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()

ISBN 978-616-12-0088-6

2553

5,000

()
.
.

0 2223 3351
()
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15

21

31

43

55

65

79

93

99

(Timeline)
430
() 1) 2)
3) 4)
5)
341-270
4

.. 1660 4
2000
.. 1660

.. 1771 28
.. 1789

.. 1828
.. 1868


.. 1704 .....

... ...
10

.. 1803

.. 1833 ()

.. 1855

.. 1858-1865

.. 1869

.. 1871

.. 1876

.. 1881

.. 1884
(
)
.. 1892



.. 1894

11

6
.. 1894
.. 1895

.. 1895

.. 1896

.. 1897


2000
.. 1899
(
)
.. 1899
2

.. 1900
.. 1900
3

.. 1902


.. 1902

.. 1903-1904

12

plum
pudding model
.. 1905
E=mc2
.. 1906-1911

.. 1911



.. 1913
()
.. 1913

.. 1913 survey meter
.. 1919

.. 1920

.. 1932

.. 1932
.. 1932

.. 1933
13

6
.. 1934 -

.. 1935

.. 1939

.. 1941 -239
.. 1942
-1
.. 1945 16

.. 1945 6
9

.. 1951

.. 1956
.. 1945
.. 1969

14

(radioactivity)
(cathode ray tube CRT )
(Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen)
.. 1895



20 1896 (Henri Poincar)

(Henri Becquerel)

(phosphorescence)
(phosphorescence
material)

16

(
)

(
)

1896

17

0- 10-
18

27 29 () 1 1896





19

6

(Marie Curie)
(Pierre Curie)
2


(radioactivity)
1903

20

(Marie Curie)

(Marie Curie) (Madame Curie)

(Marja Sklodowska)
(Marie)
(Marie Curie)


2 1903 1911
7 1867
5

16

(Bronia) (
)

.. 1891 23
22

1889



(Sorbonne)

1893 1
1894 2
(Pierre Curie) 8

26 1895

23

(X-rays) (cathode ray tube)
(Wilhelm Roentgen)
1895
1901

(.. 1896)
(Henri Becquerel )


24

16 1897

17 1898



(polonium)

25

radius
radioactivity
( ) 2
(radium) radius

.. 1903
1
1
26

2 (Irne) 1897
(Eve) 1904
19 1906
30

13 1906

1910 ()
(Ernest Rutherford)

1 1

1 ( )
27

1 ()
1 3.71010

.. 1911
2
1914


1 () 18
28

(Mrs. William Brown Meloney)
1920
1 1
50
(Marie Curie Radium Campaign)

1921

1 (Warren Harding)

29

6
1925

2 1929

50,000

1934
1
(Frdric Joliot)

""
96 "" (curium) 8

30

(Albert Einstein)
E = mc2

.. 1905
(Albert Einstein) 3
-
E = mc2
.. 2005
-
100
14 1879 (Ulm)

(Hermann Einstein)
(Pauline)

32

(Maja)
14

11

33

.. 1889 2

(geometry)


.. 1894 16
(Pavia)


.. 1895
(Zrich)
Erdgenossische Technische Hochshule (ETH)


ETH
34

28 1896
1899

1900 4 5
2

7 1902 1909 1902

(Marcel Grossmann)

(Swiss patent office) 3

3,500


1903

(Mileva Mari)
49 60
(
) 2
(Hans) (Eduard)
1905

ETH
35

6
1905
26 4 3
(Annalen der Physik
Annals of Physics) 17 1905


(photoelectric effect) (.. 1921)
(quantum theory)
(Brownian
movement)
(special
relativity theory) 4

E = mc2
1905
(wonder year annus milabilis )
1907

(principle of equivalent)
2 1910
?
19 1914-1932
(Berlin)
(Prussian Academy of Sciences)
(The University of Berlin)
36

3
1915
(time) 3 (space) 4
(space and time)
2 (general relativity theory)
(modern cosmology)
(Big Bang) (black hole)
1 1914 1918
37

6
20


16
(German Democratic Party)
(Weimar)

1919 2
(Elsa Lwenthal)

1921 1920

1919
(quantum mechanics
theory) 6

1920
1955
(unified field theory)


(String Theories)
10 1932 3
(Bremerhaven)
38

(California Institute of Technology)

(Princeton University)
1941 3

39

1930

.. 1939

. (Franklin D. Roosevelt)
(Leo Szilard)

1945
2 2


E = mc2


40

99
(einsteinium)
(Ghiorso) (Berkeley University)
()
(Eniwetok)
1952
2 1945


(cold war)

1946
(Emergency Committee of Atomic
Scientists)



(Arthur
Schopenhauer)
1818

41

6
come
and see

(
Brandeis University) (.. 1950)
(Today with Mrs. Roosevelt)

1952

(1.15 .)
18 1955
8

42

(Ernest Rutherford)

(modern
atomic physics)
20

(province)

(half-life)
(daughter atoms)

(Niels Bohr) (James Chadwick)
(Robert Oppenheimer)

44

1842 (Spring
Grove Brightwater) ()

1855
30 1871
12 ( 7 5)
1889 Canterbury College
University of New Zealand

45

6
1894 ( BA. MA. BSc.)
(Cavendish Laboratory)
(Cambridge University)

.. (J.J. Thomson
)
(.. 1895)

1897 (
)


Macdonald Chair in Physics
(McGill University)

McGill
2
(R.W. Owen)
(noble gas)
(thoron)
1900 (Frederick Soddy)
1901-1902
(disintegration theory) (radioactivity)
46

() (
A B B C ...
) (radioactive series)
(alchemy)

1904
7 McGill
80

McGill
47

6
(half-life)

-238 4,500 -60
5.26
1905-1906
(Otto Hahn) (nuclear
fission)
1907
(Langworthy Professor of Physics)

(Hans Geiger
)
1908


(In science there is only physics; all the rest is stamp collecting.)

()

(I had seen many transformations
in my studies, but never one more rapid than my own from physicist to
chemist.)
1909
(Eenest Marsden)
1910
48

(photoelectric effect)


(plum pudding)



(gold foil)

49

()
()

(nucleus)

1912
(Niels Bohr)
(quantum theory)
(Max Planck)
(Werner Heisenberg)

50

1913 (H.G. Moseley)

(cathode rays)

(atomic number)

1914 (Knight)
1

1919



(Patrick
Blackett)

51

+ 147N 178O + 11p

1919

13
1919





(
)


1920 1930

(I could do research at the North Pole.)
52

BREAKING UP THE ATOM.

--------PROFESSOR RUTHERFORDS DISCOVERIES.
---------

Playing billiards with balls 1-30,000,000th part of an inch in

diameter or thereabouts, and incidentally causing matter

to crumble up and disintegrate, was described in a lecture
given yesterday by Professor Sir Ernest Rutherford before
the Physical Society at the Imperial College of Science,
Kensington.

One of the recent discoveries made by the renowned

physicist is that by driving numbers of the alpha particles
(which are continuously given off by radium) into a gas such
as hydrogen; one such alpha particle in ten million or so
will collide dead-on with a hydrogen atom and sent it
forward with such a spurt that it will travel four times its
normal distance. So great is the energy contained in the
atom that prodigious forces were at work, he said, in these
collisions.
Similar experiments carried out with nitrogen have led to
a remarkable discovery--that by making alpha particles
charge into the atoms and drive them forward, the collisions break up the structure of the atom to some extent,
and some of the nitrogen is automatically set free as
hydrogen.
A partial transmutation--infinitely small at present--into
hydrogen has been effected by making the alpha particles
charge into atoms of fluorine, sodium, aluminium (sic), and
phosphorus.

1921 - Sir Ernest Rutherford

The Daily Mail, Saturday, June
11, 1921.

Thus the actual disintegration of what has been looked

upon for centuries as unalterable matter has been effected
by a man-controlled process, and elements of a certain
definite type have been partially transmuted into the parent substance of all matter--hydrogen.
53

6
1925
(Order of Merit) 1931
(Baron of Nelson)

(House of Lords)

20

1925-1930
(The Royal Society)

1903

(The energy produced by the breaking down of the atom is

a very poor kind of thing. Anyone who expects a source of power from
the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.)

1900
(Eileen)
19 1937


104
(Rutherfordium) 8
54

(Otto Hahn)

(Otto Hahn)
(radiochemistry)

(the father of nuclear chemistry)
(founder of the atomic
age)

8 1879

(Heinrich Hahn) (Charlotte
Hahn, ne Giese) 3 15
1897
(Marburg University)
3 4 (Munich University) 1901
56

(organic chemistry)
2

1904
(Sir William
Ramsay ) University College

radiothorium (-228)

(Ernest Rutherford)
(radioactivity)

(radioactive series)
radiothorium

1913 (Frederick Soddy)

1905 1906
(McGill)


radioactinium
radiothorium radioactinium


57

6
1907 mesothorium I (
-228 -226)
mesothorium II mesothorium I

(Lise
Meitner
1905)
1907


30

(radioactive recoil
)
1910
1912
(Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry)


18
1911
(Edith Junghans)
1913 ( 22 )
(Hanno)

58

Freie Universitt

1914 1918
1

1918 (protactinium)
(actinium series)

uranium Z (-234)
(isomer

)
1920 emanation
method
(Applied Radiochemistry)

59

1924 (Prussian
Academy of Sciences)
(Albert Einstein) (Max Planck)
1928-1946
1932 (James Chadwick)



(Enrico Fermi) 1934


(Fritz Strassmann)
1929
(
)

1938

1
60

1928

(Otto Frisch) (Niels Bohrs institute)

1938
17
mesothorium




(fission )
1939

61

6
Naturwissenschaften
6 10 ( 1939)

2 (Operation Epsilon)
1 30 1945
10
(atomic bomb)
3 1945 3 1946
Farm Hall
2 1945 15 1945
(Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)
1944

62

1933
(Visiting Professor) (Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York)

Applied Radiochemistry
1 1946 (Kaiser
Wilhelm Society) (
2) 28 1948
(Max Planck Society)
1960

63

1938
(30
1962)

(Academies of Berlin)
(Gttingen) (Munich) (Halle) (Stockholm)
(Vienna) (Boston) (Madrid) (Helsinki)
(Lisbon) (Mainz) () (Rome (Vatican)) (Allahabad)
(Copenhagen) (Indian
Academy of Sciences)
28 1968 90
8

64

`
(Leo` Szilard)

.. 1939
. (Franklin D. Roosevelt) 1
2
(chain reaction)


E = mc2


(Manhattan Project) 1945
(atomic bomb)

(Le Szilrd)


...

66

11 1898
1916 Budapest
Technical University -
1 1918
20

1919
(anti-semitism)


1922

33 Vrosligeti Fasor
67

6
(X-ray diffraction)
(electron microscope)
(linear accelerator) (cyclotron) Szilards
engine

7

1933 (Adolph Hitler)

(Princeton University)
1 ( 1932)
(James Chadwick)

12 1933
St. Bartholomews Hospital Southamton
Row Bloomsbury


(chain reaction)


68

(Ernest Rutherford)
( talking
moonshine)
1936
( GB patent 630726)

(Cavendish
Laboratory)

1938

(Paul Wigner)

(Otto Hahn)

(Lise Meitner)



69

(Otto Frisch)


E = mc2
(Niels Bohr) surface tension
model of the nucleus

70

1939
2

(Enrico Fermi)




1938


-235
(enrichment) -238
(-235 0.72
-238 99.27 )
-238 -239
( fissionable material
-235 -239)

(Paul Harteck)



. (Franklin D. Roosvelt)
71

(Long Island)




(Edward Teller)
(father of hydrogen bomb)

2
(.. 1939)
72

neutronic reactor

(Alexander Sachs)
6,000

2 1942
(1 2)
73

(.. 1938 - 1942) 13
2,708,656
-1
1942


(Manhattan Project) (General
Leslie Groves)
74

(Robert Oppenheimer)



-235
-239 -238 1945

5


(sustaining chain reaction) (fission products)
(structure) (cooling system)
(breeder reactor)
-239
-235
1943 1945

75

6

25 1945

16

(Harry Truman)

155

1945 10

(unified theory of forces)

1945

Council for Livable World

Voice of Dolphins

76

(life
science)
(molecular biology) (ageing)
(mutation)
(Jonas Salk) 1
5 Salk Institute for Biological Studies
(Francis Crick) 1953
1951 53
(Gertrude Weiss)
77

6
(bladder cancer)

(Nikita Khrushchev)
(hot line)

(Cuban missile crisis) 1962


. (John F. Kennedy)

66 30 1964 _

78

(Enrico Fermi)

(Enrico Fermi)

(father of nuclear physics)



(mathematical
statistics) - (Fermi-Dirac statistics)
(sub-atomic particles)
(fermion)
(beta decay theory)
80

(neutron-induced radioactivity)
.. 1938

1942

(nuclear fission chain
reaction)
()
(Manhattan Project)
(atomic bomb)
1 100
(fermium)
29 1901
(Alberto Fermi)
(Ida de Gattis)
1898 41 27
(Maria) 1899
(Giulio) 1900
6
10
X2 + Y2 = r2 2
(ginnasio ) 5 (liceo
) 3

(Adolfo Amidei)
81

1915
14
(Enrico Persico
)



(Reale Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa)
1810
(Ecole Normale Superieure)
14 1918

(Characteristics of Sound)
(partial differential equation)

82

(Luigi Puccianti)
( 1921)

(Sulla dinamica di un sistema rigido di cariche elettriche in moto
traslatorio On The dynamics of a rigid system of electrical charges in
translational motion)

(Sopra I fenomeni che avvengono in vicinanza di una
lina oraria On the phenomena occurring near a world line)
(Euclidean space)
(general relativity)


(Un theorem di calcolo delle probabilita
edalcune sue applicazioni A theorem on probability and some of its
applications) (7 1922) 11
(toga )




(magna cum laude)

83

6
() 1962


(Castelnuovo) - (Levi-Civita)
(Enriques)
1922 (Max Born)
1923 (Goettingen)
1923-1924
1924 (Dolomites)
(Leiden) (Paul Ehrenfest)
1924-25

-
(Volterra)
(Cagliari)
(Giovanni Giorgi)
1926
25

(Orso Mario Corbino)
(Via
Panisperna)
(Edoardo Amaldi)
(Bruno Pontecorvo) (Franco Rasetti)
(Emilio Segr)
84

I ragazzi di Via Panisperna

(the boys of Via Panisperna)
1926
(Pauli exclusion
principle) (Wolfgang Pauli)

- (Fermi-Dirac
statistics) (Paul Dirac)
(Laura Capon) 19
1928 (Nella) 31 1931
16 1936
1929
(Accademia dei Lincei)
1603

:
1934

85

6


(University of Michigan at
Ann Arbor) 1930 (George
Uhlenbeck)

1933 (beta decay

theory) ( 1932 )

(neutrino )
(weak nuclear force)

(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Fermilab)

Nature


Nature

16 1939 6
1934

(artificial radioactivity)
86

Radioattivita indoota dal bombardmento

di neutrons Artificial Radioactivity Produces by
Neutron Bombardment
(Proceedings of the Royal Society of London) On the Absorption
and Diffusion of Slow Neutrons 1936
(bombard)


(atomic number)
92 93
1938


(Otto Hahn)
(nuclear fission)

1934
(
)


( 22 )
()


87

6

26 1934
1938




5 (Columbia
University)



2 1939
1939








George
Pegram
(Admiral Hooper) 16 1939
88

1939 (Leo Szilard)

. (Franklin D.
Roosevelt)

1
6,000

1940

1941




(enemy alien)

1942

(Manhattan Project)
89

-1

(nuclear reactor) -1 (Chicago Pile-1)

-
-1

(Stagg Field)

2 1942


...

(Hanford)
(Los Alamos)

90

-1

1944



16 1945 (Alamogordo)
(Little Boy) (Fat Man)




- (strong interaction)
(research visit)
1947 1948
(University of California at Berkeley) 1952
(Brookhaven National Laboratory) 1949
(High Energy Physics Conference) (Como)
91

1954
(Villa
Monastero)


(Chamonix)

28 1954 53
(Oak Woods Cemetery)

(Fermilab)

2 1 2 1952

100
(fermium) 8

92

436

14
50
20 6

Ingredients

94

2










(tunneling)

95

6



(order of
magnitude)

20
40
(blast wave)

20,000

2 3 200
200

1
1.60x10 -6
1.60x10 -3
200
3.2x10 -11 1
10
3.1x10
96

10 1
...

1 1
1 ( 1
) 19
5x1022 ()
500 10

3
1 1







97

6








1,889,604,000 (
)



-1

2 -1
436

6
8

98



: - Master of Engineering Science (Chemical)

The University of Melbourne, Australia

- .. ()
:

()

.. 2524-2549
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8 . -
-

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2. (.. 2546-2549)
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