Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥

ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-ime

Fw
Fw.-.-F. Ncn-{X-]-T\w ]mTy-]-≤Xn

2018 {]th-i\w

1
Xp©- s Ø- g p- Ø - — ≥ ae- b m- f - k ¿h- I - e m- i m- e - b v ° p- t h≠n
cPn-kv{Sm¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv

2
 BapJw

ASn-ÿm\⁄m\-cq-]ß - f- n¬ H∂mb Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]mTy-]≤ - X

- nbpw
]mT-{I-ahpw Icp-X-temsS Xøm-dm-t°-≠Xv ASn-b-¥-cm-h-iy-am-Wv. Ncn{Xw
Hm¿Ω-bm-Wv. Hm¿Ω ]ng-®m¬ hyh-lm-c-ß-fmsI ]ng-bv°pw. B A]m-b-
Øn¬\n∂v hn´p-\n¬°m≥ Hm¿Ω, AXm-bXv Ncn{Xw AXym-hiyw.
Ncn-{X-Øns‚ D≈-S°w kmI-tey\ Dƒs°m-≈pI F∂Xv a\pjy
km≤y-X-bv°-∏p-d-ap≈ Imcy-am-Wv. ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n\v sIm√-ß-fmbn
temI-saßpw tImSm-\p-tImSn a\p-jy¿ sNbvXp Iq´p∂ {Xnhn[Ic-W-ß-
fpsS BI-Øp-I-bmWv Ncn-{Xw. AXv apgp-h≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ømt\m Hm¿Ωn-
°mt\m km≤y-a-√. AXp-sIm≠v kw`-h-ß-fn¬ Hcp sXc-s™-Sp∏v th≠n-
h-cpw. A¿∞-K¿`-amb kw`-h-ßsf tNcp-∂-]Sn tN¿°p-∂-XmWv Ncn-{X-
Ønse sXc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ kz`m-hw. Ime-K-W-\m-{I-a-Øn-e-Sp-°p-tºm-gmWv
kw`-h-ß-fpsS Imcy-Im-cW_‘w sXfn-™p-h-cp-∂-Xv. Cu a´n¬ Nn¥n-
°p-tºmƒ Ncn-{X-Øn\v {]mtbm-Kn-Ia
- mb Hcp \n¿∆-N\w Hcp-°q-´n-sb-Sp-°mw.
sXc-s™-SpØ kw`-h-ß-fpsS Ime-K-W\m{Ia-Øn-ep≈ BJym-\-amWv
Ncn-{Xw.
sXc-s™-Sp∏v, BJym-\w, Ime-K-W\ Cu aq∂v {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS
kz`mhw IrXy-ambn \n¿W-bn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. B \n¿W-b-amWv Ncn-{X-Øns‚
coXn-imkv{Xw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v hnh-£n-°p-∂X - v. CXn\v Imem-Im-eß
- f
- n-embn
\S-∂p-t]m-∂n-´p≈ Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS amXr-Im-cq-]-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-tS-≠
-Xp-≠v.
{]amWkma-{Kn-I-fn¬s∏-Sp∂ ⁄m\cq]-߃ ]eXmWv. `qX-Im-e-
kw-`-h-ß-fm-Wt√m Ncn-{X-Øns‚ D≈-S-°w. B kw`-h-ß-fpsS hn⁄m-]-
I-ß-fmb hkvXp-°ƒ, AXm-b-Xv, Ncn-{Xm-h-in-jvS-߃ `qan-bn¬ aÆ-S-cp-I-
ƒ°n-S-bnepw `q\n-c-∏n\v tasebpw Is≠-Ømw. Cu hkvXp-°-fpsS ]T-\-
amWv ]pcm-XXzw F∂ Hcp ⁄m\-cq-]-ambn Ign-™ c≠v aq∂v \q‰m-≠p-I-
fmbn Ncn-{X-cN
- \
- b
- psS B[m-ci
- n-eI
- f
- n-sem-s∂∂ \ne-bn¬ ]pjvSn-s∏´p h∂n-
´p-≈-Xv.
Ncn-{XsØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ {]amW kma-{Kn-Iƒ ]e-XmWv AXn-te-
‰hpw {][m-\-amWv ]pcm-X-Øz-hn-⁄m-\obw. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ {]tXyI
{]m[m\yw \¬In sIm≠v tIm¿t]-∏-dm-bn-Øs∂ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
tIc-fN - c
- n-{X-Øn\pw Du∂¬ \¬In-s°m-≠mWv Cu ]mTy-]≤ - Xn cq]-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-p∂-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ {]mIv Ncn{Xw apX¬ ka-Im-enI L´w
3
hscbp≈ kw`-h-߃ kkq£vaw N¿® sNøp-∂-XmWv tIc-f-N-cn-{X-
]-T\
- w.
]ucm-Wn-I-Imew apX¬°v `mc-X-Øn¬ PmXn-tbm-sSm∏w enwK-hn-th-
N-\hpw \ne-hn-en-cp-∂p. kv{Xo˛-]p-cp-j-˛-aq-∂mw-enwK hn`m-K-߃°p≈ ka-
Xzhpw \oXnbpw {KŸ-ßf - n¬ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. {]mtbm-Kn-IX- e- Ø
- n¬ ta¬Iogv
hyXym-k-߃ ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw A[n-Im-c-tI-{µ-ß-fp-sSbpw ]n≥_-
e-tØmsS ZrV-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnhn[ cmP-hw-i-ß-fpsSbpw sImtfm-Wn-b¬
A[n-th-iØ - n-s‚bpw Ime-L´- Ø
- n¬ CXn¬ ImX-em-ba - m-‰ß
- s - fm∂pw D≠m-
bn-´n-√. ta¬ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ]pXnb P\m-[n-]-Xy-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw ⁄m\-
]-cn-jvI-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw kzm[o-\-^-e-ambn Dcp-Xn-cn™ kzXz-t_m-[-Øns‚
]›m-Øe - Ø- n-emWv C¥y-bnse enwK-t_m-[\ - n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS Ncn{Xw C∂sØ
F√m ]T-\-ta-J-e-I-fn-epw-sa-∂-t]mse Ncn-{X-hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-
bn¬ \n¿_-‘nX sF—nI hnj-b-am°n Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
Ncn-{X-\n¿Ωn-Xn°v Bh-iy-amb "]pcm-tc-Jm-e-b-]-T-\hpw' thZ-Imew
apX¬ Dcp-Xn-cn-™p-h∂ `mc-XØ - nse {][m-\h- n-⁄m-\t- a-Je- I
- f
- psS hf¿®-
bp-sS Ncn-{X-sa-t∂mWw "`mc-Xo-b-ssh-⁄m-\o-b-]m-c-º-cyhpw' s]mXp-sF-
—nI hnj-bß - fmbn ]mTy-]≤
- X
- n-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. IqSmsX tIc-
f-Ønse ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-N-cn{Xw, kv{XoI-fpsS AhImit_m-[-cq-]o-I-c-W-
ß-fpsS Ncn-{Xw B[p-\nI temI-Øn¬, enJn-X-hn-⁄m-\obw XpSßn Ncn-
{X-]-T-\-Øn\v hy‡-amb Znimt_m[w \¬Ip∂ a‰v hnj-b-ßfpw s]mXp
sF—n-I-sa-t∂mWw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

tUm. aRvPpj B¿. h¿Ω

sNb¿am≥, Ncn-{X-]-T-\-t_m¿Uv

4
]T-\-t_m¿Uv AwK-߃
tUm. aRvPpj B¿. h¿Ω (A-≤y-£≥)
tUm. Fw.-B¿. cmLhhmcn-b¿
tUm. tIi-h≥ shfp-Øm´v
s{]m^. ssa°nƒ Xc-I≥
tUm. sI.- F-kv. amXyp
tUm. ]n. cmtP-{µ≥
tUm. ]n. inh-Zmkv
tUm. tPmbn h¿°n
tUm. hn. hn. lcn-Zmkv
tUm. ]n. kXojv

5
H∂mw ska-ÿ
MU CC 1001 ae-bm-f`- m-jb
- psS hn⁄m-\] - Z- hn
MU HIS 8102 Ncn-{X-c-N-\m Ncn{Xw (Historiography)
MU HIS 8103 {]mNo\ \mK-cn-IX - I
- ƒ
MU HIS 8104 {]mNo\ C¥y: kwkvIm-cß - fpw kaq-lc- q-]o-Ic
- Whpw
(\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)
MU HIS 8105 tIc-f-N-cn{Xw ˛ `mKw H∂v (\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)

c≠mw ska-ÿ
MU HIS 8206 Ncn{X cN\m ]≤Xn
MU HIS 8207 ]pcm-XXXz hn⁄m-\obw
MU HIS 8208 temI-Nc- n{Xw \mK-cn-IX
- I
- f
- n¬ \n∂pw
km{am-Py-ßf - n-te°v
MU HIS 8209 a[y-Ime C¥y ˛ kao-]-\w, ]cn-t{]£yw
(\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)
MU HIS 8210 tIc-f-N-cn{Xw `mKw ˛ 2 (\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)

aq∂mw ska-ÿ
MU HIS 8311 B[p-\n-I]m›m-Xy-temIw: P\m-[n-]X - y-Øns‚
hf¿®bpw a\p-jym-hI - mi{]h¿Ø-\ß - fpw
MU HIS 8312 B[p-\nI C¥y: tImf-\n-hm-gvN, \thm∞m-\w,
tZio-b{- ]-ÿm\w
MU HIS 8313 tIc-fN
- c - n{Xw: km-aq-ly-]c
- n-jv°c-Whpw
tZiob {]ÿm\hpw
MU HIS 8314 `mc-Xob Ncn{X cN-\m-N-cn{Xw (\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)
MU HIS 8315 s]mXp sF-—n-Iw

6
\memw ska-ÿ
MU HIS 8416 A[n-\n-thi C¥y: imkv{Xw kmt¶-XnI hnZy
MU HIS 8417 ka-Im-enI tIcfw
MU HIS 8418 C¥y-bnse enwK-t_m[ \n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS
Ncn{Xw (\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)
MU HIS 8419 {]_‘w

7
H∂mw ska-ÿ
MU CC 1001 ae-bm-f`- m-jb
- psS hn⁄m-\] - Z- hn
MU HIS 8102 Ncn-{X-c-N-\m Ncn{Xw (Historiography)
MU HIS 8103 {]mNo\ \mK-cn-IX - I
- ƒ
MU HIS 8104 {]mNo\ C¥y: kwkvIm-cß - fpw kaq-lc- q-]o-Ic
- Whpw
(\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)
MU HIS 8105 tIc-f-N-cn{Xw ˛ `mKw H∂v (\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)

8
 MU CC 1001 ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn
\thm-∞m-\-Imew apX¬ ssh⁄m-\n-Iw, hnZym-`ym-kw, kmt¶-Xn-Iw, cmjv{Sobw
F∂o cwKß-fn¬ ae-bm-f- `m-j -t\-Sp∂ hf¿® ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv Cu
t]∏¿.

bqWn‰v 1
\thm-∞m-\hpw ae-bm-f-`m-jm-ht_m-[hpw:-˛ tImf-\o-I-c-Whpw amXr-`m-j-bpw.
temI-`m-j-I-fn¬ ae-bm-fØns‚ ÿm\w, \thm-∞m-\hpw tIc-fw, ae-bmfw F∂o
k¶¬∏-\-ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw ˛ amXr-`m-jbv°v th≠n-bp≈ {ia-߃ ˛ a‡n-X-
߃, tPm¿÷v amØ≥, F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, ]T-\-am-[y-aw, sFIy-tI-cfw
F∂ k¶¬∏w, sFIy-tI-cf {]ÿm-\w.

hnti-j]
- T
- \w
n tPm¿÷v amØ≥, "_mem-`y-k-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp {]kwKw' (aq∂mw
Jfiw am{Xw) (1867)
(tUm. kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n, dh. tPm¿÷v amØ≥ ˛ IrXn-Ifpw ]T-
\hpw, ]p. 435 ˛ 447)
n a‡n-X-߃, "Xan-gp-cmPyw apX¬ ae-bm-f- cmPy\nhm-kn-I-fmb ap…nw
P\hpw hnZym-`ym-khpw' (a‡n Xß-fpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ, tIcf
CkvemanIv anj≥, Xncq¿ 6, 1981)
n F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, "\m´p-`m-jm-hn-Zym-`ymkw' (F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-
bpsS sXc-s™-SpØ {]_-‘-߃, cRvPna ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, amΩq-Sv,
1987)
n ktlm- Z - c ≥ Aø- ∏ ≥, ae- b m- f - ` m- j - b psS A`n- h r≤n am¿§w (1934)
(k- t lm- Z - c ≥ Aø- ∏ ≥: Pohn- X hpw IrXn- I fpw Fw.]n. joP (F- U n.)
ssa{Xn- _p-Ivkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2010)
n KqKn hm Xn HmwtKm, B{^n-°≥ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ `mj (a-\-€ns‚ A]-
tIm-f-\o-I-c-Ww)
n Xmbm´v i¶-c≥, am\-kn-I-amb ASn-aØw (C-¥y≥ hnZym-`ymkw \q‰m-
≠p-I-fn-eq-sS)

9
bqWn‰v 2
`mj-bpsS am\-Io-I-c-Whpw B[p-\n-IoI-c-W-hpw.
hmsam-gn-bn¬ \n∂v hc-sam-gn-bn-te-°v, ae-bmfw A°-߃, kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-߃,
\nL-≠p-°-fpsS hc-hv, {]mtZ-inI `mjm-t`-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Xncn-®-dn-hv, eIvkn-
t°m-{Km-^n, A®-Sn, ]{Xw, ]{X-`m-j, am[y-a-`m-j, `mjm-km-t¶-Xn-IX: ae-bmfw
ssS∏vssd-‰¿, en]n-bpsS ]cn-Wm-aw, en]n ]cn-jvI-c-W-I-Ω-‰n-Iƒ, A®Sn: ]pXnb
en]n, Iºyq-´¿ ae-bm-fw, ae-bmfw tkm^v‰vshb¿, AXn-\p≈ {ia-߃, ÿm]-
\-߃.

hnti-j-]-T\w
n C.- hn. cma-Ir-jvW≥, "h¿Ø-am\ ]{X-ß-fp-sSbpw A®Sn b{¥-ß-fp-
sSbpw hym]-\-tØmsS ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmlnXy k¶¬∏-\-ß-fnepw `mjm
hyh-lm-c-ß-fnepw kw`-hn® am‰-߃'
(Fw. F≥. hnP- b ≥ (F- U n.) \ΩpsS kmln- X yw, \ΩpsS kaq- l w,
hmeyw 2)
n Sn.- _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿, "ae-bmf en]n ]cn-jvI-cWw: `qXhpw
`mhnbpw' (P-\-]-Yw, \hw. 2009).
n kt¥m-jv tXm-´p-߬, "bq\n-t°mUv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ kw`-hn-°p-∂-sX¥v?'
(P-\-]-Yw, \hw. 2009).
n \nJn¬ \ºym¿, hna¬ tPmk^v, "ae-bmfw C≥kv{In-]vj≥ Iot_m¿Uv
Fßs\ D]-tbm-Kn°mw?' (P-\-]Yw, \hw. 2009).
n Fw. apIp-µ≥, "Hcp km£m¬ Xnø≥ as‰mcp Xnø-t\mSv Cw•ojv ]d-
bptam?'
(am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 2010 P\p. 24 -˛ 30)

bqWn‰v 3
hn⁄m-\` - mj
hn⁄m-\-`m-j-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ ae-bm-f-Øns‚
hf¿®, hn⁄m-\-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-kw, hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-߃, ae-bmf ]Z-tIm-i-
Øns‚ B[p-\n-IoI-c-Ww. A¿∞-]-cn-Wm-aw, hnh¿Ø-\-{K-Ÿ-߃, imkv{X-{K-
Ÿ-߃, `uXn-I-im-kv{X-߃, kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw, C¥y≥ `mj-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈
hnh¿Ø-\w. Cw•ojv `mj-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-߃, a‰p- temI`mj-I-fn¬
\n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-߃, kmt¶-XnI ]Z-߃, kmt¶-XnI ]Z-kq-Nn, ]mT-]p-
kvXI IΩn-‰n, amXr-`m-jm-hn-Zym-e-b-߃ D]-cn-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw amXr-`m-j-bpw,
{]IrXn imkv{X ˛ kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-T\w ae-bmf am[y-a-Øn¬.

hnti-j-]-T\w

n sI. tkXp-cm-a≥, "D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw' (a-e-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, sI´p-I-Y-

I-fpsS ASn-ÿm\w F∂ A[ymbw. ]p. 104 ˛ 123)
n tPml-∂kv t{^m¨ tab¿, {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{X-Ønse ka¿∏W teJ\w
(1883)
(Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥, aebmf imkv{X-km-lnXy {]ÿm\w Hcp
]T\w ˛ A\p-_-‘w)

10
n tPmk^v ap≠-t»cn, ae-bm-f-`m-jbpw imkv{X-{K-Ÿ-ßfpw, (`-c-W-`m-j,
1935)
n ANyp-Xvi-¶¿, imkv{X-`mj (\-ΩpsS `mj, \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw, FUn.
Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥)
n ]n. ]hn-{X≥, `mjbpw XXz-Nn-¥bpw: D]-I-c-W-hm-Z-Øn\pw \n¿W-b-hm-
Z-Øn\panS-bn¬, amXr-`m-jbv°vth≠n-bp≈ ka-cw, 2014.
n cho-{µ≥, "Ne-®n{X kma-{Kn-bmbn amdp∂ `mj' (a-e-bm-fw, amXr-`qan
tImgn-t°m-Sv)

bqWn‰v 4
`c-W-`mj ˛ ae-bmf `mj-bpsS `c-W-]-chpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb hnImkw
`c-W-`m-jbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-c-W-hpw, temI-am-Xr-`m-jm-Zn-\w, C¥y≥ `c-W-
L-S-\-bn¬ `mjI-fpsS ÿm\w, ae-_m¿, sIm®n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ F∂n-hn-S-ß-
fnse `c-Wa- fi
- e
- Ø
- n¬ ae-bmf`mj-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\w. `c-W`- m-jb - v°p≈
IΩo-j≥, tImam-´n¬ ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ IΩo-j≥. HutZym-KnI `mjm {]Jym-]-
\w 1969. tImSXn `mj ˛ \tc-{µ≥ IΩo-j≥ ˛ `c-W-`m-jm-t{]m-’m-l-\ \-S-]-Sn-
Iƒ ˛ Pn√m Xmeq°v Xe HutZym-KnI `mjm-k-an-Xn-Iƒ, `mj-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈
{]ÿm-\-߃.

hnti-j-]-T\w:
n iqc-\m-´p-Ip-™≥]n≈, "ae-bmfw `c-W-`m-jm-]-Z-hn-bn-te°v' (`-c-W-`m-j,
C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv hIp-∏v, tIcf k¿°m¿).
n PÃnkv \tc-{µ≥, 1. "ae-bmfw tImS-Xn-I-fn¬'†(`c-W-`m-j)
2. \tc-{µ≥ IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´v ˛ kw{Klw (Hu-tZym-KnI `mjm-kw-_-‘-
ambn tIcf k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® {][m\ DØc-hp-Ifpw k¿°p-e-dp-
I-fpw, A\p-_‘w 1, tIcf k¿°m¿, 2002)
n ]n. tKmhn-µ-∏n≈, "`mj-bpsS cmjv{Sobw'†
n Sn. Sn. {ioIp- a m¿, "`mjm- { ]- X n- k - ‘ n- b psS kmaqly ]›m- Ø ew' (hn-
⁄m\ ssIc-fn, 1990 Pqembv)
n tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, "ae-bmf kwc-£-Ww, F¥n\v'? Fßs\? (a-e-bm-
fhpw ae-bm-fnbpw, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿ 1992).
n Fw. F≥. hnP- b ≥, "`mj kwkv I mcw hnZym- ` ymkw' (\- Ω psS `mj,
\ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw, FUn. Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥)
n Fw. hn. tXmakv, tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w: {]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fn-eqsS (`-c-W-
`mjm {]iv\-߃, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v).

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
A_vZpƒIcow, apl-ΩZv sI. sP. (k-ºm), 2006 a‡n-X-ß-fpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-
Iƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv, hN\w _pIvkv.
BZ¿iv hn. sI, 2009, C\n hmb-\, C. hmb-\, tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.
C. -Fw.- F-kv, 1997, \ΩpsS `mj, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv hIp-∏v, 2003, `c-W-`m-j tIc-f-k¿°m¿.

11
Hma\ ]n. -hn, 1990, \nL-≠p-°ƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬, tIm´-bw, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
Imc-t»cn Fw. F≥, 2004, sXfn-a-e-bm-fw, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv, 2002, ae-bm-f-ssi-en, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amcm¿ kmln-Xy-{]
-Im-iw
tIcf {]kv A°m-Zan, 1983, ]{X-`m-j, sIm®n, tIcf {]kv A°m-Zan.
tIc- f - ` mjm C≥Ãn- ‰ yq´v , A®- S nbpw FgpØpw: Hcp ssì ]pkv X - I w,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
IrjvW-Ip-am¿ Fkv, 1996, ae-bmf Kth-jWw k¿h-I-em-im-e-I-fn¬, Xncp-h-\-
¥-]p-c, am¿Kn ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, .
KtWjv kn (F- U n), 2016, `mj- b psS AXn- P o- h - \ - Ø n\v Hcp P\XbpsS
k©m-cw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, {]nb-X.
Kncojv ]n. Fw. 2013, ae-bmfw: kzXzhpw hn\n-a-b-hpw, ip-I-]pcw, h≈-tØmƒ
hnZym-]o-Tw.
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ \Sp-h´w tUm, 2012, ae-bmfw ¢mknIv `mj: ]g-°hpw hy‡n-
Xz-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
KqKn hm XnHmwtKm, 2007, a\-€ns‚ A]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw, sIm√w, {Kmwjn _pIvkv.
tKm]n-\m-Y≥ \mb¿ F≥, (F-Un.), 2006, `mjbpw kaq-lhpw: `mjm-imkv{X ]T-
\-߃, {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-hn-`m-Kw, Imen-°‰v k¿h-I-em-im-e.
Nmt°m ]n. kn, 1940, ae-bmfw Npcp-s°-gpØv am\z¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Kh.
{]€v.
Pb-Ir-jvW≥ F≥, (F-Un.), 2011, ae-bm-fhpw ¢mkn-°¬ ]Z-hn-bpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-
]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
Pb-cmPv Fw, 2017, ae-bmf A®-Sn-am-[yaw : `qXhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv,
amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
Pbm kpIp-am-c≥ (F-Un.), 1997, X¿÷a: kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-
Øn¬, Xmc-Xay ]T-\-kw-Lw.
tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, 1982, ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-fn-bpw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, 2010, ˛ "ae-bm-fn°v Btcm-SmWv Iqdv' `mj kmlnXyw kwkvIm-
cw, Xriq¿, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.
tPmk^v ]n. Fw, 1984, ae-bm-f-Ønse ]c-Iob ]Z-߃, Xncp-h-\¥-]p-cw, tIcf
`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
tPmk^v , kv I dnb tUm, 2007, ]g»n tcJ- I - f nse hyh- l m- c - ` m- j , tImgn-
t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
tZh-cm-P≥ Pn. tUm., 2005, C≥^¿ta-j≥ kb≥kv: Hcm-ap-Jw, Xncp-h-\-¥-
]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
\mb¿, s]cp∂ sI. F≥., 1976, ae-bmf ]{X-Øns‚ IY, tIc-f- h¿°nwKv tP¿W-
enÃv bqWn-b≥.
]hn-{X≥ ]n, 2014, amXr-`m-jbv°v th≠n-bp≈ ka-cw, ae-bmf sFIy-th-Zn.
{]Im-iv sI. Fkv. tUm, tUm. Fkv. F. jm\-hmkv (kw-tim.), 2010, ae-bmf

12
`mjbpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-hpw, {]Im-i-\-hn-`m-Kw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf k¿h-
I-em-im-e,
{]t_m-[-N-{µ≥ \mb¿ hn. B¿, 1999 ae-bmfw ae-bm-fn-tbmfw, Xncp-h-\-¥
-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v.
{]`m-I-c≥ F≥, 2012, "ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn', Bg-Øn¬ sh® I√p-Iƒ, tImgn-
t°m-Sv, C≥ssk‰v ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
{]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn, 2010, ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w {]mcw`kzcq-]w, Xriq¿, tIcf
kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.
{]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn, 2010, ]g-a-bn¬ \n∂v, at\m-ca ]ªn-t°-j≥ Unhnj≥.
{]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿ sI. Fw, 2004, ae-bmfw: am‰hpw hf¿®bpw, ipI-]p-cw, h≈-
tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.
{]nb- Z ¿i- \ ≥ Pn., 2007, BZy- I me amkn- I - I ƒ, Xr»q¿, tIcf kmlnXy
A°m-Zan.
t{^m¨ta-b¿, tPml-∂kv, 1983, {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{Xw, _mk¬ anj≥ _p°v B‚ v
{SmIv‰v knwt_mkn-‰-dn.
_m_p sNdn-bm≥ tUm, 2009, s_©-an≥ s_bven, tIm´bw, kmlnXy {]h¿Ø-
I-kl-I-cWkw-Lw.
_m_p-cmPv ]n. Fw., 2009, ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Fßs\ tªmKmw, tIm´-bw, Un.- kn.
_pIvkv.
_me-Ir-jvW≥, Imhp-ºmbn, 2007, ae-bmf imkv{X-km-lnXy {]ÿm\w Hcp
]T\w, Xriq¿, tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øv.
_me-Ir-jvW≥ Imhp-ºmbn (F-Un.), 2017, \ΩpsS `mj, \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw,
tIc-f-im-kv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv.
ae-bmfw hn°n ]oUnb {]h¿Ø-I¿ 2012 G{]n¬, hn°n ]oUnb Hcp ssI∏p-
kvX-Iw, ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Unb {]h¿Ø-I¿, .
amcm¿ sI.-sI., 2008, tIc-f-Ø-\n-a, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]q¿W ]ªn-t°-j≥kv
amXyp sP. ap´Øv tUm, 2007, hm¿Ø-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ, ]m∏n-dkv _pIvkv.
amXr-`qan _pIvkv tP¿W¬ (k-am.), 2008, ae-bmfw ˛ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn-sb-
°p-dn®v Nne \nco-£-W-߃, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
amXr-`qan, 2014, "knhn¬ k¿hokv hnPbw t\Sm≥ ae-bmf-w', amXr-`qan Cb¿_p-
°v, ]p. 746 -˛ 750.
an\n \mb¿, tUm, 2012, knhn¬ k¿∆okv ]co-£-I-fnse ae-bm-fw, tIm´-bw,
at\m-ca _pIvkv.
aq¿t°mØv Ipam-c≥, 1985, Nn”-\w, tIm´-bw, hnZym¿∞n-an{Xw _p°v Unt∏m.
cho-{µ≥ sI., 2009, hnh-c-ti-J-cWw C‚¿s\-‰n¬, tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.
cho-{µ≥ sI, 2001, C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn \nL-≠p, tIm´-bw, Un. kn.
_pIvkv.
cmL- h ≥ ]pXp- ∏ ≈n, 1985, tIcf ]{X- { ]- h ¿Ø\ Ncn- { Xw, Xriq¿, tIc- f -
km-lnXy A°m-Z-an.

13
cmPp amhp-¶¬ tUm, 2004, hnZym-`ymk C≥^¿am-‰n-Ivkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf
`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
cmP-cm-Ph - ¿Ω F. B¿, F. B¿. cmP-cm-Ph - ¿Ω-bpsS {]_-‘ß - ƒ, amΩq-Sv. cRvPna
]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
cmP- c m- P - h ¿Ω, Fgp- a - ‰ q¿, 2008, `mjbpw `c- W - ` m- j - b pw, tIcf `mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, Fgp-a-‰q¿ (F-Un.), HutZym-KnI `mjm kw_-‘-ambn tIc-f-
k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® {][m\ DØ-c-hp-Ifpw k¿°p-e-dp-I-fpw.
cmP-tKm-]m¬ IΩØv tUm, 2012, `uXn-I-imkv{X \nL-≠p, tIm´-bw, Un. kn.
_pIvkv.
cmP- t i- J - c ≥ ]n. sI, Fkv . F≥. Pb- { ]- I miv , 2003 am[ya \nL- ≠ p,
tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.
cmP-ti-J-c≥ Fkv, 2010, ae-bm-fn-bpsS ae-bm-fw, tIm´-bw, kmlnXy {]h¿ØI
kl-I-c-Wkw-Lw.
cma-N-{µ≥ \mb¿ ]∑\, 2000, ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-fn-I-fpw, tIm´-bw, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
cma-N-{µ≥ ]pXp-t»cn, 2010, sXc-s™-SpØ {]_-‘-߃, Xriq¿, tIc-f-km-lnXy
A°mZan.
cma-h¿Ω (a-cp) Xºp-cm≥, F. B¿. AJn-te-iz-c-ø¿ (hym-Jym.), 1128, aI-cw, Xr»n-
h-t]-cq¿bp‡n-`m-jm, awK-tfm-Zbw enan-‰-Uv.
hk-¥≥ Fkv. sI, 2007, kakvX tIcf kmlnXy ]cn-j-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xw, Xriq¿,
Id‚ v _pIvkv.
h¿°n ]´n-a‰w, 2008, Iwπo‰v Iºyq-´¿ _p°v, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv
hnP-b≥ Fw. F≥ (P-\. FUn), 2000, \ΩpsS kmlnXyw \ΩpsS kaqlw ˛
1901 ˛ 2000, 1˛4 hmey-߃, tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Zan.
thWp-tKm-]≥ \mb¿ Fkv. hn (F-Un.), 2010, ae-bmf `mjm-N-cn-{Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-
]p-cw, amfp-_≥ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
hmkp-°p-´≥, sI. Fw s{]m^, 1991, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v: ]›m-Ø-ehpw
{]h¿Ø-\-hpw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v.
hnf-°pSn cmtP-{µ≥ tUm, 2011, `mjm ip≤nbpw `c-W-`m-jbpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,
{]nb-Z¿in\n ]ªn-t°-j≥kv skmssk-‰n.
inh-Ip-am¿. B¿, 2013, `c-W-`mjm {]tbm-K-߃, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
inh-Ip-am¿ B¿., F. B¿. kvanXm t{ib€v, 2013, ae-bm-fw˛Cw•ojv HutZym-KnI
`mjm-\n-L-≠p, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
{ioIp-am¿ ]n, 2008, `mj A[zm\w hntam-N-\w, hntam-N-\m-flI `mjm-im-kv{X-
Øn\v Hcm-ap-Jw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Nn¥-]-ªn-tjgvkv
{ioIp-amcn Fkv., ae-bmf `mjm-\-thm-∞m-\hpw kmlnXy kwL-S-\-Ifpw
joP Fw. ]n., 2010, ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥: Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-
cw, ssa{Xn _pIvkv.
jmcp sP. h¿Ko-kv, F. hnP-b-e£van, 1992, A®-Sn, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

14
kmap- h ¬ Nµ- \ - ∏ ≈n tUm, 1992, dh- d ‚ v tPm¿÷v amØ≥: IrXn- I fpw
]T-\-hpw, Hmdn-b‚¬ dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v Nµ-\-∏-≈n.
kmw F≥, 2003, ae- b mf ]{X- { ]- h ¿Ø\w ]sØm- º Xmw \q‰m- ≠ n¬,
tIm´-bw, Un.- kn. _pIvkv.
kp\oX Sn.- hn, 2009, ssk_¿ ae-bm-fw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
kp\oX Sn. hn, 2012, C ae-bmfw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
kptcjv ]n. tUm, (F-Un) 2017, ae-bm-fw: tZihpw kzXzhpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, t{]m{Kkv
]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
tkXp-cm-a≥ sI, ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
kvIdnb k°-dnb tUm., 1996, Xe-t»cn tcJ-Iƒ, Xm]-kw.

Cw•ojv ]pkvX-I-߃
n Robert Phillipson, Linguistic Imperialism, Oxford University Press, 1992.
n Asha Surangi, Language and Politics in India, Oxford Univesity Press, 2009.
n Satyendranath Bose, 'The Mother Tongue', Satyendra Nath Bose His Life and
Times Selected works, Ed. Kamseshwar C. Wali, World Scientific, 2009.
n John E. Joseph, Language and Identity, Palgrave, Macmillan, 2004.

n imkv{X kmt¶-XnI i_vZ-tImiw

n `c-W-`mjm i_vZm-hen
n hnhn[ ]Z-tIm-i-߃
teJ-\-߃
n ]n. kn. Nmt°m, "\nbaw ae-bm-f-Øn¬' (`-c-W-`m-j)
n sIm´nbw apl-ΩZv, "I∏-en-\-I-sØ- Pew' (`-c-W-`m-j)
n Fw. hn. tXmakv, "am‰w aµ-K-Xn-bn-em-hp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v' (`-c-W-`m-j)
n F. F≥. ]n. DΩ¿Ip´n, "`c-W-`m-jbpw `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´pw' (`-c-W-`m-j)
n tUm. Fw. B¿. Xºm≥, "`cWw P\-ß-fpsS `mj-bn¬' (`-c-W-`m-j)
\nb-a-߃, IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ
n `c-W-`mj 1965, 1967 F∂o h¿j-ß-fnse \nb-a-߃
n tIcf HutZym-KnI `mjm \nbaw
n XpS¿ \nb-a-߃ 1973, 1975.
B\p-Im-en-I-߃
n `c-W-`mj, C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww.
n hn⁄m-\-ssI-cfn, Pqembv 1990, ae-bmfw hnti-jm¬ {]Xn.
n P\-]Yw, 2010 \hw-_¿, C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv {]kn-
≤o-I-cWw.
n ae-bm-◊, ae-bmf kan-Xn, 1990.

15
tcJ--Iƒ
n sI. Pb-Ip-am¿, Xp©Øv cmam-\p-P≥ Fgp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-
im-e, kao-]-\hpw LS\bpw, sabv, 2012 (a-e-bmf k¿h-I-em-imem ÿm]-
\-Øn-\p≈ ]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´v)
n sFIy-a-e-bmf {]ÿm\w eLp-teJ, tIc-f-hn-I-k-\hpw ae-bm-f-k¿h-
I-em-im-ebpw cq]-tc-J, 2011.

16
 MU HIS 8102 Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-N-cn{Xw (Historiography)

bqWn‰v 1
Ncn-{X-cN
- \
- m-]m-cº
- cyw
]›m-Øew ˛ a≤y-Ime {InkvXob ]mc-ºcyw ˛ bh\ Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-]m-c-ºcyw ˛
sld-tUm-´-kv, Xqkn-ssUUvkv, enhn, Smkn‰kv. {]mNo\ No\m-N-cn-{X-]m-c-ºcyw
˛ I¨^yq-jy-kv, ]m≥Iq ˛ a[y-Im-e- N-cn-{X-c-N\ : {InkvXp-aX kzm[o\w ˛
AK-Ãn≥ ]pWym-f≥, tXmakv AIzn-\mkv: a[y-Ime Ad_v Ncn-{X-c-N\ ˛ A¬_n-
dq-Wn, C_v\p Jm¬Zp≥ ˛ {Ko°v Ad-_nIv ]mc-º-cy-߃ ˛ hot°m- ˛ Im¿Sn-kn-
b≥ hncp-≤-hm-Z-߃ ˛ ⁄mt\m-Zbw ˛ hnizm-k-Øn¬ \n∂pw hna¿i-\-Øn-
te°v ˛ Kn∫¨ ˛ Imev]-\nI {]Xn-I-cWw ˛ Im¿sse≥ ˛ Ncn-{X-Ønse sshcp-
≤ym-fl-IhmZ-߃ ˛ slK-ens‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sv, am¿Ivkns‚ Ncn{X kao-]\w.

bqWn‰v 2
Ncn{Xw : hyXykvX ]cn-t{]-£y-߃
Ncn{Xw B[p-\nI imkv{Xo-b-⁄m-\-im-J-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ˛ _¿en≥ hnπhw ˛
imkv{Xob Ncn-{X-co-Xn-im-kv{X-Øns‚ DZbw ˛ \n_q¿, dms¶ ˛ t]mkn-‰n-hnkw ˛
Ncn{Xw imkv{Xw Xs∂ ˛ AKÃv tImw‰v, sl‚n tXmakv _°vƒ ˛ t]mkn-‰n-hn-
k-tØm-Sp≈ hna¿iw

bqWn‰v 3
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse hyXykvX Ncn-{X-[m-cI
- ƒ
Ccp-]-Xmw \q‰m-≠nse hyXykvX Ncn-{X-[m-c-Iƒ ˛ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Bt]-£n-IXm
hmZw ˛ Imƒ s_°¿ ˛ kmº-ØnI Ncn-{X-Øns‚ {]tW-Xm-°ƒ ˛ sl‚n ]ndn≥,
ses^hvsd, B¿.-F®v tSmWn ˛ Nmƒkv B‚ v tacn sh_¿ ˛ sht_-dn-b≥
kn≤m¥w ˛ t^mK¬ ˛ {]Xn-hm-kvXh Ncn{Xw ˛ {^©v A\¬kv Ncn{-X-{]-
ÿm\w ˛ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ aq∂p Xe-ap-d-Iƒ ˛ am¿°v tªm°v ˛ B[p-\nI
am¿IvknÃv Ncn-{X-cYy˛s]dn Bt‚-gvk¨.

17
bqWn‰v 4
Nn¥m kzm[o\w Ncn-{X-Øn¬
{Kmwjn-Nn-¥-bpsS kzm[o\w ˛ LS-\m-hm-Z-Øns‚ kzm[o\w ˛ tkmkyq ˛ LS-
\m-hmZ am¿Ivknkw ˛ eqbn A¬Øq-k¿ ˛ LS-\m-\-¥-c-hmZw ˛ ZdnZ ˛ A]-
\n¿amWw ˛ CXc kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w ˛ \h-N-cn-{X-hmZw ˛ \h-
N-cn-{X-hmZw ˛ Ão^≥ {Ko≥ªm‰v ˛ Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]mT-]-c-X, ]mT-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-
]-cX ˛ B[p-\n-tIm-Øc kao-]\߃ ˛ slbvU¨ ssh‰v ˛ B¬K¿kvanØv ˛
Ncn-{X-]m-T-ß-fpsS kmln-Xo-bX ˛ IoØv sP≥-In≥kv -˛ Ncn{Xw F∂ Iev]nX
IY ˛ antj¬ ^pt°m-bpsS Ncn-{X-co--Xn-imkv{Xw ˛ hyh-lmc hni-I-e\w ˛
⁄m\na.

klmbI{KŸßƒ
Im¿Øn-tI-b≥ \mb¿, 2006 (hn.h), At‚m-Wntbm {Kmwjn Pbn¬°pdn-∏p-Iƒ,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, ssa{Xn _pIvkv
cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, 1981, t¢mUv sehn kvt{Smkv, Xriq¿, hniz-Z¿i\ ]ªn-t°-
j≥kv
cho-{µ≥, ]n.]n., 1998, antj¬ ^qt°m: h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xw, Xncp-h-
\-¥-]pcw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v,
Zneo]v cmPv, 2000, \-h-N-cn-{X-hm-Zw, tIm´bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv
kp[m-I-c≥, kn.]n., 1999, DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX, tIm´bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv
tPm¿Pv, kn.-sP, (FUn) 1996, B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kmln-Xy-k-ao-]-\-߃, tImgn-
t°mSv, _p°v thw
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿ Fw.-B¿, 2016, Ncn{Xw: coXn-im-kv{X-]-T-\-߃, Xncq¿, Xp-©-
sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h--Ie -- m-ime, {]am-W-]-c-ºc 1.
apPo_p dlvam≥, Fw.-]n, 2008 Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw
{io[-c≥.-C, 2010, Ncn-{X-Kt- h-jW coXn-imkv{Xw (hnh:) Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw, tIc-f-
`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v.
{ioP≥ hn.-kn, 1999, B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-cw, hnI-e-\hpw hna¿-i-\-hpw, tIm´-bw,
kmln-Xy-{]-h¿ØI kl-I-c-W-kw-Lw.
Ali, Sheik B, 1978, History: Its Theory And Method, Macmillan
Anderson, Perry, 1984, In the Tracks of Historical Materialism, Chicago and London:
University of Chicago Press
Balibar.E, 2000, Historical Materialism, London, Verso
Bently, Michael (ed), 1997, Companion to Historiography. London, Routledge.
Burke, Peter,1991, New Perspectives on Historical Writing, Pennsylvania State University
Press.
Burke, Peter, 2002, History and Social Theory, Newyork, Cornell University Press.

18
Burke, Peter, 1990, The French Historical Revolution: The Annals School, 1929 - 89,
California, Stanford University Press.
Carr. Edward Hallett, 1961, 1981, What is History? New York, Vintage Books
Collingwood.R.G, (19946) 1994, The Idea of History, New York, Oxford University Press
Crossley, Nick, 2005, Key Concepts in Critical Social Theory, London, Sage.
Elton.G.R, 1967, The Practice of History, Wiley - Blackwell.
Enan.M.A, 1969, IBN Khaldun: His life and Works, Lahore, Sh. Muhammed Ashraf
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Saul Friedlandes, Probing the Limits of Representation, Cambridge University Press

19
 MU HIS 8103 {]mNo\ \mKcnIXIƒ
bqWn‰v 1
{]mNo\ \mK-cn-IX
- I
- ƒ
temIØnse {]mNo\ \mKcnIXIƒ ˛ ]pcmhkvXp DXvJ\\߃-- - ˛ A[nhmk
taJeIƒ ˛ \mKcnIXbpw kwkvImchpw ˛ k¶¬∏\߃ ˛ tKm¿U¨ Nn¬tU
˛ \ho-\-in-em-bpK hnπ-hhpw \mK-cnI hnπ-hhpw.

bqWn‰v 2
saskm-s]m-´m- an-b≥ \mK-cn-IX
saskms]m´manb≥ \mKcnIX -˛ P\-ß-fpw A[n-hmk taJ-e-Ifpw ˛ kpta-cnb
˛ {][m\ \K- c - ß ƒ ˛ \KchXv I cW {]{InbIƒ - - ˛ kaqlw A[nImc
LS\IfpsS hf¿® -˛ `c-W-I¿Øm-°ƒ ˛ km¿tKm¨ ˛ UpwKn ˛ Im¿jnI
taJebpsS hym]\w -˛ - en]nbpsS hf¿® ˛ IyqWnt^mw ˛ kmlnXyw ˛ Ie -˛
kmt¶XnI ss\]pWyw ˛ sXmgn¬ taJeIƒ ˛ DXv]mZ\cwKw ˛ imkv{Xob
AdnhpIƒ ˛ \nba hyhÿ ˛ Bcm[\mk{ºZmb߃ ˛ knKp-dm-Øp-Iƒ ˛
sIm´m-c-߃.

bqWn‰v 3
_m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ ˛ A€o-dn-b≥ kwkvIm-c-߃
BZn _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ P\-hn-`m-K-߃ ˛ _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ \mK-cn-IX ˛ lΩp-
d_n ˛ \nb-a-kw-lnX ˛ aXhpw kaq-lhpw ˛ imkv{Xhpw kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpw.
kmlnXyw ˛ Kn¬Kta-jns‚ CXn-lmkw. A€o-dn-b≥ km{amPyw ˛ \K-c-߃ ˛
A€p¿ _m\n-]mƒ ˛ sk∂m-sN-dn_v ˛ ssk\yw ˛ {KŸ-im-e-Iƒ ˛ Ie. \h -
_m-_n-tem-Wn-b≥ kwkvImcw ˛ Nm¬Un-b-∑m¿ ˛ _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ kwkvIm-c-
Øns‚ ]p\-cp-≤m-c-Ww. s\_p JZ-\-€¿ ˛ kmt¶-XnI hnZy ˛ tPymXn-imkv{Xw
˛ Ie-≠¿ ˛ Xqßn \n¬°p∂ tXm´w ˛ kmlnXyw ˛ _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ tPm_v.

bqWn‰v 4
CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvImcw
CuPn]vXv ˛ ss\¬ \Zn-bpsS Zm\w ˛ cmP-`-c-W-]q¿∆-Imew ˛ s\mam¿°p-Iƒ ˛
cmP-hmgvN°mew ˛ sa\kv ˛ {]mNo\ cmP-hm-gvN-°mew ˛ ]ncanUpIfpsS Imew
20
˛ a[ycmPhmgvN-°mew ˛ \hcmP-hm-gvN-°mew ˛ km{am-PyXz-Øns‚ Imew ˛
`cWtI{µßƒ ˛ `cWI¿Øm-°ƒ ˛ Xp´vtamkv ˛ lm‰vsj∏vk´v cm⁄n ˛
Ba≥ tlmsS∏v \mem-a≥ ˛ kmaqlycwKw- ˛ kmºØnItaJe ˛ DXv]mZ\ -_-
‘-߃ ˛ sXmgn¬ _‘߃ ˛ - CuPn]vjy≥ `mj ˛ ssltdm•o^nIvkv en]n ˛
kmlnXyw ˛ XXz-Nn¥ ˛ imkv{X -kmt¶XnI cwKsØ hf¿® ˛ Ie ˛- hmkv-Xp
hnZy- ˛ ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ ˛ t£{X-߃ ˛ hn⁄m\taJe ˛ aXw ˛ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ
˛kq-cym-cm-[\ ˛ ac-Wm-\-¥c PohnXw.

bqWn‰v 5
No\m-\m-Kc
- n-IX
No\m\mKcnIX - kmaqlycwKw ˛ cmP-hw-i-߃ ˛ A[nImct{iWn ñ No\en]n
-˛ kmt¶XnI hf¿® ˛ - hmkv-XphnZy ˛ Bcm[\mk{ºZmbw ˛ kmlnXyw ˛ XXz-
Nn¥

klmbI{KŸßƒ
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21
Potts, Daniel T, 1997, Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations, New York,
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22
 MU HIS 8104 {]mNo\ C¥y kwkvIm-c-ßfpw
kaq-l-cq-]o-I-c-Whpw
bqWn‰v 1
inem-bp-Kk
- w-kvIm-cß
- ƒ
{]mIv Ncn{Xw ˛ {]mNo\inem-bpKw ˛ a[y-Im-e-in-em-bpKw ˛ \ho-\-in-em-bpKw ˛
Kplm-Nn-{X-߃ ˛ inem-Xm--{abpKw ˛ Pohn-X-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ Irjn-bpsS Bcw`w ˛
IpSpw_w F∂ Bibw ˛ {Kma-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hw.

bqWn‰v 2
kn‘p-\Z- o-XS- k
- w-kvImcw
kw⁄m-im-kv{Xhpw (Terminology) Ime-\n¿W-bhpw (Chronology) DXvJ-\-\-߃
˛ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hnhn[ L´-߃ ˛ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ ˛ kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI
cmjv{Sob kml-Nc
- y-߃ ˛ kwkvIm-cØ
- ns‚ XI¿®sb kw_-‘n-°p∂ ssk≤m-
¥nI Xe-߃.

bqWn‰v 3
thZ-Imew
Bcy-∑m-cpsS hc-hns\ kw_-‘n® kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-
Øn¬ \n∂v thZ-Im-e-L-´-Øn-te-bv°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø\w ˛ thZ-Im-ehpw ]n¬°m-
e-th-Z-Im-ehpw XΩn-ep≈ Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w ˛ kmaq-lyhpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw, aX-]-
c-hp-ambn D≠mb am‰-߃ ˛ cmjv{Sw F∂ k¶¬]w ˛ thZ-km-ln-Xy-߃

bqWn‰v 4
cmP-hm-gvNb
- psS XpS°w
`c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ ]ndhn ˛ c≠mw \K-c-h¬°-cWw ˛ alm-P-\-]-Z-߃ ˛ aK-[-
23
Øns‚ Db¿® ˛ aucy-km-{amPyw ˛ Atim-I-[¿Ωw ˛ aucy-km-{am-Py-Øns‚ ]X-
\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-Iƒ
bqWn‰v 5
aucym-\¥
- c
- `- m-cXw
Ct‚m {Ko°p-Im¿ ˛ Ipjm-W≥am¿ ˛ I\n-jvI¿ ˛ iI≥am¿ ˛ iX-hm-l-\≥am¿
˛ BZy-Im-e-X-an-gIw ˛ ]gw-X-angv ]m´p-Ifpw Ah-bnse kwkvIr-Xnbpw ˛ tdma≥
hmWn-Pyw.
bqWn‰v 6
Kp]vX`- c
- W
- I
- mew
Kp]vX≥amcpw bpK-]-cn-h¿Ø-\hpw ˛ Kp]vX-km-{amPyw ˛ C¥y≥ ^yqU-en-k-
sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-Iƒ ˛ l¿js‚ Imew ˛ Nmeyq-Iy¿ ˛ ]√-h¿ ˛ cmjv{S-Iq-
S¿ ˛ tNmg≥am¿ ˛ C¥y a[y-Im-e-Øn-te°v
klmbI{KŸßƒ
k¿∆hn⁄m\tImiw, {]k‡`mK߃, Xrip¿, Id‚ v_pIvkv
\mcmbW≥ Fw. Pn . Fkvv, Ncn{Xw, hyhlmcw, tIcfhpw `mcXhpw, Xriq¿,
Id‚ v _pIvkv.
cmLhhmcnb¿.Fw. B¿, 2011, kn‘pen]n ]T\w CXphsc, tImgn-t°mSv, amXr-
`qan _pIvkv.
cmLhhmcnb¿.Fw. B¿, 2014, Ncn{XØnse C¥y, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan
_pIvkv ˛
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24
Kosambi. D.D, 1956, An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, Bombay, Sangam
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25
Sharma R.S , 1996, State and Varna Formations in the Mid - Ganga Plains. New Delhi,
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University Press.

26
 MU HIS 8105 tIc-f-N-cn{Xw ˛ `mKw 1
bqWn‰v 1
`qanimkv{Xw ]cn-ÿnXn
`ua-]-cn-kcw ˛ ]¿∆-X-߃ ˛ Npc-߃ ˛ \Zn-Iƒ ˛ Imb¬ ˛ kap{Zw ˛ h\w ˛
aÆv ˛ Imem-hÿ ˛ ag ˛ Rm‰p-th-e-Iƒ ˛ kky-Pm-e-߃ ˛ P¥p-Pm-e-߃- ˛
Pohmivaw (t^m-kn¬)

bqWn‰v 2
{]mIvNc
- n{X \n¿Ωn-Xn-bpw, hnhn[ ]T-\i
- m-JI
- fpw
a\p-jy-hm-km-cw`w ˛ BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ ˛ ]men-tbm-en-ØnIv ˛ antkm-en-ØnIv ˛
\ntbm-en-ØnIv ˛ BZn-a-Ip-Sn-tb-‰-߃ ˛ Bkv{S-tem-bn-Up-Iƒ ˛ saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥
Im¿ ˛ t]mfn-t\-jy-°m¿ ˛ ]pcm-h-kvXp-°ƒ Xcp∂ sXfn-hp-Iƒ ˛ \c-hw-i-im-
kv{X- ]-T-\-߃ ˛ tKm{X-kw-kvIm-c-]-T-\-߃ ˛ Kplm-Nn-{X-Ie ˛ FS-bv°¬ ˛
sXmhcn ˛ ad-bq¿ ˛ sX∑e ˛ Bt¶mSv ˛ Im¿jn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS Bhn¿`m-hw.

bqWn‰v 3
Ccp-ºp-bp-K]
- c
- n-jvIrXn Bcw-`I
- mew
hnhn-[-Xcw alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-߃ ˛ I√-d-Iƒ ˛ I¬h-e-b-߃ ˛ \Sp-°√v ˛
IpS-°√v ˛ sXm∏n-°√v ˛ sN¶¬ Kpl-Iƒ ˛ sN¶-√d ˛ Ccp-ºp¬]m-Z-\-hnZy ˛
\∂-ßm-Sn-Iƒ ˛ Ccp-ºns‚ D]-tbm-Kw, hym]\w ˛ a¨]m{X \n¿Ωm-W-hnZy ˛
tKm{X-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ h∂ am‰-߃ ˛ ]q¿∆o-tIm-]m-k\ ˛ Irjn-bpsS hnImkw
˛ {Zmhn-U-sam-gn-I-fpsS hnImkw ˛ ]pcm-hkvXp sXfn-hp-Iƒ, kao-]-\-߃.

bqWn‰v 4
]gn-¥a
- ngv ]m´p-If
- nse tIc-fk
- a
- qlw
Ccpºv ]cn-jvIr-Xn-bpsS A¥y-L´w ˛ ]g-¥-angv ]m´pIƒ ˛ XnW k¶ev]w ˛
sF¥n-W-Iƒ ˛ kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw ˛ A[n-Imcw ˛ cmjv{Sobw ˛ thµ¿ ˛ Ingm¿ ˛
Bbv thƒ ˛ aqh¿ ˛ kv{Xok-¶ev]w ˛ kmº-ØnI LS-I-߃ ˛ hmWnPyw ˛
Ic-hm-Wn-Pyw, IS¬hm-WnPyw ˛ bh\ hmWnPy_‘-߃ ˛ ]pcm-X-\- Xp-d-ap-J-
߃ ˛ ap-Nn-cn, sXm≠n ˛ hmWn-Py-]m-X-Iƒ ˛ Ic- I-S¬ hmWn-Py-k-ar≤n ˛
D¬]m-Z\ hnX-c-W-k-{º-Zmbw ˛ ]p\¿hn-X-cWw ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-kcw ˛
hnhmlw ˛ BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃ ˛ hnt\m-Z-߃.

bqWn‰v 5
kmaq-ly-]c
- n-h¿Ø\w
Irjn-bpsS hym]\w ˛ A[n-hm-k-am-XrI ˛ sXmgn¬ Iq´m-bva-bpsS hnX-cW kº-

27
{Zmbw ˛ _rlXv ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ˛ ssP\, _p≤ kzm[o\w ˛ {ioaq-
e-hmkw ˛ ssP\-k-t¶-X-߃ ˛ Iev]‰ ˛ ssP\-ta-Sv, {_m“W {Kma-ß-fpsS
Bhn¿`mhw ˛ D¬]m-Z-\-_-‘-߃, hn`-h-hn-X-cWw ˛ ]mfn-I-I-fm-bp≈ kmaq-
ly-L-S\ ˛ PmXn-t{i-Wn-I-fpsS Bcw-`w.
klmbI{KŸßƒ
Ip™≥]nff, CfwIpfw, ]n.F≥., 1967, A∂sØ tIcfw, tIm´bw:
F≥._n.Fkv.
KtWjv, sI.-F≥., 1997, tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf
kmwkvIm-cnI hIp∏v.
\mcm-b-W≥ Fw.-Pn.-Fkv, 1972, tIcf Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-in-e-Iƒ, Imen-
°‰v k¿h-I-em-ime.
cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.-B¿, cmP≥ Kpcp°ƒ, 1991, tIcfNcn{Xw, `mKw H∂v,
ipI]pcw: hfftØmƒ hnZym]oTw.
chn-h¿Ω, sI.-Sn, 2014, ]≠sØ ae-bm-f-°-c, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-
‰yq´v
cmP≥.sI, 2015, `qX-Im-e-Øns‚ Isøm-∏p-Iƒ, {]k‡n _pIvkv ]Ø-\w-Xn´.
cmtP-jv. sI.-]n, 1916, hS-°≥ ae-_m¿: kaq-lhpw Ncn-{Xhpw, tIm´bw.
cmtP-jv, sI.-]n., 1916, apXp-a-°-Øm-gn, tIm´-bw.
kp\n-XvIp-am¿, kn.-sI, 2014, Im¿jn-I-]m-c-ºcyw tIc-f-Øn¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,
tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
\mb¿ i¶-c≥, hn., 2014, s\√v ]ucm-Wn-I-tI-c-f-Øn¬, Xriq¿, tIc-f-km-lnXy
A°m-Z-an.
\mb-tØmSv, tP°-_v, 2016, kwL-Im-esØ P\-Po-hn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Nn¥m
]ªn-tj-gvkv.
\mcm-b-W≥ Fw.-Pn.-F-kv, 2015, Ncn{Xw hyh-lm-cw, tIc-fhpw `mc-X-hpw, Xriq¿
Id‚ v _pIvkv.
t_mkvtIm, tUm¨, 2017, apkn-cn-kns‚ Im¬]m-Sp-I-fn-eq-sS, tImgn-t°m-Sv, {Kmkv
dq´vkv.
Achan, Anujan P., 1948: Annual Report of the Archaeological Department: Cochin
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28
Trivandrum: Kerala Gazatteers Dept.
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Narayanan, M.G.S., 1982, 'The Warrior Settlements of the Sangam Age', Delhi, Pro-
ceeding of Indian History Congress, Kurukshetra.
Raghava Varier, M.R. & Rajan Gurukkal, (ed.), 1999, Cultural History of Kerala,
Trivandrum: Department of Cultural Publications.
Rajan, K., 2002, Archaeology: Principles and Methods, Thanjavur, Manoo Pathippakam.
Rajendran, P., 1990, The Prehistoric Cultures and Environment: A Case Study of Kerala,
New Delhi, Classical Publishing Company.
Sastri, Nilakanta K.A., 1958, A History of South India from Pre-historic Times to the Fall of
Vijayanagar, Madras, Oxford University Press.
Sastri Nilakanta K.A., 1972, Sangam Literature: its Cults and Cultures, Madras, Swathi
Publications.
Satyamurti, T., Ramamurthy, K.K., G. Rajagopal, 1992, The Iron Age in Kerala: Report
on Mangadu Excavation, Department of Archaeology, Government of Kerala.
Sivathamby Karthigesu, 1974, "Early South Indian Society and Economy:' The Tinai Con-
cept, Social Scientist, (No. 20).
Sivathamby, Karthigesu: 1995, Studies in Ancient Tamil Society: Economy, Society And
the State Formation, New century Book House.
Soman, K.C., 1997, Geology of Kerala, Geological Survey of India.
Thapar, B.K., 1952, "Porkalam 1948: Excavation of a Megalithic Urn burial', Ancient
India 8: 3-6.

29
c≠mw ska-ÿ
MU HIS 8206 Ncn{X cN\m ]≤Xn
MU HIS 8207 ]pcm-XXz hn⁄m-\obw
MU HIS 8208 temI-Nc- n{Xw \mK-cn-IX
- I
- f
- n¬ \n∂pw
km{am-Py-ßf - n-te°v
MU HIS 8209 a[y-Ime C¥y ˛ kao-]-\w, ]cn-t{]£yw
(\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)
MU HIS 8210 tIc-f-N-cn{Xw `mKw ˛ 2 (\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)

30
 MU HIS 8206 Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-]≤Xn (Historical Methods)

bqWn‰v 1
Ncn{Xw: hnI-kn-°p∂ kmaq-lnI imkv{Xw
`qX-Im-ehpw Ncn-{Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw ˛ F¥mWv Ncn{X hkvXpX? Ncn-
{X hkvXp-X-I-fpsS kz`mhw ˛ B¿X¿ am¿hn-Iv, Pn.-B¿. F¬´¨, C.-F-®v.-
Im¿, IoØv sP≥In≥kv F∂n-h-cpsS kao-]-\w. Ncn-{X-Ønse Imcy-Im-cW
_‘w ˛ s_\-UnIvt‰m t{Ims®, B¿.-Pn.-tIm-fnwKv hpUv, C.-F-®v. Im¿, ]m{SnIv
Km¿U-\¿

bqWn‰v 2
{]mcw` L´w (Preliminary Stage)
F¥mWv Kth-jWw? Ncn{X Kth-j-W-Øns‚ hyXykvX cq]-߃ ˛ Ncn{X
{]iv\-Øns‚ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v AYhm Kth-jW hnj-b-Øns‚ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v ˛
Xm¬°m-enI {KŸ-kqNn ˛ t\m´vkv D≠m-°p∂ hn[w ˛ Im¿Uv k{º-Zmbw ˛
th¿Uv t{]mk-€¿ ^b¬.

bqWn‰v 3
{]am-Wß
- f- psS {]m[m\yw
kmlnXy {]am-W-߃, Ah-bpsS {]iv\-ß-fpw, ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw ˛ ]pcm-hkvXp
{]am-W-߃, Ah-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ ˛ hmsamgn {]am-W-ß-fpsS km[y-X-Ifpw
]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw ˛ anØpw Ncn-{Xhpw ˛ anØns‚ A]-{K-Y-\w, D]-tbmKw ˛ Kth-
jW ]≤-Xn-bpsS cq]-tcJ ˛ ]cn-I-ev]\ ˛ _lp-hn-j-b, hnj-bm-¥-cob kao-]-
\-߃ ˛ Ncn-{Xhpw a‰p kmaq-lnI imkv{X-ß-fpw.

bqWn‰v 4
A]-{K-Y\ L´w (Analytical Stage)
{]amW ]cn- t im- [ \ ˛ _mly hna¿i- \ hpw B¥c hna¿i- \ - h pw, _mly
hna¿i\w ˛ I¿Øm-hv, Ime-{]-kvXm-h-\, D¤h {]kvXmhw, B¥c hna¿i\w

31
˛ A£-cm¿∞hpw bYm¿∞ A¿∞-hpw, ap≥hn-[n-Ifpw ]£-]m-X-ß-fpw, AIm-
en-I-Xzw, D≈-S-°-Ønse ]c-kv]c sshcp-≤yw, Ahy-‡-X, `mjm sshI-ey-߃,
A£-c-sØ-‰p-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 5
FgpØp L´w (Drafting Stage)
kw{K-ln-s®-gp-Øv, ]cm-h¿Ø\w F∂n-h-bpsS D]-tbmKw ˛ a‰p≈ Kth-j-I-
cpsS hmIy-ßfpw Bi-b-ßfpw AtX-]Sn ]I¿Øp∂ Kth-jW cwKsØ tamj-
W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-t_m[w, ˛ hni-Zo-I-c-Ww, F¥v? F¥p-sIm≠v? hnS-hp-
Iƒ \nI-Øp∂ hn[w ˛ krjvSn-]-c-amb bp‡n-hn-Nmcw ˛ kmam-\y-h-XvI-cWw
(generalization) A[ym-b-߃ Xncn-°¬ ˛ ap≥]-T-\-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-ج ˛
D]-tbm-Kn® {]am-W-ßfpw coXn-im-kv{X-hpw, A[ym-b-ßfpsS bp‡n-]-c-amb
hn\ymkw ˛ ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ {KŸ-kqNn ˛ ]Z-hn-h-cWw ˛ kqNnI ˛ A\p-_-
‘w.

klmbI{KŸßƒ
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿ Fw.-B¿, 2016, Ncn{Xw coXn-im-kv{X-]-T-\-߃, Xncq¿ Xp-©-sØ-
gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h--Ie -- m-ime {]am-W-]-c-ºc 1.
Anderson, Jonathan et.al (1988) : 2009, Thesis and Assignment Writing. New Delhi,
Wiley Eastern Ltd.
Bloch, Marc, (1949) 1992, The Historian's Craft, U.K, Manchester University Press
Carr. E.H, (1964) 2008, What is History? Australia, Penguin Books.
Daniels.V.Robert, 1981, Studying History: How and Why, Prentice - Hall
Elton G.R , 2002, The Practice of History, Wiley Blachwell
Gibaldi, Joseph, 2003, MLA handbook for Writers of Research Papers. New York, MLA
(Modern Language Association)
Gottschalk.L, (1963) 1967, Generalization in the Writing of History, Chicago/London,
University of Chicago Press
Marwick, Arthur, 1970, The Nature of History, London, Macmillan
Sorenson, Sharon, 2002, How to Write Reseach Papers., Thomson/Areco
Vansina, Jan, 1985, Oral Tradition as History, University of Wizconsin
William.J. Goode and Paul K. Hatt, 1952, The methods of Social Research, McGraw -
Hill

32
 MU HIS 8207 ]pcm-X-Xz-hn-⁄m-\obw
bqWn‰v 1
]pcm-XX
- z-hn-⁄m-\obw ˛ k¶¬]-\߃, imJ-Iƒ

]pcm-X-Xz-hn-⁄m-\obw, e£yw, hym]vXn ˛ ]pcm-X-Xz-hn-⁄m-\o-bhpw CXc

ssh⁄m-\nI imJ-Ifpw (hn-j-bm-¥-cob kao-]-\w) ˛ N-cn-{Xw, \c-hw-i-im-kv{Xw,
`qK¿`-im-kv{Xw, P¥p-im-kv{Xw, kky-im-kv{Xw, `uXn-I-im-kv{Xw, ck-X-{¥w. ]pcm-
X-Xz--hn-⁄m-\obw: hn-hn[ imJ-Iƒ ˛ Ncn-{Xm-XoXw ˛ Ncn-{X-Imew ˛ ]mcn-ÿn-
XnI ]pcm-XXzw ˛ hymh-km-bnI ]pcm-XXzw ˛ \Kc ]pcm-XXzw ˛ P\-h¿K-]p-cm-
XXzw ˛ Pem-¥¿KX ]pcm-XXzw ˛ kwc-£W ]pcm-X-Xzw. ]pcm-X-Xz-hn-⁄m-\obw:
ASn-ÿm\ k¶¬]\-߃, ]pcm-h-kvXp-°ƒ, Ah-bpsS {]Ir-Xw, Ah-bpsS
kwLm-Xw, ]pcm-X-Xz-]-cn-jvIr-Xn. kµ¿`w ˛ {]mY-an-Iw, ZznXo-bw, ÿm\o-bw,
ImenIw ˛ AS-cv, AS¿]-T-\w, \nt£]w, ÿm\w, kam]vX ÿm\w ˛ _lp-]-cn-
jvIrXn ÿm\-߃, GI-]-cn-jvIrXn ÿm\-߃

bqWn‰v 2
]pcm-XXz-hn-⁄m-\o-bw- ˛ N-cn{Xw ˛ kn≤m-¥-߃
]pcmhkvXp Xm¬]cyw ˛ Im-ev]-\n-IX ˛ ss__nƒ ]pcm-XXzw ˛ {XnbpK Ime-
{I-a-am-XrI ˛ kn.sP. tXmwk¨, sl≥dnJv «oam≥ ˛ t{Smbv \K-c-Øns‚ Is≠-
ج ˛ P\-d¬ ]o‰v dnth¿kv, ^vfn≥tUgvkv s]{Sn ˛ B¿X¿ Chm≥kv ˛ entbm-
-Wm¿Uv hqfn ˛ slmhmUv Im¿´¿ ˛ XqY≥Im-as‚ ih-Ip-Socw ˛ eqbnkv eot°
˛ B-{^n-°-bpsS Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Im-ew. C¥y-bn¬: Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ IÆnwKvlmw ˛
B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿th Hm^v C¥y ˛ satUmkv sSbve¿ ˛ tdm_¿´v {_qkv
^q´v ˛ Igvk¨{]`p ˛ tPm¨ am¿j¬ ˛ Zb dmw kmlv\n, B¿.-Un. _m\¿Pn,
Hud¬ sÃbn≥, tam¿´n-a¿ hoe¿. kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c C¥y-bn¬ ˛ F. tLmjv,
F®v.-Un. kwLm-en-b, hn.-Un. IrjvW-kzm-an, _n.-_n.-em¬, Fw.-F≥. tZiv]m-sfi,

33
_n.-sI. Ym∏¿, Fkv. B¿. dmhp, sF.-sI.-i¿a, Un.-kn. k¿°m¿, B¿.-F-kv.-_n-
jvSv. kwkvImc ˛ Ncn{X kao-]\w (km-{º-Zm-bnI kao-]-\w) \ho\ ]pcm-X-Xzw/
{]{In-bm-flI ]pcm-XXzw ˛ kwkvImcw Hcp hyh-ÿ-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ˛ hkvXp,
kw`hw F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ {]{In-bbv°v Du∂¬ ˛ ]pcm-XXzw {]I-S-imkv{Xw ˛
{]tW-Xm-°ƒ ˛ eqbnkv _n≥t^m-Uv, tImfn≥ sd≥{^p, sI‚ v ^vtf\dn.
am¿Ivknb≥ ]pcm-XXzw ˛ kmaq-ly-_-‘-߃°v tI{µ-]-Zhn ˛ LS-\m-flI kao-
]\w ˛ sshcp-≤y-ßfpw kwL¿j-ßfpw ImXemb hnjbw ˛ a\p-jy-{]-h¿Ø\w
Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Nme-I-i-‡n. {]tW-Xm-°ƒ ˛ tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv, {_qkv{Sn-K¿.
enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ]pcm-X-Xz-hn-⁄m-\o-bhpw, ]pcm-hkvXp {]am-W-ßsf hymJym-
\n-°p-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ B¨tIm-bva-bpsS ap≥hn-[n-Iƒ {]tW-Xm-°ƒ ˛ am¿K-
c‰v tImwsI, Pm\‰v kvs]Iv‰¿, sPmhm≥ sKtcm, sse≥ sakvI¬.
hymJym\mfl ]pcm-XXzw/{]{In-bm-\-¥c ]pcm-X-Xzw. ]pcm-X-Xz-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬
\n¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂ cmjv{So-bw, {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw F∂n-h-bpsS A\m-—m-Z-\w ˛
{]tW-Xm-°ƒ ˛ Cbm≥ slmÕ¿, anJm-tb¬ jm¶vkv, {InÃ-^¿ Sn√n

bqWn‰v 3
D]-cn-Xe ]cy-th-£Ww/DXvJ\
- \ coXn-Iƒ
`q]-S-]-T\w ˛ ÿm\-]-cy-S\w ˛ taJem ]cy-th£Ww
imkv{Xob kao-]-\-߃: Ce-Iv{Sn-kn‰n sdkn-Ãn-hn‰n k¿th, t{]mt´m¨ am·t‰m
ao‰¿ k¿th, BIm-i-]-cy-th-£-Ww, D]-{K-l-Nn-{X-߃, Pem-¥¿KX ]cy-th-
£Ww
DXvJ-\-\-co-Xn-Iƒ: ewt_m-XvJ-\\w ˛ Xnc-›o\ DXvJ-\\w ˛ ]mZmwi DXvJ-\\w
AS¿, Ipgn, ih-Ip-So-c-߃, sI´n-S-߃ F∂n-hbpsS DXvJ-\-\-Øn\v Ah-ew-
_n-°p∂ kmt¶-XnI am¿K-߃

bqWn‰v 4
Ime-KW
- \m ]≤-Xn-Iƒ
Ime- K - W \m ]≤- X n- I ƒ: kp\n- › nX Ime- K - W \m ]≤- X n- I ƒ ˛ tdUntbm
Im¿_¨, sX¿tam eqav\n-sk≥kv, B¿°ntbm ˛ amKv\‰n-kw, s]m´mkyw ˛
B¿K¨, sU¨t{Um t{ImtWm- f - P n, Bt]- £ nI Ime- K - W \m ]≤- X n- I ƒ:
AS¿]-T-\w, ^vfqdn≥ ˛ t^mkvt^‰v A]-{K-Y\w
bqWn‰v 5
{]mam-Wo-Ic
- W
- w, {]kn-≤o-Ic
- Ww

ÿm\-hn-h-cWw ˛ ÿm\-hn-h-c-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ t\m´p-_p°v ˛ ]pcm-hkvXp

cPn-ÿ, a¨]m-{X-ß-fpsS h¿Ko-I-c-Whpw Ah-bpsS tcJm-Nn-{X-ß-fpw, t^mt´m
{]mam-Wo-I-c-Ww, t^mt´m cPn-ÿ B¬_w

{]kn-≤o-I-cWw: DXvJ-\\ dnt∏m¿´v, io¿j-Iw, A_vkv{SmIv‰v, apJ-hp-c, DXvJ-\-

\-Øns‚ kwhn-[m-\-߃ - ]pcm-X-Xz-]-cn-jvIr-Xn-I-fp-sS AS¿hn-\ym-khpw Ime-

34
{I-ahpw ˛ LS\bpw a‰v LS-I-ßfpw ˛ a¨]m-{X-߃ ˛ a\pjy \n¿Ωn-Xn-Iƒ ˛
kmt¶-XnI dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ ˛ hymJym-\-ßfpw \nK-a-\-ßfpw ˛ {KŸ-kqNn ˛ Nn{Xo-
I-cWw ˛ A\p-_-‘-߃.

klmbI{KŸßƒ
Agarwal. D.P, 1982, Archaeology of India, Copenhagen, Scandinavian Institute of
Asian Studies.
Aitken.M, 1990, Science Based Dating in Archaeology, London, Longman
Anders. A, 1998, Between Artifacts and Texts: Historical Archaeology in Global Per-
spective, New York: Plenum Press.
Barker, Philip, 1982, Techniques of Archaeological Excavation, London: Batsford.
Binford.L.R, 1972, An Archaeological Perspective, Seminar, New York: Academic
Press.
Chakrabarti.D.K, 1988, A History of Indian Archaeology, From the Beginning to 1947,
New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Childe, Gordon.V, 1942, What Happened in History, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Childe, Gordon.V, Archaeology as a Social Science. University of London, Third
Annual Report, pp.
Childe.Gordon.V, 1951, Man Makes Himself, London: Watts.
Clark David. L, 1968, Analytical Archaeology, London: Methuen Young Books.
Courbin, Paul, 1988, What is Archaeology?, Chicago University Press
Fagan.B.M, 1996, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, New York, Oxford Univer-
sity Press.
Raman, K.V., 1976, Principles and Methods of Archaeology, Madras, Parthajan Pub-
lications.
Ramesh, B.R., 2007, Forest Landscapes of the Southern Western Ghats: India:
Biodiversity, Human Ecology and Management Strategies, Institute Francais de
Pondichery
Rao, Gururaja, B.K.,1972, The Megalithic Culture of South India. Mysore: Prasaranga.
Renfrew, Colin, Paul Bahn, 1991, Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice,
Thames & Hudson.
Sankalia, H.D., 1974, Prehistory and Protohistory in India and Pakistan, Pune, Deccan
College,.

35
 MU HIS 8208 temI-N-cn{Xw: \mK-cn-I-X-I-fn¬ \n∂pw
km{am-Py-ß-fn-te°v

bqWn‰v 1
\mK-cn-IXbpsS XpS¿®
\mK-cn-I-X-bpsS XpS¿® ˛ PqX-∑m¿ ˛ t]¿jy≥ km{amPyw ˛ GPn-b≥ kwkvImcw
˛ "¢mkn-°¬' kwkvIm-c-߃ ˛ {Ko°v \K-c-cm-jv{S-߃ ˛ {Koknse tlma¿
bpKw ˛ sl√-\nIv Ime-L´w ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI kw`m-h-\-Iƒ, amkn-tUm-Wn-b≥
km{amPyw ˛ sl√-\n-ÃnIv \K-c-߃ ˛ tdma≥ dn∏-ªnIv ˛ LS\ ˛ tdmam-km-
{amPyw ˛ "]mIvkv sdmam\' ˛ aXw ˛ \K-c-h-XvI-cWw ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI ss]XrIw
˛ tdmam-km-{am-Py-Øns‚ XI¿® ˛ aXhpw cmjv{So-bhpw ˛ ]uckvXy tdmam-km-
{amPyw ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI ss]XrIw ˛ {InkvXp-aXw ˛ \nba kwlnX ˛ hmkvXp-
hn-Zy.

bqWn‰v 2
a≤y-Im-eb- qtdm∏v
`c-W-IqSw ˛ BZy-Ime `c-W-ÿm-]-\-߃ ˛ ^yqU-enkw ˛ ]≈n-bpsS ]¶v ˛
^yqU-en-khpw cm{„hpw ˛ ^yqU¬ _‘-ß-fpsS XI¿® ˛ Kn¬Up-Iƒ ˛ I®-
hSw ˛ k\ym-km-{i-a-{]-ÿm\w ˛ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-Iƒ ˛ hnip≤ tdmam km{amPyw
˛ am¿∏m-∏bpw N{I-h¿Ønbpw ˛ A[n-Im-c-Ø¿°-߃

bqWn‰v 3
a≤y-Ime Gjybpw B{^n-°bpw
a[y-Im-e-Ønse sXt° Gjy ˛ C¥y, ssN\˛ \K-c-ß-fpsS Db¿®: cm{„o-b-˛-
kmw-kvIm-cnI LS-I-߃ ˛ Gjy-bnse ^yqU-enkw ˛ kmaq-lyhpw kmº-Øn-
I-hp-amb am‰-߃ ˛ sX°v Ingt° Gjy ˛ _mlykzm[o-\-߃ ˛ B{^n-°≥
kwkvIm-c-߃.

bqWn‰v 4
C…manI km{amPyw
C…mw aX-Øns‚ Db¿®bpw hf¿®bpw ˛ Imen-t^‰vkv ˛ A∫m-knZv, Da-ø-Zv ˛

36
Hmt´m-a≥ `c-W-Iq-S-߃ ˛ kaqlw ˛ imkv{Xhpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw ˛
kmlnXyw ˛ hnZym-`ymkw ˛ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hym]\w ˛ Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-߃

bqWn‰v 5
I®-h-Sw, kwkvImcw
a[y-Im-e-bp-K-Øn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ am‰w ˛ ]Xn-∂mev ]Xn-\©v \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse temIw
˛ I®-hSw ˛ Xpd-ap-J-߃ ˛ \K-c-߃ ˛ Xpd-ap-J-\Kc߃ ˛ IpSn-tb-‰-߃ ˛
kmaq-ly -˛- kmw-kvIm-cn-I-h-f¿® ˛ \thm-∞m-\w.

klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
Pam¬ apl-ΩZv, 2014, Ad-_n-I-fpsS Ncn-{Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-
‰yq´v,
Anthony, Roland, Oliver Atmore, 2001, Medievel Africa, 1250-1800, Cambridge
University Press.
Asbridge, Thomas , 2012, The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land, Simon & Schuster.
Byres T.J, Harbans Mukhia, 1985, Feudalism and Non-European Soceities, London,
Frank Cass & Company.
Durant, Will, 1954, The Age of Faith: The Story of Civilization,Vol.4, New york, Simon
Schuster
Fisher H.A.L, 1977, A History of Europe, Fontana and Collins
Frazee, Charles A , 1997, World History: Ancient and Medieval times to AD 1500, New
York, Barron's Educational Series.
Khuri Hitti, Philip , 1996, The Arabs: A Short History, Washington, Regnery Publishing.
Khuri Hitti, Philip , 2012, The Near East in History, A 5000 year story, LLC.
Marilyn, Chaso, Martha Kuhn, 1969, Greek - 'The Hellenic Age', Lorenz Educational
Press.
Millar, Fergus, 2006, A Greek Roman Empire: Power & Belief under Theodosius II,
University of California Press.
Sharma R.S, 2006, Indian Feudalism, AD 300-1200, 3rd edn., Macmillan,.
Showalter. E Dennis & William J Astore, 2007, The Early Modern World: Soldiers Lives
Through History, London, Greenwood Press.
Wise Bauer, Susan, 2010, The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of
Constantine to the First Crusade, WW Norton and Company.

37
 MU HIS 8209 a[y-Ime C¥y; kao-]-\w, ]cn-t{]£yw
bqWn‰v 1
kp¬Øm-t\‰v `c-WI
- mew
a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ cmjv{Sob kmaqly kmº-ØnI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃
˛ apl-ΩZv Kkv\n, apl-ΩZv tKmdn ˛ ap…o-ß-fpsS hchv ˛ U¬ln kp¬Øm-t\-
‰ns‚ ÿm]\w ˛ `cWw ˛ kmº-ØnI ]cn-jvIm-c-߃ ˛ \mW-b-hy-hÿ ˛ \K-
c-߃ ˛ `qD-Sa k{º-Zmbw ˛ H∂mw ]m\n-∏Øv bp≤w.

bqWn‰v 2
apKƒ km{am-Py-LS- \
apKƒ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpw tI{µo-Ir-X-`-cW hyh-ÿbpw ˛ AIv_-dns‚ `c-W-Iq-
S-hy-hÿ ˛ kmwkvIm-cn-I-am-bp≈ Ne-\-߃ ˛ kq¿ km{am-Pyhpw sj¿jm-kq-
cnbpw ˛ Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ aX-\-b-߃ ˛ hnP-b-\-Kc _m‹n\n km{am-Py-߃.

bqWn‰v 3
adm-Øbpw inh-Pnbpw
alm-cm-jv{S-bpsS DW¿hv ˛ inh-Pn-bpsS `c-W-X-{¥-߃ ˛ apKƒ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
Ifpw inh-Pn-bp-am-bp≈ `c-W-]-c-amb _‘-߃ ˛ t]jzm-`-cWw ˛ `‡n-{]-ÿm-
\-߃ ˛ kq^nkw ˛ alm-cm-jv{S-[¿Ω.

bqWn‰v 4
a[y-Ime kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy, hnZym-`ym-kw, Ie, kmlnXyw
in¬]-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ kp¬Øm-t\‰v apKƒ ˛ in¬]-ssi-en-Iƒ ˛ k¿h-I-em-im-e-
Iƒ ˛ Iebpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ {]mtZ-in-I-Xbpw ˛ kwkvIr-Xo-I-c-W-hpw.

38
bqWn‰v 5
kaqlw: kwkvIm-c]
- c
- n-Wm-aX
- e
- ß
- ƒ
`mcXw ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ˛ kaqe ]cn-h¿Ø\w ˛ apKƒ km{am-Py-Øns‚
]X\w ˛ ]m›m-Xy-\m-hn-I-i-‡n-I-fpsS hchv ˛ hmWnPy IpØ-I-Iƒ

klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
Alam, Muzaffar and Sanjay Subrahmanyam (eds.), 2000, The Mughal State, 1526-1750,
New Delhi, Oxford University Press.
Asher, Catherine B. 1992, Architecture of Mughal India, CUP.
Beach, Milo C, 1992 , Mughal and Rajput Painting, Cambridge University Press
Beveridge, Henry (trans.) The Akbar Nama of Abu - l - Fazl, 2010, Delhi, Low Prize
Publications, Reprint.
Bhandarakar R.G., 1965, Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Minor Religious Systems, Varanasi,
Indological Book House.
Brown, Percy, 1958, Indian Architecture : (Islamic Period), Bombay, D.B Taraporevala
Sons.
Chandra, Satish, 1997, Historiography, Religion and State in Medieval India, Delhi,
Har - Anand Publications Ltd.
Chandra, Satish, 2003, Essays on Medieval Indian History, Delhi, OUP.
Chandra, Satish (ed.), 2008, Religion, State and Society in Medieval India: Collected
works of S. Nurul Hassan, New Delhi, OUP.
Chandra, Satish, 1979, (First published, 1959), Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court,
Delhi, People's Publishing House.
Chandra, Satish, 1998, Medieval India, Vol. I from Sultante to the Mughals, New Delhi,
(in Hindi also) Har - Anand Publications Pvt Ltd.
Chandra, Satish, 2003, Essays on Medieval Indian History, Vol.2, New Delhi, OUP.
Chandra, Satish, 2004, Medieval India, Vol. 1 and II, New Delhi, Har-Anand Publications.
Chand, Tara , 2015, Influence of Islam on Indian Culture, Allahabad, Bibliolife
Teltscher, Kate, 1997, India Inscribed: European and British Writing on India, 1600-1800,
OUP.
Chattopadhyaya. D.P, (Ed.) 1982, Studies in the History of Science in India, New Delhi,
Editorial Enterprises.
Chattopadhyaya. D.P, (Ed.), 1999, History of Humanity, Vol. V, Paris/ London
Raychaudhuri Chaudhuri, Tapan and Irfan Habib (ed), 1982, The Cambridge
Economic History of India, C 1200-C1750, Vol-I, Cambridge University Press

39
Lorenzen David.N, 2011, India's Religious Tradition
Day, U.N, 1993, Some Aspects of Medieval Indian History, Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal
Publishers
Day U.N, 1993, The Government of the Sultanate, New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal
Publishers.
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of Indian History Congress.
Frykenbery, Robert Eric (Ed.) , 1969, Land Control and Social Structures in Indian
History, London, University of Wizconsin Press.
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Publications
Gupta N.S, 1970, Industrial Structure of India during Medieval Period, S. Chand & Co,
Habib, Irfan (ed.), 1997, Akbar and His India, New Delhi, Oxford University Press.
Habib, Irfan (ed.), 1992, Medieval India I Researches in the History of India 1200-1750,
Delhi, Oxford University Press
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Publishing House
Habib, Irfan, 1999, Agrarian System in Mughal India, New Delhi, OUP
Habib Irfan, 1995, Essays in Indian History : Towards a Marxist Perception, New Delhi,
Tulika, Print Communication services
Hasan, Mohibbul (ed.), Historians of Medieval India, Delhi, Meerut, Meenakshi
Prakashan
Inden, Ronald, 1990, Imaging India, Blackwell Publishers
Hardy, Peter 1997, Historians of Medieval India : Studies in Indo-Muslim Historical
Writing, New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal.
Husain, Mahdi , 1957, A Critical Study of the Sources of Medieval India (1320-1526),
Hyderabad, Islamic Culture,.
Karashima. N, 1999, Kingship in Indian History, Delhi, Manohar Publishers & Distributors
Karashima.N, 1984, South Indian History and Society: Studies from inscriptions, AD 850
- 1800, OUP.
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Permanent Black.

40
Lal K.S, 1967, History of The Khaljis: AD 1290-1320, Bombay, Munshiram Manoharlal
Publishers (in Hindi also).
Mukhia, Harbans , 1993, Perspectives on Medieval History, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing
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New edn.
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Hyderabad, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh
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Westcott G.H, 1953, Kabir and the Kabir Panth, Calcutta, Read Books
Zilli, Ishitiaq Ahamed (Trans.), 2015, Tarikh -i Firoz Shahi, Primus Books.

41
 MU HIS 8210 tIc-f-N-cn{Xw ˛ `mKw 2
bqWn‰v 1
{]am-Wk
- m-a{- Kn-Iƒ
Xcn-km-∏≈n]´bw ˛ PqX-]-´bw ˛ enJn-X-߃ ˛ kmln-Xy-e-£y-߃ ˛ ]pcm-h-
kvXp-]-T\w ˛ \mW-b-߃ ˛ aWn-{]-hmfw ˛ k©m-c-km-lnXyw ˛ ]´Ww DXvJ-
\\w ˛ ]T-\-߃.
bqWn‰v 2
s]cpamƒ Ime-L´w
Cfw-Ip-f-Øns‚ \nco-£-W-߃ ˛ Fw.-Pn.-F-€ns‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ ˛ atlm-Z-b-
]pcw tNc-∑m¿ ˛ hwim-hen ˛ Ime-{Iaw ˛ t£{X-tI-{µo-IrX A[n-Im-c-L-S\ ˛
{_m“-W-{Km-a-ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpw ˛ D]-{Km-a-߃ ˛ Xfn-Iƒ ˛ Xfn-
bm-Xn-cn-am¿ ˛ Xe-ÿm\w ˛ \mSp-Iƒ ˛ tImbn-e-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ˛ Xt±-i-`-c-W-kw-hn-
[m\w ˛ \Kcw ˛ Ducv ˛ I®-߃ ˛ aqgn-°pfw I®w ˛ \m´p-tk-\-Iƒ ˛ Bbncw ˛
\q-‰p-h¿ ˛ \ng¬ ˛ c£m-t`m-Kw.
bqWn‰v 3
kmaqly kmº-ØnI _‘-߃
Im¿jn-I-hrØn ˛ hym]\w ˛ t£{X-tI-{µo-IrX kaqlw ˛ Ducm-f¿ ˛ Imcm-f¿ ˛
A¥-cm-f-h¿§w ˛ kmº-ØnIw ˛ \mW-b-߃ ˛ Af-hp-Iƒ ˛ Xq°-߃ ˛ \nIpXn
˛ hmWnPyw ˛ {][m-\-Xp-d-ap-J-߃ ˛ Ggn-ae, amSmbn ˛ sIm√w ˛ IS¬hm-Wn-Py-
_-‘-߃ ˛ PqX-∑m¿ ˛ ssN\-°m¿ ˛ a[y-Im-e -k-©mckmln-Xy-߃.
bqWn‰v 4
kmwkvIm-cnI ˛ ssh⁄m-\nI ]cn-kcw
hmkvXp-hnZy ˛ t£{X-hm-kvXp-Ie ˛ Krl-\n¿Ωm-W-Ie ˛ sImØp-]-Wn-Iƒ ˛
kmlnXyw ˛ kwkvIr-Xw, Xangv ˛ \mS-I-߃ ˛ B´-{]-Im-cw, {Ia-Zo-]nI ˛ `mjbpw
en]nbpw ˛ tPymXn-im-kv{X-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ KWn-X-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ XØz-Nn¥ ˛ i¶-c-
Z¿i-\w.

42
bqWn‰v 5
kzcq-]I
- m-eL
- ´w: A[n-Im-cw, kmº-ØnIw
kzcq]w ˛ \n¿h-N\w ˛ Iqdp-hm-gvN-bn¬ \n∂v kzcq-]-hm-gvN-bn-te°v ˛ A[n-Imc
kzcq]w hyXykvX kz`mhw ˛ tZi-hmgn ˛ \mSp-hmgn ˛ tIc-f-Ønse kzcq-]-
߃ ˛ CS{]`p-°≥am-cpsS hf¿®bpw kzm[o-\hpw ˛ thWm-Sv ˛ t£{X-Øns‚
cmjv{Sob kzm[o\w ˛ DtZym-K-hrµw ˛ ]nSm-I-tbm-Kw, afi-]-Øpw-hm-Xp-°¬ ˛
k¿∆m-[n-Im-cy-°m-c≥ ˛ DXn-c-°p-d-Xp-°¬ ˛ tImgn-t°mSv ˛ Ip∂-e-t°m≥ ˛ tNcn-
°¬ ˛ Xe-s®-∂-h¿ ˛ amam¶w ˛ temI¿]S ˛ `fim-c-h-cp-am\w ˛ hncp-Øn ˛
hmWnPyw ˛ ]›n-ta-jy≥ LS-I-߃

klmbI{KŸßƒ
Ipª³]n-Å, Cfw-Ipfw, ]n.-F³, 1953, `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw \qäm--p-I-fnÂ,
tIm-«bw.
Ipª³]n-Å, Cfw-Ipfw, ]n.-F³, 1953, tIc-f-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä,
tIm-«bw.
Ipª³]nÅ, Cfw-Ip-fw, ]n.-F³, 1959, P·n-k-{¼-Zm-bw tIcf¯nÂ,- tIm-«bw,
\mj-WÂ _p¡v ÌmÄ
Ipdp-¸v. sI.-sI.-F³ (FUn), 1986, IqSmfn {KÙ-hcn, Imen-¡äv bqWn-th-gvknän
lntÌm-dn-¡Â kocokv, \w. 2, bqWn-th-gvknän Hm^v Imen-¡äv.
Ipdp-¸v. sI.-sI.-F³ (FUn), 1990, Ih-f-¸md t]t¸gvkv, Imen-¡äv bqWn-th-
gvknän lntÌm-dn-¡Â kocokv, \w. 4, bqWn-th-gvknän Hm^v Imen-¡äv.
KtW-jv sI. -F³, 1997, tIc-f-¯nsâ C¶-se-IÄ, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw, tIcf
kmwkvIm-cnI {]kn-²o-I-c-W-h-Ip-¸v.
KtW-jv sI. -F³, 2012, tIc-f-kaqlw C¶v \msf, tIm«bw, kmln-Xy-{]-hÀ¯-
I-k-l-I-c-W-kw-Lw.
Kp-À«v slÀa³, (1868), 2014, tIc-f-]-g-a, kv¡dnb k¡-dn-b (-F-Un), tIm«-bw,
kmln-Xy-{]-hÀ¯I kl-I-c-W-kw-Lw.
tZh-bm-\n.sI (1989) 2011, tNmcbpw I®ocpw \\ª hgn-I-Ä, XriqÀ, ka-X.
\mc-mb-W³ Fw.-Pn.-Fkv (FUn), 1984, htªcn {KÙ-hcn, Imen-¡äv bqWn-th-
gvknän lntÌm-dn-¡Â kocokv, \w. 1, bqWn-th-gvknän Hm^v Imen-¡äv.
cmLhhmcnbÀ., Fw. BÀ, 1990, tIc-fo-bX Ncn-{X-am-\-§Ä, ipI-]p-cw, hÅ-
t¯mÄ hnZym-]oTw
cmL-h-hm-cn-bÀ Fw.- BÀ, 2006, A½ hgn-tI-c-fw, XrÈqÀ, tIc-f-km-lnXy
A¡m-Zan
cmL-h-hm-cn-bÀ Fw.- BÀ, 1994, a²y-Im-e-tI-cfw, hff-t¯mÄ hnZym]oTw, ipI-
]pcw.

43
cmL-h-hm-cn-bÀ Fw.-BÀ & cmP³ Kpcp-¡Ä, 1991, tIc-f-N-cn-{Xw, thmfyw.1, ipI-
]p-cw, hÅ-t¯mÄ hnZym-]oTw
cmL-h-hm-cn-bÀ.-Fw.-BÀ, 2014, a²y-Im-e-tI-cfw: kzcq] \oXn-bpsS Ncn{X ]mT-
§Ä, tIm«-bw, \mj-W _p¡v ÌmÄ.
cmL-h-hm-cn-bÀ.-Fw.-BÀ, 1984, tIc-tfmÂ]¯n {KÙ-hcn, tIme¯p\m«p hg-
¡-§Ä, Imen-¡äv bqWn-th-gvknän lntÌm-dn-¡Â kocokv, \w. 3, bqWn-th-gvknän
Hm^v Imen-¡äv.
cXv\-½, 1976, A\-´-]p-c-hÀ®\w, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw, {Zmhn-Un-b³ enwKzn-ÌnIvkv
Atkm-kn-tb-j³ tIc-f-kÀh-I-em-im-e.
cmL-h³]n-Å, (1958), 1983, aqjn-I-hwiw: aqehpw ]cn-`m-j-bpw, Xncph-\-´-]pcw,
{ioPn-¯v.-C, 2016, tIc-f-¯nse hnZym-`ym-kw, Ncn{XwþhÀ¯-am-\w, tIm«bw, kmln-
Xy-{]-hÀ¯-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw.
tkma³, ]n., 2014, tZh-Zm-kn-Ifpw kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-hpw, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw, tIc-f-
`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v.
kmw.-F³, 2005, Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]n-Å-bpsS k¼qÀ®-Ir-Xn-IÄ hmeyw. 1
A´m-cmjv{S tIc-f-]-T-\-tI-{µw, Imcy-h-«w, tIcfm bqWn-th-gvkn-än
lcn-Zm-kv.-hn.hn, 2015, amam-¦hpw Nmthdpw, tIm«bw, kmln-Xy-{]-hÀ¯-I-k-l-
I-c-W-kwLw.
Abraham, Meera, 1988, Two Medieval Merchant Guilds of South India, Delhi, Manohar
Publications.
Achutha Menon Chelanet & S.K. Nair (ed), Ballads of North Malabar, Vol-1, 1956, Vol
- II 1957, Vol - III 1958, Madras.
Champakalakshmi. R, Kesavan Veluthat, T.R.Venugopalan (Ed) 1994 : State and
Society in Pre Modern Kerala, Trissur, Cosmo Books.
Gurukkal, Rajan, 1992, The Kerala Temple and Early Medieval Agrarian System,
Sukapuram, Vallathol Vidya Peedom
Gurukkal, Rajan, 2012, Social Formations of Early South India, Oxford University Press
Hall, Kenneth.R., (Ed), 1980, Trade and State Craft in the Age of the Colas, Delhi,
Abhinav Publications.
Karashima.N, 2009, Transition from Ancient to Medieval South India, New Delhi, Oxford
University Press
Kurup. K.K.N (Ed) 1995, New Dimensions in South Indian History, University of Calicut.
Kenneth.R.Hall, (Ed), 2005, Structure of Society in Early South India: Essays in Honour of
Naboru Karashima, Oxford University Press.
Narayanan M.G.S., 2013, Perumals of Kerala (Text of Phd dissertation, Political and
social conditions of Kerala under the Kulasekhara Empire, University of Kerala, 1972),
Trissur.

44
Narayanan M.G.S., 1977 Re-Interpretations in South Indian History, Trivandrum, College
Book House
Narayanan M.G.S., (1977), 2009, Foundations of South Indian History and culture, Kerala
Historical Society.
Narayanan.M.G.S, 1972 Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala His-
torical Society.
Raja. P.K.S.1966, Medieval Kerala, Trivandrum, Navakerala Co-op Publishing House
Raghava Varier.M.R, 1994, Village Community in Pre-Colonial Kerala, Mysore, Place
Names Society of India.
Stein, Burton, 2005, Peasant, State and Society in Medieval South India, ACLS History
E-Book Project.
Veluthat Kesavan, 2010, The Early Medieval in South India, New Delhi, Oxford University
Press.
Veluthat, Kesavan, 1993, The Political Structure of Early Medieval South India, Orient
Longman.
Veluthat, Kesavan, (1978), 2013 Brahmin Settlements in Kerala, Revised and Enlarged
Edition, Trissur, Cosmo books.

45
aq∂mw ska-ÿ
MU HIS 8311 B[p-\n-I]m›m-Xy-temIw: P\m-[n-]X - y-Øns‚
hf¿®bpw a\p-jym-hI - mi{]h¿Ø-\ß - fpw
MU HIS 8312 B[p-\nI C¥y: tImf-\n-hm-gvN, \thm∞m-\w,
tZio-b{- ]-ÿm\w
MU HIS 8313 tIc-fN
- c - n{Xw: km-aq-ly-]c
- n-jv°c
- W
- hpw
tZiob {]ÿm\hpw
MU HIS 8314 `mc-Xob Ncn{X cN-\m-N-cn{Xw (\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)
MU HIS 8315 s]mXp sF-—n-Iw
46
MU HIS 8311 B[p-\n-I]m›m-Xy-temIw: P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚
hf¿®bpw a\p-jym-h-Imi {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

bqWn‰v 1
B[p-\n-IX- bv°v Hcp apJ-hpc
Ata-cn-°≥ hnπ-h-hpw a\p-jym-h-Im-i -{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ˛ Ata-cn-°-
bpsS A[n-\n-thiw ˛ ]Xn-aq∂v tImf-\n-Iƒ ˛ tImf-\n-I-fnse sshcp≤yw ˛
tSmws]-bn≥kv ˛ ""{]mXn-\n-[y-an-√msX \nIpXn Npa-Ø-cpXv'' ˛ t_mè So ]m¿´n
˛ kzmX-{¥y-bp-≤-߃ ˛ tPm¿Pv hmjnw-KvS¨ ˛ tXmakv sPt^-gvk¨ ˛ kzmX-
{¥y-{]-Jym-]\w ˛ t]mcm-bva-Iƒ ˛ ]pXnb `c-W-L-S\ ˛ ASn-a-Iƒ ˛ HØp-Xo¿∏p-
Iƒ ˛ PpUo-jy¬ dnhyq ˛ s{UUv kvt°m´v hn[n ˛ Ata-cn-°≥ B`y-¥-c-bp-
≤hpw AXns‚ am\-ßfpw ˛ F{_lmw en¶¨ ˛ Iq¢Ivkv ¢m≥ ˛ em‰n≥ Ata-
cn-°≥ hnπ-h-߃ ˛ {]iv\-߃ ˛ a¨tdm kn≤m¥w

bqWn‰v 2
{^©p-hn-πhw
]g-b-hy-hÿ ˛ aq∂p-X-´p-Iƒ ˛ _q¿jzm-kn-I-fpsS Db¿® ˛ {^m≥knse
⁄mt\m-Zbw ˛ F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unb ˛ Zmwew-_¿, ZnZtdm ˛ ^ntem-tkm-^p-Iƒ
˛ dqt€m, thmƒØb¿, tams¥kvIyq ˛ A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ th¿Xn-cnhv ˛ tÉvkv
P\-d¬ hnfn-®p-Iq-´n-bXv ˛ _mXvkobv tIm´ XI¿ØXv ˛ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-{]-Jym-
]\w ˛ H∂mw dn∏-ªnIv ˛ Um‚¨, and-t_m, tdm_kv]nb¿ ˛ Ub-d-Œdn ˛ s\t∏m-
fn-b≥ ˛ `c-W-]-cn-jv°m-c-߃˛ \nb-a-kw-lnX ˛ hnb∂ tIm¨{K€v ˛ sat‰¿WnIv
˛ Pqembv hnπ-hhpw cmP-hm-gvN-bpsS Xncn-®p-h-chpw.

bqWn‰v 3
hyh-km-bh- n-πhw
Kn¬Uv k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ \n∂v ^mŒdn k{º-Zm-b-Øn-tebv°v ˛ b{¥-߃
I≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv ˛ sXmgn-ens‚ LS-\m-]-c-amb am‰w ˛ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ hf¿® ˛
kmº- Ø n- I - i m- k v { X- Ø nse ]pØ≥{]- h - W - X - I ƒ ˛ ¢mkn- ° ¬ kmº- Ø n- I -
imkv{Xw ˛ BUw- kvanØv, B¬{^Uv am¿j¬, tUhnUv dn°m¿tUm ˛ sXmgn-

47
emfn {]ÿm-\ß - ƒ ˛ Nm¿´nÃv {]ÿm\w ˛ Dt´m-]y≥ tkmjy-en-kß- ƒ ˛ tdm_¿´v
Hmh≥, eqbn ªm¶v, skbv‚ v sska¨, {]qt[m¨ ˛ Imd¬am¿Ivkpw imkv{Xo-
b-tkm-jy-en-khpw ˛ Iayq-WnÃv am\n-s^tÃm ˛ an®-aq-ey-kn-≤m¥w ˛ sXmgn-
ens‚ {]m[m\yw ˛ h¿K-k-acw ˛ 1848 se hnπ-h-߃ ˛ ]mcokv IΩyq¨

bqWn‰v 4
djy≥ hnπhw
€mdnÃv `cWw ˛ djy-bpsS ]m›m-Xy-h¬°-cWw ˛ bqtdm-]y≥ cmjv{So-
b-Øn¬ djy-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ ˛ 1905 se hnπhw ˛ sId≥kvIn `c-W-IqSw ˛
1917 se s^{_p-hcn hnπhw ˛ se\n≥ ˛ t_mƒsj-hnIv hnπhw ˛ t{SmSvkvIn ˛
H‰-cm-Py-Øn¬ tkmjy-enkw.

bqWn‰v 5
temI-bp-≤ß
- fpw ioX-ka
- c
- hpw
]m›m-Xy-tem-I-Ønse km{am-Py-a-’-c-߃ ˛ B{^n-°-bnse A[n-\n-th-
i-߃ ˛ ]uc-kvXy-k-aky ˛ bqtdm∏v c≠p tNcn-I-fmbn Xncn-bp-∂p ˛ H∂mw
temI-bp≤w ˛ ]mcokv k‘n-Iƒ ˛ ^mjnkw C‰-en-bn¬ ˛ \mkn P¿Ω\n ˛
Iayq-WnÃv djy ˛ c≠mw temI-bp-≤-Øn-te-bv°p≈ \mgn-I-°-√p-Iƒ ˛ c≠mw
temI-bp≤Øns‚ ]cy-h-km\w ˛ tNcn-Iƒ ˛ ioX-k-a-cw.

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
-tKm-hn-µ-∏n-≈.]n., 1987, am¿IvknÃv kuµ-cy-im-kv{Xw, D¤-hhpw hf¿®-bpw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, kwL-{]-km-[\
cma-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, Ip´-\m-Sv.-sI, 2000, (hn-h) Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sns‚
Ncn{Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
tKm]m-e-IrjvW (hnh.) 1987, tPm¨ doUv, temIsØ ]nSn-®p-Ip-ep-°nb ]Øv
Znh-k-߃, t{]m{Kkv ]ªn-tj-gvkv.
kXy-Zm-kv. F.-F≥, (kw-{K-lnX ]p\-cm-Jym-\w) 2016, gmMv gm°v dqt€m, kmaq-
lnI DS-ºSn, tIm´bw, Un.kn. _pIvkv
hm≥ eq¨, 2014 (a-e-bmfw ]Xn-∏v), am\-h-cm-in-bpsS Ncn{Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,
tIc-f-`mj C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
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Dev Arjun and Indira Arjun Dev, 2009, History of the World, Orient Black Swan.

48
Fanon, Frantz, (1968), 2001, The Wretched of the Earth, London, Penguin Books
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Hobsbawm, Eric, 1996, The Age of Empire: 1848-1875, Vintage
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Vol.X) New York

49
 MU HIS 8312 B[p-\nI C¥y: tImf-\n-hm-gvN,
\thm-∞m-\w, tZiob {]ÿm\w
bqWn‰v 1
tImf-\n-hmgvN
bqtdm-∏nse hyh-kmb hnπhw ˛ {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS NqjWw ˛ D¬]-∂-ß-
fpsS hn]Wn ˛ kmwkvIm-cn-Im-[n-]Xyw ˛ {_n´ojv C¥y≥ `c-W-hy-hÿ ˛ kmº-
ØnI tNm¿®m-\bw ˛ tImf-\n-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS ]cn-W-X^-e-߃ ˛ hnZym-`ymkw ˛
anj-Wdn {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ \m´p-`m-j-I-fpsS hf¿® ˛ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw ˛ ]{X-
am-[y-a-߃.
bqWn‰v 2
kmaqly ]p\-cp-≤m-cWw
kmaqly ]cn-jv°-cW {]ÿm-\-߃ ˛ {]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS KpW-]-c-hpw, tZmj-]-
c-hp-amb ^e-߃ ˛ kv{Xok-a-Xz-hm-Z-Øns‚ ZrjvSm-¥-߃ ˛ h¿§ob Nn¥m-[m-
c-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 3
tZio-b{- ]-ÿm\w
sImtfm-Wn-b¬ Nqj-W-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ t_m[w ˛ 1857 se hnπhw ˛ C¥y≥
\mj-W¬ tIm¨{Kkv ˛ anX-hm-Zn-I-fpw, Xo{h-hm-Zn-Ifpw ˛ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Ønse
Km‘n-b≥ X{¥-߃ ˛ tIm¨{Kkv CXc {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ sXmgn-emfn {]ÿm-
\-߃˛ Iogm-f-k-a-c-߃ ˛ c≠mw temI alm-bp≤w ˛ kzmX-{¥y-Øn-tebv°v ˛
Zzncm-jv{S-hmZw ˛ hn`-P-\hpw AXns‚ ^e-ßfpw
bqWn‰v 4
kzX-{¥-`m-cXw
`c-W-]-c-amb am‰-߃ ˛ kmaq-ly-km-º-Øn-I-\-b-߃ : Hcp Ah-tem-I\w ˛
hntZ-i-\-b-߃ ˛ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww, h¿§o-b-X, ]©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn-
Iƒ
50
klmbI{KŸßƒ
Anderson, Benedict, 1991, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and
Spread of Nationalism, London, New York, Verso.
Bandhyopadhyay, Sekhar, 1915, From Plassey to Partition : A History of Modern India,
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Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar, 2016, Decolonisation in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom
in Post - Independence west Bengal 1947-52, London / Newyork, Routledge.
Bayly, Susan, 1999, Caste, Society and Politics in India from Eighteenth Century to the
Modern Age, Cambridge, CUP.
Bose A.C., 1971, Indian Revolutionaries Abroad, 1905-22, Patna.
Bose, Subhas Chandra, 1967, The Indian Struggle 1920-27, reprint, Bombay.
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New Delhi. Kali for Women,
Chandra, Bipan et al, 1988, India's Struggle for Independence, Delhi, Penguin India.
Chandra, Bipan, 1984, The Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism in India., New
Delhi, Reprint, Anamika Publishers & Distributors.
Chandra, Bipan, 1987, Nationalism and Colonialism in Modern India., New Delhi, Reprint,
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Chandra, Bipan, 1988, Indian National Movement: The Long - Term Dynamics, New
Delhi, Har - Anand Publications Pvt Ltd.
Chandra, Bipan, 1999, Essays on Colonialism, Delhi, Orient Blackswan
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Chatterjee, Partha & Gyanendra Pandey (ed), 1992, Subaltern Studies: Writtings on
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Dutt, Romesh.C, 1960, The Economic History of India under Early British Rule and the
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Capitalism in the 20th Century, EPW, Vol VIII, No. 11& 12, March 1988.

52
Narayan, Jayaprakash, 1936, Why Socialism?, Benares, All India Congress Socialist
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53
Thapar, Romila, 2014, The Past as Present, Forging Contemporary Identities Through
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Book Centre.

54
 MU HIS 8313 tIc-f-N-cn{Xw: kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-c-Whpw
tZiob {]ÿm\hpw

bqWn‰v 1
]m›m-Xy-i‡
- n-If
- psS A[n-\n-th-ihpw AXn-s\-Xn-cmb
sNdpØp \n¬∏p-Ifpw
A[n\nthiw ˛ Bib-kw-ln-X-Iƒ ˛ hnhn-[-cq-]-߃ ˛ t]m¿Øp-Ko-
kp-Im¿ ˛ a≤y-[c - W
- ym-gn-{]-tZ-isØ hmWnPy kz`mhw ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI
`n∂X ˛ Ad_v ˛ t]m¿Øp-Kokv hmWn-Py-a’ - cw ˛ I¿Ømkv ˛ Ip™m-
en-a-c-bv°m¿ ˛ am∏n-f -I-®-hStI{µ-߃ ˛ IÆq¿ ˛ Ad-bv°¬ ˛ e£-
Zzo]v hym]m-ct- I{µw ˛ CuÃv C¥y-Iº - \- n-Iƒ ˛ U®v ˛ {^©v ˛ Cw•ojv
˛ Bwt•m ˛ {^©v t]mcm´w ˛ \ho-\I - ®- h- S- t- I-{µ-߃ ˛ amln ˛ Xe-t»-
cn. ]m›m-Xy-kzm-[o\w tIc-f-Øn¬ BZy-Ime sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Iƒ ˛
A¥¿tZ-iob _‘-߃ ˛ tj°v ssk\p-±o≥ ˛ Iq\≥ Ipcniv BZy-
Ime sNdp-Øp-\n-ev]p-Iƒ ˛ B‰n-߬ I-em]w ˛ Ipdn-Ny-Ie - m]w ˛ ]g»n
˛ ]men-bØ - ®- ≥ ˛ thep-غ - n-Zf
- h ˛ ssakq¿ B{I-aWw ˛ sslZ-cen
˛ Sn∏p ˛ ssakq¿ B{I-a-W-Øns‚ Ncn{X {]m[m\yw ˛ ]m›m-Xy-kzm-
[o\w ˛ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ˛ am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω ˛ Ipf-®¬bp≤w ˛ Une-
t\mbv ˛ amth-en-°c DS-ºSn ˛ Xr∏-Sn-Zm\w ˛ U®v kzm[o\w ˛ tlm¿Øqkv
ae-_m-dn-°k - v.

bqWn‰v 2
kmaq-ly-]c - n-jv°c - W- {- I-aß- ƒ
ssk≤m-¥n-I] - c
- n-KW- \- I - ƒ ˛ kmº-ØnI LS-Iß - ƒ ˛ Im¿jn-Ih- y-h-
ÿ-Iƒ ˛ hmWnPyhXv°c - Ww ˛ Iogmf {]Xn-tcm[w ˛ htc-Wy-h¿K ]-
cn-jvIm-c-߃ ˛ sshIp-WvT-kzm-an-Iƒ ˛ N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ ˛ hmKv`-Sm-\-

55
µ≥ ˛ {io \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns‚ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°m-c-߃ ˛ Aø-¶mfn
˛ ktlm-Zc- ≥ Aø-∏≥ ˛ kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S\ - I
- ƒ ˛ Fkv.F
- ≥.-Un.]n
˛ F≥.-F-kv.-Fkv ˛ a∂Øp ]fl-\m-`≥ ˛ \ºq-Xncn \thm-∞m\ Bi-
b-߃ ˛ kv{Xo]-£-Nn-¥-Iƒ ˛ kv{XobpsS kzXz-t_m[w ˛ Bi-b-[m-
c-Iƒ ˛ kv{XoI-fpsS hkv{X-[m-cW - w kw_-‘n® ka-cß - ƒ ˛ ]uc-ka - -
Xzw ˛ ae-bm-fn-sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ ˛ Cugh satΩm-dn-b¬ ˛ ssh°w kXym-
{Klw ˛ Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klw ˛ ]menbw kXym-{K-lw.

bqWn‰v 3
tZio-b{- ]-ÿm\w: ae-_m-dn¬
C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-€ns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ˛ tImgn-t°mSv Su¨
lmƒ kw`hw ˛ hyh-ÿm-]nX am¿§-ßf - psS L´w ˛ at©cn ktΩ-f\w
˛ \n€-lI - c-Whpw Jnem-^Øpw ˛ ae-_m¿ elf ˛ ]ø-∂q¿ cmjv{Sob
ktΩ-f\w ˛ D∏p kXym-{Klw ˛ \nb-a-ew-L-\- {]-ÿm\w ˛ CSXv ]£-
Øns‚ hf¿® ˛ IΩyq-WnÃv {]ÿm\w ˛ Bcw`w ˛ Izn‰v C¥y {]ÿm\w.

bqWn‰v 4
tZio-b-{]-ÿm\w: Xncp ˛ sIm®n-bn¬
\nth-Z-\-ß-fpsS Ime-L´w ˛ \nb-a-k` ]cn-jv°-cWw ˛ ]ucm-h-Im-i-
߃°p-th-≠n-bp≈ {]t£m-`w ˛ tIm¨{K-€ns‚ Bcw`w ˛ Xo{h-hmZ
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ sNºI-cm-a≥]n≈ ˛ \nh¿Ø-\-{]-ÿm\w ˛ tÉv
tIm¨{K-€ns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ˛ DØ-ch - mZ {]t£m-`w ˛ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-
bpsS hf¿® ˛ ]p∂-{]-h-b-em¿ kacw ˛ DØchmZ `cWw ˛ tkmjy-
enÃv ]m¿´n-Iƒ ˛ sIm®n ˛ \nb-a-k-`-bpsS ÿm]\w ˛ tIm¨{K€v
{]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ ˛ sXmgn-em-fn-h¿§ {]ÿm-\ß - ƒ ˛ sshZypXn {]t£m`w
˛ Zzn`-cW
- k
- {- º-Zmbw ˛ sIm®n-cm-Py-{]Pmafi-eØ - ns‚ hf¿® ˛ DØ-c-
hm-Z-`-cWw ˛ Xncp˛sIm®n kwtbm-P\w ˛ sFIy-tI-cf {]ÿm\w ˛
tIm¨{K€pw `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n-ep≈ kwÿm-\ß - fpw ˛ tIc-f∏
- n-dh
- n.

klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
AlΩZv F.-]n., 2017, ap…nw \thm-∞m\w Nne tIc-fo-b-Nn-{X-߃, IÆq¿,
ssIcfn _pIvkv.
Bim-cn, Xpf-kn-[-c≥, Fkv., 2017, tImf\n hmgvNbpw \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpw, Xncp-hn-
Xmw-Iq-dnse hntam-N-\-t]m-cm-´w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
B\-µn Sn.-sI, 2006, P\-Iob ka-c-ß-fn¬ ae-_mdns‚ s]¨]m-X-Iƒ, tImgn-
t°mSv, imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv.
Cf-bn-Sw, kp\n¬ ]n., 2016, Bflw, A]-cw, A[n-\n-th-iw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, sF

56
_pIvkv.
Ipdp-∏v.-sI.-sI.-F≥, 1981, ]g»n ka-c-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, kwÿm\ `mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
Im¿Øn-tI-b≥ \mb¿.hn, 2006, Pbn¬°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ At‚m-Wn-tbm- {Kmw-jn, Xncp-
h-\-¥-]pcw, ssa{Xn _pIvkv,
KtWjv.sI.-F≥, 1997, tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, tIc-f-kmw-
kvIm-cnI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-h-Ip∏v
tKm]m-e≥Ip´n.sI, 2015, ae-_m¿ ]T-\ß
- ƒ, tIm´-bw, kmln-Xy-{]-h¿ØI klI-
c-W-kwLw
N{µnI kn.Fkv, 2016, tIc-f-Øns‚ kv{XoN-cn-{X-߃, kv{Xoap-t∂-‰-ß-ƒ, tIm´-
bw, Un.kn _p°vkv
]c-ta-iz-cø¿, D≈q¿ Fkv, 1990 (]p-Xnb]Xn-∏v) tIc-f-km-lnXy Ncn{Xw ˛ hmeyw
˛ 1, 2, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f k¿h-I-em-ime
]fl-\m-`-ta-t\m≥ sI.]n, (1912&1914), 1987, (]p-Xnb]Xn-∏v), sIm®n-cm-Py-N-cn{Xw,
tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan {]€v
s]mXp-hmƒ.-F.-sI, 1976, tIc-f-Ønse I¿jI {]ÿm\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.
_me-Ir-jvW≥.-]n.-sI, 1989, {io \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
cmL-hh - m-cn-b¿ Fw.-B¿, 1889, tIc-fo-bX: Ncn-{X-am-\ß
- ƒ, ipI-]pcw, h≈-tØmƒ
hnZym-]o-Tw.
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿ Fw.-B¿, 2009, AΩ-hgn tIcfw, Xriq¿, kmln-Xy-A-°m-Z-an.
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿.Fw.-B¿ & cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, 2011, tIc-f-N-cn{Xw thmfyw 2, ˛
ipI-]pcw, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]oTw
cmL-h≥, ]pXp-∏-≈n, 2008, tIc-f-]-{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-N-cn-{Xw, Xr»q¿, tIc-f-km-lnXy
A°m-Z-an.
cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, B¿., 2016, tIc-f-Øns‚ kv{Xoi-‡n-N-cn{Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,
amfp-s_≥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv.
cmP≥, C, 2017, Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-lw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
cmP≥, C, 2017, ssh°w kXym-{K-lw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
{io[-c-ta-t\m≥ F. 1997, tIc-f-Ønse kzmX-{¥y-k-acw, tIm´-bw, Un.kn _p°vkv
{io[-ctat\m≥.-F , 1985, sIm®n cmPy-{]-Pm-a-fi-ew: Hcp Ncn-{Xw, tIm´-bw, \mj-
W¬ _p°vkv‰mƒ
inh-Zm-k≥ ]n, 2014, hmK¨{Sm-PUn, tIm´-bw, kmln-Xy-{]-h¿Ø-\I kl-I-c-
W-kw-Lw, tIm´-bw.
jmPn.-sI.-F≥ (F-Un), 2007, {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp: Pohn-Xw, IrXn-Iƒ, Z¿i-\w,
Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
kmw.-F≥, (F-Un) 2008, Cfw-IpfwIp™≥]n-≈-bpsS kºq¿WIr-Xn-Iƒ, hmeyw
2 A´m-cmjv{S tIc-f-]-T-\-tI-{µw, Imcy-h-«w, tIcfm bqWn-th-gvkn-än.

57
kmw.-F³, 2005, Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]n-Å-bpsS k¼qÀ®-Ir-Xn-IÄ hmeyw. 2
A´m-cmjv{S tIc-f-]-T-\-tI-{µw, Imcy-h-«w, tIcfm bqWn-th-gvkn-än.
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58
Kunju, Ibrahim A.P, 1975, Mysore - Kerala Relations in the 18th Century, Trivandrum,
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60
 MU HIS 8314 `mcXob Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-N-cn{Xw

bqWn‰v 1
`qX-I
- me k¶¬]\w
{]mNo\ C¥ybnse `qXIme k¶ev]\w - ˛ C¥ybnse `qXIme
k¶ev]\sØ°pdn®p≈ A[n\nthi ho£W߃- ˛ Ncn{XmJym\ cq]߃
˛ ImesØ°pdn®p≈ k¶¬]\w ˛ {]amWkma{KnIƒ ˛ -{]mNo\cN\Iƒ- ˛
hymJym\Nn¥ -˛ CXnlmk]pcmW]mcºcyw ˛ tKm{XØn¬ \n∂pw cm{„
k¶ev]\Ønte°v ˛ kqX ˛ amK[ ]mcºcyw ˛ thZßfpw D]\njØp°fpw
-˛ ssP\ -˛ _p≤]mcºcyw ˛ temImbX -˛ APohnI -˛ Nm¿hmI hwimhenIƒ
-˛ l¿jNcnXw ˛ cmPXcwKnWn ˛ aqjIhwiImhyw.

bqWn‰v 2
Ncn-{X-cN
- \
- m]mc-ºcyw
a[yIme C¥ybnse Ncn{XcN\ ˛ k©mc°pdn∏pIƒ ˛ sIm´mcNcn{XcN\ ˛-
kp¬Øm\Øv ImeL´w ˛ apKƒ]mcºcyw ˛ Aao¿ Jp{kp ˛ _dm\n, A_p¬
^mk¬ XpSßnbh¿- ˛ Ncn{X cN\bpsS tZiob]mcºcyw -˛ Z£ntW¥y≥
Ncn{X ]mcºcyw- ˛ sXep¶v ˛ I¿WmSIw ˛ Xangv ˛ aebmfw.

bqWn‰v 3
A[n-\n-thi Ncn-{X-cN
- \
A[n\nthiNcn{XcN\ ˛ C¥ysb°pdn®p≈ ]uckvXyhmZ\nco£W߃ ˛
Ct¥mfPn ˛ hneyw tPm¨kv ˛ amIv k v ap≈¿ ˛ Chm≥PenÃpIfpw
bp´nent‰dnb\nÃpIfpw ˛ -km{amPyXz kao]\߃ ˛ -Pbnwkv an¬ ˛ hn≥sk‚ v
kvanØv ˛ A[n\nthi Ncn{XcN\bpsS khntijXIƒ ˛ tZiobhmZnIfpsS
{]XnIcWw ˛ tZiobhmZ Ncn{XcN\bpsS khntijXIƒ ˛ -sI .]n Pbkzmƒ

61
˛ B¿. kn. aPpwZm¿ -˛ F®v .kn. dmbv Nu[cn -˛ sI.F. \oeIWv-Timkv{Xn ˛
B¿.Pn `fim¿°¿ ˛ sI. Fw ]Wn°¿.

bqWn‰v 4
]pXp-Nc
- n-{X-[m-cI
- ƒ
am¿IvknÃv kao]\w / ]pXpNcn{X[mcIƒ -˛ cP\n]msa ZØv ˛ F.B¿
tZimbn ˛ Un.Un sImkmw_n ˛ C¥ymNcn{X cN\bnse NphSpam‰w ˛
sImkmw_nbpsS Ncn{X]cnt{]£yw ˛ sImkmw_nbpsS Ncn{XcYysb
hnIkn∏n®h¿ ˛ B¿.Fkv. i¿Ω ˛ tdmane Ym]¿ -˛ _n]≥ N{µ ˛ C¿^m≥
l_o_v ˛ sI.F≥ ]Wn°¿ ˛ XpSßnbh¿ ˛ \htIw{_nUvPv kvIqƒ ˛
A\n¬ ko¬ ˛ kn.F. s_bven ˛ Un .F. hmjv- {_q°v ˛ kn. sP. t_°¿ ˛
Iogmf Ncn{Xkao]\w ˛ kpanXv k¿°m¿ ˛ cWPnØv Kpl ˛ ]m¿∞m Nm‰¿Pn,
Kym≥ ]msfi, Zot]jv N{I_¿Øn XpSßnbh¿ ˛ Iogmf Ncn{X hna¿iw ˛
- tdmken≥Uv H lm≥e¨ ˛ kpanXv k¿°m¿ -˛ {InÃ^¿ s_bv-en ˛ -hnthIv
Nn∫m¿.
bqWn‰v 5
amdp∂ ]cn-t{]-£yw, kap-Zm-b
- N
- c
- n{Xw
kv{Xo ]£ Ncn{Xw/ enwK ]Zhn Ncn{Xw ˛-- Ip¶pw tdmbv -˛ Ip¶pw kmwKcn ˛ -
Da N{Ih¿Øn ˛ ZfnXv- Ncn{X߃ -˛ Im© Geø ˛ tKm]m¬ Kpcp ˛ cmw
\mcmb¨ dmhØv ˛ j¿anf sdsK ˛ k\¬ taml≥ XpSßnbh¿ ˛ -{]mtZinI
Ncn{Xw ˛ amdp∂ ]cnt{]£yw ˛ kzXzw ˛ kap-Zm-b-N-cn-{Xw.
klmbI{KŸßƒ
Ahmad, Aijaz, 1992, In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures, London, Verso
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62
Guha Ranajit , 1982, ìSubaltern Studies, (Vol. 2,3,4) New Delhi, Oxford University Press
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63
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64
 MU HIS 8315 (i) temI-hy-h-ÿbpw tIc-f-hm-Wn-Pyhpw
(s]m-Xp-sF-—n-Iw)

bqWn‰v 1
hmWnPyw: temI-hy-hÿ
temI-hy-hÿ ˛ Ncn-{X-]-T-\-Øns‚ Hcp GIIw ˛ temI-hy-hÿ k¶¬]-\߃
˛ hme-d-Ão\pw bqtdm tI{µo-Ir-X-amb temI-hy-h-ÿbpw ˛ tImf-Wn-Ifpw amXr-
cm-Py-ßfpw ˛ tI{µhpw ]cy-¥-ßfpw ˛ Kp¥¿ {^m¶ns‚ kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ temI-
hy-hÿ Aøm-bncw sIm√w ]g-°-ap-≈Xv ˛ F≥. Fw.- ]ntb-gvk¨ ˛ temI-hy-
hÿ ˛ tImf-Wn-]q¿h-Im-e-߃

bqWn‰v 2
hmWnPyw: hyXykvX hyh-ÿI
- ƒ
`qan-im-kv{X-]-›m-Øew ˛ Npc-߃ ˛ Xoc-{]-tZiw ˛ Ic ˛ IS¬ _‘w ˛ Imb-
ep-Iƒ ˛ \Zn-Iƒ ˛ Xpd-ap-J-߃ ˛ Ime-h¿jw ˛ Ime-h¿j-°m‰v ]d-ºv]p-c-bnS
kºZvhyhÿ ˛ IpSn-]m¿∏p hyhÿ ˛ BZy-Ime I®-hSw ˛ ]g-¥-angv ]m´nse
sXfn-hp-Iƒ ˛ XnW-k-¶ev]w ˛ XnW-I-fnse ssIam‰w ˛ hnX-cWw ˛ ]p\¿ hnX-
cWw ˛ D∏p-hn-\n-abw ˛ N¥-Iƒ ˛ Aßm-Sn-Iƒ ˛ Xpd-ap-J-߃ ˛ apNndn ˛ sXm≠n
˛ hmssI ˛ amss¥ ˛ ]¥¿ ˛ k©m-c-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ πn\n ˛ s]cn-πkv Hm^v Fdn-
{Xn-b≥ kobpsS I¿Ømhv ˛ tSmfan ˛ ]pcm-h-kvXp-sX-fn-hp-Iƒ ˛ ]´Ww ˛
hngn™w DXvJ-\-\-߃.

bqWn‰v 3
enJn-X]
- c
- m-a¿i-߃
s]cp-amƒ ImesØ hntZi I®-hSw ˛ D]m-Zm-\-߃ ˛ enJn-X-]-cm-a¿i-߃ ˛
kmlnXysØfn-hp-Iƒ ˛ k©m-c-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ kpsse-am≥ ˛ C_v\p Jp¿ZmZv
_n ˛ C{Znkn ˛ ]pcm-hkvXp sXfn-hp-Iƒ ˛ sImSp-ß-√q¿ DXvJ-\\w ˛ \mW-b-
߃ ˛ hym]m-cn-k-aqlw ˛ \K-c-߃ ˛ sImSp-ß-√q¿ ˛ Ipc-t°Wn sIm√w ˛
]¥-em-b\n sIm√w ˛ amSmbn ˛ Aßm-Sn-Iƒ ˛ h¿Ø-I-kw-L-߃ ˛ ]›n-ta-

65
jy≥ kwL-߃ ˛ tIc-f-No\m _‘-߃

bqWn‰v 4
Nºp-°ƒ, ktµ-i-Im-hy-߃
aWn-{]-hmfIrXn-Ifpw Aßm-Sn-Ifpw ˛ Nºp-°ƒ ˛ ktµ-i-Im-hy-߃ ˛ I®-h-S-
]m-X-Iƒ ˛ I®-h-S-tI-{µ-߃ ˛ Aßm-Sn-Iƒ ˛ N¥-Iƒ ˛ Nc-°p-Iƒ ˛ IpXn-c-°-
®-hSw ˛ Ipf-ap°v

bqWn‰v 5
bqtdm-]y≥am-cpsS BK-a\w
a≤y-Im-e-temIw ˛ k©m-cn-Iƒ ˛ am¿t°m-t]mtfm ˛ C_v\p _-ØqØ ˛ bqtdm-
]y≥am-cpsS BK-a\w ˛ kwL¿j-߃ ˛ Ing-°ns‚ ]X\w ˛ a≤y-Ime temI-
hy- h ÿ

klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
Ip™≥]n≈ Cfw-Ipfw ]n.-F≥, 1954, DÆp-\oen ktµiw (hym-Jym-\w)
tIm´bw, kmln-Xy-{]-h¿ØI kl-I-cW kwLw
KtWjv sI.-F≥, ae-bm-fn-bpsS tZi-Im-e-߃
KwKm-[-c≥. Fw, 2014, hmWnPytIcfw, tIm´bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿.Fw.-B¿, 1990, tIc-fo-b-X: N-cn-{X-am-\-߃, ipI-]pcw, h≈-
tØmƒ hnZym-]oTw.
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Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750, Cambridge University Press.
Fernand, Braudel, 1982, The Wheels of Commerce: Volume 2, Civilization & Capital-
ism 15th-18th Century, New York, Harper & Row.
Gills, Barry.K, Andre Gunder Frank, 1993, The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five
Thousand?, London and NewYork, Routledge.
Mathew K. S, 1983, Portuguese Trade with India in the Sixteenth Century, New Delhi,
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McPherson, Kenneth , 1997, The Indian Ocean: A History of People and the Sea,
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Pearson N.M, 1988, Before Colonialism: Theories on Asian-European Relations, 1500-
1750, New Delhi, Oxford University Press,
Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice, 2004, World-systems Analysis: An Introduction, Durham,
London, Duke University Press.

66
 MU HIS 8315 (ii) : Huj-[-hn-PvRm\w: _rl-Xv]m-c-º-cyhpw
eLp-]m-c-º-cyhpw
(sF—n-Iw)

bqWn‰v 1
_u≤-Nn¥
ssZh-hy-]m-{i-b-Øn¬ \n∂v bp‡nhy]m{ib-Øn-te°v ˛ _u≤-Nn¥ ˛ {io_p-
≤\pw inhm-I\pw XΩn-ep≈ kwhmZw ˛ _u≤ hnlm-c-ß-fpsS ]¶v.

bqWn‰v 2
Huj-[ß
- ƒ, NnIn-’m-ap-dI
- ƒ
Krl-Nn-In-’-bn¬ \n∂v hnlmcNnIn-’-bn-te°v ˛ aucy-Imew ˛ _rl-Xv]m-c-º-
cy-Øns‚ hym]\w ˛ Huj-[-ßfpw NnIn-’m-ap-d-Ifpw {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-ß-fn-
te-°v.

bqWn‰v 3
NnIn-’m-]m-cº
- cyw
{]mtZ-in-I-Nn-In-’m-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ PohnX hrØn-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xv. HSnhv,
NXhv, a¿Ω-Nn-In’ ˛ tIme-Øp-\mSv, Ipdp-{º-\m-Sv, thWmSv ˛ ]mc-º-cy-߃ ˛
IÆp-Nn-In-’m-]m-c-º-cyw ˛ hr£m-bp¿th-Zw, lkvXym-bp¿th-Zw, ^m¿tam-tIm-
∏nIv ]mc-ºcyw.

bqWn‰v 4
]mc-º-cy-߃ ˛ an{iWw
]mc-º-cy-ß-fpsS an{iWw ˛ tImf-\n-hm-gvN-°m-eØv \m´p-Nn-In-’-bpsS Xa-kvI-
cWw

67
bqWn‰v 5
]m›m-Xy-ssh-Zyhpw Xt±-is
- sh-Zyhpw
Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw ]m›m-Xy-ssh-Zyhpw ˛ hkqcn IpØn-sh∏v, {]Xn-tcm-[-ssh-Zy-
Øn¬\n∂p NnIn-’b - n-te°v ˛ anj-\d- n-amcpw ]m›m-Xy-ssh-Zyhpw ˛ F¬.-Fw.Fkv.-
-˛ kn.-Fw.-F-kv. ˛ km¬th-j≥ B¿an ˛ tZiob {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w ˛
Xt±-i-sshZyw -˛ tIcfkwlnX ˛ the-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ A„-sshZyw ˛ tIm´-°¬ ]n.-
F-kv. hmcnb¿ apXem-b-h¿.

klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
-Xncp-ap¬]m-Sv, cmL-h≥, 2012, ck-ssh-ti-jn-I, tIm´-°¬ Bcy-ssh-Zy-ime
Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad, 1977, Science and Society in Ancient India, Calcutta,
K.P Bagchi & co
Kumar, Deepak, (ed.), 2012, 'Diseases and Medicine in India: ñ A Historical over view' ,
New Delhi, Tulika Books
Krishnankutty Varier, N.V, 2005, History of Ayurveda, Kottakkal, Arya Vaidya Sala
Metcalf, Thomas R, 1998, Ideologies of the Raj, New Delhi, Foundation Books,
Mukhopadhyaya, G.N, 1923, History of Indian Medicine (in 3 volumes) 1922,1929,
Calcutta.
Muraleedharan.T.S & Raghava Varier M.R., 2010 (ed), Ayurveda in Transition, Kottakkal
Ayurveda Series: 100, Department of Publications, Kottakkal, Aryavidya Sala.
Palanki, Satheesh, 2016, Missionaries, Women and Western Medicine in Kerala,
Kozhikode, Lipi Publications.
Sharma, R.S, 1987 Material Culture and Social Formations in Ancient India, Delhi,
Macmillan.
Zysk, Kenneth G, 1998, Medicine in the Veda: Religious Healing in the Veda, Delhi,
Motilal Banarsidass, 2nd Indian edn.
Zysk, Kenneth G, 2000, Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medcine in the Budhist
Monastery, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass.

68
MU HIS 8315 (iii) `mtjm¬]-Ønbpw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw ˛
aWn-{]-hmfw tI{µo-I-cn®v
(sF—n-Iw)

bqWn‰v 1
`uXn-I]
- c- n-kcw
aWn-{]-hmfw ˛ `uXn-I-]-cn-kcw ˛ Irjn ˛ hmWnPyw ˛ A[n-hm-k-am-Xr-I-I-fpsS
cq]o-I-cWw.

bqWn‰v 2
kzcq-]ß
- ƒ
tZiw ˛ Xd ˛ \mSv ˛ `mjm-t`-Z-ß-fpsS `qan-im-kv{X-]-cn-kcw ˛ kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-
fpsS hym]m-c-]-cn[n ˛ kzcq-]-ß-fpsS A[n-Im-c-]-cn[n ˛ cm{„o-b-hy-h-lmcw.

bqWn‰v 3
kwkvIr-XØ- ns‚ kzm[o\w
ae- b m- f - Ø ns‚ {]tbm- K - c q- ] - ß ƒ ˛ kwkv I rXmK- a - \ - Ø ns‚ ]›m- Ø ew ˛
kwkvIr-Xhpw ae-bm-fhpw ˛ kwkvIr-Xo-I-c-Whpw {]mtZ-in-I-h¬°-c-Whpw ˛
t{K‰v {SUn-j≥ B‚ v en‰n¬ {SUn-j≥ ˛ tdm_¿´v sdUv^o-e¿Uv.

bqWn‰v 4
aWn-{]-hm-fw, `mjm-an-{iWw
aWn-{]-hmfw Hcp `mjm-{]-ÿm\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ ˛ `mjm-an-{ihpw aWn-{]-hm-
fhpw ˛ `mjm-kzXzw ˛ kztZiw ˛ ]c-tZiw ˛ kz`mj ˛ ]c-`mj.

bqWn‰v 5
hn⁄m-\i - m-JI
- ƒ
aWn-{]-hm-f-hy-h-lmcw ˛ `qan-im-kv{X-]-›m-Øew ˛ temI-hy-h-ÿbpw {]mtZ-in-
I-hy-h-ÿbpw ˛ aWn-{]-hm-f-Øns‚ ⁄m\-Imfiw ˛ hn⁄m-\-im-J-Iƒ ˛ IrXn-
Iƒ.

69
klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
DÆn F≥.-]n, (hymJym) 1972, tImIn-e-k-tµiw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
Ip™≥]n-≈, Cfw-Ipfw ]n.-F≥, (hym-Jym-\w), 1968, eoem-Xn-eIw: aWn-{]-hm-f-
e-£-Ww, tIm´-bw, kmln-Xy-{]-h¿ØI kl-I-c-W-kw-Lw.
Ip™≥]n-≈, Cfw-Ip-fw ]n.-F≥, 1953, `mjbpw kmlnXyhpw \q‰m-≠p-I-
fneqsS,
Ip™≥]n-≈, Cfw-Ip-fw ]n.-F≥, 1953, tIc-f-`m-j-bp-sS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-
߃,
Ip™≥]n-≈, Cfw-Ipfw ]n.-F≥, 1953, DÆp-\oen ktµiw Ncn-{X-Zr-„n-bn¬
Ip™≥]n≈, Cfw-Ipfw ]n.-F≥, tImI-k-tµiw, tIm-´bw, kmln-Xy-{]-
h¿ØI kl-I-cW kwLw
KtWjv sI.-F≥, ae-bm-fn-bpsS tZi-Im-e-߃
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.-B¿, cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, 2012, tIc-f-N-cn{Xw c≠mw `mKw
ipI-]p-cw, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]oTw

70
 MU HIS 8315 (iv) ]pcm-tc-Jm-eb]T-\w
bqWn‰v 1
]pcm-tcJ BapJw ˛ kw£n]vX Ncn{Xw ˛ kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ ]pcm-tc-J-
I-fpsS aqeyw ˛ ]pcm-tc-Jm-e-b-߃ ˛ sse{_-dn-I-fpw, ayqkn-b-ßfpw ]pcm-tc-Jm-
e-b-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ {][m\ hyXym-k-߃ ˛ hyXykvX ]pcm-tc-J-Iƒ ˛ kzImcy
]pcm-tc-J-Ifpw hymh-km-bnI ]pcm-tc-J-Ifpw ˛ hyXykvX ]pcm-tc-Jm-e-b-߃
˛ D¤hw ˛ kw£n]vX Ncn{Xw ˛ {][m\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃.

bqWn‰v 2
bqtdm-∏nse ]pcm-tc-Jm-eb {]ÿm-\-߃ ˛ kw£n]vX Ncn{Xw ˛ bqtdm-∏n¬
]pcm-tc-Jm-eb k¶-ev]-\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ˛ {^m≥kn-sebpw Cw•-≠n-sebpw
kvs]bn-\n-sebpw tZiob ]pcm-tc-Jm-e-b-߃ ˛ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ {]h¿Ø-\-
߃ ˛ Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-I-fnse (U.S.A.) ]pcm-tc-Jm-eb {]ÿm\w ˛ tZiob
]pcm-tc-Jm-ebw ˛ \mj-W¬ B¿ss°hvkv B‚ v sdt°mUvkv AUvan-\n-kvt{S-
js‚ (NARA) {][m\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ C¥y-bnse tZiob ]pcm-tc-Jm-ebw
(National Archives of India) {][m\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ Dt±iy e£y-߃ ˛ {][m-
\-s∏´ ]pcm-tc-J-Iƒ ˛ khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw {]m[m-\yhpw ˛ tIc-f-Ønse ]pcm-tc-
Jm-e-b-߃ (Kerala State Archives) ˛ {][m\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ {][m-\-s∏´
]pcm-tc-J-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 3
]pcm-tc-J-⁄¿ (Archivist) tbmKy-X-Ifpw ISa-Ifpw ˛ Btem-Ny-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS
Xøm-dm-°¬ (Preparation of Reference Media) ˛ ]pcm-tc-Jm-eb kw_-‘n-bmb
Icp-X¬ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ˛ Kth-j-W-ß-fpsS {]tbmKw ˛ ]pcm-tc-J-I-fpsS {Iao-I-
cWw ˛ {Iao-I-cW N´-߃ ˛ k¿°m¿ Be-b-ß-fnse tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج ˛ hyh-
ÿ-Iƒ ˛ tcJ-I-fpsS Ass{]-k¬ ˛ tcJm-e-b-Øns‚ Bh-iy-h-kvXp-°ƒ ˛
sdt°m-Up-I-fpsS tiJ-c-Ww.

bqWn‰v 4
]pcm-tcJm\b-cq-]o-I-cWw ˛ tcJm-eb kwc-£Ww ˛ D]-tbmKw ˛ am¿§ \n¿t±-i-
߃ ˛ ]pcm-tc-Jm-kw-c-£Ww ˛ {]Xn-_-‘-߃ ˛ `uXn-Ihpw [m¿Ωn-I-hp-ambh
˛ sdt°m-Up-I-fpsS i{Xp-°ƒ ˛ kwc-£-W-Øn\v BapJw ˛ kwc-£-W-X-Xz-

71
߃ ˛ kwc-£-W-Ønse [¿Ω-\oXn ˛ \nb-{¥W kwc-£W am\-Z-fi-߃ ˛
timjW LS-I-߃ (Deterioration Factors) ˛ Poh-im-kv{X-]cw ˛ ck-X-{¥-]cw
˛ `uXn-I-im-kv{X-]cw ˛ kwc-£-W-L-S-I-Øns‚ Bh-iy-h-kvXp-°ƒ ˛ sdsÃm-
td- j ≥ ˛ {]{In- b - I ƒ ˛ kt¶- X - ß ƒ ˛ ip≤o- I - c Ww ˛ sdt°m- U p- I - f psS
\nh¿Ø¬ ˛ Uo Akn-Un-^n-t°-j≥ ˛ ^yqan-t\-j≥ ˛ Ie-I-fpsS kwc-£Ww
˛ eman-t\-j≥ ˛ t]Pn-t\-j≥ ˛ ^pƒt]-Ãnßv coXn-Iƒ ˛ \\hp ]‰n-b-h-bpsS
kwc-£Ww ˛ tcJ-IfpsS UnPn-‰-sse-tk-j≥ ˛ {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww.

bqWn‰v 5
B¿ss°hvkv kµ¿i\w ˛ k_vPIvSv enÃv Xøm-dm-°¬, Unkv{In-∏v-‰nhv enÃv
Xøm-dm-°¬, C≥UIvkv (index) Xøm-dm-°¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-ep≈ {]mtbm-KnI
]cn-io-e\w ˛ sdt°m-Up-I-fpsS Ass{]-k¬, dns´≥j≥ sjUyqƒ Xøm-dm-°¬
XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-ep≈ ]cn-io-e\w ˛ sdt°m¿Uv ]cn-]m-e\w ˛ {]n-k¿th-j≥ sSIv\n-
°p-Iƒ ˛ ip≤o-I-c-Ww, ^yqan-tK-j≥ (Fumigation), t]Pn-t\-j≥, Un Akn-Un-
^n-t°-j≥, Snjyq dn∏-b¿, eman-t\-j≥, ^pƒt]-Ãnßv XpS-ßn-bh - b
- n-ep≈ {]mtbm-
KnI ]cn-io-e-\w.

klm-bI{KŸ-߃
Millar, Laura Agnes Dr., 2015, Archives: Principles and Practices, London: Facet Pub-
lishing.
Bales, Frank, 2005, Selecting and Appraising Archives and Manuscripts, Chicago:
Chicago Society of American Archivists.
Bhunjangaro, Borhade, 2010, Archives and Museums, Delhi: BR Publishing Corpora-
tion.
Brown, Caroline (ed.), 2010, Archives and Record Keeping, London: Facet Publishing.
Duchein, Michel, 1992, The History of European Archives and the Development of the
Archival Profession in Europe, Chicago: Society of American Archivists, Published in
The American Archivist, Vol. 55, No. 1, Special International Issue (1992), PP - 14-25.
Jenkinson, Hilary, 1937, A Manual of Archive Administration, Perey Land, Humphries
& Company Ltd.
Jimerson, Randall, C., 2000, American Archival Studies: Readings in Theory and
Practice, Society of American Archivists.
Joan, M. Schwartz, Terri cook, 2002, The Making of Modern Memory, Archival Sci-
ences, Vol. 2, , PP - 1-19, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Basu Purnendu, 1960, Archives and Records, What are they?, , New Delhi: National
Archives of India.
Schellenberg, T.R., 1956, Modern Archives: Principles and Techniques, Chicago: The
Society of American Archivists.
Sundararaj, M., 1999, A manual of Archival Systems and the World of Archives, Siva
Publications.

72
 MU HIS 8315 (v) C¥ym-N-cn{Xw {]am-W-ß-fn-eqsS
bqWn‰v 1
sshZnI {]amWw
EKvthZw ˛ afiew VII, kq‡-߃ 21˛25 Zmi-cm⁄w ˛ afiew 10, kq‡w 90
˛ ]pcp-j-kq‡w ˛ AY¿∆-thZw ˛ a{¥-hm-Zhpw sshZyhpw, A¿∞-imkv{Xw ˛
A[n-I-cWw 2, A≤ymbw 21 ˛ P\-]-Z-\n-thiw ˛ A[n-I-cWw 6 A≤ymbw 1 ˛
afi-e-tbm\n ˛ cmjv{S-Øns‚ k]vXmw-K-߃ ˛ tYcn-KmY ˛ Xnc-s™-SpØ ]Zy-
߃ .

bqWn‰v 2
kvam¿Ø {]amWw
a\p-kvarXn ˛ A≤ymbw 3 hnhm-l-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cm-a¿i-߃ ˛ A≤ymbw 9
Zmb-{Iaw cmP-X-cw-KnWn `cWm[nIm-cn--I-fpsS Nqj-W-tØbpw ASn-a-°-®-h-S-
tØbpw hna¿in-°p∂ `mK-߃.

bqWn‰v 3
imk-\ß
- ƒ
Atim-I-im-k-\-߃ ˛ 13-˛mw imk\w ˛ thdn´ inem-im-k-\-߃ ˛ Jc-th-es‚
lmYn-Kpw-^-im-k\w ˛ ]pen-tIin c≠m-as‚ Abvtlmƒ imk\w ˛ kap-{Z-Kp-
]vXs‚ Ae-l-_mZv kvXw`enJnXw ˛ hoc-cm-L-h-∏-´-bw.

bqWn‰v 4
kp¬Øm-t\‰v ˛ apKƒ Ime-L-´-Ønse {]am-W-߃

Xmcn-Jv C ^ntdmkv jmln ˛ Aem-hp-±o≥ Jn¬Pn-bpsS am¿°‰v dKp-te-j-\p-Ifpw

apl-ΩZv _n≥ Xp-•-°ns‚ `c-W-\-bhpw kw_-‘n® `mK-߃ Xpl-^Øv Dƒap-
Pm-ln-±o≥ ˛ PnlmZv kw_-‘n® `mK-߃ ˛ Xpkq°n _m_dn ˛ 13-˛mw A≤ymbw
AIv_¿\ma ˛ kp¬ln-°qƒ kw_-‘n® A≤ymbw ˛ Nmth¿ ]m´p-Iƒ ˛

73
I≠¿ta-t\m≥]m-´v.

bqWn‰v 5
{_n´ojv tcJ-Iƒ, C¥y≥ `c-WL
- S- \
{_n´ojv tcJ-Iƒ ˛ sat°m-sf-bpsS an\p‰vkv ˛ cm⁄n-bpsS hnfw-_cw ˛ C¥y≥
`c-W-L-S\ ˛ \n¿t±-i-I-X-Xz-߃ ˛ ASn-ÿm-\m-h-Im-i-߃.

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
A¿-¸¯v, am[-h³, tYcn KmY
Fgp-¯-ѳ. sI.-F³, (hym-Jym) AÀ°-imkv{Xw
IrjvW-Ip-amÀ, tImd-aw-Kew, (hym-Jym) (2006) 2013 a\p-kvarXn, tImgn-t¡m-Sv,
t{ZmWm-Nmcy ]»n-t¡-j³kv,
\mcm-b-W³ \¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv, H.-Fw.-kn, 2013, EtKzZw a{´-§fpw kqà-§-fpw,
tIm«bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
cm-L-h-hm-cnbÀ Fw.-BÀ, 2016, Atim-I-im-k-\-§Ä, tIm«-bw, kmln-Xy-{]-
hÀ¯Ikl-I-cWkwLw.
lÀj NcnXw
lcn-Zm-kv.-sI.hn, 2015, amam-¦hpw Nmth-dpw, tIm«bw
kRvP-b³.-]n, C´y³ `c-W-L-S-\.
Archaeological Survey of India, Epigraphica Indica.
Beveridge, Henry (trans.) The Akbar Nama of Abul Fazl, 2010, Delhi, Low Prize
Publications, Reprint.
Buhler.G, (Tr. 2014) Ed by F.Max Mullar, The Laws of Manu: The Sacred Books of the
East; , Vol. XXV, Literary Licensing.
Nainar M.H.S, (Trans. and Ed.) 2006, Thuhfat al- Mujahideen, Kozhikkode, Other
Books.
Olivelle. Patrick, 2005, Manu's Code of Law: A Critical Edition and Translation of
Manava Dharma Sasthra, Delhi, Oxford University Press.
Piley. M.V , Constitutional History of India.
Rhys Davids C.A.F, 1980, Psalms of the Buddhists, Bristol (Calcutta: Baptist Mission
Press 1904) Pali Text Society, reprint 1909.
Zilli Ishitiaq Ahamed (Trans.), 2015, Tarikh -i Firoz Shahi, Primus Books.

74
 MU HIS 8315 (vi) enJnX hn⁄m\obw

bqWn‰v 1
en]n ]cn-Wmaw
en]nhmb\bpsS {]iv\w ˛ ssk‘h ˛ {_m“n ˛ hs´-gpØv ˛ ]›m-Øew ˛
FgpØphnZybpsS Bcw`w - ˛ {]mNo\cq]w -˛ amXren]n{_m“n ˛ en]n]cnWmaw
]›mØew ˛ en]nam‰w- hs´gpØp -{KŸßƒ.

bqWn‰v 2
h¿§oIcW{]iv\w
h¿§oIcWw ˛ -XcwXncnhv ˛ enJnX߃ -˛ [¿Ωimk\߃ ˛ H´pt]cpIƒ ˛
]´b߃ ˛ Zm\tcJ ˛ \nbamhenIƒ ˛ hmWnPytcJIƒ ˛ {]ikvXnIƒ

bqWn‰v 3
ImeKW\ {]iv\w
]eXcw k¶ev]\߃ ˛ NXp¿bpKw ˛ h¿jw ˛ Nm{µamkw ˛ kucamkw ˛
iIh¿jw ˛ Kp]vXh¿jw ˛ sIm√h¿jw ˛ ImeKW\bpsS {]iv\߃ ˛ t£{X
h¿jw ˛ ]pXp hbv]v h¿jw ˛ ImeØns‚ AScpIƒ- ˛ cm{„obImew ˛
kmaqlyImew ˛ `uaImew-- - -˛-- IS]bmZn -˛ Nne {]kn≤amb IS]bmZn Ime߃
˛ BbpcmtcmKykuJyw-- -˛ `pXkwJy- ˛ Nne {]kn≤amb `pXkwJyIƒ ˛
N{µc{‘ap\n

bqWn‰v 4
hymJym\Øns‚ {]iv\߃
enJnXm¿∞w -˛ hymJym\w -Ncn{Xkµ¿`Øn¬ ]cntim[n°¬ ˛ kµ¿`hpw
tcJbpw XΩnep≈ _‘w ˛ `mcXob i–Nn¥ -˛ sX°≥ {_m“n ˛ hs´gpØv
{KŸw- -˛ tImsegpØv ˛ aebm◊.

75
bqWn‰v 5
]´-bß
- ƒ, sNt∏SpIƒ
{]mtbmKnI]mT߃ ˛ Xcnkm∏≈n]´bw ˛ hmg∏n≈n sNt∏Sv ˛ PqX∏´bw ˛
Xncph√m sNt∏SpIƒ ˛ IpdpamØp¿ ]´bw- ˛ sh≈nap‰Øv sNtºme ˛
tImgnt°mS≥ {KŸhcn

klmbI{KŸßƒ
\mcmbW≥, Fw. Pn. Fkv, (1977) 2000, tIcfNcn{XØns‚ ASnÿm\ineIƒ,
tImgnt°mSv, en]n ]ªnt°j≥kv.
cmaN{µ≥, ]pXpt»cn, 2007, tIcf Ncn{XØns‚ ASnÿm\ tcJIƒ, Xncp-h-\-
¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw. B¿, tIih≥ shfpØm´v, 2013, Xcnkm∏≈n ]´bw,
tIm´bw, kmlnXy{]h¿ØIklIcWkwLw.
chnh¿Ω.F¬.F, 1965, {]mNo\ tIcfen]nIƒ, Xr»q¿, tIcf kmlnXy
A°mZan.
kmw. F≥., 2006, tIcfØnse {]mNo\en]n amXrIIƒ, Xncph\¥]pcw,
kwÿm\ ]pcmtcJm hIp∏v.
Archaeological Survey of India, Epigraphia Indica: A Collection of Inscriptions
Supplementary to the Corpus Inscription Indicarum of the Archaeological Survey,
Dept. of Archaeology
Gopinatha Rao T.A.,(ed), 1993, Travancore Archaeological Series, Vols 1-3,
Thiruvananthapuram, Cultural Publication Department, Govt.of Kerala.
Mahadevan, Iravatham, 2014, "Dravidian Proof of the Indus Script via the Rig Veda:
A Case Study" in Bulletin of the Indus Research Centre, Chennai, Raja Muthiah Reseach
Library.
Mahadevan, Iravatham, 1970, Corpus of Tamil-Brahmi Inscriptions, State Department
of Archaeology Govt. of Tamilnadu.
Mahadevan, Iravatham, 2014, Early Tamil Epigraphy, Tamil-Brahmi Inscriptions. Revised
and Enlarged Second Edition: Volume 1, Central Institute of Classical Tamil
Mahadevan, Iravatham, 1977, The Indus Script: Texts, Concordance and Tables,
New Delhi, Archaeological Survey of India.
Mahadevan, Iravatham, 2003, Early Tamil Epigraphy : From the Earliest Times to the
Sixth Century A.D, Harvard Oriental Series.
Murty, K. Satya, 1992, Text Book of Indian Epigraphy, Low Price Publications.
Ramesh.K.V. 1965, Indian Epigraphy, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
Subbarayalu Y. (ed.), 2015, South Indian Inscriptions. Vol. XXXIV. (Inscriptions collected
during the year 1914), New Delhi, Archaeological Survey of India.

76
Subbarayalu Y. and Rajavelu S. (ed), 2014, Inscriptions of the Vijayanagara Rulers.
Volume V, Part I: Tamil Inscriptions, New Delhi, Indian Council of Historical Research
& Primus Books.

77
 MU HIS 8315 (vii) tIc-f-Ønse ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-N-cn{Xw
bqWn‰v 1
C¥y-bnse BZy-Im-e]
- {- X-߃
C¥y-bn¬ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Bcw`w ˛ sPbnwkv AK-Ãkv ln°n ˛ skdmw
]q¿ anj-W-dokv ˛ ]{X-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ Bi-b-hn\n-abw ˛ ]{X-߃ kzmX-{¥y-
Øn-\p-ap-ºpw, ]nºpw.
bqWn‰v 2
tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaqly kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
tIc-f-Ønse kmaqly ˛ kmº-ØnI kml-N-cy-߃ ˛ kmaqly \thm-∞m-\-
{]-ÿm-\-߃ ˛ {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp ˛ Aø-¶mfn ˛ skbv‚ v Nmh-d-b-®≥ ˛ kmaqly
˛ cmjv{Sob {]t£m-`-ßfpw, ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
bqWn‰v 3
tIcf-Ønse ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w
tIc-f-Ønse ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\m-cw`w BZy-Ime ]{X-߃ ˛ s_©-an≥ s_bven ˛
sl¿Ω≥ Kp≠¿´v ˛ tIcf \thm-∞m-\-kzm-X-{¥y-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ ]{X-߃
hln® ]¶v ˛ kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n-≈.
bqWn‰v 4
]{X-ßfpw apX-em-fn-Øh
- y-hÿ
- I
- fpw
tIcfw B[p-\n-I-X-bn-tebv°v ˛ ]{X-ßfpw apX-em-fnØ hyh-ÿbpw ˛ hyh-
ÿm-]nX Xm¬]-cy-߃ ˛ ka-Im-enI ˛ ]{X-kzm-X{¥yw F∂ Bi-bw.
bqWn‰v 5
ssk≤m-¥nI ho£-Wß
- ƒ
]{X-ßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ ssk≤m-¥nI ho£-W-߃ amIvkv sh_v, Imd¬
am¿Ivkv ˛ A¬Øq-k¿ ˛ tl_¿ amkv ˛ tdm_n≥ sP{^n.

78
klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
Jeffrey Robin, print Media Revolution in India, State Institute of Languages,
Trivandrum, 2004.
Jeffrey, Robin, Media and Modernity, Permanent Black, New Delhi, 2010.
Knight, Meghan, Social Media For Journalists, Principles and Practice, Sage
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N.Sam, Malayalapatrapravarthanam Pathonpatham Noottandil, D C Books,
Kottayam,2003
Priyadarshan, G, Malayalpathrapravarthanam Prarambhaswaroopam,Kerala
sahitya Academy, Trichur, 1982.
Raghavan , Puthuppally, Pathrapravarthanacharithram, D C Books,
Kottayam,2001.
Raghavan ,Puthuppalli, Swadheshabhimaniyude Pathrapravarthanam,
Rajavazhchayude Drishtityil,Kerala Press Academy, Kottayam, 1988.
Thomas. M.V, Madyamangalum, Malyalasahithyavum, Cultural Publication, Govt
of Kerala, 2004.

79
MU HIS 8315 (viii) kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i-t_m-[-cq-]o-I-c-W-
ß-fpsS Ncn{Xw B[p-\nI temI-Øn¬
bqWn‰v 1
kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i-{]-Jym-]\w ˛ 1791 ˛ thm´-h-Im-ihpw kv{XoIfpw ˛ sXmgn-
en-S-ß-fnse kv{XoIƒ ˛ hymh-km-bn-I-hn-π-hhpw kv{XoIfpw ˛ sXmgn¬ NqjWw
˛ s]mXp-`-c-W-C-S-߃ ˛ Hfn-ºy-Un-tKm-Pkpw kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i-{]-Jym-]-
\hpw ˛ {]Xn-I-c-W-߃ ˛ tacn-thmƒtÃm¨{Im-^v‰v.
bqWn‰v 2
temI-al
- m-bp-≤ß
- fpw kv{XoIfpw
IpSpw-_-L-S-\-bnse am‰-߃ ˛ {Inan-\-enkw ˛ sXcp-hn-e-Sn™ Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ IΩyq-
Wp-I-fnse PohnXw ˛ kv{XoNn-{X-W-߃ ˛ IpSn-tb-‰-߃ ˛ t£a-cm-jv{Shpw
kv{Xob-\p-Iq-e-\n-b-a-\n¿Ωn-Xn-I-fpw.
bqWn‰v 3
s^an-\nÃv t_m[-Øns‚ \n¿ΩnXn
kntam¨ Un _p∆ ˛ tI‰v an√‰v ˛ s_‰n {^oU≥ ˛ sP¿Ωbv≥ {Ko¿ ˛ Pqenb
{InkvtXh ˛ Pqen-b‰v antj¬ ˛ eqkn Cdn-Km-sd.
bqWn‰v 4
a\p-jym-hI
- m-i{- ]-Jym-]\
- ß
- f
- pw, kv{XoIfpw
A¥m-cmjv{S a\p-jym-h-Imi {]Jym-]\w ˛ a\p-jy-°-S-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb \nb-a-߃
˛ h¿Æ-hn-th-N\ hncp≤ {]Jym-]\w ˛ F¬_n-PnSn Ah-Im-i-߃ ˛ sXmgn¬
\nb-a-߃.

klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
Ajoy Kumar Singh, 2016, Indian Social Structure A Critical Assesment, New Delhi
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Bonnie G. Smith, 2013, Womenís Studies, London, Routledge

80
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81
 MU HIS 8315 (ix) `mc-Xob ssh⁄m-\nI ]mc-ºcyw

bqWn‰v 1
{]mNo\ Adnhv k{º-Zm-bß
- fpw ]pcm-XXz hn⁄m-\o-bhpw
lmc∏ ˛ kmt¶-XnI ]cn-PvRm\w ˛ inev]hnZy teml-Øn-epw, ine-bnepw ˛
a¨]m{X \n¿ΩmW hnZy ˛ teml-kw-kv°-cWw ˛ sNºnepw/HmSnepw ˛ Ic-Iu-
iehnZy ˛ B`-cW \n¿ΩmWw ˛ apØp-a-Wn-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw ˛ Im¿Wn-en-b≥ ˛
em]n-kv-kpen ˛ Ccp-ºv ]-cn-jvIrXn ˛ t]mfnjvUv shb¿ sSIvt\m-fPn RCPW,
PGW, NBPW˛ {_“n en]n ]mc-º-cyw.
bqWn‰v 2
{]mNo\{KŸ-ßfpw Adn-hp-Xv]m-Z\
- hpw
thZ-Im-e-L´w ˛ EIv ˛ bPp¿ ˛ kma ˛ AY¿h ˛ thZmw-K-߃ ˛ in£ ˛ I¬]
˛ \ncp‡ ˛ Oµ ˛ tPymXnj ˛ hymI-cWw
bqWn‰v 3
ssh⁄m-\nI afi-e-Øns‚ hf¿® XpS¿ Ime-ß-fn¬
D]-th-Z-߃ ˛ Bbp¿thZw ˛ hr£ ˛ lkvXn ˛ Aiz ˛ Nc-I-kw-lnX ˛ ip{ipX
kwlnX ˛ t`e-kw-lnX ˛ [\p¿t∆Zw ˛ K‘¿∆-thZw ˛ in¬]thZw ˛ kky-
imkv{Xw ˛ Im¿jnI hn⁄m\w.

bqWn‰v 4
tPymXn-im-kv{X-Øns‚ hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpw
`uXnI {]]©w ˛ ho£-W-߃ ˛ k¶¬]-߃ ˛ tPymXn-im-kv{X-hn-⁄m\w
kwln-X-I-fn¬, {_m“-W-ß-fn¬, kq{X-ß-fn¬ ˛ thZ Imem-¥y-]q¿∆ tPymXn-
imkv{Xw ˛ ssP\-kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ ˛ ]©-kn-≤m-¥-߃ ˛ ss]Xm-a-l-kn-≤m¥w ˛
]ueni kn≤m¥w ˛ tcmaI kn≤m¥w ˛ kqcy-kn-≤m¥w ˛ Bcy-`-S≥ H∂m-a≥ ˛

82
`mkvI-cm-Nmcy H∂m-a≥ ˛ {_“-Kp-]vX≥ ˛ aRvPp-fm-Nm-cy≥ ˛ hcm-l-an-ln-c≥ ˛
{_“-Kp-]vX≥ ˛ `mkv°-c≥ c≠m-a≥ ˛ cmP Pbvknßv II.

bqWn‰v 5
KWn-Xi
- m-kv{X-]m-cº
- cyw
{]mIv Ncn-{X-Im-e-L-´-ß-fnse Af-hp-Xq-°-k-{º-Zmbw ˛ ssP\-K-WnXw ˛ kwJym-
kn-≤m¥w ˛ _Ivjmen am\p-kv{In]v‰v ˛ Bcy-`-´≥ I ˛ `mkv°-c≥ I ˛ KWn-X-im-
kv{X-]m-cº
- cyw Z£n-W`- m-cX
- Ø
- n¬ ˛ alm-ho-cm-Nmcy ˛ C≥tUm ˛ Ad-_nIv KWnX
hn⁄m-\obw ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ KWn-X-im-kv{X-]m-c-º-cyw.

klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
Ratnagar Shereen, 1981, Encounters, the westerly Trade of Harappan Civilization,
Oxford University Press,
hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xn-cn, (et.al) (hnh.) imkv{Xw C¥ybn¬, `mKw 1, Xncp-
h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v,
hmkp-Ip-´≥ sI.-F, `mcXhn⁄m-\] - T
- \
- ß
- ƒ, Xncp-h\
- ¥
- ]- p-cw, tIc-f`- mj C≥Ãn-
‰yq-´v.
hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xn-cn, XpS-ßn-b-h¿ (hn-h.) 1991, imkv{Xw C¥y-bn¬
thmfyw 1) Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mj C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
`mkv°-c-]-Wn-°¿ ]n. Sn., (et.al) hnh: imkv{Xw C¥y-bn¬ `mKw 2, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-
cw, tIc-f-`mj C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v,
{io[-c≥ Fw.-F-kv., `mc-Xob imkv{X aRvPp-j, thmfyw 3, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, `mc-
Xob imkv{X aRvPpj ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
Bag A.K. India and Central Asia, Science and Technology, 2 Vols, New Delhi, India
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Possehl, G.L. , Urban Civilization, New Delhi, Oxford University Press.
Singh Upender , A History of Ancient and Medieval India, Delhi, Pearson.

83
 MU HIS 8315 (x) Ncn-{Xhpw kmaq-lnI kn≤m-¥-ßfpw
bqWn‰v 1
Ncn-{Xhpw `uXn-Ih
- m-Zhpw
slK¬, am¿Ivkv XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS Bi-b-߃ ˛ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb `uXn-I-hmZw ˛
am¿IvknÃv kmaq-ly-kn-≤m¥w ˛ D¬∏m-Z-\-k{º-Zm-b-߃ ˛ kmaq-ly-km-º-Øn-
I-L-S\ ˛ kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø\ kn≤m¥w ˛ h¿§-k-a-c-kn-≤m-¥w.
bqWn‰v 2
kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-kn-≤m-¥ß
- ƒ
kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-kn-≤m-¥hpw Ncn-{Xhpw ˛ ka-Im-enI kmaq-ly-imkv{X kn≤m-
¥-߃ ˛ Fan¬ Zp¿Jnw ˛ amIvkv sh_¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS \nco-£-W-߃ ˛
hna¿i-\-߃.
bqWn‰v 3
LS-\m-hmZ kn≤m-¥ß
- ƒ
At‚m-Wntbm {Kmwjn, tKym¿Kn ep°mIvkv (Gyorgy Lukacs) ˛ LS-\m-hmZ
am¿Ivknkw ˛ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-kn-≤m-¥-߃ ˛ tl_¿am-kns‚ kmaq-ly-kn-≤m-
¥w.
bqWn‰v 4
LS-\m-hm-Zm-\¥-ck
- n-≤m-¥ß
- ƒ
LS-\m-hm-Zm-\¥-c-Im-e-L´w ˛ {Km‚ v kn≤m-¥-Øn-s\-Xnscbp≈ hna¿iw ˛ A]-
\n¿ΩmWw ˛ DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX ˛ s^an-\nkw ˛ antj¬ ^qt°mbpw hyh-lm-c-hn-
i-I-e-\hpw ˛ FUzm¿Uv skbn-Zns‚ ]uc-kv-Xy-hmZw XpS-ßn-b-h.
bqWn‰v 5
hn⁄m-\-imkv{Xw (Epistemology)
LS-\bpw GP≥knbpw ˛ hni-Zo-I-cWw ˛ saØ-tUm-f-Pn-°¬ C≥Un-hn-Uzm-
enkw (Methodological Individualism) ˛ Explanation and understanding - ]ntd
t_m¿Zn ˛ dn^vf-Ivknhv tkmtjym-f-Pn-°¬ A\m-en-kn-kv.

84
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
Anderson, Perry, 1983, In the Tracks of Historical Materialism, London, Verso Books.
Bourdieu, Pierre, 1977, Outline of a Theory of Practice, OUP.
Cohen G.A, 1971, Karl Marx's Theory of History, London
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Lukacs G., 1983, History and Class Consciousness, London, Merlin Press.
Jean - Francois Lyotard, 1986, The Post Moden Condition: A Report on Knowledge,
The Manchester University Press.

85
 MU HIS 8315 (xi) ]I¿®-hym-[n-Ifpw ]m›m-Xy-ssh-Zyhpw
bqWn‰v 1
Btcm-Kyhpw tcmK-ßfpw ˛ ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ ˛ D¬`hw ˛ Ncn-{X-]-›m-Øew ˛
GX≥knse ]I¿®-hym[n ˛ ]pcm-X-\-tdm-anse ae-º\n ˛ bqtdm-∏nse ]I¿®-
hym-[n-Iƒ ˛ hkq-cn, tπKv, ae-º\n ˛ C≥^vfq-h≥k alm-amcn ˛ bqtdm-∏nse
tImfd ˛ kv]m\njv^vfq ˛ a‰v ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ
bqWn‰v 2
tcmK- ß fpw ]m›m- X y- s sh- Z yhpw ˛ tcmK- ß sf°pdn- ® p≈ ]m›m- X y- s shZy
k¶¬]\w ˛ Kme≥, lnt∏m-{Im-‰kv ˛ hmWn-Py-bp-K-Ønse sshZyw ˛ (1600 ˛
1800) \h- k m- { am- P y- Ø zhpw sshZyhpw (1880 ˛ 1914) A]- t Im- f - \ o- I - c - W hpw
sshZyhpw ˛ ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ {]Xn-tcm-[-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ bqtdm-
∏nse sNdpØp\n¬∏v \b-߃ ˛ hmIvkn-\p-Iƒ ˛ NnIn-’-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 3
A[n-\n-thi C¥y ˛ {_n´ojv A[n-\n-thiw -˛ IS-º-Iƒ ˛ ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ ˛
hkqcn ˛ tImf-d, ae-º\n ˛ tπKv XpS-ßn-bh ˛ sNdpØp \n¬∏v {ia-߃ ˛
s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ DjvW-ta-J-em-sshZyw (Tropical Medicine) ˛
hmIvkn-t\-j≥ ˛ ipNn-Xzhpw ipNo-I-c-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
bqWn‰v 4
tIc-f-Ønse ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ ˛ {]Xn-tcm[ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ hkq-cn-°p-Øn-
sh∏v ˛ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse anj-W-dn-am¿ ˛ anj-W-dn-amcpw ]m›mXy sshZyhpw ˛
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sebpw ae-_m-dn-sebpw ]I¿®-hym[n sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏v \b-߃
˛ A\-¥-c-^-e߃.
klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
tUm. ]n. hn\-b-N-{µ≥, tIc-fob NnIn’m Ncn{Xw Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw.
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91
 MU HIS 8315 (xii) tIcf \thm-∞m\ Ncn-{Xhpw
kmwkvIm-cnI apt∂-‰hpw
bqWn‰v 1
Bib afi-ew, ]›m-Øew
\thm-∞m\ k¶¬∏w ˛ hnhn[ Bi-b-[mcIƒ ˛ bqtdm-]y≥ kmwkvIm-cnI
hn\n-a-b-ßfpw Bi-b-]-c-amb kzm[o-\hpw ˛ C¥y≥ \thm-∞m\ {]{In-b-Iƒ
˛ tIc-f-am-XrI ˛ \thm-∞m-\tam kmaqly ]cn-jv°-c-Wtam?
bqWn‰v 2
kmaq-ly- kmwkvIm-cnI Po-hnXw
Im¿jnI kwkvImcw ˛ {KmaoW `cW hyh-ÿ, Iq´p-Ip-Spw_w ˛ P∑n k{º-
Zmbw ˛ hnhn[ Xcw Zmb {Ia-߃ ˛ PmXn k{º-Zmbw ˛ `‡n cq]-ßfpw hna¿i\
kwkvIm-chpw ˛ {]Xn-tcm[ kmlnXy cq]-߃.

bqWn‰v 3
]m›mXy kzm[o\w
]pØ≥ Im¿jnI kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ˛ sImtfm-Wn-b¬ B[p-\n-I-
Xbpw ]m›mXy Bi-b-ßfpw ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI ka-\zbw ˛ BwK-teb amXr-I-
Iƒ ˛ PmXn ASn-a-Øhpw anj-Wdn CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw ˛ hn`ym-`ymkw ˛ A®Sn ˛
]pXnb ]{X-am-[ya kwkvImcw ˛ \h kmlnXy afi-e-Øns‚ DZbw ˛ BXp-c-
tk-h\ cwK-Øp-≠mb am‰-߃.

bqWn‰v 3
kmaq-ly-]c
- n-jv°c
- W {]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
sshIp-WvT-kzman ˛ N´ºn kzman-Iƒ ˛ {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp ˛ hmKv`-Sm-\-µ≥ ˛
Ipam-c-Kp-cp-tZ-h≥ ˛ Aø-¶mfn ˛ kmwkv°m-cnI apt∂‰w Iogmf P\-X-bn¬ ˛

92
ZfnXv sFU‚n-‰n-bpsS cq]o-I-cWw ˛ Ckvemw ˛ {InkvXob -]-cn-jv°-cW Bi-b-
[m-c-Ifpw kmwkv°m-cnI apt∂-‰hpw ˛ tIc-f-k-aq-ly-]-cn-jv°-c-W-Øn¬ Km‘n-
b≥ Bi-b-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w ˛ htcWy ]cn-jvIr-Xn-Iƒ ˛ F≥.-F-€v.-F-€v.
tbmK-t£a k` a‰p kmap-ZmbnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ ˛ ]n¬°m-eØv kmap-Zm-bnI
kwL- S - \ - I ƒ°p- ≠ mb ]cn- h ¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ ˛ Iayq- W nÃv {]ÿm- \ - Ø ns‚
hf¿®bpw hnIm-k-hpw.

bqWn‰v 5
kmwkv°m-cnI apt∂‰w
Im¿jnI cwKsØ hmWn-Py-h-Xv°-cWw ˛ `mj-bnepw kmln-Xy-Øn-ep-ap-≠mb
am‰-߃ ˛ ]pØ≥ Bi-b-[m-c-Iƒ ˛ {]ÿm-\-߃ ˛ hnZym-`ymk cwK-Øp-≠mb
hf¿® ˛ am[ya kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hf¿® ˛ enwK-k-aXz Bi-b-ß-fpsS hf¿® ˛
Xoc-tZi taJ-e-bnepw Ac-b-k-ap-Zm-b-߃°n-S-bnepw D≠mb am‰-߃ tKm{X-ta-
J-e-bn¬ h∂n-´p≈ am‰-߃ ˛ h\w, ]cn-ÿnXn taJ-e-bn¬ D≠m-bn-´p≈ am‰-
߃ ˛ kmaq-lym-tcmKy cwK-Øp-≠mb hf¿®.

klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
AlΩZv F.-]n., 2017, ap…nw \thm-∞m\w Nne tIc-fo-b-Nn-{X-߃, IÆq¿,
ssIcfn _pIvkv.
Bim-cn, Xpf-kn-[-c≥, Fkv., 2017, tImf\n hmgvNbpw \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpw, Xncp-hn-
Xmw-Iq-dnse hntam-N-\-t]m-cm-´w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
B\-µn Sn.-sI, 2006, P\-Iob ka-c-ß-fn¬ ae-_mdns‚ s]¨]m-X-Iƒ, tImgn-
t°mSv, imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv.
Cf-bn-Sw, kp\n¬ ]n., 2016, Bflw, A]-cw, A[n-\n-th-iw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, sF
_pIvkv.
Ipdp-∏v.-sI.-sI.-F≥, 1981, ]g»n ka-c-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, kwÿm\ `mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
Ipdp-∏v.-sI.-sI.-F≥, 2011, B[p-\nI tIcfw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-
‰yq-´v.
Ipdp-∏v.-sI.-sI.-F≥, 1982, B[p-\nI tIcfw Ncn{X Kth-j-W-{]-_-‘-߃, Xncp-
h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
Im¿Øn-tI-b≥ \mb¿.hn, 2006, Pbn¬°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ At‚m-Wn-tbm- {Kmw-jn, Xncp-
h-\-¥-]pcw, ssa{Xn _pIvkv,
-sI.-C.F≥, 2017, tIc-fo-b-\-thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw, Xncp-h-
\-¥-]p-cw, Nn¥m-]-ªn-tjgvkv.
sI.-C.F≥, 2013, ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-{]-ÿm\w Ncn-{Xhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw, tImgn-
t°m-Sv, t{]m{Kkv ]ªn-tj-gvkv.
KtWjv.sI.-F≥, 1997, tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, tIc-f-kmw-

93
kvIm-cnI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-h-Ip∏v
tKm]m-e≥Ip´n.sI, 2015, ae-_m¿ ]T-\ß
- ƒ, tIm´-bw, kmln-Xy-{]-h¿ØI klI-
c-W-kwLw
N{µnI kn.Fkv, 2016, tIc-f-Øns‚ kv{XoN-cn-{X-߃, kv{Xoap-t∂-‰-ß-ƒ, tIm´-
bw, Un.kn _p°vkv
Peo¬ sI.-Sn., 2017, ae-_m¿ Iem]w Hcp ]p\¿hm-b-\, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Nn¥m
]ªn-tj-gvkv.
\ºq-Xn-cn-]m-Sv, C.-Fw.-F-kv., 2017, tIcfw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr-`q-an, Xncp-h-\-¥-
]pcw, Nn¥m-]-ªn-tj-gvkv.
\ºq-Xn-cn-]m-Sv, C.-Fw.-F-kv., 2012, tIcfNcn{Xw am¿IvknÃv ho£-W-Øn¬, Xncp-
h-\-¥-]pcw, Nn¥m-]-ªn-tj-gvkv.
\ºq-Xn-cn-]m-Sv, C.-Fw.-F-kv., 2017, tIc-f-Ønse Iayq-WnÃv {]ÿm\w D¤-hhpw
hf¿®bpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, Nn¥m-]-ªn-tj-gvkv.
]c-ta-iz-cø¿, D≈q¿ Fkv, 1990 (]p-Xnb]Xn-∏v) tIc-f-km-lnXy Ncn{Xw ˛ hmeyw
˛ 1, 2, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f k¿h-I-em-ime
]fl-\m-`-ta-t\m≥ sI.]n, (1912&1914), 1987, (]p-Xnb]Xn-∏v), sIm®n-cm-Py-N-cn{Xw,
tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan {]€v
s]mXp-hmƒ.-F.-sI, 1976, tIc-f-Ønse I¿jI {]ÿm\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.
_me-Ir-jvW≥.-]n.-sI, 1989, {io \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
_me-Ir-jvW hmcy¿ F., 1999, \thm-∞m-\-I-hn-Iƒ alm-I-hn-{X-b-Øn\v tijw,
tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
_nPp-cmPv B¿.-sI., 2018, ka-c-tI-c-fw, sIm®n, {]WX _pIvkv.
cmL-hh - m-cn-b¿ Fw.-B¿, 1889, tIc-fo-bX: Ncn-{X-am-\ß
- ƒ, ipI-]pcw, h≈-tØmƒ
hnZym-]o-Tw.
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿.Fw.-B¿ & cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, 2011, tIc-f-N-cn{Xw thmfyw 2, ˛
ipI-]pcw, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]oTw
cmL-h≥, ]pXp-∏-≈n, 2008, tIc-f-]-{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-N-cn-{Xw, Xr»q¿, tIc-f-km-lnXy
A°m-Z-an.
cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, B¿., 2016, tIc-f-Øns‚ kv{Xoi-‡n-N-cn{Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,
amfp-s_≥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv.
cmP≥, C, 2017, Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-lw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
cmP≥, C, 2017, ssh°w kXym-{K-lw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
{io[-c-ta-t\m≥ F. 1997, tIc-f-Ønse kzmX-{¥y-k-acw, tIm´-bw, Un.kn _p°vkv
{io[-ctat\m≥.-F , 1985, sIm®n cmPy-{]-Pm-a-fi-ew: Hcp Ncn-{Xw, tIm´-bw, \mj-
W¬ _p°vkv‰mƒ
inh-Zm-k≥ ]n, 2014, hmK¨{Sm-PUn, tIm´-bw, kmln-Xy-{]-h¿Ø-\I kl-I-c-
W-kw-Lw, tIm´-bw.

94
tiJ¿ AP-bv, N{µ-tam-l≥ Fkv.-B¿., 2017, tIc-f-\-thm-∞m\w ]pXp-hm-b-\-
Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, ssdh≥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv.
Xp-f-ko-[-c≥, im¥, 2016. tIc-f-Ønse B[n-hmkn kwkvIm-c-߃ kºq¿Æ-]-
T-\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
jmPn.-sI.-F≥ (F-Un), 2007, {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp: Pohn-Xw, IrXn-Iƒ, Z¿i-\w,
Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
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98
\memw ska-ÿ
MU HIS 8416 A[n-\n-thi C¥y: imkv{Xw kmt¶-XnI hnZy
MU HIS 8417 ka-Im-enI tIcfw
MU HIS 8418 C¥y-bnse enwK-t_m[ \n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS
Ncn{Xw (\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)
MU HIS 8419 {]_‘w
99
 MU HIS 8416 A[n-\n-th-i- C¥y: imkv{Xw,
kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy, sshZyw
bqWn‰v 1
imkv{Xw, kmt¶-XnIhnZy, sshZyw.
imkv{Xhpw km{am-Pyhpw: k¶-ev]-\-߃, kn≤m-¥-߃: Kym≥ {]Im-iv, tUhnUv
A¿t\mƒUv, {]XoIv N{I_¿Øn, Zo]Iv Ipam¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS \nco-£-W-
߃ ˛ A[n-\n-th-ihpw ]m›m-Xy-im-kv{Xhpw ˛ ]uc-kv-Xy-tZ-i-ß-fn-te-°p≈
]m›mXy imkv{X-Øns‚ IS-∂p-h-chv ˛ kwhm-Z-߃ ˛ imkv{Xw kmwkvIm-cn-
Im-bp-[-sa∂ \ne-bn¬.
bqWn‰v 2
]m›mXy imkv{Xhpw tImf-\o-Ic
- W
- hpw
CuÃn-¥ym-I-º-\n-Iƒ ˛ imkv{X-kw-_-‘n-bmb At\z-j-W-߃ ˛ Is≠-Ø-ep-
Iƒ ˛ imkv{Xhpw ]uc-kvXy-hm-Zhpw ˛ BZy-Ime bqtdm-]y≥ imkv{X-⁄¿ ˛
k¿t∆ Hm^o-k¿am¿ ˛ kky-im-kv{X-⁄≥am¿ ˛ tUmIvS¿am¿ ˛ tlm¿Øqkv
ae-_m-dn-°kv ˛ kky-ß-fpsS cmk-]-c-amb h¿§o-I-cWw (Chemical Taxonomy)
C¥y-sb∂ DjvW-ta-J-e.
bqWn‰v 3
kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw km{am-Pyhpw
Bhn-bpKw (Steam Age) ˛ bqtdm-∏nse imkv{Xob hnπhw ˛ b{¥-ß-fpsS I≠p-
]n-SpØw ˛ hymh-km-bnI hnπhw ˛ sSIvssì ˛ J\\w ˛ I∏¬ \n¿ΩmW
kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy ˛ Ccp-ºp-cp°v \n¿ΩmWw ˛ sa‰-e¿Pn ˛ tdmUp-Iƒ ˛ sdbn¬th
˛ I\m¬ \n¿ΩmWw ˛ Xt±-io-b-amb sNdpØp \n¬∏p-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 4
]m›m-Xy-ssh-Zyhpw km{am-Py-Xzhpw
]m›m-Xy-sshZyw A[n-\n-thi C¥y-bn¬ ˛ C¥y≥ saUn-°¬ k¿∆okv ˛ hkq-
cn-s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ IpØn-sh-∏p-Iƒ ˛ tKmh-kqcn {]tbmKw ˛ ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ ˛
{_n´ojv sNdpØp \n¬∏v \b-߃ ˛ anj-W-dn-am¿ ˛ s{]m´- v anj-W-dn-amcpw
]m›m- X y- s sh- Z yhpw ˛ ]m›m- X y- s sh- Z y- Ø ns‚ hym]\w ˛ Bip- ] - { Xn- I ƒ,
100
Unkvs]≥k-dn-Iƒ ˛ Xt±-iob sshZy-Øns‚ Acn-Ip-h¬°-cWw ˛ sNdp-Øp-
\n¬∏p-{i-a-߃.
bqWn‰v 5
]m›m-Xy-im-kv{Xhpw Xt±-iob sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏pw
Xt±-iob imkv{Xhpw ]m›m-Xy-im-kv{Xhpw ˛ ]c-kv]-c-hy-h-lmcw, kzmwio-I-
cWw (Assimilation) ˛ {]Xn-I-cWw ˛ sNdpØv \n¬∏v {ia-߃ ˛ imkv{Xhpw
C¥y≥ tZio-b-Xbpw ˛ tZiob imkv{X-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ˛ atl-{µ-em¬
k¿°m¿ ˛ ]n.-kn.-td, PK-Zoiv N{µ-t_mkv ˛ alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS Bi-b-߃.

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
Arnold, David, 1999, Science, Technology and Medicine in colonial India, Cambridge
University Press.
Arnold, David (ed), Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies, OUP.
Arnold, David, 2000, Colonizing the Body: State medicine and Epidemic Diseases in
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Badhopadhyay, Arun (ed), 2009, Science and Society, Delhi, Manohar.
Poonam Bala, 2007, Medicine and Medical Policies in India: Social and Historical
Perspectives, Lexington Books.
Bayly C.A, 1999, Empire and Information: Intelligence gathering and social
communication in India, 1780 - 1870, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Bose, D.M and S.N, Sen (eds), 1971, A Concise History of Science in India, New Delhi,
Indian National Science Academy.
Chakrabarty Pratik , Medicinal and Empire, Palgrave.
Dasgupta, Subatra, 1999, Jagdish Chadra Bose and the Indian Response to Western
Science, OUP.
Kumar, Deepak, 1995, Science and the Raj, OUP.
Poonam, Bala, 1991, Imperialism and medicine in Bengal: A Socio - Historical
Perspective, Delhi, Sage Publications.
Rohit Chopra, 2008, Technology and Nationalism in India: Cultural Negotiations from
Colonialism to Cyberspace, USA, Cambria Press.
Sangwan, Satpal, 1990, Science, Technology and Colonization: An Indian Experience,
1757-1857, Delhi, Anamika.
Satheesh Palanki, 2016, Missionaries, Women and Western Medicine in Colonial Kerala,
Kozhikode, Lipi.
Zaheer, Baber, 1998, The Science and Empire: Scientific knowledge, Civilization and
Colonial Rule in India, Delhi, Oxford University Press.

101
MU HIS 8417 ka-Im-enI tIcfw

bqWn‰v 1
]cn-jI
v cW {]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
BZysØ a{¥n-k`m cq]o-I-cWw ˛ hnZym-`ymk ]cn-jv°-cWw ˛ `q]-cn-jvI-cWw
˛ A\-¥-c-^-e-߃ ˛ hntam-N-\-k-acw ˛ amdn-h∂ a{¥n-k-`-Iƒ ˛ ANyp-X-ta-
t\m≥ ˛ C.-Fw.-Fkv ˛ sI.-I-cp-Wm-I-c≥ ˛ bp‡n-hm-Zn-kwLw ˛ \Ivk-en-kw.
bqWn‰v 2
kmº-Øn-I-am-‰-߃; kpÿnc hnI-k\w
Im¿jn-I-am-‰-߃ ˛ B`y-¥c am‰-߃ ˛ ae-_m-dn-te-°p≈ IpSn-tb‰w ˛ hf¿®
˛ kmº-ØnI hf¿® ˛ Kƒ^v ae-bm-fn-Iƒ ˛ D]-t`m‡r kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ hf¿®
˛ tIc-f-hn-I-k\ amXrI ˛ {]mtZ-inI hnI-k-\hpw {]iv\-ß-fpw.
bqWn‰v 3
h\w ˛ ]cn-ÿnXn ˛ BtcmKyw
h\-ta-Je ˛ h\y-Pohn kwc-£Ww ˛ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ ˛ tXm´-
߃ ˛ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI tZmjw ˛ h\y-Pohn kwc-£Ww ˛ Peaen-\o-I-cW -{]-iv\-
߃ ˛ F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥ ˛ πm®n-aS ˛ ]›n-a-L´w ˛ KmUvKn¬ ˛ IkvXq-cn-cw-
K≥ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ ˛ Irjn-\miw ˛ ]md-a-S-Iƒ ˛ Ct°m-Sq-dnkw ˛ lcn-X-an-j≥ ˛
s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyw ˛ Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ ˛ hnhn-[-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ ˛ IpSpw-_m-tcmKyw ˛
ac-W-\n-c°v ˛ Btcm-Ky-an-j≥.
bqWn‰v 4
BZn-hm-kn, kv{Xo apt∂-‰{- ]-h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
BZn-hmkn {]iv\-߃ ˛ `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-Iƒ ˛ `qk-a-c-߃ ˛ IÆq¿ ka-c-
߃ ˛ BZn-hmkn hntam-N\ ap∂Wn ˛ apØß kacw ˛ Bdfw kacw ˛
tNßd kacw ˛ Acn-∏ `qk-acw ˛ ]qbw-Ip´n{]iv\w ˛ BZn-hmkn sh¬s^b¿
t^mdw ˛ s]cn-bmw-Ip´n ka-c-߃ ˛ BZn-hmkn ]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛
hnZym-`ymkw ˛ BtcmKyw ˛ kv{Xo apt∂-‰-߃ ˛ kwÿm\ h\nX IΩo-j≥
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ IpSpw-_{io {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bn-ep-≠mb
hf¿® ˛ kmt¶-XnI taJ-e-bn¬ kv{Xo apt∂-‰w.

102
bqWn‰v 5
tIcf kmwkvIm-cn-Ia
- p-t∂‰w
hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bnse hf¿® ˛ k¿h-I-em-im-e-Iƒ ˛ D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øns‚
hf¿® ˛ s{]m^-j-W¬ taJ-e-bn-ep-≠mb am‰-߃ ˛ km£-cX anj≥ ˛ XpS¿hn-
Zym-`ymkw ˛ tIc-f-I-em-a-fiew ˛ {KŸime {]ÿm\w ˛ {KŸ-ime kwLw ˛
kmlnXy A°m-Zan ˛ kwKoX\mSI A°m-Zan ˛ efn-X-Iem A°m-Zan ˛ kmln-
Xy-{]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw ˛ ]ptcm-K-a\ Iem-km-lnXy {]ÿm\w ˛ `mjm-
C≥kv‰n-‰yq´v ˛ imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv ˛ {]kv A°m-Zan ˛ am[y-a-kw-kvIm-c-
Øns‚ hf¿® ˛ ]{X-am-[y-a-߃ ˛ am[y-a-kw-kvImcw ˛ kn\na ˛ cmap-Im-cym´v ˛
Ac-hn-µ≥ ˛ ]Zva-cm-P≥ ˛ ASq¿ ˛ \oe-°p-bn¬ ˛ sNΩo≥.

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
ANyp-X-hm-cnb¿. s{]m^. , 2002, tIc-f-kw-kvImcw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
A_q-_-°¿, ImXn-bmfw, 2015, tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\hpw aW-∏m-S\pw, Xncp-h-\-
¥-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
A_vZpƒ Icow (kºm-Z-I≥), 1981, a‡n Xß-fpsS kºq¿Æ-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, tImgn-
t°m-Sv, hN\w _pIvkv,
B\-µn. Sn.-sI, 2006, P\-Iob ka-c-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ s]¨]m-X-Iƒ, tImgn-
t°m-Sv, tIcf imkv{X kmlnXy ]cn-jØv.
Im¿Øn-tI-b≥ \mb¿. hn, 2005, \thm-∞m\ aqey-ßfpw tIcf kaq-lhpw,
tIm´bw, \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ.
Ip™--lΩ-Z.vsI.-C.-F≥, 2002, tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xhpw h¿Ø-
am-\-hpw., tIm´-bw, \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ.
Ipdp-∏v, sI.-sI.-F≥, 1978, Iøq¿ kacw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, k‘y ]ªn-t°-j≥kv
Ip-dp-∏v.sI.-sI.-F≥. 1980, ]g»n ka-c-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-
‰yq-´v.
KtW-jv. sI.-F≥, 2012, tIc-f-kaqlw C∂v, \msf, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv
KtW-jv. sI.-F≥, 2002, tIc-f-kaql ]T-\-߃., ]Ø-\w-Xn-´, {]k-‡n.
tKm-]m-e≥Ip-´n.sI.-, 2012, ae-_m¿ ]T-\ß
- ƒ, Xncp-h\
- ¥
- ]
- p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-
‰yq-´v.
tKm]me≥Ip-´n.sI, 2015, HmWw, sXm∏n, sImß≥]-S, tIm´bw, kmln-Xy-{]-
h¿ØI kl-I-cW kwLw.
tKmhn-µ-∏n≈.]n, 2013, tIcf\thm-∞m\w Hcp am¿IvknÃv ho£-Ww, Xncp-h-\-
¥-]p-cw, Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv.
s]mXp-hmƒ.F.-sI, 1976, tIc-f-Ønse I¿j-I-{]-ÿm-\ßfpsS Ncn{Xw, Xncp-
h-\-¥-]pcw.
_me-Ir-jvW≥. ]n.sI, 1980, PmXn-hy-h-ÿn-Xnbpw tIcf Ncn-{X-hpw, tIm´-bw
kmln-Xy- {]-h¿ØIkl-I-cWkwLw.

103
-_m-e-Ir-jvW≥.]n.sI, 2012, {io \m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv
_me-Ir-jvW-∏n-≈ tIkcn, 1987, sXc-s™-SpØ {]_-‘-߃, tIm´-bw, \mj-
W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ
Xpf-ko-[-c≥, im¥, 2016, tIc-f-Ønse BZn-hm-kn-kw-kvIm-c-߃ kºq¿Æ-]-T-
\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
`mkv ° - c - \ pÆn.]n, 1980, ]sØmºXmw \q‰m- ≠ nse tIc- f w, Xr»q¿, tIcf
kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.
`mkvI-c-\p-Æn.]n, 1992, tIcfw Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬, Xr»q¿, tIcf-
km-lnXy A°m-Zan
tUhn-kv, Cu.-Un, 2016, tIc-f-\-thm-∞m-\hpw bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpw, Xriq¿, tIcf
imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv
Zn\-I-c≥. sI, 2007, {_“-hn-Zym-kw-Lhpw tIcf \thm-∞m-\hpw, Xriq¿, tIcf
kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.
Zmtam-Z-c≥.sI, (ae-bmf h¿jw 1164) 1962, {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp kzman: Poh-N-cn-
{Xw, sIm√w, hn.-hn. {]€v.
\mcm-b-W≥ Fw.-Pn.-F-kv, 2014, Ncn-{Xw hyh-lm-cw, tIc-fhpw `mc-X-hpw,
Xr»q¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
hnP-b≥ Fw.-F≥. (FUn), 2000, \ΩpsS kmln-Xyw, \ΩpsS kaqlw, 1900-˛2000,
Xr»q¿, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan.
cmP≥.sI., 2015, PmXn, kzXzw, tZiw, ]Ø-\w-Xn-´, {]k-‡n.
{io[-c-ta-t\m≥.F, 1997, tIc-fhpw kzmX-{¥y-k-a-chpw, tIm´bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv
{io[-c-ta-t\m≥.F, 1967, tIcf Ncn-{Xw, tIm´bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
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unpublished, University of Calicut.
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in Kerala, Malabar, C. 1850-1940, Orient Black Swan.
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Press.
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Kerala'', Indian Journal of Gender Studies
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1790-1805, Oxford University Press.
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Dr. S. Sivadasan, Thiruvananthapuram,
Kareem.C.K., 1973, Kerala Under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, Kerala History Association,
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Kawashima, Koji , 1998, Missionaries and the Hindu State of Travancore, 1858-1936,
Delhi, OUP

104
Kunhikrishnan K.V, 1995, Forest Policy and Administration in British Malabar, 1800 -1947,
PhD. Thesis, Unpublished, University of Calicut.
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105
MU HIS 8418 C¥y-bnse enwK-t_m-[-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS
Ncn{Xw
bqWn‰v 1
]cn-I¬]-\-Iƒ (Concepts)
A¬tØ-tI-cn-b≥ ]cn-t{]£yw (Altekerian Perspective) ˛ PmXn-bpsS {]th-i-\-
I-hm-S-߃ ˛ Dam-N-{I-h¿Øn-bpsS {_m“-WnI ]pcp-jm-[n-]Xyw ˛ hnØpw `qanbpw
(eo-em-Zp-s_) Ip¶pw-tdm-bv.
bqWn‰v 2
{]mNo\ C¥ymNcn-{X-Øns‚ ]p\¿hm-b\
- b
- n¬
thZ-Im-esØ Zmkn-am¿ ˛ anØp-Ifpw kv{Xobpw ˛ cmam-b-W-a-lm-`m-cX ]T-\-
߃ ˛ _u≤-a-X-hpw, kv{XoIfpw ˛ kv{XoI-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ [¿Ω-im-kv{X-t_m[w
˛ {]mNo\ Xan-g-Ihpw kv{XoI-fpw.
bqWn‰v 3
a[y-Ime C¥ym-Nc
- n-{X-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bnse kv{XoIƒ
aXhpw kv{XoIfpw ˛ k\ym-kn-\o-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ `‡n-{]-ÿm-\hpw kv{XoIfpw ˛
A¥-x]p-c-kv{Xo-Iƒ ˛ tZh-Zmkn ]mc-ºcyw ˛ PmXnbpw kv{XoI-fpw.
bqWn‰v 4
sImtfm-Wn-b¬ Ime-L´- Ønse kv{XotI-{µo-Ir-X-
km-aq-ly-]c
- n-jvIc
- W
- ß
- ƒ
aX-km-aq-lnI \ho-I-cW {]ÿm-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]p\¿hn-Nn-¥-\-߃ ˛ kmhn-
{Xn- ^qse ˛ Xmcm-`mbn jn≥sU ˛ ]fin-X-c-am-`mbn ˛ cJvam-_mbn ˛ sImtfm-Wn-
b¬ Ime-L-´-Ønse {][m-\-s∏´ kv{XotI-{µo-Ir-X- \n-b-a-\n¿Ωm-W-߃ ˛ kXn-
\n-tcm-[\w ˛ imc-Z-\n-baw ˛ ]p\¿hn-hm-l-\n-b-aw.
bqWn‰v 5
ka-Im-enI C¥ym-Nc
- n-{X-Ønse kv{Xo
ka-c-ap-JsØ kv{XoIƒ ˛ Nn]vtIm {]ÿm-\hpw kv{XoIfpw ˛ πm®n-a-Sbpw
106
kv{XoIfpw ˛ _em-’w-K-hy-h-lm-c-ßfpw kv{XoIfpw ˛ ZenXv kv{XoIƒ t\cn-
Sp∂ ]oU-\-߃ ˛ Km¿ln-I-]o-U-\-\n-tcm-[\ \nbaw.

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
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New Delhi
Tong Rogemani , Feminist thought, a comparative introduction
Tong Rogemani , Feminist thought: A comprehensive introduction, 1998, Routledge,
London.
Pandey Seema , 2015, Women in Contemporary Indian Society, New Delhi, Rawat
Publications.

107
Shweta Prasad (ed), 2017, Women in India, New Delhi, Viva Books.
Simen de Beacevior, 2009, Second Sex, London, Vintage books.
Sabu Skylab , Gender, 2015, Sexuality and HIV/AIDS, New Delhi, Sage Publications.
Srimate Bagu, 2001, She comes to take her Rights, Kali for women, Delhi.
Steri Jackson & Jackie Jones (ed), 1998, Contemporary Feminist Theoric, New Delhi,
Rawat Publications.
Vidyut Bhagwat, 2012, Women Studies, Mumbai, Diamond Publications.

108
 MU HIS 8419 {]_‘w

\n¿t±-iß
- ƒ
{]_‘w Xøm-dm-t°-≠Xv Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS coXn-im-kv{X-a-\p-k-cn®p Xs∂
BhWw ˛ kmwK-Xy-ap≈ GXns\ kw_-‘n®pamhmw ˛ h¿Ø-am\ Ime-{]-h-W-
X-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-h¬°-cWamhmw. {]mtZ-inI Ncn-{Xtam kq£-va-N-cn-{Xtam Bhmw
˛ {]_-‘-hn-j-b-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-´p≈ a‰p ]T-\-ß-fpsS hna¿i-\m-fl-I-amb ]T-\w,
{]am-W-߃, hkvXp-XI-fpsS t{ImUo-I-c-Whpw hni-I-e-\hpw ˛ Ah-bn¬
\n∂p≈ \nK-a-\-߃ F∂nh D≠m-h-Ww. {KŸ-kq-Nnbpw Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw ]cm-
a¿i-ßfpw \n¿_-‘-ambpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. A\p-_-‘-߃ Ds≠-¶n¬ Bhmw.

109
]co£ ˛ ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-߃; hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

A[y-b\ am[y-ahpw ]co-£b

- pw
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ GXp tImgvkn-s‚bpw
A[y-b\ am[yaw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bm-bn-cn-°pw. ]co-£bpw aebmfØn-em-bn-cn-°pw.
{]_-‘w, t{]mP-Œv, ^o¬Uvh¿°v dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xpw ae-
bm-fØn-em-bn-cn-°pw.

]co£ hyhÿ
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse F√m ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw ska-
ÿ hyh-ÿ-bn¬ {Iao-I-cn®v \nc-¥-c- B`y-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿W-bw \SØn, tNmbvkv
t_bvkvUv s{IUn‰v B‚ v ska-ÿ (CBCS) hyhÿbmWv ]n≥Xp-Scp∂Xv.

aqey\n¿Wbw
B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw 20%
a[yska-ÿ ]co£ 20%
ska-Ã-d¥y ]co£ 60%

B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw
]T-\-an-Ihv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xpw aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-Øp-∂Xpw c≠p-X-c-Øn-emWv.
XpS¿]-cn-tim-[-\-I-fn-eqsSbp≈ A`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Øepw ska-ÿ Ah-km\ ]co-
£m- h n- e - b n- c p- Ø - e p- w . Hcp tImgv k v I mem- h - [ n- ° p- ≈ n¬ \nc- ¥ - c - a mbn Hcp
hnZym¿∞nsb hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v 40 am¿°m-Wv. tImgvkv \S-Øp∂ A[ym-]-
I¿ XmsgImWn-°p∂ Xe-ßfn-emWv A`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج \S-tØ-≠-Xv.
lmP¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v
a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co£ ˛ 20 am¿°v
Ass€≥sa‚ v ˛ 10 am¿°v
skan-\m¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v
BsI ˛- 40 am¿°v
lmP¿
lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-hmsW-¶n¬ ska-ÿ A¥y-]-co-£- Fgp-Xm≥ A\p-h-Zn-
°p-∂-X-√.

110
Hmtcm hnj-bhpw ]Tn-∏n°p∂ A[ym-]-I¿ lmP¿ kq£n°p∂Xm-Wv.
lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-™-h-cpsS t]cv t\m´okv t_m¿Un¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-w.
lmP¿ \ne 65% apI-fnepw 75% Xmsg-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v saUn-°¬ k¿´n-
^n-°-‰ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]co£ Fgp-Xm≥ Cfhv A\p-h-Zn-°pw. lmP¿ 65%
Øn¬ Ipd-hp-≈-h¿°v Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw ]co-£- Fgp-Xm≥ A-\p-hmZw sImSp-
°p∂X√.-

a[y-sk-aÃ
- ¿ ]co£
ska-ÿ ]Ip-Xn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Hcp B`y-¥c ]co£ \S-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Ass€≥sa‚ v
a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co-£bv°v apºmbn hnZym¿∞nIƒ Ass€≥sa-‚ v ka¿∏n®ncn-
°-Ww.
skan-\m¿
F√m ska-Ã-dnepw F√m- hn-j-b-Ønepw hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS skan-\m¿ \n¿_-‘-
amWv.
AXXp hn-jbw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I¿ tNmZy-ap-≠m-°m\pw ]co£m ]cn-
tim-[-I-cm-Im\pw A¿l-cm-Wv.
hIp-∏-≤y-£≥, AXXv hnj-bw ]-Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I≥, Uo≥ ip]m¿i
sNøp∂ ]pd-ta-\n-∂p≈ Hc-≤ym-]-I≥ F∂n-h-c-S-ßp∂ ]m\en\mWv sshhm,
{]mŒn-°¬ F∂o ]co-£-I-fpsS \S-Øn∏v Npa-X-e.

tNmZy°S-em-kns‚ LS\
Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw Xøm-dm-°p∂ tNmZy-°-S-em-kn¬ hnhn[ `mK-߃ D≠m-bn-
cn-°pw. H∂mw `mK-Øn¬ Hcp am¿°v hoX-ap≈ 10 tNmZy-߃.
c≠mw `mK-Øn¬ A©p-am¿°p-ho-X-ap≈ 8 tNmZy-ßfn¬ \n∂v Bsd-Æ-Øn\v
DØcw Fgp-X-Ww.
aq∂mw `mK-Øn¬ 10 am¿°v hoX-ap≈ aq∂p tNmZy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v cs≠-Æ-Øn-\p-
Ø-c-sa-gp-X-W-sa∂mWv \n_-‘-\-.
]co£m kabw ˛ 60 am¿°n-\p-≈ ]co-£m-k-abw aq∂p aWn-°q-dmbn \nP-s∏-Sp-
Ønbn-cn°p-∂p.
a[yska- Ã ¿ ]co- £ bv ° v samØw kne- _ kns‚ 50% ASn- ÿ m- \ - a m- ° n-
bp≈XmWv tNmZy-t]-∏-¿. A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂-hn-[-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw
tNmZy-t]-∏¿.
ska-Ãd¥y ]-co-£-bv°p≈ tNmZym-h-en-bn¬ kne-_kv apgp-h≥ Dƒs∏-Spw.
kne-_-knse F√m bqWn-‰p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tNmZy-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

111
F√m ska-Ã-dnepw B`y-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿Æ-bhpw _mly-aq-ey-\n¿Æ-bhpw \n¿_-
‘-am-Wv. Ah-km\ ska-ÿ ]co-£-bpsS tNmZym-hen ]q¿Æ-ambpw ]pd-Øp-
\n-∂p≈ A≤ym-]-I-cmIpw Xøm-dm-°pI.
{]mIvSn-°¬ hnj-b-߃, t{]mPIv‰v dnt∏m¿´v, {]_‘w XpS-ßn-b-hbpw B`y-
¥c _mly-aq-ey-\n¿W-b-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°pw.

`n∂-tijn hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ°p≈ ]co£m klm-bw

aq∂p aWn-°q-dp≈ ]co-£-bn¬ Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ kabw A[n-I-ambn ImgvN-˛-{ihW
]cn-an-Xn-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v e`n-°pw.
]m€m-Im≥ th≠ 40% am¿°v GsX-¶nepw kml-N-cy-Øn¬ e`n-°msX h∂m¬
Cu hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v G.O. (Ms.)No:13/2013/H.Edn. Dated 16.01.2013 {]Imcw samØw
am¿°ns‚ 25% tamU-td-j≥ A\p-hZ- n-°p-∂X - mWv.
k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ a‰v B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw bYm-k-abw ]co£m hyh-
ÿ-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øpw.
t{KUv \n›-bn-°¬
B`y-¥c -˛- _mly aqey\n¿W-b-Øn-\p-tijw AXXv hn`m-K-ß-fnse A≤ym-]-I-
k-an-Xnbpw ]pd-Øp-\n-s∂-Øp∂ ]cn-tim-[-Icpw tN¿∂ kan-Xn-bmWv Hmtcm
tImgvkn-s‚bpw icm-i-cn-am¿°v \nP-s∏-SpØn t{KUv \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. O, A+, A, B+,
B, C+, C, F, AB F∂n-ßs\ hyXykvX t{KUp-I-fp≠v. F tXm¬hnsb kqNn-∏n-°p-
∂p. C bpw AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-ep≈ t{KUp-Ifpw hnP-bsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. XpS-
¿∂p≈ aqey-\n¿W-bhpw ska-ÿ Ah-km\ ]co-£m-^-ehpw kwbp-‡-ambn
IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv t{KUv Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂X
- v. H∏w Xs∂, Hcp hnj-bØ
- n¬ Pbn®
Ip´n-I-fpsS am¿°ns‚ icm-i-cn-bpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°pw.
t{KUv t{KUv t]mbn‚ v % am¿°v
O 10 100 %
A+ 9 90 - 99.9 %
A 8 80 - 89.9 %
B+ 7 70 - 79.9 %
B 6 60 - 69.9 %
C+ 5 50 - 59.9 %
C 4 40 - 49.9 %
F 0 Less than 40
AB 0 Absent
t{KUv t]mbn‚pw, s{IUn‰v t]mbn‚pw Xmsg-Im-Wn°pw {]Imcw IW-°n-se-Sp-
°-Ww.
Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ icm-icn t{KUv Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ coXn
Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw/tImgvkn\pw t\Sp∂ t{KUns\ AXXv hnj-b-Øns‚

112
s{IUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆwsIm≠v KpWn-®p-In-´p∂ ^eamWv B hnj-b-Øns‚
s{IUn-‰v t]mbn‚ v. F√m hnj-bß
- f- n-ep-ambn e`n-°p∂ s{IUn‰v t]mbn‚ v samØw
t\Snb s{IUn-‰p-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p-∂-XmWv SGPA.

SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average)

Hcp ska-Ã-dnse icm-icn t{KUv t]mbn‚ v (SGPA) IW-°m-°p-∂Xv Xmsg-]-dbpw
{]Im-camWv.
Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw t\Sp∂ s{IUn‰v t]mbn‚ v Iq´n In´p∂ ^esØ B
ska-Ã-dn¬ t\Sp∂ samØw s{IUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p∂ ^e-
amWv SGPA.
SGPA (Si) = S (Ci x Gi) / SCi
Ci - Hmtcm tImgvknsebpw s{IUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw.
Gi - Hmtcm tImgvknepw t\Sp∂ t{KUv.

Course Credit Grade letter Grade point Credit Point

(Credit x Grade)
Course 1 4 A 8 4 x 8 = 32
Course 2 4 B+ 7 4 x 7 = 28
Course 3 4 B 6 4 x 6 = 24
Course 4 4 C+ 5 4 x 5 = 20
Course 5 4 C 4 4 x 4 = 16
20 120

Thus, SGPA = 120/20= 6

CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average)

Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw t\Sp∂ s{IUn‰v t]mbn‚ns\ B

ska- Ã - d n¬ t\Snb SGPA AXp- h sc t\Snb samØw s{IUn- ‰ p- I - f psS
FÆwsIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p∂ ^e-amWv CGPA.
CGPA =S(Ci x Si)/SCi
Si - tImgvkns‚ SGPA

Ci - ska-Ã-dnse samØw s{IUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw

Semester - 1 Semester - 2 Semester - 3 Semester - 4
Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20
SGPA : 6.9 SGPA : 7.8 SGPA : 5.6 SGPA : 6.0

CGPA 10, 9 -t\Sp∂ hnZym¿-∞n-Iƒ°v UnÃn-wKvj-t\m-Sp-IqSnb ^Ãv¢mkpw, 9¬

Xmsg 6.5 hsc ^Ãv¢mkpw 5 apX¬ 6.5 hsc hcp-∂-h¿°v sk°‚ v¢mkpw, 4
apX¬ 5 hsc-bp-≈-h¿°v tX¿Uv ¢mkp-amWv e`n-°p-I.

113
]co-£m-^e{]Jym-]\w
]co-£-I-gn™v km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ c≠m-gvN-°p-≈n¬ hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ ]co-£m-
^ew {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-pw. ^ew{]kn-≤o-Ic
- n-®v, aq∂p {]hr-Øn-Zn-hk
- ß
- ƒ°p-≈n¬
]cm-Xn-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ hIp-∏≤ - y-£s\ tcJm-aqew ]cmXn Adn-bn-t°-≠X - m-
Wv. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kz¥w DØ-c-°-S-emkv ImWm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-bn-cn-
°pw. ]cm-Xn- D∂-bn® hnZym¿∞nsb A≤ym-]I kan-Xn-bpsS ap∂n¬ hnfn-®p-h-
cpØn ]cmXn t\cn¬tI´v hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ DNn-X-amb ]cn-lmcw ImWpw. XpS¿∂pw
hnZym¿∞n°v ]cm-Xn-bp-s≠-¶n¬, CBCS sk√n¬ ]cmXn \¬Imw. CBCS Ub-d-
IvS¿/]co-£m-I¨t{Sm-f-dpsS \S-]Sn A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

am¿°v jo‰v/t{KUv Im¿Uv

k¿h-I-em-imebpsS kotem-Sp-Iq-Snb AwKo-IrX am¿°v jo‰v/t{KUv Im¿Uv F√m
ska-Ã-dn-s‚bpw dnk¬‰mbn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v \¬Ipw. am¿°v jo‰n¬/t{KUv
Im¿Un¬ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ hnh-c-߃ c≠p-`m-j-bn¬ (ae-bm-f-Øn-epw, Cw•o-jn-
epw) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-pw.

s{]mtam-j≥
a[y- sk-a-ÿ ]co-£, skan-\m¿, Assk≥sa‚ v F∂o am\-Z-fi-߃ ]q¿Øn-
bm-°m-Øh - ¿ tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bX
- mbn Icp-Xp-Ib
- n-√. Ahsc A¥y ]co£
Fgp-Xm-\-\p-h-Zn-°-p-Ibn√. AØcw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]p\x-{]-th-i\w t\S-Ww.
ASpØ ska-Ã-dn¬ B tImgvkp-s≠-¶n¬ AXn¬ tNcmw, As√-¶n¬ ]pXnb
tImgvkn¬ tNtc-≠n-hcpw.
e`n-°p∂ t{KUv sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-k-cw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°n√.
tImgvkv Pbn-°p-hm≥ 40% am¿°v e`n-t°≠-Xm-Wv. tXm‰ hnj-b-ß-fpsS t{KUv,
t{KUv Im¿Un¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xm-Wv.

]p\x]-cn-tim-[\
DØ-c-°-S-emkv ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[\ Bh-iy-am-b-h¿ ]co-£m-^ew {]kn-≤o-I-cn®v
Hcm-gvN-bv°p-≈n¬ \n›nX ^ok-S®v cko-Xn-s\m∏w I¨t{Sm-f¿°v At]£
\¬IWw. B ]cn-tim-[-\m-^ew A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

]co£m Xnb-Xn-Iƒ
F√m -]-co-£-I-fp-sSbpw Xnb-Xn-Iƒ A°m-Z-anIv Ie-≠-dn¬ t\ctØ {]Jym-]n-
°pw. Hcn-°¬ Ie-≠-dn¬ {]Jym-]n® ]co-£m- Xn-b-Xn-Iƒ am‰p-∂-X-√.

]co£m {Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ
Xmsg ]d-bp-∂ Imcy-߃ ]co£m{Ia-t°-Sp-I-fmbn IW-°m-°p∂Xm-Wv.
1. A°m-Z-anIv Ie-≠-dn¬ {]Jym-]n® ]co-£m- Xn-b-Xnbpw, ]co£m kabhpw
114
 \n¿_-‘-amtbm kzm[o\w sNep-Øntbm am‰m≥ {ian-°p-I.
2. ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I-sctbm A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm
`oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, \n¿t±-i-߃ A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.
3. ]co£m kq{]-≠ns\ [n°-cn-°pI, A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI.
4. ]co£m kq{]-≠n-s\-tbm, ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I-
sc-tbm, A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm kzm[o-\n-°pI.
5. kpK-a-amb ]co£m \S-Øn-∏n\v hnLm-Xw kr„n-°pI.
6. ]co-£-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ, samss_¬ t^m¨, a‰v Ce-
Ivt{Sm-WnIv D]I-cW-߃ F∂nh A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX ]co£m apdn-bn¬
sIm≠p-h-cn-I.
7. ]I¿Øn Fgp-Xp-I, Is≠-gp-Xp-I, DØ-c-°-S-emkv At\ym\yw ssIam-dpI,
ssIam-dm≥ {ian-°p-I, ]co-£-sb-gp-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°p-I, \n›nX
ka-b-Øn\p ap≥]v ]co£m apdn-bn¬ {]th-in®v tai-bnepw Nph-cnepw Ccn-
∏n-S-Ønepw Ipdn-∏p-I-sf-gp-Xp-I, ]co£m thf-bn¬ N¿®-sN-øpI, Bƒam-
dm´w, \n¿±njvS ÿm\-Øp-\n∂pw A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX amdn-bn-cn-°pI, ]co£
_ln-jvI-cn-°pI hgn ]co-£bpsS kpK-a-amb \S-Øn-∏n\v hnLm-X-ap-≠m-
hp-∂ as‰-s¥-¶nepw {]hrØn-Iƒ F∂nh A®S°ewL-\-ambn IW-°m°p-
∂-Xm-Wv.
]co£m {Ia-t°-Sp-ambn _‘s∏´ F√m hnj-b-ßfpw ]co-£m A®-S° kan-
XnbmWv ssIImcyw sNøp-I. ]co£m tI{µ-Øn¬ GsX-¶nepw kml-N-cy-Øn¬,
kºq¿W {Iat°Sv \S-∂p-sh∂v t_m[y-s∏-´m¬, B ]co£ Akm-[p-hm-°m-
\p≈ A[n-Imcw sshkv Nm≥k-e¿°p≠v. ]p\x-]-co£ \n¿t±-in-°m\pw {Ia-
t°-Sn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc A®-S-°-\-S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°m\pw sshkv Nm≥k-
e¿°v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v.

]co£m {Ia-t°-Sp-If
- psS Xo{hXb\p-kcn®v in£m-\S- ]
- S- n-Iƒ kzoI-
cn-°p∂XmWv
1. taen¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ {Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øn-√m-sb-∂p-d-∏p-\¬Ip∂ km£y-
]{Xw hnZym¿∞n-sb-s°m≠v H∏n-Sp-hn®v hm-ßp-∂Xm-Wv.
2. {Ia-t°Sv \S-Ønb hnj-b-Ønse am¿°pw, t{KUpw Akm-[p-hm-°p-I.
3. B ska-Ã-dnse apgp-h≥ ]co-£-I-fnepw am¿°pw t{KUpw Ipd-hp hcp-
ØpI.
4. {Ia-t°Sv \S-Øn-b hnj-b-Øn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ t{KUv \¬Ip-I.
5. B ska-Ã-dnse F√m ]co-£-I-fnepw Ipd™ t{KUv \¬IpI.
6. B ska-Ã-dnse XpS¿∂p≈ ]co-£-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂sXm-gn-hm-°pI.
7. AUvan-j≥ Akm-[p-hm-°pI.

115
8. \n›nX Ime-tØ°v as‰mcp ÿeØpw ]T-\-{]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-°mØ
Xc-Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°pI.
9. ÿnc-ambn Hcn-SØpw {]th-i\w e`n-°m-Ø-X-c-Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-ime hnZym-
`ymkw \ntj-[n-°p-I.

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p≈ am¿K-tcJ
1. ska-ÿ Ah-km-\-]-co£ Fgp-Xm≥ 75% lmP¿ \n¿_-‘-am-Wv, Hmtcm
hnj-b-Øn\pw Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw 75% lmP¿ Cs√-¶n¬ ]co£ Fgp-Xm-
\p≈ tbmKyX D≠m-hn-√. ]pXnb ska-ÿ ^ok-S®v ska-ÿ Bh¿Øn-
°ms\ C°q-´¿°v A\p-hm-Z-ap-≈q. G-sX-¶nepw hnj-b-Øn\v 75% lmP-
dn¬ Ipd-hp-s≠-¶n¬ B hnjbØn¬ ]T\w ho≠pw Bh¿Øn-t°-≠n-
hcpw.
2. Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ Ipd-™Xv 16 s{IUn‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hsc ASpØ ska-
Ã-dn-te-°p≈ ÿm\-°-b‰w A\p-h-Zn-°n-√.
3. apJy tImgvkp-I-fn-epw, sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fnepw ska-ÿ Ah-km\ ]co-
£-bn¬ tXm¬°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kπn-sa‚dn ]co£ A\p-h-Zn°pw.
4. kπn-sa‚dn ]co£bnepw tXm‰m¬ tImgvkm-h¿Øn-°ms\ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-
bp-≈q. AXm-b-Xv, ho≠pw B`y-¥c -hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-tI-≠-Xp-
≠v. B tImgvkv Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v ]ns∂ \S-Øp-tºmƒ B hnZym¿∞n tN¿∂v
]Tn-°-Ww. sF—nI hnj-b-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ ]gb tImgvkv hn´v ]pXnb
tImgvkv sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°pw.
5. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hcpw tImgvkv tXm‰-hcpw tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-
°p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn At]-£n-°-Ww. k¿h-I-em-ime \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v hnt[-
b-amtb tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≈q. hIp-∏-≤y-£-\mWv
C°m-cy-Øn¬ Xocp-am\w ssIs°m≈pI.
6. Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ kml-N-cy-߃ ]cn-K-Wn®v Fw.F. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-
bm-°m-\mbn 8 ska-ÿ hsc am{Xsa \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn A\p-
h-Zn-°p-bp-≈q. k¿h-Ie
- m-im-ebv°v t_m[yw-hc
- p∂ Imc-Wß
- f
- S- n-ÿm-\a
- m°n
Bbn-cn°pw A\p-aXn \¬IpI. Sn.kn. hmßn Ign-™n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ Cu Cfhv
A°q-´¿°v _m[-I-ambn-cn-°n-√.
7. sF—n-I-hn-j-b-߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv A°m-Z-anI D]-tZ-i-I-cp-sS \n¿t±-
i-{]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
8. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 20 s{IUn-‰n¬ IqSp-X¬ apJy-hn-j-b-߃ ]Tn-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-
°n-√. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 8 s{IUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ sF—n-I-hn-j-b-߃ am{Xta
Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°q.
9. {]_-‘-apƒs∏sS apJy-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 60 s{IUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ hnj-b-߃
\n¿_- ‘ - a mbpw ]Tn- ® n- c n- ° - W w. sF—n- I - h n- j - b - ß - f n¬ 12 s{IUn- ‰ p-
Iƒ°p≈ hnj-b-߃ ]Tn-t°-≠Xv \n¿_-‘-am-Wv. samØw 72 (60+12)

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 s{IUn‰v t\SWw. ]T-\-an-Ihv ]pe¿Øp-∂-h¿°v 80 s{IUn-‰p-hsc A\p-h-
Zn-°pw.
10. B`y-¥c/_mly ^e-sØ-kw-_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ ^ew {]kn-≤o-I-cn®v
aq∂p Znh-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ tcJm-aqew hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°-Ww.
11. B`y-¥c ^e-sØ-°p-dn®v A[ym-]-I-tbm-K-Øn-\p-tijw hIp-∏-≤y£s‚
Xocp-am-\-ap-≠m-Ipw. AXv A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.
12. _mly^esØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-I-fn-t∑-ep≈ hIp-∏-≤y-£s‚ Xocp-
am-\-Øn¬ AXr-]vXn-bp-≈-h¿°v ta¬\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°mbn ]cmXn CBCS Ub-d-
IvS¿/]co£m I¨t{Sm-f¿°v \¬Imw. Ub-d-IvS¿/]co£m I¨t{Sm-fdpsS
Xocp-am\w C°m-cy-Øn¬ A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.
13. ska-ÿ Imem-h[n Xocp-∂-Xn-\pap≥]v A≤ym-]-Isc hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v aqey-
\n¿Wbw \S-Øm-≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-Ipw. hIp-∏-≤y-£≥- \n›n-X-^mdw hnX-
cWw sNøpw.
14. \n›nX hnj--bß
- s
- f-°p-dnt®m ]mTy-]≤
- Xn-sb-°pdn-t®m hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p≈
A`n-{]mbw/\n¿t±iw hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

117