QU TRNH TRAO I CHT VI SINH VT KHI NIM C BN - Trao i cht Con ng trao i cht Tin t Qu trnh trao i cht

t bao gm: trao i nng lng -

v trao i vt cht xy dng t bo D ha (catabilism) ng ha (anabolism)

Vt cht t bo Sn phm trao i cht (metabolite) Cht trao i bc 1 (primary metabolite): Cht trao i bc 2 (secondary metabolite):

QU TRNH TRAO I NNG LNG C 2 dng trao i nng lng: h hp v ln men H HP (respiration): chui h hp tham gia vo qu trnh tng hp ATP Thnh phn ca chui h hp: Flavoprotein Protein Fe-S Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) Cytochrome
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Phn loi: c 2 kiu h hp H hp hiu kh (aerobic respiration) H hp k kh (anaerobic respiration)

LN MEN (fermentation): chui h hp khng tham gia vo qu trnh tng hp ATP

Phn loi qu trnh ln men - Ln men hiu kh: do vsv hiu kh gy ra (c s tham gia ca oxy) - Ln men k kh: do vi sinh vt k kh hay k kh ty tin gy ra

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LN MEN K KH 1. Qu trnh ln men ru - Bn cht: l qu trnh phn hy ng thnh ru v kh carbonic di tc dng ca vsv. Phng trnh phn ng:

H vsv: nm men (enzyme zimaza): S. cerevisiae (16%

cn) v S. oviformis (19-22% cn), vi khun, nm mc (mucor) Nguyn liu: ng lactose ch ln men c di tc dng ca nm men S. lactis, ng rafinose ln men c 1/3, tinh bt v cellulose khng th ln men c. Ngoi ra, nguyn liu sn xut ru cn thng l: ng cc (la, ng, khoai, sn, la m, la mch, cao lng)..., r ng ... Ch : nm men ni (S. cerevisiae), nm men chm (S.

carlsbergensis hay S. uvarum). Theo Kreger-van-Rij,1984: chm + ni = S. cerevisiae Thnh tu cng ngh mi: nm men c nh

(immobilized yeast cells) 2. Qu trnh ln men lactic: - Bn cht: l qu trnh chuyn ha ng thnh acid lactic nh vsv. Ln men lactic c 2 dng: ln men ng hnh v ln men d hnh
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Phng trnh phn ng:

Ngoi sn phm chnh l acid lactic, chng ta cn thu

c cc sn phm ph nh: acid succinic, acid lactic, acid acetic, ru etylic, kh CO2 v H2.

H vsv: vi khun lactic (thng c dng hnh cu, hnh

ovan v hnh que), kch thc: 1-8m, ng ring r hoc kt thnh chui. Vi khun ln men lactic ng hnh (S. lactis, L. bulgaricus), vi khun lactic ln men d hnh (S. L. brevis, L. lycopersici) Nguyn liu: vi khun lactic ln men c mono v

disaccharide (mt s khng s dng maltose); khng ln men c tinh bt v cc polysaccharide khc. 3. Qu trnh ln men propionic: - Bn cht: qu trnh phn hy ng, acid lactic, mui lactate thnh acid propionic, CO2 v H2O di tc dng ca vsv Phng trnh phn ng:
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H vsv: nh nhm vk propionic

thuc ging Propionibacterium (trc khun hi b un cong, gram dng). Nguyn liu: ngoi c cht l
Propionibacterium

ng v acid lactic, nhng vk cn ln

men c acid pyruvic, glycerine v mt s cht khc. Chng phn hy aa, tch cc acid bo ra thnh dng t do lm cho thc phm i v c v ng.

4. Qu trnh ln men butyric: - Bn cht: qu trnh phn hy ng thnh acid butyric, CO2 v H2O di tc dng ca vk butyric. Trong qu trnh ln men cn xut hin t hp cc sn phm ph: acetone, ru butylic, ethanol, acid acetic. Phng trnh phn ng:

H vsv: vk butylic thuc ging Clostridium (trc khun Nguyn liu: c th ln men cc loi ng, tinh bt,

ln, chuyn ng, sinh bo t, k kh bt buc) -

dextrin, pectin, glycerine v cc mui lactate * Qu trnh ln men ny c dng sn xut acid butyric t khoai ty, bt nu, b tinh bt, ng (ester ca butyric l cc cht thm: ester metylic c mi to,
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ester etylic c mi mn, ester amylic c mi da). Cc ester ny dng trong sn xut bnh ko v m phm.

5. Qu trnh ln men acetone-butanol: - Bn cht: qu trnh chuyn ha ng thnh cc sn phm nh: acetone, butanol, ethanol, CO2 v H2O; sn phm ph l acid butyric. Phng trnh phn ng:

H vsv: Cl. acetobutylicum (ln men c tt c

hydrate carbon, tr cellulose). c ng dng trong sn xut acetone v butanol.

LN MEN HIU KH 1. Ln men acetic - Bn cht: l qu trnh oxy ha ru ethylic thnh acid acetic do vsv Phng trnh phn ng:

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H vsv: ging Acetobacter (hin nay ngi ta m t

c 20 loi thuc ging ny): A. aceti, A. xillinum Vk acetic c c im l d thay i hnh dng: iu kin bnh thng c hnh si di v kt thnh mng trn b mt c cht; iu kin bt li th li phnh to, phng Nguyn liu: phng php th cng (A. orleanense) VS

quy m cng nghip (A. schuzenbachii v A. aceti). 2. Ln men citric - Bn cht: l qu trnh oxy ha ng thnh acid citric di tc dng ca vsv (thng l nm mc A. niger) Phng trnh phn ng:

H vsv: nm mc A. niger Nguyn liu: r ng (15%), bt sn c ng ha

* Phng php nui cy b mt VS phng php nui cy b su. 3. Phn hy cellulose v pectin - L qu trnh phn hy cellulose v pectin di tc dng ca nhng vsv c hot tnh enzyme pectinase v cellulase (vd: nm mc, vi khun) u: qu trnh khong ha xc thc vt Nhc im: qu trnh ph hy tht qu, m thc vt ng dng:
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4. Phn hy lipid (cht bo) v (fatty acid) acid bo - Bn cht: thy phn cht bo thnh glycerine v acid bo t do

(enzyme lipase t Aspergillus v Penicillum); enzyme lipoxygenase xc tc qu trnh peroxide ca cc acid bo. Glycerine: vsv chuyn ha thnh CO2 v H2O Cc peroxide: b oxy ha thnh cc sn phm trung

gian nh: oxide acid, aldehyde, cetone cui cng b vsv chuyn ha thnh CO2 v H2O

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QU TRNH TRAO I GLUCID 1. D HA GLUCID C cht hexose Con ng ng phn (Glycolytic pathway) / EMP (Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas)

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Trong iu kin c oxy: acid piruvic s i vo chu trnh

Kreb (chu trnh tricarboxylic, acid citric), sn phm cui cng l H2O, CO2 v ATP

Trong iu kin khng c oxy: xy ra qt ln men

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C cht oligo-saccharide: c thy phn to thnh hexose Di tc dng ca enzyme s to thnh cc mono-

hexose. V d: maltose (enzyme maltase), lactose (enzyme lactase), saccharose (enzyme invertase), raffinose (enzyme invertase v melibiase) Dng enzyme thy phn thnh cc mono hexose, sau C cht polisaccharide: c thy phn to thnh cc mono- v oligo- saccharide Di tc dng ca enzyme s to thnh cc mono v hexose s i vo con ng EMP

oligo. V d: tinh bt (enzyme amylase), hemicellulose (enzyme hemicellulase), cellulose 2. NG HA GLUCID Tng hp glycogen t glucose (nm men) Tng hp levan, dextran, cellulose... QU TRNH TRAO I PROTEIN 1. D HA PROTEIN Cc phn ng thy phn protein bi h enzyme (enzyme cellulase),

pectine (enzyme pectinase), inuline (inulase)

protease. Vd: h enzyme trong rut c

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ng dng: sn xut nc chm ln men (nc mm, nc tng), chao, ph mai 2. NG HA PROTEIN Nguyn tc: phn ng trao i amin v deamin ha ng dng: sn xut sinh khi giu protein lm thc n gia sc QU TRNH TRAO I LIPID 1. D HA LIPID Cc phn ng thy phn lipid bi h enzyme lipase Phn ng chuyn ha acid bo thnh ATP (chu trnh

thnh glycerine v acid bo -

Kreb) 2. NG HA LIPID Tng hp triglyceride t glycerine v acid bo ng dng: sn xut acid bo (DHA)

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