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41

4
(Alkalinity)
4.1

3 (HCO3-) (CO32-)
(OH-)

20 mg/l as CaCO3 1,500-2,000 mg/l as CaCO3
(, 2545)
(HCO3-)
6-8
4.1 (HCO3-) (CO32-) (OH-)
11 (CO32-)
(OH-) (OH-)
(HCO3-) 9.5-10.5
(CO32-

: , 2545
4.1 HCO3- CO32- OH-

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2


1)
H2O + CO2
H2CO3
H2CO3
H++HCO32)
2CaCO3+CO2+H2O
Ca2++ 2H2CO3
4.2
4.2.1

6.8-8.2

4.2.2
1) Coagulation - - - H+
H+
2) - (Lime-Soda Process)
Ca2++2HCO3-+Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3+2H2O
3)
(Volatile Fatty Acid)

4) Nitrification
2NH4++3O2 2NO2-+2H2O+4H+
4.2.3


20-40 ./. ()

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4.3
H+
0.02 N H2SO4
(Equivalent Point)
8.3
2
( 8.3)

( 4.3)
4.3.1
1) (Indicator Method)
(Equivalent Point)

2) (Potentiometric Method)

4.3.2
1)
2)
4.3.3
1) Erlenmayer Flask 250 ml.
2) Volumetric Pipette 50,100 ml.
3) Volumetric Flask 250 ml.

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4) Burette 50 ml.
5) pH meter
4.3.4
1)
2) Methyl orange indicator
3) Phenolphthalein indicator
4) Standard Solution H2SO4 0.02 N
4.4
4.4.1
1) pH >4.3-8.3

50 . 100 .

pH> 4.3 Methyl orange indicator 1-3

Standard Solution H2SO4 0.02N

H2SO4 0.02N
2) pH >8.3

50 . 100 .

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pH>8.3 Phenolphthalein indicator

1-3
Standard Solution H2SO4 0.02N

H2SO4 0.02N
4.4.2
1) pH 4.3-8.3

50 . 100 .

Standard Solution H2SO4 0.02 N

M.O 4.3

H2SO4 0.02 N

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2) pH >8.3

50 . 100 .

Standard Solution H2SO4 0.02 N

8.3

H2SO4 0.02 N
4.5
1) 4

2) 24 4 0C
3) residual chlorine Na2S2O3 0.1 N 1
4.6
Alkalinity =

N acid Vacid x50,000

Vsample

Vacid = H2SO4 (ml.)

Nacid = H2SO4 (N)
Vsample = (ml.)

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4.7
.. .

.

pH

Vsample

Nacid

Vacid

(ml.)

(N)

(ml.)

(mg/l as CaCO3)
P-Alk.

T-Alk.

4.8
1)
2)

3)
4)
5) H2SO4 pH 8.3 4.3
?
6)

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4.9
1) . (2522). ( 3).
:
2) . (2545). , (
1). :