Capitolul III

352&(6( 7(+12/2*,&( ',1 ,1'8675,$ (1(5*(7,&

(QHUJHWLFD HVWH GLVFLSOLQD FDUH VH RFXS XWLOL] ULL HQHUJLHL

FX VWXGLXO SURGXFHULL WUDQVSRUWXOXL GLVWULEX LHL L

Energia este capacitatea unui sistem fizic de a efectua un lucru mecanic cnd trece, printr-o transformare, dintr-R VWDUH GH UHIHULQ vQ DOW VWDUH (QHUJLD DFXPXODW vQ QDWXU  vQ GLYHUL SXUW WRUL
GH HQHUJLH VH QXPHWH HQHUJLH SULPDU  (D SRDWH IL FKLPLF  QXFOHDU GH SURFHVXO GH DUGHUH L KLGUDXOLF  D HOHPHQWXOXL FDUERQ PDL L D

HQHUJLD

FKLPLF

HVWH

HYLGHQ LDW VDX GH

VXEVWDQ HORU

RUJDQLFH

UHDF LLOH FKLPLFH H[RWHUPH GLQWUH GRX

VDX

PXOWH

elemente; HQHUJLD QXFOHDU FDUDFWHUL]HD] HOHPHQWHOH UDGLRDFWLYH GLQ QDWXU  VDX HVWH RE LQXW vQ XUPD UHDF LLORU QXFOHDUH GH IXVLXQHILVL HQHUJLD KLGUDXOLF HVWH HQHUJLD

une;
D F GHULORU GH DS L HVWH GHSHQGHQW GH

SRWHQ LDO

resursele hidrologice.

 /DQ XUL GH WUDQVIRUPDUH 6XUVH GH HQHUJLH

(QHUJLD UH]XOWDW vQ XUPD SURFHVXOXL GH PDQLIHVWDUH D HQHUJLHL SULPDUH VH QXPHWH L SRDWH IL WHUPLF  PHFDQLF

energie

seFXQGDU

VDX HQHUJLH WUDQVIRUPDW

L HOHFWULF  $FHVWH IRUPH GH

HQHUJLH VH SRW WUDQVIRUPD UHYHUVLELO XQHOH vQ DOWHOH GXS

XUP WRDUHOH VFKHPH

HQHUJLH WHUPLF

HQHUJLH PHFDQLF

FLQHWLF 

HQHUJLH HOHFWULF

HQHUJLH WHUPLF

HQHUJLH HOHFWULF

7UDQVIRUPDUHD

HQHUJLHL

SULPDUH

vQ

HQHUJLH

VHFXQGDU

HVWH

LUHYHUVLELO

DUH

ORF

GXS

XUP WRDUHOH ODQ XUL GH WUDQVIRUPDUH

energie primar
FKLPLF

energie
WHUPLF

energie
PHFDQLF FLQHWLF 

energie
HOHFWULF

sau nuclHDU

energie primar hLGUDXOLF

energie
PHFDQLF FLQHWLF 

energie
HOHFWULF

5DSRUWXO GLQWUH FDQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH RE LQXW

GXS

FDUH VH WUDQVIRUP  4  VH QXPHWH UDQGDPHQW GH WUDQVIRUPDUH L VH QRWHD]

transformare

 HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD VXEXQLWDU HO VH FDOFXOHD]

ransformare, Qf L FDQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH FX  Randamentul de

FX UHOD LD

Q = f . Qi

(3.1)

CantitDWHD
FDUH VH FRQVXPDW 6XEVWDQ D

GH HQHUJLH RE LQXW GDWRULW

GXS

WUDQVIRUPDUH HVWH PDL PLF GH PHGLX OD

GHFkW FDQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH &DQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH

WUDQVIRUP 

UH]LVWHQ HL

RSXV

WUDQVIRUPDUH

SHQWUX vQYLQJHUHD UH]LVWHQ HL PHGLXOXL VH QXPHWH vQ HQHUJHWLF  FDUH SULQWU XQ

pierdere de energie.
VH QXPHWH VXUV GH

SURFHV

IL]LF

VDX

FKLPLF

SURGXFH

HQHUJLH

energie sau SXUW a) b) F UEXQHOH 'XS

WRUXO GH HQHUJLH GXS PDL PXOWH FULWHULL

6XUVHOH GH HQHUJLH VH FODVLILF QDWXUD ORU

sursele de energie sunt:

L HLXO JD]HOH QDWXUDOH DSD HOHPHQWHOH UDGLRDFWLYH FXUHQ LL

QDWXUDOH

F UEXQHOH

atmosferici, soarele;
LQGXVWULDOH JD]XO GH IXUQDO JD]XO GH FRFVHULH JD]XO GH VLQWH]  EHQ]LQD S FXUD 'XS SRVLELOLWDWHD GH UHIDFHUH vQ WLPS VXUVHOH GH HQHUJLH VXQW HSXL]DELOH L LQ

epuizabile.

6XUVHOH GH HQHUJLH HSXL]DELOH VXQW DFHOH VXUVH FDUH RGDW I U

VXSXVH SURFHVXOXL GH RE LQHUH D FDWHJRULH IDF SDUWH

HQHUJLHL SH FDUH R SRDUW  VH FRQVXP L HLXO JD]HOH QDWXUDOH

D VH SXWHD UHIDFH vQ WLPS 'LQ DFHDVW UD

HOHPHQWHOH

dioactive naturale, gazul de furnal, gazul de

GXS RE LQHUHD HQHUJLHL

FRFVHULH EHQ]LQD S FXUD

c) apa. -

6XUVHOH GH HQHUJLH LQHSXL]DELOH VXQW DFHOHD FDUH VH UHJHQHUHD]

SH FDUH R SRDUW  'LQWUH DFHVWHD VH SRW HQXPHUD DSD FXUHQ LL DWPRVIHULFL VRDUHOH 'XS PRPHQ

tul istoric al folosirii lor

GH WLPS 'LQ DFHDVW

VXUVHOH

GH

HQHUJLH

VXQW

FRQYHQ LRQDOH

QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH 6XUVHOH GH HQHUJLH FRQYHQ LRQDOH VDX FODVLFH VXQW VXUVHOH FDUH VXQW IRORVLWH FX IUHFYHQ OXQJ FDWHJRULH IDF SDUWH F UEXQLL L HLXO JD]HOH QDWXUDOH

PDUH GH R SHULRDG

6XUVHOH GH HQHUJLH QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH DX IUHFYHQ

PLF

GH XWLOL]DUH L VXQW IRORVLWH GH VFXUW

WLPS (OH DX UROXO GH D FRPSOHWD L XQHRUL GH D vQORFXL VXUVHOH FRQYHQ LRQDOH 'LQWUH DFHVWHD IDF SDUWH

soarele, mareele, biomasa, apele geotermale. d) 'XS DSDUL LH VXUVHOH GH HQHUJLH SRW IL SULPDUH L VHFXQGDUH - Sursele de energie primare sunt cele naturale. - Sursele de energie secundare sunt rezultate ntr-un proces industrial dintr-R VXUV de energie. Dintre acestea se pot enumera: aburii, gazele rezultate din ardere, aerul cald.
&DQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH SH FDUH VXUVD GH HQHUJLH VHFXQGDU R PDL SRVHG GXS

SULPDU

FH D IRVW IRORVLW

ntr-XQ SURFHV LQGXVWULDO VH QXPHWH HQHUJLH UH]LGXDO evacuaWH

OD FR GXS

 8Q H[HPSOX HVWH F OGXUD SH FDUH R DX JD]HOH

FH DX IRVW IRORVLWH OD vQF O]LUHD DSHL GLQWU XQ FD]DQ &X FkW HQHUJLD UH]LGXDO

HVWH PDL PLF  FX DWkW UDQGDPHQWXO HQHUJHWLF DO SURFHVXOXL WHKQRORJLF UHVSHFWLY HVWH PDL PDUH 5HSDUWL LD WHULWRULDO D VXUVHORU GH HQHUJLH SULPDU FRUHVSXQGH vQ PLF P VXU DPSODV ULL

PDULORU FRQVXPDWRUL DWkW OD QRL FkW L SH SODQ PRQGLDO IDSW FDUH ULGLF

SUREOHPH WHKQRORJLFH L

HFRQRPLFH 'H DFHHD VH SXQH XQ DFFHQW GHRVHELW SH XWLOL]DUHD VXUVHORU GH HQHUJLH QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH

acolo unde este posibil. ActualmHQWH

GHRDUHFH H[LVW SRQGHUHD vQ FRQVXPXO HQHUJHWLF PRQGLDO R GH LQ L HLXO L JD]HOH QDWXUDOH ] F PLQWH PDUL LDU FRVWXULOH GH H[WUDF LH SUHSDUDUH L WUDQVSRUW VXQW UHGXVH vQ UDSRUW

FX FHOH QHFHVLWDWH GH F UEXQH VDX DPHQDM UL KLGUR

-energetice.

Instala LLOH HQHUJHWLFH QHFHVLW

LQYHVWL LL PDUL 3URGXF LD RULF UXL IHO GH HQHUJLH HVWH GH PDV 

iar procesele tehnologice sunt continue.

 2E LQHUHD HQHUJLHL WHUPLFH

(QHUJLD WHUPLF VH RE LQH vQ JHQHUDWRUXO GH DEXUL D F UHL FRQVWUXF LH HVWH SUH]HQWDW
DS GHGXUL]DW

fig.3.1.

DEXU VXSUDvQF O]LW

gaze arse

aer cald 4 5 1-SUHvQF

O]LWRU GH DHU  SUHvQF

aer rece 3 2

Fig.3.1. Cazanul cu aburi O]LWRU GH DS  -cazan; 4-VXSUDvQF

O]LWRU 

-focar
GH HQHUJLH SULPDU

(O VH FRPSXQH GLQ IRFDU VDX LQVWDOD LD GH DUGHUH D FRPEXVWLELOXOXL VXUV FKLPLF  FD]DQXO GH DEXU SUHvQF O]LWRDUH VDX VFKLPE WRDUH GH F OGXU

SHQWUX DSD GH DOLPHQWDUH L

DHUXO QHFHVDU DUGHULL FRPEXVWLELOXOXL VXSUDvQF O]LWRUXO SHQWUX DEXUL FRQGXFWH 

Focarul HVWH SUHY

]XW FX

JU WDUH FkQG FRPEXVWLELOXO HVWH VROLG F UEXQH

injectoare, cnd combustibiOXO HVWH OLFKLG S

DU] WRDUH FkQG FRPEXVWLELOXO HVWH JD]RV

FXU 

Cazanul

JHQHUDWRUXO GH DEXUL VDX ILHUE WRUXO HVWH SDUWHD GLQ LQVWDOD LH vQ FDUH DSD HVWH GLQ DUGHUHD FRPEXVWLELOXOXL 'LQ

WUDQVIRUPDW

vQ DEXUL VXE LQIOXHQ D HQHUJLHL FDORULFH UH]XOWDW

punct

GH YHGHUH FRQVWUXFWLY FD]DQHOH VXQW LJQLWXEXODUH L DFYDWXEXODUH

Cazanul ignitubular
JD]HOH DUVH $SD DIODW JD]HOH DUVH FH FLUFXO SULQ

HVWH GH IRUP

FLOLQGULF

DYkQG vQ LQWHULRU

HYL SULQ FDUH FLUFXO

vQ FD]DQ RFXS

XQ YROXP PDUH OD SUHVLXQH MRDV

 DWP L VH vQF O]HWH

de la

HYLOH FD]DQXOXL $FHVW WLS GH FD]DQ HVWH LQGLFDW V ILH PHQ LQXW

ILH IRORVLW FkQG

FRQGL LLOH GH OXFUX FDUH FHU FD DSD V

WLPS vQGHOXQJDW VXE SUHVLXQH L FkQG VH SURGXF

PDUL YDULD LL vQ UH HDXD FRQVXPDWRULORU GH DEXUL

Cazanul acvatubular HVWH WRW GH IRUP

FLUFXO

FLOLQGULF  FX

HYL LQWHULRDUH SULQ FDUH FLUFXO

DSD FDUH

FH VH vQF O]HWH GH OD JD]HOH DUVH 6XSUDID D GH vQF O]LUH HVWH PDUH vQ UDSRUW FX YROXPXO GH DS SULQ FD]DQ $FHVW WLS GH FD]DQ HVWH IRORVLW FX SUHF GHUH vQ LQGXVWULD HQHUJHWLF   6XSUDvQF

O]LWRUXO DUH UROXO GH D WUDQVIRUPD DEXULL YDSRULL VDWXUD L UH]XOWD L GLQ ILHUEHUHD

DSHL vQ YDSRUL VXSUDvQF O]L L FX WHPSHUDWXUD GH 

-600 o& L SUHVLXQHD GH -240 atm.

L HVWH PRQWDW vQ ]RQD FHD PDL ILHUELQWH D XWLODMXOXL SULQ FDUH FLUFXO GRX

Este format dintr-R FRQGXFW

D LQVWDOD LHL  6FKLPE WRUXO GH F OGXU

VXE IRUP

GH VHUSHQWLQ

HVWH GHQXPLUHD JHQHULF

IOXLGH FX WHPSHUDWXUL GLIHULWH L vQWUH FDUH DUH ORF XQ WUDQVIHU GH F OGXU  )OXLGXO FX WHPSHUDWXU

mare, denXPLW SXUW

&RQVWUXFWLY PHWDOLF

WRU GH F OGXU

VDX

agent termic FHGHD]

F OGXU VXQW VXE

F OGXUD IOXLGXOXL FX WHPSHUDWXU

PLF 

&D DJHQW WHUPLF vQ VFKLPE WRDUHOH GH F OGXU  SRW IL IRORVLWH DS PLQHUDOH ILHUELQ L WRSLWXUL PHWDOLFH HWF VFKLPE WRDUHOH GH IRUP

FDOG  DEXUL DHU FDOG XOHLXUL

FLOLQGULF GH VHUSHQWLQ

ILJ

FX

PDQWD XQXO

OD H[WHULRU L XQ VLVWHP GH

HYL YHUWLFDOH VDX VXE IRUP SULQWUH HYL

SULQ FDUH FLUFXO

GLQWUH IOXLGH &HO GH DO GRLOHD IOXLG FLUFXO

)LJ 6FKLPE D FX

WRDUH GH F HDY

OGXU

HYL YHUWLFDOH E FX

vQ VHUSHQWLQ

1- HDY
'XS

 

-manta; 3-IODQ
IOXLGH VFKLPE WRDUHOH GH F OGXU VXQW

VHQVXO GH FLUFXOD LH DOH FHORU GRX

n echicurent FkQG FHOH GRX IOXLGH FLUFXO vQ DFHODL VHQV ILJD n contracurent, ckQG FHOH GRX IOXLGH FLUFXO vQ VHQVXUL FRQWUDUH ILJE
vQ FXUHQW vQFUXFLDW FkQG GLUHF LLOH GH FLUFXOD LH VXQW SHUSHQGLFXODUH ILJF

)LJ &LUFXLWXO DJHQ LORU vQ VFKLPE

WRDUHOH GH F

OGXU

a) n echicurent; b) n contracurent; c)n curenW vQFUXFLDW

&HOH PDL XWLOL]DWH VFKLPE WRDUH GH F OGXU FRQWUDFXUHQW GHRDUHFH vQ HOH VH UHDOL]HD] VFKLPE WRDUHOH GH F OGXU DX SULPLW VXQW FHOH WXEXODUH  HYL YHUWLFDOH FX FLUFXOD LH vQ

XQ WUDQVIHU WHUPLF HILFLHQW Q LQVWDOD LLOH LQGXVWULDOH GXS RSHUD LLOH FDUH DX ORF vQ HOH L DQXPH

GHQXPLUL

SUHvQF O]LWRDUH U FLWRDUH HYDSRUDWRDUH FRQGHQVDWRDUH 

Conductele

IDF OHJ WXUD vQWUH S U LOH FRPSRQHQWH DOH LQVWDOD LHL L SHQWUX FD SLHUGHULOH GH ILH PLF  HOH VH L]ROHD] WHUPLF

HQHUJLH WHUPLF

SULQ SHUH LL ORU V

$EXULL RE LQX L vQ FD]DQH DX vQWUHEXLQ

UL vQ GLIHULWH UDPXUL LQGXVWULDOH FXP VXQW

LQGXVWULD HQHUJHWLF LQGXVWULD SHWUROLHU LQGXVWULD FKLPLF 

SHQWUX RE LQHUHD HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH OD GLVWLODUHD IUDF LRQDW D L HLXOXL

LQGXVWULD DOLPHQWDU  SHQWUX SUHvQF O]LUHD

3ULQ L]RODUHD LQVWDOD LLORU WHUPLFH L IRORVLUHD VFKLPE WRDUHORU GH F OGXU DSHL L DHUXOXL VH RE LQ

reducerea consumului de combustibil; intrarea cazanului n regim de lucru ntr-un timp mai scurt; FUHWHUHD UDQGDPHQWXOXL WHUPLF DO cazanului.

3URGXF LD VSHFLILF

GH DEXUL OD WLSXULOH FXUHQWH GH JHQHUDWRDUH GH DEXUL HVWH GH 

-100 kg

abur/m h.

3.3. Producerea energiei electrice

0DLQLOH XWLODMHOH DJUHJDWHOH L LQVWDOD LLOH LQGXVWULDOH VXQW vQ FHD PDL PDUH SDUWH DF LRQDWH

electric. De aceea, obiectul principal al energeticii este producerea energiei electrice, potrivit celor
GRX VFKHPH ,QVWDOD LLOH vQ FDUH VH RE LQH DFHDVW IRORVLW FHQWUDOHOH HOHFWULFH VXQW HQHUJLH VH QXPHVF FHQWUDOH HOHFWULFH 'XS HQHUJLD SULPDU

termoelHFWLFH FkQG HQHUJLD SULPDU HVWH HQHUJLH FKLPLF  nuclearo-HOHFWULFH FkQG HQHUJLD SULPDU HVWH HQHUJLH QXFOHDU
KLGURHOHFWULFH FkQG HQHUJLD SULPDU HVWH HQHUJLD SRWHQ LDO VH WUDQVIRUP

D DSHL vQ JHQHUDWRDUH

Q FHQWUDOHOH HOHFWULFH HQHUJLD PHFDQLF

vQ HQHUJLH HOHFWULF

HOHFWULFH GH FXUHQW DOWHUQDWLY DOWHUQDWRDUH (OH VXQW FRQVWLWXLWH GLQ URWRU LQGXFWRUXO FDUH FUHHD] IOX[XO PDJQHWLF L VWDWRU LQGXVXO IL[DW vQ FDUFDV  XQGH VH SURGXFH FXUHQWXO HOHFWULF DOWHUQDWLY

(fig.3.4.). Prin rotirea induFWRUXOXL

FX DMXWRUXO XQHL WXUELQH vQ VWDWRU VH SURGXF IHQRPHQH GH LQGXF LH PDJQHWLF  FDUH FRQGXF OD DSDUL LD XQXL

curent electric
&kQG

alternativ

YDULDELO

FD

LQWHQVLWDWH

WHQVLXQH

VWDWRUXO HVWH DOF WXLW GLQ WUHL ERELQH GHFDODWH vQWUH HOH

cu 120, cum VH vQWkPSO

vQ PRG RELQXLW vQ SUDFWLF 

JHQHUDWRUXO SURGXFH WUHL FXUHQ L GLIHUL L GHFDOD L vQWUH

ei cu 120, deci curent electric trifazat. )UHFYHQ D FXUHQWXOXL, f, produs de alternator,

GHSLQGH GH QXP UXO GH SHUHFKL GH SROL S L GH WXUD LD

rotorului, Q >URWPLQ@ ILLQG HJDO np f = , [ Hz ] 60

3HQWUX IUHFYHQ D  RE LQH XQ FXUHQW WUHEXL URWRUXO YD V GHWHUPLQDW  QXPLW QXP UXO GH SROL

FX

(3.2)
GH R R DQXPLW ELQH DLE WXUD LH

DOWHUQDWLY

Fig.3.4. Alternatorul

URWD LH VLQFURQ  FH GHSLQGH GH

Curentul continuu se RE LQH vQ JHQHUDWRUXO GH curent continuu sau dinam DO F UXL LQGXFWRU HVWH
VWDWRUXO LDU LQGXVXO HVWH URWRUXO FDUH VH URWHWH vQ FkPSXO PDJQHWLF DO VWDWRUXOXL &XUHQWXO SURGXV HVWH GH DFHODL VHQV FX LQWHQVLWDWHD L DUH WHQVLXQHD YDULDELO  ,QGXVXO SULPHWH PLFDUHD GH OD XQ PRWRU FDUH SRDWH IL 'LHVHO VDX WXUELQ  &XUHQWXO FRQWLQXX HVWH IRORVLW SHQWUX HIHFWXDUHD XQRU SURFHVH HOHFWURFKLPLFH L SHQWUX

DF LRQDUHD PRWRDUHORU IRORVLWH OD WUDF LXQHD HOHFWULF 

3.3.1. Centrale termoelectrice Centralele termoeOHFWULFH IRORVHVF FD VXUV

S FXUD 'XS GH HQHUJLH SULPDU F UEXQHOH JD]HOH QDWXUDOH VDX DJHQWXO FDUH SURGXFH WUDQVIRUPDUHD HQHUJLHL WHUPLFH vQ HQHUJLH PHFDQLF  GHQXPLW

agent motor, centralele termoelectrice sunt: - centrale termoelectrice cu aburi, cnd aJHQWXO FDUH WUDQVIRUP
PHFDQLF VXQW DEXUL VXSUDvQF O]L L FkQG DJHQWXO FDUH WUDQVIRUP

HQHUJLD WHUPLF

vQ HQHUJLH

centrale termoelectice cu gaze

PHFDQLF

HQHUJLD WHUPLF

vQ HQHUJLH

VXQW JD]HOH VXSUDvQF O]LWH

centrale termoelectrice cu ciclu mixt, aburi-gaze, cnd la transformarea energiei termice

vQ HQHUJLH PHFDQLF VH IRORVHVF DWkW DEXULL VXSUDvQF O]L L FkW L JD]HOH

Termodinamica proceselor energetice

&DUDFWHUL]DUHD WHUPRGLQDPLF S D SURFHVHORU 7 VH UHDOL]HD] VSHFLILF FX 9 DMXWRUXO VDX P ULPLORU GH VWDUH L SUHVLXQHD WHPSHUDWXUD YROXPXO JUHXWDWHD VSHFLILF 

fundamentDO
0 ULPLOH WHUPRGLQDPLFH 7

HQHUJLD LQWHUQ  X L P YDULD LHL DOH GH

ULPLORU YDULD LHL GH VWDUH FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU  4 L OXFUXO PHFDQLF / GHSLQG SRW GH IL IHOXO FXP VH S GHVI RDU FRQVWDQW  DFHDVW L]RFRUH YDULD LH Y 7UDQVIRUP ULOH L]RWHUPH

VWDUH

XQXL

VLVWHP

L]REDUH

FRQVWDQW 

FRQVWDQW  DGLDEDWLFH L SROLWURSH Q DIDUD P ULPLORU GH VWDUH IXQGDPHQWDO SULQFLSDOH DOH XQXL VLVWHP WHUPRGLQDPLF DFHVWD

este FDUDFWHUL]DW L GH P
DGLF 

ULPL GH VWDUH GHULYDW

 FXP VXQW HQWDOSLD L L HQWURSLD 6 L OXFUX PHFDQLF FH SRDWH IL HIHFWXDW GH VLVWHP

(QWDOSLD HVWH VXPD GLQWUH HQHUJLD LQWHUQ

i = u + Apv ,
XQGH $ HVWH R FRQVWDQW D VLVWHPXOXL WUDQVIRUP UL vQWUH GRX FX UHOD LD

(3.3)
VW UL RDUHFDUH  L  FDUDFWHUL]HD] GH]RUGLQHD

Entropia uneL

VLVWHPXOXL L VH FDOFXOHD]

S=
$FHDVW SULPHWH F OGXU

dQ T 1
F GDF

(3.4)
vQWU R WUDQVIRUPDUH RDUHFDUH HQWURSLD FRUSXOXL FUHWH DFHVWD

UHOD LH DUDW L UHFLSURF

&DQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU

UHSUH]LQW

FDQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH GDW FX UHOD LD

FRUSXOXL SULQWU

-o transformare

RDUHFDUH vQWUH GRX

VW UL L SRDWH IL FDOFXODW

Q = i 2 i1 = Tds
1

(3.5)
R HYROX LH FDUH PRGLILF SDUDPHWULL GH VWDUH L FDUH SRDWH IL

ntr-R WUDQVIRUPDUH IOXLGXO VXIHU

VWXGLDW Q FHQWUDOHOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH F UXLD VH VH WHUPRGLQDPLFLL HYROXHD] FRQIRUP

GLQ IXQF LLOH UHVSHFWLY GLDJUDPHOH FH OHDJ

P ULPLOH GH VWDUH DOH VLVWHPXOXL R DSOLFD LH SULQWU D SULQFLSLXOXL DO GRLOHD DO

UHDOL]HD] OXFUX

RE LQH

PHFDQLF

-o transformare a unui fluid ce

F OGXU  vQ VXUVD FDOG 

vQWUH R VXUV

FDOG

L XQD UHFH L FDUH VH VXSXQH FLFOXOXL &DUQRW ILJ Q SRU LXQHD $% IOXLGXO SULPHWH

FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU DGLDEDWLF  I U %& VH

41 HYROXkQG SH R L]RWHUP  3UL OXFUX PHFDQLF )OXLGXO

n destinderea
VXUVD UHFH

VFKLPE GH F OGXU

FX H[WHULRUXO SH SRU LXQHD WUHFH vQ

IXUQL]HD]

F UHLD vL WUDQVPLWH FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU

42 SH SRU LXQHD '& '$ GH IOXLGXO vL VWDUH /XFUXO

Printr-R
UHFDS W

FRPSUHVLH YDORULOH

DGLDEDWLF  DOH

SH

SRU LXQHD

LQL LDOH

SDUDPHWULORU

mecanic realizat n transformare este egal cu: L = Q1 Q 2

Fig.3.5. Ciclu Carnot teoretic
FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU FHGDW L HVWH SURSRU LRQDO FX DULD $%&' 5HOD LD DUDW UHFH QX H[LVW DFHVWHLD HVWH PDL PLF OXFUX PHFDQLF FDUH HVWH FX DW L FX FkW FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU

(3.6)
F I U VXUVD

t mai mare cu ct
D VXUVHL FDOGH HVWH

PDL PDUH &DQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU

D VXUVHL FDOGH VH P UHWH SULQ FUHWHUHD WHPSHUDWXULL 71

3HQWUX WUDQVIRUP ULOH FDUH DX ORF vQ FLUF WHUPLF DO XQHL FHQWUDOH VH DQDOL]HD]

uitul

HYROX LD

fluidului n diagramele procesului de fierbere. n diagrama T-6 ILJ FX 7 WHPSHUDWXU  6 VWDUH curbele de fierbere sunt: curba lichidului AK (locul JHRPHWULF DO SXQFWHORU GH vQFHSXW GH ILHUEHUH i
FXUED YDSRULORU VDWXUD L .% ORFXO JHRPHWULF DO SXQFWHORU GH VIkULW GH ILHUEHUH 3XQFWXO . GH vQWkOQLUH D FHORU GRX VH QXPHWH SXQFWXO FULWLF DO FXUEH L

WUDQVIRUP ULL

corespunde trecerii directe din starea de lichid n VWDUHD GH YDSRUL XVFD L ,]oterma ce trece tangent
SULQ . VH QXPHWH L]RWHUP FULWLF L vPSUHXQ FX

Fig.3.6.Diagrama T-S a apei

YDSRULORU VXSUDvQF O]L L ,9 ]RQD

FXUEH vPSDUWH GLDJUDPD vQ SDWUX ]RQH ,zona lichidului, II-zona vaporilor umezi; III-zona FHOH GRX XVFD L FDUH QX SRW IL OLFKHILD L L FDUH VH FRPSRUW

YDSRULORU

asemenea gazelor perfecte.

)XQF LRQDUHD FHQWUDOHORU WHUPRHOHFWULFH

Ciclul prezentat n fig.3.5. este ideal. Fluidele au

SDUWLFXODULW L WHUPRGLQDPLFH FDUH vL PRGLILF IRUPD $PHVWHFXO DS

-abur folosit n centralele termoelectrice

OHJDWH GH FXUEHOH GH ILHUEHUH FH

are

WUDQVIRUP ULOH

PRGLILF

IRUPD FLFOXOXL ILJ FLFOX +\UQH

-Rankine

AA1BCC1A).
DPHVWHFXOXL DS GLQ
)LJ&LFOXO UHDO GH IXQF LRQDUH DO XQHL

Punctul C1 VH -DEXU L FX FkW VH J

GXS GHVWLQGHUH WHUPLFH vQ

DIO

vQ

GRPHQLXO

VHWH PDL GHSDUWH GH

FXUED YDSRULORU VDWXUD L FX DWkW FUHWH FDQWLWDWHD GH DS DPHVWHF FHHD FH DFFHOHUHD] VH SURGXFH

GLVWUXJHUHD

PDLQLL

FDUH

destinderea. termocentrale Pentru deplasarea spre dreapta a punctului C1 pe izoterma T2 L FUHWHUHD OXFUXOXL PHFDQLF YDSRULL VDWXUD L VH VXSUDvQF O]HVF vQDLQWH GH GHstindere, SkQ OD SXQFWXO ' GH XQGH VH GHVWLQG SkQ OD (1. Ciclul termic al centralei este reprezentat de conturul nchis AA1BCDE1A. Puctul A1 FRUHVSXQGH VW ULL DSHL OD LQWUDUHD vQ FD]DQ FDUDFWHUL]DW prin etalpia i3 L SUHVLXQHD S1. Pe curba A1B, apa prLPHWH F OGXU GH OD VXUVD FDOG L WHPSHUDWXUD VD
FUHWH Q SXQFWXO % vQFHSH YDSRUL]DUHD SURFHV FH VH WHUPLQ VXSUDvQF O]H]F L YRU DYHD HQWDOSLD L1 SkQ vQ & 3H L]REDUD &' YDSRULL VH

. Pe traseul A1%&' SUHVLXQHD HVWH FRQVWDQW  3H GUHDSWD '(1 vaporii se deVWLQG OD SUHVLXQHD S2. Pe Dreapta E1$ YDSRULL WUDQVPLW VXUVHL UHFL FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU 42.
&RQVWUXF LD FHQWUDOHORU WHUPRHOHFWULFH

vQ WXUELQ

2 FHQWUDO

WHUPLF

DUH vQ FRPSRQHQ D VD XWLODMH SHQWUX ILHFDUH VWDUH D IOXLGXOXL ILJ

QF O]LUHD DSHL L WUDQVIRUPDUHD VD vQ YDSRUL VDWXUD L DUH ORF vQ FD]DQ  XQGH SULPHWH GH OD VXUVD FDOG IRFDUXO FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU 4

6XSUDvQF O]LUHD YDSRULORU VDWXUD L VH UHDOL]HD] F OGXU SkQ

1.

vQ VXSUDvQF O]LWRU  XQGH YDSRULL SULPHVF UH

stul de
OD

OD 41 'HVWLQGHUHD YDSRULORU VXSUDvQF O]L L VH SURGXFH vQ WXUELQ FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU 42 $SD GH U FLUH HVWH YHKLFXODW

 LDU U FLUHD SkQ

FRQGHQVDUHD YDSRULORU GHVWLQL HVWH GHWHUPLQDW F UHLD L VH FHGHD]

GH VXUVD UHFH DSD GH U FLUH vQ FRQGHQVDWRU  GH SRPSD  &UHWHUHD

presiunii apei la valoarea p1

HVWH RE LQXW

FX DMXWRUXO SRPSHL GH DOLPHQWDUH D FD]DQXOXL SULQWU

-o

FRPSULPDUH DGLDEDWLF  7XUELQD ILJ DUH UROXO GH D WUDQVIRUPD HQHUJLD SRWHQ LDO

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nmaJD]LQW

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GH F OGXU  vQ HQHUJLH FLQHWLF

L DSRL vQ OXFUX PHFDQLF Q DMXWDMHOH IL[H FX HQHUJLD SRWHQ LDO vQ HQHUJLH FLQHWLF L SULQ

VHF LXQH YDULDELO  DEXUXO GHVWLQ]kQGX VH vL WUDQVIRUP

inndu-se lucru mecanic. Rotorul turbinei este coaxial cu rotorul generatorului electric (6) cu care este asamblat printr-XQ FXSODM 9LWH]D PLF ULL GH
URWD LH D URWRUXOXL SRDWH DWLQJH YDORUL GH  PV

ORYLUHD SDOHWHORU SXQH vQ PLFDUH URWRUXO WXUELQHL RE

)LJ &RQVWUXF LD XQHL WHUPRFHQWUDOH

)LJ 7XUELQ

1-rotor; 2-palete

Puterea care apare la bornele generatorului se poate determina cu formula: P = D Q m td m g , (3.7) unde: D - debitul de abur; Qm - F OGXUD WUDQVIRUPDW vQ OXFUX PHFDQLF vQ WXUELQ  td - randamentul termodinamic al turbinei (70-90%); m - randamentul mecanic al turbinei (98-99%); g - randamentul generatorului (94-98%).
5DQGDPHQWXO LQWHUQ DO WXUELQHL GHSLQGH SULQWUH DOWHOH GH F GHUHD GH SUHVLXQH GLQ WXUELQ VROX LD FRQVWUXFWLY  5DQGDPHQWXO PHFDQLF VH GDWRUHD] IUHF ULORU GLQ ODJ UH L 5DQGDPHQWXO

JHQHUDWRUXOXL HVWH LQIOXHQ DW GH PRGXO GH U FLUH $JUHJDWXO WXUELQ

-JHQHUDWRU

VH

DPSODVHD]

vQ

FDGUXO

FHQWUDOHL

vQ

DSURSLHUHD

FD]DQXOXL

SHQWUX PLFRUDUHD SLHUGHULORU GH F OGXU

SH WUDVHX L D FRVWXULORU FRQGXFWHORU 5DQGDPHQWXO JHQHUDO

al unei centrale termice este:

gct = c . cd . t . td . m . g . tr 100 , 100 + Csi [%]

(3.8)

unde: c - randamentul cazanului (75-90%); cd - randamentul conductelor (98-99%); t - randamentul ciclului termic (~50%); tr - randamentul transformatorului (98-99%); C si - consumul serviciilor interne (12-15%). ComSRQHQHWD FDUH PLFRUHD] UDQGDPHQWXO JHQHUDO
UDQGDPHQWXO WHUPLF D F UXL UHOD LH GH FDOFXO HVWH

DO

XQHL

FHQWUDOH

WHUPRHOHFWULFH

HVWH

t =
&UHWHUHD

Q1 - Q2 Q1
WHUPLF VH SRDWH UHDOL]D P ULQG FDQWLWDWHD GH

(3.9)
F OGXU 41

UDQGDPHQWXOXL

, prin

P ULUHD YDORULORU LQL LDOH DOH SDUDPHWULORU GH VWDUH S1 DOLPHQWDUH VXSUDvQF O]LUHD LQWHUPHGLDU

, T1

SUHvQF O]LUHD UHJHQHUDWLY

D DSHL GH

D DEXUXOXL L PLFRUkQG SH 42 SULQ VF GHUHD YDORULORU ILQDOH

DOH SDUDPHWULORU DEXUXOXL FRQGHQVDW SUHvQF O]LUHD DSHL GH DOLPHQWDUH WHUPRILFDUH Q IXQF LH GH VROX LD DOHDV  UH]XOW PDL PXOWH WLSXUL GH FHQWUDOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH

0 ULUHD YDORULORU LQL LDOH DOH SDUDPHWULORU GH VWDUH DL DEXUXOXL SUHVLXQHD OD   DWP L

temperatura 535-560&

HVWH PXOW PDL HILFLHQW

GHFkW PLFRUDUHD YDORULORU ILQDOH DOH DEXUXOXL vQ

condensator (0,03-0,04 atm la 15C sau 0,07 atm la 27C). Cu

YDORULOH LQL LDOH DOH SDUDPHWULORU PHQ LRQD L XPLGLWDWHD DEXUXOXL GXS R EXQ GHVWLQGHUH HVWH GH  

 YDORUL FDUH DVLJXU D SDOHWHORU

IXQF LRQDUH D WXUELQHL L R VROLFLWDUH PLQLP

Centralele
vQ H[WUDJHUHD

termoelectrice
GLQ WXUELQ OD

moderne
GLIHULWH

folosesc
SUHVLXQL SUL]H VDOH L L vQ

SUHvQF O]LUHD UHJHQHUDWLY DEXUXOXL

D DSHL GH DOLPHQWDUH $FHDVWD FRQVW

temperaturi prin locuri bine determinate denumiWH

XWLOL]DUHD FD]DQ OXL OD SUHvQF O]LUHD PD[LP D DSHL vQDLQWHD LQWU ULL &UHWHUHD UDQGDPHQWXOXL SUHvQF O]LUH HVWH GH  

WHUPLF

SULQ

 LDU QXP UXO PD[LP GH SUL]H  VXQW IL[H 3UHvQF O]LWRDUHOH

3UL]HOH

GLQ

FLUFXLWXO

UHJHQHUDWLY

folosiWH
)LJ &HQWUDO WHUPRHOHFWULF FX

VXQW GH VXSUDID &22

 3HQWUX HOLPLQDUHD JD]HORU FDUH DSDU

FRQGHQVD LH

1- VWD LH GH HSXUDUH -pompe; 3condensatoare; 4- SRPS SHQWUX alimentarea cazanului; 5-cazan; 6-VXSUDvQF O]LWRU 7-WXUELQ  -generator electric; 9-condensator.

, O2 VH IRORVHWH L XQ SUHvQF O]LWRU GH amestec care are rol de degazor plasat naintea pompei de alimentare a cazanului n zona presiunilor de 5-10 atm.
vQ 6FKHPD JHQHUDO D XQHL FHQWUDOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH FX FRQGHQVD LH vQ ILJ LL GH F OGXU WXUELQD GRLOHD 41 VH UHDOL]HD] DUH GH GRX FRUSXUL SUHVLXQH MRDV VDX SUL]H HVWH SUH]HQWDW &kQG SULQ P ULPHD FDQWLW

LQVWDOD LH

VXSUDvQF O]LUH GH vQDOW

LQWHUPHGLDU  L DO

SULPXO

SUHVLXQH

DestindeUHD

DEXUXOXL vQ SULPXO FRUS DUH ORF SkQ

OD VWDUHD VLWXDW

vQ ]RQD YDSRULORU VXSUDvQF O]L L vQWU XQ VXSUDvQF O]LWRU

ILJ SXQFWXO '

 GXS

FDUH YDSRULL SULPHVF R QRX

FDQWLWDWH GH F OGXU

intermediar, ajungnd n starea D''. Din acest punct, vaporii

VH

GHVWLQG

SkQ

OD

SUHVLXQHD

GLQ

FRQGHQVDWRU

3ULQ

DFHDVWD D XQHL

UDQGDPHQWXO JHQHUDO DO FHQWUDOHL FUHWH FX  DVWIHO GH FHQWUDOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH HVWH GDW

-5%, iar cel termic cu 6-

SkQ

 6FKHPD JHQHUDO

GH ILJXUD  Q DVWIHO GH FHQWUDOH DX ORF SLHUGHUL GH OD  DWP L 

YDSRUL PDL PDUL GHRDUHFH SULPD GHVWLQGHUH VH UHDOL]HD]

)LJ &LFOXO FHQWUDOHORU FX vQF LQWHUPHGLDU

O]LUH

Fig.3.12. Centrale termoelectrice cu

vQF O]LUH LQWHUPHGLDU

1-VWD LH GH HSXUDUH -SRPS SHQWUX alimentare a cazanului; 3-cazan; 4-VXSUDvQF O]LWRU -WXUELQ  -generator electric; 8-condensator.
ULGLF WHPSHUDWXUD YDSRULORU SkQ OD YDORDUHD LQL LDO  (D SRDWH

6XSUDvQF O]LUHD LQWHUPHGLDU

fi:

GLUHFW  FkQG YDSRULL VXQW GXL GLQ QRX vQ FD]DQ XQGH H[LVW

XQ DO GRLOHD VXSUDvQF O]LWRU

procedeu foarte folosit;

LQGLUHFW  FkQG H[LVW XQ VFKLPE WRU GH F OGXU SODVDW vQWUH FHOH GRX FRUSXUL GH WXUELQ L XQGH YDSRULL VXQW VXSUDvQF O]L L GLQ QRX IRORVLQG YDSRULL OXD L vQDLQWHD LQWU ULL ORU vQ

primul corp dH WXUELQ

6XSUDvQF O]LUHD FLFOXULORU VXSUDSXVH 3H OkQJ vQDOW SUHVLXQH L R WXUELQ

 SURFHGHXO HVWH IRORVLW UDU GHRDUHFH PLFRUHD] SHUPLWH L PRGHUQL]DUHD FHQWUDOHORU

SUHVLXQH S1 SULQ

. an de

LQWHUPHGLDU

YHFKL

FRQVWUXLUHD XQ FD]

FLUFXLWXO GH SDUDPHWUL PDL FRERUk L H[LVWHQW VH PRQWHD] vQ FDUH YDSRULL VH GHVWLQG SkQ

vQDLQWD

OD SDUDPHWULL FLFOXOXL YHFKL

Centrale termoelectice cu termoficare sau contrapresiune

3URGXFHUHD FRPELQDW D HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH L D F OGXULL VDX WHUPRILFDUHD SOHDF GH OD

ideea

XWLOL] ULL F OGXULL 42 vQ SURFHVHOH LQGXVWULDOH VDX OD vQF O]LW Q DFHVW FD] UDQGDPHQWXO SRDWH DMXQJH WHRUHWLF SkQ

OD 

 6FKHPD JHQHUDO

D XQHL DVWIHO GH FHQWUDOH HVWH SUH]HQWDW SkQ

vQ ILJ vQ ]RQD YDSRULORU

n varianta a YDSRULL VH GHVWLQG vQ WXUELQ

 4m vPSUHXQ FX FHD IRORVLW

la o entalpie i2 VLWXDW

VXSUDvQF O]L L LDU OD LHLUHD GLQ WXUELQ

VXQW WULPLL OD FRQVXPDWRUXO GH F OGXU  XQGH VH SURGXFH vQ OXFUX IRUPHD]

FRQGHQVDUHD &RQGHQVDWXO VH vQWRDUFH vQ FLUFXLWXO WHUPLF 7HRUHWLF F OGXUD WUDQVIRUPDW

mecanic n turELQ
F OGXUD SULPLW

OD FRQVXPDWRUXO GH F OGXU

42

GH OD FRPEXVWLELO vQ FD]DQ 41

= Qc 

.
FUHWHUHD HQWDOSLHL vQ SRPSD GH DOLPHQWDUH

Q DFHVW FD] UDQGDPHQWXO HVWH XQLWDU GDF

VH QHJOLMHD]

Q + Qc = m =1 Q1
7XUELQD IRORVLW QX DUH FRQGHQVDWRU L VH QXPHWH WXUELQ

(3.10)
FX FRQWUDSUHVLXQH

)LJ &HQWUDO

WHUPRHOHFWULF

FX WHUPRILFDUH

a) b)

1-VWD LH GH HSXUDUH -SRPS SHQWUX DOLPHQWDUHD FD]DQXOXL -cazan; 4-VXSUDvQF O]LWRU -turbina; 6generator electric; 7-termoficare; 1-VWD LH GH HSXUDUH -condensator de amestec; 3-condensator industrial; 4-SRPS  -cazan; 6VXSUDvQF O]LWRU -primul etaj al turbinei; 8-al doilea etaj al turbinei; 9-generator electric; 10WHUPRILFDUH XUEDQ  -condensator.
SHQWUX FRQVXPXUL FX GXUDWH PDL PDUL GH 

Turbina FX FRQWUDSUHVLXQH VH UHFRPDQG

FRQGHQVD LH FX XQD VDX GRX SUL]H UHJODELOH

-6500

KDQ 3HQWUX FRQVXPXUL FX GXUDWH PDL PLFL L FRQVXPDWRUL GH DS

ILHUELQWH VH IRORVHVF WXUELQH FX

n varianta b termoficarea se reaOL]HD]

FX R WXUELQ

FX FRQGHQVD LH L SUL]H UHJODELOH YDSRULL DX 

3UL]HOH SHUPLW OXDUHD YDSRULORU OD GLIHULWH SUHVLXQL 3HQWUX XWLOL]DUHD LQGXVWULDO L SHVWH  & LDU SHQWUX WHUPRILFDUHD XUEDQ

. -15 atm.
VDUFLQ

  DWP L WHPSHUDWXUL vQ MXU GH 

C.
GH

PeQWUX
LQWURGXFHUHD

IXQF LRQDUHD

FHQWUDOHL

HOHFWLFH

FX

WHUPRILFDUH

HVHQ LDOH

VXQW

FXUEHOH

WHUPLFH L HOHFWULFH DOH FRQVXPDWRULORU FDUH DUDW

HYROX LD FRQVXPXOXL GH F OGXU

L HOHFWULFLWDWH SH

parcursul unei zile. n general, ele nu coincid, dar cnd se apropLH vQ PRG VXILFLHQW HVWH IDYRUDELO WHUPRILF ULL 3HQWUX DSUHFLHUHD DFHVWRU HOHPHQWH VH IRORVHWH coeficientul de termoficare FDUH UHSUH]LQW UDSRUWXO GLQWUH FRQVXPXO GH F OGXU vQ WHUPRILFDUH 4t L FRQVXPXO GH WRWDO vQ FHQWUDO  41. Corelat cu acest coeficient este indicele de termoficare FDUH UHSUH]LQW F OGXU
UDSRUWXO GLQWUH HQHUJLD HOHFWULF SURGXV DQXDO vQ UHJLP GH WHUPRILFDUH L FRQVXPXO GH F OGXU vQ

termoficare. Un alt tip de centrale sunt centralele cu turbine cu gaze. Ele folosesc drept agent motor
vQ WXUELQ

circuite deschise sau nchise Q SULPXO FD] JD]HOH GHVWLQVH vQ WXUELQ ILJD VXQW HYDFXDWH vQ DWPRVIHU  /D centralele cu circuit nchis, agentul motor este fie aerul amestecat cu
JD]HOH DUVH ILH DOWH JD]H Q DFHVWH FHQWUDOH HYROX LD IOXLGXOXL HVWH vQFKLV  UHLQWURGXFHUHD OXL vQ FRPSUHVRU VH IDFH GXS R U FLUH SUHDODELO  &LFOXO GH WUDQVIRUPDUH DO FHQWUDOHORU

IXQF LRQHD]

HVWH SUH]HQW vQ ILJXUD E &RPSUHVRUXO DEVRDUEH DHUXO vQ SXQFWXO $ L vO FRPSULP

DGLDEDWLF SH SRU LXQHD $% 3H FXUED %& VH SURGXFH DUGHUHD FRPEXVWLELOXOXL OD SUHVLXQHD FRQVWDQW  GHFL SULPLUHD F OGXULL 41

GHVWLQVH VXQW HYDFXDWH vQ DWPRVIHU  FHGkQG F OGXUD 42 OD SUHVLXQH FRQVWDQW

VDUFLQL SDU LDOH L FHHD FH HVWH IRDUWH LPSRUWDQW DX R PDUH HODVWLFLWDWH vQ IXQF LRQDUH XUP ULQG

foarte bine sarFLQD DMXQJkQG vQ PD[LP  PLQXWH OD VDUFLQD QRUPDO

2 XWLOL]DUH SDUWLFXODU SDUWH GLQ F OGXUD JD]HORU GHVWLQVH vQ FLFOXO JD] HVWH UHFXSHUDW

pUHvQF

L XUPHD]

L HOHFWURQL FDUH JUDYLWHD]

WLSXUL GH SDUWLFXOH GHQXPLWH QXFOHRQL $FHWLD VXQW SURWRQLL FX VDUFLQ

neutri din punct de vederH HOHFWULF 1XP

ILH JD]HOH UH]XOWDWH GLQ DUGHUHD XQXL FRPEXVWLELO ILH DOWH JD]H FRPSULPDWH L vQF O]LWH L vQ

cu circuit deschis
WHRUHWLF

, iar pe segmentul

&' DUH ORF GHVWLQGHUHD DGLDEDWLF

vQ WXUELQ  *D]HOH

SH FXUED '$

)LJ &HQWUDO

WHUPRHOHFWULF

FX JD]H

FX FLUFXLW GHVFKLV D L FLFOXO V

X GH IXQF LRQDUH  

1-motor; 2-compresor; 3-cazan; 4-WXUELQ

&HQWUDOHOH FX WXUELQH FX JD]H VXQW VLPSOH RFXS

-generator electric.

VSD LX UHGXV DX UDQGDPHQW EXQ FKLDU OD

D WXUELQHORU FX JD]H HVWH vQ LQVWDOD LL FX FLFOX VXSUDSXV JD]H

-abur. O

vQ FD]DQXO XQHL LQVWDOD LL FODVLFH L vQ

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3.3.2. Centrale nuclearo-electrice

(VWH WLXW F DWRPLL HOHPHQWHORU FKLPLFH VXQW FRPSXL GLQWU

-o parte FHQWUDO
HOHFWULF

GHQXPLW

QXFOHX

vQ MXUXO OXL SH RUELWH ELQH GHWHUPLQDWH 1XFOHXO HVWH DOF WXLW GLQ GRX SR]LWLY L QHXWURQLL

UXO SURWRQLORU HVWH HJDO FX FHO DO HOHFWURQLORU

3HQWUX FD QXFOHXO V IRU H GH UHVSLQJHUH

ILH XQ WRW vQWUH SDUWLFXOHOH FRPSRQHQWH VH H[HUFLW IRU H QXFOHDUH Q IXQF LH GH HFKLOLEUXO FDUH

IRU H GH DWUDF LH L H[LVW vQWUH IRU HO

GHQXPLWH

QXFOHDUH QXFOHHOH VXQW VWDELOH L FYDVLVWDELOH (OHPHQWHOH DO F URU QXFOHX HVWH FYDVLVWDELO VH QXPHVF

elemente radioactive. Ele sunt elemente grele. Elementele radioactive sunt: - naturale 235 U , 238 U ; 92 92 artificiale
233 92

U,

239 94

Pu ,

241 94

Pu ,

254 98

Cf .
WUDQVPLWHUHD GLQ

6FRDWHUHD XQXL QXFOHRQ VDX D XQXL QXP U GH QXFOHRQL GLQ QXFOHX QHFHVLW H[WHULRU D XQHL DQXPLWH HQHUJLL QXPLW

energie de activare SHQWUX vQYLQJHUHD IRU HORU FH-O LQ OHJDW n nucleu. Transmiterea energiei de activare nucleelor se face prin bombardarea lor cu particule. Particulele utilizate n acest scop sunt neutronii FDUH SRW IL OHQ L VDX WHUPLFL FDUDFWHUL]D L SULQ YLWH] PLF VDX UDSL]L 6XE DF LXQHD ORU VH SURGXFH IUDJPHQWDUHD QXFOHHORU ERPEDUGDWH vQ GRX S U L care UHSUH]LQW HOHPHQWH FKLPLFH QRL $FHVW SURFHV VH QXPHWH UHDF LH GH ILVLXQH QXFOHDU . Fisiunii nucleare sunt supuse elementele radioactive. Fisiunea uraniului se produce astfel: 104 104 104 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru
235 92

U+

1 0n

236 92

U 5
127 50

1 0n

Sn

127 51

Sb

127 52

Te

127 53

Ir
-le fisiunea. n
DLE R

'LQ ILVLXQHD QXFOHDU

UH]XOW

QHXWURQL FDUH YRU ORYL DOWH QXFOHH SURYRFkQGX

DFHVW IHO VH DMXQJH OD R UHDF LH vQ ODQ  FDUH VH GHVI RDU GH OHJ WXU VXE IRUP GH HQHUJLH FDORULF  UHDF LHL vQ ODQ FULWLF L V

FX YLWH]H IRDUWH PDUL L GHJDMDUHD HQHUJLHL

Pentru producerea
PDV PLQLP GHQXPLW

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folosind fie un moderator

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ii nucleare la producerea energiei.

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reactor nuclear. pentru

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a) putere; b) c)
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cu plutoniu.
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Fig. 3.15. Reactor nuclear 1-SURWHF LH ELRORJLF  -sistemul GH UHJODM L FRQWURO -zona DFWLY  -DJHQW GH U FLUH

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principal, din materialul fisionabil, moderatorul sau ncetinitorul de neutroni, bare de reglaj,
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degajate.
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e gros de
GH

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electric, cnd reactorul este de putere.

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Reactoarele nucleare cu neutroni termici

OD ILVLXQH Q DFHODL WLPS DFHVWH

VXQW SULPHOH UHDFWRDUH H[SHULPHQWDOH L FHOH

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apreciabile.
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moderator.

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Reactoare cu neutroni rapizi /D DFHVW WLS GH UHDFWRDUH ILVLRQDUHD QXFOHHORU HVWH SURGXV de neutroni cu energii nalte (rapizi). Aceste UHDFWRDUH VXQW UHSURGXF WRDUH GHRDUHFH GLQ LQWHUDF LD 239 QHXWURQLORU FX FRPEXVWLELOXO UH]XOW XQ L]RWRS DO SOXWRQLXOXL 94 Pu , care constituie combustibil QXFOHDU FX FDOLW DGLF L VXSHULRDUH XUDQLXOXL 'HFL SH P VXU FH XUDQLXO VH FRQVXP VH IRUPHD] SOXWRQLX

VH UHSURGXFH FRPEXVWLELOXO GH XQGH L GHQXPLUHD 'UHSW FRPEXVWLELO LQL LDO SRDWH IL IRORVLW L

thoriu.
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232 90

Th +

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233 92 U

238 92

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Centrala nuclearo-HOHFWULF Centrala nuclearo-HOHFWULF

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apa grea sub presiune. agent motor n

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OGXU

Combustibilul folosit este urDQLXO

]LUFRQLX 0DL PXOWH SDVWLOH IRUPHD] SULQ FDUH FLUFXO WUDQVIHU

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GH SDVWLOH GH 822 GLQ UHDF LLOH GH

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nchise n teci de -un tub, ILVLXQH L SH care o

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Fiabilitatea sistemului CANDU-3+: HVWH DVLJXUDW - DOLPHQWDUHD FX FRPEXVWLELO VH IDFH vQ WLPSXO -

FRPEXVWLELO VXQW vPSLQVH vQ FDQDOHOH UHDFWRUXOXL L VLPXOWDQ FRPEXVWLELOXO FRQVXPDW HVWH GHVF UFDW OD FHO ODOW FDS W DO UHDFWRUXOXL 0DLQLOH GH vQF UFDUH GHVF UFDUH VXQW FRPDQGDWH GH OD GLVWDQ 

FRPSRQHQWHOH VLVWHPXOXL GH WUDQVSRUW DO F OGXULL FDQDOHOH

combustibile, generatorul de

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UH]LVWH OD VXSUDSUHVLXQH RSULUH SHQWUX D SHUPLWH vQWUH LQHUHD SRPSHORU

L D JHQHUDWRUXOXL GH DEXU GLQ FLUFXLWXO SULQFLSDO

e[LVWHQ D XQXL VLVWHP GH DYDULH FDUH DVLJXU

GHELWXO FRUHVSXQ] WRU GH U FLUH vQ FD]XO FkQG

VH SLHUGH DJHQW GH U FLUH GLQ FLUFXLWXO SULQFLSDO GH WUDQVSRUW DO F OGXULL Q FD]XO FkQG VLVWHPXO GH DYDULH QX IXQF LRQHD]  F OGXUD HVWH SUHOXDW GH DSD JUHD PRGH

rator) deoarece temperatura ei la

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intrare n reactor este de 43C; - conducerea centralei se face printr-XQ

FRQWUROHD] L DFKL]L LRQHD] GDWH GLQ WRDWH

VLVWHP GH GRX

SXQFWHOH

SURFHVXOXL

reactoruluL
GHIHFW ULL

D SUHVLXQLL DSHL JUHOH L D DEXULORU D QLYHOXOXL DSHL vQ JHQHUDWRUXO GH DEXUL Q FD]XO FDOFXODWRU FRQGXFHUHD HVWH HIHFWXDW GH FHO GH DO GRLOHD LDU FkQG DPEHOH VXQW

XQXL

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IXQF LRQDUHD ULJXURDV

L HFRQRPLF

D LQVWDOD LLORU SUHYHGHUHD FHQWUDOHL FX VLVWHPH FDUH vQ FD]XUL GH DYDULL SUHLDX IXQF LLOH FH QX PDL SRW IL

UHDOL]DWH HOH VXQW QHFHVDUH SHQWUX RSULUHD L DGXFHUHD FHQWUDOHL vQ FRQGL LL GH VHF

uritate. Avantajele acestui tip de centrale sunt: - FRPEXVWLELOXO QXFOHDU SRDWH IL SUHSDUDW vQ DU  ILLQGF QX QHFHVLW eliminndu-se cheltuielile cerute de acest proces; - DSD JUHD DUH R GXUDW GH YLD PDL OXQJ GHFkW D UHDFWRUXOXL GHL QHFHVLW
WHKQRORJLL VSHFLDOH GH RE LQHUH L DFHDVWD VH UHDOL]HD] vQ DU 

vPERJ

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FD

consumul de combustibil este de 167 kg uraniul natural pentru 1 MW/an.

FX UHDFWRU UHSURGXF WRU

Centrala nuclearo-HOHFWULF
6FKHPD IXQF LRQDO

OD FHQWUDOD FX UHDFWRU UHSURGXF WRU HVWH SUH]HQWDW

vQ ILJ

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)LJ &HQWUDO

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HVWH PLF  FD

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DJHQWXOXL

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ELRORJLF  FHQWUDOD HVWH SUHY ]XW GRLOHD % FLUFXO

WRSLWXUL PHWDOLFH LDU vQ DO WUHLOHD & DS

Avantajele centralelor nuclearo-electrice cu reactori rapizi sunt: - YDORULILF PXOW PDL ELQH FRPEXVWLELOXO QXFOHDU DSUR[LPDWLY  ID GH  termici); - SRW IRORVL XUDQLXO QHvPERJ LW L WKRULX - produc n reactor combustibil nou n cantitate mai mare dect coQVXP  - DEXULL SURGXL vQ VFKLPE WRU DX WHPSHUDWXUD PDL PDUH GHFkW vQ SULPXO FD]
VWDUHD GH VXSUDvQF O]LUH

vQ UHDFWRULL

DMXQJkQG OD

costul energiei electrice este mai mic.

&RQVLGHUD LL WHKQLFR HFRQRPLFH SULYLQG RE LQHUHD HQHUJLHL

electrice n centrale nuclearo-electrice

'LILFXOW

LOH H[LVWHQWH vQ SURFXUDUHD FRPEXVWLELOXOXL FODVLF FRQGXF OD DFFHOHUDUHD FRQVWUXF LHL L IDF FD HOHFWULFLWDWHD RE LQXW vQ HOH V DSDU PDL LHIWLQ GHFkW FHD

de centrale nuclearo-HOHFWULFH
SURGXV vQ FHQWUDOHOH FODVLFH

Competitivitatea HQHUJHWLFLL QXFOHDUH UH]LG vQ XUP WRDUHOH - SHQWUX SXWHUL PDL PDUL GH  0: LQYHVWL LD FHUXW GH FHQWUDOHOH QXFOHDUH HVWH PDL PLF dect cea a centralelor clasice; - costul unui KWh produs n centralele nucleare este mai mic dect cel produs n centralele cODVLFH FKLDU vQ VLWXD LD vQ FDUH FHQWUDOD QXFOHDU IXQF LRQHD] FX  GLQ capacitatea sa;

FDQWLWDWHD GH FRPEXVWLELO QHFHVDU IDFH FD SH XQ VSD LX UHVWUkQV V GHS HDVF GLILFXOW QXFOHDUH

IXQF LRQ ULL FHQWUDOHORU QXFOHDUH HVWH PLF  FHHD FH VH GHSR]LWH]H PXOW HQHUJLH FHHD FH SHUPLWH V VH

LOH GH DSURYL]LRQDUH FX XUDQLX QX SROXHD] PHGLXO FX JD]H QRFLYH VDX FHQX  FRQWDPLQDUHD

FHQWUDOHOH UDGLRDFWLY

D PHGLXOXL HVWH UHGXV  GLQ FDX]D P VXULORU GH SURWHF LH L FRQWUROXO ULJXURV DSDUL LD vQ H[WHULRU D XQHL VW UL UDGLRDFWLYH VXE QLYHOXO GH SHULFXOR]LWDWH SURLHFW 'HSR]LWDUHD GHHXULORU UDGLRDFWLYH UH]XOWDWH GLQ IXQF LRQDUHD FDUH SURGXFH

FDUH GHWHUPLQ SUHY ]XW SULQ

FHQWUDOHL HVWH I FXW  0: HOLPLQ

2-4 m3DQ GH GHHXUL

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QXFOHDU

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-electrice este de 30 de ani, iar a unei

vQ FD] GH DYDULL FRQVWUXF LD

3HQWUX SUHYHQLUHD HPLVLHL GH UDGLD LL UDGLRDFWLYH vQ DWPRVIHU HVWH SUHY ]XW FX DQYHORS 

Centralele nuclearo-HOHFWULFH
9LHQD FDUH SHULRGLF H[HFXW

VXQW vQUHJLVWUDWH OD $JHQ LD GH (QHUJLH $WRPLF

FX VHGLXO OD

FRQWURDOH SULYLQG VWDUHD ORU

3.3.3. Centrale hidroelectrice

&HQWUDOHOH KLGURHOHFWULFH IRORVHVF FD HQHUJLH SULPDU HQHUJLD SRWHQ LDO D DSHL D F UHL WUDQVIRUPDUH vQ HQHUJLH HOHFWULF VH SURGXFH GXS D GRXD VFKHP GH WUDQVIRUPDUH D HQHUJLHL SULPDUH

vQ HQHUJLH VHFXQGDU  'H DFHHD FRQVWUXF LD ORU HVWH PDL VLPSO

GHFkW D FHORUODOWH FHQWUDOH HOHFWULFH

Posibilitatea construLULL KLGURFHQWUDOHORU GHSLQGH GH SRWHQ LDOXO KLGURHQHUJHWLF

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SRWHQ LDOXO

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GH

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UHIHU

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OD FXUVXULOH GH DS

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teoreWLF
SRVLELO

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najabil.
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3RWHQ LDOXO WHKQLF DPHQDMDELO HVWH GDW GH HQHUJLD FDUH SRDWH IL RE LQXW L GHWHUPLQDUHD VD VH IDFH HODERUkQG VFKHPHOH GH DPHQDMDUH

FXUVXULORU GH DS

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pot realiza

vQ FRQGL LL HFRQRPLFH &HQWUDOHOH KLGURHOHFWULFH XWLOL]HD] DUWLILFLDOH (QHUJLD KLGUDXOLF FD VXUV GH HQHUJLH SULPDU F GHULOH GH DS QDWXUDOH VDX

D DSHL HVWH WUDQVIRUPDW

vQ OXFUX PHFDQLF L DFHVWD vQ HQHUJLH HOHFWULF 

ntr-un agregat turELQ -generator electric.

(QHUJLD KLGUDXOLF

E = mgH ,

D XQHL FDQWLW

L GH DS  P DIODW

OD R vQ O LPH + HVWH

[J]
D F GHULL GH DS HVWH GDW GH UHOD LD

(3.11) [W]
GHQVLWDWHD VD

3XWHUHD KLGUDXOLF

WHRUHWLF

E P = = Dg H , t
XQGH ' HVWH GHELWXO FXUJHULL DSHL L DFFHOHUD LD JUDYLWD LRQDO

(3.12) nlocuind densitatea apei (

WHRUHWLF YD IL  NJP  L

P = 9,81 D H ,
F

 P V SXWHUHD KLGUDXOLF

[KW]

(3.13)
L L vQ O LPL PDUL DOH F GHULORU GH DS  KLGURHOHFWULFH D F URU DPHQDM

5HOD LD DUDW

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vQ O LPL PLFL DOH F GHULORU GH DS  ILH FX GHELWH PLFL GH DS $FHVWHD VXQW vQ IDSW SULQFLSLLOH FRQVWUXFWLYH DOH

FHQWUDOHORU

are

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FRPSHQVkQG

YDULD LLOH

DFHVWXLD

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FRPSHQVDUH ]LOQLF  V SW PkQDO FRPSHQVDUH DQXDO P L

VDX PXOWLDQXDO 

mici, cu rol de OXQDUH medii, pentru FRPSHQVDUH VH]RQLHU L mari cu rol de & GHULOH GH DS SRW IL mici (H < 20) m, medii (H (20 DPHQDM ULORU IRU DW KLGURHOHFWULFH FX VXQW EDUDMXO SUL]D GH GH DS  IXJ 

GH

DS

SHQWUX

FRPSHQVDUH

SRW

IL

mari (H (100 - 2000) m).

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3ULQFLSDOHOH DGXF LXQHD

FRQVWUXF LLOH VHFXQGDUH GH FDSWDUH L DFXPXODUH

Barajul HVWH R FRQVWUXF LH KLGURWHKQLF GLQ S PkQW L SLDWU VDX EHWRQ GUHDSW VDX curbilinie (fig.3.18.), DPSODVDW WUDQVYHUVDO SH YDOHD XQXL FXUV GH DS  FDUH vQGHSOLQHWH XQXO VDX PDL
 PXOWH GLQ XUP WRDUHOH UROXUL

ULGLF

vQ O LPHD DSHL vQ DPRQWH GH EDUDM SHQWUX P ULUHD F GHULL GH DS  FXUVXO XQXL UkX VDX D XQHL S U L GLQ GHELWXO V X DS S

GHYLD]

DFXPXOHD]

entru uniformizarea debitului.

Fig.3.18. Forme de baraj a) baraj drept; b) baraj curb.

Q VHF LXQH WUDQVYHUVDO EDUDMXO HVWH WUDSH]RLGDO DYkQG ED]D PLF GHDVXSUD QLYHOXOXL DSHL

acumulate. Barajele curbilinii sunt construite cu convexitatea spre amonte.

 3UL]D GH DS VHUYHWH OD WUHFHUHD DSHL GLQ UkX VDX ODF vQ FDQDOXO VDX FRQGXFWD GH DGXF LXQH (D UHDOL]HD] vQFKLGHUHD L GHVFKLGHUHD DFFHVXOXL VSUH DGXF LXQH OLPLWHD] SUDJXUL L S WUXQGHUHD VLWXDWH DOXYLXQLORU FX DMXWRUXO XQRU RSUHWH FRUSXULOH SOXWLWRDUH SH JU WDUH (OH VXQW

GHDVXSUD QLYHOXOXL GH vQQ PROLUH DO ODFXOXL L VXE QLYHOXO XWLO DO DFHVWXLD  $GXF LXQHD DUH UROXO GH D DVLJXUD FLUFXOD LD DSHL vQWUH SUL]D GH DS L LQWUDUHD vQ

FRQGXFWHOH IRU DWH FX R SLHUGHUH PLQLP 

GH QLYHO vQ

Castelul de echilibru

HVWH DPSODVDW SH WUDLHFWRULD JDOHULLORU VDX FRQGXFWHORU GH DS

DPRQWH GH WXUELQ

L DUH UROXO GH D PLFRUD HIHFWHOH ORYLWXULL GH EHUEHF DVXSUD DFHVWHLD )RUPD VD FX SDUWHD VXSHULRDU GHVFKLV  LDU SH OD ED] FRQWLQXLWDWHD DSHL vQ

SRDWH IL FLOLQGULF  WUXQFKL GH FRQ VDX GH SLUDPLG FRPXQLF

FX JDOHULD GH DS  /D SRUQLUHD WXUELQHORU FDVWHOXO GH DS

DVLJXU

SHULRDGD GH DFFHOHUDUH D DSHL vQ FRQGXFW  LDU OD RSULUHD ORU DVLJXU VROLFLW ULL LQVWDOD LHL  PDL PLF  QRUPDO &RQGXFWD IRU DW

ULGLFDUHD DSHL SHQWUX UHGXFHUHD

IDFH OHJ WXUD vQWUH DGXF LXQH L WXUELQH /XQJLPHD VD WUHEXLH V

ILH FkW

SRVLELO SHQWUX D HYLWD YDULD LLOH EUXWH GH SUHVLXQH L SHQWUX D IL HFRQRPLF  &DQDOXO GH IXJ SULPHWH DSD GH OD WXUELQH L R HYDFXHD]  DVLJXUkQG IXQF LRQDUHD

D D

cestora.

&HQWUDOHOH KLGURHOHFWULFH vQ IXQF LH GH PRGXO GH UHDOL]DUH D F GHULORU GH DS  VXQW

centrale hidroelectrice pe firul apei;

FHQWUDOH KLGURHOHFWULFH vQ GHULYD LH FX FXUVXO QDWXUDO DO DSHL

Centralele hidroelectrice pe firul apei sunt amplasate n DOELD UkXOXL LQVWDODW vQ FRUSXO barajului sau n imediata apropiere a barajului (fig.3.19.). Ele se construiesc pe rurile care au un
GHELW PDUH Q H[SORDWDUH DFHVWH FHQWUDOH VXQW VXSXVH XQRU YDULD LL PDUL GH SXWHUH GLVSRQLELO  vQ IXQF LH GH QLYHOXO D

pei din amonte de baraj.

)LJ +LGURFHQWUDO

SH ILUXO DSHL

1-lac de acumulare; 2-SUL]D GH DS

L GHELWH PLFL

 

-baraj; 4-DGXF LXQH -WXUELQ -generator.

&HQWUDOHOH HOHFWULFH vQ GHULYD LH VH FRQVWUXLHVF vQ JHQHUDO SH UkXUL GH PXQWH FX SDQWH PDUL

CuUVXO
HVWH DPSODVDW

DFHVWRU

UkXUL

HVWH

GHYLDW

SH

XQ

WUDVHX

FX

SDQW

PDL

PLF

GHFkW

FHD

QDWXUDO 

$PHQDMDUHD WUDVHHORU SULQ GHULYD LH VH SRDWH IDFH FX ULGLFDUHD QLYHOXOXL vQ DPRQWH ILJ FX FRERUkUHD QLYHOXOXL vQ DYDO ILJ  L PL[W ILJ Q XOWLPHOH GRX VXEWHUDQ FD]XUL FHQWUDOD HOHFWULF

)LJ +LGURFHQWUDO

FX GHULYD LH FX ULGLFDUH vQ DPRQWH

1-lac de acumulare; 2-baraj; 3-vechea albie a rului; 4-DGXF LXQH 5-castel de echilibru; 6-FRQGXFWD IRU DW  -WXUELQ -generator.

1-lac de acumulare; 2-SUL]

Fig.3.2 +LGURFHQWUDO vQ GHULYD LH FX FRERUkUH vQ DYDO GH DS  -DGXF LXQH -castelul de achilibru; 5-WXUELQ -generator; 6-FDQDO GH IXJ

)LJ +LGURFHQWUDO

vQ GHULYD LH PL[W

1-baraj; 2-lac de acumulare; 3-SUL] GH DS  -aGXF LXQH 5-castel de echilibru; 6-FRQGXFW IRU DW  -WXUELQ JHQHUDWRU -FDQDO GH IXJ

3.3.4. Producerea energiei electrice folosind surse

GH HQHUJLH SULPDU QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH 6XUVHOH GH HQHUJLH SULPDU QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH VXQW R DOWHUQDWLY  GLQ FH vQ FH PDL VWXGLDW  D

FHORU FRQYHQ LRQDOH HSXL]DELOH  L HL JD]H QDWXUDOH F UEXQL FDUH SRW IL YDORULILFDWH PDL HILFLHQW FD

materii prime petro-FKLPLFH Biomasa

FUHWHUHD UHSUH]LQW IUXQ]LXUL YHJHWD LH PDULQ FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU

'LQWUH VXUVHOH GH HQHUJLH SULPDU

QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH DPLQWLP ELRPDVD

VRDUHOH FXUHQ LL DWPRVIHULFL JD]HOH L DSHOH JHRWHUPDOH IX]LXQHD QXFOHDU  PDWHULDOH SkQ YHJHWDOH VDX DQLPDOH GH OD YHJHWD LLOH OLJQRFHOXOR]LFH

OD GHHXUL FHOXOR]LFH L SURWHLFH LQGXVWULDOH VDX FDVQLFH 3HQWUX ELRPDVD HVWH IHUPHQWDW vQ YLG vQ SUH]HQ D XQRU HQ]LPH

HQHUJHWLFH

FDWDOL]DWRDUH VWDELOH OD WHPSHUDWXUL ULGLFDWH GXS SUH]HQW GLQ ELRPDV (QHUJLD

FDUH HVWH VHSDUDW

VHOHFWLY SULQ VLWH PROHFXODUH Q

VH RE LQH QXPDL HQHUJLH WHUPLF 

VRODU a fosW L HVWH VWXGLDW GH VSHFLDOLWL GDU QX V-D H[WLQV GDWRULW chelturielilor mari necesitate de centralele helioelectrice. Producerea energiei electrice din energie WHUPLF VRODU VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ GRX ODQ XUL HQHUJHWLFH 8QXO HVWH DFHODL FD L vQ FD]XO HQHUJLHL FKLPLFH L HQHUJLH VRODU GLUHFW vQ HQHUJLH HOHFWULF FX DMXWRUXO FHOXOHORU

QXFOHDUH LDU DO GRLOHD WUDQVIRUP

fotovoltaice, construite din materiale semiconductoare. n prezent, costul acestor materiale este
PDUH FHHD FH GHWHUPLQ LHIWLQHVF VH FRQVLGHU F SUH XO QHFRPSHWLWLY DO HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH RE LQXWH 'DU SH P VXU XQ VIHUW GLQ FRQVXPXO GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF YD IL SURGXV FH HOH VH FX DMXWRUXO DFHVWRU

celule.
&XUHQ LL WUDQVIRUPDUHD DWPRVIHULFL vQ VXQW IRORVL L GH PXOW vQ WLPS SHQWUX RE LQHUHD HROLHQH HQHUJLHL HVWH GH PHFDQLFH GDW LDU DFHVWHLD HQHUJLH HOHFWULF FHQWUDOH HOHFWULFH UHFHQW  &HQWUDOHOH HOHFWULFH HROLHQH DX SXWHUH LQVWDODW *D]HOH L DSHOH JHRWHUPDOH VXQW PLF  FD VXUV GH HQHUJLH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD HQHUJLHL

IRORVLWH

electrice numai
QXPDL FD VXUV SULQ FDUH GRX

FkQG DMXQJ OD VXSUDID

FX SUHVLXQH L WHPSHUDWXU

PDUH $OWIHO HOH VH IRORVHVF

GH HQHUJLH WHUPLF  XRDUH UHSUH]LQW VXUVD GH HQHUJLH SULPDU D YLLWRUXOXL 3URFHVXO IL]LF

Fuziunea nucleelor
VLQWH]  3HQWUX HQHUJHWLF

HOHPHQWH XRDUH VH XQHVF IRUPkQG HOHPHQWH PDL JUHOH L GHJDMkQG HQHUJLD GH OHJ WXU QXPHOH GH UHDF LL QXFOHDUH GH LQWHUHV VXQW FHOH vQ XUPD F U

VH QXPHWH IX]LXQH QXFOHDU  LDU UHDF LLOH QXFOHDUH FDUH DX ORF SRDUW UHDF LLOH QXFOHDUH GH VLQWH] FDUH SUH]LQW

ora

VH RE LQH KHOLXO GLQ L]RWRSLL KLGURJHQXOXL GHXWHULXOXL

2 1D

L WULWLXOXL

3 1T

L DQXPH

2 2 4 1 1 D + 1 T = 2 He + 0 n + 17,6Mev 2 2 3 1 1 D + 1 D = 2 He + 0 n + 3,2Mev

+HOLXO UH]XOWDW HVWH LQWURGXV GLUHFW vQ WXUELQD FHQWUDOHL HOHFWULFH RE LQkQGX

-se un randament
L PDUL 

mare. FuziuQHD QXFOHDU VH GHVI RDU OD WHPSHUDWXUD molecule/cm3 FRQGL LL JUHX GH UHDOL]DW GHRFDPGDW 

vQDOW

GH



GHQVLW

15

 $SUHFLHUHD HILFLHQ HL HFRQRPLFH D SURGXFHULL HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH

(ILFLHQ D HFRQRPLF

D SURGXFHULL HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH VH DSUHFLD]

FX DMXWRUXO LQGLFDWRULORU

specifici acestei ramuri industriale. Indicatorii tehnico-HFRQRPLFL XWLOL]D L VXQW - indicatori tehnico-HFRQRPLFL IRORVL L OD SURGXF WRULL GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF - indicatorii tehnico-HFRQRPLFL IRORVL L OD FRQVXPDWRri.

Indicatorii tehnico-HFRQRPLFL XWLOL]D L OD SURGXF WRULL GH HQHUJLH sunt: a) SXWHUHD LQVWDODW PHGLH ]LOQLF , PiPHG FDOFXODW FX UHOD LD

Pi k
Pi med =
k =1

, [kW/zi]
vQ ]LXD N

(3.14)

unde: Pi k HVWH SXWHUHD LQVWDODW Z - nuP

UXO ]LOHORU FRQVLGHUDWH

b) SXWHUHD HIHFWLY GLVSRQLELO

k =1

PHGLH ]LOQLF

, PedPHG FDOFXODW

FX UHOD LD

Pedk
Z

Ped med =

, [kW/zi]
vQ ]LXD N

(3.15)

unde: Pedk HVWH SXWHUHD HIHFWLY RE LQXW

c) SXWHUHD HIHFWLY XWLOL]DELO PHGLe, Peumed: Peu med = Ped med (Ped rep.pl + Ped rep.nepl) unde: Ped rep.pl , Ped rep.nepl - UHSUH]LQW SXWHUHD FRQVXPDW respectiv neplanificate; d) SXWHUHD SURGXV
z
PHGLH ]LOQLF

(3.16)
vQ FHQWUDO SHQWUX UHSDUD LL SODQLILFDWH

, Pp med  FDOFXODW

FX UHOD LD

Pp k
P p med =
k =1

, [KW/zi]
vQ ]LXD N vQ SHULRDGD GH FRQVXP PD[LP

(3.17)

unde: P p k HVWH HQHUJLD SURGXV

e) indicatorul de utilizare a puterii instalate, Iu, egal cu: Pp med <1 Iu = Pi med f) indicatorul de valorificare a energiei produse, Iv VH FDOFXOHD] We , Iv = Wp

(3.18)
FX UHOD LD

(3.19)

unde: We HVWH HQHUJLD HOHFWULF OLYUDW FRQVXPDWRUXOXL Wp HQHUJLD HOHFWULF SURGXV GH FHQWUDO 
,QGLFDWRULL IRORVL L OD FRQVXPDWRU

sunt: (3.20)

a) consumul de energie, Ce FDOFXODW FX UHOD LD W , [kWh/t] Ce = A

XQGH : HVWH HQHUJLD HOHFWULF FRQVXPDW  $ HVWH YROXPXO SURGXF LHL GH HQHUJLH

b) SURGXF LD YDORULF , Pv UHDOL]DW V , [lei/kWh] Pv = W

XQGH 9 HVWH YDORDUHD SURGXF LHL UHDOL]DW

SH XQLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  HJDO

FX

(3.21)
FX HQHUJLD UHVSHFWLY 

c) indicatorul de electrificare a muncii Iem FDOFXODW FX UHOD LD W , [kKWh/salariat] Iem = N

XQGH 1 HVWH QXP UXO GH VDODULD L

(3.22)

d) factorul de putere
VH H[SULP IRORVLW

FRV

 FDOFXODW GH WR L FRQVXPDWRULL LQGXVWULDOL GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  (O

FD UDSRUW GLQWUH SXWHUHD DFWLY 

Pa

OXDW

GH OD UH HD N: L SXWHUHD DSDUHQW 

Pa p ,

efectiv n ntreprindere: P cos = a Pa p

,GHDO HVWH FD YDORDUHD IDFWRUXOXL GH SXWHUH V

(3.23)
ILH  3UDFWLF HO DUH YDORUL FXSULQVH vQWUH 

 GDU FD SUHRFXSDUH SHUPDQHQW

HVWH DSURSLHUHD GH YDORDUHD  9DULD LD ]LOQLF

D IDFWRUXOXL GH

puWHUH VH vQUHJLVWUHD]

FX DSDUDWH SH IRUPXODUH VSHFLDOH

)LJ &XUED GH VDUFLQ

D XQHL FHQWUDOH HOHFWULFH

5HJLPXO GH IXQF LRQDUH DO FHQWUDOHORU HOHFWULFH HVWH ELQH FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ &RQVXPDWRULL GH FXUHQW FRQHFWD L OD R FHQWUDO HOHFWULF

curba de VDUFLQ .

VXQW GLIHUL L LDU FRQVXPXO ORU vQ WLPS

QHXQLIRUP 'H DFHHD FHULQ D GH HQHUJLH HVWH PDL PDUH vQ DQXPLWH SHULRDGH GHFkW vQ DOWHOH &D XUPDUH FDSDFLWDWHD GH SURGXF LH D FHQWUDOHORU HOHFWULFH HVWH VROLFLWDW &XUED FDUH DUDW GLIHULW VDX GH vQF UFDUH

YDULD LD SXWHULL X]LQHL vQ WLPS VH QXPHWH FXUED GH VDUFLQ

(fig.3.23) n care se disting trei zone: - ]RQD GH ED] FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ SURGXFHUHD XQHL FDQWLW L GH HQHUJLH HJDO FX :min; - ]RQD GH VHPLYkUI FkQG SURGXF LD GH HQHUJLH QHFHVDU FUHWH GH OD :min la Wmed; - ]RQD GH YkUI FkQG FDSDFLWDWHD GH SURGXF LH D FHQWUDOHORU HOHFWULFH FUHWH GH OD :med la Wmax.

&XUED GH VDUFLQ

FDUDFWHUL]HD]

L FRQVXPXO WRWDO GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  'H DFHHD FHQWUDOHOH DVWIHO SURLHFWDWH vQFkW V VH DVLJXUH QHFHVDUXO GH

electrice existente sau care se vor construi, trebuie energie al celor trei zone.
&RQVXPXO WHUPRILFDUH GLQ ]RQD GH ED] HVWH FX FHQWUDOHOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH KLGURHOHFWULFH FX EDUDM GH UH LQHUH ILUXO DSHL (QHUJLD HOHFWULF QHFHVDU

DVLJXUDW

GH

FHQWUDOHOH FHQWU

WHUPRHOHFWULFH

FX

DEXUL

FRQGHQVD LH

alele nuclearo-electrice; centrale

GH

]RQHL GH VHPLYkUI HVWH DVLJXUDW

FHQWUDOH KLGURHOHFWULFH GH GHULYD LH FX EDUDM FHQWUDOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH FX FRQGHQVD LH IRORVLQG SDUWHD GH FRQGHQVD LH FX SUL]H FHQWUDOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH FX DEXUL L FRQGHQVD LH FDUH SRW IL vQ IXQF LXQH vQ RUHOH GH QRDSWH FX VDUFLQD UHGXV VDX SRW IL RSULWH vQ ]RQD GH YkUI HVWH DVLJXUDW GH

(QHUJLD HOHFWULF

QHFHVDU

FHQWUDOH KLGURHOHFWULFH FX VWD LL GH SRP

pare-acumulare;

centrale termoelectrice cu gaze.

VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQ GRL LQGLFL

&XUED GH VDUFLQ

factorul de simultaneitate indicele de aplatizare.

Factorul de simultaneitate
0D[LPXO SXWHULL LQVWDODWH DO XQHL X]LQH SURGXF WRDUH GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF FRQVXP VLPXOWDQ PDL PDUH GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF VH GDWRUHD] XQXL GH F WUH GLYHUL FRQVXPDWRUL 'DF PD[LPHOH GH

HQHUJLH DOH DFHVWRU FRQVXPDWRUL DU IL GHFDODWH vQ WLPS FXUED GH VDUFLQ

D X]LQHL DU U PkQH FRQVWDQW

n timp. Cnd aceste maxime se suprapun, decalarea n timp a maximelor de consum ale FRQVXPDWRULORU VH H[SULP SULQ factorul de simultaneitate, care este egal cu raportul dintre puterea PD[LP SURGXV GH X]LQ vQWU-R SHULRDG GH WLPS L VXPD SXWHULORU PD[LPH DOH FRQVXPDWRULORU vQ
DFHHDL SHULRDG GH WLPS DGLF 

s=

Pmax

P
i =1
n

<1

(3.24)

max i
VLPXOWDQ FX SXWHUHD PD[LP QHFHVDU ILHF UXLD L GDF 

&kQG WR L FRQVXPDWRULL OXFUHD]

Pmax = P max i ,
i =1

(3.25)

atunci s = 1.
'DF 

Pmax < P maxi ,

i =1
Fk L FRQVXPDWRUL SRW V

(3.26)
IXQF LRQH]H VLPXOWDQ FX FDSDFLWDWHD PD[LP  Q

DWXQFL V   L HO QH DUDW

general factorul de simultaneitate are valori cuprinse ntre 0,25-0,6. Indicele de aplatizare
3HQWUX R EXQ H[SORDWDUH D XQHL X]LQH HOHFWULFH FXUED GH VDUFLQ DU WUHEXL V ILH FkW PDL SODW  *UDGXO GH DSODWL]DUH D FXUEHL HVWH GDW GH LQGLFHOH GH DSODWL]DUH FDOFXODW FX UHOD LD

SHULRDG  ,QGLFHOH GH DSODWL]DUH DUH YDORUL FXSULQVH vQWUH  L  YDORUL FDUH LQGLF UD LRQDO 

Pmed < 1, Pmax unde: Pmed este puterea medie a uzinei ntr-R DQXPLW a=

(3.27)
SHULRDG  LDU 3

max SXWHUHD GH YkUI vQ DFHHDL

R IXQF LRQDUH

 7UDQVSRUWXO L GLVWULEX LD HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH

(QHUJLD HOHFWULF UH HOH HOHF

SURGXV

vQ FHQWUDOHOH HOHFWULFH HVWH WUDQVSRUWDW

F WUH FRQVXPDWRUL SULQ

trice VXE IRUP

GH FXUHQW HOHFWULF DOWHUQDWLY WULID]DW

'XS

WHQVLXQHD FXUHQWXOXL HOHFWULF WUDQVSRUWDW UH HOHOH HOHFWULFH VXQW GH N9 vQWUH  L  N9 vQWUH 

UH HOH GH WHQVLXQH MRDV  FDUH DX vQWUH ID]H WHQVLXQHD PDL PLF UH HOH GH WHQVLXQH PHGLH FDUH DX vQWUH ID]H WHQVLXQHD FXSULQV UH HOH GH WHQVLXQH vQDOW FDUH DX vQWUH ID]H WHQVLXQHD FXSULQV

UH HOH GH WHQVLXQH IRDUWH vQDOW

FDUH DX vQWUH ID]H WHQVLXQHD GH 

-220 kV; -600 kV.

OD VWD LLOH GH

2 UH HD HOHFWULF

VH FRPSXQH GLQ OLQLL HOHFWULFH VWD LL GH WUDQVIRUPDUH L VWD LL GH FRQH[LXQL VXQW FRQGXFWRUL HOHFWULFL FRQIHF LRQD L GLQ PHWDOH FX UH]LVWLYLWDWH PLF FXUHQWXO HOHFWULF GH OD FHQWUDOD HOHFWULF

Liniile electrice

FXSUX DOXPLQLX SULQ FDUH VH WUDQVSRUW

WUDQVIRUPDUH L GH DLFL OD VWD LLOH GH FRQH[LXQL L FRQVXPDWRUL Q WLPSXO WUDQVSRUWXOXL VH SURGXF

pierderi de curent GDWRUDWH UH]LVWHQ HL RSXV

GH PHWDOXO OLQLLORU HOHFWULFH OD GHSODVDUHD SXUW WRULORU GH FX

FXUHQW HOHFWURQLL 5H]LVWHQ D FRQGXFWRULORU HOHFWULFL HVWH HJDO

l R= > s
XQGH

(3.28)

- UH]LVWLYLWDWHD HOHFWULF D PDWHULDOXOXL FRQGXFWRUXOXL l - lungimea conductorului; s - VHF LXQHD WUDQVYHUVDO D FRQGXFWRUXOXL
Q ODERUDWRDUHOH ULORU GH]YROWDWH VH VWXGLD] RE LQHUHD GH PDWHULDOH FDUH QX DX UH]LVWHQ SURSULHWDWH VH QXPHWH

HOHFWULF  $FHDVW

supraconductivitate 0DWHULDOHOH VXSUDFRQGXFWRDUH DVLJXU

DFHVWH PDWHULDOH VXQW IRDUWH ILH FkW PDL PLFL FXUHQWXO VH WUDQVSRUW FX SDUDPHWULL

WUDQVSRUWXO FXUHQWXOXL HOHFWULF FX UDQGDPHQWXO HJDO FX  'HRFDPGDW

scumpe, neputndu-VH XWLOL]D OD SURSRU LL LQGXVWULDOH

3HQWUX FD SLHUGHULOH GH FXUHQW V WUDQVIRUPD L DGLF FX WHQVLXQH PDUH L LQWHQVLWDWH PLF  /LQLLOH HOHFWULFH GLQ FDGUXO UH HOHORU HOHFWULFH VXQW

a) 'XS SXWHUHD HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH - linii electrice pentUX WUDQVSRUW FX b)

DMXWRUXO F URUD VH WUDQVSRUW

SXWHUL PDUL GH OD FHQWUDOD

SURGXF WRDUH OD FRQVXPDWRUL SH GLVWDQ H PDUL OLQLL HOHFWULFH SHQWUX GLVWULEX LH FDUH VXQW OLQLL SHQWUX WUDQVSRUWXO SXWHULORU PLFL OD

GLVWDQ H PLFL VSUH JUXSXUL UHVWUkQVH GH FRQVX 'XS OLQLL FRQVWUXF LH OLQLLOH HOHFWULFH VXQW HOHFWULFH DHULHQH /($  FkQG

matori;
HOHFWULFL VXQW PRQWD L SH VWkOSL GH

FRQGXFWRULL

VXV LQHUH OLQLL HOHFWULFH vQ FDEOX /(&  FkQG FRQGXFWRULL HOHFWULFL VXQW vQI XUD L L PRQWD L

subteran. Acestea sunt costisitoare, folosindu-VH SHQWUX GLVWDQ H VFXUWH 6WD LLOH GH WUDQVIRUPDUH au rolul de a transforma parametrii curentului electric
'XS WHQVLXQHD SH FDUH R DUH FXUHQWXO OD LHLUHD GLQ VWD LD GH

LQWHQVLWDWH L WHQVLXQH WUDQVSRUWDW SULQ OLQLLOH GH FXUHQW

transformare acestea sunt:

VWD LL ULGLF WRDUH GH WHQVLXQH VWD LL FRERUkWRDUH GH WHQVLXQH

6WD LLOH ULGLF WRDUH GH WHQVLXQH VH FRQVWUXLHVF OD SURGXF WRU SHQWUX FD SLHUGHULOH GH FXUHQW vQ WLPSXO WUDQVSRUWXOXL V 6WD LLOH VFDG  GH WHQVLXQH ILH DGXV XQHL VH

FRERUkWRDUH

construiesc n apropierea consumatorilor, pentru ca

vQ LQGXVWULH L FDVQLF HVWH GH WUDQVIRUPDUH

YDORDUHD WHQVLXQLL FXUHQWXOXL V 8QLWDWHD SULQFLSDO D

OD FHD IRORVLW

VWD LL

transformatorul

)XQF LRQDUHD

WUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORU VH ED]HD] HVWH DOF WXLW GLQWU

SH SULQFLSLXO LQGXF LHL HOHFWURPDJQHWLFH Q HVHQ

 XQ WUDQVIRUPDWRU

-un cadru de fier moale.

3H XQD GLQ ODWXUL VH vQI RDU

R ERELQ

FX Q1 VSLUH SULQ FDUH FLUFXO R DOW

FX FXUHQW GH LQWHQVLWDWH ,1 L GLQ Q2 VSLUH Q DFHDVW

tensiune U1
ERELQ

3H ODWXUD RSXV

SULPHLD VH vQI RDU

ERELQ  IRUPDW

VH SURGXFH XQ FXUHQW LQGXV GH LQWHQVLWDWH ,2 L WHQVLXQH 82 QWUH FHL GRL FXUHQ L H[LVW UHOD LLOH

. (3.29) (3.30)

U 1 I1 = U 2 I 2 ; I 1 n 1 = I 2 n 2 ,
de unde:
U1 I2 n1 = = U 2 I1 n 2
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