pWy-v km-\hpw ]m]-v inbpw ac-Wm-\
- cw A\p-`h
- n-tn
hcp-sav sslh {K- Dund-bpp.
kZm-Nm-c-n\v km-\hpw Zpcm-Nm-c-n\v inbpw e`n-p-sa--XmWv
ssZhnI \oXn-bpsS auenI Xzw. Fm \cIw, \mw Pohn-p Cu temIw
Xs-bm-sW k-ev]a- mWv Cs lnp aX-n {]Nmcw t\Sn-bn-p-Xv.

thZ--fn
""A{`m-Xtcm \tbm-jtWm hyx
]Xncn t]m\ P\tbm Zptc hmx
]m]m-k-tm A\rXm AkXyw
CZw ]Z-a-P-\Xm K`ocw.'' (EtKzZw 455)
(ktlm-Zc-
- m apX-emb _p-f- n-m-h
- cpw `mhv acnp t]mb-hc- p-amb
kv{XoI `r-Kr-l
- n \nv ]nXr-Kr-l
- n-tev aSntmIp-- t]mse,
bmZn Ia-sfbpt]-nv Ak-mK-n Ncn-p-h
- , `r-tZzm-jn-Wn-Ifmb kv{XoI-sf-tmse ZpjvSK
- X
- n-Ifpw Zpcm-Nm-c\
- n-cX
- c- p-amb ]m]n-If- m-Ipp. am\kn-Ihpw hmNn-Ih
- p-amb kXyw shSn-h
- c- mWv ]m]n-If- m A\p-`h
- n-s- -tS
AKm-[a- mb \c-I
- m-\a- p-m-p-Xv.)
\c-I
- n-\l-cm-hp-h
- scpdn EtKzZ kq-am-WnXv. a\-psImpw hmp
sImpw kXy-tmSv {]Xn-_
- X ]pem-h
- cpw, AXv Dt]-n-h
- c- p-amWv

\cIw

59

\cIw ]Wn-bp-s- X ]c-maiw, \cIw Cu `uXn-It- em-I

- n-\
- p-da- p asmmWv F k-ev]
- n-emWv Dup-Xv.
thZ- hcp Imp \c-I
- ns Nn{Xw \nc-h[n thZ ]WvUn-X
- m Nqnm-Wn-n-pv. kZm-Nm-c
- n\v \nc-m Ip-Ir-Xy- sNp ]m]n-Ipw
\mkvXn-Ipw \c-I-sa Hcn-S-aptm? Cu tNmZy-n\v Dcw thZ-K-th-jI\pw ]WvUn-X\
- p-amb tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW ]d-bpp: ""]pWy-hm-mpw \hp-ap-X
- mWv kzK-sa-n, ZpjvS_
- p-n-Isf ac-Wt- msS Xosc Cm-Xm-phmt\m kzK-n-se-n-p-hmt\m km[y-a
- tm. As\ Hcp \cIw Bh-iy-ambn-h-cpp. hcp-W ]m]n-Isf ASn-bn-ep A-Im-cm-hr-X-amb AKm-[-X-I-fntev Xn-hn-Sp--Xmbn thZ- ]d-bp-pv. AhnsS \nv Dbphcm
Ahv Hcn-epw km[y-a. Bcm-[I
- s\ t{Zmln-p a\p-jys\ Xmsg-bp
Xa-n-tev Xn-bn-Sp-hm C{-t\mSv Ejn {]mYn-pp.'' (`mc-Xob Zi\w,
`mKw 1, t]Pv 93)
\c-I-an-m Hcp ssZhnI \nb-a-n bpntm ssZhnI \oXntm
m\-an. in-sb-p-dn XmoXpw in-bp-an-s-n ssZhnI \oXn-bpsS
AYw-Xs \jvS-am-hpp. apgp-h krjvSn-I-tfmSpw Xpey-\oXn ]men-p
ssZhw, Ahs krjvSn-Isf aZn-sm-Xpn hmgp A{I-an-Ipw AkmmKn-Ipw X in \evtI-X
- pv. B in-sb-p-dn shfn-]m-Sp-I,
ssZhnI ka-Xz-ns A\n-hm-cy-amb hmKvZm-\-fpw ssZhnI \nb-a-am-sW-Xn-\p kmy-hp-amWv.

D]-\n-j-p-I-fn
thZ-v ]pdta D]-\n-j
- p-f- nepw \c-Is- -p-dnv ]cm-ai- ImWmw:
""AssYI tbmzm DZm\x ]ptWy\
]pWyw temIw \bXn ]mt]\
]m]-ap-`m-`ym-tah a\p-jy-temIw.'' ({]ivt\m-]-\n-jv, aqmw {]iv\w, 7)
arVm-\ kzman Cu tmIs ]cm-h\w sNbvXn-p-Xv Cs\bmWv: ""lrZ-b-n \npw ]pd-s-Sp \qsmp \mUn-I-fn tatmp
t]mIp kpjpav\ F {][m\ \mUn-bpv. ]Z-Xew apX akvXIw hsc
k-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p DZm-\-hmbp B \mUn-bnIqSn ]pd-tv t]mbn,
]pWy-Ia- sNbvX-hsc ]pWy-^-e-m-\p-`-h-n-mbn Db ]pWy-tem-I-fn-tepw ]m]-Ia- sNbvX-hsc \c-I-Xp-ey-amb XncyKv tbm\n-I-fntepw \bn-pp.'' 1
thZ-nse \cIw F-Xn\v \evInb Cu hymJym\w {in-m, hfsc hyhpw
ASn-m-\]
- c- h
- p-amb Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sns\ ]p\P-
- ns sIp-IY
- b
- n _n-n-cnp-Ib
- mWv Fv hy-amhpw. kaw sNbvXh
- v ]pWy-temIw hmKvZm\w
sNp Cu kqw ZpjvIaw sNp-h
- v ]m]-tem-Itam ]mXm-ft- em-Itam \cItam A hmKvZm\w sNp-Xv; adnv \c-IX
- p-ey-amb arK-tbm\n(XncyKv tbm\n)bn
\np P-amWv. sshZn-Ia- mb ]c-tem-I k
-
- e
- v]s ]p\P k-ev]a- mn
amm\pw, `uXn-It- em-Iss \c-Ia- mbn hymJym-\n-m\pw D]-\n-jXv ]WvUn-

60

thZZi\w

X-m {]tbm-Kn Hcp hnZy-bm-WnXv. ssZhnI \nb-a

- n-e
- msX kzKw \cIw
F ImgvN
- mSv C FXv khmw-Ko-Ir-Xa- mb hkvXp-Xb
- mWv. asmcp {it-ba- mb
hkvXpX, hymJym-Xmhv {]tbm-Kn "\cIXpey-amb' F hmv Xs \c-Ihpw \cI-k--ev]hpw lnp-a-X-n\v Gsd kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-sW kXyw shfn-s-Sp-ppv. Cu kev]w Dcp-n-cn-Xv thZ-f- n \nm-sWv kphy-a- m-hpp.

`K-h-ZvKo-X-bn
lnp-aX ]WvUn-X-m Gsd {]m[m\yw Iev]n-p-Ibpw {]N-cn-n-p-Ibpw
sNp `K-h-ZvKo-X-bnepw \c-I-s-p-dn ]cm-aiw ImWmw:
""At\I Nn hn{`mm
taml Pme kam-hrXmx
{]kmx Ima-t`m-tKjvT
]Xn \c-tIipsNu'' (`K-h-ZvKoX 1616)
(Akpc `mhn-X ]e- Im-cy--fn a\v ]X-dp--h-cmbn, sXn-m-c-W-bm-Ip
he-bn IpSp-n-b-h-cmbn, C{nb kpJm-\p-`-h--fn ]n-q-Sn-b-h-cm-bnv
\nyamb \c-I-n ]Xn-pp.)
\cIw F ]Z-n\v, ]m]n-Iv ac-Wm-\-cw Ah-cpsS Ia-^-e-
A\p-`-hn-m-\p ew Fm-WYw. AXn\v XncyKvtbm\n-sbtm ]p\P-satm AY-an. AXp-sImv KoX ]d-bp Cu \cIw kzK-ns hn]co-X-amb \c-I-am-sWv hyw. ]p\P-amWv sslh hnizm-k-ns
bYm tX-sa-n ]c-tem-Is- bpw AXns A\n-hm-cy-LS- I
-
- f- n Hmb
\c-I-sbpw Ipdnv Ccw ]cm-aiw `K-h-ZvKo-X-bn Dm-Ip-am-bn-cp-n.

]pcm-W--fn
\c-Is- -p-dnv ]pcm-W
- f- n hfsc hni-Za- mbn {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-pv. \c-Ii
- nbpw Ip-hm-fn-If- psS Ah-b
- p-samw an ]pcm-W
- f- nepw hn-pv. `qanbn a\p-jy sNp Ip-v ac-Wt- ijw in e`n-p \c-I
- e
-
-
\nc-h[
- n-bmWv. X]\w, _mepIm, Ipw`w, cuchw, alm-cu-chw, Ipw`o-]mIw, \ncp-phmkw, Iem-kq{Xw, {]aZ\w, Akn-]{- X-h\w Fnh AXn Nne-XmWv. Nne \cI-f- nse insbpdnv \mcZ ]pcmWw ]d-bpp:
""AwKm-c-i-b\, apk-e-a\ Ch-bn XSn-sIm-p b{--fmWv. AXv
Adpp Iodp \c-I-am-Ipp. ]m]nsb AXn-tev hen-s-dn-bp-Ibpw apI-fntev Npg-n-sb-dn-bp-Ibpw sNpp. KZ-sImpw ZWvUp-sImpw kZm XmUnp \c-I-ns t]cv KZm-Z-WvUmZn ]oU Fm-Ipp.''
Nne \c-I
- f- n ]m]n-Isf hnj-k-s- f-smv Zwin-n-pp. hmbnepw
aqnepw ioXf Pew ASn-p-I-b-pp. Dp-shw XpS-bmbn IpSn-n-pp.
Dp-am{Xw Xopp. Rc-p-I apdn-pp. An-I XIpp. ITn-\-amb
DjvWP
- e
-
- n apn-n-Sn-pp. amwkw, ]nw, I^w Fnh Xopp. hrns apI-fn Ibn Xmtg-n-Spp.
ap Nne \c-I- IqSn-bpv. AhnsS, Xe-bn `mc-ta-dnb Ip- I-b-n-shpp. apap-\b
- n ibn-n-pp. Ddp-p-Isfsmv ISn-n-pp. `bm-\I
- -

\cIw

6 1

-fmb tXfp-Isfsmv Zwin-n-pp. hym{L--sf-smpw \cn-I-sfsmpw t]mn-s\-smpw a]n-Snw \S-n-pp. Nfn-bn InS-pIbpw Ak-ly-amb ZpKw ]qip-Ibpw sNpp. Ddw hcm-Xn-cn-p-hm
thn Fgp-tev]n-p-Ibpw Ccp-p-Ibpw sNpp. ap Nne \c-I--fn
AXyw Ak-ly-fpw XovW--fp-amb ]ZmY- Xopp. Xnf F
IpSn-n-pp. alm Ibv]p ImbvI-\n-I Xopp. hfsc XWp-p-Xpw,
Xnfp adn-bp-X
- p-amb Pe-f- n kv\m\w sNn-pp. Npp-]g- p Ccp-n
InS-pp. `mc-ta-dnb Ccp-p-In Xe-bn shpp.'' 2
Ch IqSmsX AXn-`-b--c--fmb Nne \c-I- IqSn-bpv. Bbp-[-
sImpw An-sImpw inn-p tLmc \c-I
- . Ch-b{- Xbpw krjvSn-np-Xv a\p-jy-\n aqey-t_m[w hfm\pw AkmamKnI Nn-I-fn
\nv kaq-ls ]nn-cn-n-m\pw thn-bmWv. hnjvWp ]pcm-W-n ]cmain {][m-\-s \c-I- Xmsg tNpp:
1. cuchw: I-kmn ]d-bp--h, ]-]mXw \nanw A\ymbw \Sp \ymbm-[n-], Ak-Xy-hm Fn-h-cmWv Cu \c-I-n {]th-in-pI.
2. X]vX-IpWvUw: Kpcp-]-Xv\n-sbtbm ktlm-Z-cn-sbtbm hy`n-N-cn-pI, cmPZq-Xamsc h[n-pI Fo Ipw sNp--h Cu \c-I-n {]th-inpw.
3. X]vX-temlw: ]Xn-{h-X-bmb ]Xv\nsb hnevp--h, Imcm-Krlw cnp-h
- , IpXn-csb hnevp-h
- , hniz-kvXc- mb `rXysc Xn-f- b
- p-h
-
Fn-h-cmWv Cu \c-I-n.
4. alm-Pzmem \cIw: ]p{Xs `mcy-sbtbm ]p{Xn-sbtbm {]m]n-p--h\pw
Kpcp-P-\-sf A]-am-\n-p-Itbm iIm-cn-p-Itbm sNp--h-cp-amWv almPzmem \c-I-n {]th-in-t--h.
5. ehW \cIw: thZ\nbpw AKayKa-\hpw \S-p--hp--XmWo
\cIw.
6. At[m-apJ \cIw: Atbm-Kyam-cn \nv Zm\w hmp-h
- , A\lsc
sImv bmKw sNn-p--h. tPymXnx-imkv{Xw Adn-bm-sap \Snv \nXyhrn Ign-p--h Fn-h-cmWv Cu \c-I-n {]th-in-pI.
Ch IqSmsX alm-tZho `mK-h-X-nepw tLmc \c-I-sf hWn-Xp
ImWmw:
1. ""]cs hnw `mcyss]X--fn-h-sb
lcWw sNp-tmsc Ime-Zq-Xam hp
\nbw Ib-dn-p-sIn amapt\! \osf
aZn-p-sIm-m-pp Xmankvd \c-I-n.''
2. ""]Xn-sb-X
- n-ppw ]Xv\n-sb-bX
- p-t]mse
NXn-`
- W
-
- n- sNp ]Xnsbbpw
In-bmbv t\mth-dp an\p IbsImp
sIn-b-I `S-m-cXman-kvd-n.''
3. ""A-\
- a- m-cm-Nm-cy-m-cn-\
-
- sf
\nnepw \n\-shn \nnpw \riw-ks\,

62

thZZi\w

Ime-kq-{X-n Ipw I\-en \Sp-hn-

Ime In-c-cnp hebvpw ]e-hn[w.''
4. ""\c-I-a-kn-]-{X-\m-aIw {ipXn-[w
\nc-kn-oSpw s]cpw]m]np hn[n-Xmw
ASnp N-n-sIm--np \S-nbp
anSp hmsIm-wKw apdnp \ne-npw
Ahs\ IW-n-m-X-hnsS ba-`rXy
\nhlw ap\o-izcm, \nXcmw ]oUn-npw.''
5. ""kpI-c-apJw \oXn t\mmsX innpw `q
]mI-am-YnsbWvUn-m-\p \c-Iamw
Ime-In--c-cp _e-ambv ]nSn-np
tae-ti-jhpw Xn--Xbvpw Icnp t]m.'' 3
IqSmsX thsdbpw At\-Im-bncw \c-I- D-Xmbn ]pcm-W- ]dbpp. ]m]w sNp--h Ah-bn InSv ]e hn[-n-ep bmX-\-I A\p`-hnpw. {]hrn-sImpw hmpsImpw Ipw sNp--h \c-I-n
]Xnpw.
hy`n-Nm-cn-I, sIme-bm-fn-I, I-km-n-m, ZpamK-Nm-cn-I, acym-ZsI--h, \mkvXn-I, ta\n-m, Gj-Wn-m, t`mjvv ]d-bp--h, A\ysc
Zpjn-p-h
- , A\ys apX ssI-em-p-h
- , A\ys sFizcyw sImXnp--h XpS-n-b-hcpw \cI inbvv Al-cmWv. 4
A[a-Im-cn-I-tfmSv \c-I-ns Imhm hfsc tami-am-bmWv s]cp-amdpI. KcpV ]pcm-W-n \c-I-hm-kn-I-tfmSv ba-In--c-m ]d-bpp: ""FSm
aqJm, Ign-p-t]mb Imcy--tfmv shdpsX Fn\v Ic-p-sIm-n-cnpp? ChnsS \ns [\-samw FhnsS? ]p{X-\p-an, `mcy-bp-an. \o sNbvX
Ia--fpsS ^ew Cu \o amK-n hf-sc-mew A\p-`-hnq.''
(KcpV\mcZ{_lva ]pcm-W-, t]. 328.)
\c-Ih
- m-kn-It- fm-Sp ba-In-c-
- m-cpsS Cu Iev]\
- b
- n \npw hy-am-hpXv, `qan-bn a\p-jy km-Zn-p ktm km-\-tfm IpSpw-_mtcm ]c-tem-Iv Ahs\ klm-bn-p-I-bn. \c-I-n \nv XS-bpI
ka- am{X-amWv.
ssl-h -Zi-\-ns {]mam-Wn-I -{K---fmb thZ-, D]-\n-j-pI, `K-h-ZvKoX, ]pcm-W- Fnh hcpImp \c-I-Nn-{X--fmWv CXphsc hnh-cn-Xv. CXnse \c-Ispdn {]Xn-]m-Z\
-
- ]c-temI hnizm-ks
AwKo-Ic- n-p-Ibpw ]p\Ps \ncm-Ic- n-p-Ibpw sNpp. thZ-fpw A\p-_ {- K-
- fpw \c-Is hy-ambn hni-Zo-Ic- n-Xv, ]c-temI hnizmkw sslh
Zi-\
- nss `mK-am-bXpsImmWv. ]c-temI hnizm-ks \ntj[n-p-h lnp-aX
-
- ns ASn-m\ hnizm-ks- -bmWv \ncm-Ic- n-p-Xv. ]c-temI
hnizm-ks-m ]p\P-a- mWv lnp-aX
- t- {]mw Fv hmZn-p-h
- ssZhnI
Zi-\s a\p-jy-`m-h\
- b
- \
- p-kc- nv amnadn-p-Ib
- mWv.5

\cIw

63

IpdnpI
1. arUm-\ kzman, {]ivt\m-]-\n-jv, {iocm-a-Ir-jvWm-{iaw, Xriq, 1971
2. KcpU\mcZ{_lva-]p-cm-W-, t]Pv 531, \mj-\ _pv m, 1983.
3. hnh: ]WvUnv sI. sI. ]Wn-, alm-tZhn `mK-hXw Infn-mv 8: 22, hnZym-cw`w
]ntjgvkv, Be-pg, 1983.
4. ]Xva-]p-cmWw, t]Pv 338, hnZymYn-an{Xw _pIvkv, tImbw, 19776.
5. ]p\Pw F A[ym-bw ImWpI.

kzKw
th

Z-Zi-\
- n, \c-It- mfw {]m[m-\y-ap-X
- mWv kzKhpw. ]m]n-Ifpw Zphr-cp-amWv \c-Im-hI
- m-in-Is- f-n, kan-If- mWv kzK-hm-kn-I. thZ-f- nepw
A\p-_
- - {K-
- f- nepw ]c-temI Pohn-X
- ns Ahn-`m-Py-LS- I
- a- mb kzK-sp-dnv [mcmfw ]cm-ai-f- pv.

thZ--fn

Ah-Xm-c-hmZw

64

1.""C{mb lnsZy-\c kptcm A\-a\

v- tX
{mb alo-]r-Ynho hcn-a`n
Zypa-v\k
- mXm hcn-a`nx
C{w hntiz-kt- Pm-jtkm tZhmtkm
C{mb hnizmk h\m-\n- am-\pjmZ[ntc ]pcx
cmXm \nkp am\pjm.'' (EtKzZw 11311)
(]pWyw sNbvX-hp am{Xw \nhm-k-tbm-Kyhpw Am--hsc IS-m--Xpamb kzKw, AhnsS hkn-p tZh-k-aqlw, C{-mbn Ipn-Spp. AXpt]mse kphn-kvXr-Xa- mb `qan, AhnsS hkn-p P\-k
- bw, t{ijvT kvtXm{X-fm Ahn-tSp Ipn-Spp. IqSmsX, A-em-`-ap-t-inv [kar-n-mbn]
apnb lhn-t-nb bP-am-\-m Ahn-tSp Ipn-Spp. ]nstbm Fm
tZh-mcpw Hcp-t]mse kp-jvS-cmbn Ahn-Ss apn \nn-bn-cn-pp.
AXp-t]mse a\p-jy-cpsS tkma-kw-kvIm-c-tmSv IqSnb Fm km[-\-fpw
C{-m-bn-s `hn-s. a\p-jy-cpsS ]ptcm-Um-im-Zn-If- mbn tlman-m-\p
lhn-p-Ifpw C{-mbn `hn-s.)
2.""bt\ hX PmX-th-Zk
anw bP[zw lhn-jm-X-\m-Kncm
kan-[m\w kp{]-bkw kzcw
Zypw tlmXmcw hrP-t\jvT [qjZw.'' (EtKzZw 221)
(Atbm EXzn-Ky-P-am-\-mtc, Dm-bXv apgp-h-\-dn-bp Ansb bw
sImv hfpI. Bfn-
- p-h
- \pw \ A-tmSv IqSn-bh
- \pw kahm-msc kzK-n-tev \bn-p-h
- \pw Xnf-a- p-h
- \pw tlma-\nhm-lI
- \pw
_e--fnshv Im-hp-amb Ahn-Ss lhn-mepw hnkvX-cn kvXpXnbmepw bPn-pI.)
3. ""tX\ ktXy\ PmKrX
a[n {]tN-Xpt\ ]tZ
C{mn ia-b-Xw.'' (EtKzZw 1216)

kzKw

65

(Atbm C{m-n-Itf, Hgn-p-Iq-SmsX ^e-{]-ZXzw sImv \njv^e

- a- m-Im RfpsS Ia-m kpJ-t`m-Km-\p-`q-Xnsb hnfn-p-]d- b
- p kzK-m\w Rp
e`n-p Imcy-n \n Ghpw a\p shmepw. ]ns Rp
[\nXy]kpJw X-cp-fn-bmepw.)
a\p-jy-cpsS ka-v ac-Wm-\-cw ]c-tem-I-p-shv \evIp
Bm-Z-P-\-Ihpw kz]v\-Xpeyw kpJ-{]-Z-hp-amb km-\-amWv kzKw. apI-fn
]cm-ain aqv EtKzZ kq--fn \npw Cu Imcyw hy-amWv. ]pWyw
sNbvXh
- v am{Xw \nhm-kt- bm-Kyhpw Am-h
- sc IS-m-X
- p-amb kzKw
FmWv {]Y-a-kq--n kzKs ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-Xv. cm-a-t-Xn
ssZhs hnti-jn-n-p-Xv ka-hm-msc kzKn-tev \bn-p-h FmWv. aqm-as kqw, kzw Ia-v {]Xn-^-e-ambn B\-m\p-`qXn ]I-cp kzK-m-\-e-_v[n-p {]mY-\-bmWv. Cu kq-sfmwXs EtKz-Z-Im-es P\-v ]c-tem-I-nepw \cIkzK-fnepw Dm-bn-cp i-amb hnizm-k-ns sXfn-hp-I-fmWv.
thZ-h-N-\- ac-Wm-\-c Pohn-X-ns bYmY apJ-amWv hy-am-p-Xv. ac-Wm-\
- c Pohn-X
- nepw Ahn-Ss kpJ-Zpx-J
- f- nepw thZ-Ime P\X
]qWambpw hniz-kn-n-cpp. Ah-cpsS hnizm-k{- ]-Imcw ba-\mWv ]c-temI `cWm-[n-Imcn. Hcp a\p-jy acn-p-tm Abm bas cmPy-n Fp-Xmbn hniz-kn-n-cpp. AhnsS k-cn-X- v ba ]mnSw Xm-dmpw. icocw
Dt]-n-s- v Ign-bp-tm Bm-hn\v Dz-ea- mb Bym-nI cq]w ssIhcpp. AXv ac-W-an-m ba\pw ]nXr-fpw hmgp tZh-X-I-fpsS \nhm-k-m\-tv t]mIp-w. shf-f-n-eq-sSbpw Hcp ]me-n-eq-sSbpw k-cn--Xn\v
tij-amWv acn--h kzK-tem-I-sn-t-cpI. 1
ka-p {]Xn-^-e-ambn e`y-am-Ip kz]v\-Xp-ey-amb kpJm-\-f- psS temI-ambn am{X-a, thZ-Im-es sslh kaqlw kzKs Incp-Xv. adnv, ssZhnI ta-ns D-X-m-\-am-bmWv Ah AXns\ hnizkn-n-cp-Xv. ""acn--h-cpsS Bm- kzK-n ba-t\m-sSm-nv tamZnv
Ccn-pp. \p-tSXp t]mep Hcp Pohn-Xa- mWv AhnsS Ah-cp-tSXv. `qan-bnse
Bm-Z-v ]qW-Xbpw Hu-Xyhpw hm kzK-nse Bm-Z-fmbn. "Zm\w \evIp--hp--XmWv Cu Xnf-p ]ZmY-; Ahpthn kzK-n kqcy-m-cpv, Ah Aar-Xzw t\Spp. Ahv
ZoLm-bpv ssIh-cpp' (1.25.6). ac-Wm-\-c Pohn-X-s--n-bp sshZnI
k-ev]
- n sshj-bnI kpJ-v \evIn-bn-p {]map-Jy-s-n ]ecpw
Dund-n-pv.'' (`mc-Xob Zi\w, t]. 92)
ta {]kvXm-h-\-I-fn \nv, thZ- kzK-s-p-dnpw AXpsmp ]c-tem-I-s-p-dnpw bphpw ssZhn-I-t{]m--hp-amb Zi-\-amWv
kan--sXv ImWmw. Cu ASn-m-\-n, lnp-a-X-ns hnizm-k-{]-amW-f- psS `mK-amWv ]c-temI hnizm-khpw AXpsm-p \cIkzKhpw.
Fm, hymJym-\
- k
- p-If- n-eqsS ]p\P-h
- m-Zn-I ]c-temI hnizm-ks
Ahy-a- m-p-Ib
- m-Wp-m-bXv.

66

thZZi\w

D]-\n-j-p-I-fn
thZ- Ah-Xc- n-n kzKs-p-dn Nn{Xo-Ic- W
-
- f- n \npw D]-\n-jXv
Nn-I
- mv Hgn-p-am-dm Ign-n.
1.""kztK temtI \`bw \\mkvXn
\X-{XXzw \P-cm-bm-_n-t`Xn
Dt`-Xozw i\mb ]n]mtk
timIm-Xn-tKm -tam-ZtX kzK-temtI.'' (ItTm-]-\n-jv 1 : 12)
(kzK-tem-I-n tcmKw apX-emb `b-Im-c-W- bmsXm-p-an. arXyp-tZh AhnsS {]hn-p-n. am{X-a, AhnsS hm[Iyw Xs Dm-Ip-n.
a\p-jys\ hnj-an-n-p hnipw Zmlhpw Ahn-sS-bn. As\ bmsXmcp
ZpxJhpw IqSmsX kzK-tem-I-n Fm-hcpw kpJ-ambn hkn-pp.)2
2.""tbmhm GXm-tahw thZ-]-lXy
hm]vam\ a\t kztKtemtI
tPymtb {]Xn-Xn-jvTn-Xn- {]-Xn-Xn-jvTXn.'' (tIt\m-]-\n-jv 4:9)
(Cu D]-\n-j-ns\ CtX hn[-n-e-dn-bp--h ]m]-samw \inv A\-hpw
t{ijvT-hp-amb kzKtem-I-n {]Xn-jvTsb {]m]n-pp, nc-{]-Xn-jvT-\mbn-o-cpp.)3
cm-as D]-\n-jXv kq-n kzKap-sv am{Xta ]d-bp-pq.
kzK-ap-s-p {]kvXm-h\, kzK-sbpw ]c-tem-I-sbpw Ipdn-p
hnizm-k-ns `mK-amWv. Fm Hmw kq-n kzK-ns \smcp
Nn{XWw Xs-bpv. hnj-ahpw hnc-k-Xbpw A\p-`-h-s-Sm, taw Ifn-bmSp temI-amWv kzK-sav Cu kqw DZvtLm-jn-pp. lnp-a-X-n
]p\P--am-Wp-m-bn-cp--sX-n ""kzK-tem-I-n'' F-Xns m\v
kan-bpsS ASp Pw Ftm cmw Pw Ftm Bbn-cpp ]cmain-pI. Fm ""kzK-temtI'' (kzK-tem-I-n) Fv hy-ambn ]dn-cn-pp. CXv lnp-aXw kzK-sbpw AXpsm-p ]c-tem-Isbpw Ipdnv hy-amb shfn-]m-Sp-I Dsm-n-cpp F-Xn-\p sXfnhp-If- mWv.
thZ- ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-nb kzKhpw, D]-\n-j-p- hni-Zo-I-cn
kzKhpw Xn sshcp[yw Xotc-bn F hkvXpX kqNn-n-p-Xv lnp-aX-ns ASn-m\ hnizm-k-{]-am-W--fn ]c-tem-I-hn-izmkw Dm-bn-cpspw ]nevm-ev B hnizmkw amn-ad- n-X
- m-sW-p-amWv.

`K-hZvKo-X-bn
thZ-fpw D]-\n-j
- p-fpw kmy-s-Sp-nb kzKw bmYmYy-am-sWv
`K-h-ZvKo-Xbpw AwKo-I-cn-pp:
1.""AY tN zanaw [ayw
kw{Kmaw \I-cn-jykn
XXx-kz-[w Ionw N

kzKw

67

lnXzm ]m]-ah
- m-]vkykn.'' (`K-hZ- vKoX 233)
(Fm [ay-amb Cu bps \o sNp-n-s-n kzK-{]m-]vXn-bp-m-hpI-bn, Fp-Xs- -b \ns [a-sbpw Ion-sb-bp-ap-t]-nv \o ]m]s
{]m]n-p-X
- p-am-Ipp.)
2.""b injvSm-arX `qtPm
bmn {_lva-k-\m-X\w
\mbw temtIm kXy-b-ky
IptXm\yx Ipcp-k-a!'' (`K-h-ZvKoX 4:31)
(binjvS-amb Ime-n hn[n-{]-Im-c-ap Aar-X-cq-]-amb As `pPnp-h \nXy-cmb {_lvas m\ZzmtcW {]m]n-pp. Atbm Ipcphwi t{ijvTm, bw sNm--hv Cu Aev]-kp-J-ap a\p-jy-temIw
IqSnbpw Inp-I-bn. ]ns _lp-kp-J-ap kzKmZn ap -tem-I- FhnsS?)
kzK-s-- n-bp, `K-hZ- vKo-Xb
- psS DZvt_m-[\
-
- n Hmw kq-n
[a-bpw sNm-Xn-cp-m kzK-{]m]vXn km[y-a-spw, cm-a-t-Xn
bw sNm--hv kzK-temIw A{]m-]y-am-sWpw {]kvXm-hn-pp.
hnizm-kn-bmb lnp-hn-t\m-Sp ta kq--fpsS ktiw, kXvIaw A\pjvTn--W-sapw As\ kzKw Ic--am--W-sa-p-amWv. Bcm-[\ \n-hln-m-h
- v kzKn {]th-in-p-hm km[y-a. Npcp-
- n, Cu cv
kq-fpw ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-k-sbpw kzK-sbpw kw_-n-p `K-hZvKo-X-bpsS A\n-tj-[y-amb kmy--fmWv.

]pcm-W--fn
thZ-fpw A\p-_
- - {K-
- fpw kmy-s-Sp-nb kzK-s-p-dn {]Xn]m-Z\w ]pcm-W
- f- n-emWv IqSp-X hy-ambn ]d-Xv. ]pWy-hmamp
D-Xa- mb hmk-e
- am-Wtm kzKw. AhnsS Fn-t-cp-Is- b-Xv hnizm-kn-IfpsS Pohn-Xm-`n-em-ja- mWv. AXn-\h ]men-t Imcy-s- f-p-dn-pt]mepw ]pcmW-f- n \ntZ-i
- hn-pv:
""kzKw B{K-ln-p--h Xs Xt]m-Zm-\-sf Ion-m-Xn-cn-Ww.
B-ln-X-n-mbv bYm-in Zm\w sNWw. sNcntm hkv{Xtam Imtbm
Ingtm Cetbm shtam Zm\w sNbvXp, Zcn-{Z t]mepw Znhkw ]mgm-m-Xncn-Ww. Zm\-io-e-m \c-I-n Fp-I-bn.'' 4
ka-, hnti-jnpw Zm\-[a- kzK-n-te-p hgn Ffp-am-p-sa-mWv CXns kmcw. AXn\v thn Zcn-{Zt]mepw X-fm-em-hp-Xv
Zm\w sNWw. kan-Ifpw kkz-`m-hn-Ifpw kuay-Nn-cpw Zbm-ep-f- p-ambn-cnpw kzK-n {]th-in-pI. ssZh-`
- , Kpcp-\m-Y
- m-scbpw amXm-]n-Xm-sfbpw _lp-am-\n-p-h
- , kkz-`m-hn-Is- fbpw AK-Xn-Is- fbpw kwc-n-p-h Fn-hs- cmw kzK-n-em-sWv ]pcm-W
- DZvtLm-jn-pp. kpIrXn-ImWv D-Xhpw ta-]qh-hp-amb temIw hmKvZm\w sNbvXn-p-Xv.
Ahscpdnpw kzK-ns al-zs-p-dnpw sslh Zi-\
- f- n hniZ-amb {]Xn-]m-Z\
-
- ImWmw:

68

thZZi\w

kpIr-Xn-If- mb a\p-jy kh-Ima kar-c- mbn kzK-n btYjvSw k-cnpp. AhnsS \mkvXn-Ic- n. tNmc-m-cn, IrX-Lv\c- n, A`n-am-\n-If- n. kXy-\njvTcpw iqccpw Zbm-ep-fpw am-io-ecpw bPzm-fpw ZmXm-f- p-amb a\p-jytc
AhnsS sNp-Ib
- pq. tcmKw, Pc, acWw, timIw, av, shbn, pv, Zmlw,
hmw Fn-hs- bmpw AhnsS Bp-an.5
lnp-a-X-nse {]mam-WnI {K--fmb thZ-fpw D]-\n-j-p-fpw `Kh-ZvKo-Xbpw ]pcmWfpw ]ctemIspdnv shdpw ]cm-aiw \Sn ]nncn-bp-I-b; adnv, ]c-tem-I-sbpw AXns Ahn-`m-Py -L-S-I--fmb \cIw,
kzKw Fn-h-sbbpw bpn-`-{Z-amb ImgvN-m-Sn-eqsS kan-p-I-bmWv. ]ctemIw, \cIw, kzKw Fn-h-bpsS hniZ hnh-c-W--fmWv Ah-bn-ep-Xv.
CXn\npw ]c-temI Zi\w ssl-h- [a-ns `mK-amWv Fv ImWmw.
]c-temIw, \cIw, kzKw Fn-h-sb-p-dnv lnp-a-X-{K---fn-ep Cu
]cm-ai- Nne kXy--fn-tev hncNq-pp:
Hv: lnp-a-X-{K---fn NnX-dn-n-S-p-Xv bYmY ssZhn-I -Zi-\amWv.
cv: a\p-jys\ kmK\n-cX
- \
- m-p-X
- n \cIkzK-fn-ep hnizmkw
A\n-hm-cy-am-sWv lnp-aX Zi-\- ]Tn-n-pp.
aqv: thZ- ]Tn-n-p thZ-a-X-Zi\w ssII-S--ep-Ipw Iqnt-ep-Ipw hnt[-ba- m-bn-pv.

IpdnpI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW, hnh. \mcm-bW

- \o-i, `mc-Xob Zi\w, hmeyw Hv,
t]Pv 92, amXr-`qan _pIvkv, 1975.
hnh. arUm-\--kzman, ItTm-]-\n-jv, {iocm-a-Ir-jvWm-{iaw, Xriq, 1980.
tIt\m-]\
- n-jv, {iocm-aI
- r-jvWm-{iaw, Xriq, 1970.
]-]p-cmWw, `mKw 1, t]. 72, 73, hnZymYn-an{Xw _pIvkv, tImbw, 1977.
]-]p-cmWw, t]. 336.

69

thZ-Zi\w
th

Zw Fm Adnhv, Adn-bs- -Xv FmWv AYw. [a-im-kv{X-f- psS ASnm-\- m-\a- mWv thZ-. aljn-am Cuiz-c\
- n \npw {Kln-X
- m-Ib
- m
thZ-n\v {ipXn-sbpw t]cpv. EtKzZw, bPpthZw, kma-thZw, AYh-thZw
Fn-s\ \mev thZ-f- pv. Hmtcm thZ-n\pw {_mlvaWw, Bc-WyIw, D]-\njv Fo hn`m-K
- f- pv. Chsb thZ-f- psS hymJym-\
- tfm hni-Zo-Ic- W
- tfm Bbn-mWv ]cn-KW
- n-p-Xv. IqSmsX, thZ-ns Dm-cWw Xn-s-Sp-p-Xn-\p in, b\ntZ-i
- f- S-
- p Iev]w, `mjm-im-kv{X ]
- T- \
-
- n-\p
hymI-cWw, kmt-XnI i_vZ
- hni-Za- m-p \ncpw, a{-f- psS A-cK-W\
- b
- mb Ov, tPmXn-m-k{v X k
- w-_
- a- mb PuXnjw Fn-hbpw thZ-]T- \w
Imcy-a- a- m-p-X
- n\v Ah-ew-_n-pp. NXpth-Z
- am{X-amWv lnp-aX
-
- ns
ASn-m\ ssZhnI {K-. bPpthZw AXv C{]-Imcw hy-am-pp:
""Xkvam-Zy-mXv kh-lp-XE
- Nx kmam-\n-P
- ntc
Om-Mvkn-P-ntc Xkvam-Zy-Pp-kvX-kvam-Z-P-bX.'' (bPpthZw 31:7)
(b-am-Ip kn-Zm-\-m-Zn -e--W--fm ]qW-\mb ]pcp-j-\n \nv,
kh kw]q-Py\pw Fm-h-cmepw D]m-ky\pw kh -i-n-am-\p-amb Cuiz-c\n\nv EtKzZw, kma-thZw, AYh-thZw, bPpthZw Fo \mep- th-Z-
{]Im-in-X-ambn F-dn-bpI.) (Zbm-\ kc-kzXn, hnh. \tc-{-`q-j, thZ-]-cyS\w, t]. 11, sshZnI kmlnXy ]cn-jv, sN-q, 1973)
{]apJ ]WvUn-X\
- mb km[p-io-e sI. ]c-ta-iz-c]n thZ-f- psS D]n-sb-p-dnv Fgp-Xpp: ""thZw Cuiz-c-\n \npZv`-hnp. Xt]m-[-\-cmb
aljn-am AXv Zin-p-Ibpw {ihn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\m aljnamsc "a{-{Z-jvSm-' Fp ]d-bpp.'' (lnp-[a ]cn-Nbw, t]. 164, {iocm-aIr-jvWaTw, ]pd-\m-p-Ic, 1989)
kzman Zbm-\ kc-kzXn tNmtZym-c cq]-n CXv hni-Za- m-pp:

70

thZZi\w

""{]iv\w: GsXmw {K-mWv thZ-sap t] DXv?

Dcw: EIv, bPpv, kmaw, AYh thZw Fo a{-kw-ln-X-Ip
am{Xta Dq. asm-n\pw C.'' (kXymY {]Imiw, t]. 332, tIcf Bcy-ka- m-Pa- nj, tImgn-tmSv, 1933)

thZ-`mj
kwkvIrX `mj-bn-emWv thZ- tcJ-s-Sp-n-bXv. `mjm-KW
-
- nse ]gw
sN kwkvIrXw, Imem-c-
- n Fm `mj-Is- fbpw t]mse am-v hnt[b-ambn. Cu am-n-\n-Sb
- n thZ-ns ASn-m\w [z\n-n-p hN-\
- f- psS
icn-bmb Dtiyw kv]jvSa- m-p-X
- n thZ-]W
- vUn-X
- m ]cm-Pb
- s- -Sp-Ib
- m-Wpm-bXv.
GImY-I--fmb At\Iw ]Z-fpw At\-ImYI--fmb GI-]-Z-fpw
Hmtcm `mj-bnepw Dv. Ah k`m-\p-kmcw A\p-hm-NI
- \
- ntem t{imXm-hntem
Fn-t-Xv `mjm ]WvUn-Xs IS-a-bmWv. Fm, thZ-h-N-\--fpsS
AYw bYm-hn[n [cn-n-p--Xn thZ]WvUn-X-m hnP-bnp FXv A`n{]mb sFIy-ap Imcy-a. DZm-l-c-W-n\v, EtKz-Z-n "Akpc'i_vZw ]cam-m-hns hnti-j-W-am-bmWv {]tbm-Kn-Xv. Akp = {]mW. Akp-c =
{]mW-\n \ndp \nevp--h.
BZy-Im-es thZ-hn-izm-kn-I Akp-c F ]Z-n\v {]tbm-Kn-n-cp
""{]mW-\n \ndp\nevp--h'' F AYw Ime-{I-taW Cm-Xmbn.
ANn-tcW thZ-hn-h-\--fn \nv Cuiz-c-s\-p-dn Cu hnti-jWw
A{]-Xy--ambn. ]Icw {]Nmcw t\Sn-bXv, ]c-am-m-hn\v ({]Pm-]-Xnv) Akp-cm-scpw kpc-m-scpw (tZham) cv k-Xn-I-fp-s-mWv. thZ-hn-cphpw ssZh-\n-tj-[]
- c- h
- p-amb Cu hnh-cWw thZ-hn-izm-kn-If- psS [as-pdn ImgvN-m-Sn hn ]cn-h-\-ap-mn. thZkt-i-ns KXn-am-nb
Akpc i_vZ-ns ]pXnb AY-n kwibw hcm-Xn-cn-m tZh-mcpw
Akp-c-mcpw Xn bpw XpS-p IY sa\v P\-n-S-bn {]N-cnnp. Otm-tKym-]-\n-j-n tZham-scbpw Akp-c-m-scbpw Ipdn-p
sIp-IY XpS-p-Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv:
""]sm-cn- {]Pm-]X
- n-bpsS a-fmb tZhamcpw Akp-cam-cp-am-Ip
cv Iqcpw Xn Hcp bp-ap-mbn. AXn CXp-sImv Akp-c-msc
tXmev]n-m-sav hnNm-cnv tZh-m DZvKo-Ys Bl-cnp.'' (Otm-tKym-]-\njv 121)
thZ-nse Akp-c F ]Zs hni-Zam-p-hm, D]-\n-j-nse Cu
bp-I-Y-bmWv Ctm Ah-ew-_np hcp-Xv. AtXmsS, {]mW-\n \ndp
\nevp--h' F AXns ASn-m-\mYw Ime-l-c-W-sp. As\ thZnse "Akpc'i_vZ-n\v, AYm-]-Ijw hcn-Ibpw thZ-k-t-i-n\v hncp-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXmWv lnp-aX hnizm-kn-In-Sb
- n Cv {]Nm-c
- nep tZh Akp-cI
- Y
- b
- psS DZv`hw.1 \qm-p-If- n-eqsS {]N-cn-p- h Cu Bi-

thZ-Zi\w

7 1

b-sv D]-\n-jpw ]pcm-W-fpw Cpw Bhn-pp.

thZ--fnse \nc-h[n kmt-XnI ]Z- "thZ-hn-cp'amb Bi-b-amWv
kan-p-Xv. Xqew hf-sc-b-[nIw thZ-h-N-\- sXn--cn--s-Sp-Ibpw
Zphym-Jym-\
- n-n-cbm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. thZhmIy-f- psS AY-n hcp
Ccw Zpcq-l-Xbvv ]WvUn-X-m ]e Imc-W-fpw shfn-s-Sp-pp.
sI.Fw. ]Wn--cpsS A`n-{]m-b-n, thZ-n D]-tbm-Kn-n-p ]e hmpI-fp-sSbpw AYw Ctm \ne-hn-en. AXn-\m, B hmp-I-fn AS-n-bnp Bi-b
- a\-n-em-m Cp-h
- v sshj-ay-apv. GXY-n-emWv
Ah {]tbm-Kn-n-p-s- Xv Xop ]d-bpI km[y-a.2
thZ a{--fpsS Bibw {Kln-p--Xn h Zpcq-l-Xbvv ]cn-lm-c-apm-m-\mWv bmkvI \ncpw \nan-Xv. [zmXzmYs Ah-ew-_nv
]ZmYs \nh-Nn-pI F Xz-amWv bmkvI Ah-ew-_n-Xv. CtX coXnXs CX-c- `m-jy-mcpw ]np-Sp-sh-nepw bmkvI hymJym-\n-msX hn
Ahy-a- mb ]Z-v, thZ-Zi-\
- ns ASn-m-\
- n CXp-hsc Xr]vXnI-c-amb hni-Zo-I-cWw e`n-n-n. DZm-l-c-W-n\v [o, {IXp, Ihn apX-em-bh.
Ansb Ihn-sbp kvXpXn-pp. kc-kz-Xnsb "[nbwbw km[-bn' Fp
hWn-n-pv. Cu ]Z-sf hymJym-\n-n-cn-p-Xv ]e-bn-Spw ]e -co-Xn-bnemWv. sshZn-I-amb Nne hnti-jm-i-b- Cu ]Z- Dsm-pp.
Fm, Cu ]Z-f- psS icn-bmb AYw {Kln-p-hm \ncp-
- fpw hymJym\-fpw ]qWambn klm-bn-p-n.3

thZ-en]n
thZ-km-ln-Xy-ns Bcw-`I
- m-ev `mc-X
- n en]n k{-Zmbw Dm-bn-cpn. thZ-{K-
- a\x-]mTw Dd-n-m-bn-cpp kwc-n-n-cp-Xv. AYhth-Znepw ssXn-cob kwln-Xb
- n-ep-amWv BZy-ambn {K-sbpw en]n-sbbpw ]nbp kqN-\I
- ImWp-Xv. tKm]-Y {_mlvaW
-
- n hWm-c-
- s- f-n hniZ-ambn hnh-cn-p-X
- n \npw, B Imew apXs-nepw en]n Cy-bn \S-n
h-Xmbn a\-n-emmw. 4 {]mNo-\ -`m-c-X-n \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp en]n-I
JtcmjvTn, {_lvan Fn-hb
- m-bn-cpp. sshZnI kmln-Xy-ns `mj kwkvIrXw
Fv Adn-bs- -t- ]mse Ah-bpsS en]n kwkvIrX en]n F t]cn hn{ip-Xa- m-bncp-n. kwkvIrX `mjm-cN
- \
- b
-
v p-]t- bm-Kn {]mNo\ en]n-Isfpdnv {]kn- ]
- WvUn-X\pw Kth-jI
- \
- p-amb {io. IrjvW ssNX\y Fgp-Xpp:
""cp Xcw en]n-I ]ucm-WnI `mc-X-n Dm-bn-cpp. AXn-sem-m-bncpp JtcmjvTn. {In. ap. Amw iX-I-n-en-cp skan-nIv Fgp-ns Adsa-bnIv hI-t`-Zs A\p-I-cn--Xm-bn-cpp AXv. {In. ap. \memw \qmp apX
Dtiw {In. ]n. 2000 amp-hsc Km-c-nepw (]qh A^vKm-\n-m) Dc
]m-_nepw AXp-]-tbm-Knphp. heXp \npw CS-tm-mWv AsX-gpXn
hXv. cm-a-t-XmWv {_lvan. ^n\o-jy Fgpp coXn-bn \np-Zn
AXpw skan-nIv hwi-n s]-Xp-Xs. Ncn-{Xm-XoX Ime-f- n h hym]m-

72

thZZi\w

cn-If- m-bn-cpp ^n\o-jyam. Ah-cn \npw Cu Fgpv Ako-dn-bv Inn.

saskm-s]m-t-anb hgn h hym]m-cn-I-fn \npw {In. ap. 800mw Btm-S-Spm-bn-cn-Ww AXv Cy-bn-se-n-bXv. Cu Fgppw BZy-ambn hep
\npw CS-tm-m-bn-cpp FgpXn h-sXv {In. ap. \memw iX-I-nse Nne
\mW-b--fn \npw shfn-hm-Ipp. ]t, ]noSv AXv CS-p-\npw hetm-mbn. kwkvIrX `mj-bpsS en]n-bmbn \ne-\n-Xv {_lvan BWv.''
(kwkvIrX kmlnXy Ncn{Xw, t]. 63,64, \mj-\ _pIvm tImbw, 1968)
_n. kn. \memw \qm-n ap{ZWw sNbvX A--c-ap Hcp \mWbw,
{]mNo\ Imev {_lvan en]n he-p-\npw CS-tm-mWv Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-Xv
F-Xn-\p hy-amb kqN-\-bmWv. IqSmsX IWq-en-\-Sp-p sbdm-KpUn \npw 1929 Is-Sp Hcp enJn-Xhpw hep \nv CS-tm-s-gp-Xnb
{_lvan-en-]n-bpsS amXr-I-bmWv. {_lvan-en-]n-bn, hep \nv CS-tm-s-gpp Atim-Ik
- vXw-`
- fpw ]nevme Kth-jI
-
- m Is-n-bn-pv.5 {]apJ
kwkvIrX ]WvUn-X\pw Kth-j-I-\p-amb sI. kn. ]n Cu hkvXpX Dun-d-bpp: ""{_lvan-bn \nmWv tZh-\m-K-cnbpw ]no-Sp Bcy en]n-Ifpw
Dm-bn-p-Xv. AXpw BZy-sams hep \npw CS-tm-mWv Fgp-Xn-bn-cpXv Fv ]gb \mW-b- ]cn-tim-[n-n-p Nne A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp. Iptdmew Ign-mWv CSp-\npw he-tmv Fgp-Xn-p-S
- n-bXv.'' (kwkvIrX
kmlnXy Ncn{Xw, t]. 19, Un.kn. _pIvkv, tImbw, 1996)
BZy-Im-ev, Ad_n `mj Fgp-Xp t]mse hep \npw CS-tm-m-bncpp kwkvIrX `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-Xv FmWv D]cnkqNnX
{]kvXm-h-\-I hy-am-p-Xv. Cy-bnse alm- `q-cn-]--amb sslh P\X-bpsS aX-`m-jbpw kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-I-hp-amWv kwkvIr-Xhpw AXnse
kmln-Xy-fpw. Cv CSp \npw he-tm-s-gp-Xp Cu `mj AXns
{]mNo\ Zi-bn Xopw hn]-co-X-amb Nmen-eq-sS-bm-bn-cpp Hgp-In-bn-cp-Xv.
Fm, ]nevmev Cu en]n CSp \nv he-tv amnsbgp-Xn-b-tXmsS
`mc-Xo-bc- psS BZi-nepw A\p-jTv m-\
- f- nepw sshI-ey-v \mn Ipdnp.
hep \npw CS-tm-s-gp-Xp en]n-I F-n Ipd-hm-sW-nepw Ah
{]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp-Xv Hcp {]tXyI kwkvIm-c-sbpw PohnXcoXn-sb-bpamWv. asm kwkvIm-c-n \npw `n-ambn CXv BZi hyXn-N-e-\-n-\Sn-a-s-SmsX temIm-cw`w apXt XpSp hcn-I-bmWv. B Zi-\-ns
Nmen-em-bn-cpp kwkvIrX `mjbpw AsX-gp-Xm-\p-]-tbm-Kn-n-cp {]mNo\
{_lvan en]nbpw. Cu hkvXpX thZZi-\-ns Am-X-amb Dd-hn-S-n-tep kqN-\-bmbn a\-n-emmw. Cv kwkvIr-X-n-t-sXv Ah-Im-i-sSp aqi-bn-e AXns bYmY AkvXnXzw F-Xn-te-p hgn Xpd--p-IbmWv en]n ]cn-h\sp-dn D]-cn-kq-NnX ]T-\-. thZ-K-th-jW
]Sphpw Bcy-k-am-P-ns tIc-f-nse AtmkvX-e-\p-am-bn-cp thZ-_p
hf-p-sI-n-m `mj-bn Cu Imcyw hy-am-pp:
""ap bqtdm-]y `mj-In-m Hcp kam-\X Ad-_npw kwkvIr-X-

thZ-Zi\w

73

n\pw Xn-epv. GI-h-N\w, Zznh-N\w, _lp-h-N\w Fv aqp hN-\-

cnepw ImWpp. kwkvIr-X-ns hnIm-c-amb {]mIr-X-nepw Ahm-No\
`mc-Xob `mj-I-fnepw Zznh-N\w tem]n-npw Ad-_n-bn AXv Fs\ \ne\np. IqSmsX kwkvIr-X-n-sbpw Ad-_n-bp-sSbpw hymI-cW \nba-fnepw ]e kam-\-X-I-fp-apv. Atm skan-nIv hK-ns Ad-_npw
CtUmbqtdm-]y hK-ns kwkvIr-X-n\pw Xn Ftm _ap-sv k-Xn-tnhcpp. B _w {]IrXn hnIr-Xn-bmImw, AYhm
cn-sbpw aqe-sam-m-Ibpw sNmw.'' (EtKzZ {]th-inI, t]. 193, 194, tIcf
kmlnXy Am-Zan, Xriq, 1988)
thZ-fpw thZ-Zi-\-fpw am{X-a kwkvIrX `mj-bpsS en]n-t]mepw
Ncn-{X-ns Zim-k
- n-bn "\n_ aXw am'n\v hnt[-ba- mbn. Ah {]Xn\n-[m\w sNbvXn-cp ]pcm-X\ `mc-Xob Zi\w ]pXnb A[n-\n-th-i
- n ]pdwX--sp. Cv, Xopw hn]-co-Xamb asmcp kwkvIm-c-ns Imh-em-fmbn
B `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw amdn-b-Xns \nP-nXn Adn-bp-hm t^mkn-ep-I
kzbw kwkm-cn-p Imew hsc Imn-cn-pI Xs thWw.

thZ imJ-I
thZ-sfpdn hni-Ie
- \
-
- n {]m[m-\y-aln-p HmWv thZ-im-JI
- s- f-n-bp ]T\w. 1131 thZ-im-J-I Dm-bn-cp m\v Cv Ah hnc-en
Fm t]mep-an. thZ-hym-Jym-\
- f- n thZ-im-JI
- f- mWv {_mlvaW
-
- s- f-m
apt \ne-hn hh. EtKz-Z
- n\v 21Dw bPpth-Z
- n\v 101Dw kma-th-Z
- n\v
1000hpw AYh-th-Z
- n\v 9Dw imJ-If- m-Wp-m-bn-cp-Xv.6 Fm EtKz-Z
- n\v
imIew, imMvJm-b\w Fn-hbpw bPpth-Z
- n\v IrjvWw, ipw Fn-hbpw
kma-th-Z
- n\v IuYpan, cmWm-b\n Fn-hbpw AYh-th-Z
- n\v iu\I imJ-bpamWv Cp \ne-hn-ep-Xv. Ch-bn Xs EtKz-Z
- ns imMvJm-b\w, kma-th-Zns cmWm-b\n Fn-hbpw AYh-th-Z-ns GI imJ-bmb iu\I
A]qWambpw am{Xta A-Sn-n-pq.7
thZ--fpsS aqe-kw-ln-X-Iv, thZm-h-X-cW Imes aljn-am \Snb A[ym-]\ tbmKy-amb hymJym-\
- f- mWv thZ-im-JI
- F-t]-cn Adnb-s-Sp-Xv. thZ kq--fpsS icn-bmb hni-Zo-I-cWw Cu imJ-I-fn \np
am{X-amWv hy-am-hpI. thZ-aq-e-ns kv]jvSo-I-c-Whpw A[ym-]-\-hp-amWv
Ejn-am sNbvXp-h-Xv. aqe-a-{--fpsS AYw IqSp-X sXfn-bn-m-\mbn
a{mY-fpw a{m-c-
- fpw imJm-kw-ln-XI
- f- n hnh-cn-n-cpp.8 imtJ-Xc
{K--fn Cu LS-I-v th{X {]m[m\yw e`y-am-hm-Xn-cp--Xn-\m,
]e a{--fp-sSbpw k`w hnkvar-X-am-hp-Ibpw Bi-b-n Ahy-X
]Sv hn]-co-XmYw ssIh-cp-I-bp-am-Wp-m-bXv. Xqew thZ-Im-em-\-c
IrXn-I-fn \nv thZ-Zi\w tNmpt]mhp-Ibpw ]e thZ-kq--fpw
Zphym-Jym-\
- n-\n-cb
- m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]pcm-X\ `mc-X
- n 1131 thZ-im-JI
- Dm-bn-cpp F-Xn \npw Av

74

thZZi\w

thZ ]T\w F{X hym]-Ia- m-bn-cpp Fv sXfn-bpp. Fm, ]nt h-hv

]Ip Inn-bXv ]pcm-h-kvXp- ti-J-c--fn-te-X-Sw Ggp imJ-I am{XamWv
FXn\npw thZimJI \jvSs- -Sp-Ia- m{Xam-bn-cp-n; \jvSs- -Sp-p-II
- qSnbmbn-cpp F \nK-a\
-
- n-te-mWv \s Fn-p-Xv.

thZ hyXn-bm\w
thZ hN-\
- n-Sb
- nse AYw hy-am-hm kq-f- psS Ip-a Bibw
hy-am-p-hm thZ-Ime tij-ap ]n-X
- mv km[n-n. `mj-bn h
]cn-h\w, en]n-]-cn-jvI-cWw, thZ imJ-I-fpsS Xntcm-[m\w Fn-h-sbmw
thZns bYmY kt-is Iogvta adnp. Fm, B {]Xn-kn Lw
XcWw sNp-hm thZ-ns D-am-\p-bm-bn-Iv Ign-n. thZ hmIysf X-fpsS Xm]-cy-n-\\
- p-kc- nv Zphym-Jym\w sNp-Ibpw hf-sm-Sn-pIbpw sNbvXpsImv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw ]n-X
- mcpw Ihn-Ifpw Cub-hk
- cw
\mbn NqjWw sNp-Ib
- m-Wp-m-bXv.
{_mW Ime-n\v app-Xs Cy-bn thcq-nb ]utcm-lnXyw `uXnI
Xm]-cy-p thn thZmYs bmnI amK-n-eqsS \bnp. CXv
sslh Zi-\-ns, A[x]X-\-ns Bcw-`-am-bn-cp-p-shv Kth-j-I
A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp.9 X-fpsS Xm]cy kwc--WmYw sslh aX-{K--fpsS te_-en \nc-h[n `mh\m hnem-k- ]ptcm-ln-X-m {]N-cn-np.
{_m-W
- f- n-sebpw D]-\n-j
- p-If- n-sebpw IYm-iI
- e
-
- f- mWv Ccw BJym\-v t{]c-Ia- m-bXv. Zu`m-Ky-Ic- s- av ]d-bs. ]nevme thZ-Kp-cp-
- m-cpsSbpw ]Tn-Xm--fpsSbpw {i Ccw kev]-I-Y-I-fn tI{o-I-cnp. Imem-c
- n Cu IY-I thZZi-\
- n\v a-teev]np. ]utcmlnXy {]`rXnI
\Snb Ccw {]h\spdnv tUm. kpIp-am Ago-tmSv tcJ-s-Sppp: ""C{, kqcy, hnjvWp XpS-nb sshZnI tZh-X-Isfpdn-p
A\--c-fpw _pn-{`-a-P-\-I--fp-amb IYm-Jym-\--fpsS s]cp-sh--sm-nsv sshZnI kXy-ns B Xnf--am intcm-cXv\w Ftm t]mbv
adp. "CXn-lmk ]pcm-W-sf sImv thZmYs hni-Zo-I-cnv sImSpWw' F Xzw As\ ChnsS cqV-aq-e-ambn.'' (Xz-akn, t]. 93)
Cv ssl-hm-Nm-cyam ]pcm-W-mWv {]Y-a-m\w \evIp-Xv.
]pcm-W
- v sXfn-hns ]n_-e
- n\p thn {_m-W
- fpw D]-\n-j
- pIfpw, {_m-W--fn-sebpw D]-\n-j-n-sebpw hmZs _e-s-Sp-m thZ-sf-bp-amWv Ahew_np ImWp-Xv. bYmY-n thZ-m-bn-cpp
{]Y-a-m\w \evtI-n-bn-cp-Xv. ImcWw, Ah ssZh hN-\--fmWv. {_mW-fpw D]-\n-j-p-Ifpw ]pcm-W--fp-samw aljn-am \nan thZ-hymJym-\--fmWv. AXn-\m, Ah Cuizc t{]m-amb thZkt-i-tm
Iev]-\bvtm ]Icw \nevp--h-b. thZhN-\-v F{X-Iv A\p-Iqetam A{X am{Xta Ah {]mam-Wn-Ia- m-hp-Ib
- pq.10

thZ-Zi\w

75

thZ \jvS-w
\jvSs- thZs hos-Sp-Xp t]mse koXsb Rm sImphcmw, Fv
cmam-bW(6:5)n l\p-am ]d-bpp. imn]hn \mc-Z\pw hnjvWphpw
Xn \S kw`m-jWw `ojva ]p\-cm-hn-jI
v cn-p-Xv C{]-Im-ca- mWv: ""thZ{ipXn
\jvSs- -t- m Rm\-hsb hos-Spv sImphp. Fn-h
- sb {_m-W
- fpw
a{-fpw sImv ]qW-amn. CXv ]v IrX-bp-K
- nepw Rm sNbvXX
- mWv.'' 11
alm-`m-cXcmam-bW Ime-Lw apXt, thZ`mK- \jvSs- -n-cp-p-shv
sslh kaqlw a\-n-em-n-bn-cpp. Ap apXt, {_m-W-fpw a{fpw sImv Ah ]qWam-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cpp. {_m-W- thZhN-\tfm Ahbvp kam-\tam As-Xv {]kn-a- m-Wtm. \jvSs- thZ`mK-
hos-Spv {_m-W
- fpw a{-fpw sImv ]qWam-n-bn-cpp F hnh-cW
- n \npw, \jvSs- thZ`mK-v ]Icw tNh ]qW-ambpw t\ct
Dm-bn-cp thZhN-\
- Asv hy-am-hpp. ssZh hN-\
- f- mb thZ-`m-K \jvSs- -Sp-tm {_m-W
- sImv Ah ]qn-bm-n-bn-cpp F
{]kvXm-h\, thZ--fn Iqn-tepw \S-n-cpp F-Xn-\p sXfn-hmWv.
\jvSs- thZa{-f- psS m\v Ejn hymJym-\
- f- mb {_mW a{-
tN-tm Ahy--X-I Dm-hp-Ibpw thZ-ns ASn-m\ Zi\w
tNmpt]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Cu hkvXpX kpIp-am Ago-tmSpw Dun ]d-n-p-v: ""kmb-W Nqnm-Wn t]mse Ep-I kam-lc- np Iptdgn-mWv {_m-W
- DS-se-Sp-Xv. Ah Av thZ-ns A\p-_--ambn tN-s-p. Ch thZ a{nS-bn Iep IqSn Ahsb an{i-am-n-op. a{hpw {_m-Whpw
GsXv thXn-cn--dn-bm Ign-bmsX h Hcp AY Iem-]-ns Ime-Lw
thZ-Nc- n-{X-n Dm-bn-cp-p-sh-X
- n\v ]e sXfn-hp-If- p-ap-v. bPpth-Z
- n\v
IrjvWw, ipIvfw F t`Z Iev]\ Dm-b-Xns IY HcpZml-c-W-am-Wv.
IrjvWipIvf ]Z-v \nd-a hnh-. ]cn-tim-[nv sXfn-s-Sp-Xv Fv
ipIvf
- n\v hymJym-Xm- AYw ]d-bp-p. "{_mW `mK-f- psS Iesm-gnhmn' FYw. EtKz-Z
- ns `mjm `qan-Ib
- n shv kmb-W Xe-]p-I
- mtem-Nn-p Hcp {]iv\w a{s F-s\-bmWv {_m-W
- n \nv thXn-cns-Sp-pI Fm-Wv. Iep-m-bn-cp-sv BNm-cy k-Xn-p-p.'' (am-Xr`qan HmW--Xnv 1984 sk]vXw-_)

\jvS ImcWw
thZ- \jvSs- -Sp-hm-\p {][m-\ I
- m-cWw Ah kpc-n-Xa- mbn kqn-p-Xn h A]m-IX
- b
- mWv. thZ-f- psS {]Nm-cW
-
- p-dhpw Xe-ap-dI
- ssIam-dp-Xn hcp-nb Aew-`m-hh
- p-samw CXn s]Spp. thZ- FgpXn kqn-pXv BZy-Im-ev \ntcm-[n-pI t]mep-ap-mbn. thZw tIp iq{Zs ImXn
Cubw Dcpnsbmgn-W
- s- av {]m\ ]n-X
- m \nb-aa- p-mn. Ccw Ah-I Imc-Wa- mbn Hmtcm Xe-ap-db
- nepw thZ-nse apJy ]mT-v am-

76

thZZi\w

hp-sIm-t-bn-cpp. tIp-]T- n Bfns _pn-bpsS \ne-hmcw, adhn XpS-n-bh

\nan-s- amw CXv kw`-hn-n-p-mhmw.12
\qm-p-I-fn-eqsS thZ-{K--ns aqe-n h kvJen-X-fpw ]ng-hpIfpw thZ-ns icn-bmb ktiw adp]nSnp. thZ`mK \jvS-s--tXmsSmwXs adp-`m-Kv thZ- \in-n-n-p-apv. Nnc-\
- a- mb Hcp auJnI ]mc-cy-n \nv Xnc-s-Spv kwlnXm cq]-n EtKz-Zs {Ia-s-Sp-n-btm Hp-hf- sc Ep-I Dt]-n-s- -n-p-m-hm-sav, F.hn. IrjvWh
- m-cy
13
A`n-{]m-bs- -Spp.
thZ\jvShpw, ]no-Sp hos-Sp-epw \nanw thZ-a-{- h[n-phm CS-bmbn. Fm knm `wKw `bv Ah-bn A[n-Ihpw An-nc-bm-p-Ib
- m-Wp-m-bXv.
""{]mNo\ Ejn-k{- X- {]kn-a- mWv. AhnsS hmbn-w-Ko-Ic- n-h
- tb ]Tn-nm A\p-hZ- n-n-cp-pq. Am-h bime-tbm-sSmw An-n-cb
- m-pI-bm-bn-cpp ]Xn-shv tUm. kXy-{]-Imiv ]d-bpp.'' (\tc-{-`q-j, sshZnI
kmlnXy Ncn{Xw, t]. 90)
Cv \apv e`y-amb thZ- Acw Ejn-k-{X- Xn-s-Sp-n-bXmWv. AhnsS shv An-n-c-bm--s--Xn thZ--fpsS aa{][m-\-amb
A[ym-]-\-fpw Ds-n-cn-m km[y-X-tb-sd-bmWv.

thZ hymJym\w
thZ hymJym-Xm-f- mbn \nc-h[n t]sc Fm-sa-nepw cp t]cmWv {][m-\s- -hbmkvI\pw kmb-W\pw. Ah-cn Ghpw {]m[m\yw {InkvXz-_vZ
- n\v apv
Pohn bmkvIap\n-bpsS "\ncp'n\mWv. `mjm-amw sImpw hymI-cW hyXymkw
sImpw ]n-X
- mv t]mepw thZmYw Zp{K-la- m-bn-cp Ime-mWv bmkvI
\ncpw cNn-Xv. B Zp{Km-lyX \nI-p-X
- n Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc bmkvIm-Nm-cycpsS \ncp-
- n\v hnP-bn-p-hm Ign-n-pv. Fnepw Ah ]qW-ambpw Ipa-X
- m-sW Imcy-n A`n-{]mb sFIy-an.14
thZ`mjy-Im-c-m-cn Gsd {]kn--\mb asm-cm-fmWv kmb-Wm-Nm-cy.
hnPb \Kc km{am-Py-ns a{n-bm-bn-cpp Atlw. bmkvIa- p-\n-bpsS `mjys-m {]Nmcw t\Sn-b-XmWv kmbW `mjyw. Fm, At-l-ns
hymJym-\--f-[n-Ihpw thZ-ns icn-bmb AYw shfn-s-Sp-p-n-sv
Zbm-\ kc-kzXn apX kpIp-am Ago-tmSv hsc-bp--h A`n-{]m-b-s-npv.15
{]apJ kwkvIrX ]n-X\pw Kth-jI
- \
- p-amb tUm. F.hn.]n. DWn-ncn
Fgp-Xpp: ""(hnPb\Kc km{am-Py-ns) a{n]Z-n \np hnc-an tijw
Atlw (kmb-Wm-Nm-cy) i-cm-Nmcy aT--fn-sem-ns A[n-]-Xn-bmbn.
Cy-bn Xs Imev \ne-\n Htc-sbmcp sslh km{amPyw `cnpsImncp cmjv{Sob t\Xm-hm-bn-cpp kmb-W Ftmp-tm B hymJym-\-fnse AYIev]-\-I-fpsS apJy-eyw Fm-bn-cp-p-sh--Xn-s\-n \ap-

thZ-Zi\w

77

smcp kqN\ Inpw. Xm {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp sslh khW ta[mhn

`cWhKns Xm]cy kwc--W-n-\p-X-Ip bIa--tfmSv P\n-S-bn Bcm-[\m at\m-`mhw Df-hm-I- hn[-n {]kvXpX Iam\p-jvTm-\--fp-ambn _-s-Sp-n-bmWv Atlw Fm thZ-pw `mjyw
cNn-Xv. EtKz-Z-s-sb--t]mse AYh thZ-sbpw ]e-bn-Spw hf-sm-Snm hymJym-Xmhv \n_-n-X-\mhpw; AXmWv kw`-hn-Xpw.'' (kwkvIrX
kmlnXy Ncn{Xw, hmfyw 1, t]. 155, 156, tIcf kmlnXy Am-Zan, Xriq, 1990)

\cm-iwk
thZ-f- nse {][m-\s- Hcp kw-bmWv \cm-iwk. \cm-iw-ks- b-p-dnv
]n-X-m-cpsS hni-I-e\w ]qW-ambpw sFI-cq]y-ap--h-b. av kw-Isf-m CXns AY Iev]-\-bnepw hymJym-\-nepw Ah Nne Ahy--XI krjvSn-X
- mbn ImWmw. {]apJ thZ ]n-X\
- mb hn.sI. \mcm-bW `-Xncn
Fgp-Xpp;
""\sscx- {]-ikyx `hXn CXn- \-cm-iwkxFh-\mtWm \c-m-cm kvXpXn-s-Sp-Xv Ah \cm-iw-k-\m-Ipp. {]]--n\v {]hml \nXy-Xzs Dmp Cuiz-cs kzcq]w C-hn-[-am-sWv ]d-bp-hm km[n-n. Fm
Hp am{Xw ]dbmw. \c-m-cm GsXmw hn[-n kvXpXn-s- -Sp-pthm B
hn-[-n-semw B Cuiz-c\v kzcq-]- Dv Fp am{Xw ]dbmw. \c F
i_vZ-n\v thZ-n a\p-jy Fv am{Xta AY-am-mhq Fn. acp-p, thZ- FY-n "\c' i_vZs kmb-W hfsc tbmPn-tm-SpIqSn hymJym-\n-n-pv.'' (thZktiw, t]: 109. 110, tIcf kmlnXy Am-Zan,
Xriq, 1993)
hn.sI. \mcm-bW `-Xn-cn-bpsS hni-Zo-I-cWw cp Imcy- hy-ampp: Hv: \cm-iwk F i_vZ-n\v, \c-m-cm kvXpXn--s-Sp a\pjy F AYw {]Nm-c-n-epv. cv: \cm-iw-kbvv acp-p-, thZ Fo AY--fmWv kmb-Wm-Nm-cy \evIn-bXv.
\cm-iwk F kwbvv ]ucm-WnI aX-{K-
- f- n m\apv. thZ-fnse \cm-iw-kbpw sk-hkvX(Pv)bnse \cym-klbpw HpXs-bmsWv `mc-Xob thZ]n-X-m Xpdp k-Xn-n-pv.16
{]apJ thZ ]n-X\
- mb Pnkv KwKm-{]-kmZv thZ Kth-jI
- \
- mb lmKns\
D-cnv Fgp-Xpp: ""bmkvI \ncpw 8:6se \cm-iw-kbpw Pnse Hcp ssZhZq-Xs t]cmb \tcym-klbpw kam-\-amWv. Cu \tcym-kl Alp-c-a-kvZbpsS kti hml-I-\mbn sk-h-kvX-bn (shn-ZmZv ) ImWpwt]mse
An-sbbpw ]qj-s\bpw thZkq--fnepw ImWmw. Cu hmn\v, a\p-jycm kvXpXn--s-Sp--h Ft AY-apq. {]i-kvX Fv Xm]cyw.''
(D-cWw: aX--fpsS DZv`-h-IY, t]. 104)
ap D-
- c- W
- n-If- n \nv \cm-iw-kbpw \cym-klbpw Hcm-fm-sWpw ssZhns kti hml-I\
- m-sWpw Hcp hn`mKw `mc-Xob thZ]n-X
- m AwKo-

78

thZZi\w

I-cn-p-X
- mbn hy-am-hpp. "a\p-jy-cm kvXpXn-s- -Sp-h
- ' Fv AYap \ma-amWv \cm-iwk. CXv Hcp ssZh-Zq-Xs t]cmWv. Cu hkvXp-X-I
adpshm kmb-Wm-Nm-cy \cm-iw-kbvv \evInb ]pXnb hymJym-\-amWv
acp-p-, thZ- Fnh. AXphsc "a\p-jy-cm kvXpXn--s-Sp--h'
Fm-bn-cpp. a\p-jy-cm kvXpXn-s- -Sp-Xv acp-p- F tZh-XI
- tfm
thZ-tfm BsWv hcp-n-bt- m kmb-Wm-Nm-cysc t]mep-h
- v Fmw
Ffp-a- mbn. \c-m-cm kvXpXn-s- -Sp ssZh-Zq-X\
- mWv \cm-iwk Fv hyam-bm thZ]n-Xv AsXmcp koW {]iv\a- mhpw.
\c-m-cm kvXpXn--s-Sp--h \cm-iwk Fv AY-ap t]tcmSp
IqSnb ssZh-Zq-X BcmWv? At-l-ns {]tXy-I-X-sbv? thZ]n-Xmv a\p-jy-cm kvXpXn--s-Sp ssZh-ns kt-i-hm-l-I-s\-p-dnv
]d-bp-hm Ign-bm-Xv FpsImmWv?
lnp-aX Ncn-{X-n Acw Hcp ssZh-Zq-Xs\pdnv ]cm-ai-ant?
Ccw kwi-b-p adp-]-Sn-mbn thZ--fn \cm-iw-k-sb-p-dnv
h ]cm-ai- D-cnmw:
1.""\cm-iw-k
- p-jp-ZX
- o-aw-b
- a- Z- m`yx
Ihnln a[p-l-kXyx.'' (EtKzZw 552)
(a\p-jy-cm kvXpXy-\mb \cm-iw-k-s\p t]cmb An Cu b-s
\mbn t{]cn-n-pp. [sImp\S-pp.] Ahn-Sv Bcmepw lnwkn--sSm ]m-h
- \pw ta[m-hnbpw a[p-ca- mb tkmaw ssIbn-te-n-bh
- \
- p-am-Wtm.)
2. ""ipNnx ]mhtIm AZv`ptXm a[zmbn-an-Xn
\cm-iwk kv{Xncm-Znthm tZthm tZth-jvT-b-nbx.'' (EtKzZw 11423)
(tZh-m-cpsS CS-bn Xnf-p--h\pw Aip--am-b-Xns\ ip-am-p--h\pw
app-m-hm an Fpw ]p-\mbn, B-cy-`q-X-\mbn Df-hm-Ip--h-\pamb \cm-iw-k-s\ An [\c-m-cmb EXzn-p-I-fm kvXpXn--s-Sp--h]
Zyptem-I
- n \nm-Ka- nv, a[pc ck-tmSv IqSnb bs aqp {]mhiyw
[Xs \mf--fm-Ip \mhp-I sImv] \pp, BkzZn-pp. [\cm-iw-k
bm-`n-am\n tZh]).
EtKz-Z-n \cm-iw-k-sb-p-dnv kqNn-n cv kq--fmWv apI-fn
D-cn-Xv. Ch-bn \cm-iw-k-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-bmbn ]d-h FSp-s-gpXmw.
Hv: a\p-jy-cm kvXpXn-s- -Sp-h
- . Fm-e
- p-ap P\-Xb
- psS {]iwkbvv Al-\m-b-h.
cv: Bcmepw lnwkn--s-Sm t\Xmhv. t\Xm-hm-bn-cp-npw ISp
i{Xp--fp-m-hp-Ibpw, Ah h[n-m {ian-p-Ibpw sNbvXnpw sIm-sSm alm.
aqv: Aip-a- m-bX
- ns\ ip-am-p-h
- . ZpamK-nepw A\m-Nm-c
- nepw
apgp-Inb P\-Xsb kXv]Yntev Wnv Ahsc ipo-I-cn-p \cmiwk.
\mev: Fpw ]pXp-a-tbmsS \ne-\nevp--h. temIm-h-km\w hsc-bp

thZ-Zi\w

79

kti hml-I\
- mbn AwKo-Imcw t\Snb \cm-iwk.
EtKzZ kq--fn h, \c-m-cm kvXpXn--s-Sp \cm-iw-k-bpsS
{]tXy-I-X-bmWv apI-fn hnh-cn-Xv. Fm, thZ-n ]d Cu khn-tijX-I kmb-Wm-Nm-cy hymJym-\n \cm-iw-kbv-n. AXn-\m, \cm-iwk
F-Xns Dtiyw thZ-tfm acp-p-tfm A.
\cm-iw-k-bpsS icn-bmb Xm]cyw hy-am-hp--tXmsS thZhnm-\n At\z-jW
-
- ns ]pXnb taJ-eI
- Xpd-s- Spw. CXv lnp-aX
-
- ns
KXn- am-p-hm\pw Bcym-h-ns Bob imJsb icn-bmb Zni-bn
Fn-p-hm\pw Imc-Wa- mhpw. Cu KXn-am-s XS-p-\np-hm-\mWv, kmbWm-Nm-cy \cm-iw-kbvv ]pXnb hymJym\w \evIn-bXv. thZ--fnse kmtXnI i_vZ-sf Zphym-Jym-\npw AXXv Imes P\-sf BIjn-p
]pXnb knm-- Ah-Xm-c-hmZw, hn{K-lm-cm-[\, ]p\Paw, AssZzXw
cq]o-I-cnpw thZ--fnse Cuiz-c-k-tiw adp shp--Xn Hmtcm Imetbpw ]n-X-m ]qW-ambpw hnP-bn-Xp sImmWv {]mNo\ thZ-a-Xn\v Cs lnp-a-X-am-hm Ign-Xv.

IpdnpI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

thZ _p, AY hnm\w, t]. 76, tIcf `mjm Cn-yqv Xncp-h\--]pcw, 1988.
EtKzZ kwlnX, hmeyw 1, t]. 10, h-tm {Km-ebw, sNdp-Xp-cpn, 1955.
EtKzZ kwlnX, hmeyw 1, t]. 12.
sI.kn. ]n, kwkvIrX kmlnXy Ncn{Xw, t]. 18, Un.kn. _pIvkv, tImbw 1996.
s{]m^. sI.F. Peo, en]n-Ifpw am\h kwkvIm-chpw, t]. 224, tIcf `mjm Cnyqv, Xncp-h-\--]pcw, 1989.
EtKzZ {]th-inI, t]. 69.
\tc-{-`q-j, sshZnI kmlnXy Ncn{Xw, t]. 19, tIcf kmlnXy Am-Zan Xriq,
1990.
EtKzZ {]th-inI, t]. 71.
tUm. kpIp-am Ago-tmSv, Xz-akn, t]. 91, mknIv _pIv-{Sv, tImgn-tmSv, 1984.
Zbm-\ kc-kzXn, hnh. \tc-{-`q-j, thZ ]cy-S\w, t]. 112, sshZnI kmlnXy ]cnjv, sN-q 1973
sshZnI kmlnXy Ncn{Xw, t]. 54.
Fw.sI. am[-h \mb, kmathZw, Bap-J-n \nv, t]. , hnZymYn an{Xw
_pIvkv, tImbw, 1975.
EtKzZw `mjm-`mjyw, hmeyw 2, t]. 9. Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn \nv.
tUm. F.F. chn-ha. thZmY hnNmcw, Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn \nv, t]. ,
thZ-]-cy-S\w, t]. 99, Xz-akn t]. 95, 96
Pnkv KwKm {]kmZv. hnh. \tc-{-`q-j, aX--fpsS DZv`h IY, t]. 103, \nXy-`m-cXn
_pIvkv, sN-q, 1989.

Ah-Xm-c-hmZw

ln

80
thZZi\w

9
lnp-a-X-ns Bhn`mhw

paX-ns ASn-m\ {K-f- mWv thZ-. {_m-W

- , Bc-Wy-I, D]-\n-j
- p-I, CXn-lm-k
- , ]pcm-W
- Fnh Cuizc hN-\
- f- mb
thZ-v hnhn[ Ime-f- n ]n-X
- m \evInb hyXykvX coXn-bn-ep hniZo-Ic- W
-
- f- mWv. Ahbvv thZ-f- psS m\-an. ImcWw, thZ- Cuizct{]mamWv.
D]-\n-jZv hN-\- `mc-Xob Zmi-\n-I-cpsS hmIy--fmWv. Ah-cpsS
Nnbpw `mh-\b
- p-amWv. {]apJ ]n-X\pw ap cmjv{S-]X
- n-bp-amb tUm. cm[mIr-jvW Fgp-Xpp: ""D]-\n-j-p-I hnNmcw sNbvXp m]n almamcmb Nn-Iam-sc-n \n`m-Ky-hi
- m \ap-smcp hnh-ch
- p-an. Ah B{]ikvXn-bn A{i--cm-bn-cpp. kXys {]N-cn-n-p--Xn-em-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS
HupIyw. kz-amb A`n-{]m-b- IqSn Ah Ah-X-cn-n-Xv Xm-cm[y-cmb tZh-m-cp-sSbpw thZ-Im-es t\Xm-am-cp-sSbpw t]cn-emWv.'' (`mcXo-b -Zi\w, hmfyw 1, t]. 120, hnh. Sn. \mcm-b-W \o-i, amXr-`qan ]njnwKv I\n, tImgn-tmSv, 1975)
tIc-f-nse ka-Im-enI thZm-n-I-fn AZzn-Xo-b-\mb arUm-\ kzman
hne-bn-cp-pp: ""D]-\n-j-p-I-fnse Xz-Nn B[ym-nI a-e-n
a\p-jy\v Ip-]n-Sn-m km[n-n-p-h
- b
- n shv Ghpw al-c- a- m-bn-p-XmWv. AXp-sIm-mWv AXn\v thZmw Fv t]cp-h-Xv. thZ--fpsS Ahkm\ `mK-sa-Xp t]mse thZ-ns Adn-hns Aw Aw Fp IqSn
AXn-Y-apv. _pn-bm-Ip Nnd-Ins klm-bt- mSp IqSn tatemp tatemp
]d-m Fn-t-cm-hp ]c-tam-X ]Y-n-emWv D]-\n-j-p-I-fnse XzNn hnl-cn-p-Xv.'' (kwkvIrX kmlnXy Ncn{Xw, hmfyw 1, t]. 202, tIcf
kmlnXy Am-Zan, Xriq, 1990)
D]-\n-j
- p-I
- thZ-ns hymJym-\a- mtbm ]qc-Ia- mtbm a\p-jy-cm hnc-

lnp-a-X-ns Bhn`mhw

8 1

Nn-Xa- mb A\p-_
-
- f- mWv. AhbpsS cN-bn-Xm- Bcv F Imcyw Am-Xam-Ipp. D]-\n-j
- n\v cq]w \evInb NnIam ""X-fpsS knm-
- tZhm-cpsS t]cn-em-bn-cpp Ah-Xc- n-n-Xv'' F cm[m-Ir-jvWs {]kvXm-h\
- bpw
""B[ym-nI a-e
- n a\p-jy\v Ip]nSn-m km[n-n-p-h
- b
- n shv
Ghpw al-c- a- msW'' arVm-\
- k
- zm-an-bpsS {]kvXm-h\
- bpw D]-\n-j
- nse
Zi\w a\p-jy-Nn-b
- m-sW-X
- ns sXfn-hmWv. bYmY-n sslh [aw
ssZhn-Ia- m-sWv hne-bn-cp-p-hm-\p GI t{kmXv thZ-f- mWv. sslh kmlnXy-n {ipXnbpsS KWn Hmw m\-p-m-bn-cp thZ- C-hnsS
Cm-h
- n[w ]pdw X-s-n-cn-pp. ]Icw kan-p-Xv, thZ-f- nse Znhy-shfn-]m-Sp-Isf tNmZyw sNp-Ibpw thZ-Zi-\
- n A]-cym-]vXX Isn ]pXnbh Bhn-jI
v c- n-p-Ibpw sNbvX D]-\n-j
- p-Is- f-bmWv.1
thZ-v ]Icw D]-\n-j
- p-Isf {]Xn-jTv n-Xv Hcp \nWnX Ime-; \qmp-If- n-eq-sS-bp Bkq-{Xn-Xa- mb {]h-\
- n-eq-sS-bmWv. thZ-t- fmSv D]-\n-jp-I ]penb \ntj-[m-I kao-]\
- s- -p-dnv tUm. cm[m-Ir-jW
v Xs
]d-bs: ""D]-\n-j
- p-If- nse hoWw thZ-f- psS ]cn-ip kz`m-h
- n\v A\ptbm-Py-am-bn-cp-n. ]noSv h tlXphmZn-If- mb Nn-Iamsctmse, D]-\n-jp-I thZ {]mam-Wys kao-]n-n-cp-Xv Cc ho-Wt- m-sS-bmWv.'' (`mcXob Zi\w, hmfyw 1, t]. 125)
thZ-s- f-m D]-\n-j
- p-Iv {]mapJyw Iev]n {]ap-Jc- n i-cm-Nmcycpw DsSpw: ""{ipXn(thZw)bpsS \qdv {]kvXm-h-\-IsImpw An ioXf-am-hp-Ib
- n'' F i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS {]kvXm-h\2 thZs sslh Zmi-\nI
cwKp \nv ]nh-en-n-p-hm Bkq-{Xn-X-ambn \S-nb \o-ns `mKambn Icp-XWw. AssZzX knm-
- ns {]Nm-cW
- t- m-sS-bmWv thZ-v
Xncn-Sn t\cn-Xv F Ncn{X hkvXp-Xbpw CXn-t\mSv tNphmbn-t-XmWv.
thZZi-\-s-Xnsc hfph D]-\n-j-p-I-fnse \ho\ knm- Zmi-\nI a-e-n am{Xw HXpn\nn. Ah `mc-Xo-b-cpsS hnizmkm-Nm-c
- f- n kzm[o\w sNepn. ssZh hnizmkw, ac-Wm-\
- cPohnX Zi\w,
aX-N-S-p-I Fn-hsb Xopw hn]-co-X-amb Hcp tImWn-emWv Fn-Xv.
thZ-v ]Icw D]-\n-j-p-I B[n-]Xyw sNep-nb Cu Ime-mWv
lnp-a-X-n hgn-n-cn-hp-m-bXv. thZ- cq]-s-Sp-nb kwkvIm-cs
sXn--cn-n-p-Ibpw kaq-ls BIjn--p euInI kwkvIm-c-n\v
Ah ASn-d ]mIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXmsS thZ-Zi-\-ns Xntcm-[m-\amWv ^e-n kw`-hn-Xv.
]noSv `mc-Xo-b-cpsS Bob Pohn-X-n hn A[x-]-X-\-ap-mbn.
GI-ssZh hnizm-k
- n-e[
- n-jvTn-Xa- m-bn-cp ssZh-hn-izmkw _lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[\,
hn{K-lm-cm-[\, Ah-Xm-ch
- mZw, AssZzX knmw Fn-s\ \membn ]ncnp.
ac-Wm-\-c PohnXw Cu `qan-bn Xs-bp Iaknm--]-c-amb ]p\P-ambn. AXp-hsc \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp ]c-temI hnizm-khpw \cI kzKfpw

82

thZZi\w

anYybpw ambm-tem-I
- f- p-ambn. thZ-ns ]nKm-an-I Cuiz-ch
- n-izm-kn-If- mtWm
Fp t]mepw sXn-c- n-p-n-St- mfw lnp-aX
- hpw Zi-\hpw koW-ambn.
{]apJ ]n-X\
- mb hn.sI. \mcm-bW `-Xncn Fgp-Xpp: ""`mc-Xo-bc- psS A[x]X\
Imc-W
- f- n Hv Ah-cpsS thtZm-t]-b
- mWv. Cu thtZm-t] _p-aX
-
- n\v
appXs Bcw-`n-n-cpp. Cs\ Bcw-`n thtZm-t]-b
- psS h[\bvv hfw
sImSp-Xv thZm-n-I-fp-amWv.'' (thZmY hnNmcw, t]. 31, amXr-`qan ]n-jnwKv
I\n, tImgn-tmSv, 1984)
`mc-Xob a\-n \npw thZs IpSn-bn-d-n-bXv D]-\n-jXv Im-fmWv. ssZhnI Zi-\-ns N-q-n \npw kzX-{-am-hm thn D]-\njXv Nn-Iam X- ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp `qX-Im-e-ns cq]w amn
]pXnb ]cn-h-\- hcpn.3 ]ptcm-ln-X-m-cpsS Biohm-Z-tmsS \Snb Ccw ]cn-jvIc-W- sslh Zi-\-ns ASn-m\w thZ-sfm thtZ-Xc {K--fm-sW kev]w ZrV-amn. Xqew hen-sbmcp
hn`mKw thZ-f- psS m\w D]-\n-j
- p-ImWv \evIn-bXv. B[p-\nI lnpaX ]n-X-m-cn {]ap-J-\mb kzman cwK-\m-Ym-\ Fgp-Xpp: ""PmXn aX
tZi \nc-t]--ambn a\p-jys\ Cu ]ca kXyw Is-m-\p {]b-Xv\-n
kZm XpW-bmbn\n ]hn{X{K- D]-\n-j
- p-I am{X-amWv. AXpsImv
`mc-Xob ]mc--cy-n Ah am{X-amWv {ipXn-sbv hnfn-p-Xv.'' (D]-\n-jp-I-fpsS ktiw, t]. 11)
CXv lnp-aX ]n-X-m-cp-sSbpw hnizm-kn-I-fp-sSbpw a\-n\nv thZw
Xopw A{]-Xy-a- m-bX
- n-\p DZm-lc- W-amWv. thZZi-\
- n\v {]m[m-\y-apm-bn-cp Imew hsc-bp lnp-a-Xs sshZnI aXw, thZ-aXw, {]mNo\
Bcy aXw Fs-m-amWv lnp-aX ]n-X-mcpw Ncn-{X-Im-c-mcpw hnfn-pXv. CXn\p tij-amWv Cp \mw Adn-bp hn[-n-ep lnp-aXw
cq]wsImXv.
"sshZnI aX'n \npw "lnp-aX'nte-p ]cn-h\w thZ-Zi\--fn \np BZi amw am{X-am-bn-cp-n; Cy-bnse Btcy-X-c-cpsS
BNm-c-fpw BtLm-j-fpw lnp-a-X-n ebn-n-p-Xv IqSn-bm-bn-cpp.
Ah-cpsS tKm{X kwkvImc]c-amb \mm-Nm-c-, _enIaw, BtLmjw
Fnh lnp-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I ]np-Sp. hr-, arK-, k-,
kmev]n-I--fmb `qX-, t{]X- Fnh ssl-h-cpsS Bcm-[y-mcmbn. Ah-bpsS {]oXn-mbn \S-n-bn-cp BSn-s\bpw tImgn-sbbpw Ipcp-XnsIm-Sp-, shfn--s-S, a{-hm-Z- Fnh lnp-a-X-nse {][m\
BtLm-j--fmbn.4 AtXmsS sshZnI aXhpw ]pXp-Xmbn cq]wsIm lnp-aXhpw Xn auen-I-amb hyXn-bm-\--fp-mbn. Bcw-`-n cmbn Adnb-s-n-cp-p-sh-nepw \qm-p-I ]nn--tm cpw lnp-a-X-ambn Adn-bsp.
sshZn-Ia- Xw lnp-aX
- a- mbn amdn-bX
- ns\pdnv tUm. cm[m-Ir-jW
v Fgp-Xpp:

lnp-a-X-ns Bhn`mhw

83

""{]mNo\ sshZnI [aw ]pXnb lnp-aX

-
- n-tev {Ia-n ]cn-h\w sNbvXph-cp {]{Inb \apv CXn-lmk ]pcm-W
- f- n ImWm Ignbpw. imw, ]mip]Xw As-n ssihw, ]m-cm{Xw Fo ]-Xn-I BKa hK-ns-h
- bpw
AXp-sImpXs Assh-Zn-I--fp-amWv. Ah-sbmw lnp-a-X-n-tev
hptNcpp. t{X-f- n hn{K-lm-cm-[\
- bpw hnip e-f- n-tev XoYbm{X-Ifpw {ItaW \S-n h-Xmbn \mw ImWpp'' (`mc-Xob Zi\w hmfyw 1, t].
447). lnp-aX
-
- n Cv \ne-hn-ep an BNm-c
- fpw BtLm-j
- fpw hnhn[
Imev Zs-Sp-h
- b
- mWv. thZ-Iev]\
- b
-
- m Ccw BNm-c
- sf lnp-aX
- ns `mK-am-m-\mWv Ahbvv tbmPn IY-Ifpw Xz-fpw ]ptcm-ln-X
- m
\nan-Xv. Cs\ hnhn[ Ime-f- n lnp-aX
-
- n Iqn-t-hb
- mWv AssZzX
Nn apX kXn- h-sc-bp BNm-c
- .
{]mNo\ Imes lnp-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I GIssZh hnizm-kn-I-fm-bn-cpp.
Ahv t{X- Dm-bn-cp-n; b-im-eI
- f- m-bn-cpp Ah \nan-Xv.5
_p--ssP\ aX-sf lnp-a-X-n-tev BIjn-p-hm-\mWv Ah-cpsS aXmNm-c
- lnp aX-n \S-n-em-n-bXv. BNmcy \tc-{-`q-j Cu hkvXpX
Xpdv AwKo-Ic- n-pp: ""lnp aXw _ps\ kzmwio-Ic- n-p-hm Ign-bp-{X
]cn-{i-an-n-pv. lnp--fpsS Ah-Xm-c--fn _p\v m\-apv. Pb-tZ-hIhn KoXm-tKm-hn--n {ioIr-jvWs\ _p-i-co-c-\mbn kvXpXn-Xv CXns
`mK-amWv. _paX-ns \mi-a; eb-\-amWv `mc-X-n kw`-hn-Xv. _paXw lnp-a-X-n AenptNXv ]Xn-s\mmw \qm-n\v tijw aqp
\mep iX-I- sImmWv.6
_p-a-Xhpw ssP\aXhpw lnp-a-X-n AenptNXv ccqjnX
hn-h-n-eq-sS-bm-bn-cpp. lnp--fpsS 24 Ah-Xm-c--fn _pv m\w
Inn-bXv, Cy-bn\nv _p-aXw ]ngp-sX-dn-X
- n\v ]I-ca- mWv. _p ssP\
aX-s-Xnsc sslh ]utcm-lnXyw apg-nb ap{Zm-hm-Iy--fmWv sImSp-q `c-Wnpw tNe ]qc-n\pw Dbp tIp sXdn-m-p-I.
a-smSn hnX-dnbpw arK-_en \S-nbpw ]S-bWn Xpnbpw Ah _p-a-Xns kzm[o-\-i-n-bpsS thc-dpp. _u t{X--sfmw lnp-t-{X-fmn. Xriq-cnse hS-pw-\mY t{Xw, sImSp--q `K-hXn t{Xw
XpSn tIc-f-nse ]gb t{X- anXpw Aq--n s]Spp.7 ""tIcf-ns IS-temc {]tZ-iv IW- _phnlm-c- Dm-bn-cpp. Ah
\in-n-p--Xn-te-mbn {_mW sshZn-I Hcp hn`mKw Bfp-Isf ]cnh\w sNbvXp Hcp-n-sb-Spp. GIhpw tLmc-hp-amb Ac-\q-mp Imew
Ch-cpsS B{I-aWw \op\np. Ah-cpsS t\Xmhv hnz-aw-K-ev kzman-bm-bncpp. kzman-bm-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-n ssP{X-bm{X sImSp--q-cn \nv Bcw`np. In I hnlm-c
- s- fmw Npp-Nm-e
- mn. Fsmw B{I-aW amK-fmWv Ah Ah-ew-_n-Xv. ]S-bWn Xpnbpw Xoshv \in-npw aZym-`n-tjIhpw Pp lnwkbpw \S-nbpw _uhnlm-c
- sf lnp t{X-f- mbn cq]m-

84

thZZi\w

c-s-Sp-n-bn-p hkvXpX hn. \mK-a Fgp-Xnb Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq tv am\z-en

{]kvXm-hn-n-pv.'' (F.B. IrjvW, Cug-h Apw Cpw, t]. 41, 42, Idv
_pIvkv, Xriq, 1967)
tIc-f-n am{X-a, Cy-bn-sem-msI _pssP\ aX- ]oUn-n-sp. Ah-km\w ssN\, Xmbvev, _a, {ioe, Pm XpS-nb cmjv{S-f- n
A`bw tXSp-Ib
- m-bn-cpp. kw_ aqn-sb {_mW ]ptcm-ln-Xs t\XrXz-n Ac-t-dnb Iq-sm-eb
- psS Ncn{Xw am{Xw aXn Cy-bn Ah-ti-jn
_p-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I lnp-a-X-n Fs\-bmWv Aenp-tN-sX--dnbm. kw_-a- qn-bpsS \ntZi{]Imcw Fm-bncw _p-`n-p-s- f-bmWv
a[p-c-bnse sshKm \Zo-Xo-cp shv Ipn-\nnb iqe--fn Poh-t\msS
Ib-n- sIm-Xv. Cu Iq-sm-eb
- psS kvamc-Ia- mbn "Igp-th-n-n-cp-hnI' F-t]cn a[p-cb
- nse {_m-W Cpw Hcm-tLmjw \S-pp.8
ssP\aXm-\p-bm-bn-Is-Xn-sc-bp-mb {Iqc-XI
- fpw sNdp-X. Xan-gI
- s
ssih{_mW ta[m-hn-Xz-ns Atm-kvX-e-\m-bn-cp kw_--cp-ambn
Iq]m-ys `cWImev \S hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-n ssP\-m ]cm-P-bsp. Fm, ]cm-P-b-ns D-c-hm-ZnXzw Gs-Spv ssP\ aXw Dt]-nmt\m lnp-aXw kzoI-cn-mt\m Ah Xm-dm-bn. CXn {Ip-\mb
Iq]m-y Bbn-c
- W
-
- n\v ssP\-msc Igp-hn-ten. aYpc ao\mnt{Xnse NpaNn{X--fn {Iqc-amb Cu \c-_-en-bpsS kvac-W-I-fp-Wp
\nc-h[n NpaNn{X-f- pv.9
_p ssP\ aX--fpsS ]X\ tijw lnp-a-X-n \nc-h[n ]pXnb
BNm-c- \ne-hnhcn-Ibpw ]g-bh ]eXpw ]pdwX-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
hyXy-kvX--fmb hnizm-k--sfbpw A\p-jvTm-\--sfbpw ka-\z-bn-m\pw
]utcm-ln-Xy-n\p thn Ahsb kPo-h-am-p-hm\pw \S-nb {ia--fmWv
thZZi-\s IpgnpaqSn-bXv.
Ccw {]h-WX
- I
- s- fbpw A_-
- s- fbpw ]utcm-lnXyw thZ-Zi-\a- mn
amm ]noSv {ian-p-Ib
- p-mbn. Ctm-gp-aX
- pv. sIn-a- knm-
- v
thZ {]mam-Wy-ap-sv hmZnv "Cuizct{]m'ampI! lnp-aX ]n-X-mcpsS Cu A{]-am-ZnXy hmZ-s-p-dnv tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW Fgp-Xpp:
""hnhn[ k{-Zm-b-m-cmb hnai-I-mcpw hymJym-Im-c-mcpw X-fpsS A`n{]m-b-v thZ-ns AwKo-I-c-W-ap-sv Ah-Im-i-s-Spp. AwKo-IcWw tkzbm hg-p-n-s-n AXn-\mbn \n_w sNep-p Imcyn X-fpsS Iev]-\m- km-aYyw apgp-h {]tbm-Kn-pp. ]nevm-ev
\S hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z
- f- psS shfn-
- n Ah thZ`mj-bvn-Wn Xdnhp Ipd-Xpw Xosc AdnpIqSm-X
- p-amb hnj-b
- p IqSn A\p-aXn
tXSpp.'' (`mc-Xob Zi\w, hmfyw 2, t]. 5, 6)
lnp-a-X-n \qm-p-I-tfmfw \op\n hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-n thZ-hnai-\-m-bn-cpp hnPbw F-Xn ]m--c-an. Ime-{I-a-n thZ
hncp--amb knm-- thZ-Zi-\-am-sW GIIWvT-amb A`n-{]mbw DS-

85

lnp-a-X-ns Bhn`mhw

se-Spp. _lp-ssZ-hXzw, hn{K-lm-cm-[\, Ah-XmchmZw, AssZzXw, ]p\P

knmw XpS-n-b-h-sbmw thZhnai\ Zi-\--fmbn cwKp hcn-Ibpw
Ah-km\w thZ-Zi-\-ambn hmgv-s--h-bp-amWv! kzman cwK-\m-Ym-\ FgpXpp: ""thZ--fpsS Ia Im-n ImWp sshZnI ssZh imkv{Xs
D]-\n-j-p-Ifpw KoXbpw hnain-p-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-p-Ibpw sNp-p-sXv {it-b-amWv. kwln-X-I-fnepw {_m-W--fnepw ImWp tZhXm KWw,
A\p-jvTm-\-v Iev]n-p AanX {]m[m\yw, "Aapw bP; Aapw Pb'
FXp t]mse-bp {]kvXm-h-\-I, Ah-bn ImWp kp-jvS-amb
kzK Fn-h-sbmw hnai\ hnt[-b-am-n-bn-cn-pp.'' (EtKzZw `mjm
`mjyw, Fmw hmfy-ns Ah-Xm-cnI, t]. 791, Un.kn. _pIvkv, tImbw, 1995)
thZ-nse ssZhimkv{X-sbpw ]ctemI hnizm-k
- ns `mK-amb kzKsbpw, D]-\n-jpw KoXbpw hnai\ hnt[-b-am-n-sbv Cu {]kvXm-h\
k-Xn-pp. _lp-ssZ-hXzw, hn{K-lm-cm-[\, Ah-Xm-c-hmZw, AssZzXw Fo
thtZ-Xc imkv{X- DS-se-Sp-Xv thZssZh kev]s ]cm-P-b-s-Spnb tij-amWv. ]c-temI hnizm-k
- ns `mK-amb ]gb kzK hnizm-ks
A]-l-kn-Xpw thtZ-Xc Zi-\-amb ]p\P knmw {]Xn-jvTn-p-hm-\mbn-cp-p-shv hyw.
IpdnpI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

kzman cwK-\m-Ym-\, hnh. s{]m^. hn. apc-fo-[c tat\m, D]-\n-j

- p-If- psS ktiw,
t]. 325, {iocm-a-Ir-jvW-aTw, Xriq, 1994.
D]-\n-j-p-I-fpsS ktiw, t]. 10.
`mc-Xob Zi\w, hmfyw 1, t]. 115.
sI. Zmtam-Z-c, `mc-Xob Nn, t]. 271, tIcf `mjm Cn-yqv, Xncp-h-\--]pcw, 1992.
BNmcy \tc-{-`q-j, tZh-X-I-fpsS sshZnI kev]w, `mKw 2, t]. 122, sshZnI
kmlnXy ]cn-jv, sN-q. 1990
tZh-X-I-fpsS sshZnI kev]w, `mKw 2, t]. 123, 124.
them-bp-[ ]Wn--tcn, tIcf Ncn{X ]T-\-, t]. 163, \mj-\ _pIvm,
tImbw, 1987.
Cug-h Apw Cpw, t]. 41.
]n.sI. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW, tIc-f-ns kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn{Xw, t]. 248, tIcf `mjm
Cn-yqv, Xncp-h-\--]pcw, 1984.