C S HOA HOC CUA S SONG Theo quan iem cua Ang-ghen : Sinh hoc la h

CHNG II

hoc cua s song. Ong cung cho rang : Song

phng thc ton tai cua cac the protein, phng thc ton tai nay chu yeu la cho thanh phan hoa hoc cua nhng vat the ay no luon luon oi mi.

 The gii sinh vat rat a dang, cac hp chat muon hnh

muon ve, nhng te bao cung cau tao t cac phan t va nguyen t. Tuy nhien, cac phan t trong c the song la san pham cua qua trnh tien hoa lau dai hang t nam, nen chung thch nghi nhat cho viec hoan thanh cac chc nang sinh hoc va ong thi tren c s tng tac nhau chung tao nen s song va tuan theo cac qui luat cua s song.

Te bao the hien thc s la mot nha may t hon : trong cac thanh phan te bao dien ra vo so phan ng enzyme di s kiem soat chnh xac ve khong gian va thi gian (cua bo gen). Cac te bao cung thc hien nhng cong viec tinh vi (va vo cung phc tap) ma cac ky s tai gioi nhat van cha bat chc c.

I. CAC PHAN T.

1. Cac nguyen to c the song.

S hoan hao cua hoa hoc te bao song the hien ngay trong thanh phan cac nguyen to von co trong thien nhien. Trong 92 nguyen to cua thien nhien ch 25 co trong cac sinh vat.

Cac nguyen to tham gia cau tao chat song

Cac nguyen to trong chat hu c N O C Cac ion K+ Na+ Mg++ Cac nguyen to dau vet Fe Mn Co V Al Mo

H
P S

Ca++
Cl-

Cu
Zn

I
Si B

Bang II.1. T le tng oi va tam quan trong cac nguyen to trong c the ngi
Ten va t le (%) Tam quan trong hay chc nang 1. Oxygen (O) 65% Tham gia vao ho hap; co trong nc va hau het cac chat hu c. 2. Carbon (C) 18% Tao khung chat hu c; co the tao lien ket vi 4 nguyen t khac 3. Hydrogen (H) 10% Co trong hau het cac chat hu c va thanh phan cua nc. 4. Nitrogen (N) 3 % Thanh phan cua cac protein, acid nucleic.

5. Calcium (Ca) 1,5% Thanh phan xng va rang; quan trong trong co c, dan truyen xung than kinh, va ong mau. 6. Phosphor (P) 1% Thanh phan acid nucleic; trong xng; rat quan trong trong chuyen nang lng. 7. Kalium (Potassium) (K) 0.4 Cation (ion+) chu yeu trong te bao; quan trong cho hoat ong than kinh va co c. 8. Sulfur (S) 0.3 Thanh phan protein. 9. Natrium (Sodium) (Na) 0.2 Ion+ chu yeu trong dch mo; quan trong trong can bang chat dch; dan truyen xung than kinh.

10. Magnesium (Mg) 0.1% Can cho mau, cac mo; thanh phan nhieu he enzyme 11. Chlor (Cl) 0.1 Anion chu yeu dch c the; quan trong trong can bang noi dch. 12. Ferrum (Sat) (Fe) vet Thanh phan cua hemoglobin, myoglobin, mot so enzyme. 13. Iod (I) vet. Thanh phan cua hormone tuyen giap (thyroid). Cac nguyen to khac co rat t (< 0,01%) thng goi la vi lng hay vi to.

Tam quan trong cua Iod the hien : ngay 8-91994 Thu tng chnh phu Viet Nam ra quyet nh so 481/Ttg ve viec to chc va van ong
Toan dan an muoi Iod.

 To chc Y te The gii (WHO) anh gia s thieu sat

(Fe) tac ong en 30% dan so toan cau (chu yeu la nhng ngi an cm) gay benh thieu mau. Gao khong han thieu sat, nhng khi nau chn enzyme phytase b hong nen phytic acid la chat ngan hap thu sat khong b phan huy va an vao sat b mat hoac khong c hap thu bi c the. Bang cach chuyen 3 gen khac nhau vao cay lua a tao c giong lua, ma an gao cua no khong b thieu sat.

Cau truc cua cytochrome C. Khung heme gia co sat (Fe)

3. ac iem hoa hoc cua cac nguyen to chu yeu.

Th nhat, trong bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to H ng au nhom I, C ng au nhom IV, N ng au nhom V va O ng au nhom VI. Nh vay trong cac nhom chat ke tren chung la nhng nguyen to nhe nhat, be nhat cua moi nhom. ang chu y la lp ien t cua chung nh sau : H1, O2+6, N2+5 va C2+4 nen tng ng chung co hoa tr : H=1, O=2, N=3 va C=4.

 Th hai, ca bon nguyen to co cung chung tnh chat la de tao thanh

cac lien ket cong hoa tr bang cach bat cap gop chung ien t. e lap ay lp ien t ngoai cung tao lien ket cong hoa tr ben vng, H can 1e, O can 2e, N can 3e, va C can 4e. Cac nguyen to nay de dang tac dung lan nhau bang cach lap ay lp ien t ngoai cung e tao nen nhieu hp chat khac nhau. Th ba, trong cac nguyen to co kha nang tao lien ket cong hoa tr chung nhe nhat moi nhom hoa tr. S ben vng cua lien ket cong hoa tr hau nh t le nghch vi trong lng cua cac nguyen t tham gia lien ket. Nh vay s song a chon cac nguyen to co hoa tr 1, 2, 3, 4 nhe nhat lai co cac lien ket cong hoa tr ben vng nhat.

 Th t, ngoai ra ba nguyen to O, N va C co kha nang tao lien ket

n hoac oi (v du : - C = O), nh o cac hp chat hoa hoc do chung tao nen them a dang. Rieng C co the tao thanh lien ket ba vi N (C N) hoac gia C vi nhau, tuy kieu lien ket nay t gap trong thien nhien. Cac hp chat cua cac nguyen to nay de tao thanh lien ket hydro. Th nam, ac biet quan trong la nguyen to carbon co kha nang tac dung vi nhau tao lien ket cong hoa tr ben vng - C - C- . V nguyen t C co the thu vao hoac cho 4 ien t e lap lp ien t ngoai cung u 8 ben vng nen moi nguyen t C co the tao lien ket cong hoa tr vi 4 nguyen t C khac. Nh vay cac nguyen t C co the tao khung cho vo so cac chat hu c khac nhau.

Ngoai ra cac nguyen t C de dang tao lien ket cong hoa tr vi C, H, N va ca S (lu huynh) nen trong cac chat hu c cha mot so lng ln nhieu nhom chc nang khac nhau. Mot tnh chat noi bat na cua C la kha nang cac ien t bat cap tao xung quanh moi nguyen t C tao cau truc khong gian khoi t dien nh o cac kieu hp chat hu c khac nhau co cau truc khong gian ba chieu. Ngoai ra, S va P cung tham gia vao thanh phan cau tao cua nhieu chat hu c quan trong cho s song.

 1. Nc (H2O) Nc cung chiem phan ln (70-80%) c the song,

II. CAC CHAT VO C

ca biet nh con sa co the en 98%. Nc la chat vo c n gian co so lng ln tren hanh tinh, no co nhng tnh chat ly hoa ac biet nen chiem phan ln chat song va co le s song bat nguon t moi trng nc.

Cac ien t phan bo khong oi xng nen phan t nc

phan cc (polarize)

Hai phan t nc ke nhau co the tao thanh lien ket hydro

Cac phan t nc tap hp lai thanh mang li nh cac

lien ket hydro

 - Cac chat tham gia vi cac lien ket hydro cua nc goi la a
khong phan cc lam t mang li lien ket hydro cua nc. Chung la cac phan t k nc (hydrophobe). - Nc la dung moi e cac chat hoa tan de dang thc hien phan ng va on nh cau truc te bao. - Nc con gi vai tro ieu hoa nhiet o c the va on nh nhiet o moi trng song cua cac sinh vat. Nc co nhiet dung cao nen hap thu nhieu nang lng nong len cham, khi toa nhiet cung cham lam nhiet o thay oi khong ot ngot. .

nc (hydrophile) va de hoa tan trong nc. Cac phan t

 Khi c the nong qua, nc boc hi toa nhiet on nh nhiet

o c the. Moi trng song nhieu nc th dao ong nhiet o t do co s ieu hoa nhiet o cua nc, mat me de chu hn. Do tam quan trong ac biet cua nc nh vay nen no la mot nhan to gii han trong sinh moi. Nhng ni t nc nh sa mac th s song ngheo nan, vung rng ma nhiet i, vung bai trieu cua song, bien la nhng ni co nhieu nc th s song phong phu.

2. Cac chat vo c khac.

Bo xng cha nhieu chat vo c nhat (khoang 1/10
trong lng ngi, Ca). Cac chat thng gap: NaCl, KCl, NaHCO3, CaCl2, CaCO3, MgSO3, NaH2PO4 Ionomics: cac gen ieu hoa tat ca cac ion trong te bao. -> tao thc vat can t phan bon hn, san pham co gia tr dinh dng cao hn va thc vat co the hut bo kim loai gay o nhiem at.

3. Cac kh hoa tan

Dch c the cha cac kh hoa tan. Kh CO2 co rat t trong khong kh
(ch 0,03%). Trong c the sinh vat, CO2 co the co nhieu hn do phan ng oxy hoa cac chat hu c. thc vat, kh CO2 c s dung e tong hp cac chat hu c. Oxy co nhieu trong khong kh (hn 20%) nen hoa tan kha nhieu trong te bao, tham gia vao cac phan ng oxy hoa tao nang lng can thiet cho hoat ong cua sinh vat. Nit co nhieu trong khong kh nhng la kh tr. Ch co mot so vi sinh vat la co kha nang co nh (fixation) Nitrogen khong kh. Cac sinh vat khac s dung nit dang hp chat ch khong s dung dang kh.

III. CAC CHAT HU C PHAN T NHO

Chung co the chia thanh 4 nhom chnh: glucid, lipid, protein va
nucleic acid. Co the chia cac chat hu c trong c the thanh hai loai: phan t nho va cac ai phan t sinh hoc
(biomacromolecules). ac biet quan trong cac protein va nucleic acid la cac chat polymer c tao nen t cac n v nho (amino acid hay nucleotide) xep theo mot trnh t ac trng nen con co the goi chung la cac ai phan t thong tin (information macromolecules)

Cac chat hu c phan t nho gom cac chat nh hydrocarbon, carbohydrate, lipid, cac amino acid va cac nucleotide cung cac dan xuat.

Cac nhom chc hoa hoc

Carboxylic Aldehyde Alcohol Keto Ester Phosphate ester

- Thioester - Ether - Acid anhydric - Phosphoandehyde

1. Hydrocarbon.
Carbon va hydrogen hnh thanh nen nhng hp chat ben vng
goi la hydrocarbon. o la cac chat khong phan cc, khong tao nen lien ket hydro va noi chung khong hoa tan trong nc, s lien ket de dang gia cac nguyen to carbon-carbon a san sinh ra cac mach co o dai va hnh dang khac nhau hnh thanh nen vo so cac chat hydrocarbon. Mach carbon co the thang (hnh 2.7), phan nhanh (2.8) hay tao vong (hnh 2.9).

2. Cac carbohydrate (glucid)

va O.

Cac glucid hay cac chat carbohydrate la nhng chat gom C, H

Nhom -CH2O thng gap trong cac phan t carbohydrate. nh ngha: Glucid la nhng hp chat polyalcol (ru a chc) co cha nhom aldehyde hoac ketone hoac la nhng chat khi thuy phan chung se cho nhieu polyalcolaldehyde hoac polyalcolketone.

 Chc nang Glucid la nguon nang lng cho tat ca cac te bao cua c the ong vat

cung nh thc vat (ve mat dinh dng th glucid la chat dinh dng ac biet gia tr oi vi con ngi va la khau phan chnh trong ba an hang ngay cua ngi Viet Nam va Chau A). Glucid cung cap gan 50% so lng calo hang ngay, nang lng nay can cho hoat ong song cua c the. Nhu cau glucid cho ngi 50 kg la khoang 250350g/ngay/ngi va c 1 g glucid cho 4,1 calo. Glucid con tham gia vao thanh phan te bao, mo, cac protein phc tap, enzyme moi to chc cua c the va tham gia vao qua trnh tao hnh va con la chat d tr nang lng. Glucid cung cap nang lng lien tuc cho te bao va mo nhng van duy tr mc khong oi do chung c bo sung theo con ng thc an hang ngay. Glucid chuyen hoa trong c the theo hai hng la oxy hoa hoan toan thanh CO2 va H2O hoac chuyen thanh chat beo, ieu nay dan en benh beo ph nhieu ngi.

 a. Cac ng n (monosaccharide): Monosaccharide la dan xuat cua aldehyde hay Monosaccharide co cha nhom aldehyde goi ng aldose Monosaccharide co cha nhom ceton goi la ng ketose Tuy theo so cacbon trong mach ta co nhng monosaccharide tng ng. Neu 3C : ta co ng triose 4C : tetrose 5C : pentose 6C : hexose 7C : heptose 8C : octose Cac chat ng n (3, 5 va 6 C) thng co nhieu dang ong phan nh ong
phan khong gian (stereoisomere) alpha va beta. Co the ton tai 2 dang D va L
monosaccharide co:

ketone cua mot polyalcol (ru a chc).

b. Cac ng oi (disaccharide).

Saccharose (ng ma): Co hau het trong cac cay xanh, ac

Trong thc vat pho bien nhat dang di-sac nh; maltose, saccharose, ong vat co lactose(sa).

biet nhat la trong cu cai ng t 10%-20%, ma t 14%-25%. Saccharose la ng de tan, ket tinh dang tinh the co y ngha quan trong trong dinh dng cua con ngi, dung lam ngot dc pham va thc pham. Maltose ( ng mach nha): La san pham c che bien t
tinh bot do s thuy phan cua amylase (amylase co nhieu trong hat ngu coc nay mam, dch tieu hoa).

Lactose: Con goi la ng sa v no co trong sa cua cac loai hu

nhu (5%-8%) ay la loai ng duy nhat c tao ra t trong c the ong vat. Lactose len men tao acid lactic. Cellobiose: Cellobiose la thanh phan chu yeu cua cellulose. Trong thanh phan cua cellobiose co cha -glucose, ay la san pham thuy phan t cellulose. Trong thien nhien khong gap cellobiose dang t do.

c. Cac ng phc hp (polysaccharide)

Polysaccharide ong the la cac polymer cua monose hay c tao

bi nhieu monosaccharide cung loai hay khac loai tao nen tc la trong thanh phan ch co glucid (thng co so lng hang tram hay hang ngan goc monosaccharide), lien ket vi nhau bang lien ket 1,4-glucoside; 1,6-glucoside oi khi con la lien ket 1,3-glucoside; 1,2-glucoside nhng cac monosaccharide co the dang furan hoac dang pyran lien ket vi nhau bi lien ket -glucoside hoac la -glucoside.

POLYSACCHARIDE D THE (HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDE) La polysaccharide ma trong thanh phan ngoai glucid con co cac thanh phan the phi glucid nh la goc acid acetic, acid phosphoric, acid sulfuricva cac nhom khac. Rat hiem polysaccharide nao cha hn nam loai monose khac nhau trong thanh phan cua chung.

3. Cac chat lipid

Lipid gom nhng chat nh dau, m co tnh nhn, khong tan
trong nc, tan trong cac dung moi hu c nh ether, chlorform,
benzen, ru nong. Giong nh cac chat carbohydrate cac lipid c tao nen t C, H va O nhng chung co the cha cac nguyen to khac nh P hay N. Chung khac vi carbohydrate cho cha O vi mot ty le t hn han. Hai nhom lipid quan trong oi vi sinh vat la: nhom co nhan glycerol va nhom co nhan sterol. Cac nhan nay ket hp vi cac acid beo va cac chat khac tao nhieu loai lipid khac nhau.

 Chc nang sinh hoc cua Lipid: Chc nang quan trong nhat cua lipid la tham gia cau tao mang sinh hoc: mang te

bao, mang ty the, mang lap the, mang nhan,. do mang sinh hoc c xem la the kham long chu yeu da tren ban chat cua Lipoprotein. Lipid la chat d tr nang lng, cung cap nguon nang lng hieu dung nhat: 1g m khi oxy hoa cho 9.3 kcal hn gap 2 lan so vi oxy hoa 1g glucose hay 1g protein. Nhu cau nang lng hang ngay cua ong vat do m cung cap khoang 30% va hn 90% thc vat co d tr nang lng trong hat la dau, trong qua trnh nay mam th dau chu yeu e sinh nang lng. Lipid la dung moi hoa tan cac vitamin quan trong A, D, E, K. V vay neu thieu lipid se dan en thieu cac vitamin tren. Lipid ong vai tro bao ve: Lam mo em, gi nhiet, thanh lap vach te bao vi khuan, tao lp vo cng cua con trung, tao cac lp lipid tren da Lipid con la nguon cung cap nc noi sinh rat quan trong oi vi ong vat ngu ong, cac ong vat di c, ken v khi oxi hoa 100g th sinh ra 107g H20. Nhu cau lipid cho ngi thng t 36 42g/ ngay. Trong khau phan an, lipid chiem khoang 14 15% tong lng chat dinh dng chu yeu.

 Glyceride con goi la m trung tnh, la ester cua glycerol va acid

beo bac cao, c goi la acylglycerol hay m trung tnh, la thanh phan chu yeu cua m ong vat va dau thc vat. Tuy vao so lng va v tr cua cac goc acid beo ma glyceride chia lam triglyceride, diglyceride va monoglyceride. Sap ong la mot loai glycerid.

Cholesterol thng gap trong cac cau truc mang.

Cac acid beo (fatty acids)

Chung la cac acid hu c co mach hydro carbone no nh acid
palmitic CH3-(CH2)14-COOH, acid stearic CH3-(CH2)16-COOH hoac co mach hydrocarbon khong no (co noi oi) nh acid oleic CH3(CH3)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH . Nhom carboxyl (-COOH) khi t do se ion hoa, nhng no thng ket hp vi cac nhom khac tao ester hay amide .

o Lipid phc tap: a. Phospholipid. La ester cua ru a chc vi acid beo va co them
acid phosphoric, cac goc base nitrogen. Phospholipid la mot trong nhng hp phan quan trong cua mang te bao, tham gia nhieu qua trnh sinh hoc quan trong. Chung co nhieu trong mo than kinh, nao, long o trng... T o chung chiet ra nh mot nhom lipid co cha phosphate nen con goi la phosphatid.

b. Glycolipid: La ester cua ru sphingosine vi acid beo ngoai ra con co them glucid (galactose, dan xuat amine cua galactose), trong cau tao khong co goc acid phosphoric. Glycolipid tham gia thanh phan cau tao mang te bao nh te bao than kinh, hong cau , bach cau... ong vai tro quan trong trong s "nhan biet" cung nh s phat trien ac tnh cua te bao. c. Lipo-protein : Mot so lipid ket hp vi protein bang cac tng tac k nc gia cac uoi k nc ( khong phan cc ) cua lipid va cac cau t protein e hnh thanh lipo-protein

4. Cac nucleotide : Cac nucleotide la nhng n

v cau truc cua DNA va RNA, ma thanh phan gom cac base nit mach vong. Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) va Uracil (U) la cac dan xuat cua cac pirimidine; con Adenine (A) va Guanine (G) la cac purine.

Cac nucleotid

 4. PROTID La nhng hp chat cha N co phan t lng ln sinh vat chung c tao thanh t cac amino acid va khong tan trong dung dch acid

trichloacetic 10%. Trong c the sinh vat, thc vat cung nh vi sinh vat, protid la hp phan quan trong nhat, chiem t le kha cao 18 20% trong lng c the, gan 50% vat chat kho toan c the ong vat. Nhng thc pham giau protid co nguon goc t thc vat nh cac loai au: au nanh, au phong, au xanh, cove va cac loai rau ngu coc (gao, ngo, bot m,). V du : protid trong ngu coc chiem 6 12 %, rau ti 1 5%, cac loai nam 3,7 4%. La hp chat bat buoc khong the thieu c. Thanh phan hoa hoc cac protid eu cha carbon, hidrogen, oxigen va nitrogen. Ngoai ra con cha S, P, Fe, I,

Protid gi cac chc nang c ban va ac biet quan trong oi vi cac c the sinh vat. Nhng Protid la enzyme gi vai tro xuc tac sinh hoc. Bao ve c the: globulin mien dch huyet thanh cua ong vat la khang the chong lai vi trung gay benh. ieu hoa cac qua trnh trao oi chat trong c the la hormone. Van chuyen va phan bo oxigen khap c the, tai CO2 ra ngoai: hemoglobine, hemoxigenamin, Cac Protid cua c the thc hien qua trnh co dan : actine, myosine. Ve mat dinh dng : oi vi ngi va ong vat bac cao Protid la mot thanh phan quan trong nhat, la thanh phan chnh khong the thieu trong khau phan an hang ngay. Khong co Protid th khong the co s song, sinh trng va phat trien. Trong c the con ngi Protid tham gia xay dng nen cac te bao, to chc cac c quan thanh phan chu yeu cac enzyme,

4. Cac amino acid: Cac amino acid co hai nhom chc: amin -NH2 mang tnh
kiem va carboxyl-COOH tnh acid.
O R CH NH 3 C OH

Cac L-amino acid noi nhau bang lien ket peptid e tao thanh
mach polypeptid. Mach polypeptid co hai au mut: au -N va au C Co 20 L-amino acid vi cac ch viet tat gom 3 ch

 20 loai L-amino acid vi cac ch viet tat gom ba ch hoac vi

ch mot ch : Lysine (Lys - K), Arginine (Arg - R), Histidine (His H), Acid aspartic (Asp - D), Acid glutamic (Glu -E), Asparagine (Asn - N), Glutamine (Gln - Q), Serine (Ser - S), Threonine (Thr - T), Tyrosine (Tyr - Y), Glycine (Gly - G), Alanine (Ala - A), Valine (Val V), Leucine (Leu - L), Isoleucine (Ile - I), Proline (Pro - P), Phenylalanine (Phe - F), Methionine (Met - M), Tryptophane (Trp - W), Cysteine (Cys - C).

 Amino acid chu yeu Co the ngi va ong vat can co u 20 amino acid thien nhien e
tong hp nen cac loai protein am nhan nhng chc nang trong yeu. Nhng c the ngi va ong vat ch co the tong hp c 10 loai amino acid noi tren t nhng dng chat khac co san trong thc an hang ngay. o la cac amino acid thay the c con lai khoang 10 amino acid c the ngi va ong vat khong the tong hp c ma phai hoan toan do thc an cung cap trc tiep. o la cac amino acid het sc can thiet v neu thieu chung c the ngi va ong vat khong the phat trien bnh thng c goi la amino acid chu yeu hay amino acid khong thay the c.

V du : 10 amino acid chu yeu cua heo la (PHILLVMATT): Histidine (His). Valine ( Val). Isoleucine ( Ile). Methionine ( Met). Leucine ( Leu). Arginine ( Arg). Tyrosine ( Tyr) Phenylalanine (Phe) Lysine (Lys) Tryptophane (Trp) trau bo, nhu cau amino acid thiet yeu kem quan trong hn, khong can phai cung cap them t ben ngoai vao, v he vi sinh vat da co co kha nang cung cap cho thu. ngi ch co 8 amino acid thiet yeu (His va Arg ch can thiet tre con)

IV. CAC AI PHAN T SINH HOC

Protein va nucleic acid la cac ai phan t thong tin (information
trnh t nhat nh phan anh thong tin. Khac vi tinh bot va cellulose ch co n chat duy nhat la glucose. Cac ai phan t thong tin co cau truc va hnh dang ac trng e thc hien nhng chc nang chuyen biet quan trong nhat cua s song

macromolecules). Cac biopolymer nay nh protein c tao nen t 20 loai amino acid va nucleic acid t 4 loai nucleotide xep theo mot

1. Cac protein
Cau truc Protein Cau truc bac mot: trnh t cac amino acid thanh phan cua chuoi
polypeptide Cau truc bac hai: s sap xep cua cac amino acid trong chuoi polypeptide dang mach thang nh: xoan va chuoi Cau truc bac ba: s sap xep trong khong gian 3 chieu cua cac amino acid, tac ong vi nhau do s phan cc va s tng tac vi cac chuoi ben. Cau truc bac bon: la s sap xep tong the trong khong gian cua cac tieu phan trong mot protein ma cau thanh t hai hay nhieu chuoi polypeptide

Protein.

Xoan
- Tren

be mat cua cac loi protein - Mat trong gom cac amino acid k nc - Mat ngoai la cac amino acid a nc va tng tac vi moi trng

Cau noi hydro c hnh thanh gia moi 4 v tr amino acid Mot vong xoan tng ng vi khoang 3,6 amino acid. Chieu dai trung bnh cua mot dai xoan la 10 amino acid vi khoang 3 vong xoan. Chieu dai thay oi t 5 en 40 amino acid

Phien

a)

iem au mui ten ch hng au tan cung C cua polypeptide, chia thanh 3 loai: Gom cac chuoi xep lai vi nhau vi so lng cac cau noi Hydro toi a Cung chieu: phien parallel Ngc chieu: anti parallel Hon hp.

Vong cuon (Loop) la vung gia xoan va phien

 Cac enzyme hay ferment la nhom protein ln nhat va quan

kieu phan ng sinh hoa nhat nh. Cac protein am nhan nhieu chc nang quan trong cua s song nh xuc tac, cau truc, van chuyen, van ong, bao ve va hoat tnh ieu hoa.

trong nhat. Co hang nghn enzyme va moi cai xuc tac mot

Mot so protein ac biet : bacteriorhodopsin, protein

mot loai t nhen, protein lam ong a va chong ong a

2. Cac chc nang sinh hoc a dang cua protein

a. Cac chat xuc tac. b. Cac protein cau truc

Cac protein cua vo virus. Glycoproteid tao vo va thanh te bao. Cac protein tham gia cau truc mang. Keratin tham gia cau tao da, long vu, mong va guoc ong vat. Sklerotin - vo ngoai cua con trung. Fibroin - t cua ken tam dau, si mang nhen. Ferritine - protein dang d tr sat trong tuy.

Cac chat xuc tac va Cau truc

Cac protein van ong.

 c. Cac protein van chuyen.

Myoglobine - van chuyen O2 cho c. Hemoglobine - protein cua mau van chuyen O2 cho c the. - Albumin - huyet tng

d. Cac protein van ong.

Myosin - protein cua c. Actine - protein cua c.

e. Cac protein bao ve.

Cac khang the. Fibrinogen la tien chat fibrine ong mau

f. Cac chat co hoat tnh sinh hoc.

2. Cac nucleic acid

Chung la cac polynucleotide do cac nucleotide noi thanh, co
hai loai:
mach n.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) : ribose, cac base A, G, C, U va Desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cau tao t ng

desoxyribose, cac base A, G, C, T va cau truc mach kep. DNA va RNA cung co cau truc khong gian ba chieu nh s tng tac cua cac lien ket hydro. Cac nucleic acid, chu yeu la DNA cha thong tin di truyen, RNA lam vai tro trung gian trong tong hp protein

Nucleoprotein Protein n gia n - Histone - Protamine Acid Nucleic - Ribonuclease - Deoxyribonuclease Mononucleotide Nucleoside Base Acid phosphoric Pentose - Ribose - Deoxyribose

- Pyrimidin - Purine

( S o thuy n h chaNucleoprotein) pha p t