GII PHP PH SNG DI NG GSM TRONG CC CNG TRNH C BIT KS. INH TH MINH NGUYT 1.

M u m rng th phn, ngoi vic cnh tranh v gi c, dch v gi tr gia tng, chm sc khch hng... cc nh cung cp dch v di ng cng khng ngng tp trung pht trin mng li c vng ph rng, ph su, cht lng ph sng tt. Tuy nhin, ngay c i vi cc cng ty cung cp dch v di ng ph sng 64/64 tnh thnh c mt vn cn quan tm l ti mt s thnh ph ln nh H Ni, TP. H Ch Minhcht lng ph sng trong cc to nh, c bit l cc to nh cao tng ca khch sn, vn phngcha c m bo. Ti cc tng thp thng c tnh trng sng yu, chp chn, cc tng cao th nhiu (nht l i vi cc nh khai thc chia s chung bng tn GSM) dn n kh thc hin v rt cuc gi. Mt trong cc gii php nhm khc phc hin tng trn v m bo cht lng cho khch hng c cc cng ty p dng l gii php ph sng trong nh (inbuilding). Bi vit s gii thiu v gii php trn. 2. Gii thiu v h thng inbuilding C th ni hin nay i vi cc ta nh ln nh l sn bay, ga in ngm, vn phng cao tng, siu th kinh doanh hng ha rng ln th vn vng ph v dung lng u rt quan trng v cht lng thoi di dng nh hng trc tip n uy tn ca nh cung cp dch v. Tuy nhin, do c trng vng ph ca nhng khu vc ny rng hoc tri di theo chiu dc, sng v tuyn t trm BTS bn ngoi ta nh (BTS outdoor macro) b suy hao nhiu khi xuyn qua cc bc tng b tng dn n cng tn hiu khng t yu cu, nn gii php ph sng trong ta nh hin nay c nhiu nh cung cp dch v di ng la chn. H thng inbuilding bao gm 3 phn chnh: ngun tn hiu, h thng phn phi tn hiu v phn t bc x. Trong h thng phn phi tn hiu l im khc bit in hnh gia h thng inbuilding so vi h thng mng BTS outdoor macro thng thng.

B lp hoc BTS

H thng phn phi th ng hoc H thng phn phi tch cc hoc H thng phn phi lai ghp

Cp r hoc Anten

Ngun tn hiu

H thng phn phi tn hiu

Phn t bc x

Hnh 1. Thnh phn chnh ca mt h thng ph sng trong nh a. Ngun tn hiu ph sng cho inbuilding ta c th dng: Ngun tn hiu bng trm outdoor: y l gii php n gin nht cung cp vng ph cho cc to nh vi tn hiu t cc trm macro bn ngoi to nh. Gii php ny c khuyn ngh nu lu lng trong ta nh khng 1

cao, hoc ch ta nh khng cho php lp t thit b v i cp trong ta nh hoc vic trin khai gii php dnh ring cho n khng kinh t. Khi vng ph c cung cp bng cch: - Tn hiu s thm nhp vo to nh t bn ngoi. iu ny ch thc hin c i vi cc ta nh c khong h ln i vi bn ngoi hoc t tng, ca s kim loi. - t BTS trn cc ta nh xung quanh v hng anten ti ta nh cn ph. Khi khng cn n h thng phn phi tn hiu na v phn t bc x chnh l anten ca trm BTS outdoor macro .

Hnh 2: Vng ph cho trong ta nh t mt t bo macro trong mng BTS outdoor macro u im ca gii php ny l chi ph thp, khng mt nhiu thi gian trong trin khai, c th ph c ngoi nh (outdoor) v trong nh (indoor). Nhc im ca gii php ny l vng ph hn ch, tc bit thp i vi cc dch v d liu, dung lng thp v cht lng khng th chp nhn c mt s phn trong to nh. Suy hao tng dn khi tn s cng cao, do vy kh cung cp vng ph cho to nh mc tn hiu tt. Suy hao c th khc phc bng cch tng cng sut t cc trm ngoi nh nhng nhiu s tng. Vic thit k tn s gp nhiu kh khn do qu tn s hn hp (nht l i vi cc nh khai thc chia s chung bng tn GSM). Ngoi cch ph sng trong nh bng trm outdoor ta c th s dng trm lp (repeater) lm ngun v tuyn cung cp cho h thng phn phi. Khi vng ph ca trm outdoor hin c c m rng. Nhng gii php ny t c s dng trong thc t v cng tn hiu, cht lng, s n nh, dung lng ph thuc vo trm BTS bn ngoi v vic thit k cho trm lp (qu ng truyn, mc cch ly 2 hng) mc d gi thnh thp, trin khai nhanh, d dng. V c nhiu nhc im ni trn nn trn thc t rt t nh cung cp dch v di ng s dng gii php ny, tr trng hp bt kh khng.

Hnh 3: Vng ph cho to nh c cung cp bi trm indoor dnh ring

Ngun tn hiu bng trm indoor dnh ring: Gii php ny c th tng thm dung lng cho nhng vng trong nh yu cu lu lng cao. Vn chnh y l cung cp dung lng yu cu trong khi vn m bo vng ph tt ca to nh m khng lm nh hng ti cht lng dch v ca mng BTS outdoor macro. V vy gii php ny c cc nh cung cp dch v di ng trong khu vc s dng nh SingTel, Digi... u im ca gii php ny l ngun tn hiu t bn ngoi n nh, mc tn hiu tt, m rng dung lng h thng d dng. Nhc im ca gii php l gi thnh cao, yu cu phi c cch b tr tn s/knh c th v xy dng h thng truyn dn m bo tnh m thut. b. H thng phn phi tn hiu H thng phn phi tn hiu c nhim v phn phi tn hiu t ngun cung cp i n cc anten hoc phn t bc x khc v c phn loi thnh: H thng th ng: H thng th ng l h thng anten c phn phi bng cp ng truc v cc phn t th ng. y l gii php ph bin nht cho cc khu vc ph sng inbuilding khng qu rng, c c im:

Hnh 4: Gii php h thng anten phn phi cp ng th ng - Trm gc c dnh ring cho to nh: Tn hiu v tuyn t trm gc c phn phi qua h thng n cc anten. Vng ph cho to nh c gii hn ng thi khng lm nh hng n cht lng mng BTS outdoor macro. Nhng yu cu k s thit k phi tnh ton qu ng truyn cn thn v mc cng sut mi anten ph thuc vo s tn hao m cc thit b th ng c s dng, c bit l chiu di cp. - Cc thit b chnh gm: cp ng trc, b chia (splitter/tapper), b lc (filter), b kt hp (combiner), anten. H thng ch ng: H thng ch ng l h thng anten phn phi s dng cp quang v cc thnh phn ch ng (b khuch i cng sut). Vic s dng cp quang t BTS ti khi iu khin t xa c th m rng ti tng v tr anten ring l bng cch: tn hiu RF t BTS c chuyn i thnh tn hiu quang ri truyn n v c bin i ngc li thnh tn hiu RF ti khi iu khin t xa trc khi c phn phi ti mt h thng cp ng nh. Ngoi ra, h thng cn s dng cc thit b khc trong vic phn phi tn hiu: Hub quang chnh, cp quang, Hub m rng, khi anten t xa.

RAU (Remote bi-direction antenna unit): Thit b anten song hng t xa Hnh 5 (a): S mt h thng anten phn phi ch ng cho khu trng s Gii php ny thng c s dng cho nhng khu vc ph sng inbuilding rt rng, khi m h thng th ng khng p ng c ch tiu k thut suy hao cho php. Khi mt BTS phc v c nhiu ta nh trong mt vng, thng l cc khu trng s. Cc kt ni khong cch xa (hn 1 km) s dng cp quang, s phn phi gia mt tng v cc phn trong to nh c th dng cp xon i dy. Nhng nhc im d nhn thy l chi ph cao.

MU (Main unit (E/O conversion)): Thit b chnh (Chuyn i E/O) RU (Remote unit (O/E conversion)): Thit b t xa (Chuyn i O/E) Hnh 5 (b): S mt h thng anten phn phi ch ng cho mt to nh cao tng H thng lai ghp

Hnh 6: S h thng lai ghp H thng ny l s kt hp gia h thng th ng v ch ng. Gii php ny dung ho c c u nhc im ca hai h thng th ng v ch ng. V n va m bo cht lng tn hiu cho nhng khu vc ph sng trong nh c quy m ln li va tit kim chi ph. c. Phn t bc x 4

Phn t bc x c nhim v bin i nng lng tn hiu in thnh sng in t pht ra ngoi khng gian v ngc li. Do h thng trong nh c s dng nhng khu vc c vng ph sng c bit nh nn i vi tng cng trnh c th i hi phi c phn t bc x thch hp. C th: Anten: s dng thch hp vi nhng vng ph c khuynh hng hnh trn hoc hnh ch nht. l v anten cho vng ph sng khng ng u, vic tnh qu ng truyn ph thuc nhiu vo cu trc ca to nh. Phm vi ph sng ca anten di GSM900 l 25m 30m; GSM1800 l 15m 18m. C 2 loi anten thng c s dng l anten v hng (omni) v anten c hng (yagi). Anten v hng c tnh thm m, nh gn d lp t nn c th kt hp hi ho vi mi trng trong to nh, cn anten c hng c tng ch cao thch hp khi ph sng trong thang my. Cp r: c im ca cp r (cn gi l cp tn x) l c cng tn hiu ng u theo mt trc chnh nn thng c dng cho cc vng ph phc v ko di c bit nh: hnh lang di, xe in ngm, ng hm... Phm vi ph sng ca cp d ch vo khong 6m nhng li c u im hn hn so vi anten l h tr c di tn s rng t 1 MHz 2500 MHz.

Hnh 7: H thng phn phi cp r 3. M hnh truyn sng v tnh ton qu ng truyn Trong h thng inbuilding th tn hiu sau khi t ngun tn hiu i qua h thng phn phi tn hiu n phn t bc x v pht ra khng gian s chu thm mt lng suy hao ph thuc vo s tng cng nh s bc tng m sng trc tip truyn qua ri mi n c thit b u cui ca thu bao di ng. d on c nhng suy hao ny nh thit k s s dng m hnh truyn sng trong nh t tnh ton ra qu ng truyn yu cu tng ng. Thc cht m hnh truyn sng l cng thc tnh suy hao sng v tuyn khi truyn qua cc vt cn v c xy dng t rt nhiu qu trnh o c thc nghim c th, cn qu ng truyn s xc nh tt c cc tham s suy hao ti a cho php tnh t ngun tn hiu n my di ng t c c ci nhn tng quan hn v h thng. M hnh truyn sng: Khc vi truyn dn hu tuyn ch truyn trn nhng i dy c thit k nh trc, suy hao c th lng trc v tnh ton c th vic tnh ton trong truyn dn v tuyn l rt a dng v phc tp do c im knh truyn m. Thng tin di ng l mt trong nhng dch v thng tin c bit, cho php thu bao trao i thng tin ngay c khi ang di chuyn nn knh truyn sng lin tc thay i trong qu trnh thu bao di ng. V vy, yu cu hng u i vi nh thit k l phi d on tng i chnh xc mc thu nng lng ti tng v tr ca thu bao di ng. Do mi trng truyn sng ca mng BTS outdoor macro (khng gian t do) khng cn 5

ng vi mi trng truyn sng ca h thng trong nh nn mt yu cu t ra l cn phi c mt m hnh truyn sng trong nh dnh ring. C nhiu m hnh truyn sng trong nh c cc nh nghin cu a ra nh m hnh ca Bertoni, N.Yarkoni-N.Blaunstein, Rappaport... do c trng ca mi trng truyn sng phc tp, do cu trc v vt liu xy dng a dng...nhng v khun kh bi vit c hn nn y ch gii thiu m hnh Motley & Keenan v nhng u im ca n. Motley & Keenan cho rng tn hao trung bnh pl(d) l mt hm ca khong cch d c th c tnh t tn hao khng gian t do plfs(d) v t s cc bc tng I gia Tx v Rx.

pl KeenanMotley (d ) = pl fs (d ) + Lwi
i

(1)

trong Lwi l tn hao ca bc tng th i. C th: L(dB)= 32.5 + 20 * log f + 20 * log d + k * F(k) + p * W(k) + D(d-db) (cng thc tnh cho khng gian t do) (2)

Trong : L : Tn hao ng truyn (dB). f : Tn s (MHz). d : khong cch t my pht n my thu (km). k : s tng m sng trc tip truyn qua. F : h s tn hao ca tng (dB). p : s bc tng m sng trc tip truyn qua. W: h s tn hao ca tng (dB) (note 1). D : h s tn hao tuyn tnh (dB/m) (note 2). db : im ngt trong nh (indoor breakpoint) (m) (note 2). note 1: Cc bc tng mng thng thng c tn hao 7 dB cn cc bc tng dy c tn hao 10 dB. note 2: i vi khong cch trn im ngt, trung bnh cng thm vo 0.2dB/m. im ngt in hnh: 65m.

Hnh 8: So snh suy hao tng theo m hnh Keenan Motley vi suy hao khng gian t do v cng thc xp x

Trn thc t m hnh truyn sng Keenan Motley hay c s dng d on s b suy hao truyn sng trong nh bi l khng qu phc tp, m hnh ny c u im l tnh ton n gin, khng c nhiu thng s phi gi nh hoc thc nghim. Ngoi ra cng t m hnh truyn sng ny, c th nhn thy suy hao truyn sng trong nh ph thuc ch yu vo s tng v s bc tng m sng trc tip truyn qua. Kt qu o c thc t ca cc m hnh truyn sng khc cng ch ra s phc tp ca truyn sng trong mi trng trong nh v kh m phng n mt cch chnh xc v kt cu ca cc to nh khc nhau, vt liu s dng khc nhau... Tnh ton qu ng truyn Mc ch chnh ca vic tnh ton qu ng truyn (link budget) l xc nh tt c cc tham s suy hao ti a cho php gia trm BTS v my di ng MS t c c ci nhn tng quan v cng sut, tng ch v tn hao ca h thng. ng thi gip cho nh thit k d dng d phng mc d tr hp l dnh cho khi cn nng cp hoc m rng h thng. Pout_bts > SSdes + Lp - Ga + Lf + Lps + Lc Trong : Pout_bts: Cng sut u ra ca ti u ni anten. Lp: Suy hao ng truyn t anten ti MS ti bin t bo (m hnh truyn sng Keenan Motley). Ga: H s tng ch ca anten BTS, h s tng ch ca anten MS xem nh l 0 dB. Lf: Suy hao fi. Lps: Suy hao b cng sut b chia. Lc: Suy hao trong cc b m rng, kt hp, b xong cng, b phi hp... SSdes: Cng tn hiu thit k. SSdes = EiRP Lp. EiRP: Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng. EiRP= Pout_bts Lc Lf + Ga (4) (3)

Hnh 9: S mt h thng phn phi antenna th ng n gin V d: Tnh ton EIRP cho mt h thng phn phi anten th ng n gin. EiRP = 29dBm(Pout_bts) 18dB(6 x b chia) 11dB(suy hao feeder) + 2dBi(Ant. Gain) 7

= + 2dBm Tm li: EIRP c th ph thuc cc yu t sau: - V tr t anten. - Loi anten. - c th ca vng ph: m, khp kn, trn cao hay trn thp. - Loi tng bao: tng dy th c th dng EIRP cao m khng lo tn hiu thot ra ngoi qu mnh. - S lng v tnh cht tng ngn quanh anten. Tuy nhin i vi cc to nh cao tng thng gp, cu trc cc tng thng ging nhau nn n gin ho th nn lm EIRP ng u trong tng t bo. Sau khi tnh ton EIRP, cn phi tnh ton kim tra cc ch tiu truyn sng khc, c th: + Total loss l tng tn hao t u ra my pht n anten: Total loss = (hybrid couple loss + tn hao b chia + suy hao coupler + suy hao cp). + Nng lng bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP: EIRP = (TxBTS + Ant. Gain) tng suy hao + Booster Trong : TxBTS l cng sut pht ca trm BTS, TxBTS = 47 dBm i vi di tn 900 MHz v 45 dBm i vi 1800 MHz. Booster l b khuch i s dng khi tuyn truyn dn t BTS n anten qu di khng m bo cng sut u ra ti anten. Ant. Gain = 5 dB. + Hiu qu ph sng ng xung: - Mc cng sut MS thu c nh nht: MS minimum receivable level (dB) = EIRP tn hao khng gian t do fading margin tn hao thn nhit att. Wall loss. - Mc d tr h thng ng xung (dnh cho khi nng cp, m rng h thng): System margin left over (dB) = tiu ch vng ph + MS minimum receivable level. - Tn hao ng truyn ln nht cho php: Max allowable path loss (dB) = EIRP fading margin suy hao thn nhit tiu ch vng ph. + Hiu qu ph sng ng ln: - Mc cng sut BTS thu c nh nht: BTS minimum receivable level (dB) = TxMS tng suy hao suy hao khng gian t do fading margin suy hao thn nhit. - Mc d tr h thng ng ln (dnh cho khi nng cp, m rng h thng): System margin left over (dB) = RxBTS + BTS minimum receivable level. 4. Kt lun: Qu trnh truyn sng trong mi trng trong nh rt phc tp v kh d on chnh xc do cu trc, kt cu, vt liu xy dng ca cc cng trnh khc nhau, mc ch s dng cng khc nhau: 8

sn bay, ga in ngm, vn phng cao tng, khu vc kinh doanh hng ha rng ln... V vy phi cn nhc khi chn gii php thit k sao cho ph hp nht vi tng cng trnh bng cch kt hp linh hot cc la chn trong 3 khi thnh phn chnh ca h thng trong nh. Trong nhng nm gn y, cc gii php inbuilding ngy cng c trin khai nhiu v c cc mng di ng quan tm nhm p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng vng ph mi ni. ng thi y cng l c hi cc nh khai thc m rng vng ph, ci thin dch v, gia tng lu lng mi cho nhng vng m trc y gi l h en do mng macro khng c kh nng phc v c. Vi vng ph trong nh chng ln v cng vi vng ph mng macro s lm tng tng dung lng v vng ph ca ton mng di ng. Ti liu tham kho: [1]. J. D. Parsons. DSc(Eng), FREng, FIEE Emeritus Professor of Electrical Engineering University of Liverpool. UK: Chapter 7, The mobile radio propagation channel, second edition. [2]. N. Yarkoni and N. Blaunstein. Department of Communication Systems Engineering, BenGurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel: Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 59, 151174, 2006, [3]. In-building/In-Tunnel user considerations, Public Safety Wireless Network Programs, August 2002 [4]. Jarmo kivinen, Helsinki University of Technology Radio Laboratory Publications, Teknillisen korkeakoulun Radiolaboratorion julkaisuja, Espoo: Delvelopment of wideband radio channel measurement and modelling techniques for future radio systems, February, 2001 REPORT S 244. [5]. Matthias Lott-Siemens AG-Information and communication mobile-Hofmann str.51-D 81359 Munchen-Germany, and Ingo Forkel-RWTH Aachen-communication networksKopernikus str.16-D 52074 Aachen-Germany: A multi-wall-and-floor model for indoor radio propagation. [6]. Inbuilding system solution slide of: Ericsson, Alcatel, Singtel, Digi Business Confidential; Chunhwa Telecom Co., Ltd;