Ree Tower

TRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP.
HCM
THUYET MINH O AN TOT NGHIEP KSXD KHOA 2006-2011
MUC LUC
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO ................................................................... 16
PHAN 1
C S PHNG PHAP LUAN ......................................... 19
LI M AU ........................................................................ 19
CHNG 1.
TONG QUAN VE BE TONG NG LC TRC ................ 23
1.1. S HNH THANH VA PHAT TRIEN CUA BE TONG NG LC TRC ..... 23

1.2. KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE BETONG NG LC TRC .......................... 24
1.3. SO SANH BETONG NG LC TRC VA BETONG COT THEP ............. 25
1.4. CAC PHNG PHAP GAY NG LC ............................................ 27
1.4.1. Phng phap cang trc ...................................................................... 27
1.4.2. Phng phap cang sau ........................................................................ 28
1.5. CAC THIET B CANG ............................................................... 30
1.6. THIET B NEO ....................................................................... 32
1.7. KET LUAN CHNG 1 ............................................................. 36
CHNG 2.
C S LY THUYET PHAN TCH VA THIET KECAU KIEN BE
TONG NG LC TRC CANG SAU ............................................. 37

2.1. BAN CHAT CUA BE TONG NG LC TRC .................................. 37
2.2. NHNG U IEM CUA BE TONG NG LC TRC ......................... 39
GVHD: THAY HOANG THIEN TOAN
SVTH: NGUYEN NH NGHA
TRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP.HCM
2.3. CAC GIAI OAN CHU TAI CUA CAU KIEN BE TONG NG LC TRC .. 40
2.4. CAC MO HNH PHAN TCH VA THIET KE KET CAU BE TONG LT ....... 42
2.5. MO HNH TAI TRONG TNG NG (THE EQUIVALENT LOAD FBD) .. 44
2.5.1. S dung mo hnh tai trong tng ng .............................................. 45
2.5.2. Cac phan lc va moment th cap (Secondary Reactions and Moments)
...................................................................................................................... 46
2.6. MO HNH KET HP (THE COMBINED FREEBODY DIAGRAM) ............. 49
2.6.1. S dung mo hnh ket hp e tnh toan ng suat uon cua be tong ...... 49
2.6.2. S dung mo hnh ket hp e tnh cng o danh ngha ..................... 50
2.7. CAC QUAN NIEM TNH TOAN CAU KIEN CHU UON BE TONG LT ...... 54
2.8. PHAN TCH VA LA CHON QUAN NIEM TNH TOAN ........................ 55
2.9. THIET KE CAU KIEN CHU UON BE TONG LT ............................... 57
2.9.1. Tieu chuan thiet ke .............................................................................. 57
2.9.2. Vat lieu ................................................................................................ 58
2.9.3. Tnh toan ton hao ng suat trong thep ng lc trc .......................... 64
2.9.4. Tnh toan ng suat be tong tai giai oan s dung............................... 71
2.9.5. Momen gii han .................................................................................. 73
2.9.6. Kha nang chu nen cuc bo cua be tong tai vung neo .......................... 78
2.10. KET LUAN CHNG 2 ............................................................ 82

CHNG 3.
QUY TRNH TNH TOAN SAN PHANG BE TONG NG LC
TRC CANG SAU.................................................................. 83

3.1. KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE SAN BE TONG LT ................................... 83
3.2. QUAN NIEM THIET KE CAC DANG SAN BE TONG LT ..................... 84
3.2.1. San be tong ng lc trc mot phng ............................................... 84
3.2.2. San hai phng va san phang n gian .............................................. 86
3.3. CAC PHNG PHAP TNH TOAN NOI LC SAN PHANG BE TONG LT.. 93
3.3.1. Phng phap khung tng ng ......................................................... 94
3.3.2. Phng phap phan t hu han .......................................................... 107
3.4. MO HNH CAP NG LC TRC ...............................................108
3.4.1. Quy ao cap ng lc trc ................................................................. 108
3.4.2. Tnh toan tai trong tng ng do cap ............................................. 113
3.5. KHA NANG CHONG CAT CUA BAN .............................................117
3.5.1. Trang thai pha hoai cua san hai phng do lc cat .......................... 117
3.5.2. Kiem tra va thiet ke kha nang chu cat cua ban san ........................ 119
3.6. O VONG CUA SAN ...............................................................124
3.7. MOT SO YEU CAU VE CAU TAO ................................................129
3.7.1. Cot thep thng cau tao .................................................................... 129
3.7.2. Bo tr cap trong san .......................................................................... 130
3.8. QUY TRNH TNH TOAN SAN PHANG BE TONG LT .......................135
CHNG 4.
LY THUYET PHAN TCH ANH HNG CUA NG LC TRC
TRONG THIET KE KET CAU NHA CAO TANG (KHONG XET EN BAI TOAN
KET CAU TRONG GIAI OAN THI CONG) ..................................... 140
4.1. AT VAN E .......................................................................140
4.2. QUY TRNH THIET KE ............................................................143
4.3. MOT SO LU Y KHI XET ANH HNG THANH PHAN NG LC TRC
TRONG KET CAU NHA CAO TANG....................................................144
CHNG 5.
LY THUYET TNH TOAN S LAM VIEC ONG THI GIA
CONG TRNH VI NEN VA MONG ............................................. 146

5.1. AT VAN E .......................................................................146
5.2. CAC MO HNH CO THE MO HNH HOA........................................148
5.2.1. Mo hnh lo xo (spring model) ............................................................ 148
5.2.2. Mo hnh toan bo he khung mong va nen....................................... 149
5.2.3. Pham vi ap dung ............................................................................... 151
5.3. MOT SO PHNG PHAP XAC NH HE SO NEN CHO DAM HOAC BAN
TREN NEN AN HOI ....................................................................151
5.3.1. He so nen theo phng ng ............................................................ 152
5.3.2. He so nen theo phng ngang........................................................... 160
5.4. CAC PHNG PHAP MO HNH TNG TAC GIA COC VA NEN .........161
5.4.1. Phng phap thay coc va nen at xung quanh coc bang mot lo xo .. 161
5.4.2. Phng phap thay at nen xung quanh coc bang cac lo xo .............. 163

5.5. THIET KE VA AP DUNG ..........................................................167
PHAN 2. THC HANH TNH TOAN ............................................ 171

PHAN 2.1
CHNG 6.
KIEN TRUC ....................................................... 171

TONG QUAN VE KIEN TRUC CONG TRNH ................. 171
6.1. NHU CAU XAY DNG CONG TRNH ............................................171

6.2. A IEM XAY DNG ............................................................171
6.3. GIAI PHAP KIEN TRUC ...........................................................172
6.3.1. Mat bang va phan khu chc nang ..................................................... 172
6.3.2. Mat ng ........................................................................................... 172
6.3.3. He thong giao thong .......................................................................... 173
6.4. GIAI PHAP KY THUAT ............................................................173
6.4.1. He thong ien .................................................................................... 173
6.4.2. He thong ien .................................................................................... 173
6.4.3. He thong chieu sang ......................................................................... 173
6.4.4. He thong thong gio ........................................................................... 174
6.4.5. He thong phong chay cha chay ....................................................... 174
6.4.6. He thong chong set ........................................................................... 174
6.4.7. He thong ha tang ky thuat ................................................................ 174
PHAN 2.2.
KET CAU......................................................... 175

CHNG 7.
LA CHON GIAI PHAP KET CAU ............................. 175
1.1.
TONG QUAN KET CAU NHA CAO TANG ...................................175
1.2.
LA CHON GIAI PHAP KET CAU ............................................175
7.1.1. Ket cau san ....................................................................................... 176

7.1.2. Ket cau mong .................................................................................... 180
CHNG 8.
TIEU CHUAN VA TAI TRONG THIET KE .................... 182
8.1. TIEU CHUAN THIET KE ..........................................................182

8.2. TNH TOAN TAI TRONG TAC DUNG ............................................182
8.3. TO HP TAI TRONG ..............................................................184
8.4. TNH TOAN TAI TRONG CHO CONG TRNH REETOWER ...................185
8.4.1. Tai trong thng xuyen do cac lp cau tao san ................................. 185
8.4.2. Hoat tai tac dung len san .................................................................. 187
8.4.3. Tai trong gio ...................................................................................... 187
CHNG 9.
THIET KE SAN TANG IEN HNH ........................... 189
PHNG AN 1: THIET KE SAN BE TONG NG LC TRC CANG SAU ......189

9.1. LI M ..............................................................................189
9.2. SO LIEU TNH TOAN ..............................................................190
9.2.1. Tieu chuan thiet ke ............................................................................ 190
9.2.2. La chon vat lieu ............................................................................... 190

9.2.3. Kch thc s bo ................................................................................ 193

9.3. LA CHON THONG SO CAP .....................................................194
9.3.1. La chon tai trong can bang cua ng lc trc trong san ................ 194
9.3.2. Xac nh khoang cach t tam cap en mep ngoai cua san .............. 194
9.3.3. Xac nh cao o cap va hnh dang cap trong san ............................ 196
9.4. TNH NG SUAT HU HIEU TRONG CAP .....................................198
9.4.1. Chon ng suat trc ban au ............................................................. 198
9.4.2. Tnh ton hao ng suat ........................................................................ 199
9.4.3. Tnh ng suat hu hieu trong cap ...................................................... 203
9.5. XAC NH SO LNG VA BO TR CAP NG LC TRC TRONG SAN .203
9.6. S O TNH KIEM TRA NG SUAT TRONG SAN ............................205
9.6.1. Cac gia thiet tnh toan cho san ......................................................... 205
9.6.2. S o khung tng ng .................................................................. 206
9.6.3. Cac trng hp tai trong va to hp tai trong .................................... 210
9.6.4. Ket qua noi lc .................................................................................. 215
9.7. KIEM TRA NG SUAT CUA BE TONG .........................................216
9.7.1. Tai giai oan truyen ng lc trc (luc buong neo) ........................... 216
9.7.2. Giai oan s dung ............................................................................. 217
9.8. TNH TOAN COT THEP THNG GIA CNG ................................222
9.9. KIEM TRA NT ....................................................................223
9.10. KIEM TRA KHA NANG CHU LC .............................................224

9.11. KIEM TRA KHA NANG CHU CAT CUA SAN ................................227
9.12. KIEM TRA O VONG CHO SAN ...............................................233
9.13. TRIEN KHAI BAN VE ............................................................238
PHNG AN 2: THIET KE SAN BE TONG COT THEP KHONG NG LC TRC
..............................................................................................239
9.14. SO LIEU TNH TOAN ............................................................239
9.14.1. Tieu chuan thiet ke .......................................................................... 239
9.14.2. Vat lieu ............................................................................................ 239
9.14.3. Tai trong tac dung len san .............................................................. 239
9.14.4. S bo tiet dien san .......................................................................... 239
9.15. S O TNH .......................................................................239
9.15.1. Cac trng hp tai trong ................................................................. 242
9.15.2. Xac nh noi lc .............................................................................. 244
9.15.3. Tnh cot thep ................................................................................... 246
9.15.4. Kiem tra kha nang chu cat cua ban san ........................................ 249
9.15.5. Kiem tra o vong cua san ............................................................... 251
9.16. SO SANH VA LA CHON PHNG AN TOI U .............................258
CHNG 10.
TNH TOAN THIET KE KET CAU KHUNG TRUC 2 ....... 262
10.1. SO LIEU TNH TOAN ............................................................262

10.2. S O TNH TOAN ...............................................................263

10.3. CAC TRNG HP TAI TRONG VA TO HP NOI LC ....................266
10.3.1. Cac trng hp tai trong ................................................................. 266
10.3.2. To hp tai trong............................................................................... 269
10.4. XAC NH NOI LC KHUNG ...................................................269
10.5. TNH TOAN COT THEP COT ....................................................275
10.5.1. Nguyen tac tnh toan cot thep doc .................................................. 275
10.5.2. Ket qua tnh toan cot thep doc trong cot ........................................ 279
10.5.3. C s tnh toan cot thep ngang ....................................................... 281
10.5.4. Ket qua tnh toan cot ngang ............................................................ 282
10.6. TRIEN KHAI BAN VE ............................................................284
10.7. KIEM TRA CHUYEN V CUA CONG TRNH ..................................285
CHNG 11.
NEN MONG ..................................................... 286
11.1. IEU KIEN A CHAT CONG TRNH ..........................................287

11.1.1. a tang ........................................................................................... 287
11.1.2. anh gia tnh chat cua at nen ....................................................... 288
11.1.3. anh gia ieu kien thuy van ............................................................ 291
11.1.4. La chon giai phap mong................................................................ 291
11.2. CAC LOAI TAI TRONG DUNG E TNH TOAN ..............................291
11.2.1. Tai trong tnh toan ........................................................................... 292
11.2.2. Tai trong tieu chuan......................................................................... 292

11.3. CAC GIA THIET TNH TOAN ...................................................293
PHNG AN 1: COC BETONG COT THEP UC SAN ..............................295
11.4. THIET KE MONG A2 VA D2 (TAI COT BIEN KHUNG TRUC 2) ..........295
11.4.1. Cau tao coc va ai coc .................................................................... 295
11.4.2. Tnh toan sc chu tai cua coc ......................................................... 297
11.4.3. Xac nh so lng coc trong ai ...................................................... 303
11.4.4. Kiem tra kha nang chu lc cua coc ................................................ 304
11.4.5. Kiem tra nen di ay mong khoi quy c ...................................... 306
11.4.6. Kiem tra lun mong khoi quy c ...................................................... 309
11.4.7. Kiem tra kha nang chu lc cua ai coc .......................................... 313
11.4.8. Kiem tra coc trong qua trnh van chuyen ........................................ 316
11.5. THIET KE MONG B2 va C2 (TAI COT GIA CUA KHUNG TRUC 2) .....318
11.5.2. Sc chu tai cua coc ........................................................................ 318
11.5.3. Xac nh so lng coc trong ai ...................................................... 318
11.5.4. Kiem tra kha nang chu lc cua coc ................................................ 319
11.5.6. Kiem tra lun cho mong khoi quy c ............................................... 324
11.5.7. Kiem tra lun lech gia 2 mong cot gia va mong cot bien ............. 326
10
11.5.8. Kiem tra mong coc vi cap noi lc con lai ...................................... 332
11.5.9. Tnh toan va bo tr thep cho ai coc ............................................... 333
11.5.10. Kiem tra coc trong qua trnh van chuyen va cau lap ..................... 336
PHNG AN 2: COC KHOAN NHOI ...................................................338
11.6. THIET KE MONG A2 VA D2 (TAI COT BIEN KHUNG TRUC 2) ..........338
11.6.2. Xac nh sc chu tai cua coc khoan nhoi ....................................... 340
11.6.3. Xac nh so lng coc ..................................................................... 347
11.6.4. Kiem tra lc tac dung len coc ......................................................... 348
11.6.6. Kiem tra o lun mong khoi c ....................................................... 352
11.6.7. Kiem tra kha nang chu lc cua ai coc .......................................... 356
11.7. THIET KE MONG B2 VA C2 (TAI COT GIA KHUNG TRUC 2) ...........359
11.7.2. Xac nh sc chu tai cua coc khoan nhoi ....................................... 359
11.7.3. Xac nh so lng coc ..................................................................... 359
11.7.4. Kiem tra lc tac dung len coc ......................................................... 361
11.7.6. Kiem tra o lun cua mong khoi quy c .......................................... 366
11.7.7. Kiem tra o lun lech gia cac mong ............................................... 368
11
11.7.8. Kiem tra kha nang chu lc cua ai mong ....................................... 376
LA CHON PHNG AN MONG .......................................................381
CHNG 12.
TNH TOAN ANH HNG CUA NG LC TRC TRONG
SAN TAC DUNG VAO KHUNG TRUC 2......................................... 385

12.2. S O TNH .......................................................................385
12.3. CAC TRNG HP TAI TRONG TAC DUNG VAO KHUNG ................385
12.3.1. Xac nh tai trong do cang cap tac dung vao khung ....................... 386
12.3.2. Cac s o tai trong tac dung vao khung.......................................... 388
12.4. TO HP TAI TRONG .............................................................391
12.5. XAC NH NOI LC KHUNG ...................................................392
12.6. TNH TOAN LAI COT THEP TRONG COT CO XET EN ANH HNG CUA
NG LC TRC ........................................................................393
12.7. SO SANH VI TRNG HP KHONG XET EN ANH HNG CUA NG
LC TRC ...............................................................................396
12.8. KET LUAN VA KIEN NGH......................................................400
CHNG 13.
TNH TOAN VA KIEM TRA S LAM VIEC CUA KHUNG TRUC
2 THEO MO HNH ONG THI NEN MONG VA CONG TRNH ............. 401
13.2. SO LIEU TNH TOAN ............................................................402
13.2.1. Nhac lai ket qua a tnh toan va thiet ke trong khung truc 2 ......... 402
12
13.2.2. Tnh toan cng o cua at nen di ay san tang ham ................ 403
13.2.3. Xac nh he so nen ......................................................................... 404
Xac nh he so nen cua at di giang mong va san tang ham ................ 404
13.2.4. Tai trong tac dung vao khung .......................................................... 405
13.3. MO HNH ONG THI KHONG KE EN GIANG MONG VA SAN TANG
HAM .......................................................................................405
13.3.1. S o tnh ........................................................................................ 405
13.3.2. So sanh va ket luan ......................................................................... 407
13.4. MO HNH ONG THI CO XET EN GIANG MONG .......................411
13.4.1. S o tnh ........................................................................................ 411
13.5. MO HNH ONG THI CO XET EN TANG HAM ..........................413
13.5.1. S o tnh ........................................................................................ 413
13.6. KET LUAN VA KIEN NGH......................................................415
PHAN 2.3
CHNG 14.
THI CONG ......................................................... 416

THI CONG COC KHOAN NHOI ................................ 416
14.1. SO LIEU THIET KE ..............................................................416

14.2. TIEU CHUAN THIET KE .........................................................416
14.3. CHON THIET B C GII PHUC VU CHO CONG TAC THI CONG .........416
13
14.4. TRNH T THI CONG COC KHOAN NHOI ....................................418
CHNG 15.
THI CONG BE TONG TOAN KHOI ............................ 435
15.1. KHAI QUAT QUA TRNH THI CONG ...........................................435

15.2. CONG TAC COP PHA ............................................................435
15.2.1. Yeu cau ky thuat chung ................................................................... 435
15.2.2. Yeu cau khi lap dng cop pha dan giao .......................................... 436
15.2.3. Nguyen ly thiet ke cop pha ............................................................. 436
15.2.4. La chon loai cop pha ..................................................................... 437
15.2.5. Cong tac cop pha ai coc................................................................ 440
15.2.6. Cong tac cop pha san ..................................................................... 444
15.2.7. Cong tac cop pha cot ...................................................................... 451
15.3. CONG TAC COT THEP...........................................................456
15.3.1. Yeu cau ky thuat chung ................................................................... 456
15.3.2. Cat va uon cot thep ......................................................................... 456
15.3.3. Han cot thep .................................................................................... 458
15.3.4. Noi buoc .......................................................................................... 459
15.3.5. Thay oi cot thep tren cong trng ................................................. 459
15.3.6. Van chuyen cot thep ........................................................................ 459
15.3.7. Lap at cot thep .............................................................................. 461
15.3.8. Kiem tra va nghiem thu cot thep .................................................... 463
14
15.4. CONG TAC BE TONG TOAN KHOI .............................................464

15.5. QUY TRNH THI CONG NG LC TRC CHO SAN .......................468
15.6. CHON MAY THI CONG BETONG TOAN KHOI ...............................472
15.6.1. Chon can truc thap .......................................................................... 472
15.6.2. Chon may van thang ....................................................................... 473
15.6.3. Chon may bm be tong ................................................................... 475
15.6.4. Chon may am be tong................................................................... 476
15.6.5. Chon thiet b thi cong san ng lc trc cang sau .......................... 477
CHNG 16.
AN TOAN LAO ONG .......................................... 479
16.1. TONG QUAN .......................................................................479

16.2. AN TOAN TRONG THI CONG COP PHA VA DAN GIAO ....................479
16.3. AN TOAN LAO ONG KHI THI CONG COT THEP ...........................480
16.4. AN TOAN LAO ONG TRONG THI CONG BETONG .........................481
16.5. AN TOAN LAO ONG TRONG KEO CAP ......................................483

15
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

I.
1.
TIENG VIET
Bo Xay dng (2007), TCXDVN 356 : 2005 Ket cau be tong va be tong cot
thep Tieu chuan thiet ke, NXB Xay dng, Ha Noi.

2.
Bo Xay dng (2007), TCVN 2737 : 1995 Tai trong va tac ong Tieu
chuan thiet ke, NXB Xay dng, Ha Noi.

3.
Bo Xay dng (2007), TCXD 198 : 1997Nha cao tang Thiet ke be tong cot
thep toan khoi.

4.
Bo Xay dng (1998), TCXD205 : 1998 Mong coc Tieu chuan thiet ke.
5.
Bo Xay dng (1997), TCXD195 : 1997 Nha cao tang Thiet ke coc khoan
nhoi.
6.
Bo Xay dng (2004), TCXDVN 326 : 2004 Coc khoan nhoi Tieu chuan thi
cong va nghiem thu.

7.
Bo Xay dng (1998), TCXD206 : 1998 Coc khoan nhoi Yeu cau chat
lng thi cong.

8.
Bo Xay dng (1995), TCVN4453 : 1995 Ket cau be tong va be tong cot
thep toan khoi - Quy pham nghiem thu va thi cong.

9.
Bo Xay dng (2008), Cau tao be tong cot thep, NXB Xay dng.
10. Nguyen Trung Hoa (2008), Ket Cau Be Tong Cot Thep theo Quy pham Hoa
Ky, NXB Xay dng.
11. TG Sull W (1997), Ket cau nha cao tang, NXB Xay dng.
12. TG Drodov P.F (1997, Cau tao va tnh toan he ket cau chu lc va cac cau
kien nha cao tang, NXB Khoa hoc Ky thuat.
13. Ngo The Phong, Nguyen nh Cong (2008), Ket cau be tong cot thep 1
(Phan cau kien c ban), NXB Khoa hoc Ky thuat.
14. Ngo The Phong, Trnh Kim am (2008), Ket cau be tong cot thep 2 (Phan
ket cau nha ca), NXB Khoa hoc Ky thuat.
15. Bo Xay dng, Hng dan thiet ke ket cau nha cao tang be tong cot thep
chu ong at theo TCXDVN 375 : 2006, NXB Xay dng.
16
16. Nguyen nh Cong (2008), Tnh toan thc hanh cau kien be tong cot thep
theo TCXDVN 356 -2005 (tap 1 va tap 2), NXB Xay dng Ha Noi.
17. Le Ba Hue (2009), Khung be tong cot thep toan khoi, NXB Khoa hoc va Ky
thuat.
18. Vu Manh Hung (2008), So tay thc hanh Ket cau Cong trnh, NXB Xay
dng.
19. Tran Van Viet (2009), Cam nang dung cho Ky s a ky thuat, NXB Xay
dng Ha Noi.
20. Nguyen Van Quang (2007), Nen mong Nha cao tang, NXB Khoa hoc Ky
thuat.
21. Vu Cong Ng (1998), Thiet ke va tnh toan mong nong, NXB Trng ai hoc
Xay dng Ha Noi.
22. ang Tnh (2002), Phng phap phan t hu han tnh toan khung va mong
cong trnh lam viec ong thi vi nen, NXB Khoa hoc Ky thuat.
23. Chau Ngoc An (2005), C hoc at, NXB ai hoc Quoc gia TP. Ho Ch Minh.
24. Chau Ngoc An (2005), Nen mong, NXB ai hoc Quoc gia TP. Ho Ch Minh.
25. Tran Quang Ho (2008), ng x cua at va c hoc at ti han, NXB ai hoc
Quoc gia TP. Ho Ch Minh.
26. Le Van Kiem (2010), Thi cong at va nen mong, NXB ai hoc Quoc gia TP.
Ho Ch Minh.
27. Le Van Kiem (2009), Thiet ke thi cong, NXB ai hoc Quoc gia TP. Ho Ch
Minh.
28. Le Van Kiem (2009), Album thi cong xay dng, NXB ai hoc Quoc gia TP.
Ho Ch Minh.
29. o nh c (2004), Ky thuat thi cong (tap 1), NXB Xay Dng.
30. Vien khoa hoc cong nghe (2008), Thi cong coc Khoan Nhoi, NXB Xay dng.

17
II.
TIENG ANH
31. American Concrete Institute (2008), Building Code Requirements for

Structural Concrete (ACI 318M-08) and Commentary.
32. Concrete society Technical Report No 43 (1994), Post tensioned
Concrete Floors Design Handbook 1st Ed.
33. Post-Tensioning Institute (2006), Post-Tensioning Manual 6th Ed.
34. Robert Park, William L. Gamble (2000), Reinforced Concrete Slabs 2nd Ed.
35. Sami Khan Martin Williams (1995), Post Tensioned Concrete Floors.
36. Bian O. Aalami (1999), Design Fundamentals of Post tensioned Concrete
Floors , Post-Tensioning Institute.
37. Bian O. Aalami (2008), Deflection Concrete Floors Systems for
Serviceability, Technical Note - Adapt.
38. Bungale S. Taranath, Mc Graw Hill (1988), Structural Analysis and Design of
Tall Buildings.
39. The Institution of Structural Enginners (2006), Manual for the design of
concrete building structures to Eurocode 2.
40. VSL Prestressing (Aust) Pty Ltd (2002), VSL Construction Systems.
III.
PHAN MEM
41. Pham mem Sap 2000 version 10.

42. Phan mem Adapt PT version 8.0.
43. Phan mem Adapt Builder version 3.1.
44. Phan mem Autocad 2007.

18
PHAN 1
C S PHNG PHAP LUAN
LI M AU
T sau nhng nam 1995 tr lai ay, cac ket cau bang be tong ng lc trc c
ng dung ngay cang pho bien trong xay dng nha nhieu tang Viet Nam nh
san, dam be tong ng lc trc, coc ly tam ng lc trc, mong be ng suat
trc..vv.
Tuy nhien hien nay tai Viet Nam cha co tieu chuan ve thiet ke cau kien be tong
ng lc trc va cac tieu chuan thiet ke hien hanh TCXDVN 356:2005 ch e cap
en mot phan nho ve tnh toan ton hao ng suat trc, hn na cac tai lieu hng
dan va sach tham khao ve lnh vc nay con rat t va cha ap ng c yeu cau
tnh toan thc hanh. Do o viec thiet ke tnh toan cho cac cau kien nay gap nhieu
kho khan.
e phuc vu cho tnh toan trong o an tot nghiep, giao vien hng dan yeu cau
sinh vien phai nghien cu ay u ly thuyet tnh toan san be tong ng lc trc
cang sau va a vao mot phan rieng trong o an tot nghiep c s phng phap
luan e lam c s cho qua trnh nghien cu va thc hanh tnh toan:
Tnh toan cho giai phap san be tong ng suat trc cang sau.
Phan tch anh hng cua ng lc trc en thanh phan ket cau khong ng
lc trc trong ket cau nha cao tang.
Tnh toan ket cau khung san khong dam vi mo hnh ket cau n gian
mo hnh khung tng ng.

Qua viec tm hieu 2 tieu chuan c ap dung pho bien hien nay cac nc tren
the gii la tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 va tieu chuan Eurocode 2. Sinh vien nhan thay
tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 quy nh ro rang va ay u hn, gan gui va co tnh thc

19
hanh cao. Do o sinh vien chon tieu chuan ACI 318 e lam c s nghien cu ly
thuyet cho phan c s phng phap luan.
Tat ca cac cong thc, nhng yeu cau cau tao trong phan nay eu da vao tieu
chuan hien hanh cua My, tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 va c sinh vien trch dan cu
the.
Tom tat noi dung chnh cua phan c s phng phap luan
Phan c s phng phap luan gom 4 chng, noi dung moi chng gom:
CHNG 1: TONG QUAN VE BE TONG NG LC TRC
Trong chng nay, sinh vien gii thieu chung ve cong nghe be tong ng lc trc,
so sanh u nhc iem so vi be tong cot thep thong thng, cac quy trnh va
thiet b thi cong ng lc trc. Tai lieu tham khao cho chng nay chu yeu la
quyen VSL Prestressing (Aust) Pty Ltd (2002), VSL Construction Systems.[40].
CHNG 2: C S LY THUYET PHAN TCH VA THIET KECAU KIEN BE TONG
NG LC TRC CANG SAU
Trong chng nay, sinh vien tam dch lai hau nh toan bo chng 5 cua quyen
sach ve ng lc trc noi tieng Post tensioning Manual 6th Ed do hoi be tong
ng lc trc Hoa Ky PTI (Post-Tensioning Institute)phat hanh[33].
Noi dung cua chng nay noi ve ban chat cua be tong ng lc trc, cac giai
oan lam viec, cac mo hnh phan tch cau kien be tong ng lc trc.Trong
chng nay se tra li cac cau hoi ma mot nha thiet ke be tong ng lc trc can
phai biet nh la:
Lam sao e mo hnh anh hng cua cap vao ket cau? The nao la thanh phan th
cap, s cap? Tai sao khi tnh toan anh hng cua cap giai oan cc han ch xet
en anh hng cua thanh phan th cap?...

20
Chng nay se cung cap ay u cac kien thc ve nguyen ly tnh toan ket cau be
tong ng lc trc.
CHNG 3: QUY TRNH TNH TOAN SAN PHANG BE TONG NG LC TRC
CANG SAU
Chng 3, sinh vien se i sau vao quy trnh tnh toan thc hanh san be tong ng
lc trc cang sau nh la chon vat lieu, chon cao o cap, tnh toan ton hao ng
suat, tnh toan thanh phan th cap, kiem tra ng suat cua be tong trong tng giai
oan, kiem tra choc thung cua san, tnh toan kiem tra o vong cua san phang be
tong ng lc trc. Tat ca cac cong thc tnh toan eu da vao tieu chuan hien
hanh cua My (tieu chuan ACI 318M-08), cac cong thc s dung hay cau tao cac
ch dan thc hanh tnh toan eu c sinh vien trch dan cu the trong tieu chuan.
Cuoi cung la sinh vien xay dng quy trnh cho viec tnh toan cho san be tong ng
lc trc cang sau. Quy trnh ap dung khi giai ket cau san be tong ng lc trc
bang phng phap giai thu cong, trong trng hp vi s giup cua phan mem
chuyen dung nh Adapt hay Ram, Safe th co s thay o i trnh t tnh toan e
cho phu hp.
Tai lieu tham khao e viet cho chng nay, chu yeu da vao tieu chuan
ACI 318M-08 [31] va 2 quyen Post tensioned Concrete Floors Design Handbook
1st Ed cua Concrete society Technical Report No 43[32] va quyenPost
Tensioned Concrete Floors cua Sami Khan Martin Williams[35].
CHNG 4: LY THUYET PHAN TCH ANH HNG CUA NG LC TRC TRONG
THIET KE KET CAU NHA CAO TANG
Trong ket cau nha cao tang thng th ch co san va dam la s dung be tong ng
lc trc, con cac ket cau ng nh cot va vach th s dung ket cau be tong cot
thep thng. Tai trong ng lc trc la mot dang tai trong ac biet luon luon ton
tai trong ket cau va t hay nhieu van co anh hng en cac ket cau khac nh cot

21
va vach. Tuy nhien trong thc te th t ngi xem xet en van e nay va thng
c bo qua.
Do o trong chng nay sinh vien e cap en van e xem xet a nh hng cua ng
lc trc trong ket cau ng lc trc en ket cau khong ng lc trc trong tnh
toan ket cau nha cao tang. ong thi xay dng phng phap xem xet anh hng
cua chung vao ket cau khi tnh toan cho khung.
Ngoai cac noi dung nghien cu tren, trong phan nay sinh vien cung a nghien
cu ly thuyet tnh toan ket cau bang mo hnh ong thi nen mong va khung:
CHNG 5 LY THUYET TNH TOAN S LAM VIEC ONG THI GIA CONG
TRNH VI NEN VA MONG
Trong chng nay, sinh vien e cap en cac phng phap mo hnh ong thi, u
nhc iem cua cac mo hnh ong thi, pham vi ap dung. ong thi sinh vien
cung a chon loc va a vao mot so cong thc tnh he so nen kha tin cay hien
nay.
Do thi gian lam o an co han, kien thc va trnh o ngoai ng cua sinh vien
con han che. Do o trong phan nay se co nhieu van e cha c giai quyet
va con nhieu sai sot, mong quy thay co xem xet.

22
CHNG 1. TONG QUAN VE BE TONG NG LC TRC

1.1. S HNH THANH VA PHAT TRIEN CUA BE TONG NG LC TRC
Nam 1886, P.H.Jackson, mot ky s ngi San Francisco, a gianh c bang
sang che nh viec buoc chat cac si day thep vao betong khi thi cong san nha
bang phng phap cuon vom.
Vao nam 1888, C.W.Doehring, ngi c, cung a nhan bang sang che nh vao
viec tao nen lc keo vao kim loai at trong betong trc khi chat tai cho ban san.
Nhng sang che ke tren a khong at c thanh cong do viec ng lc trc
trong cot thep sm b mat mat do s co ngot va t bien cua be tong.
Nam 1908, C.R. Steiner, ngi My, a e xuat viec gia cng cac si cot thep sau
khi xay ra co ngot va t bien cua betong, nham phuc hoi mot phan cac ng lc
a b mat mat.
Nam 1925, R. E. Dill, ngi Nebraska, a s dung cac thanh cot thep c sn
phu nham tranh lc dnh cua betong, sau khi o betong, cac thanh cot thep c
keo va neo vao betong bang cac ai oc, tuy nhien phng phap nay a khong
c ap dung v nhng ly do kinh te.
Nam 1928, s phat trien cua betong ng lc trc hien ai thc s c khi au
bi E. Freyssinet, ngi Phap, vi viec s dung cac si thep ng lc trc co
cng o cao, tuy nhien phng phap thc hanh au tien c tm ra bi
E. Hoyer, ngi c. Vi phng phap nay cac si thep c cang gia hai be neo
at cach nhau vai chuc met trc khi uc mot vai cau kien trong cac khuon at
gia hai khoi neo, khi betong u cng o, si thep c cat khoi neo va se gay
ra ng lc trc trong cac cau kien o.

23
Betong ng lc trc thc s c s dung rong rai bi o tin cay va tnh kinh te
cua no, ke t khi phng phap ng lc trc bang cac thiet b neo c phat
minh.
Nam 1939, Freyssinet a phat trien cac neo co dang nem hnh con va cac kch
thuy lc hai chieu, va keo cot thep, va ay cac dang nem hnh con long vao
nhau tao nen mot kieu neo rat chac chan.
Nam 1940, giao s ngi B G.Magnel cung a sang che ra mot he thong mang
ten ong, trong o hai si day thep c keo cang ong thi va c neo bi cac
nem kim loai hai au.
T nam 1945, trong boi canh chien tranh the gii th hai va s khan hiem thep
xay dng Chau Au, vi ac iem la s dung t thep hn, betong ng lc trc
a tr thanh mot vat lieu xay dng ong vai tro quan trong.
T o cho en nay, cung vi qua trnh khong ngng c nghien cu va phat
trien, be tong ng lc trc a c cac ky s thiet ke, cac nha xa y dng cong
nhan la mot giai phap hoan toan tin cay, an toan, kinh te va c ng dung trong
rai trong xay dng.
1.2. KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE BETONG NG LC TRC
Be tong ng lc trc (BTLT) la be tong, trong o thong qua lc nen e tao ra
va phan bo mot lng ng suat ben trong phu hp nham can bang vi mot lng
mong muon ng suat do tai trong ngoai gay ra. Vi cac cau kien BTLT, ng suat
thng c tao ra bang cach keo thep cng o cao.
Be tong thng co cng o keo rat nho so vi cng o chu nen. o la nhan to
dan en viec xuat hien mot loai vat lieu hon hp la be tong cot thep (BTCT).
Viec xuat hien sm cac vet nt trong BTCT do bien dang khong tng thch gia
thep va be tong la iem khi au cho viec xuat hien mot loai vat lieu mi la be
tong ng suat trc. Viec tao ra mot ng suat nen co nh cho mot vat lieu chu

24
nen tot nhng chu keo kem nh be tong se lam tang ang ke kha nang chu keo
v ng suat keo xay ra khi ng suat nen a b vo hieu hoa.
S khac nhau c ban gia BTCT va be tong LT la cho trong khi BTCT ch la s
ket hp n thuan gia be tong va cot thep e chung cung lam viec mot cach b
ong th be tong LT la s ket hp mot cach tch cc, co chu y gia be tong
cng o cao va cot thep cng o cao.
Trong cau kien be tong LT, ngi ta at vao mot lc nen trc tao bi viec keo
cot thep, nh tnh an hoi, cot thep co xu hng co lai va se tao ra lc nen trc,
lc nen trc nay gay ra ng suat nen trc trong be tong va se triet tieu hay lam
giam ng suat keo do tai trong s dung gay ra, do vay lam tang kha nang chu
keo cua be tong va lam han che s phat trien vet nt. S ket hp rat hieu qua o
a tan dung c cac tnh chat ac thu cua hai loai vat lieu, o la trong khi thep
co tnh an hoi va cng o ch keo cao th be tong la vat lieu don va co cng
o chiu keo rat nho so vi cng o chu nen cua no. Nh vay ng lc trc chnh
la viec tao ra cho ket cau mot cach chu y cac ng suat tam thi nham tang cng
s lam viec cua vat lieu trong cac ieu kien s dung khac nhau. Chnh v vay be
tong LT a tr thanh mot s ket hp ly tng gia hai loai vat lieu hien ai co
cng o cao.
1.3. SO SANH BETONG NG LC TRC VA BETONG COT THEP
S khac biet ln nhat gia hai loai vat lieu tren chnh la kha nang s dung vat
lieu cng o cao trong be tong LT. S xuat hien betong LT - vi tnh hp ly,
kinh te va kha nang thch ng cho cac cong trnh ac biet, khong co y ngha la
s phu nhan BTCT, moi loai vat lieu co nhng u, khuyet iem va pham vi ap
dung rieng cua no, the hien trong cac kha canh sau:

25
1)
o an toan
Khi c thiet ke theo cac tieu chuan hien hanh, ket cau betong LT co kha nang
chu tai gii han tng ng, tham ch cao hn mot chut so vi BTCT. Cac th
nghiem cho thay dam betong LT co o vong ang ke trc trc khi b pha
hoai, nh vay se cho ngi s dung nhng canh bao ro ret trc khi ket cau b
pha hoai. Kha nang chu tai trong ong, tai trong lap gia hai loai vat lieu la tng
ng.
Do han che vet nt va s dung betong chat lng cao nen kha nang chong an
mon cua betong LT la cao hn BTCT, nhng mot khi a xuat hien vet nt th qua
trnh an mon trong betong LT se dien bien nhanh hn.
Thep cng o cao nhay cam vi nhiet o ln hn so vi cot thep thng nen
betong LT co kha nang chu la han che hn, tuy nhien do cap LT thng c
bo tr theo dang cong nen tai mot so v tr tren cau kien, betong LT co u the
hn ve lp bao ve.
Do co cng o vat lieu cao hn, tiet dien thanh manh hn, ket cau betong LT
oi hoi phai c chu y nhieu hn trong cac khau thiet ke, thi cong va lap dng.
Tuoi tho cua ket cau betong LT khong thua kem so vi BTCT.
2)
Tnh kinh te
e chu c cung mot tai trong, betong LT s dung mot khoi lng betong va
cot thep t hn, do s dung c cau kien thanh manh, giam trong lng ban
than, nen betong LT tiet kiem c vat lieu cho cac bo phan khac nh mong,
cot vv, vi cau kien uc san, ieu o lam giam chi ph van chuyen va lap dng.
Tuy nhien vat lieu cng o cao se co gia thanh n v cao hn, mat khac betong
LT lai s dung nhieu thiet b chuyen dung nh neo, cap , v achi ph giam sat
thi cong, chi ph nhan cong cho mot n v khoi lng cung cao hn. Tuy thuoc
vao kinh nghiem, trnh o cua nha thau ma khoi lng cong viec phat sinh cung
co the nhieu hn.

26
3)
Pham vi ap dung
Betong LT to ra co hieu qua kinh te hn cho ket cau nhp ln, chu tai trong
nang, cac cau kien ien hnh c thi cong hang loat va cau kien uc san hoac
ket cau lien hp.
Nh viec s dung vat lieu cng o cao, betong LT thch hp vi ket cau nhp
ln chu tai trong nang. Do co the s dung tiet dien thanh manh nen ket cau
betong LT ap ng c nhu cau my quan. Betong LT cung phu hp vi cau
kien uc san hn do co trong lng nho hn.
1.4. CAC PHNG PHAP GAY NG LC
1.4.1. Phng phap cang trc
Cot thep LT c neo mot au co nh vao be con au kia c keo ra vi lc
keo P (Hnh 1.1). Di tac dung cua lc P, cot thep c keo trong gii han an
hoi va se b dan dai mot oan va tng ng la ng suat trong cot thep. Khi o,
au con lai cua cot thep c co nh not vao be.
Hnh 1.1:Phng phap cang trc

a) Trc khi buong cot thep LT - b) Sau khi buong cot thep LT
1- Cot thep ng lc trc;2- Be cang; 3- Van khuon; 4- Thiet b keo thep;
5- Thiet b co nh cot thep ng lc trc; 6- Truc trung tam.
27
Tiep o, at cac cot thep thong thng khac roi o betong. i cho betong at
en cng o can thiet th tha cac cot thep LT ri khoi be. Nh tnh an hoi,
cac cot thep nay co xu hng co lai va thong qua lc dnh gia no vi betong tren
suot chieu dai cau kien, cau kien se b nen vi gia tr bang lc P a dung khi keo
cot thep (Hnh 1.1.b)
Phng phap cang trc to ra u viet oi vi nhng cau kien san xuat hang loat
trong nha may (Hnh 1.2).
Hnh 1.2: Che tao ong thi cac cau kien LT

1.4.2. Phng phap cang sau
Trc het at cac cot thep thong thng va cac ong ranh bang ton, kem hoac
bang vat lieu khac e tao cac ranh doc, roi o betong. Khi be tong at en cng
o nhat nh th tien hanh luon va cang cot thep LT ti ng suat quy nh (Hnh
1.3.a).
Sau khi cang xong, cot thep LT c neo chat vao cau kien (Hnh 1.3.b). Thong
qua cac neo o, cau kien se b nen bang lc a dung khi keo cang cot thep.

28
Hnh 1.3: Phng phap cang sau

a - Trong qua trnh cang; b- Sau khi cang.
1- Cot thep LT; 2- Cau kien BTCT; 3 - Ong ranh;
4- Thiet b kch; 5- Neo; 6- Truc trung tam
Tiep o ngi ta bm va vao trong ong ranh e bao ve cot thep khoi an mon va
tao lc dnh gia betong va cot thep. o la loai betong LT co bam dnh. Ngoai
ra, ngi ta con dung loai betong LT khong bam dnh, cot thep (thng la 7 si)
c at trong ong nha ac biet cha ay m chong g. Ong nha cha cot thep
c at cung mot luc vi viec at cot thep thong thng.
Sau khi o betong va be tong u cng o, ngi ta cang cot thep, neo cot thep
va o betong bao ve au neo. Cot thep nam trong ong m nen gia cot thep va
betong khong ton tao lc dnh.
Phng phap cang sau c s dung thch hp nh che tao cac cau kien ma yeu
cau phai co lc nen be tong tng oi ln hoac cac cau kien phai o tai cho.

29
1.5. CAC THIET B CANG

Co bon loai thiet b cang bang thep c s dung.
1.
Cang bang thiet b c kh
Bao gom:
-
Bo truyen lc on bay.
Bo truyen lc so ket hp vi be rong roc co hoac khong co banh rang.
May cuon si.
Nhng thiet b nay c s dung chu yeu cho thanh pham betong LT san xuat
tai nha may vi quy mo ln.
2.
Cang bang kch thuy lc
Kch thuy lc la thiet b n gian nhat e sinh ra lc LT ln, c s dung rong

rai nh mot thiet b cang.
Cac kch thuy lc thong dung co lc cang khoang t 5 en 100 tan.
Cac kch thuy lc ln cho lc cang trong khoang 200 en 600 tan.
Vi cac kch thuy lc, ieu quan trong nhat la lc cang can c o mot cach
chnh xac bag ong ho ap lc trong suot qua trnh cang.

30
Hnh 1.4: Mot so loai kch thuy lc

3.
Cang bang nguyen ly ien hoc
Sau khi betong a u cng o thng bang khoang 80% cng o cua be tong,
nh dong ien i qua, thep LT c nung nong va dan dai ra.

31
Sau khi o betong, cho mot dong ien co ien the thap va cng o cao i qua
cac thanh thep, thanh thep b nung nong va dan dai, cac ai oc c siet chat
vao cac au ch va ty vao cau kien thong qua cac vong em cng va tao nen LT
khi thanh thep nguoi i.
4.
Cang bang nguyen ly hoa hoc
Da vao phan ng hoc hoc xay ra trong ximang trng n bao boc quanh thep va
gay ng suat cho thep, tao nen LT.
1.6. THIET B NEO
Co ba dang thiet b neo c ban c s dung e tao neo cap LT vao betong
trong phng phap cang sau:
-
S dung nem nham kep chat si cap LT.
S dung bulong va inh tan bat trc tiep vao au si cap LT.
Cuon cap theo vong trong betong.
Tren thc te, dang thiet b th nhat a phat trien thanh mot so he thong neo pho
bien va ang tin cay, trong o co he thong neo cua Freyssinet (Hnh 1.5).
Thiet b nay bao gom mot au neo c che tao t mot mieng thep day hnh tru,
c uc lo cho cap luon qua. Mieng thep nay ty vao mot tam bang thep, tam
nay c at san trong cau kien va co tac dung truyen lc vao cau kien, tren
tam co cau tao lo e bm va vao ong ranh. Khi si cap c luon qua lo, no
b chot lai bi mot chi tiet nem bang thep, hnh con nam doc theo lo. Cac nem
nay co tac dung va cho phep kch keo theo i ra khoi cau kien, va ngan khong
cho cap b tut trong cau kien.
Ngoai ra au neo con co cau tao cac vong thep dang lo xo co tac dung gia cng
va lam giam ng suat tap trung xuat hien betong vung neo. Khi khoang cach

32
gia hai au cap khong ln lam, viec cang cap ch can tien hanh mot au (live
end), au kia c neo chat vao betong bang au neo co nh (dead end).
Sau ay la mot so hnh anh ve cau tao neo:
Hnh 1.5: Cau tao au neo

33
Hnh 1.6: au neo co nh
Hnh 1.7: au neo song

34
Hnh 1.8: au neo trung gian
Hnh 1.9: au neo song hai au

Khi khoang cach nay qua ln, viec cang cap c tien hanh t hai au. Trong mot
so trng hp e phu hp vi quy trnh thi cong o be tong theo cac t, co the
s dung cac neo trung gian.

35
1.7. KET LUAN CHNG 1

Be tong LT la s ket hp gia be tong va cot thep cng o cao. Viec tao ra ng
suat trc trong be tong lam tang kha nang chu lc cua be tong va han che vet
nt. Ban chat cung nh cac u iem cua be tong LT sinh vien se noi ro hn
chng 2.
Nh nhng ac tnh vt troi hn cua ket cau be tong LT so vi ket cau be tong
thong thng ma be tong LT c s dung rong rai nhieu nc tren the gii
nh Anh, My, Uc, Hong Cong ac biet la California th ket cau san be tong
LT la la chon au tien.
Viet Nam th ngay cang co nhieu n v trong va ngoai nc thi cong va thiet
ke san be tong LT cho nha cao tang. Tuy nhien ve tieu chuan thiet ke va ly
thuyet tnh toan san be tong LT van cha c ban hanh va cha c giang
day cac trng ai hoc. Do o oi vi sinh vien, viec t nghien cu e t hoi
nhap la mot ieu rat can thiet.
Chng 2 sinh vien se tiep tuc i sau nghien cu ve ly thuyet tnh toan ket
cau be tong LT noi chung va cua san ng lc trc cang sau noi rieng.

36
CHNG 2. C S LY THUYET PHAN TCH VA THIET KECAU

KIEN BE TONG NG LC TRC CANG SAU
Trong chng nay, sinh vien se trnh bay t nhng ly thuyet va nhng quan iem
c coi la c ban nhat. No la khi au cho ly thuyet tnh toan cau kien be tong
ng lc trc cang sau tren the gii hien nay. T nhng ly thuyet va quan niem
o sinh vien se xay dng nhng cong thc tnh toan cau kien be tong ng lc
trc cung nh giai thch mot so cong thc trong tieu chuan ACI 318M-08.
2.1. BAN CHAT CUA BE TONG NG LC TRC
Be tong la loai vat lieu co cng o chu nen ln nhng cng o chu keo la kha
nho. Cng o chu keo cua be tong ch bang khoang 10% cng o chu nen.
Trong thiet ke cau kien be tong cot thep chu uon, cng o chu keo cua be tong
thng bo qua; vi gia thiet rang be tong b nt vi moi cap tai trong du la tai
trong rat nho va tat ca ng suat keo do cot thep chu. Hay noi cach khac be tong
cot thep (BTCT) ch la s ket hp n thuan gia be tong va cot thep e chung
cung lam viec mot cach b ong.
Trong cau kien be tong LT, ngi ta at vao mot lc nen trc tao bi viec keo
cot thep roi gan chat no vao be tong thong qua lc dnh hoac neo. Nh tnh an
hoi, cot thep co xu hng co lai va se tao ra lc nen trc, lc nen trc nay gay
ra ng suat nen trc trong be tong va se triet tieu hay lam giam ng suat keo do
tai trong s dung gay ra, do vay lam tang kha nang chu keo cua be tong va lam
han che s phat trien vet nt. Nh vay ng lc trc chnh la viec tao ra cho ket
cau mot cach chu y cac ng suat tam thi nham tang cng s lam viec cua vat
lieu trong cac ieu kien s dung khac nhau.
Ban chat cua san LT co the tom tat nh ban sau:

37
Bang 2.1: Ban chat cua be tong ng lc trc
Xet dam n gian chu lc tap trung nh hnh ve.
Di tac dung cua tai trong, trong dam se xuat hien ng suat keo mep di
va ng suat nen mep pha tren tiet dien ngang cua dam. V be tong co ng
suat keo nho nen vet nt se xuat hien mep di dam mac du vi tai trong
kha nho.
Co 2 cach e giam ng suat keo va han che vet nt la: at thep thng
vung chu keo cua dam (hnh c)hoac tao lc nen trc (hnh d).
at thep thng vao vung chu keo cua dam, thep th ng se chu ng suat keo
v vay vet nt se c han che trong gii han cho phep.
Trong be tong ng lc trc, ng lc trc tao ra mot lc nen at tai vung be

tong chu keo e chong lai ng suat chu keo trong be tong, v vay giup be
tong lam viec nh be tong co cng o chu keo cao.

38
2.2. NHNG U IEM CUA BE TONG NG LC TRC

Trong ket cau be tong ng suat trc, viec tang kha nang lam viec cua be tong
dan en mot so u iem hn so vi be tong cot thep thong thng nh sau:
a)
Giam tai trong ban than
Vi mot tai trong va ac tnh ket cau tng ng th trong cau kien be tong ng
suat trc trong lng ban than ket cau giam khoang 30% so vi ket cau be tong
cot thep thong thng.
Viec giam tai trong ket cau cua san dan en giam tai trong truyen xuong cot,
vach va mong.
Giam anh hng cua cac tai trong ma co moi quan he vi trong lng ban than
nh ong at, gio ong trong lng ket cau cang ln th anh hng cua tai trong
nh ong at, gio ong la cang ln.
b)
Giam chieu day ket cau
Bi v viec tang cng o chu keo trong be tong ng lc trc, nen cau kien be
tong ng lc trc thng co chieu day nho hn so vi be tong cot thep thong
thng.
Giam chieu cao tang dan en giam tat ca chi ph nh la he thong ky thuat, he
thong ien va he thong bao che nh vach ngan, tng xay
Trong mot so trng hp tong chieu cao cua nha nhieu tang b han che bi quy
hoach th viec giam chieu cao tang dan en co the tang them mot so tang ma
tong chieu cao cua ngoi nha la khong oi.

39
c)
Giam nt va vong
Trong cau kien be tong ng lc trc, hau het tnh tai khong tao ra o vong. ieu
nay giam ang ke en ca o vong tc thi va o vong dai han do t bien gay ra.
d)
Cai thien o ben va moi
ac iem cua be tong LT la be tong cng o cao va kha nang chu nt cao do
o tang o ben cua ket cau di cac ieu kien moi trng va co kha nang chong
tham tot hn. V vay be tong LT s dung rong rai cho cac ket cau oi hoi kha
nang chong tham cao nh ong dan co ap, be cha chat long va chat kh
e)
Giam thi gian thi cong do co the thao d van khuon sm
2.3. CAC GIAI OAN CHU TAI CUA CAU KIEN BE TONG NG LC TRC
Khi thiet ke cau kien be tong ng lc trc cang sau can phai nghien cu cac
giai oan chu tai ma no phai trai qua. Vi cau kien be tong ng lc trc cang
sau c nghien cu va kiem tra qua 3 giai oan:
a)
At transfer of prestress force (tam dch: giai oan truyen ng lc)
ng x an hoi; tiet dien phang trc va sau khi bien dang; quan he ng suat va
bien dang la tuyen tnh.
ng lc trc la ln nhat va ch ke en ton hao ngan han.
Tai tac ong len ket cau la nho nhat (khong co hoat tai, tnh tai ch co tai trong
ban than khong ke en cac tnh tai nh tai hoan thien, tai do tng xay, vach
ngan) va tai la tai tieu chuan (tai khong nhan he so).
ng suat do uon c gii han trong mot gii han cho phep c quy nh trong
cac tieu chuan xay dng.

40
b)
Under sevice loading (tam dch: giai oan s dung)
ng x an hoi; tiet dien phang trc va sau khi bien dang; quan he ng suat va
bien dang la tuyen tnh.
Tai trong tac ong len ket cau la toan bo tnh tai va hoat tai tieu chuan (tai khong
nhan he so). Hoat tai tieu chuan c quy nh trong cac tieu chuan xay dng.
ng lc trc giai oan nay la ng lc hu hieu sau khi a tr het ton hao ngan
han va dai han.
ng suat do uon c gii han trong mot gii han cho phep c quy nh trong
cac tieu chuan xay dng.
c)
At nominal strength (tam dch: tai cng o danh ngha hoac trang thai
gii han)
ng x khong an hoi; tiet dien gia thiet rang phang trc va sau khi bien dang
nhng quan he ng suat va bien dang la khong tuyen tnh.
Tai trong tac ong len ket cau la tai trong tnh toan (nhan vi he so vt tai)
ng lc trc giai oan nay cquy nh trong cac tieu chuan.
Momentrong giai oan nay c phan phoi laitheo ly thuyet khong an hoi va
c quy nh trong cac tieu chuan.
Kiem tra momen uon va lc cat c tao ra bi tai trong tnh toan (tai trong nhan
vi he so) tac ong vao cau kien va thanh phan th cap tieu chuan (khong nhan
he so) khong c vt gia tr quy nh trong tieu chuan xay dng.
Yeu cau mot lng thep khong ng lc trc toi thieu c them vao theo ch dan
trong moi tieu chuan xay dng moi quoc gia.
Ngay nay, hau het ngi ta s dung cac phan mem may tnh th trng ang tin
cay nh Ram, Adapt va Safe e thiet ke va phan tch cac ket cau be tong LT
41
va ket qua phan tch va thiet ke vi o chnh xac rat cao. Tuy nhien e ap dung
va kiem soat c cac phan mem noi tren th viec hieu nguyen ly tnh toan cung
nh cac mo hnh tnh toan cau kien be tong LT la mot ieu kien can thiet.
Quan niem cua ca nhan sinh vien giai tay hay hn giai may, do o trong o an
tot nghiep cap ai hoc, sinh vien se giai tay ket cau san be tong LT va kiem
tra lai bang cac phan mem ang tin cay.
Sau ay sinh vien se i sau vao ly thuyet va cac mo hnh tnh toan cho cau kien
be tong LT.
2.4. CAC MO HNH PHAN TCH VA THIET KE KET CAU BE TONG LT
Hien nay tren the gii ch co duy nhat 2 mo hnh (tam dch t ten tieng anh la
freebody diagrams (FBD)) c s dung trong phan tch cau kien be tong LT.
Mo hnh th nhat la mo hnh ket hp hay la mo hnh co ien (tam dch t
ten tieng anh la classic or combined FBD), bao gom xet ong thi ca be tong
va cap ng lc trc vao trong cung mot cau kien be tong nh hnh Hnh 2.1.
1
WTL
CGC
CGS
R1
R2
R3
Hnh 2.1: Mo hnh ket hp
Mo hnh th hai la mo hnh tai trong tng ng (tam dch t ten tieng anh
la equivalent load FBD), trong mo hnh nay th cap ng lc c bo i trong cau

kien be tong va c thay the bang cac tai trong tng ng cua cap LT c
ap vao lai cau kien be tong nh hnh Hnh 2.2.

42
1
P1
WTL
2
P2
3
P3
WP
App
Loads
React
irons
RP1
R1= RWP1
RTL1
RP2
R2= RWP2
RTL2
A
RP3
R3= RWP3
RTL3
(a)
2
WP
F
P2
P1
(b)
P3
Hnh 2.2: Mo hnh tai trong tng ng

Chu thch:
Trong Hnh 2.1 mo ta mot mat cat doc cua mot dam co tiet dien khong oi, vi
cac tai trong tieu chuan WTL, gia thiet rang hnh dang cap co dang parabolic, ng
lc trc la F, cac goi c thay the bang cac phan lc R 1, R2, R3, tai 2 au mut
cua dam cap c at ung tam cua tiet dien dam. Chu y rang neu nh cap LT
khong at ung tam tiet dien hay F khong trung vi CGC (centroid of concrete
cross-section) th no se tao ra mot momen ngay tai 2 au mut cua dam.
Trong Hnh 2.2(a) cap LT c di bo ra khoi dam va thay the bang cac tai
trong tng ng nh F, P1, P2, P3 va WP. Cac lc o c goi la cac tai trong
tng ng (equivalent loads) do ban than cap c keo cang tao ra trong dam
be tong. Hnh 2.2(b) cho chung ta thay tai trong tng ng do ban than cap tao
ra khong he phu thuoc vao tai trong W P. No ch phu thuoc vao hnh dang cap va
lc cang cap, hay noi cach khac tai tng ng la thanh phan oc lap va tao ra
e t can bang ban than cap.

43
2.5. MO HNH TAI TRONG TNG NG (THE EQUIVALENT LOAD FBD)

Mo hnh tai trong tng ng thong thng th c s dung e tnh ng suat
uon an hoi cua be tong trong 2 giai oan truyen ng suat va giai oan tai s
dung, dung e tnh phan lc va momen th cap. Phng phap tai trong tng
ng co nhng u iem sau:
- Mot khi tai trong tng ng c xac nh, cau kie n be tong ng lc trc
c phan tch giong nh be tong cot thep thng vi tai trong tng ng cua
ng lc trc.
- Co the s dung bat ky phng phap phan tch ket cau nao nh phng phap
phan phoi momen, phng phap ma tran.
- Cho phep ngi thiet ke d oan c de dang o vong cua cau kien t khi
chon tai can bang, nhat la oi vi he ket cau sieu tnh.
- Viec tnh toan la n gian, khong can yeu cau tnh momen th cap va ong thi
o lech tam e cua cap tai moi iem la khong can phai biet.
Mo hnh tai trong tng ng khong the s dung trong tnh toan cng o
danh ngha (nominal strength) hay tnh toan ng suat be tong trang thai cc
han bi v cng o danh ngha trong cau kien be tong chu uon la da vao
ong thi ca ng suat nen trong be tong va ng suat keo trong cap, khi ca 2
cung at en trang thai cc han. Trong khi mo hnh tai trong tng ng
(equivalent load FBD) tach rieng cap va be tong, do o khong the s dung mo
hnh nay e phan tch trang thai ng suat cua be tong trang thai cc han ma
phai s dung mo hnh ket hp hay la mo hnh co ien (tam dch t ten tieng
anh la classic or combined FBD).

44
2.5.1. S dung mo hnh tai trong tng ng

Tai trong tng ng tao ra cac phan lc tac dung vao mo hnh ch co be tong
nh Hnh 2.2(a). ieu quan trong ay la can phan biet gia phan lc c tao ra
bi tai trong tng ng va va phan lc cua chnh ban than tai trong tng
ng cua cap ng lc trc. Moi phan lc co 2 thanh phan. Th nhat, mot phan
cua tong phan lc can bang vi tai trong tng ng P1 en P3 la RP1 en RP3.
Thanh phan th 2 can bang vi tai tng ng W p la RWP1 en RWP3. Thanh phan
th 3 can bang vi tai trong ap vao cau kien wTL la RTL1 en RTL3. e tnh ng
suat uon trong bat ky mat cat ngang A-A nao, ta cat dam tai iem o va xet
rieng tng phan, nh Hnh 2.3 ch xet phan ben trai.
A
1
P1
wTL
CGC
wP
Mnet =MTL-Mbal
R21
RP1
RWP1
RTL1 Rnet
Hnh 2.3: Mo hnh tnh toan ng suat uon be tong

Nhng lc tac dung vao mat cat A-A bao gom lc ngang F at ung tam tiet dien,
moment Mnet = MTL Mbal, trong o MTLcan bang vi tong tai WTL va phan lc
RTL1 va momen tng ng; Mbal can bang vi tai trong tng ng WPva P1 va
cac phan lc tng ng RP1 va RWP1. ieu chu y ay tong ai so cac phan lc
do tai tng ng gay ra la RP1 va RWP1 goi la phan lc th cap R21 tai goi 1
(xem muc2.5.2. ) va khi P1 bang va ngc vi RP1, chung khong phan phoi vao
Mnet. Do o phan lc can bang Mnet, WTL va Wp n gian la tong RWP1 va RTL1goi

45
la Rnet1 trongHnh 2.3. Lc cat ng tai mat cat A-A can bang vi toan bo lc theo
phng ng va phan lc trong mo hnh (chu y trong mo hnh khong the hien lc
cat tai mat cat A-A).
S dung mo hnh tai trong tng ng, chung ta co the tnh c ng suat uon
tai th bien trong mat cat A-A theo cong thc sau:
f
F Mnet
A
S
( 2.1)
Trong o: A la tiet dien mat cat ngang,S la mo un khang uon, ng suat nen
mang dau am, ng suat keo mang dau dng.
Co mot ieu lu y ay la trong phng trnhtren th o lech tam e va
momen th cap khong xuat hien trong phng trnh va chung khong yeu cau
phai biet khi tnh ng suat uon vi mo hnh tai trong tng ng.
2.5.2. Cac phan lc va moment th cap (Secondary Reactions and Moments)
Trong mo hnh ch co be tong nh Hnh 2.2(a), neu tai trong ngoai tac dung vao
mo hnh c bo i th c ket qua nh Hnh 2.4. Mo hnh bao gom tai tng
ng (equivalent loads) va phan lc do cac tai trong tng ng gay ra.
1
2
A
P1
P2
3
B
WP
R
R21= RP1
WP1
P3
F
R22= RP2
RWP2
R
R23= RP3
WP3
Hnh 2.4: Tai trong va phan lc tng ng

Moi phan lc bao gom 2 thanh phan, thanh phan th nhat gom cac phan lc
RP1en RP3 hng len pha tren dam tai 3 goi va can bang vi cac tai trong tng
ng hng xuong P1 en P3. Chung la nhng phan lc tnh nh va de dang co
46
the tnh c t mo hnh cua cap ng lc trc Hnh 2.2(b). Thanh phan th 2 la
cac phan lc RWP1 en RWP3, can bang vi tai trong tng ng WP hng xuong;
va cac thanh phan phan lc nay moi goico chieu hng xuong. Chung la cac
phan lc sieu tnh va phai dung cac cac phng phap phan tch ket cau dam sieu
tnh mi tnh c. oi vi ket cau sieu tnh, phan lc RPi khong bang phan lc
RWPi, do o vi dam khong trong lng th cac phan lc phu van c tao ra do
noi lc cua cap gay ra va cac phan lc o goi la phan lc th cap, c the hien
trong Hnh 2.4 cac phan lc R21, R22 va R23.
Neu bay gi cap LT trong hnh Hnh 2.2(b) c at tr lai v tr cu trong mo
hnh ch co be tong Hnh 2.4, th cac tai trong tng ng tac dung trong cap
LT se mat do cac cac tai trong tng ng bang va ngc dau tac ong trong
dam. Khi o mo hnh cua dam bay gi se nh Hnh 2.5.
1
2
Weightless Beam
R21
R22
secondary
Moment,M2
R23
Hnh 2.5: Cac phan lc va moment th cap trong dam khong trong lng
Chu y rang cac tai trong tng ng khong con na nhng phan lc do tai tng
ng (cac phan lc th cap R21, R22 va R23) van con tac dung vao mo hnh. Cac
phan lc nay phai can bang bi chnh ban than chung, bi v o khong co bat
ky mot tai trong khac tac dung vao dam. Phan lc th cap tao ra momen th cap
c the hien nh hnhHnh 2.5. Bi v cac momen th cap nay c tao ra bi
cac phan lc gay ra tai cac goi dam va chung khong phu thuoc vao cac tai trong
at gia cac goi nen ng momen th cap luon luon la ng thang gia cac
goi.

47
Tnh toan thanh phan th cap

Moment th cap, c tnh toan va phan tch n gian nh Hnh 2.6, ta co:
- Tong cong moment Mbal tai mat cat B-B co the bieu dien nh la tong moment
Mequiv do tai trong tng ng (WP, P1 va P2) cua ban than cap ng lc trc va
momen th cap tao ra bi cac phan lc th cap R12 va R22.
( 2.2 )
Mbal Mequiv M2
- o cng chong uon cua cap ng lc trc la kha nho va c bo qua, v vay
momen tai tiet dien B-B (va tai moi tiet dien khac) eu bang khong. Lay moment
tai iem O, va tha nhan rang tai WP, P1 va P2 la hoan toan giong vi tai trong
tng ng trong hnh 5.6.(a) nhng ngc chieu nhau, vi e la khoang cach gia
CGC va CGS tai tiet dien B-B ta co:
Fe Mequiv
( 2.3 )
M2 Mbal Fe
( 2.4 )
Fe c goi la moment s cap.
1
P1
2
P2
WP
B
F
CGC
R21
R22 B
(a) Ch co be tong
1
F
P1
WP
CGC
B
Point "O"
P2
BF
(b) Ch co cap LT
Hnh 2.6: Mo hnh ch co be tong va ch co cap LT

48
2.6. MO HNH KET HP (THE COMBINED FREEBODY DIAGRAM)

Mo hnh ket hp nghien cu bao gom ca cap LT va be tong trong cung mot s
o. No c dung e phan tch va tnh toan ng suat uon cua be tong. Tuy nhien
no kha phc tap va kho khan hn trong tnh toan ng suat uon cua be tong hn
so vi mo hnh tai trong tng ng, bi v ca o lech tam e va moment th cap
can phai biet tai moi iem. Mo hnh ket hp c s dung chu yeu trong tnh
toan cng o danh ngha ma mo hnh tai trong tng ng khong s dung
c.
1
WTL
CGC
RTL1+R21
MTL M2
T=F C=F
A
Hnh 2.7: Mat cat A-A trong mo hnh ket hp

2.6.1. S dung mo hnh ket hp e tnh toan ng suat uon cua be tong
Mo hnh ket hp hay con goi la mo hnh co ien nh Hnh 2.1. Neu bay gi ta cat
mat cat A-A qua dam gia li 1 va 2, sau o xet rieng phan ben trai mat cat A-A
ta se c nh Hnh 2.7 (trong hnh nay lc cat khong c the hien).
Tuy nhien e thuan tien cho viec tnh toan, chung ta di hp lc nen cua be tong
len pha tren cho en khi trung vi CGC. Momen gay ra tren mat cat do viec di
lc C bang Fe, xem Hnh 2.8

49
1
WTL
CGC
MTL M2 Fe
C=F
e
T=F
RTL1+R21
Hnh 2.8: Mat cat A-A trong mo hnh ket hp

ng suat uon cua be tong tai bien cua tiet dien co the c tnh theo phng trnh
sau:
F MTL M2 Fe
A
S
( 2.5 )
Khi s dung mo hnh ket hp e tnh toan ng suat uon cua be tong can chu y
rang o lech tam e va momen th cap M 2 (the secondary moment) la can phai
biet; v vay no la bai toan rat phc tap, cho nen s dung mo hnh tai trong
tng ng khi tnh ng suat uon cua be tong trong giai oan truyen LT va
giai oan tai trong s dung la n gian nhat.
2.6.2. S dung mo hnh ket hp e tnh cng o danh ngha
Xem xet Hnh 2.7di tac dung cua tai trong s dung (under service loads),
moment tac dung vao tiet dien A-A la tong MTL (MTL la moment can bang vi
tong tai trong WTL va cac phan lc RTL) va M2 (M2 la moment can bang vi phan
lc th cap R2). Lc keo trong thep (di tai trong s dung) la T'( Aps .fse ) va bang
vi lc nen C trong be tong. Chu y la lc cat tai tiet dien A-A la khong the hien
trong Hnh 2.7.Neu C tach ri khoi T mot oan len pha tren la y
MTL M2
C'
luc o chung ta c mo hnh nh Hnh 2.9.

50
th
1
WTL
MTL+M2
C'
CGC
y
T'
RTL1+R21
C'y=MTL+M2
Hnh 2.9: Di C mot oan y; C va T khac iem at

Hai moment C.y va MTL + M2 se loai tr lan nhau, do o e thuan tien chung ta
se bo qua chung va xem xet mo hnh nhHnh 2.10,the hien ng suat va bien
dang tai tiet dien ngang cua mat cat A-A.
A
strain
CGC
stress
fc
WTL
C'
dp
y
T'
RTL1+R21
dp C
pe
N.A
ft
Hnh 2.10: Mo hnh the hien ng suat va bien dang di tai s dung
Bien dang p trong Hnh 2.10 la rat nho bi v truc trung hoa N.A rat gan vi
CGC. Ngoai ra ng suat keo ft trong be tong la nho hn so vi cng o chu keo
gii han; do o se khong xuat hien vet nt do uon.
Khi tai trong tang len, vt qua mc tai trong s dung th vet nt au tien se xuat
hien tai be mat chu keo, Hnh 2.11.

51
strain
CGC
stress
fc
WCR
C'
dp
y
T'
RCR+R21
dp C
N.A
pe
Hnh 2.11: Mo hnh tai vet nt au tien

Tuy nhien tai luc xuat hien vet nt au tien, th bien dang cua thep LT van con
nho va bien dang trong thep gan en bien dang hu hieu. Khi tai trong tang len
vt qua tai trong gay nt th truc trung hoa se dch len pha tren va bien dang
trong be tong ng lc trc tang len ang ke. Tai trong tang len en mot gia tr
tai trong xac nh nao o th luc nay moi quan he gia ng suat be tong va bien
dang tr thanh phi tuyen va cuoi cung la be tong at en cng o pha hoai va
bien dang cc han, thong thng gia thiet rang bien dang bang 0,003. Tai thi
iem nay th ng suat trong cot thep ng lc trc la fps, lc cang trong cot thep
LT la Tp = Aps.fps va cng o danh ngha cua dam M n = Tp .y.
Trong o,
Mu M2
Tp
oi vi thep LT ket dnh (bonded) th fps co the xac nh t bieu o ng suat va

bien dang thc (vi bien dang la p pe ). oi vi thep LT khong dnh ket
(unbonded) th fps c xac nh nh vao phng trnh thc nghiem c ch dan
trong cac tieu chuan xay dng.
Trong Hnh 2.12 the hien ng suat va bien dang cua dam be tong LT tai trang
thai gii han. o ln va v tr cua tong hp lc nen C trong be tong nh Hnh 2.14
va vung ng suat nen cua be tong co the c n gian hoa thanh vung nen hnh
52
ch nhat vi ng suat khong oi bang 0,85fcva chieu cao bang 1c , trong o gia
tr 1 c xac nh nh sau:
1 0,85khi fc' 30MPa
1 0,85 0,008(fc' 30) 0.65khi fc' 30MPa
Trong Hnh 2.13 th cng o danh ngha cua dam la Mn Tp (dp
ac
) . Trong
2
Hnh 2.14 the hien mo hnh ket hp co xet en cot thep chu nen va chu keo.
Chu y rang viec them cot thep chu nen As se lam giam tong lc nen tac dung
vao dam, giam chieu cao accua vung chu nen cua be tong, giam C ( truc trung
hoa di chuyen len pha tren). Cng o danh ngha cua dam c the hien trong
Hnh 2.14 bang:
a
a
Mn A's fs' c d's Aps fps dp c A s fy dt c
2
2
2
( 2.6 )
Tieu chuan xay dng thng quy nh so lng max cot thep LT va thep thng
nham ngan can pha hoai gion. Tieu chuan cung ch ro so lng cot thep khong
LT dnh ket toi thieu cho cac cau kien be tong LT vi cap ng suat trc khong
dnh ket.
A
strain
0.003
WU
CGC
C=TP
dp
RU+R21
y
TP
stress
f 'c
N.A
pe
Hnh 2.12: Mo hnh tai cng o danh ngha

53
strain
0.003
WU
CGC
C=TP
dp
ac=1c
N.A
Apsfps
TP
RU+R21
stress
0.85f 'c
pe
Hnh 2.13: Mo hnh tai cng o danh ngha vi ng suat hnh ch nhat
A
1
WU
CGC
d'S
dp
dt
RU+R21
strain
0.003
A'Sf'S
Cc=Tp+Asfy-A'sf's
TP
TS
p
t
stress
0.85f 'c
A'Sf'S
C
N.A
pe
ac/2
Cc
ac=1c
Apsfps
Asfy
Hnh 2.14: Mo hnh tai cng o danh ngha vi be tong khong LT

2.7. CAC QUAN NIEM TNH TOAN CAU KIEN CHU UON BE TONG LT
Cau kien be tong LT c tnh toan da tren ba quan niem c ban sau:
1.
Quan niem th nhat
LT bien oi be tong thanh mot vat lieu an hoi. Quan niem nay coi be tong LT
nh vat lieu an hoi va tnh toan theo ng suat cho phep.

54
2.
Quan niem th hai
Quan niem nay coi be tong LT lam viec nh BTCT thng vi s ket hp gia be
tong va thep cng o cao, va tnh toan theo cac trang thai gii han (tnh theo
cng o)
Neu s dung thep cng o cao n thuan nh thep thng th khi be tong xuat
hien vet nt, thep van cha at en cng o. Neu thep c keo trc va neo
vao be tong th se co c s bien dang va ng suat phu hp vi ca hai loai vat
lieu.
Quan niem th 2 nay da tren mo hnh ket hp (hay con goi la mo hnh co
ien), ten tieng anh la classic or combined freebody diagram a neu
muc2.6.
3.
Quan niem th ba
Quan niem nay coi LT nh mot thanh phan can bang vi mot phan tai trong tac
dung len len cau kien trong qua trnh s dung, tnh toan theo phng phap can
bang tai trong. ay la phng phap kha n gian va de s dung e tnh toan,
phan tch cau kien be tong LT. Cap LT c thay the bang cac ng lc tng
ng tac dung vao be tong. Cap tao ra mot tai trong ngc len, neu chon hnh
dang cap va lc LT phu hp se can bang c cac tai trong tac dung len san,
do o o vong cua san tai moi iem eu bang khong.
Quan niem th 3 c phan tch da tren mo hnh tai trong tng ng
(equivalent load freebody diagram) nh a neu muc 2.5.
2.8. PHAN TCH VA LA CHON QUAN NIEM TNH TOAN
Viec thiet ke san be tong LT eu co the s dung cac quan niem phan tch
tren. Moi phng phap eu co cac u nhc iem rieng. V vay, van e at ra
oi vi ngi thiet ke la la chon quan niem nao e n gian hoa viec phan tch
va tnh toan phu hp vi cong cu thiet ke hien co.
55
Thiet ke tnh toan theo ng suat cho phep (Allowable Stress Design - ASD), a
dung trong phan tch ky thuat cach 150 nam. Cac phng phap tnh toan ve tai
trong max eu ap dung ly thuyet an hoi tuyen tnh (linearly elastic model) hay
sc ben vat lieu e tnh ng suat cua cac ket cau thep hay ng suat trong be tong
va cot thep cua ket cau be tong cot thep. ng suat trong cau kien yeu cau phai
nho hn ng suat cho phep: ffall ma c thiet lap cho tng loai vat lieu tuy
thuoc vao cac kieu tac dung tac dung cua lc khac nhau (doc truc, uon, cat,
xoan).
V du: fmall = 0.6fy cho ket cau thep.
Hnh 2.15: S hoa phng phap thiet ke ASD

Phng phap ASD co mot so khuyet iem sau:
- o tin cay (hay he so an toan) la khong biet.
- Khong xet en s thay oi, khong co nh cua tai trong, ma cu the la, lam the
nao e tnh c chnh xac hoat tai va tnh tai.
- ng suat trong cac thanh phan ket cau cung cap thong tinh rat t ve kha nang
chu tai cua cau kien hay toan bo ket cau.

56
Nh a phan tch tren th phng phap ng suat cho phep co nhng khuyet
iem ang ke tren nen thng c t s dung hien nay. Do o trong o an tot
nghiep nay, sinh vien ch s dung quan niem th 2 va th 3 e phan tch va tnh
toan cho cau kien be tong ng suat trc.
muc 2.4. en muc2.6.2. a e cap en pham vi ap dung cua mo hnh ket hp
hay la mo hnh co ien (tam dch t ten tieng anh la classic or combined
FBD) ai dien cho quan iem th hai c s dung trong tnh toan theo cng
o danh ngha trang thai cc han va mo hnh tai trong tng ng (equivalent
load FBD) ai dien cho quan niem th 3 c s dung trong tnh toan giai
oan truyen LT va giai oan tai s dung.
2.9. THIET KE CAU KIEN CHU UON BE TONG LT
Trong thc hanh tnh toan va thiet ke cau kien be tong cot thep LT ngi ta
chon ng lc trc (dien tch thep LT Aps hoac so lng, loai thep LT) da
vao tai s dung.Viec la chon lc cang hieu qua cua thep LT (sau khi tr tat ca
ton hao ng suat) e can bang vi mot phan hoac toan bo tai trong s dung
sau o kiem tra lai ng suat cua be tong di tac dung cua tai s dung la mot
vong lap e chon c lc cang hieu qua nhat. Sau khi la chon so lng cap
va lc cang cap da vao giai oan s dung th cac giai oan khac no van
khong thay oi va c kiem tra lai tng giai oan.
2.9.1. Tieu chuan thiet ke
Moi quoc gia eu co mot tieu chuan thiet ke cau kien be tong LT rieng, va moi
quoc gia co nhng quy nh ve vat lieu, ng suat cho phep khac nhau. Tuy nhien
quan niem va phng phap tnh la hoan toan giong nhau.
Hien nay nc ta cha co tieu chuan hng dan cu the ve thiet ke cau kien ng
lc trc noi chung va san ng lc trc noi rieng. Tieu chuan hien hanh TCXDVN
356:2005 va cac tai lieu hng dan ch e cap en mot phan rat nho trong thiet
ke cau kien dam be tong ng lc trc.
57
Theo ieu 1 trong Quyet nh So: 09/2005/Q-BXD: "Quy che ap dung cac tieu
chuan xay dng nc ngoai trong hoat ong xay dng Viet Nam" cho phep ap
dung cac tieu chuan hien hanh cua to chc tieu chuan hoa Quoc te ISO va cua cac
nc Anh, c, My, Nhat, Phap, Uc, khong thuoc cac lnh vc di ay:
So lieu kh hau xay dng, a chat thuy van
Phong chong chay no, gio bao, set
Ve sinh moi trng
An toan cong trnh di tac ong cua kh hau a phng
An toan lao ong.
Qua thi gian tm toi va nghien cu 2 tieu chuan ACI 318-08 va tieu chuan
Eurocode 2, theo y kien ca nhan cua sinh vien th tieu chuan Eurocode 2 rat gan
gui vi tieu chuan Viet Nam hn, nh tieu chuan chap nhan mau nen hnh lap
phng Tuy nhientieu chuan ACI 318 quy nh ro rang va cu the hn, t he so
hn an toan hn, co quy nh khoang thep LT cu the Trong o an nay, sinh
vien ap dung tieu chuan ACI 318M08 e thiet ke san be tong ng lc trc
cang sau (ACI 318M-08 la bo viet theo he n v SI).
2.9.2. Vat lieu
2.9.2.1. Betong
a)
Cng o be tong
Cac tieu chuan thiet ke eu a ra cac qui nh ve s dung cng o cua be tong
cung nh khong che ng suat trong be tong phu thuoc vao cac giai oan lam viec
cua cau kien.
Theo TCXDVN 356:2005, viec la chon cap o ben cua be tong phu thuoc vao
dang, loai va ng knh thep cang trc cung nh phu thuoc vao viec neo cot

58
thep. Neu dung si thep co ng knh khong nho hn 6 th cap o ben cua be
tong lay khong nho hn B30.
Theo tieu chuan ACI 318, be tong dung trong be tong LT phai co cng o chu
nen fc cho mau lang tru 28 ngay tuoi t 28 55 MPa.
Tieu chuan Chau Au EC-2 quy nh cap o ben cua be tong khong nho hn
C28/35.
Vi cng o nh vay, be tong se co s co ngot nho, ac tnh t bien nho va mo
un an hoi cao, lam giam hao ton ng suat trong thep. Kinh nghiem cho thay s
dung be tong co cng o mau lang tru t 2834 MPa la kinh te nhat. Khi be
tong co cng o t 2841 MPa co the thi cong kha de dang, khong can yeu cau
cao ve cong nghe. Gia thanh cua be tong co cng o 41 MPa cao hn cua be
tong cng o 21 MPa la khoang 15%. Vi be tong co cng o ln hn 41 Mpa,
can co yeu cau cao ve thiet ke, ieu chnh cap phoi, thi cong va bao dng be
tong nen khong de thc hien tai hien trng. Be tong co cng o t 4155 MPa
thng c s dung cho cau kien uc san do ieu kien san xuat trong nha may
co the ap ng c yeu cau chat lng cao.
Thong thng co the tien hanh truyen LT khi be tong cha at ti cng o 28
ngay tuoi, v du nh oi vi cau kien cang trc co cng o 28 ngay tuoi la
34 MPa, co the tien hanh truyen LT khi be tong at cng o 24 MPa. Ly do la
trong qua trnh truyen LT, be tong cha phai chu tai trong ngoai va cng o be
tong ch can thiet e tranh pha hoai vung neo.
Di ay la cong thc c e xuat trong cac tieu chuan ACI 318 e tnh toan
moun an hoi cua betong: E c 4730 fc' (N/mm2)
b)
ng suat cho phep cua be tong
Theo muc 18.3.3 tieu chuan ACI 318M-2008 phan chia cau kien chu uon be tong
LT theo ba nhom U, T va C phu thuoc vao ng suat keo ln nhat cua be tong f t
(MPa) trong giai oan s dung nh sau:
59
nhom U: ft 0,62 fc'
nhom T: 0,62 fc' ft fc'
nhom C: ft
fc'
San betong LT theo hai phng c thiet ke theo nhom U vi ft 0,5 fc' . Khi
tnh toan trong giai oan s dung cua cau kien thuoc nhom U hoac T cho phep s
dung tiet dien khong nt. ng suat cho phep cua betong (cau kien nhom U va T)
c cho trong bang 2.1. Cng o cua betong tai thi iem truyen LT f ci (MPa)
phai at en gia tr khong nho hn 28 MPa khi s dung bo cap va 17,5 MPa vi
cap n.
Bang 2.2: ng suat cho phep cua be tong theo ACI 318M - 2008
ng suat nen
Giai oan
cho phep
(a)Tai au mut cua cau kien goi n gian 0,7fci'

(b)Tai nhng v tr khac 0,6fci'
truyen LT
(TLBT)
ng suat keo
cho phep
Giai oan
(a)Tai au mut CK goi n gian : 0,5 fci'

(b)Tai v tr khac : 0,25 fci'
ng suat nen
(a)LT va tai trong dai han 0,45fc'
cho phep
(b) LT va toan bo tai trong 0,6fc'
lam viec
(Ww=WD+WL)
ng suat keo
cho phep

Tiet dien khong nt 0,5 fc'
60
2.9.2.2. Cot thep ng lc trc

Thep cng o cao s dung trong cau kien be tong LT noi chung bao gom dang
si, thanh hay cap. Cng o chu nen cao hn do tang thanh phan cac-bon trong
thep so vi thep can nong.
1.
Yeu cau ve cng o va ac tnh cua cac loai thep cng o cao
a)
Si thep cng o cao
Thep si s dung cho betong LT noi chung tuan theo tieu chuan ASTM A421. Si
thep c quan thanh cuon va c cat va lap nha may hay tao hien trng.
Trc khi thi cong, si thep can c ve sinh be mat e tang lc dnh ket
betong. ac tnh cua si thep theo ASTM A421 c cho trong Bang 2.3.
Bang 2.3: ac tnh cua si thep giam ng suat khong co vo boc (ASTM A421)
ng knh
Cng o chu keo nho nhat
ng suat nho nhat tai 1% o
danh nh
(MPa)
dan dai (N/mm2)
(mm)
Dang BA
Dang WA
Dang BA
Dang WA
4,88
1725
1380
4,98
1655
1725
1325
1380
6,35
1655
1655
1325
1325
7,01
1622
1295
Ghi chu: Dang BA s dung cho neo bo cap; dang WA s dung cho neo hnh con.
b)
Cap cng o cao
Cac si cap cng o cao c ben vao nhau thanh bo tao nen cap cng o cao,
hien nay c to hp t 7 si thep cng o cao c s dung pho bien nhat.
Theo tieu chuan ASTM A416, co hai loai cap 7 si vi cng o keo gii han la
1720 MPa va 1860 MPa.

61
Tieu chuan nay c s dung cho ca cau kien cang trc va cang sau, dnh ket
hay khong dnh ket. ac tnh cua cap 7 si theo ASTM A416 c cho trong
Bang 2.4.
Bang 2.4: ac trng cua cap 7 si khong co vo boc (ASTM A416)
Loai cap
ng knh
danh nh (mm)
Sc ben pha
Dien tch danh
Tai trong nho
hoai
nh cua cap
nhat tai o dan
(kN)
(mm )
dai 1% (kN)
6,35
40,0
23,22
34,0
7.94
64,4
37,42
54,7
Cng o
9,35
89,0
51,61
75,6
1720 MPa
11,11
120,1
69,68
102,3
12,70
160,1
92,90
136,2
15,24
240,2
139,25
204,2
9,53
102,3
54,84
87,0
Cng o
11,11
137,9
74,19
117,2
1860 MPa
12,70
183,7
98,71
156,1
15,24
260,7
140,0
221,5
c)
Thep thanh cng o cao
Thep thanh s dung cho betong LT tuan theo tieu chuan ASTM A722 va A-29,
vi yeu cau co ng suat pha hoai at ti 90% cng o gii han. Mac du cng
o gii han thc te thng at ti 1100 MPa, nhng gia tr tieu chuan nho nhat
thng lay la 1000 Mpa. Hau het cac tieu chuan thng a ra gii han chay nho
nhat la 896 MPa mac du gia tr thc te la cao hn. o dan dai nho nhat tai luc
pha hoai v tr chieu dai bang 20 lan ng knh la 4%, vi o giam nho nhat
cua tiet dien tai luc pha hoai la 25%.

62
2.
ng suat cho phep trong thep
ng suat keo trong thep tai thi iem cang sau neo va sau a tr i tat ca nhng
ton hao co the xay ra luon c quy nh nho hn cng o chu keo ti han hay
ng suat pha hoai. Tieu chuan nhieu quoc gia a e xuat thay oi sat gii han vi
s quan tam ti ng suat cho phep trong cau kien LT trong tieu chuan ACI 318
c quy nh nh sau:
Bang 2.5: ng suat cho phep cua thep LT theo ACI 318-2008
Tai thi iem
cang ban au
LT ban au khong at ti 94%fpy nhng khong ln hn 80% fpu

(a)Cang trc, ng suat khong at ti 82% fpy nhng khong ln
Ngay sau khi hn 74% fpu

truyen LT
(b)Cang sau, tai neo va ngay sau khi neo, ng suat khong nen at
ti 70% cng o chu keo cua thep LT
2.9.2.3. Cac vat lieu khac

Ngoai cac vat lieu chnh la be tong va thep cng o cao, cong co nhng vat
lieu phu khac c s dung trong phng phap cang sau.
1.
Ong gen
oi vi be tong LT cang sau dnh ket th can at san ong gen trong be tong. Co
hai loai ong gen thng dung:
- Loai bang ton mong 0,2 0,3mm co pha ch e giam ma sat cuon mep va
cuon theo kieu xoan ga.
- Ong gen bang cac loai ong kim loai, ong tron trn co be day 2 4mm.
Yeu cau ong gen la phai chong tham tot e gi cho nc ximang khong tham vao
ong trong qua trnh o betong va bao ve cap, ong phai ben khong b h hong

63
bien bang trong qua trnh thi cong. Tuy nhien, ong phai mem e co the bo tr uon
cong theo thiet ke va ma sat gia ong gen vi cap khong c qua ln.
2.
Va phut
Khi s dung cong nghe dnh ket, sau khi cang cap va neo, can lap ay ke h
trong ong gen bang va xi mang. Va phut vao ong gen di ap lc khoang 6
atm.
Va bm co tac dung tao s dnh ket va chong an mon cho cap. Va phai de
chay va t co ngot. Thanh phan cua va bm bao gom xima ng booclang thng
hoac ximang ong ket nhanh, tron vi nc vi ty le theo trong lng la 0,33 va
mot so phu gia nh Flowcable, Pozzolith v.v., trong mot so trng hp ca biet co
the dung them cat mn cho va bm. Theo ASTM C1019 cng o chu nen cua
va phai at 35 MPa vi mau th khoi vuong co canh la 5 cm (2 in).
2.9.3. Tnh toan ton hao ng suat trong thep ng lc trc
Sau khi tao LT trong cau kien, lc LT trong be tong khong gi nguyen gia tr
ban au ma chu mot s giam di t t theo thi gian t giai oan truyen cho en
giai oan chu tai do nhieu nguyen nhan goi la s ton hao ng suat.
Ton hao ng suat gom co 2 loai: ton hao ngan han va ton hao dai han.
- Ton hao ngan han bao gom: ton hao do ma sat, ton hao do tut neo va ton hao
do co ngan an hoi cua be tong.
- Ton hao dai han bao gom: ton hao do t bien, do co ngot, do chung ng suat.
2.9.3.1. Ton hao ng suat do co ngan an hoi cua be tong
Do tnh chat an hoi cua be tong, khi lc LT truyen vao be tong lam cho be tong
b co ngan theo. Mat khac, do be tong va thep LT ket dnh vi nhau nen khi be
tong co lai cung lam cho thep LT cung co ngan theo gay ra s ton hao ng suat
trong thep.
64
e xuat cua ACI 318 cho viec tnh toan ton hao an hoi nh sau:
ES KesEes
fcir
Eci
( 2.7 )
Trong o: Kes = 1 cho cau kien cang trc;

Kes = 0,5 cho cau kien cang sau khi thep cac LT c cang lien tuc theo cung
mot trnh t.
fcir - ng suat trong be tong tai v tr trong tam thep LT gay bi P
P Pe2 MGe
fcir
A
I
I
( 2.8 )
Vi cau kien cang sau s dung cap khong dnh ket:
ES K esEes
fcpa
( 2.9 )
Eci
Trong o,
fcpa - ng suat nen trung bnh cua be tong tai trong tam thep LT doc theo chieu
dai cau kien ngay sau thi iem tryen lc.
2.9.3.2. Ton hao do chung ng suat
Cac th nghiem vi thep LT khi o gian dai khong oi duy tr trong mot khoang
thi gian a ch ra rang lc cang trc se giam t t. Lng giam nay phu thuoc
vao thi gian va ty le fpi/fpy. Ton hao o c goi la chung ng suat.
RE Kre J(SH CR ES) C
( 2.10 )
Cac gia tr Kre, J va C tra Bang 2.6

65
Bang 2.6: Gia tr cua Kre va J

Dang thep LT
Kre(Mpa)
Cap si (stress-relieved) co cng o 1860 Mpa
138
0.15
Cap si (stress-relieved) co cng o 1720 Mpa
128
0.14
Cap si (low-relaxaion) co cng o 1860 Mpa
35
0.04
Cap si (low-relaxaion) co cng o 1720 Mpa
32
0.037
Thanh (low-relaxaion) co cng o 1000Mpa
41
0.05
2.9.3.3. Ton hao do t bien cua be tong

Trong cau kien be tong, khi tai trong dai han khong tang ma bien dang tang theo
thi gian goi la hien tng t bien. T bien cua be tong xay ra trong thi gian dai
di tac dung cua tai trong lam viec dai han se gay ton hao ng suat trong cau
kien be tong LT.
T bien c coi la xay ra vi tnh tai thng xuyen tac dung len cau kien sau khi
a c LT. Tnh tai thng xuyen gay ra bien dang keo se lam giam mot phan
bien dang nen ban au. oi vi thep LT dnh ket, ton hao ng suat do t bien
c tnh toan theo cong thc sau:
CR Kcr
EPS
(f f )
EC cir cds
( 2.11 )
Trong o,
Kcr = 2,0 cho cau kien cang trc;
Kcr = 1,6 cho cau kien cang sau;

66
fcds - ng suat trong be tong tai trong tam cua thep LT (c.g.c) do tac dung cua
tnh tai sau khi cau kien c truyen LT;
fcir - ng suat trong be tong tai v tr cua thep ngay sau khi truyen LT;
Eps Mo un an hoi cua thep LT;
Ec Mo un an hoi cua be tong 28 ngay tuoi, tng ng vi fc' .
Vi thep LT khong dnh ket, ng suat nen trung bnh c s dung e tnh toan
ton hao do co ngan an hoi va t bien cua be tong. Ton hao trong thep LT
khong dnh ket lien quan ti bien dang trung bnh cua cau kien nhieu hn la ti
bien dang tai mot iem co momen ln nhat. V vay:
CR Kcr
EPS
f
EC cPS
( 2.12 )
2.9.3.4. Ton hao ng suat do co ngotbe tong

S co ngot cua be tong trong cau kien LT a en s co ngan cua thep cang v
vay gop phan gay ra s hao ton ng suat.
V
SH 8,2.106 K shEs 1 0,06 100 RH
S
( 2.13 )
Trong o: Ksh - he so tra bang phu thuoc vao thi gian sau khi ket thuc bao dng
am en luc ap dung LT;
RH - o am tng oi;
V
- ty le khoi lng/be mat.
S

67
Bang 2.7:Gia tr Ksh cho cau kien cang sau

Thi gian bao dng en luc keo cang LT
Ngay
10
20
30
60
Ksh
0.92
0.85
0.80
0.77
0.73
0.64
0.58
0.45
2.9.3.5. Ton hao ng suat do ma sat

Ton hao do ma sat cua cau kien cang sau la do s ma sat gia cap va be tong
xung quanh ong dan. Gia tr cua s ton hao ng suat nay bao gom:
Do anh hng uon cong, phu thuoc vao hnh dang thep LT doc theo chieu dai
cua dam.
Do anh hng dung sai phu thuoc vao o lech cuc bo cua thep, ay la ket qua cua
s khong thang hang ngau nhien kho tranh khoi, khi ong khong the c at mot
cach hoan hao theo dang nh trc trong suot chieu dai cau kien.
Theo ACI 318 - 2008 muc 18.6.2 trang 288, o ln cua lc LT Ppx tai v tr cach
au cang mot khoang lpx la:
Ppx Ppje
(Klpx ppx )
( 2.14 )
Trong o: Ppj - lc cang tai au kch;

p - he so ma sat gia cap va ong tren oan uon cong;
p - tong goc chuyen hng cua truc cot thep;
K - he so ma sat gia cap va ong tren oan thang xet en s sai lech thi cong;
e - c so logarit t nhien.

68
2.9.3.6. Ton hao ng suat do s dch chuyen neo

oi vi cau kien be tong LT cang sau, khi be tong at cng o nhat nh, cap
c cang va kch c tha e truyen lc LT cho be tong, khi o nem ma sat
c s dung e kep chat si thep trt mot oan nho trc khi si thep c gi
vng chac gia cac nem.
Ton hao ng suat do s dch chuye n neo c tnh toan nh sau:
P Eps
A
L
sp
( 2.15 )
Trong o: - s dch chuyen cua neo (mm);

L
- chieu dai cap cang(mm);
Asp - dien tch tiet dien ngang cua thep LT (mm 2);
P
- lc cang trc a xet en ton hao do ma sat (N).
2.9.3.7. Mot so nhan xet trong tnh toan ton hao ng suat trc
Trong thiet ke, phai can nhac ti nhng yeu to anh hng en lng ton hao ng
suat nh vat lieu thc te, thi gian, ieu kien bao dng, kch thc cua cau kien
Viec xac nh chnh xac ton hao ng suat trong cau kien be tong LT la mot van
e rat phc tap bi v chung phu thuoc vao rat nhieu yeu to va hn na, anh
hng qua lai lan nhau.
V du nh la chung ng suat cua thep LT, lien tuc thay the bi s thay oi ng
suat do cac yeu to khac nh t bien cua be tong. Ty le ton hao do t bien, en
lt no, lai b thay oi bi s thay oi ng suat cua thep LT.
Do o, viec phan biet ton hao do moi yeu to di cac ieu kien khac nhau cua ng
suat, ieu kien moi trng, tai trong va cac yeu to khong xac nh khac, la ac
biet kho khan. Hn na, do tac ong cua co ngot, t bie n, s chung ng suat va

69
s thay oi ac tnh thc te cua be tong, tong ton hao co the thay oi. S sai sot
trong tnh toan ton hao co the anh hng en ieu kien lam viec nh o vong, o
vong va nt.
Co nhieu tac gia nc ngoai a da vao so lieu thc nghiem, a ch rang tr
so ng suat ton hao tong cong, tr ng suat hao do ma sat, thng thay oi
khong ang ke. Chnh v vay cac to chc chuyen nganh trong lnh nay nh vien
be tong LT, ACI-ASCE, AASHTO (My), Uy ban be tong Chau Au (CEB), hiep hoi
quoc te ve ng lc trc (FIP) eu a ra cach anh gia c tnh trung bnh cua
tong ng suat hao trong ket cau be tong LT nham phuc vu cho giai oan thiet ke
ban au, hoac tham ch cho viec thiet ke cac cong trnh thong thng c s
dung trong nhng ieu kien bnh thng. Trong trng hp can co gia tr chnh
xac cao, cac gia tr ng suat hao se c kiem tra lai theo cac cong thc t
muc 2.9.3.1 en muc 2.9.3.6.
Bang 2.8:Gia tr ng suat hao tong cong theo phng phap cang sau
(theo PTI Post-tensioning Institute - My)
Vat lieu thep cang sau
Cap 270-K va thep si 240-K co o
chung ng suat bnh thng
Thep thanh
Cap 270-K co o chung ng suat
nho
ng suat hao tong cong, psi

Ban
Dam
30.000 (207 MPa)
35.000 (241 MPa)
20.000 (138 MPa)
25.000 (172 MPa)
15.000 (103 MPa)
20.000 (138 MPa)
Ghi chu: Bang nay c dung lam c s cho viec la cho cap ng lc trc cho
cac cong trnh ma c quan thiet ke khong co quy nh g ac biet ve mc o
hao ng suat. Cac gia tr c lap cho be tong nang bnh thng cung nh cac
gia tr thong thng ve cng o be tong, o cang cot thep ng lc trc va

70
ieu kien tiep xuc moi trng. Cac gia tr trong bang khong bao gom s hao ng
suat do ma sat.
Trong thc hanh tnh toan, oi khi ton hao trung bnh cua ng suat co the lay theo
ty le phan tram cua lc LT ban au the hien nh Bang 2.9sau khi xem xet be
tong va thep vi nhng ac tnh trung bnh.
Bang 2.9: o ln tong ton hao ng suat (%)
Nguyen nhan ton hao ng suat trc
Cang trc (%) Cang sau (%)
Ton hao do co ngan an hoi va uon cua be tong
Ton hao do t bien cua be tong
Ton hao do co ngot cua be tong
Ton hao do s chung ng suat thep
2.9.4. Tnh toan ng suat be tong tai giai oan s dung

Xet mot dam n gian tiet dien ch nhat co dien tch A chu tai trong phan bo
eu Hnh 2.16 va Hnh 2.17. Thep LT c bo tr lech tame so vi truc dam, gay
ra momen uon Ne. ng suat cua be tong c xac nh nh sau:
a)
Tai thi iem ket thuc truyen LT
P0 P0e Mmin
'
ft' fmin
A
zt
zt
P0 P0e Mmin
'
fb' fmax
A
zb
zb

( 2.16 )
71
Trong o,
fmin, fmax cac ng suat cho phep cua be tong thi iem truyen lc cang
trc.
P0- lc cang thi iem truyen LT cho be tong.
b)
Trong giai oan s dung
KP0 KP0e Mmax

'
ft' fmax
A
zt
zt
( 2.17 )
KP0 KP0e Mmax

'
fb' fmin
A
zb
zb
( 2.18 )
Trong o,
fmin,fmax cac ng suat cho phep cua be tong;
K- he so xet en ton hao ng suat trong thep LT.
Hnh 2.16: Phan bo ng suat cua tiet dien

72
Hnh 2.17: S lam viec cua cau kien giai oan truyen LT va s dung
2.9.5. Momen gii han
2.9.5.1. Trng hp dam s dung thep LT dnh ket
Quy trnh tnh toan kha nang chu uon cua dam be tong LT cung tng t nh
dam be tong cot thep thng vi s khac biet trong viec xac nh ng suat trong
thep LT trang thai gii han. Cac tai trong c xet en la tai trong tnh toan
va tng ng la cac to hp tai trong quy nh trong tng tieu chuan thiet ke.
Tren Hnh 2.18 la bieu o ng suat cua tiet dien trang thai gii han, trong o C
la hp lc cua be tong vung nen (khi khong xet en cot thep chu nen):
C = 0,85fc ba
( 2.19 )
T = Tp + Ts = Apsfps + Asfy
( 2.20 )
Trong o: As, Aps dien tch cot thep thng va thep LT trong vung keo.

73
0,85f'c
a/2
c
0,85f'cab
dp
Aps
As
ps
s
(b)
(a)
Apsfps
Asfy
(c)
Hnh 2.18: S o ng suat e xac nh momen gii han

ieu kien am bao kha nang chu lc cua cau kien la:
Mu Mn fpsAps dp 0,5a
fy A s d 0,5a
( 2.21 )
Trong o,
Mu la momen do tai trong nhan he so (tai tnh toan) hay la momen gii
han yeu cau;
Mn la la tr so momen danh nh cua mot mat cat ngang c tnh bang
cach s dung kch thc danh nh va o ben vat lieu a c chon san.
- He so giam o ben cua cau kien chu uon c xac nh nh sau:
Khi bien dang cua cot thep chu keo t 0,005 va c/dt 0,375 (tiet dien thuoc
trng hp pha hoai deo), = 0,9. Hau het cac cau kien chu uon c thiet ke
trong trng hp nay.
Trong o: c khoang cach t mep chu nen cua tiet dien en truc trung hoa;
dt khoang cach t mep chu nen cua tiet dien en trong tam cua lp
cot thep chu keo ngoai cung.
Khi bien dang cua cot thep chu keo 0,004 t < 0,005 va 0,375 < c/dt 0,429
(trang thai ng suat chuyen tiep), = 0,23 + 0,25(c/dt).

74
Quy trnh tnh toan Mn c tien hanh nh sau:

1)
Tnh toan momen do tai trong tnh toan gay ra M
2)
Tnh Tp, Ts (bc au co the chon Ts = 0)
3)
Tnh a =
4)
Tnh Mn
5)
Neu Mu> Mn, bo tr thep thng va lap lai bc 2.
Aps fps +A s fy
0,85fc'b
ng suat trong thep LT gan at ti cng o gii han cua no tai iem pha hoai
cua dam chu uon va c tnh theo cong thc sau:
d
f
fps fpu 1 p p pu' ( ')

1 fc dp
( 2.22 )
Mot so tai lieu nc ngoai nh quyen Post-Tensioning Manual cua hiep hoi ng
lc trc cua My (PTI) ban hanh nam 2002 e ngh cong thc n gian sau:
p Aps fpu
fps fpu 1
'
1 bdpfc
( 2.23 )
p phu thuoc vao loai thep LT:

p = 0,55 cho thep thanh (fpy / fpu 0,8);
p = 0,4 cho si va cap ( stress-relieved): (fpy / fpu 0,85);
p = 0,28 cho si va cap ( low-relaxaion): (fpy / fpu 0,9).
p Aps / bd, As / bd, A's / bd

75
fy / fc' , ' 'fy / fc'

Vi: As dien tch cot thep thng trong vung nen.
d
Neu trong cong thc co xet en cot thep chu nen th gia tr p pu' ( ')
fc dp
lay khong nho hn 0,17 va khong ln hn 0,15dp.

Gia tr 1 c xac nh nh sau:
1 = 0,85 khi fc' 30MPa
1 = 0,85-0,008(fc' -30) 0,65 khi fc' > 30 MPa
Theo tieu chuan ACI, ch so cua thep ( p ) xap x vi gia tr gii han e am bao
rang ng suat cua thep LT nam trong gii han chay cua no.
p 0,321
( 2.24 )
Trong trng hp ca thep LT Aps va cot thep thng As, As cung c s dung,
ty le thep gii han la:
p
d
( ') 0,361
dp
( 2.25 )
Ngoai ra e am bao kha nang lam viec cua cau kien ngay sau khi xuat hien vet
nt, tieu chuan cung yeu cau ham lng cot thep toi thieu cua thep LT, thep
thng phai thoa man ieu kien:
Mn> 1,2.Mcr
( 2.26 )
Pzb
fr zb
A
( 2.27 )
Trong o,
Mcr Pe

76
Theo ACI 318 08 ng suat keo gay nt be tong fr 0,62 fc' cho tat ca cac cau
kien be tong ng suat trc tr cau kien san 2 phng cang sau s dung cap LT
khong dnh ket.
2.9.5.2. Trng hp dam s dung thep LT khong dnh ket
Tnh toan chnh xac cng o gii han cua dam s dung thep LT khong dnh ket
la kho khan hn nhieu so vi dam s dung thep LT dnh ket v ng suat trong
thep tai luc pha hoai dam khong the tnh toan mot cach chnh xac nhat. Cung
khong co u so lieu ve cng o gii han cua dam s dung thep LT dnh ket e
thiet lap mot phng phap tnh toan hoan toan tin cay. Tuy vay, cng o cua
dam s dung thep LT khong dnh ket thng nho hn so vi dam s dung thep
LT dnh ket khoang 10-30%. V bien dang trong thep LT la eu trong suot
chieu dai cua no va bien dang tai tiet dien nguy hiem la giam i, ng suat trong
thep thng van nho hn nhieu cng o gii han cua no. Khi cha co vet nt
xuat hien tren dam, ng suat tong thep c tnh toan thong thng nh a trnh
bay. Khi dam b nt hay at ti bien dang deo, ng suat khong the tnh toan mot
cach thuan li. Tuy vay, van co the tnh toan ng suat trong thep khi dam b pha
hoai deo theo cong thc chung nh sau:
fps = fse + fs
( 2.28 )
trong o: fse ng suat trc hieu qua trong thep LT;
fs ng suat tang them trong thep LT do tai trong pha hoai.

Theo muc 18.7.2 (b) tieu chuan ACI 318-2008 a cong thc tnh toan fps nh sau:
a)
Khi ty le nhp chia cho chieu cao cau kien khong ln hn 35
fc'
fps = fse + 70 +
100p
( 2.29 )
nhng khong ln hn fpy hoac (fse + 420).

77
b)
Khi ty le nhp chia cho chieu cao cau kien ln hn 35
fc'
fps = fse + 70 +
300p
( 2.30 )
nhng khong ln hn fpy hoac (fse + 200).

Sau khi tnh toan cng o fps va canh tay on tng ng, ta xac nh c
momen gii han cua dam nh trng hp cua dam s dung thep LT dnh ket.
e han che vet nt va tang cng o cau kien dam LT, tieu chuan ACI 318 qui
nh dien tch toi thieu cua thep dnh ket (thep thng) la:
As = minA
( 2.31 )
Trong o,
A dien tch tiet dien;
min - ham lng cot thep thng toi thieu phu thuoc vao nhom thep s dung
nhng khong nho hn 0,14%.

2.9.6. Kha nang chu nen cuc bo cua be tong tai vung neo
Trong phng phap cang sau, lc cang trc c truyen cho be tong thong qua
cac neo at au cau kien. Lc nay tac dung len mot dien tch kha nho cua ban
neo, do o can xet en kha nang chu nen cuc bo cua be tong.
Khi be tong chu nen cuc bo, cng o chu nen c tang len do nhng phan
xung quanh khong trc tiep chu nen co tac dung can tr bien dang ngang cua

78
phan trc tiep chu lc. ng suat nen cho phep cua be tong ngay sau khi neo phai
thoa man ieu kien:
fb 0,7fci' A2 /A1
( 2.32 )
fb 1,25fci'
( 2.33 )
Trong o,
fci' - cng o cua be tong tai thi iem truyen lc, he so giam o ben c lay
0,85 ;
A1 dien tch cua ban neo;
A2 dien tch chu nen tnh toan, co hnh dang tng t nh dien tch Ag
(Hnh 2.19).
fb
Ag
P
Ag
su
( 2.34 )
Trong o,
su
- tong cac lc cang trc tai v tr neo xem xet.
Lc cang trc Psu c tnh vi he so an toan p 1,2 :

Psu = p (0,8fpu) = 0,96fpu

( 2.35 )
79
45 deg
45 deg
Dien tch
chu nen A1
Dien tch
chu nen A1
2
1
A2

Tren Hnh 2.19 the hien s phan tan ng suat nen t mat truyen lc theo chieu
dai cua cau kien. Chieu dai D can thiet e phan tan ng suat nen lay bang kch
thc ln hn cua tiet dien. Trong vung phan tan ng suat nay xuat hien ng suat
keo ngang
Lc keo tong hp cua ng suat keo ngang Tburst co the c xac nh theo mo
hnh thanh chong giang hoac phan tch theo ly thuyet an hoi. Muc R118.13.5
tieu chuan ACI 318 cho phep s dung cong thc gan ung sau:
Tburst 0,25 Psu 1
dburst = 0,5(h - 2e)
( 2.36 )
( 2.37 )
trong o cac gia tr a, e, h, dburst c the hien tren Hnh 2.21

80
Quy ao ng suat keo chnh
Quy ao ng suat keo chnh
Lc keo ngang
Hnh 2.20:S phan bo ng suat tai vung neo

dburst
P/2
P
a
e
Tburst
c.g.c
P/2
h/2
Hnh 2.21: Xac nh lc keo ngang Tbrust

Dien tch cot thep ngang tnh toan la:
As =
Tburst
fs
( 2.38 )
Nham han che cac vet nt ngang, lay fs = 0,6fy va khong ln hn 138,5 MPa.
81
2.10. KET LUAN CHNG 2

Trong tnh toan cau kien be tong ng lc trc, tuy thuoc vao tng giai oan ma
ngi ta s dung mo hnh tnh toan khac nhau. Co the chia lam hai giai oan nh
sau:
- Trong giai oan di tai s dung th dung mo hnh tai trong tng ng, luc nay
cap c tach ra khoi be tong va thay the bang cac tai trong tng ng vao be
tong.
- Trong giai oan trang thai gii han, di tai tnh toan th phai s dung mo hnh
ket hp xem xet ong thi be tong va cap ng lc trc trong mot mo hnh.

82
CHNG 3. QUY TRNH TNH TOAN SAN PHANG BE TONG NG

LC TRC CANG SAU
Trong chng nay sinh vien trnh bay ve s lam viec cua san phang be tong ng
lctrc (bao gom san mot phng va san 2 phng)cung nh quy trnh tnh
toan cua san be tongng lc trc cang sau. Noi chung nguyen ly chung e tnh
toan cau kien be tong ng lc trc sinh vien a trnh bay chi tiet CHNG 2,
nen chng nay sinh vien s dung cac cong thc va cac nguyen ly a c
trnh bay CHNG 2 ma khong nhac lai na, chng nay sinh vien se i vao
chi tiet quy trnh tnh toan cua san phang be tong ng lc trc cang sau.
3.1. KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE SAN BE TONG LT
He thong san be tong ng lc trc la giai phap phu hp vi ket cau nha nhieu
tang, san cua nha cong nghiep chu tai trong ong ln.u iem cua he thong san
be tong LT la tiet kiem chi ph do giam o day san va chieu cao tang, cho phep
s dung nhp ln hn va linh ong trong viec bo tr mat bang kien truc, giam thi
gian xay dng do thao d van khuon sm, de dang lap at he thong ky thuat.
Hien nay thi cong san be tong LT bang phng phap cang sau la phng phap
pho bien trong thc te, sau ay la mot so dang san be tong LT

83
Bang 3.1: Mot so dang san LT cang sau c ban
San to ong
San dam bet
San dam 2 phng
San phang
3.2. QUAN NIEM THIET KE CAC DANG SAN BE TONG LT

3.2.1. San be tong ng lc trc mot phng
Xem xet dai ban mot phng nh Hnh 3.1, tren hnh tai trong P c at tai A
do dai ban to m BAC chu, phan lc goi ta do tai trong P va tai ban than cua
dai ban BAC se tac dung len dam DE tai B va dam GF tai C, hai dam nay se tiep
tuc truyen tai trong nay ti cot tai D, E, F, G. S truyen tai trong cua ban theo
mot phng nh hnh ve goi la san mot phng.

84
Hnh 3.1: San uon mot phng

Quy trnh tnh toan thong thng cua san mot phng la ta xet mot dai ban rong
1m va x ly giong nh oi vi dam. V vay tat ca phan tch va tnh toan thiet ke
trnh bay trong phan tnh toan dam co the ap dung trc tiep cho san ma khong
can bat ky s m rong nao. V du, gia thiet cua s bien oi tuyen tnh va cua cap
phu hp cho dam cung hp ly cho san mot phng. Mac du thep LT hay khong,
co the them vao e chong lai s co ngot va phan bo bat ky mot s tap trung tai
trong nao.
Vi ban dam co be rong nho, s dung cot thep ngang LT la khong kinh te va
khong can thiet. Khi be rong la nho so vi nhp, tai trong tap trung co the c
xem la tac dung len toan bo chieu rong cua san va mot ln g nho cot thep
ngang c yeu cau e phan bo tai trong. Noi chung, cot thep thng theo yeu
cau cau tao cung u cho viec phan bo tai trong. Yeu cau ve ham lng cot thep
ngang toi thieu cho co ngot va nhiet o se thoa man yeu cau thiet ke trong
phng ngang cho san mot phng chu tai phan bo eu. mot vai ket cau, s
dung phng phap cang sau vi ng suat nen trc trung bnh nho nhat la 0,69
MPa trong phng ngang nh mot s thay the s dung thep thng.
Ban dam vi be rong ln hn khoang 50% cua nhp, o vong cua cac dai cat
khac nhau cua san co the thay oi ang ke di tai trong tap trung. ieu nay ch
85
ra s uon ngang ln va phai bo tr cot thep thng hoac thep LT. Neu ch dung
thep thng, viec tnh toan dien tch cot thep c tien hanh nh vi cau kien be
tong cot thep. Neu v ly do kinh te hay nhng can nhac khac chng minh can
thiet s dung LT theo phng ngang, momen co the c tnh toan theo ly
thuyet an hoi va LT ngang c thiet ke bi quy trnh thong thng cho thiet
ke tiet dien dam LT.
e tnh toan momen theo phng doc va ngang trong san mot phng di lc
tap trung, ap dung ly thuyet an hoi cho san ln vo cung vi he so Poisson la
0,2. Vi nhng ban san nh vay ton tai ca momen xoan nhng o ln la nho va
khong c quan tam trong thiet ke.
3.2.2. San hai phng va san phang n gian
Hnh 3.2: San uon hai phng

Trong Hnh 3.1 neu cac dam CE va DF co chieu cao dam bang vi chieu day ban
san th se dan en he thong the hien nh hnh 3.2. Tai trong P tai A co the cho
rang c truyen t A ti B va C bang mot dai cua ban, va t B ti D va E, vv
bang mot dai be tong khac. V ban phai truyen tai trong theo 2 hng nen no
c goi la ban 2 phng.

86
e hieu ro hn s lam viec cua loai san nay, ta xet mot san dam-ban van(ai
dien cho s lam viec cua ban san mot phng) nh Hnh 3.3 va mot san tam
panen at tren cac cot nhHnh 3.4.
Hnh 3.3: Cac momen trong cac dam ban bang van
Trong Hnh 3.3 xet mot san c lam bang cac tam go mot phng, c len
cac goi n gian la cac dam go. San nay chu mot tai trong la q (kN/m), momen
tren mot m dai be rong ban van go tai mat cat A-A la:
m
q.l12
kN.m/m
8
( 3.1 )
Tong momen tren toan bo chieu rong san la:

MA A
l12
q.l2 kN.m
8
( 3.2 )
ay la phng trnh quen thuoc oi vi momen cc ai trong san n gian co

chieu rong l2 va nhp l1.
Cac ban van tac ung mot lc khong oi ql1/2 tren moi dam. Momen tai mat cat
B-B trong moi dam la:

87
q.l1 l22
M1b kN.m
2 8
( 3.3 )
Tong momen ca 2 dam bang:
MB B ql1
l22
kN.m
8
( 3.4 )
ieu quan trong la phai chu y rang toan bo tai trong c truyen theo hng
ong sang Tay nh cac dai ban van, dan en momen tng ng trong cac dai
wl12
ban bang
trongo : w ql2 va sau o toan bo tai trong nay truyen t hng
8
Bac sang Nam nh cac dam.

Va tong momen can thiet trong mat cat A-A va B-B tng ng la:
MA A ql2
l12
kN.m
8
( 3.5 )
l22
kN.m
8
( 3.6 )
MB B ql1
ieu nay cung xay ra hoan toan ung trong ban hai hng the hien Hnh 3.4.
Nichols a phan tch mot ban tren cac cot nh Hnh 3.4 va a cong bo 2 phng
trnh MA A
l12
l12
va MA A ql2 vao nam 1914.
ql2
8
8

88
Hnh 3.4: Cac momen trong mot ban hai phng

Sau ay la nhng phan tch cua Nichols oi vi momen san 2 phng:
Xet mot panen hnh ch nhat, tieu bieu cho mot tam panen ben trong cua
mot ket cau ln.
Tat ca panen trong ket cau eu chu tai eu vi cung mot tai trong.
Ca hai gia thiet tren nham e am bao cac ng cua momen la cc ai, va do
o cac ng ma tren o cac lc cat va momen xoan bang khong, se la cac
ng oi xng trong ket cau. ieu nay cho tach rieng mot phan cua ban the hien
bang phan to sam nh trong phan nay do cac ng oi xng bao quanh.
Phan lc vi cac tai trong thang n c chuyen en ban do lc cat xung quanh
be mat cac cot. Can phai biet hoac gia nh s phan bo cua lc cat nay e tnh
cac momen trong ban panen nay. Nischos a chng minh c rang s truyen lc
cat cc ai xay ra tai cac goc cot va vi mot lng t hn c truyen t cac canh
cua cot. V ly do nay chung ta se gia nh:

89
a)
Phan lc cot tap trung vao 4 goc cot.
The hien hnh chieu canh cua ban vi cac lc va cac momen tac dung vao no. Tai
trong tac dung la (ql1l2/2) tai gia panen c to sam tr i tai trong tren vung do
cot
Hnh 3.5 Cac ban c xem xet trong phan tch cua Nichols

90
(qc1c2/2) chiem gi, tai trong nay c can bang bi phan lc hng len tren tai
cac goc cot.
Tong momen tnh, M0 la tong momen am M 1 va momen dng M2 nh c tnh
bang viec tnh tong cac momen xung quanh ng A-A.
ql l l wc c c ql l
qc c c
M0 M1 M2 1 2 . 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
2 2
2 4 2 4 2
ql
M0 2
8
2
2c1 c2c12
2
l1 1
l1
l2l1

( 3.7 )
Tieu chuan ACI318 a n gian hoa bieu thc nay mot chut nh viec thay the so
hang trong cac ngoac vuong goc ln2 , trong o ln la nhp thong thuy gia cac mat
cot, c a ra bi:
2c1 c12
ln l1 c1 va trong o: l l 1
2
l1
l1
2
n
So sanh cac phng trnh MA A
2
1
l12
l22
va MB B ql1
thay rang ln2 ch khac
ql2
8
8
mot chut so vi so hang trong cac ngoac n trong 2 phng trnh tren, va
phng trnh cho momen tnh co the c viet nh sau:
ql2ln2
M0
8
( 3.8 )
Qua o co the i en ket luan rang ban san 2 phng noi chung va ban san
phang khong damnoi rieng lam viec kha giong vi ban dam.
S khac biet la ban dam ch uon theo mot phng (moi tiet dien theo phng
l2 eu bien dang nh nhau), con vi san phang, ban uon theo ca hai phng
va doc theo phng l2 noi lc va bien dang moi tiet dien eu khac nhau.

91
e hieu ro s khac nhau cua ban san mot phng va ban san 2 phng th tren
Hnh 3.6 ta xet mot ban san phang 2 phng va xet momen theo phng l 2 ta
nhan thay nh sau:
l2/4
1
2
l2 /2
Dai gia nhp
l2/4
l2
l1
1
2
dai au cot
0,1588
0,1387
0,1205
0,1049
0,1057
dai au cot
Hnh 3.6 S phan bo cua moment uon M1 trong phng l2

Tren Hnh 3.6the hien s phan bo momen M 1 doc theo phng l2 oi vi ban n
chu tai trong phan bo eu q. Cac gia tr tren bieu o la ket qua cua cac phep
tnh theo ly thuyet an hoi. Neu tong momen ln nhat gia nhp l 1 la M0 =
1
ql2l12 th doc theo phng l2 gia tr momen o c phan bo theo mot ng
8
cong, vung gia cua l2 gia tr momen uon co gia tr nho, con vung hai au cua
l2 (vung gan goi ta theo phng l2) momen uon co gia tr ln.
Neu chia ban theo phng l2 thanh hai loai dai: dai gia nhp co chieu rong l2/2 va
dai tren cot co chieu rong bang l2/4 th t Hnh 3.6ta thay dai gia nhp chu xap
x 0,45M0, con hai na dai tren au cot chu xap x 0,55M0.
Do o trong tnh toan va cau tao san phang, ngi ta thng chia ban ra thanh
dai tren au cot va dai gia nhp, hai dai nay co chieu rong bang mot na bc
cot.

92
Hnh 3.7Phan chia dai trong tnh toan momen ban san hai phng
Da vao nhng phan tch s lam viec cua ban san phang nh tren, trong tieu
chuan ACI a a ra 2 phng phap e tnh toan momen trong san phang 2
phng la phng phap trc tiep (direct design method) va phng phap khung
tng ng (equivalent frame method)se c trnh bay muc3.3. di ay.
3.3. CAC PHNG PHAP TNH TOAN NOI LC SAN PHANG BE TONG LT
Phan tch san phang LT chu yeu da vao cac phng phap sau:
- Phng phap trc tiep
- Phng phap khung tng ng
- Phng phap phan t hu han
Phng phap phan phoi trc tiep co nhng han che nhat nh, do o trong o an
tot nghiep KSXD, sinh vien ch s dung phng phap khung tng ng va
phng phap phan t hu han e tnh toan va kiem tra san be tong LT cang
sau. Sau ay sinh vien xin trnh bay 2 phng phap tnh toan noi lc cua san
phang be tong LT.
93
3.3.1. Phng phap khung tng ng

Phng phap nay c trnh bay trong muc 13.7 tieu chuan ACI 318-2008 va
mot so tieu chuan khac nh BS 8110, Eurocode 2
Tuy nhien moi tieu chuan th co nhng quy nh rieng khi phan tch khung tng
ng, chang han oi vi tieu chuan BS 8110 va Eurocode 2 th lay cot thc t
mo hnh 3D e mo hnh cho cot trong khung tng ng (khung 2D), con tieu
chuan ACI 318M-08 th khong lay tiet dien thc cua cot ma lay tiet dien cot
tng ng nho hn tiet dien thc cua cot (do s xoan cua ban san)e mo ta
cot trong khung tng ng.
Qua tm hieu cac report cua cac to chc quoc te cua My ve be tong
(American Concrete Institute) hay tap ch nghien cu ve be tong (Magazine of
concrete search)sinh vien tom tat lai mot so ket luan ma cac nha nghien cu
mi ay a ra:
- Khi phan tch khung tng ng theo tieu chuan BS 8110 va Eurocode 2 th
momen am tai dai cot bien la rat ln so vi phan tch khung bang phan t hu
han Sap.
- Trong tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 th khuyen cao cac thong so cong thc trong
tieu chuan khi phan tch khung tng ng ch nen s dung cho khung ch chu
tai ng, con oi vi tai trong ngang th can phai phan tch lai va co he so giam
do s nt cua san.
- Trong t tap ch Magazine of concrete search, doi: 10.1680/macr.2008.00081
th a so sanh khi phan tch khung tng ng di tai trong ngang theo tieu
chuan ACI 318 vi cac phng phap phan t hu han (phan mem Sap)khi phan
tch bang mo hnh 3D th thay ket qua sai lech va t o cho cac cong thc hieu
chnh hp ly.
94
Sau ay sinh vien xin trnh bay khung tng ng chu tai trong ng theo
tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 va khung tng ng hieu chnh khi chu tai trong
ngang theo tap ch Magazine of concrete search, doi:
10.1680/macr.2008.00081.
3.3.1.1. Khung tng ng vi tai trong ng
Theo phng phap nay, ta co the giai quyet bai toan khung khong gian 3D bang
cach a ve khung phang 2D bat ky. Bang cach tng tng cat toan bo san doc
theo ng tim cua san, tao thanh khung theo ca hai phng, goi la khung tng
ng nh Hnh 3.8
Khi chuyen t khung 3D sang khung 2D th do ng x cua khung 2D khac so vi
khung 3D, e khung 2Dlam viec nh khung 3D va co the s dung cac phng
phap tnh toan ket cau thong thng trong c ket cau nh phng phap lc,
phng phap chuyen v va phng phap phan phoi momen (the moment
distribution method) th cac cot va san phai a ve o cng tng ng Ksb va
Kec nh Hnh 3.9.
Trong ACI 318 neu ro neu khi phan tch san vi tai trong ng th cho phep tach
rieng tng san nh Hnh 3.10. Khi okhung tng ng co phan t cot bao gom
hai cot tang tren va tang di ke tiep nhau cua san va phan t dam co chieu
rong tnh t tam hai nhp ke tiep nhau, chieu cao bang chieu day san, cot c
gia thiet la ngam hai au.

95
Hnh 3.8 Khung tng ng t phan tch mo hnh khong gian
Hnh 3.9Khung tng ng a ve mo hnh khung phang

96
l1/2
l2/2
l2/2
l1/2
KHUNG TNG NG
Hnh 3.10 Khung tng ng ch chu tai ng

1.
Tnh toan o cng cua cau kien khung tng ng.
Xet khung gom cot va dam nh Hnh 3.11(a) va khung gom vach va san
nh Hnh 3.11(b) th ta co nhan xet nh sau:

Goc xoay nut giao gia dam va cot hoac san va vach la bang nhau. Do o, ta
de dang tnh c o cng uon cua ca 2 cau kien la K
M
, t o co the phan
phoi momen cho tng cau kien.

97
Hnh 3.11 Phan tch s lam viec cua khung cot dam va vach san
Tiep theo ta xet khung gom cot va san nh Hnh 3.12(a) co nhan xet sau:
De nhan thay rang tai v tr ban tiep xuc vi cot, goc xoay cua cot bang goc xoay
cua dai ban ke sat cot (C-D), nhng vi cac dai ban xa cot hn (A-B, A-B), goc
xoay se ln hn do hien tng xoan cua phan ban trong pham vi chieu rong cot
(hoac dam bien, neu co) nam vuong goc vi khung ang xet.
ieu o dan en goc xoay trung bnh cua cot trong khung tng ng ln hn so
vi khung thong thng, noi cach khac o cng uon tng ng cua cot trong
khung tng ng giam i so vi o cng uon cua cot.

98
Xet en ieu nay trong qua trnh phan tch ban, cot c gia nh la gan dam
ban bi cau kien chu xoan ngang A-C va C-A. mot cach e gop cac cau kien
nay trong qua trnh phan tch la s dung khai niem cot tng ng, no la mot
phan t n gom co cac cot ben tren va ben di san va cac cau kien chu
xoan lien ket nh the hien trong Hnh 3.12(b)
Hnh 3.12 Phan tch s lam viec cua khung gom cot - ban san va s xoan cua
cau kien bien
o cng cua cot tng ng, Kec hien th o cng ket hp cua cac cot va cac cau
kien xoan gan vao lien ket.
K ec
M
ec
( 3.9 )
Trong o: ec - goc xoay trung bnh cua dam bien;

ec c t

( 3.10 )
99
c - goc xoay trung bnh cua cot khung thong thng do momen n v
gay ra;
t - goc xoay trung bnh do xoan phan ban (hoac dam bien, neu co)
trong pham vi be rong cot;
Nghch ao cua o cng 1/K, c goi la o mem. o mem cua cot tng ng
1/Kec bang goc quay trung bnh cua iem noi gia dam bien va phan con lai cua
ban khi mot momen n v truyen t tam ti cot tng ng. Goc quay trung bnh
nay bang goc quay tai au cot c cong vi o xoan trung bnh cua dam ca hai eu
tnh cho momen n v.
Gia tr cho mot momen n v bang
1
trong o Kc la tong cua cac o cng
K
c
uon cua cac cot pha tren va pha di ban. Tng t gia tr t cho mot momen
n v bang
1
trong o la K t o cng chong xoan cua cac cau kien chu xoa n
K
t
lien ket. Thay vao phng trnh ec c t ta c phng trnh o cng cot
tng ng sau:
Kec
1
1
Kc K t
( 3.11 )
Trong o:
Kec : o cng uon cua cot tng ng;
: tong cac o cng uon cua cot pha tren va pha di ban ang xet;
Kt o cng chong xoan cua phan ban;

100
Hnh 3.13Cac thanh phan trong khung tng ng
Tnh o cng tng ng cua cot Kc
o cng tng ng cua cot c tnh bang cong thc Kc
kEcIc
trong o H - la
H
chieu cao tang, he so k c tnh bang cach tra bang phu luc 20A cua PCA
Notes ACI 318-08 phu thuoc vao ty so

ta
H
va
nh Hnh 3.14
tb
Hc
101
Hnh 3.14He so o cng k cho cot

Hoac theo quyen sach Equivalent Frames of reiforced concrete cua tac gia
Cross va Morgan, o cng cua cot co the tnh gan ung theo cong thc sau:
EI
Kc c c
Hc
H
1 3
H
( 3.12 )
Hoac theo Structural Design guide to the ACI 318M-08 Building Code cua tac
gia Rice and Hoffman, o cng cua cot co the tnh gan ung theo cong thc sau:
Kc
4EcIc
H 2h
( 3.13 )
ay:
Ec moun an hoi cua be tong cot;
Ic momen quan tnh cua cot;
H chieu cao tang;
Hc chieu dai cua cot;
h chieu day cua ban.
Theo kiem chng cua sinh vien th o cng cua cot khi tnh theo 3 cong thc
tham khao neu tren th ket qua sai lech nho va khi tnh o cng tng ng

102
cua cot Kec th hau nh cho ket qua tng ng nhau. Do o viec s dung
mot trong 3 cong thc tren e tnh o cng tng ng cua cot la nh nhau.
Tnh o cng chong xoan cua phan ban Kt
Trong muc R13.7.5 trang 251 cua tieu chuan ACI 318M-08
neu cong thc
tnh nh sau:
Kt
9EcsC
c
l2 (1 2 )3
l2
( 3.14 )
Trong o:
Ecs moun an hoi cua be tong ban;
c2 kch thc tiet dien cot song song vi phng l2;
l2 be rong cua dam ban;
C he so, xac nh theo cong thc:
x x3y
C 1 0,63
y 3
( 3.15 )
Vi x, y la canh ngan va canh dai cua tiet dien ch nhat thanh phan trong tiet
dien ngang chu xoan trong pham vi chieu cao tiet dien cot (v du x la chieu day
ban, y la chieu rong cot).
Khi co dam bien theo phng vuong goc vi khung ang xet th Kt c tang len
lsb/ls, vi ls la momen quan tnh cua ban khong ke en than dam, l sb la momen
quan tnh ong thi cua ban va dam. Luc o, cong thc
Kec
1
1
tr
Kc K t
thanh:

103
Kec
1
1
Kc K t (lsb / ls )
( 3.16 )
Momen quan tnh cua dam -ban thay oi doc theo truc do anh hng cua kch
thc cac bo phan ket cau cot, mu cot va ban mu cot (neu co). o cng cua dam
tng ng c xac nh theo cong thc:
Ks
4Ecsls
L1 c1 / 2
( 3.17 )
Trong o: L1 nhp dam;

c1 kch thc tiet dien cot trong mat phang song song vi khung tng ng.
3.3.1.2. Khung tng ng vi tai trong ngang
Theo bai viet A modified equivalent frame method for lateral load analysis
cua Y.M.Park* S.-W.Han* S.-H.Kee ang tren t tap ch Magazine of concrete
search, doi: 10.1680/macr.2008.00081 a a ra mot loat cong thc cung nh
cac bai toan so sanh vi cac phng phap tnh toan nh phng phap phan t
hu han, phng phap be rong dam hu hieu, phng phap khung tng ng
theo ACI 318 e chng minh sau khi ieu chnh theo cong thc cua cac giao
s th se cho ket qua tnh toan noi lc gan nh vi ket qua tnh bang phan t
hu han nh hnh di:

104
Hnh 3.15Bieu o so sanh cac phng phap tnh toan noi lc cho khung san 2
phng
Ghi chu:
FEM: Finite element method ( tam dch: phng phap phan t hu han)
MEFM: modified equivalent frame method (tam dch: phng phap khung
tng ng co hieu chnh)
EBWM: Effective beam width method (tam dch: phng phap be rong dam
hu hieu)
ACI - EFM Equivalent frame method in the ACI 318M-08 (tam dch: phng
phap khung tng ng theo ACI 318M-08)
Nhan xet: sau khi ieu chnh cac cong thc tnh o cng khung tng ng trong
tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 cho trng hp khung san 2 phng chu tai trong ngang
th ket qua cho gan sat vi ket qua tnh khung san vi mo hnh khong gian bang
phng phap phan t hu han (trong bai viet nay th cac giao s s dung phan
mem Sap). Trong trng hp neu s dung cac cong thc trong tieu chuan ACI
105
318M-08 cho trng hp khung chu tai trong ngang th theo bieu o ta nhan thay
ket qua sai lech rat ln. Do o trong trng hp tnh toan khung tng ng chu
tai trong ngang th o cng cua cot va dam -san c tnh nh sau:
- o cng cua cot khong thay oi, tc la lay tiet dien cot thc.
- o cng cua san c tnh nh sau:
+ Tnh o cng tng ng cua san
Ks
4EcsIs
l1
( 3.18 )
+ Tnh o cng cua thanh phan gay xoan
Kt
6EcsC
c
l2 (1 2 )3
l2
( 3.19 )
+ Tnh o cng cua san tng ng
1
1
Kes
Ks K t
( 3.20 )
Trong o: l1: nhp san, l2: be rong san.

a)
Ket luan
- Trong trng hp s dung khung tng ng chu tai trong ng th tiet dien
dam-san lay tiet dien khong oi, con tiet dien cot la cot tng ng theo ACI
318M-08 nh a trnh bay tren.
- Trong trng hp s dung khung tng chu tai trong ngang th tiet dien dam san la tiet dien tng ng nh cong thc tnh 3.18, con tiet dien cot la tiet dien
thc.

106
Nhan xet: Quy trnh tnh toan kha phc tap trong tnh toan thc han h v phai giai
khung 2 lan vi 2 trng hp tai ng hoac ngang, sau o phai to hp noi lc lai.
Tuy nhien viec t mo hnh tnh toan khong gian co the a ve khung phang nhng
lai cho ket qua kha chnh xac co the giup nha thiet ke kiem soat ket qua tnh toan
va rut ngan c thi gian thiet ke.
3.3.2. Phng phap phan t hu han
Hien nay, vi s phat trien cua cong nghe thong tin va cac phan mem tnh toan
theo phng phap phan t hu han (PTHH), viec tnh toan ngay cang tr nen
thuan tien va chnh xac. Phng phap phan t hu han la mot cong cu co hieu lc
e giai cac bai toan t n gian en phc tap trong nhieu lnh vc. Thc chat cua
phng phap nay la chia vat the bien dang thanh nhieu phan t co kch thc hu
han goi la phan t hu han. Cac phan t nay c lien ket vi nhau bang cac
iem goi la nut. Cac phan t nay van la cac phan t lien tuc trong pham vi cua
no, nhng do co hnh dang n gian nen cho phep nghien cu de dang hn da
tren c s cua mot so qui luat ve s phan bo chuyen v va noi lc. Ket cau lien
tuc c chia thanh mot so hu han cac mien hoac cac ket cau con co kch thc
cang nho cang tot nhng phai hu han. Cac mien hoac ket cau con c goi la
phan t hu han, chung co the co dang hnh hoc va kch thc khac nhau, tnh
chat vat lieu c gia thiet khong thay oi trong moi phan t nhng co the thay
oi t phan t nay sang phan t khac.
Kch thc hnh hoc va so lng cac phan t khong nhng phu thuoc vi hnh
dang hnh hoc vi tnh chat chu lc cua ket cau(bai toan phang hay bai toan
khong gian, he thanh giang tam vo...) ma con phu thuoc vi yeu cau ve mc o
chnh xac cua bai toan at ra. Li phan t hu han cang nho th o chnh xac
cang tang.
ac trng cua cac phan t hu han c phoi hp vi nhau e a en mot li
giai tong the cho toan he. Phng trnh can bang cua toan bo ket cau c suy ra
bang cach phoi hp cac phng trnh can bang cua cac phan t hu han rie ng re
sao cho am bao c tnh lien tuc cua toan bo ket cau. Cuoi cung can c vao
ieu kien bien , giai he phng trnh can bang tong the e xac nh gia tr cua

107
cac thanh phan chuyen v cua cac nut. Cac thanh phan nay c dung e tnh
ng suat vi bien dang cua cac phan t.
Hien nay trong ket cau ng lc trc, ngi ta thng s dung cac phan mem nh
ADAPT, RAM va SAFE e giai ket cau dam va san ng lc trc.
Trong o an tot nghiep, sinh vien s dung phan mem SAFE e kiem tra lai
bai toan giai tch cua sinh vien.
3.4. MO HNH CAP NG LC TRC
Co 2 cach e mo hnh anh hng cua si cap vao trong mo hnh tnh toan cua
cau kien be tong ng lc trc. Mo hnh bang cach quy ve tai trong tng
ng neu muc 2.5. va mo hnh si cap thc trong phan t hu han.
3.4.1. Quy ao cap ng lc trc
Thep LT trong san cang sau thng s dung cap 7 si co dnh ket hoac khong
dnh ket. Quy ao cap ong vai tro quan trong oi vi s lam viec cua ket cau san
be tong LT. Quy ao cua cap thng bo tr gan giong vi hnh dang bieu o
momen di tac dung cua tai trong tieu chuan nham tao hieu qua tot nhat ve han
che o vong. Thong qua o cong cua cap, LT tao ra tai trong len be tong can
bang mot phanhoac toan bo tai trong tieu chuan tac dung len cau kien.
Tuy nhien ieu nay khong luon xay ra v bi v nhng ieu kien at tai khac nhau
va nhng gii han hnh hoc cua cap ng lc trc. e thuan tien cho viec phan
tnh ket cau va co the s dung cac ham tch phan th cap ng lc trc c mo
hnh bang ng cong toan hoc.
Sau ay chung ta xem xet mot san be tong LT, do tai trong tac dung len san
chu yeu la tai trong phan bo eu. V vay quy ao cap c chon la ng parabol
nh Hnh 3.16(a) theo bieu o momen.

108
L2
L1
L1
Hnh dang cap theo ly thuyet

0.1L1 0.1L2
L1
0.1L1 0.1L2
L2
L1
Hnh dang cap thc te cong trng
Hnh 3.16 Hnh dang cap cua san lien tuc nhieu nhp chu tai phan bo eu
Tuy nhien vi cau kien dang dam lien tuc nh Hnh 3.16(a) th cap khong the bo
tr vi o cong tng t nh bieu o momen, do viec tao ta cac goc nhon cua cap
tai cac goi ta. Ngi ta phai loai bo cac goc nhon nay e tranh lam ton hao ng
suat do ma sat rat ln tai goi ta ,va tap trung ng suat cuc bo qua ln tren be
tong.
V vay cac ng cap parapol hai nhp lien ke thng c noi vi nhau bang
mot oan ng cong parabol bac hai hoac cung tron co ban knh cong
R 3 5m oi vi nhng bo cap ln va R 1m vi cap nho (tao n)nh Hnh
3.16(b).
e de dang nh v quy ao rai cap, th mot so tac gia e ngh dang cap parabol
n gian hn nh sau(tham khao Bao Cao Tong Ket e Tai Nghien Cu Khoa Hoc
cua trng ai hoc Xay Dng Ha Noi, Ma so: B2000-34-77, e tai NG DUNG
KET CAU BE TONG COT THEP NG LC TRC TRONG CAC KET CAU SAN
NHIEU NHP):

109
e=h/2-d
d' e=h/2-d'
h/2
0,66e
h/2
0,486L
0.414L
0,1L
0,1L
0,4L
0,4L
e=h/2-d
d' e=h/2-d'
h/2
0,6e
h/2
a) Nhp bien
0,1L
b) Nhp gia
Hnh 3.17: S o rai cap n gian

Trong phu luc C cua TR43 (Technical Report No.43), noi dung cua TR43 la POSTTENSIONED CONCRETE FLOORS-DESIGN HANDBOOK co neu cach xac nh cac
thong so cap khi bo tr theo hnh dang parabol chnh xac nh sau:

110
Hnh 3.18: ac trng hnh hoc cua cap

Xem xet parabol AB, BCD, va DE
Parabol
Parabol
AB
y k1x2
BCD
y kx2
DE
y k2 x2
AB
a1 k1p12
DE
at
Parabol
a2 k2 p2
Q1 q1 q2 va Q2 q3 q2
BCD
va
Q a k L p
Q a k L L p
2
'
'
e tm o nghieng cua parabol tai mot iem bat ky ta lay ao
dy
, t o ta tm
dx
c goc uon tai B va D

111
Parabol
dy
1 2k1p1
dx
dy
1 2k L' p1
dx
dy
2 2k L L' p2
dx
dy
2 2k2p2
dx
AB
BCD
hoac
DE
e ng cong la lien tuc th cac goc tai iem uon B va D phai bang nhau, nen ta
co:

k L p
2k1p1 2k L' p1
'
k1
va
2k2p2 2k L L' p2
p1
k L L p
'
k2
p2
Thay k1 va k2 vao phng trnh a1 k1p12
a1 kp1 L' p1
va
a2 kp2 L L' p2
va
a2 k2 p2
ta c:
Thay k1 va k2 vao phng trnh cua parabol BCD

kp L p k L p
Q1
a1 k L' p1 va Q2 a2 k L L' p2
'
'
tren ta c:
va Q2 kp2 L L' p2 k L L' p2
T o ta se tnh c gia tr k cho moi trng hp:

112
L' p1 p1(L' p1)

1
k
Q1
L L' p2 p2 (L L' p1)

1
va
k
Q2
Ta c phng trnh bac hai sau:
lx2 mx n 0
l (q1 q3 )
Trong o: m (p2 2L)(q1 q2 ) p2 q3 q2
n (q1 q2 )(L p2 )L
Giai phng trnh tren chung ta tm c nghiem:
m (m2 4 ln)
L
2l
'
Khi tm c L, th chung ta co the tnhd c a1 va a2 nh sau:

a1
a2
(q1 q2 )p1
L'
(q2 q3 )p2
L L'
Trong trng hp q1 q3 th L' L / 2

3.4.2. Tnh toan tai trong tng ng do cap
e mo hnh cap ng lc trc trong tnh toan, ngi ta thay cap bi cac tai trong
tng ng nh a neu trong muc 2.5. trang 44. Tuy theo hnh dang va v tr cua
cap ng lc trc trong san ma co nhng tai trong tng ng tng ng. Sau
ay la mot so hnh dang cap va tai trong tng ng tng ng

113
Hnh 3.19 Hnh dang cap

114
Hnh 3.20 S o tai trong tng ng

Sau ay la sinh vien ch tom tatmot so cach tnh tai trong tng ng can thiet
vi mot so trng hp cu tren e phuc vu cho o an nay.

115
Bang 3.2. Tai trong tng ng trong mo hnh cap

HNH DANG CAP
TAI TRONG TNG NG
(YL YR )
2
8.F.a
Wp 2
Le
a=YM
PL
PR
wpLe
2
wpLe
2
YL F
Le
YL F
Le
A-cL
a YM YM
(YR YL )
Le
FaLe
P
A cL B cR
PL
PL
P B cR
Le
P B cR
Le
F Y
F Y
YL
Le
YL
Le
M = F.(CGR - CGL)

116
M= F.(eR eL)
M = Fe
3.5. KHA NANG CHONG CAT CUA BAN

3.5.1. Trang thai pha hoai cua san hai phng do lc cat
Nh chung ta a biet dang pha hoai dam do lc cat the hien qua cac vet nt xien
bi ng suat uon va cat gay ra. Vet nt nay bat au tai mat chu keo cua dam va
m rong theo ng cheo ti vung chu nen gan tai trong tap trung.
Trong trng hp ban hoac mong hai phng, hai c che h hong do lc cat the
hien trong Hnh 3.21co the xay ra.
- Lc cat pha hoai mot phng hay pha hoai dang dam co lien quan en vet nt
keo dai qua toan bo chieu rong cua ket cau nh Hnh 3.21(a).

117
- Lc cat pha hoai theo 2 phng hay goi la pha hoai do choc thung co lien quan
en s pha hoai quanh be mat hnh non cut hoac hnh chop xung quanh cot nh
Hnh 3.21(b).
Hnh 3.21 S pha hong do lc cat trong ban

Nhn chung th kha nang chu cat do choc thung cua mot ban san se nho hn kha
nang chu pha hoai cat dang dam. Tuy nhien trong thiet ke nen xem xet ca hai c
che pha hoai.
Trong trng hp san hai phng la san phang th ch can kiem tra theo c
che pha hoai do lc cat 2 phng (pha hoai do choc thung).
Hnh the hien trang thai pha hoai do lc cat 2 phng (choc thung) cua ban san
(tham khao sach Reinforced concrete mechanics and design cua James
K.Macgregortrang 669)

118
Hnh 3.22 Cac vet nt xien trong mot ban sau s pha hong do lc cat
3.5.2. Kiem tra va thiet ke kha nang chu cat cua ban san
Vi san phang s pha hoai cat la theo hnh thc th hai (do lc cat 2 phng)
tren tiet dien cach mat chu tai mot khoang d/2 (d-chieu cao lam viec cua cau
kien). S pha hoai nay con c coi la choc thung.
Tai trong t ban truyen vao cot gay ra lc cat V u va co the la momen khong can
bang Mu. Momen khong can bang xuat hien trong trng hp khi theo tng
phng thep tng nhp cac o ban khong eu nhau hoac cac nhp ke nhau chat tai
khong eu. Khi o phan ban lien ke vi cot co trang thai ng suat phc tap do
uon, cat va xoan. T nhng ket qua nghien cu ly thuyet va thc nghiem, tieu
chuan ACI 318 a ra phng phap tnh toan gan ung khi xet en momen khong
can bang vi mot so gia thiet sau(theo muc 11.11 trang 190 tieu chuan ACI
318M-08):

119
Momen khong can bang c truyen t ban vao cottheo momen uon va
lc cat. Momen uon tac dung tren tiet dien ban co be rong bang be rong cot
cong them 1,5 lan chieu day ban lay ve hai pha mep cot, con lc cat phan
bo khong oi xng tren chu vi tiet dien tnh toan quy c cua ban (Hnh 3.24).
-
Tiet dien tnh toan quy c cua ban chay theo cac canh cot va cach mep
cot mot khoang bang na chieu day ban;
Hnh 3.23 Tiet dien tnh toan quy c khi kiem tra cat cua san phang
Ty le phan phoi momen khong can bang theo momen uon va lc cat c quy
nh theo cac he so (theo muc 11.11.2.2 trang 191 tieu chuan ACI 318M-08):
Theo momen uon: f

2 b1
3 b2
120
Theo lc cat: v 1 f 1
2 b1
3 b2
Trong o,
b2 be rong cua mat chu momen cua tiet dien tnh toan quy c (b 2= c2+ d oi
vi cot gia va b2= c2+ d/2 oi vi cot goc);
b1 be rong cua mat vuong goc vi b2 cua tiet dien tnh toan quy c
(b1= c1+d vi cot gia va b1= c1+d/2 vi cot bien);
d- khoang cach t tam cua thep LT ti mat nen trong phng truyen momen,
nhng khong nho hn 0,8h, trong o h la be day cua ban.
Trong mot so trng hp ac biet, cac he so f va v co the c ieu chnh
tang len hoac giam i.
Khi tiet dien cot theo hai phng khong chenh lech nhau qua ln th ty le phan
phoi momen khong can bang theo momen uon va lc cat thng la 60% va 40%.
e tnh toan s phan bo ng suat cat tren chu vi tiet dien tnh toan quy c, lc
cat tnh toan Vu va momen khong can bang tnh toan M u can phai a ve truc
trong tam cua tiet dien tnh toan quy c (ac biet la oi vi cot bien ni ma tiet
dien tnh toan co the ch co ba mat lien ket vi ban). ng suat cat tong cong la
tong ai so cua ng suat cat thong thng khi chu tai trong ng (c coi la
phan bo eu theo chu vi tiet dien tnh toan quy c) va ng suat phan bo khong
oi xng do momen khong can bang gay ra (Hnh 3.24).

121
Hnh 3.24 S phan bo ng suat cat

Theo muc R11.11.7.2 trang 200 tieu chuan ACI 318M-08:
v u v u(AB)
Vu vMu
C
Ac
Jc AB
( 3.21 )
v u v u(CD)
Vu vMu
C
Ac
Jc CD
( 3.22 )
Trong o, Ac dien tch tiet dien tnh toan quy c, oi vi cot gia
Ac= 2d(c1+c2+2d);

122
Jc ac trng cua tiet dien tnh toan quy c, c tnh nh momen

quan tnh cc oi vi truc i qua trong tam tiet dien. Gia tr cua J c co the xac
nh theo.
oi vi cot gia: Jc
d(c1 d)3 d3 (c1 d) d(c2 d)(c1 d)2
6
6
2
oi vi cot bien Jc
(c1 d/2)d3 2d 3
3
(CAB CCD
) (c2 d)dC2AB
6
6
Trong o: CAB va CCD khoang cach t hai mep tiet dien tnh toan quy c en
truc trong tam.
Kha nang chu cat cua ban xung quanh cot c coi la am bao neu gia tr ng
suat cat tong cong khong vt qua cng o chu cat quy c:
( 3.23 )
Vu Vc
Vc p fc' 0,3fpc
Vp
b0d
( 3.24 )
Trong o:
p he so s dung tnh vc trong san LT;
p min 3,5 va 0,083 s 1,5
b0
40
Trong o: s 30
20
cho cot gia

cho cot bien
cho cot goc
fpc- gia tr trung bnh cua ng suat nen hieu qua cho LT gay ra theo hai phng;
fpclay theo moi phng khong nho hn 0,9MPa va khong ln hn 3,5MPa;

123
fc' khong vt qua 5,8 MPa

Vp- thanh phan thang ng cua lc nen trc hieu qua i qua tiet dien cat nguy
hiem. Trong trng hp cap ng lc trc c bo tr eu tren suot be rong san,
ai lng Vp thng c bo qua v ly do an toan;
bo chu vi cua tiet dien tnh toan quy c;
- he so giam o ben chong cat, =0,75.
3.6. O VONG CUA SAN

o vong cua cac cau kien BTCT bao gom o vong ngan han do tac dung cua tai
trong ngan han va o vong dai han do tac dung cua tai trong dai han. Mot phan
ang ke cua o vong do tai trong ban than cua san se c khang lai bi o
vong ngc cua LT. V vay trong tnh toan ch tai trong thng xuyen vt qua
tai trong can bang bi LT can c xem xet.
Viec khong che o vong cua san a c chu y ngay t khi la chon chieu day
san. Tieu chuan ACI 318 a a ra mot so khuyen ngh ve ty so toi thieu gia
chieu day ban san va nhp san phu thuoc vao cac loai hnh cu the cua tai trong
va chc nang cua san. Noi chung ty so nay c quy nh vao khoang
(1/161/25) vi ban cong xon va (1/401/45) oi vi ban nhieu nhp chu lc theo
2 phng.
Tnh toan chnh xac o vong cua san cang sau hai phng la mot quy trnh phc
tap lien quan en s xem xet cac ieu kien bien, cac dang tai trong, thay oi o
cng do nt cuc bo, ton hao ng suat va t bien. Trong trng hp can thiet phai
anh gia mot cach tng oi chnh xac o vong cua ban san khong dam lam viec
2 phng, ngi ta s dung lai gia tr o cng uon a c tnh toan trong qua
trnh xac nh noi lc bang phng phap khung tng. e phuc vu muc ch thiet
ke, sinh vien s dung cong thc gan ung, n gian e c tnh o vong.

124
Tren Hnh 3.25trnh bay cach xac nh o vong ngan han gia mot o ban theo
phng phap khung tng ng nh sau:
- Trc tien tnh o vong do uon gay ra theo phng x vi gia thiet ban c lien
ket khong chuyen v ng doc theo truc cot phng y (Hnh 3.25.(a)). Do ban chia
thanh cac dai tren cot va gia nhp vi ty le uon khac nhau nen o vong cung
khac nhau:
y
y
cx
cy
my
cy
mx
y
Ly
y
x
Lx
Lx
(b)
cx my cy mx
Ly
cx
x
(a)
y
cx
cy
Ly
cy
cx
Lx
(c )
Hnh 3.25 Tnh o vong theo phng phap khung tng ng
1cx 0
1
mx
0
Mc EcIcs
Mfr EcIc
Mm EcIcs
Mfr EcIc
1
Trong o: 1cx , mx
- o vong theo phng x cua dai tren cot va dai gia nhp;
Mc, Mm momen uon cua dai tren cot va dai gia nhp;
Mfr momen uon trong dam khung tng ng;
125
Ics, Ic , Is momen quan tnh cua dam khung tng ng, dai tren cot va
dai gia nhp;
0 o vong cua dai ban khi coi hai au la ngam.
0
wL4
384.EcIcs
( 3.25 )
- Tuy nhien do hai au cua dai ban phai chu cac goc xoay nen gia dai ban co
them thanh phan o vong do goc xoay nay gay ra (coi gan ung rang goc xoay
cua hai au dai tren cot cung bang goc xoay cua au dai gia nhp va bang goc
2
xoay trung bnh cua cot ec ). Do vay ta co: 2cx mx
1 '
( "ec )L
8 ec
Trong o: 'ec , "ec - goc xoay au trai va au phai cua nhp L. Da vao nh
ngha o cng tng ng cua cot, goc xoay c xac nh theo: ec
M
K ec
vi M momen khong can bang tai nut khung tng ng do tai trong tieu
chuan gay ra.
Vay ta co:
2
cx 1cx cx
( 3.26 )
1
2
mx mx
mx
( 3.27 )
Bang cach tng t co the xac nh o vong theo phng y (Hnh 3.25(b)) cho
cac dai ban tren cot va dai gia nhp:
2
cx 1cy cy
( 3.28 )
1
2
mx my
my
( 3.29 )

126
o vong tai gia o ban (Hnh 3.25(c)) khi o c tnh theo:

( 3.30 )
cx my cy mx
Thc te tnh toan cho thay ket qua tnh toan theo cong thc tren co the thay oi
chut t neu ao ngc trnh t tnh toan theo cac phng. S d nh vay la do
tnh chat gan ung (nam trong gii han cho phep) cua mo hnh tnh toan. oi
vi cac o ban hnh ch nhat th o cua dai tren cot theo phng canh dai co gia
tr kha ln trong tong o vong gia o ban. V vay trong trng hp nay, xet ve
mat an toan th nen tnh o vong gia o ban bang cach cong o vong cua dai
tren cot theo phng canh dai vi o vong cua dai gia nhp theo phng canh
ngan. Rieng vi o ban ngoai cung, o vong cua dai tren cot theo phng vuong
goc vi canh bien thng co gia tr kha ln mac du canh dai cua o ban co the
nam song song vi canh bien.
Theo ACI 318, o vong do tai trong dai han gay ra c tnh toan bang cach
nhan o vong ngan han do tai trong nay gay ra vi he so t bien C c . Gia tr nay
c tnh theo cong thc sau:
Cc
(1 50)
( 3.31 )
Trong o: he so phu thuoc vao thi gian tac dung cua tai trong (bang 3.5);
ham lng cot thep chu nen.
Bang 3.3. Gia tr
Thi gian tai
trong tac dung
3 thang
6 thang
12 thang
5 nam
1,0
1,2
1,4
2,0

127
Quy trnh kiem tra o vong:
Bc 1: Tnh o vong ngan han 1 do tac dung cua toan bo tai trong.
- Tai trong: D+LL+PT
Trong o: D: tnh tai tieu chuan; LL: hoat tai tieu chuan; PT: tai trong can bang
cua cap.
- o vong ngan han tai gia o ban c xac nh theo cong thc
1 cx my cy mx neu tren.
Bc 3: Tnh o vong dai han 2 do tac dung cua tai dai han
- Tnh thanh phan o vong ngan han 2 do tai trong dai han
- Tai trong dai han: D + 0.3LL + PT
2 cx my cy mx
Bc 3: Tnh o vong dai han 2 do tac dung cua tai dai han
- Tnh thanh phan o vong dai han 2 do tac dung cua tai trong dai han
3 Cc .1
Trong o C: he so t bien xac n theo cong thc Cc
( 3.32 )
, thng lay la 2
(1 50)
Bc 3: Tnh o vong tong cong

1 2 3

( 3.33 )
128
- Kiem tra:

L L
( 3.34 )
1
Theo bang 9.5(b) trang 124 tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 th
L 480
3.7. MOT SO YEU CAU VE CAU TAO

3.7.1. Cot thep thng cau tao
Cot thep thng c bo tr trong cau kien be tong ng lc trc nham:
- Tang kha nang chu momen uon trong cau kien;
- Han che vet nt do uon;
- Han che cac vet nt do co ngot va chenh lech nhiet o.
Theo muc 18.9.2 va 18.9.3 ACI 318M-08 yeu cau dien tch cot thep toi thieu, tr
trng hp tnh theo 2 cong thc di ay, can thoa man ieu kien: As 0,4%Act
Trong o: Act la dien tch cua phan dien tch chu keo tnh t mep chu keo en
truc i qua trong tam tiet dien ngang.
oi vi san 2 phng ng lc trc, lng cot thep toi thieu c tnh nh sau:
- vung chu momen am tren goi ta, dien tch cot thep toi thieu moi phng
la: As=0,00075Acf , trong o Acf la tiet dien mat cat ngang ln nhat cua dai dam
ban trong 2 khung tng ng. Cac cot thep nay yeu cau bo tr trong khoang
cach t 1,5h t mep cot ve hai pha va co t nhat 4 thanh thep theo moi phng.
Cac thanh thep phai c keo qua goi ta 1/6 chieu dai cua nhp thong thuy.
Khoang cach gia cac thep thng khong qua 300mm.

129
- vung momen dng, khi ng suat keo trong be tong tai giai s dung vt qua
0,17 fc' nhng khong ln hn 0,5 fc' ham lng cot thep thng toi thieu la:
As
Nc
0,5fy
Trong o: Nc-lc keo trong be tong giai oan s dung. fy-gii han chay cua cot
thep thng, lay khong ln hn 420 Mpa.
Hnh 3.26 Tnh toan lc keo tren tiet dien be tong khi ft 0,17 fc'
Cac cot thep thng c bo tr mat di e han che vet nt khi ng suat keo
vt qua gii han yeu cau theo tieu chuan. Chieu dai thep khong c nho hn 1/3
chieu dai thong thuy cua nhp nhng khong can thiet phai keo vao goi ta.
Tuy nhien khi cac cot thep nay c bo tr theo yeu cau chu lc th can phai thoa
man yeu cau: nhp bien phai co t nhat 1/3 so thanh thep phai c keo vao goi
ta, cac nhp gia so thanh nay la 1/4.
3.7.2. Bo tr cap trong san
Viec la chon cach bo tr cap nh Hnh 3.27 la phu thuoc vao loai san thiet ke va
hnh dang kch thc san. Chang han nh oi vi Hnh 3.27(a) va Hnh 3.27(d)
phu hp khi san co nhieu lo m v cach bo tr cap linh ong de dang tranh cac lo
m, con vi Hnh 3.27(b) va Hnh 3.27(c) th viec bo tr cap t linh hoat hn kho
tranh cac lo m tuy nhien lai tang kha chu cat quanh au cot.
130
Trong trng hp cap bo tr qua cac lo nho hn 300mm th bo tr bat ky ni nao

tren san ma khong anh hng en s lam viec cua cap (ch trng hp nh Hnh
3.29 th lam giam lc cat cot), con trng hp ln hn th can phai kiem tra can
than theo quy pham thiet ke.
a) Cap tap trung tren cot theo mot phng

va phng con lai bo tr phan bo eu
c) Cap tap trung cot theo hai phng

va gia nhp rai eu 2 phng
b) Cap tap trung tren cot theo hai phng

va phan bo eu gia nhp theo mot
phng
d) Cap phan bo eu theo ca 2 phng

va co the ket hp vi cot thep thng
Hnh 3.27 Mot so cach bo tr cap thong dung

131
au neo chet
Lo m
Cap
Hnh 3.28 Bo tr cap quanh lo m

Cot
Cac lo m thiet
b dch vu
Hnh 3.29 Bo tr cap quanh lo m ky thuat dch vu

Tuy nhien, nh a phan tch s phan phoi momen khong eu tren be rong san
ma chu yeu phan phoi tren dai cot. V vay hp ly hn ca la bo tr phan ln cap
LT trong pham v cac dai tren cot va phan con lai c rai eu trong cac dai
nhp nh Hnh 3.27.
oi vi ban nhieu nhp th co the d kien 65%-75% momen theo moi phng
c truyen bi dai tren cot. Trong thc te, ngi ta chon 70% momen cho dai
tren cot va v vay 70% so cap LT c tap trung khu vc nay.Be rong cua dai
tren cot c lay sao cho mot na be rong cua dai tren cot ve moi pha cua cot
lay bang nhp ngan cua o ban.

132
Ngoai ra theo mot so nghien cu con cho thay th s thay oi cach phan bo cap
LT khong anh hng ang ke en trang thai chu lc, trang thai bien dang cua
ban neu ham lng tong cong thep LT la nh nhau. Tuy vay, viec tap trung t
65%-75% so cap tren dai cot to ra hieu qua hn, ac biecla no cai thien ang ke
kha nang truyen lc cat t ban vao cot.
Noi tom lai neu mat bang san t lo m th nen bo tr cap tap trung tren dai
cot theo 2 phng nh Hnh 3.27(b) va Hnh 3.27(c), con trong trng hp mat
bang phc tap va nhieu lo m th nen bo tr eu hoac ch tap trung tren cot
theo mot phng, phng con lai phan bo eu nh Hnh 3.27(a) va Hnh
3.27(d).
Tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 quy nh mot so yeu cau toi thieu trong viec bo tr cap
cho san LT nh sau:
a)
So lng cap toi thieu qua goi ta:
Theo ACI 318M-08, toi thieu phai co t nhat hai bo cap theo moi phng i qua
goi ta, khong phu thuoc vao so cap trong tng bo. Khi s dung cap n khong
dnh ket, so cap i qua goi ta t nhat cung la 2 cap.
b)
Khoang cach gia cac cap
Theo ACI 318M-08 quy nh chon khoang cach gia cac bo cap LT trong dai
tren cot vao khoang (34) chieu day ban, ong thi cung quy nh khoang cach
toi a gia cac bo cap LT dai gia cac cap LT dai gia nhp khong vt qua
6 hsoi cap khong ket dnh va 8 hs oi vi cap ket dnh (hs la chieu day san).
Khoang cach nho nhat gia cac tao cap nen lay ln hn 75mm.
Viec bo tr cap phai am bao ieu kien ng suat nen trc trung bnh hieu qua
khong nho hn 0,9 Mpa. e han che cac ng suat gay ra do co ngot, nhiet o khi
khoang cach gia cac cap ln hn 1,4m can bo sung them cot thep thng.

133
o uon cong cua cap LT can c kiem soat. Khi cap b uon cong theo phng
ngang (do li cot khong thang hang hoac khi phai tranh cac lo ky thuat) lam
tang nguy c bat ra khoi be tong.
Nguy c nay co the c giam neu neu o cong cua cap c khong che nho hn
gia tr cho phep va thng lay khong nho hn 3m. Tai cac goi ta cua ket cau
dam, san lien tuc cac goc nhon cua cap LT se tang ma sat, gay ra ng suat uon
trong cap ma con tao ra s tap trung ng suat cuc bo ln tren be tong.
c)
Khoang cach gia cac goi thi cong cap
Thng s dung cac thep thng ng knh 12 momen lam goi va nh v cap
tren chieu cao tiet dien cau kien vi khoang cach gia chung khong ln hn 1500
mm.
Sau ay la cac sai so cho phep khi nh v cap:
Bang 3.4. Cac sai so cho phep khi nh v cap
Sai so cho phep mm
San day 200mm
San day 200-600 mm
>600mm
Phng ng
6mm
10mm
12mm
Phng ngang
o nghieng cho phep cua cap la 1/12

134
3.8. QUY TRNH TNH TOAN SAN PHANG BE TONG LT

Bc 1
- La chon cach bo tr ket cau

- Kch thc mat bang cac o ban L1, L2
- Chon s bo tiet dien san h=(1/401/50)L
Bc 2
La chon cac thong so vat lieu:

- Be tong
- Cap LT
- Thep thng gia cng
Bc 3
Cac thong so tai trong:

- Xac nh tai trong san (tnh tai WD, hoat tai WL)
- Xac nh tai trong tieu chuan toan phan Ww=WD+WL
- Xac inh tai trong tieu chuan dai hanWw=WD+0.3WL
- Xac nh tai trong tnh toan Wu=1.2WD+1.6WL
Bc 4
Cac thong so thiet ke:

- Xac nh tai trong can bang Wbal = (0,81)TTBT san
- Xac nh tai trong gay uon Wnet=Ww-Wbal
- Xac nh hnh dang cap LT va lc LT

135
Bc 5
Tnh toan cac thong so cap LT:

- Tnh lc LT ban au, ton hao ng suat trc, ng suat
trc hieu qua trong cap.
- Xac nh so lng cap va bo tr cap LT
Bc
6
Xac nh ac trng tiet dien cua khung tng ng:

Kc
4EcIc
Hc 2h
x x 3y
C 1 0,63
y 3
Kt
1
1
Kec

K
K t
c
Be rong cot tng ng : cec c. 4
Bc 7
9EcsC
c
l2 (1 2 )3
l2
1
Kec
2.K tt
Kiem tra ng suat be tong giai oan sau khi truyen:

- Tnh toan momen M trong khung tng ng do
Wnet TTBT Wbal

Theo e ngh cua PCA ieu chnh lai moment nh sau:
cot giam V .c / 3 , nhp giam V.c/6
- Tnh lc cang hieu qua sau khi tr i ton hao ngan han,
Pe' fpe' .Aps

Pe' Mnet
- Tnh ng suat trong be tong
A
S

136
Kiem tra
ng suat
nen cho
phep
(b)Tai nhng v tr khac 0,6fci'
sai
Tang h
(a)Tai au mut CK goi n gian :

0,5 fci'
keo cho
phep
bc 1
(a)Tai au mut cua cau kien goi

n gian 0,7fci'
ng suat
Bc 8
Tr ve
(b)Tai v tr khac : 0,25 fci'
Kiem tra ng suat be tong giai oan s dung:

- Tnh toan momen M trong khung tng ng do
Wnet Ww Wbal
Theo e ngh cua PCA ieu chnh lai moment nh sau:
cot giam V .c / 3 , nhp giam V.c/6
- Tnh lc cang hieu qua sau khi tr i ton hao ngan han
bh 2
S
f
.A
va ton hao dai han e
pe
ps ,
6
- Tnh ng suat trong be tong
Pe Mnet
A
S
Kiem tra
ng suat
nen cho
phep
bc 1
(a)LT va tai trong dai han 0,45fc'

(b) LT va toan bo tai trong 0,6fc'
ng suat
keo cho
Tr ve
sai
Tang h
Tiet dien khong nt 0,5 f c'
phep
137
Bc 9
Tnh toan cot thep toi thieu thng gia cng (muc
18.9.2 va 18.9.3 ACI 318M-08):
- vung chu momen am tren goi ta, dien tch cot
thep toi thieu moi phng la: As=0,00075Acf , trong o Acf
la tiet dien mat cat ngang ln nhat cua dai dam ban trong
2 khung tng ng.
- vung momen dng, khi ng suat keo trong be tong tai
giai s dung vt qua 0,17 fc' nhng khong ln hn
Nc
.
0,5fy
Trong o: Nc-lc keo trong be tong giai oan s dung;
fy-gii han chay cua cot thep thng,lay khong ln hn
420 MPa
0,5 fc' ham lng cot thep thng toi thieu la: As
Bc 10
Tnh toan cng o chu uon:

- Tnh toan Mbal trong khung tng ng do Wb
- Tnh momen s cap: M1=Pe.e
- Tnh momen th cap: M2=Mbal-M1
- Tnh toan momen Mu1 trong khung tng ng do Wu
gay ra.Sau o ieu chnh lai moment Mu1 nh sau: cot
giam V .c / 3 , nhp giam V.c/6
ung
- Momen thiet ke Mu=M2+Mu1
Tr ve
Kiem tra momen gii han
bc 9
Mu Mn va Mn 1,2Mcr
Trong o :
Mn fps Aps d p 0,5a fy As d 0,5a
Sai
Bo tr
thep
thng

138
Bc 11
Tr ve
Kiem tra kha nang chu cat (chi tiet
bc 1
xem muc 3.5. trang 117):

- Tnh suat cat v u ( AB )
Vu Mu
C
Ac
Jc AB
cat
Kha
nang
chu
v c p fc' 0,3fpc
cua
sai
cot:
Vp
b0d
Tr ve
- Kiem tra: v u .v c
Bc 12
Tang h
bc 1
Kiem tra o vong (xem chi tiet muc

3.6. trang 124):
cx my cy mx
sai
Tang h

L L
Trien khai ban

ve va ket thuc

139
CHNG 4. LY THUYET PHAN TCH ANH HNG CUA NG LC

TRC TRONG THIET KE KET CAU NHA CAO TANG (KHONG XET
EN BAI TOAN KET CAU TRONG GIAI OAN THI CONG)
4.1. AT VAN E
Trong xay dng nha cao tang s dung cong nghe ng lc trc thng ch ng lc
trc cho cac cau kien chu uon hay chu keo nh san va dam con cac cau kien
khac nh cot, vach thng s dung be tong cot thep khong cang. Lc nen trc
la mot dang tai trong ac biet tac ong vao ket cau thng co gia tr ln va gay
ra nhng ng suat va bien dang khong nhng trong cau kien ng lc trc ma
con trong nhng cau kien khong ng lc trc khac nh cot va vach trong he ket
cau nha cao tang.
Tuy nhien trong thiet ke tnh toan thong thng cac nha thiet ke tach rieng tng
san va ch tnh ng lc cua cap oi vi san ma t quan tam en anh hng cua
ng lc trc en cac ket cau khac nh cot vach
Cau hoi at ra la khung nha cao tang khi co xet en anh hng cua cap va
khong xet en anh hng cua cap khac nhau ra sao? Vay lieu ch xet anh hng
cua cap en cac cau kien ng lc trc ma bo qua nhng anh hng cua chung
en cac ket cau khac nh tren th co an toan cho he ket cau nha cao tang
khong?
e lam sang to hn van e tren sinh vien xet khung nha mot tang vi dam
ngang c ng lc trc con cot khung la ket cau be tong cot thep khong ng
lc trc. Nh a trnh bay cac chng trc th e mo hnh anh hng cua cap
ng lc trc vao ket cau co the s dung phng phap can bang tai trong va vi
khung nha 1 tang nay gia thiet thanh phan can bang cua cap ng lc trc gom
thanh phan lc hng len va thanh phan lc nen tai nut khung. Phan tch khung
vi 2 trng hp sau:

140
Trng hp 1
Khung chu tac ong cua tai trong ng (tnh tai va hoat tai) va cac thanh phan
ng lc trc nh Hnh 4.1.
MOMEN DO TAI TRONG NG
MOMEN DO LC NEN CAP
MOMEN DO TAI TRONG CAN BANG HNG LEN
MOMEN TONG SAU CUNG
Hnh 4.1: Trng hp khung chu tai trong ng va thanh phan ng lc trc
Nhan xet 1
Trong trng hp khung chu tai trong ng (tnh tai + hoat tai) th khi co xet
thanh phan ng lc trc trong khung th momen trong cot nho hn khi khong xet
en ng lc trc.

141
Trng hp 2
Khung chu tac ong cua tai trong ngang (tai trong gio hoac ong at) va cac
thanh phan ng lc trc nh Hnh 4.2.
MOMEN DO LC NEN CAP
MOMEN DO TAI TRONG CAN BANG HNG LEN
MOMEN DO TAI TRONG NGANG NH GIO HAY ONG AT
MOMEN TONG SAU CUNG
Hnh 4.2: Trng hp khung chu tai trong ngang va thanh phan ng lc trc.
Nhan xet 2
Trong trng khung chu tai trong ngang th khi co xet en anh hng cua ng lc
trc th momen trong cot lai tang len ang ke so vi trng hp khong co xet
nh Hnh 4.2.

142
T 2 trng hp phan tch tren, chung ta de dang nhan thay trong to hp

noi lc can phai xet en thanh phan ng lc trc anh hng en ket cau
khung e tranh nhng sai lam ang tiec trong ket qua tnh toan va bo tr cot
thep cho thanh phan ket cau chu lc con lai khong ng lc trc nh cot va
vach
4.2. QUY TRNH THIET KE
Bc 1: Tach rieng thiet ke cac cau kien ng lc trc trong ket cau
Bc 2: Xac nh tai trong can bang cua thanh phan ng lc trc
T hnh dang cap, so lng cap trong tng dai tren cot va dai gia nhp trong san
ta quy ve tai trong tng ng bang phng phap can bang tai trong ma sinh
vien a neu muc 3.4.2. cua o an nay.
Bc 2: Mo hnh khung vi cac phan tai trong ng lc trc
Sau khi quy oi cap ve tai trong tng ng ta a cac tai trong nay vao tnh
toan ket cau toan bo khung.
Bc 3: To hp noi lc
Thanh phan ng lc trc luon ton tai trong ket cau nen co the xem la tnh tai. Do
o khi to hp noi lc lay he so to hp la 1 va tuan thu theo tieu chuan
TCVN 2737-1995.
Bc 4: Tnh toan va bo tr thep cho cau kien khong ng lc trc.
Bc 5: So sanh chuyen v, noi lc, khoi lng thep trong trng hp khong
xet en thanh phan ng lc trc va co xet en thanh phan ng lc trc.
Bc 6: Ket luan va kien ngh

143
4.3. MOT SO LU Y KHI XET ANH HNG THANH PHAN NG LC TRC

TRONG KET CAU NHA CAO TANG
Viec mo hnh toan bo ket cau va chat vao mo hnh cac tai tnh toan len cong
trnh la khong phu hp vi ieu kien lam viec thc cua cong trnh.
V thc chat la cong trnh c xay tng tang. Do o tai tro ng cua tang tren ch
anh hng en tang di no. Trong trng hp mo hnh ca cong trnh th tai trong
tang di tac dung ca tang di lan tang tren no. Do o viec mo hnh hoa toan
bo ket cau vi cac tai trong tng ng nh hien nay ang tnh toan la cha chnh
xac.
Tng t th anh hng cua ng lc trc trong cong trnh cung vay, viec keo cap
theo tng tang, trong trng nay cac tang tren van cha c thi cong do o ng
lc trc ch tac dung len cac tang pha di no ma khong tac dung len tang tren
no. e cu the hn sinh vien minh hoa bang hnh ve sau:
- Khi ng lc trc tang th N th cot tang th N se b chuyen v mot oan la .
Tang N
- Khi xay tiep tang th N+1 th thanh phan lc ng lc trc cua tang th N
khong con anh hng en tang th N+1 na. V thc chat la xay len mot cot a
b chuyen v trc.

144
Tang N+1
Tang N
- Tng t khi xay tiep tang th N+2 th th thanh phan lc nen cua tang th N+2
ch anh hng en tang th N va N+1 ma khong anh hng en tang N+3
Tang N+2
Tang N+1
Tang N
Do o khi xet en anh hng cua thanh phan ng lc trc ta phai xet en
cac giai oan thi cong va trnh t cang cap.
Tuy nhien do thi gian lam o an khong cho phep nen trong o an sinh vien chap
nhan gia thiet quan niem tnh toan ket cau truyen thong la gia thiet a co toan bo
cong trnh va chat cac tai tng ng len cong trnh o.

145
CHNG 5. LY THUYET TNH TOAN S LAM VIEC ONG THI

GIA CONG TRNH VI NEN VA MONG
5.1. AT VAN E
Trong cac bc thiet ke cong trnh, chon s o tnh toan hp ly la mot trong
nhng khau quan trong. Song hien nay van con mot so s o tnh toan hien hanh
cha hp ly.
- Trong o s o coi chan cot la ngam cng vao at (khong co chuyen v thang
ng, chuyen v ngang, chuyen v xoay) la cha ung vi thc te.
Trong bieu thc thiet lap moi quan he gia ket cau ben tren vi nen at tai mong
cot trong trng hp he so nen ong nhat nh cho thay mong co chuyen v ng
va chuyen v xoay.
R
Kn
M
Km
( 5.1 )
( 5.2 )
Trong o,
- o lun cua mong;
- Phan lc di ay mong;
Kn
- o cng chong lun cua nen Kn = CzF;
- Goc xoay cua mong;
- Mo men tai e mong ;
Km - o cng chong xoay cua nen Km = C J;
Cz, C
- He so nen theo phng ng, xoay;
- Dien tch ay mong;

146
Theo bieu thc (5.1) va (5.2) th chan cot chon vao at. Muon khong co chuyen v
thang ng khong co chuyen v xoay th ch khi nao he so o cng Kn, Km tien
en vo cung tc la he so nen Cz, C tien en vo cung.
o la trng hp chan cot chon ngam vao lp a cng co he so nen
Cz = 100.000 1500.000T/m3.
Thong thng mong nha chon trong at set, at cat o chat trung bnh co he so
nen be nen khong the coi nh ngam cng c.
Hn na vi s o cat ri ket cau ben tren va mong ben di tai chan cot vi
quan niem chan cot ngam hoac khp, sau o dung noi lc tai chan cot vi s o
tren e tnh mong la cha hp ly. V a bo qua o bien dang cua mong hoac
trong trng hp co xet en bien dang cua mong (mong mem) nhng mong a
cat ri rac cong trnh ben tren dan en khong xet en c s phan phoi lai noi
lc cua ket cau phan tren xuong mong, dan en ket qua tnh toan cho mong la
khong hp ly.
Mac khac viec tnh toan theo quan iem n gian tren se gap kho khan trong
viec gia quyet cac bai toan sau:
Bai toan ve thiet ke giang mong, san tang ham.
Bai toan ket cau khi co lun lech gia cac mong.
Khi xay dng nha tren nen at mem, yeu, ngi thiet ke co hai hng giai quyet:
hoac la x ly nen, cai tao nen, kh tnh bien dang ln cua nen, cao hn na la
dung mong coc e o lun cua cong trnh nho, noi chung hng giai quyet th
nhat la nham tac ong vao nen, nhng cung co mot hng th hai la: gia cng
ket cau ben tren e no u am bao on nh ben vng di tac ong bat li cua
nen at yeu va do o khong can phai x ly nen at ben di. Hng giai quyet
th nhat co u iem la can ban a kh bien dang cua nen at ben di va do
o ket cau ben tren khong b de doa nao t pha nen. Tuy nhien trong nhieu
trng hp th th giai quyet theo hng th hai la co li hn va kinh te hn. ac
biet la la trong nhng trng hp nen at khong qua yeu, cong trnh khong qua
nang (khi o nhng bien phap x ly nen ,giai phap mong coc co the ton kem).
147
Do o yeu cau can thiet la phai xet en mo hnh lam viec ong thi gia
nen, mong va cong trnh.
5.2. CAC MO HNH CO THE MO HNH HOA
Hien nay, co hai mo hnh pho bien dung e phan tch s lam viec ong thi gia
nen mong va phan than. o la mo hnh lo xo va mo hnh toan bo khung mong
nen.
Hai mo hnh nay da tren hai mo hnh nen khac nhau: mo hnh nen Winkler va
mo hnh nen ban khong gian an hoi. Do hai mo hn nen cung co nhng thieu
sot, van cha phan anh c mot cach triet e s tng tac cua at nen. Do o,
dan en hai mo hnh phan tch s lam viec ong thi cung co nhung u, nhc
iem va pham vi ap dung nhat nh.
5.2.1. Mo hnh lo xo (spring model)
mo hnh nay lien ket gia cot vi nen va mong c mo hnh hoa bi cac lo xo
(tuyen tnh hoac phi tuyen) theo cac hng chuyen v va xoay (xem Hnh 5.2).
o cng cua cac lo xo nay c tnh toan da tren lc tac dung tai chan cot tnh
t mo hnh ngam va chuyen v mong (lun va chuyen v ngang).
Mo hnh nay da tren cac gia thuyet cua Winkler (con co ten la mo hnh nen
Winkler), xem nen la cac lo xo co o cng c va cac lo xo nay oc lap vi nhau
(xem Hnh 5.1).
N
Hnh 5.1:

Mo hnh nen Winkler
148
Hnh 5.2: Mo hnh toan bo khung mong va nen

Thieu sot chu yeu cua mo hnh nen Winkler la cho no khong phan anh c
c tnh phan phoi cua at. V at co tnh dnh va co ma sat trong nen khi chu
tai trong cuc bo no co kha nang loi keo (huy ong) ca vung at xung quanh
(ngoai pham vi at tai) vao cung lam viec vi bo phan ngay di tai trong.
Tuy nhien mo hnh nay co u iem la tnh toan n gian va khi kch thc mong
ln cung nh nen at yeu th cho ket qua kha phu hp vi thc te.
5.2.2. Mo hnh toan bo he khung mong va nen
Mo hnh nay phc tap hn v no mo ta toan bo he thong bi cac phan t nh
phan t khung cho coc, phan t tam giac, t giac vv... cho nen dung phng phap
phan t hu han. Hien nay co the dung phan mem Plaxis e mo ta cho mo hnh
nay.

149
Hnh 5.3: Mo hnh toan bo khung mong va nen

Mo hnh nay da tren gia thuyet xem nen at la ban khong gian an hoi vi
nhng ac trng la moun bien dang E0 va he so Poisson .
Hnh 5.4: Bien dang cua at nen theo ly thuyet nen ban khong gian an hoi
Mo hnh nay a co xet en bien dang cua nen trong va ngoai pham vi dien gia
tai. Do o no phan anh ung ban chat cua at nen hn.
Tuy nhien phng phap nay anh gia qua cao tnh phan phoi cua at, cu the nh
sau:
o lun cua nen xac nh theo phng phap nen bien dang an hoi tong quat
cham tat so vi quan trac thc te oi vi cac vung xa dien gia tai.
Theo phng phap nay th at nen c xem la ong nhat trong toan bo na
khong gian nhng thc te th o chat va tnh an hoi tang len theo chieu sau.
oi vi nhng mong co dien tch ln th o lun va mo men uon tnh theo
phng phap nay se ln hn so vi gia tr thc te o c do khi tnh a khong

xet en s nen chat cua at theo chieu sau do trong lng ban than va s nen
chat nay lam giam bien dang cua nen.

150
Do o phng phap nen ban khong gian an hoi ch nen dung khi at nen la
cng, deo cng hay loai at tng ng va khi dien tch ay mong khong ln
lam.
5.2.3. Pham vi ap dung
Trong ieu kien nc ta, khi xay dng cong trnh cac vung ong bang va cac
thanh pho se gap at mem cha nhieu nc, hn na mc nc ngam rat cao.
Nhng ieu kien nh the cho ta tin rang tnh phan phoi cua at nen la rat yeu va
do o la mo hnh Winkler la phu hp nhat.
Trong tnh toan thc hanh phan tch mo hnh nen mong va cong trnh nha cao
tang lam viec ong thi th viec s dung mo hnh nen ban khong gian an hoi la
khong kha thi. V ket cau ben tren cong trnh cung vi mong la mot he sieu tnh
bac rat cao. Do o viec giai quyet bai toan rat phc tap ton nhieu thi gian va yeu
cau may tnh phai co cau hnh manh mi thc hien c. Hn na dien tch
truyen tai cua cong trnh cao tang la rat ln (ac biet khi cong trnh co tang
ham), do o nh a phan tch tren th viec s dung mo hnh nen ban khong
gian an hoi se cho ket qua thieu chnh xac va thieu an toan.
V nhng nguyen nhan tren ma ngay nay mo hnh nen Winkler van c s
dung pho bien rong rai hn.
5.3. MOT SO PHNG PHAP XAC NH HE SO NEN CHO DAM HOAC BAN
TREN NEN AN HOI
Trong mo hnh nen Winkler viec mo hnh co chnh xac hay khong chu yeu phu
thuoc vao viec xac nh he so nen. Do o viec xac nh he so nen la rat quan
trong trong mo hnh tnh toan ong thi nen mong va cong trnh.
Cac phng phap xac nh he so nen ma sinh vien trnh bay trong muc nay eu
c trch dan hoan toan t chng 3 tai lieu tham khao [22]

151
5.3.1. He so nen theo phng ng

5.3.1.1. Phng phap th nghiem
Co nhieu phng phap xac nh he so nen. Phng phap th nghiem tai hien
trng la chnh xac nhat. Mot ban nen vuong co kch thc 1x1 (m), chat tai, tm
quan he gia ng suat gay lun va o lun (Hnh 5.5).
Hnh 5.5: Quan he gia ng suat va bien dang

He so nen xac nh bang cong thc:
K=
min
, (kG / cm3 )
Smin
(5.3)
Trong o,
min
- ng suat gay lun giai oan nen an hoi (kG/cm 2), ng vi o lun
bang 1/4-1/5 o lun cho phep S;
min
- o lun trong giai oan an hoi, ng vi ng suat
min
5.3.1.2. Mot so phng phap hay dung

So lieu th nghiem he so nen khong phai luc nao ngi thiet ke cung co, bi v
neu co tai lieu khoan a chat hoac xuyen tnh cung ch cung cap so lieu lien quan
en viec tnh cng o va bien dang (phan loai at, dung trong t nhien , goc

152
ma sat trong , lc dnh c, he so rong , he so ep lun a, moun bien dang E,

cng o tieu chuan Rtc, v.v).
Hien nay, e xac nh he so nen, ngi thiet ke thng dung hai phng phap sau
ay:
a)
Phng phap tra bang
- Cach th nhat: da vao phan loai at va o chat cua lp at di ay mong

(Bang 5.1).
- Cach th hai: da vao phan loai at, thanh phan hat, he so rong va o set cua
lp at at mong (Bang 5.2).
Bang 5.1: Tr so he so nen K cua at
ac tnh chung cua nen
Ten at
2
at chay
Cat mi lap
Set t, nhuyen
Cat a ap t lau
Soi ap
Set am
Cat chat a ap t lau
Soi chat ap t lau
Cuoi
Set t am
Cat, set c nen chat
Nhan tao, set cng
a mem, nt ne
a voi
Sa thach
a cng, tot
Nen coc
1. at t chat
2. at chat va
3. at chat
4. at rat chat
5. at cng
6. at a
7. Nen nhan tao

K (kG/cm3)
3
0,1 0,5
0,5 5
5 10
10 20
20 100
100 1500
5 15
153

ac tnh chung cua nen
Ten at
1
1. at khong cng
2
Set va a set chay deo
- Set va a set deo mem
(0,5 < B < 0,75)
- A cat deo (0,5 < B <1)
- Cat bui, no nc, xop
( > 0,8)
- Set va a set deo quanh
(0,25 < B 0,5)
- A cat deo (0 < B 0,5)
- Cat bui o chat va va chat
( < 0,8)
- Cat hat nho, tho va va tho, khong
phu thuoc vao o chat va o am
- Set va a set cng (B < 0)
- Cat cng (B > 0)
- a dam, soi, a cuoi, a san
2. at t cng
3. at cng va
4. at cng
b)
K (kG/cm3)
3
0,6 0,7
0,8
1,0
1,2
2,0
1,6
1,4
1,8
3,0
2,2
2,6
Phng phap c le
Mot so nha thiet ke da vao cng o tieu chuan cua lp at di ay mong (lay
bang 1-2 gia tr cng o tieu chuan cua at Rtc, th nguyen kG/cm2).
at co R
1 kG/cm2
2 kG/cm2
3 kG/cm2
4 kG/cm2
5 kG/cm2
He so nen
2.000 T/m3
4.000 T/m3
5.000 T/m3
6.000 T/m3
7.000 T/m3
5.3.1.3. Phng phap thc hanh tnh toan he so nen

Phng phap tra bang c nhieu tac gia e cap en song phng phap o khong
c chnh xac, bi v ch da vao chat at va mot so ch tieu c ly cua at at
mong la khong hp ly, mat khac, pham vi tra bang rat rong (cung mot loai at

154
th tr so cuoi va tr so au cach nhau en 10 lan). Phng phap c le ch la

phng phap nh lng tng oi, khong co c s khoa hoc.
Ca hai phng phap noi tren eu khong da vao ng suat gay lun va o lun tng
ng la phng phap ly thuyet c ban c neu ra trong phng phap th nghiem.
Hai phng phap eu khong e cap en c anh hng cua lp at nam di lp
at at mong (neu lp at at mong co chieu day qua mong).
a)
C s ly thuyet
Da vao cach tnh lun theo phng phap lp tng ng:

S = ao. .htd
(5.4)
Trong o,
S o lun cua mong (cm);
ng suat gay lun (kG/cm2);
htd chieu day lp tng ng (chieu sau anh hng lun, Hnh 5.6);
ao he
so nen tng oi: ao =
2 2
, =1, - he so n hong, phu thuoc vao loai
E
1-
zi
hi
z2
z1
h2
2ht
h1
at (Bang 5.4);
Hnh 5.6: Chieu sau tat lun (theo phng phap lp tng ng)

155
Bang 5.4: Tr so , va A cua cac loai at

Loai at
1. at bun
0,25
0,83
1,125
2. at cat
0,3
0,74
1,225
3. A cat, a set
0,35
0,62
1,408
4. Set
0,42
0,39
2,103
E mo un bien dang tieu chuan (kG/cm2), c xac nh trong bao cao khao sat
a chat cong trnh.
Sau khi biet , tnh theo cong thc = 1 -
2 2
) hoac tra Bang 5.4.
1-
Neu trong pham vi 2htd co nhieu lp at (Hnh 5.7), cong thc S = ao. .htd
viet thanh:
S = aotb. .htd
(5.5)
Trong o,
a otb =
oi
.zi .hi
2.h2td
(5.6)
hi chieu day lp at th i (cm);

zi khoang cach t trong tam lp at th i en nh tam giac gay lun co chieu
cao 2htd (Hnh 5.7).
b)
Phng phap thc hanh xac nh he so nen
Theo phng phap lp tng ng:

Htd = A. .b

(5.7)
156
Trong o,
(1-)2
A=
1-2
(5.8)
- he so ng vi o lun trung bnh, phu thuoc vao ty so 2 canh cua mong. Sau
khi biet , tnh A theo cong thc A =
(1-)2
hoac tra Bang 5.4. Vi mong vuong
1-2
canh la b ta co = 0,95, cong thc Htd = A. .b viet thanh:

Ht = 0,95.A.b
Thay bieu thc ao =
(5.9)
, va Ht = 0,95.A.b vao cong thc xac nh o lun

E
S = ao. .htd th chung ta c:
S = 0,95. .A..b
E
(5.10)
Thay cac gia tr so va trong Bang 5.4 vao cong thc S = 0,95. .A..b
E
- at bun :
S=
0,890
.b
E
(5.11)
- at cat :
S=
0,833
.b
E
(5.12)
at a cat , a set :
S=
0,833
.b
E

(5.13)
157
- at set :
S=
0,782
.b
E
(5.14)
T cong thc (6.13) en (6.16) thay rang co the xac nh o lun S cua mong
vuong oi vi tat ca cac loai at xap x bang :
S=
.b
E
T cong thc K =
(5.15)
min
, (kG / cm3 ) , ng suat lun trong giai oan an hoi min co
Smin
the lay gan ung bang ng suat gay lun va o lun trong giai oan an hoi S min
bang o ln cho phep S.
Cong thc xac nh he so nen viet thanh:
2.E
b
(5.16)
Trong o,
E moun bien dang tieu chuan cua at di ay mong (kG/cm 2);
b - chieu rong cua thanh tiep at (cm).
Neu trong pham vi 2b (3b - oi vi at set pha va 4b - oi vi at set) ke t ay
mong co nhieu lp at (Hnh 5.7), he so nen xac nh bang cong thc
K
2.Etb
b
(5.17)
Trong o,

158
Etb =
Ei.hi.zi
2b2
(5.18)
Ei moun bien dang tieu chuan cua lp at th i ;

hi chieu dai cua lp at th i ;
zi khoang cach t trong tam lp at th i en nh tam giac gay lun co chieu
zi
hi
z2
z1
h2
2b
h1
cao 2b (Hnh 5.7).
Hnh 5.7: Chieu sau tat lun (e tnh Etb)

Ket luan
Dung phng phap thc hanh K
2.Etb
2.E
va (Kg/cm3) va K
(Kg/cm3) e xac
b
b
nh he so nen khi khong co ket qua th nghiem nen tai hien trng. So vi
phng phap tra bang ch da vao phan loai at va o chat hoac ch da vao
cng o tieu chuan cua nen at di ay mong th phng phap nay gan vi ket
qua th nghiem hn. V no a can c vao ban chat cua he so nen Winkler la quan
he gia ng suat va o lun (thong qua moun bien dang). Ngoai ra con e cap
en anh hng cua cac lp at di ay mong .

159
5.3.2. He so nen theo phng ngang

oi vi cac cong trnh dan dung thng phai bo tr chieu sau ay ai coc sao cho
thoa man yeu cau coc ai thap tc la toan bo tai trong ngang se c hap thu bi
at nen xung quanh ai coc, dam mong. Khi kiem tra yeu cau coc ai thap th ap
lc at la ap lc tnh, dien mong tac ong truyen len nen at khon g ch la cac
ai coc ma con ke en cac he dam mong vuong goc vi phng tai trong ngang
tac ong.
Khi chieu sau mong, ai coc bao am ieu kien coc ai thap th co the coi he so
an hoi theo phng ngang la vo cung ln hay thay bang lien ket ngan can
chuyen v ngang.
Trong trng hp can thiet phai tnh he so nen theo phng ngang th ta co the
tnh theo cong thc chuyen oi trong c hoc at nh sau:
1
kx ky
2
1
k
3 z
Trong o,
kX , ky la he so nen theo phng ngang
kz la he so nen theo phng ng, c tnh theo cac ly thuyet tnh toan trnh bay
tren.

160
5.4. CAC PHNG PHAP MO HNH TNG TAC GIA COC VA NEN
5.4.1. Phng phap thay coc va nen at xung quanh coc bang mot lo xo
Phng phap nay kha n gian la bo coc (coc + nen) va thay moi coc bang duy
nhat mot lo do co o cng kc = P/S nh Hnh 5.8.
P
P
k= P/S
Hnh 5.8. Mo hnh tng tac coc va at nen

Quan niem nay xuat phat t gia thiet coi nen at la an hoi va tng tac gia coc
va at la tuyen tnh. Nhng thc chat la tng tac gia at va coc la phi tuyen v
ban chat cua at la vat lieu an deo, tuy nhien thien ve an toan co the thay bang
lo xo co o cng nh Hnh 5.9.

161
P

n g c o ng ne
n lu
n
th c c u
a c o c
[P]

n g c o ng ne
n lu
n
c u
a lo xo tha y the
Pi
k = tan =P/S
Si
[S]
Hnh 5.9: Bieu o quan he gia tai trong va chuyen v

V coi tng tac gia at nen va coc la tuyen tnh nen tng ng vi mot gia tr P
se co mot gia tr S va tat ca cac gia tr o eu nam tren mot ng thang
(xem Hnh 5.9). Do o co the xac nh he so nen tng tac cua coc va at nen
bang cach xac nh o cng cua lo xo thay the theo cong thc sau
Kc = Pi/Si
(5.19)
Trong o,
Pi tai trong tac dung len au coc (thng lay bang sc chu tai thiet ke cua coc
[P] = min (Pvat lieu , Pat nen))
Si o lun cua coc tng ng vi tai trong Pi.
Trong trng hp co xet en anh hng cua nhom coc th o lun cua coc co the
xac nh theo cong thc sau:
mc
Si Sc .(1 i )
i2
Trong o,

162
mc
i 2
nghiem:
he so anh hng cua nhom coc, c xac nh theo cong thc thc
0.5.ln(L / )
ln(L / d)
0
vi L
vi L
L: Chieu dai coc;
:Khoangcachgia cac tam coc;

d: ng knh coc
he so
Eg
Em
Eg, Em : mo un bien dang cua at tai iem gia chieu dai coc va mui coc.
Sc o lun coc n di tac dung cua lc Pi.
Pham vi ap dung
Phng phap nay n gian, ket qua kha chnh xac. Do o phng phap nay
thng c s dung nhieu trong tnh toan thc hanh.
Tuy nhien do bo coc ra khoi mo hnh ket cau nen khong phan tch c s lam
viec cua coc (chang han nh momen uon trong coc).
5.4.2. Phng phap thay at nen xung quanh coc bang cac lo xo
Phng phap 2 la e coc lai thay oi tng tac gia coc va at nen thanh cac lo
xo tng ng:
Thay tng tac at nen tai mui coc bang goi an hoi co o cng kv ;
Thay tng tac cua at nen xung quanh coc thanh goi an hoi ng than coc co
o cng ksv va goi an hoi ngang co o cng kh. (Xem Hnh 5.10)

163
P
kh
ksv
kh
1
ksv
GHI CHU
:
kv : g o
i a
n ho
i ta i m u
i c o c
kh
2
kh
ksv : g o
i a
n ho
i
n g ta i tha
n c o c
ksv
ksv
kh
kh
kh : g o
i a
n ho
i ng a ng ta i tha
n c o c
ksv
kh
ksv
kh
4
ksv
ksv
kv
Hnh 5.10: Mo hnh tng tac gia at nen va coc

e tnh o cng cua cac lo xo (xac nh he so nen cua at nen) th hien nay
tren the gii co nhieu phng an khac nhau va o chnh xac cua moi phn
phap cung khac nhau. Sau ay la mot so phng phap s dung pho bien hien
nay.
5.4.2.1. Phng phap tra bang
Phng phap nay c s dung khi khong co so lieu a chat cu the trong thiet
ke mong coc.

164
Bang 5.5: Xac nh kh cho mong coc (theo J.E.Bowles)

k (MN/m3)
Ten at
1. Set; cat chat
220-400
2. Cat tho va chat va
157-300
3. Cat trung
110-280
4. Cat mn; cat bot
80-200
5. Set cng (am)
60-220
6. Set cng (bao hoa)
30-110
7. Set deo (am)
39-140
8. Set deo (bao hoa)
10-80
9. Bun set
2-40
Bang 5.6: Xac nh k theo chieu sau cua at (theo K.X. Zavriev)
Ten at
k/z (t/m3)
1. Set va set pha cat deo chay; bun
100-200
2. Set pha cat, cat pha set va set

deo mem; cat bui va ri
3. Set pha cat; cat pha set va set
deo cng; cat nho va trung bnh
4. Set pha cat; cat pha set va set
cng va cat tho
5. Cat lan soi; at hon ln
200-400
400-600
600-1000
1000-2000
Ghi chu: z (m) la o sau lp at.

5.4.2.2. Tnh theo mo un bien dang nen
a) He so nen tai mui coc theo phng ng tnh nh sau:
- Coc ng: Kv = a. E o.D-3/4
- Coc khoan nhoi: Kv = 0,2 a.Eo.D-3/4

165
Trong o,
kv: He so nen mui theo phng ng (kg/cm3)
a: He so ieu chnh mui coc Eo = 1
D: ng knh mui coc (cm).
Eo: Mo un bien dang nen (kgf/cm2)
Eo = 25N; (N: Gia tr xuyen tieu chuan).
b) He so nen doc than coc thdeo phng ng tnh nh sau:
- Coc ong trong at ri: ksv = 0,05 a.Eo.D-3/4
- Coc ong trong at dnh: ksv = 0,1a.Eo.D-3/4
- Coc khoan nhoi: ksv = 0,03 a.Eo .D-3/4
ksv: he so nen than coc theo phng ng (kg/cm3)
c) He so nen ngang than coc tnh nh sau:
ksv = 0.2 a.Eo.D-3/4
kh: He so nen ngang than coc (kg/cm3).
Pham vi ap dung
Phng phap nay phc tap hn nhng ket qua chnh xac hn. Do o phng phap
nay thng c s dung nhieu trong nghien cu hn la thc hanh tnh toan.

166
5.5. THIET KE VA AP DUNG

Tren c s ly thuyet va cac thong so au vao a co the xac nh tren, sinh vien
xin a ra 2 noi dung co the ap dung cho ly thuyet tren nh sau:
Noi dung 1
Tnh toan ket cau khung nha, mong theo mo hnh lam viec ong thi vi at
nen (tam goi ay la mo hnh thiet ke mi).
Trong mo hnh tach rieng phan than va phan mong (tam goi la mo hnh thiet ke
co ien) th ta thiet ke theo trnh t la thiet ke phan than, sau o co noi lc tai
chan cot roi lai thiet ke phan mong. Trong mo hnh thiet ke mi ta co the thiet ke
phan mong trc roi sau o co noi lc thiet ke phan than. Ro rang theo mo hnh
mi nay co u iem vt troi, ta co the ieu chnh ket cau mong sao cho phu hp
vi at nen, sau o thiet ke ket cau phan than theo giai phap mong a chon.
Phng phap tnh nay ro rang rat linh ong trong thiet ke ma lai chnh xac hn
so vi phng phap mo hinh co ien.
Noi dung 2
Kiem tra va hieu chnh lai cac thiet ke khi thiet ke theo mo hnh
co ien (tach rieng phan than va phan mong, xem ngam tai chan cot).
a)
Cac bc tnh toan thc hanh cho noi dung 1
Bc 1: S bo la chon giai phap ket cau
Ket cau phan than
- La chon giai phap ket cau phan than.

- S bo tiet dien kch thc cac thanh phan cau kien cot, dam san, vach
Ket cau phan mong

167
- Chon giai phap mong.

- oi vi mong nong th s bo kch thc tiet dien mong chieu sau chon mong.
- oi vi mong coc th s bo chon ng knh coc, chieu sau chon coc, kch thc
ai coc.
- S bo tnh sc chu tai cua coc, s bo so coc va bo tr coc
Bc 2: Xac nh he so nen
Da vao phng an mong a chon, kch thc tiet dien s bo cua mong va so lieu
a chat hoac th nghiem thc te e xac nh he so nen.
Trong trng hp giai phap mong la mong nong hoac dam tren nen an hoi th
he so nen c xac nh bang K
2.Etb
2.E
va (Kg/cm3) va K
(Kg/cm3) nh
b
b
a trnh bay tren.

Khi o o cng cua lo xo thay the cho at di ay mong c xac nh bang:
Kat K.Fi
(5.20)
Trong o,
Fi la dien tch chu tai thay the.
Trong trng hp giai phap mong la mong coc th, thay coc bang lo so co o
cng K coc
P
.
S
Trong o,
Pi tai trong tac dung len au coc (thng lay bang sc chu tai thiet ke cua coc
[P] = min (Pvat lieu , Pat nen))
Si o lun cua coc tng ng vi tai trong Pi.
168
Bc 3: ieu chnh va thiet ke phan mong

Sau khi xac nh c cac thong so au vao tien hanh giai quyet bai toan vi s
ho tr cua may tnh. Sau o can kiem tra lai ieu kien at nen (chnh la kiem tra
lai chuyen v va noi lc trong cac lo xo co phu hp vi ieu kien at nen khi co
tai trong cong trnh truyen xuong khong).
Mot so yeu cau can kiem tra:
- Yeu cau cac lo xo thay the at nen phai luon chu nen, trong trng hp lo xo
chu keo th phai ieu chnh lai kch thc thiet dien mong..vv.
- Lc nen trong coc phai khong vt qua sc chu tai cho phep cua coc.
- o lun cua mong (chuyen v tai chan cot) phai khong vt qua o lun cho phep
trong TCXD.
Bc 4: Thiet ke phan ket cau ben tren
Sau khi ieu chnh xong phan mong th tien hanh tnh toan ket cau ben tren vi
mo hnh ong thi nen-mong va cong trnh (vi mong a thiet ke bc 3).
b)
Cac bc tnh toan thc hanh cho noi dung 2
Bc 1: Thiet ke phan ket cau ben tren vi mo hnh co ien

Bc 2: Thiet ke phan ket cau ben di, mong san tang ham
Bc 3: Mo hnh hoa tng tac gia nen at va mong
Da vao cac thong so a thiet ke mong vi s o co ien, thay nen va coc bang
cac lo so co o cng K
P
.
n.S
Trong o,
P: noi lc tai chan cot
169
S: o lun cua mong coc.

n: so lo xo can thiet e mo hnh cho ung ban chat lam viec cua ket cau (phu
thuoc vao tai trong tai chan cot).
Bc 4: Kiem tra va hieu chnh lai ket cau phan mong va phan than a thie t
ke.
Sau khi co ket qua mo hnh nen-mong va than ta can kiem tra lai thiet ke ban
au. Mot so yeu cau kiem tra nh sau:
Kiem tra phan mong
- Kiem tra chuyen v cua lo xo co vt qua chuyen v cho phep cua tieu chuan
khong?
- Kiem tra noi lc trong lo xo co vt qua sc chu tai cho phep cua coc khong
hoac vt qua sc chu tai cua at nen di ay mong khong?
- Kiem tra xem co lo xo nao chu keo khong?
Trong trng hp co th can ieu chnh lai phan mong.
Kiem tra phan than
T noi lc va chuyen v trong mo hnh mi kiem tra xem co phu hp vi thiet ke

ban au bang mo hnh co ien khong. Neu khong thoa th phai thiet ke lai.

170
PHAN 2.
PHAN 2.1
THC HANH TNH TOAN

KIEN TRUC
CHNG 6. TONG QUAN VE KIEN TRUC CONG TRNH

6.1. NHU CAU XAY DNG CONG TRNH
Vi xu hng hoi nhap, cong nghiep hoa hien ai hoa at nc hoa nhap cung xu
the phat trien cua thi ai, s au t xay dng cac cong trnh cao oc van phong
la rat can thiet.
Theo xu hng o, hien nay TP. Ho Ch Minh, hang loat cao oc van phong va
trung tam thng mai vi quy mo ln c xay dng nh Sai Gon Center, Kumho,
Sai Gon Pearl, The Manor va gan ay nhat a khi cong cong trnh Financial
Tower, cong trnh cao nhat Viet Nam. Tat ca a tao nen nhng iem nhan, mang
lai ve hien ai cho thanh pho.
Hoa cung s phat trien manh me nay, cao oc van phong ReeTower c xay
dng va o la mot d an that s thiet thc va kha thi.
6.2. A IEM XAY DNG
Nam tai quan 4, cong trnh v tr thoang va ep se tao iem nhan ong thi tao
nen s hai hoa, hp ly va hien ai cho tong the qui hoach khu dan c.
Cong trnh nam tren truc ng giao thong chnh nen rat thuan li cho viec cung
cap vat t va giao thong ngoai cong trnh. ong thi, he thong cap ien, cap nc
trong khu vc a hoan thien ap ng tot cac yeu cau cho cong tac xay dng.

171
Khu at xay dng cong trnh bang phang, hien trang khong co cong trnh cu,
khong co cong trnh ngam ben di at nen rat thuan li cho cong viec thi cong
va bo tr tong bnh o.
6.3. GIAI PHAP KIEN TRUC
6.3.1. Mat bang va phan khu chc nang
Mat bang cong trnh hnh ch nhat, chieu dai 60 m, chieu rong 30 m chiem dien
tch at xay dng 1800 m2.
Cong trnh gom 10 tang va 1 tang ham. Cot 0,00 m c chon at tai mat san
tang tret. Mat at t nhien tai cot -0,80 m, mat san tang ham tai cot -4,30 m.
chieu cao cong trnh 34,50 m tnh t cot mat at t nhien.
Tang ham: Thang may bo tr gia, cho au xe oto xung quanh. Cac he thong ky
thuat nh be cha nc sinh hoat, tram bm, tram x ly nc thai c bo tr hp
ly giam toi thieu chieu dai ong dan. Ngoai ra, tang ngam con co bo tr them cac
bo phan ky thuat ve ien nh tram cao the, ha the, phong quat gio.
Tang tret va lng: Gom cac sanh on, cac van phong ban quan ly.
Tang 1 8: Bo tr cac khu vc van phong cho thue.
6.3.2. Mat ng
Cac cong trnh thng mai cao tang la mot trong nhng cong trnh anh hng ln
en canh quan cua o th. Do o khi thiet ke cong trnh tnh tham my la mot
trong nhng yeu cau ang chu y.
S dung, khai thac triet e net hien ai vi ca knh ln, tng ngoai c hoan
thien bi cac lp a Granit en cac mat ben, mat ng hnh thanh vi s xen
ke cac lam va a Granit en tao nen s chac chan, an tng va hien ai cho toa
nha.

172
6.3.3. He thong giao thong

Giao thong ngang trong moi n nguyen la he thong hanh lang.
He thong giao thong ng la thang bo va thang may, bao gom 2 thang bo, 4
thang may. Thang may tap trung gia nha, van phong bo tr xung quanh nen
khoang i lai la ngan nhat, rat tien li, hp ly va am bao thong thoang.
6.4. GIAI PHAP KY THUAT
6.4.1. He thong ien
Nguon ien cung cap cho cong trnh chu yeu la nguon ien thanh pho (mang ien
quan 3), co nguon ien d tr khi co s co cup ien la may phat ien d phong
e bao am cung cap ien 24/24h cho cong trnh.
He thong cap ien c i trong hop gen ky thuat va co bang ieu khien cung
cap ien cho tng tang.
6.4.2. He thong ien
Nguon nc cung cap cho cong trnh la nguon nc thanh pho, c a vao be
nc ngam cua cong trnh sau o dung may bm a nc len ho nc mai, roi t
ay nc se c cung cap lai cho cac phong ben di. ng ong thoat nc
thai va cap nc eu s dung ong nha PVC.
Mai bang tao o doc e tap trung nc vao cac seno bang BTCT, sau o c
thoat vao ong nha thoat nc e thoat vao cong thoat nc cua thanh pho.
6.4.3. He thong chieu sang
Giai phap chieu sang cho cong trnh c tnh rieng cho tng khu chc nang da
vao o roi can thiet va cac yeu cau ve mau sac.
Phan ln cong trnh s dung en huynh quang anh sang trang va cac loai en
downlight dung bong compact (tiet kiem ien). Han che toi a viec s dung en
173
nung nong day toc. Rieng khu vc ben ngoai dung en cao ap halogen hoac
sodium loai chong tham.
6.4.4. He thong thong gio
S dung giai phap thong gio nhan tao (may ieu hoa nhiet o) v cong trnh nam
ngay mat ng nen co o nhiem do he thong giao thong cong cong ben di tao
ra.
6.4.5. He thong phong chay cha chay
Cac hong cu hoa c at hanh lang va cau thang, ngoai ra con co cac he thong
cha chay cuc bo at tai cac v tr quan trong.
6.4.6. He thong chong set
S dung he thong thu set chu ong qua cau Dynasphere at tren mai va he thong
day noi at bang ong.
6.4.7. He thong ha tang ky thuat
San bai, ng noi bo c lam bang BTCT, lat gach xung quanh toan ngoi nha.
Trong cay xanh, vn hoa tao khung canh, moi trng cho cong trnh.

174
PHAN 2.2.
KET CAU
CHNG 7. LA CHON GIAI PHAP KET CAU

1.1. TONG QUAN KET CAU NHA CAO TANG
Ve mat ket cau, mot cong trnh c nh ngha la cao tang khi o ben vng va
chuyen v cua no do tai trong ngang quyet nh. Tai trong ngang co the di tai
trong gio bao hoac ong at. Mac du cha co mot thong nhat chung nao ve nh
ngha nha cao tang nhng ma co mot ranh gii c a so cac ky s ket cau
chap nhan, o la nhng cong trnh co s chuyen tiep t phan tch tnh hoc sang
phan tch ong hoc.
Cac cong trnh cao tang se ngay cang cao hn, nhe hn va manh hn so vi nha
cao tang trong qua kh. Cac nghien cu tren the gii khang nh xu hng nay
trong tng lai tren c s ket qua so sanh cho thay cac cong trnh co o manh
cao ong thi se em lai hieu qua kinh te cao hn.
1.2. LA CHON GIAI PHAP KET CAU
Cac giai phap ket cau BTCT toan khoi c s dung pho bien trong cac nha cao
tang hien nay bao gom:
He ket cau c ban: Ket cau khung, ket cau tng chu lc, ket cau loi cng.
He ket cau hon hp: Ket cau khung- giang, ket cau khung- vach, ket cau
ong loi.
He ket cau ac biet: He ket cau co tang cng, he ket cau co giang lien
tang
La chon ket cau hp ly cho mot cong trnh cu the se em lai hieu qua kinh te
trong khi van am bao cac ch tieu k thuat can thiet. Viec la chon nay phu thuoc
175
vao ieu kien cu the cua cong trnh, cong nang s dung, chieu cao cua nha va o
ln cua tai trong ngang (ong at, gio).
oi vi cong trnh Cao oc van phong REETOWER quy mo 10 tang noi + 1 tang
ham, chieu cao cua toan bo cong trnh la 33,70 m. Do o anh hng cua tai trong
ngang do gio en cong trnh la khong ln. Hn na viec s dung he loi vach se
lam gia thanh cong trnh tang len rat nhieu va thi cong phc tap.
Do o trong o an nay sinh vien la chon giai phap ket cau chnh la he khung
cho cong trnh REETOWER.
7.1.1. Ket cau san
Trong cong trnh, he san co anh hng rat ln ti s lam viec khong gian cua ket
cau. Viec la chon phng an san hp ly la ieu rat quan trong. Do vay, can phai
co s phan tch ung e la chon ra phng an phu hp vi ket cau cua cong
trnh.
Cac loai ket cau san ang c s dung ron g rai hien nay gom:
a)
He san sn
Cau tao bao gom he dam va ban san.

u iem
Tnh toan n gian
c s dung pho bien nc ta vi cong nghe thi cong phong phu nen thuan
tien cho viec la chon cong nghe thi cong.
Nhc iem
Chieu cao dam va o vong cua ban san rat ln khi vt khau o ln, dan en
chieu cao tang cua cong trnh ln, gay bat li cho ket cau cong trnh khi chu tai
trong ngang va khong tiet kiem chi ph vat lieu. Khong tiet kiem khong gian s
dung.

176
b)
He san o c
Cau tao gom he dam vuong goc vi nhau theo hai phng, chia ban san thanh cac
o ban ke bon canh co nhp be, theo yeu cau cau tao khoang cach gia cac dam
khong qua 2m.
u iem
Tranh c co qua nhieu cot ben trong nen tiet kiem c khong gian s dung va
co kien truc ep, thch hp vi cac cong trnh yeu cau tham my cao va khong
gian s dung ln nh hoi trng, cau lac bo...
Nhc iem
Khong tiet kiem, thi cong phc tap.
Khi mat bang san qua rong can phai bo tr them cac dam chnh. V vay, no cung
khong tranh c nhng han che do chieu cao dam chnh phai ln e giam o
vong.
c)
San khong dam (Khong co mu cot)
Cau tao gom cac ban ke trc tiep len cot.

u iem
Chieu cao ket cau nho nen giam c chieu cao cong trnh.
Tiet kiem c khong gian s dung.
De phan chia khong gian.
De bo tr he thong ky thuat ien, nc..

177
Viec thi cong phng an nay nhanh hn so vi phng an san dam bi khong
phai mat cong gia cong cop pha, cot thep dam, cot thep c at tng oi nh
hnh va n gian. Viec lap dng van khuon va cop pha cung n gian.
Nhc iem
Trong phng an nay cac cot khong c lien ket vi nhau e tao thanh khung do
o o cng nho hn so vi phng an san dam, do vay kha nang chu lc theo
phng ngang phng an nay kem hn phng an san dam, chnh v vay tai trong
ngang hau het do vach chu va tai trong ng do cot chu.
San phai co chieu day ln e am bao kha nang chu uon va chong choc thung
do o dan en tang khoi lng san.
d)
San khong dam ng lc trc
Cau tao: Gom cac ban ke trc tiep len cot. Cot thep c ng lc trc.
u iem
Giam chieu day, o vong san.
Giam c chieu cao cong trnh.
Tiet kiem c khong gian s dung.
Phan chia khong gian cac khu chc nang de dang, bo tr he thong ky thuat de
dang.
Thch hp vi nhng cong trnh co khau o 612m.
Nhc iem
Tnh toan phc tap.
Thi cong oi hoi thiet b chuyen dung.
178
e)
Tam panel lap ghep
Cau tao: Gom nhng tam panel c san xuat trong nha may. Cac tam nay c
van chuyen ra cong trng va lap dng, sau o rai cot thep va o be tong bu.
u diem
Kha nang vt nhp ln.
Thi gian thi cong nhanh.
Tiet kiem vat lieu.
Nhc iem
Kch thc cau kien ln.
Quy trnh tnh toan phc tap.
f)
San be tong BubbleDeck
Cau tao: Ban san be tong BubbleDeck phang, khong dam, lien ket trc tiep vi he
cot, vach chu lc, s dung qua bong nha tai che e thay the phan be tong
khong hoac t tham gia chu lc th gia ban san.
u iem
Tao tnh linh hoat cao trong thiet ke, co kha nang thch nghi vi nhieu loai mat
bang. Tao khong gian rong cho thiet ke noi that.
Giam trong lng ban than ket cau ti 35%, t o giam kch thc he ket cau
mong.
Tang khoang cach li cot va kha nang vt nhp, co the len ti 15m ma
khong can ng suat trc, giam he tng, vach chu lc.
Giam thi gian thi cong va cac chi ph dch vu kem theo.
179
Tiet kiem khoi lng be tong (2,3 kg nha tai che thay the 230 kg be tong/m 3
oi vi san be tong BubbleDeck 280mm (BD280)).
Cach am va cach nhiet tot.
Rat than thien vi moi trng khi giam lng phat thai nang lng va cacbon.
Nhc iem
ay la cong nghe mi vao Viet Nam nen ly thuyet tnh toan cha c pho
bien.
Kha nang chu cat, chu uon giam so vi san BTCT thong thng cung o day.
g)
Chon la giai phap ket cau san
Qua phan tch u, nhc iem cua mot so ket cau san pho bien hien nay, v chieu
cao nha la kha thap 3,3 m va nhp 10 m do o o an chon hai phng an san la
san khong dam (khong co mu cot) va san ng lc trc e thiet ke, sau o so
sanh hai phng an ve phng dien ket cau va thi cong.
ay eu la hai loai san phang, lam giam chieu cao tang, tao khong gian thong
thoang, co hieu qua ve kien truc, tham my cao. Qua viec so sanh cu the cac ch
tieu ky thuat va kinh te se ch ra phng an nao em lai hieu qua cao hn.
7.1.2. Ket cau mong
Viec la chon giai phap mong cho cong trnh la phu thuoc vao tai trong cong
trnh va a chat.
Tuy nhien oi vi nha cao tang cac giai phap cho phan mong gom:
- Dung giai phap mong sau thong thng: mong coc khoan nhoi, coc BTCT uc
san, ....
- Dung giai phap mong be hoac mong bang tren nen coc.
180
- Mong barret.
Phng an coc BTCT uc san hay coc khoan nhoi c can nhac la chon tuy
thuoc vao tai trong cua cong trnh, phng tien thi cong, chat lng cua tng
phng an va ieu kien a chat thuy van cua khu vc.
Cac giai phap mong con lai (giai phap 2 va 3) xet ve yeu to chu lc rat tot, tuy
nhien, can can nhac en cac yeu to ve kinh te, trang thiet b va ieu kien thi
cong.

181
CHNG 8. TIEU CHUAN VA TAI TRONG THIET KE

8.1. TIEU CHUAN THIET KE
Trong o an tot nghiep nay sinh vien s dung cac tieu chuan sau e thiet ke
cho cong trnh REETOWER:
TCXDVN 356:2005 Ket cau be tong va be tong cot thep - Tieu chuan thiet ke [1].
TCXD 198:1997 Nha cao tang- thiet ke ket cau be tong cot thep toan khoi [3].
TCXD 205:1998 Mong coc- Tieu chuan thiet ke [4]
TCXD 195:1997 Nha cao tang- thiet ke coc khoan nhoi [5]
8.2. TNH TOAN TAI TRONG TAC DUNG
Khi thiet ke tnh toan nha cao tang, hai ac trng c ban cua tai trong la tai trong
tieu chuan va tai trong tnh toan. Tai trong tnh toan la tch cua tai trong tieu
chuan vi he so tin cay tai trong. He so nay tnh en kha nang sai lech bat li co
the xay ra cua tai trong so vi gia tr tieu chuan va c xac nh phu thuoc vao
trang thai gii han c tnh en.
He so vt tai
Khi tnh toan cng o va on nh, he so vt tai lay theo cac ieu 3.2;
4.2.2; 4.3.3; 4.4.2; 5.8; 6.3; 6.17 TCVN 2737 1995 Tai trong va tac ong.
Khi tnh o ben moi lay bang 1.
Khi tnh toan theo bien dang va chuyen v lay bang 1.
Theo tieu chuan thiet ke TCVN 2737 1995 Tai trong va tac ong, tai
trong c chia thanh tai trong thng xuyen va tai trong tam thi. Ngoai ra ta
can phai xet ti tai trong ac biet tac dung len nha cao tang cu the nh ong
at

182
Tai trong thng xuyen (Tnh tai)

La cac tai trong tac dung khong bien oi trong qua trnh xay dng va s dung
cong trnh.
Tai trong thng xuyen gom co:
Khoi lng ban than cac phan nha va cong trnh, gom khoi lng cac ket
cau chu lc va cac ket cau bao che.
Khoi lng va ap lc cua at do lap hoac ap.
Trong lng ban than c xac nh theo cau tao kien truc cua cong trnh
bao gom tng, cot, dam, san cac lp va trat, op, lat, cac lp cach am, cach
nhietv.v va theo trong lng n v vat lieu s dung. He so vt tai cua trong
lng ban than thay oi t 1,05 1,3 tuy theo loai vat lieu s dung va phng
phap thi cong.
Tai trong tam thi (Hoat tai)
Tai trong tam thi la cac tai trong co the khong co trong mot giai oan nao o
cua qua trnh xay dng va s dung.
Tai trong tam thi c chia lam hai loai: tam thi dai han va tam thi ngan han.
Tai trong tam thi dai han gom co:
Khoi lng vach tam thi, khoi lng phan at va khoi lng betong em
di thiet b.
Khoi lng cac thiet b, thang may, ong dan
Tac dung cua bien dang nen khong kem theo s thay oi cau truc at.
Tac dung do s thay oi o am, co ngot va t bien cua vat lieu.
Tai trong tam thi ngan han gom co:
Khoi lng ngi, vat lieu sa cha, phu kien, dung cu va o ga lap trong
pham vi phuc vu va sa cha thiet b.

183
Tai trong do thiet b sinh ra trong qua trnh hoat ong, oi vi nha cao tang
o la do s hoat ong len xuong cua thang may.
Tai trong gio len cong trnh bao gom gio tnh va gio ong.
8.3. TO HP TAI TRONG

Tuy theo thanh phan cac tai trong tnh en, to hp tai trong gom co to hp c
ban va to hp ac biet.
To hp tai trong c ban gom co cac tai trong thng xuyen, tai trong tam thi dai
han va tam thi ngan han.
To hp tai trong ac biet gom cac tai trong thng xuyen, tai trong tam thi dai
han, tai trong tam thi ngan han co the xay ra va mot trong cac tai trong ac
biet. To hp tai trong ac biet do tac dung cua ong at khong tnh en tai trong
gio.
To hp tai trong c ban c chia lam hai loai:
to hp c ban 1
to hp c ban 2.
To hp c ban 1 co mot tai trong tam thi th gia tr cua tai trong tam thi c
lay toan bo, to hp c ban 2 la to hp co 2 tai trong tam thi tr len th tai trong
tam thi hoac noi lc phai nhan vi he so to hp nh sau :
Tai trong tam thi dai han va ngan han nhan vi he so 0.9 .
Khi co the phan tch anh hng rieng biet cua tng tai trong tam thi ngan
han len noi lc, chuyen v trong cac ket cau va nen mong th anh hng cua tai
trong ln nhat khong giam, tai trong th hai nhan vi he so 0,8 ; cac tai trong
con lai nhan vi he so 0,6.
To hp tai trong ac biet co mot tai trong tam thi th gia tr cua tai trong
tam thi c lay toan bo.

184
To hp tai trong ac biet co hai tai trong tam thi tr len, gia tr cua tai trong
ac biet khong giam, gia tr tnh toan cua tai trong tam thi hoac noi lc tng
ng cua chung c nhan vi he so to hp nh sau: tai trong tam thi dai han
nhan vi 1 0.95 ; tai trong tam thi ngan han nhan vi he so 2 0.8 ; tr
nhng trng hp a noi ro trong cac tieu chuan thiet ke cac cong trnh trong
vung ong at hoac cac tieu chuan thiet ke ket cau va nen mong khac.
Khi tnh ket cau hoac nen mong theo cng o va on nh vi cac to hp tai trong
c ban va ac biet trong trng hp tac dung ong thi cua t nhat hai tai trong
tam thi (dai han va ngan han), th noi lc tnh toan cho phep lay theo cac ch
dan phu luc A (TCVN 2737 1995 [2]).
Chu thch:
Cac nguyen tac to hp va cung nh cach tnh toan tai trong tnh toan tai
trong tieu chuan neu tren ch ap dung cho khi thiet ke cau kien theo tieu chuan
Viet Nam.
Khi thiet ke san ng lc trc theo tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 th sinh vien
tuan theo cach tnh toan tai trong theo tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 ma khong phai
nh ly thuyet a trnh bay tren.
8.4. TNH TOAN TAI TRONG CHO CONG TRNH REETOWER
8.4.1. Tai trong thng xuyen do cac lp cau tao san
Tnh tai phu thuoc vao cac lp cau tao san. Trong o an, phan bo cac lp cau tao
san c chon ien hnh nh sau:

185
Lp lat san Ceramic, day 15mm

Lp va lot, day 35mm
Ban san be tong
Lp trat tran, day 15mm
Hnh 8.1 Cac lp cau tao san tang ien hnh

Bang 8.1: Tnh tai tac dung len san tang ien hnh
TT
Vat lieu
Day
Tai tieu chuan

3
HSVT
Tai tnh toan

(kN/m2)
(m)
(kG/m )
(kN/m )
Gach ceramic
0,015
2000
0,30
1,1
0,33
Va lang nen
0,035
1800
0,63
1,3
0,82
Va lang tran
0,015
1800
0,27
1,3
0,35
He thong ky thuat
0,30
1,2
0,36
Vach ngan va tng xay
0,50
1,2
0,60
Tong (khong ke ban betong)
2,00
2,50
Bang 8.2: Tnh tai tac dung len san tang mai
Day
Tai tieu chuan
(m)
(kG/m3)
(kN/m2)
Gach ceramic
0,015
2000
0,30
1,1
0,33
Va lang nen
0,035
1800
0,63
1,3
0,82
Va lang tran
0,015
1800
0,27
1,3
0,35
Lp chong tham
0,100
2000
0,20
1,30
0,26
He thong ky thuat
0,30
1,2
0,36
TT
Vat lieu
Tong (khong ke ban betong)

1,70
HSVT
Tai tnh toan

(kN/m2)
2,12
186
8.4.2. Hoat tai tac dung len san

Hoat tai c xac nh da tren cong nang cac phong theo TCVN 2737-1995.
Bang 8.3: Hoat tai tac dung len san
Muc ch s dung
Hoat tai tieu chuan

2
(kN/m )
HSVT
HT tnh toan
(kN/m2)
Phong ve sinh
1.50
1.30
1.95
Sanh, cau thang, hanh lang
3.00
1.20
3.60
Van phong lam viec
2.00
1.20
2.40
oi vi san tang mai th theo tieu chuan lay 75 daN/cm2 va hoat tai tnh toan lay
90 daN/cm2.
8.4.3. Tai trong gio
Tac ong cua gio len cong trnh mang tnh chat cua tai trong ong va phu thuoc
cac thong so sau:
Thong so ve dong kh: Toc o, ap lc, nhiet o, hng gio.
Thong so vat can: hnh dang, kch thc, o nham be mat.
Dao ong cua cong trnh.
Gio tac ong len cong trnh gom 2 thanh phan:
Thanh phan tnh luon c ke en vi moi cong trnh cao tang
Thanh phan ong c ke en vi nha nhieu tang cao tren 40m.
Cong trnh Reetower vi chieu cao tong cong ke t cot 0,00 la 33,70m nho hn
40m nen khong can xet en yeu to gio ong.
Tnh toan thanh phan gio tnh cua cong trnh
Gia tr tieu chuan thanh phan tnh tai trong gio W o cao z so vi moc chuan
xac nh theo cong thc:

187
W W0 . K . C
Trong o,
W0 la gia tr ap lc gio tieu chuan; Cong trnh xay dng quan 4, TP. Ho
Ch Minh, thuoc vung IIA, a hnh loai C (Tra Bang TCVN 2737-1995 [2]), W0 =
83(kG/m2)
K la he so tnh en s thay oi ap lc gio theo o cao (Tra bang 5 TCVN
2737-1995 );
C la he so kh ong: Con = 0,8, Chut = -0,6.
Bang 8.4: Bang tnh gio tnh phan bo tren chieu dai cot bien
Tai tieu chuan
Tang
z (m)
Tai tnh toan
Gio ay
Gio hut
Gio ay
Gio hut
(kN/m)
(kN/m)
(kN/m)
(kN/m)
Mai
33.70
1.244
8.26
6.20
9.91
7.43
Tang 8
30.40
1.221
8.11
6.08
9.73
7.30
Tang 7
27.10
1.196
7.94
5.96
9.53
7.15
Tang 6
23.80
1.169
7.76
5.82
9.31
6.98
Tang 5
20.50
1.138
7.55
5.67
9.06
6.80
Tang 4
17.20
1.102
7.32
5.49
8.78
6.59
Tang 3
13.90
1.061
7.04
5.28
8.45
6.34
Tang 2
10.60
1.010
6.71
5.03
8.05
6.04
Tang 1
7.60
0.952
6.32
4.74
7.58
5.69
Tang lng
4.00
0.848
5.63
4.22
6.75
5.07
Tang tret
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Ghi chu:
- n gian trong tnh tay va thien ve an toan gio tang tret va tang ham lay gio
cua tang lng.
- Khi tnh toan tai trong gio truyen vao khung nhp bien th gio ch lay gia tr
bang tren.
188
CHNG 9. THIET KE SAN TANG IEN HNH

Nh a trnh bay chng 1 phan 2 Giai phap ket cau cho cong trnh
Reetower th vi chieu dai nhp 10m va chieu cao tang la 3,3m. Do o sinh
vien la chon giai phap san phang ng lc trc va san phang be tong cot thep
khong ng lc trc.
Sau ay sinh vien i vao tnh toan cu the cho hai loai san tren, sau o so sanh
va a ra la chon loai san kinh te nhat cho cong trnh.
PHNG AN 1: THIET KE SAN BE TONG NG LC TRC CANG SAU
9.1. LI M
phan 1 cua o an nay sinh vien a nghien cu ly thuyet tnh toan san phang
ng lc trc cang sau. Do o trong phan nay sinh vien se thc hanh tnh toan
cho ly thuyet a neu tren.
Theo nguyen tac th khi tnh toan san phang ng lc trc bang phng phap
khung tng ng th sinh vien phai giai tat ca cac khung tng ng cua cac
truc theo 2 phng, khi o mi co the bo tr cap cho toan bo san.
Tuy nhien v mat bang cua cong trnh Cao oc van phong Reetower co nhp eu
nhau va cac nhp theo 2 phng eu bang 10m. Do o neu nh gia thiet nhng o
san co khoang trong cau thang, cac lo bo tr he thong ky thuat coi nh van lien
tuc, sau nay se tien hanh cac bien phap cau tao x ly th ch can tnh toan cho 2
dai san trong 2 khung tng ng ien hnh theo 2 phng.
Sau ay sinh vien trnh bay cu the tng bc tnh toan san phang be tong ng lc
trc theo phng phap tai trong tng ng nh a trnh bay phan1 c s ly
luan cho dai san tai truc 2 va truc B nh Hnh 9.1, va phng phap s dung e
tnh noi lc la phng phap khung tng ng theo ACI 318M-08.
189
10000
Khung
truc 2
10000
Khung
truc 3
10000
Khung
truc 4
10000
Khung
truc 5
Khung
truc 6
5000
Khung
truc 7
5000
Khung
truc 1
10000
Khung
truc D
10000
5000
10000
10000
60000
10000
10000
10000
Khung
truc A
10000
Khung
truc B
5000
10000
30000
10000
Khung
truc C
10000
10000
Hnh 9.1 Mat bang phan chia khung tng ng e tnh toan cho san
9.2. SO LIEU TNH TOAN
Tieu chuan ACI 318M-08: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete [31].
9.2.2. La chon vat lieu
a)
Betong
Chon betong cap o ben B30
Quy oi sang tieu chuan ACI 318
Cng o chu nen ac trng cua mau lang tru fc'
30
25MPa
1,2
Mo un an hoi Ec 4700 fc' 4700. 25 23500MPa

Cng o chu nen cua be tong giai oan truyen LT fci 0,75fc' 18,75MPa

190
b)
Thep ng lc trc
Bang 9.1: Bang thong so cac loai cap theo ASTM A416
Bang 9.2: Bang la chon thong so cap theo ASTM A416

Loai cap theo ASTM A416, Grade 270K
Gii han ben:
Gii han chay:
Dien tch
Mo un an hoi:

( T15)
Dcap
fpu =
15.24
1860
mm
MPa
fpy =
Aps =
Es =
1690
140
2.106
MPa
mm2
MPa
191
c)
Chon cau tao au neo va lp vo boc
Tham khao catologue cua VSL [40], sinh vien chon au neo S12.7-12.9, so cap
trong 1 boc la 4, kch thc vo boc GxH=70x19 mm.
Hnh 9.2 Cau tao au neo va lp vo boc (tham khao catologue cua VSL)
d)
Cot thep khong ng lc trc
Thep AII (10): Rs=280 Mpa, Rsc=280 Mpa, Rsc=225 Mpa.

192
9.2.3. Kch thc s bo

a)
S bo tiet dien cot
Ac
kN 1.12100000
711765mm2
Rb
17
Trong o,
N qS
11.11.100 12100kN
i i
Do o tiet dien cot s bo cua tang ham chon la 800x800 mm.

Trong trng hp nay tang ien hnh ma sinh vien can thiet ke la san tang 2 th
kch thc cot s bo chon la: cot gia 700x700mm, cot bien 500x500mm.
b)
S bo chieu day san
Tham khao bang 7.4 [39, tr.110] th oi vi san ng lc trc khong co mu cot th
chon hs
1
L.
40
Tuy nhien theo mot so tai lieu cua My th chieu day san mong hn.
Theo bang 9.2 [33, tr. 173] th hs = (1/451/50)L. Do o:

193
1
1 1
1
hs
l
.10000 250 200 mm
40
50
40
50
Chon hs = 240 mm.

9.3. LA CHON THONG SO CAP
9.3.1. La chon tai trong can bang cua ng lc trc trong san
oi vi ket cau san cho nha van phong co hoat tai khong ln th thng chon tai
trong can bang Wbal = (0,81)x TTBT
Wbal 0,9.6 5,40 kN / m2
Trong o,
TTBT: tai trong ban than san.
9.3.2. Xac nh khoang cach t tam cap en mep ngoai cua san
at cap theo phng doc nha truc 1-7 di, cap theo phng ngang nha
truc A-D tren.
- Chieu day bao ve chon bang 30 mm.
- Chon thep gia cng ng knh =12mm tai nhp va =14mm tai au cot.
Bo tr nh Hnh 9.3 di ay:

194
Hnh 9.3: Bo tr cap va thep gia cng theo hai phng

T Hnh 9.3 chung ta co the xac nh c khoang cach t tam cap en mep
ngoai cua san nh sau:
a)
Khoang cach t mep san en tam cap tai au cot
Theo phng ngang nha t truc A-D

d' 30 14 19
chon 75mm
19
72,5mm
2
Theo phng doc nha t truc 1-7

195
19
53,5mm
2
chon 55mm
d' 30 14
b)
Khoang cach t mep san en tam cap tai nhp
Theo phng ngang nha t truc A-D

19
51,5mm
2
chon 55mm
d' 30 12
Theo phng doc nha t truc 1-7

d 30 12 19
chon 75mm
19
70,5mm
2
9.3.3. Xac nh cao o cap va hnh dang cap trong san

e xac nh hnh dang cua cap ta co the xac nh theo TR43 [32] (trnh bay
trong chng 3 phan 1 cua o an nay):
Hnh 9.4: Cac thong so cua cap

196
e o an co tnh trc quan nhat th ay sinh vien tom tat lai cac cong thc xac
nh ac trng cua cap, a c xay dng trong chng 3 phan 1 cua o an nay,
da vao phu luc D cua TR43 [32] nh sau:
Cac gia tr a1, a2 co the c xac nh da vao cac cong thc:
a1
a2
(q1 q2 )p1
L'
(q2 q3 )p2
L L'
Trong o,
q1, q2, q3 la gia tr xac nh v tr cap c chon trc da vao khoang cach
t mep san en trong tam cap.
L c tnh t cong thc sau:
L'
m (m2 4 ln)
2l
l (q1 q3 )
m (p2 2L)(q1 q2 ) p2 q3 q2
n (q1 q2 )(L p2 )L
Neu q1=q3 th L=L/2

T cac cong thc tren ta tnh c cac thong so cua cap trong dai san cua khung
tng ng truc 2 va trong dai san khung tng ng truc.
Bang 9.3: Cac thong so xac nh cao o cap theo phng truc 2
L
q1
q2
q3
P1
P2
L'
a1
a2
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
Nhp bien
10000
120
55
165
1000
1000
4419
15
20
Nhp gia
10000
165
55
165
1000
1000
5000
22
22
V tr

197
Bang 9.4: Cac thong so xac nh cao o cap theo phng truc B
L
q1
q2
q3
p1
p2
L'
a1
a2
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
10000
120
75
185
1000
1000
4024
11
18
10000
185
75
185
1000
1000
5000
22
22
V tr
Nhp
bien
Nhp
gia
88
22
20
1000
3419
55
55
69
15
120
240
120
75
Do o, hnh dang cap thiet ke nh Hnh 9.5 va Hnh 9.6:
10000
4581
1000 1000
4000
10000
4000
1000 1000
4581
10000
3419
1000
1000
3024
22
55
75
10000
4976
1000 1000
4000
10000
75
88
88
22
55
22
22
18
75
63
11
120
240
120
55
Hnh 9.5 Cao o cap trong dai san cua khung tng ng truc 2
4000
1000 1000
8000
10000
1000 1000
Hnh 9.6 Cao o cap trong dai san cua khung tng ng truc B
9.4. TNH NG SUAT HU HIEU TRONG CAP
9.4.1. Chon ng suat trc ban au
Theo muc 18.5 tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 [31] ng lc trc ban au khong c
at ti 94%fpy , ong thi khong ln hn 80% fpu . Do o:

198
fpi 0,94fpy 0,94.1670 1570MPa
fpi 0,8fpu 0,8.1860 1488MPa

Lay fpi 0,75.fpu 0,75.1860 1395MPa
9.4.2. Tnh ton hao ng suat
Nh a trnh bay trong muc Error! Reference source not found. th viec xac nh
hnh xac ton hao ng suat dai han la mot ieu kho khan va khong kha thi bi v
chung phu thuoc nhieu vao yeu to va hn na cac anh hng tac ong qua lai
lan nhau. Trong trng hp can tnh chnh xac oi vi nhng cong trnh ln, th
can phai nghien cu cong trnh thc te e co so lieu chnh xac va tin cay.
Do o trong o an th sinh vien s dung Bang 2.8:Gia tr ng suat hao tong
cong theo phng phap cang sau chng 2 phan 1 cua o an nay.
Bang nay c s dung pho bien trong thiet ke My oi vi nhng cong trnh
khong co so lieu o at thc te. V the co tnh chnh xac tng oi cao.
Vat lieu thep cang sau chon loai cap co o chung ng suat trung bnh va dang ket
cau la dang ban nen tra bang c tong ton hao ng suat cha ke en ma sat
bang 207MPa.
9.4.2.1. Tnh ton hao do ma sat
Theo muc 18.6.2 tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 [31], o ln cua lc ng lc trc Ppx
tai v tr cach au cang mot khoang lpx la:
Ppx Ppje
(Klpx ppx )
Chon cap 7 si at trong vo kim loai deo, loai cap 270-K co o chung ng suat
bnh thng, tra bang R18.6.2 tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 th K= 0,004 va p 0,2

199
Tnh p theo cong thc gan ung neu trong phu luc B Calculation of Prestress
Loses cua TR43 [32] nh sau: p 2 a b p
16a
L
Hnh 9.7: S o tnh goc chuyen hng cua cap

a)
Tnh ton hao ma sat cua cap trong dai san khung tng ng truc 2
Vi chieu dai cua cap la 30m, do o sinh vien bo tr mot au neo co nh mot au
neo song.
Tnh goc chuyen hng cua cap:
Nhp bien AB va CD
11 18
16.83,5
69 83,5mm p
0,1336 rad
2
10000
Nhp gia BC
a 22 88 110mm p
16.110
0,176 rad
10000
Do o ng suat trong cap tai au neo co nh (truc D):

200
Klpx ppx 0,004.30 0,02 * (2.0,1384 0,176) 0,129 0,3
Ppx Ppj (1 Klpx ppx )1 1395.(1 0,129)1 1237MPa

Vay ton hao do ma sat tren tong chieu dai cap:
ma sat 1395 1237 158 MPa

Tuy nhien v ton hao tren chieu dai cap la khac nhau, nh Hnh 9.8. Do o sinh
vien lay gia tr trung bnh va bang 158/2 =79 Mpa
Hnh 9.8: Ton hao ng suat tren chieu dai cap

Chu thch
Initial prestress: ng suat trc giai oan ban au;
Final Prestress: ng suat trc giai oan cuoi.

201
b)
Tnh ton hao ma sat cua cap trong dai san khung tng ng truc B
Vi chieu dai cua cap la 60m, do o sinh vien bo tr hai au neo song.
Tnh goc chuyen hng cua cap:
Nhp bien 1-2 va 6-7
11 18
16.77,5
63 77,5mm p
0,124rad
2
10000
Nhp gia 2-3, 3-4 va 5-6
a 22 88 110mm p
16.110
0,176 rad
10000
Do o ng suat trong cap tai au neo co nh (truc D):

Klpx ppx 0,004.30 0,02 * (0,124 2.0,176) 0,13 0,3
Ppx Ppj (1 Klpx ppx )1 1395.(1 0,13)1 1235MPa

f 1395 1235 160 MPa
(V cap c cang t 2 au nen ton hao ma sat ch tnh cho chieu dai bang
l/2=30m).
Lay gia tr trung bnh va bang 160/2 = 80 MPa.
9.4.2.2. Tong ton hao
Tong ton hao cua cap trong dai san khung tng ng truc 2 bang
79 207 286 MPa
Tong ton hao cua cap trong dai san khung tng ng truc B bang
80 207 287 MPa

202
9.4.3. Tnh ng suat hu hieu trong cap

ng suat hu hieu cua cap trong dai san khung tng ng truc 2:
fpe1 1395 286 1109MPa

ng suat hu hieu cua cap trong dai san khung tng ng truc B:
fpe2 1395 287 1108MPa

9.5. XAC NH SO LNG VA BO TR CAP NG LC TRC TRONG SAN
a)
Tnh so lng cap can thiet trong dai san khung tng ng truc
Lc cang hieu qua cua 1 cap (sau khi tr tong ton hao ng suat)
Ppe1
1108.140
155kN
1000
ng lc trc yeu cau tren 1 m be rong san

Nhp gia BC
Preqd
wbal .L2
5,4.82
491kN / mberong san

8.a
8.0,088
Nhp bien AB va CD
Preqd
wbal .L2
5,4.82
626 kN / mberong san

8.a
8.0,069
So lng cap can thiet:

Cho nhp bien
Preqd
Ppe
626.10
40,38 cap
155

203
Cho nhp gia
Preqd
Ppe2
491.10
31,68 cap
155
e tranh cat cap va tao cac hoc keo cap gay kho thi cong th ay sinh vien
chon so cap cho toan dai san be rong 10m trong khung tng ng truc 2 la 40
cap.
b)
Tnh so lng cap can thiet trong dai san khung tng ng truc B
Lc cang hieu qua cua 1 cap (sau khi tr tong ton hao ng suat)
Ppe
1108.140
155kN
1000
ng lc trc yeu cau tren 1 m be rong san
Preqd
Preqd
Nhp gia 2-3, 3-4 va 4-5:

wbal .L2
5,4.82
491kN / mberong san

8.a
8.0,088
Nhp bien 1-2 va 6-7:

wbal .L2
5,4.82
686 kN / mberong san

8.a
8.0,063
So lng cap can thiet
Cho nhp bien:
Preqd
Ppe
686.10
44,25 cap
155
Cho nhp gia:

204
Preqd
Ppe2
491.10
31,68 cap
155
e tranh cat cap va tao cac hoc keo cap gay kho thi cong th ay sinh vien
chon so cap cho toan dai be rong 10m trong khung tng ng truc B la 40 cap.
c)
Bo tr cap ng lc trc
Nh a trnh bay 3.7. cua o an nay th theo mot so nghien cu cho thay s
thay oi cach phan bo cap LT khong anh hng ang ke en trang thai chu
lc, trang thai bien dang cua ban neu ham lng tong cong thep LT la nh
nhau.
Tuy vay, viec tap trung t 65%-75% so cap tren dai cot to ra hieu qua hn, ac
biet la no cai thien ang ke kha nang truyen lc cat t ban vao cot. Va ACI
318M-08 quy nh khoang cach max gia cac cap khong ln hn 8hs va 1,5m.
Chon 24cap (6 tao, 1 tao gom 4 cap) bo tr dai cot khoang cach trung bnh cac
tao cap 700mm va 16 cap bo tr nhp (4 tao, 1 tao gom 4 cap) khoang cach
trung bnh gia cac cap 1500mm (chi tiet khoang cac cac cap the hien
ban ve KC 01-12).
Nhan xet
So lng cap trong dai san theo 2 phng la giong nhau, o lech cap la nh nhau
nhp gia va nhp bien co s sai khac nhng khong ang ke. Do o trong trng
hp nay sinh vien ch can kiem tra ng suat cho khung tng ng truc 2.
9.6. S O TNH KIEM TRA NG SUAT TRONG SAN
9.6.1. Cac gia thiet tnh toan cho san
Nhng o san co khoang trong cau thang, cac lo bo tr he thong ky thuat coi
nh van lien tuc, sau nay se tien hanh cac bien phap cau tao x ly.

205
Xem san ch chu tai trong ng (bo qua anh hng cua tai trong gio).
Viec xem san phang la ch chu tai trong ng la cha chnh xac, v oi vi
loai san mem th o cng ngang nha la thap hn so vi san cng. Tuy nhien
v chieu cao cong trnh Reetower khong ln (cao 33,7 m) va ch xet en anh
hng cua thanh phan gio tnh nen anh hng cua tai trong ngang vao san la
khong ln. V vay trong o an gia thiet tai trong ngang tac dung vao san la
khong ang ke va c bo qua.
9.6.2. S o khung tng ng
Nh a trnh bay muc 3.3.1. phan 1 th viec ly tng hoa he cot san khong
gian thanh cac he khung phang theo phng ngang va doc. Dam cua moi
khung tng ng (Slab beam) chnh la dai san c gii han bi truc cua 2 o
san hai ben cot khung ang xet. V dam trong khung tng ng la dang
ban (Plate) khac vi dam trong khung thong thng la dang thanh (Frame). Do
o s lam viec cua cot trong khung tng ng se khac vi cot trong khung
dam thong thng v goc xoay trung bnh cua cot trong khung tng ng ln
hn so vi khung thong thng, noi cach khac o cng uon tng ng cua cot
trong khung tng ng giam i so vi o cng uon cua cot thc.
Do o sinh vien i xac nh tiet dien tng ng cua cot khi a t khung thc
ve khung tng ng nh sau:

206
Xac nh ac trng tiet dien cot tng ng
Cot bien
Tnh o cng cua cot thc
bh3 500.5003
IC
5,208.109 mm4
12
12
o cng cua cot co the tnh theo cong thc gan ung cua Cross va Morgan:
EI
Kc c c
Hc
H 5,208.109 Ec
1 3
H 3300 240
3300
6
1 3
7,64.10 Ec
3300 240
Tnh o cng cua thanh phan gay xoan:
9EcsC
9.ECS .1,607.109
Kt
2.
3,374.106 Ecs
3
c
500
l2 (1 2 )3
10000 1
l2
10000
x x3y
240 2403.500
1
0,63
(1
0,63.
).
1,607.109
y
3
500
3
Tnh o cng cua cot tng ng

V Ec=Ecs nen ta co o cng tng ng cua phan cot tren va cot di:
1
1
1
1
1
Kec

2,764.106 EC
6
6
K
2.7,64.10 .E
Kt
3,374.10 ECS
c
e xac nh noi lc cua khung tng ng th ta co nhieu phng phap nh

phng phap phan phoi momen, phng phap lc, phng phap chuyen v,
207
phng phap phan t hu han.e n gian va co o chnh xac cao nhat, sinh
vien s dung phan mem Sap e giai noi lc cho khung tng ng. e co the
mo hnh trong Sap, sinh vien chuyen t o cng cot tng ng sang tiet dien
cot tng ng nh sau:
o cng chong uon cua cot tng ng
EI
Kec c ec
Hc
2
2
H
IecEc
3300
6
1 3
H 3300 240 1 3 3300 240 2,764.10 Ec / 2
Iec 9,42.108 mm4
Momen quan tnh cot tng ng

4
cec
Iec
12
Be rong cot tng ng : cec 4 12.Iec 4 12.9,42.108 326mm

Cot gia
Tnh o cng cua cot thc
EI
Kc c c
Hc
IC
2
2
10
H
2
E
3300
6
c
1 3
1 3
29,352.10 Ec
3300 240
Hc 3300 240
bh3 700.7003
2.1010 mm4
12
12
Tnh o cng cua thanh phan gay xoan
Kt
9EcsC
9.ECS .2,529.109
2.
5,659.106 Ecs
3
c
700
l2 (1 2 )3
10000
1
l2
10000

208
x x3y
240 2403.700
1
0,63
(1
0,63.
).
2,529.109
y 3
700
3
Tnh o cng cua cot tng ng

V Ec=Ecs nen ta co o cng tng ng cua phan cot tren va cot di:
1
1
1
1
1
6
Kec

5,16.10 EC
6
6
K
Kt
c
2.29,35.10 .EC 5,659.10 ECS

Momen quan tnh cot tng ng:
EI
Kec c ec
Hc
2
2
H
IecEc
3300
6
1 3
H 3300 240 1 3 3300 240 5,16.10 Ec / 2
Iec 1,7592.109 mm4
Be rong cot tng ng : cec 4 12.Iec 4 12.7,592.109 381mm
Do o t khung thc cua ket cau chung ta a ve khung tng ng vi tiet dien
3300
3300
tng ng nh hnh sau:

Co
t 500x500
Ba
n sa
n 240x10000
10000
Co
t 700x700
Co
t 700x700
10000
30000
Co
t 500x500
10000
Hnh 9.9 S o khung thc truc 2

209
3300
3300
Co
t 326x326
Co
t 381x381
Da
m 240x10000
10000
Co
t 381x381
10000
30000
Co
t 326x326
10000
Hnh 9.10 S o khung tng ng truc 2

9.6.3. Cac trng hp tai trong va to hp tai trong
9.6.3.1. Cac trng hp tai trong
T tai trong phan bo tren dien tch san quy ve dang phan bo eu tren ban san
trong khung tng ng bang cach nhan vi be rong ban la 10m ta c:
Tnh tai tieu chuan: 25.10.0,24.+2.10= 80kN/m
Hoat tai tieu chuan: 20 kN/m.
Thanh phan tai trong tng ng trong cap
Da vao cao o cua cap bo tr nh Hnh 9.5 tren ta co the de dang tnh c tai
trong tng ng cua cap nh sau:
Tai nhp AB va CD
Thanh phan hng len:
wbal
8.n.Ppe .a
L
8.40.155.0,069
54kN / m
82
Thanh phan hng xuong tai goi truc A va D:

wbal
2.n.Ppe2 .a
L .b
2
2.40.155.0,015
186 kN / m
12
Thanh phan hng xuong tai goi truc B va C,:

210
wbal
2.n.Ppe .a
L
2.40.155.0,02
248 kN / m2
2
1
Tai nhp BC
Thanh phan hng len:
wbal
8.n.Ppe .a
L.
2
8.40.155.0,088
68 kN / m
82.
Tai goi truc B va C, lc hng xuong:

wbal
2.n.Ppe .a
L2
2.40.155.0,022
271kN / m
12
Nh a phan tch phan c s ly thuyet th ban than cap phai t can bang, hay
noi cach khac la tong tai trong hng len va tong tai trong hng xuong phai
bang khong.
Kiem tra
54x16 68x8 271x2 248x2 186x2 0

Vay tai trong tng ng quy oi cua cap la chnh xac.
80 kN/m
80 kN/m
80 kN/m
3300
3300
S o tai trong
10000
10000
30000
10000
Hnh 9.11 S o tnh tai tieu chuan tac dung vao khung tng ng truc 2
211
20 kN/m
20 kN/m
3300
3300
20 kN/m
10000
10000
30000
10000
3300
Hnh 9.12 S o hoat tai tieu chuan tac dung vao khung tng ng truc 2
248 kN/m
186 kN/m
271 kN/m
3300
8000
10000
248 kN/m
68 kN/m
54 kN/m
1000
271 kN/m
1000 1000
8000
186 kN/m
54 kN/m
1000 1000
10000
8000
1000
10000
30000
Nhan xet
Tham khao muc 13.7.6.3 tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 th trong trng hp hoat tai
ln hn 75% tnh tai th mi xet en cac trng hp chat tai, trong trng hp
ngc lai th chat ay hoat tai. Do o trong trng hp nay th tnh tai gap 4 lan
hoat tai do o sinh vien ch xet mot trng hp hoat tai chat ay.
9.6.3.2. Cac to hp tai trong theo tieu chuan ACI 318M-08
Tham khao muc 9.2 tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 th khi phan tch s lam viec cua
san ng lc trc th tuy theo tng giai oan lam viec cua san ng lc trc ma
chung ta tnh toan kiem tra vi cac to hp tai trong sau:

212
Ghi chu:
Thuat ng to hp tai trong ma sinh vien s dung ay cho tieu chuan ACI
318M-08 ay la co khac vi thuat ng to hp tai trong trong tieu chuan TCVN
2737-1995. Theo ACI 318 th phan thanh 2 loai tai trong:
Tai trong khong nhan he so (unfactored loads), trong tieu chuan TCVN 2737-1995
goi la tai trong tieu chuan.
Tai trong nhan he so (factored loads), trong tieu chuan TCVN 2737-1995 goi la tai
trong tnh toan. Tuy nhien co s khac nhau cua 2 tieu chuan la tai trong tnh toan
trong ACI 318 co the gom nhieu tai trong tieu chuan nhan vi he so vt tai khac
nhau, v du: 1.2 *DL 1.6 *LL . Con trong tieu chuan TCVN 2737-1995 th tai
trong tnh toan co ngha ch gom 1 tai trong tieu chuan nhan vi he so vt tai,
trong trng hp co nhieu tai tnh toan goi la to hp tai trong.Hay noi cach khac
la trong tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 khong co thuat ng to hp tai trong nh trong
tieu chuan TCVN 2737-1995 ma ch co thuat ng tai nhan he so hay tai tnh toan
thay cho thuat ng to hp tai trong. Tuy nhien sinh vien van s dung thuat ng
tren v no gan gui vi TCXDVN.
Sau ay la cac to hp tai trong can phai tnh toan kiem tra oi vi san ng lc
trc khi khong xet anh hng cua tai trong ngang nh gio, ong a t
Tnh toan giai oan truyen ng lc trc
1.0 * DL* 1* PT*
Trong trng hp ma ton hao c xac nh bang cach tra bang th khi o cho
phep thay to hp tren bang to hp sau:
1.0 *DL* 1,15 *PT

Tnh toan giai oan s dung
1.0 *DL 1.0 *LL 1.0 *PT
213
1.0 *DL 0.3 *LL 1.0 *PT
Tnh toan giai oan ti han

1.2 *DL 1.6 *LL 1.0 *HPT
1.4 *DL 1.0 *HPT
Trong o,
DL* la tnh tai tieu chuan ch xet en tai trong ban than san;
PT* la tai trong do ng lc trc gay ra sau khi tr ton hao ngan han;
DL la tnh tai tieu chuan tac dung len san (tai trong ban than san, lp hoan
thien, vach ngan);
PT la tai trong do ng lc trc gay ra sau khi tr tong ton hao ng suat
(gom ton hao ngan han va dai han);
LL la hoat tai tieu chuan tac dung len san;
HPT la thanh phan th cap cua ng lc trc.
Ghi chu:
Thanh phan th cap cua ng lc trc a c sinh vien trnh bay mot cach logic
theo mo hnh c ket cau muc 2.5.2.
Tuy nhien co the hieu mot cach n gian nh sau:
Thanh phan th cap la thanh phan phu sinh ra ngoai y muon cua thiet ke va co
hai cho ket cau, trong hau het cac trng hp th no lam giam momen goi va
tang momen nhp.
Nguyen nhan do khi mot cau kien a ng lc trc trong giai oan lam viec th
hnh dang cua no thay oi. No se co ngan lai va se cong i do o trong tam cua
cap se khac vi trong tam cua cap thiet ke ban au. Do o ban than cap sinh la
nhng phan lc e chong lai s thay oi nay, nhng phan lc o goi la phan lc
th cap va phan lc th cap sinh la momen th cap trong ket cau.

214
9.6.4. Ket qua noi lc

Sau ay ch la mot so bieu o momen cua cac thanh phan tai trong khi giai bang
phan mem Sap 2000 ver.10. (Chi tiet hn xem quyen phu luc).
(n v: kN.m)
Hnh 9.13: Momen do tnh tai (DL)
Hnh 9.14: Momen do hoat tai (LL)
Hnh 9.15: Momen do tai ng lc trc tai giai oan truyen ng lc trc
(PT*)

215
Hnh 9.16: Momen do tai ng lc trc tai giai oan s dung (PT)
9.7. KIEM TRA NG SUAT CUA BE TONG
9.7.1. Tai giai oan truyen ng lc trc (luc buong neo)
Xet to hp tai trong bao gom do trong lng ban than va do lc cang sau khi tr
ton hao ngan han.
1.0 * DL* 1* PT*
Trong o,
DL*- tnh tai tieu chuan ch xet en tai trong ban than;
PT*- tai trong do ng lc trc gay ra sau khi tr ton hao ngan han.
Hnh 9.17: Momen do 1.0 * DL* 1* PT*

216
Kiem tra ng suat
P MD ML MPT

A
S
Trong o,
ng suat nen cho phep: 0,6fci' 0,6.20 12MPa
ng suat keo cho phep: 0,25 fc' 0,25. 20 1,1MPa
P 40.177 7080kN
fci' 0,8.25 20MPa
A 0,24.10 2,4m2
D*
MPT*
max
328,18kN.m
bh2 10.0,242
0,096 m3
6
6
Kiem tra ng suat nen:
7080 328,18
3292kN.m2 3,3MPa [0,6fci' ] 12MPa

2,4
0,096
OK
Kiem tra ng suat keo:
7080 328,18
469 kN.m2 0,469MPa 0,25 fc' 1,1MPa OK
2,4
0,096
9.7.2. Giai oan s dung

Xet to hp 1
1.0 *DL 1.0 *LL 1.0 *PT

217
Hnh 9.18: Momen do 1.0 *DL 1.0 *LL 1.0 *PT

Kiem tra ng suat:
P MD ML MPT

A
S
Trong o,
ng suat nen cho phep: = 0,6fc' 0,6.25 15MPa
ng suat keo cho phep: = 0,5 fc' 0,5. 25 2,5MPa
bh2 10.0,242
0,096 m3
6
6
P 40.155 6200kN
A 0,24.10 2,4m2
Kiem tra ng suat tai tiet dien co momen max
ML MPT
max
591,99 kN.m
6200 591,99
11163kN / m2 11,2MPa 0,6fc' 15MPa OK

2,4
0,069

218
6200 591,99
3583kN / m2 3,6MPa 0,5 fc' 2,5MPa No!
2,4
0,096
V momen tren la momen tnh tai tam cot nen kha ln nen kiem tra se khong
thoa ng suat keo cho phep, theo tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 th phai kiem tra tai
mat cot va momen la lay tai mat cot. Vi cot gia tiet dien 700x700 mm, do o
phai lay noi lc cach tam mot oan 350mm va ket qua nh sau:
Hnh 9.19: ieu chnh noi lc tai mat cot
Kiem tra lai ng suat nen vi MD ML MPT
max
450kN.m
6200
450
7271kN.m2 7,3MPa 0,6fc' 15MPa

2,4
0,096

OK
219
Kiem tra ng suat keo
6200
450
2104 kN.m2 2,1MPa 0,5 fc' 2,5MPa OK
2,4
0,096
Xet to hp 2
1.0 *DL 0.3 *LL 1.0 *PT
Trong o,
DL la tnh tai tieu chuan;
PT la tai trong do ng lc trc gay ra sau khi tr tong ton hao ng suat;
LL la hoat tai tieu chuan.
Hnh 9.20: Momen do 1.0 *DL 0.3 *LL 1.0 *PT lay nhp tai mat cot
ng suat nen cho phep: 0,45fc' 0,45.25 11,25MPa
ng suat keo cho phep: 0,5 fc' 0,5. 25 2,5MPa
Momen ln nhat MD ML MPT
max
450,95kN.m
Tng t nh tren chung ta phai lay ket qua momen tai mat cot va ket qua:

220
Hnh 9.21: ieu chnh noi lc tai mat cot
Ket qua momen ln nhat tai mat cot MD ML MPT
max
329 kN.m
6200 329
6010kN / m2 6MPa 0,45fc' 11,25MPa

2,4
0,096
OK
6200
329
844kN / m2 0,844MPa 0,5 fc' 2,5MPa OK
2,4
0,096

221
9.8. TNH TOAN COT THEP THNG GIA CNG

a)
Tai cac goi ta truc A, B, C, D
vung chu momen am tren goi ta, dien tch cot thep toi thieu moi phng la:
As=0,00075Acf , trong o Acf la tiet dien mat cat ngang ln nhat cua dai dam ban
trong 2 khung tng ng. Do o:
ASmin 0,00075.Acf 0,00075. 240.10000 1800mm2

Lng
cot
thep
gia
cng
tren
bo
tr
trong
khoang
ln
hn
c 2.1,5.h 700 2.1.5.240 1420mm . Do o:
Chon 1514@100 (As=2464mm).

b)
Tai cac nhp
vung momen dng, khi ng suat keo trong be tong tai giai s dung vt qua
0,17 fc' nhng khong ln hn 0,5 fc' ham lng cot thep thng toi thieu la:
As
Nc
0,5fy
Trong o,
Nc-lc keo trong be tong giai oan s dung. fy-gii han chay cua cot thep
thng, lay khong ln hn 420 Mpa

ng suat keo trong be tong
6200 342,52
985kN.m2 0,985MPa
2,4
0,096
0,17 fc' 0,17 25 0,85MPa

0,5 fc' 0,5. 25 2,5MPa

222
0,17 fc' 0,85MPa 0,985MPa 0,5 fc' 2,5MPa

Theo ACI 318M-08 [31] th yeu cau at thep toi thieu tai cac nhp A s
Nc
0,5fy
Ta co: fc=11,2 Mpa, ft=2,38 Mpa, fy=295 Mpa va h=240m
fc h y
11,2 240 y
y 42mm
ft
y
2,38
y
Nc 2,38.
Nen A s
42
.10000 499800N
2
Nc
499800
3388mm2 34cm2
0,5fy 0,5.295
Chon 3412 (As = 38 cm2) khoang cach @300mm.

9.9. KIEM TRA NT
V theo tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 san betong LT theo hai phng c thiet ke
theo nhom U vi ft 0,5 fc' .
Nh a tnh toan tren th thoa man ieu kien ve ng suat cho phep ft 0,5 fc' ,
do o khong can kiem tra vi nt va ong thi khi tnh o vong cung vi tiet dien
khong nt.

223
9.10. KIEM TRA KHA NANG CHU LC

a)
Tnh toan noi lc trang thai gii han
- Tnh toan giai oan ti han vi cac to hp sau:

1.2 *DL 1.6 *LL 1.0 *HPT
1.4 *DL 1.0 *HPT
Trong o,
DL- tnh tai tieu chuan;
PT- tai trong do ng lc trc gay ra sau khi tr tong ton hao ng suat;
LL- hoat tai tieu chuan;
HPT- thanh phan th cap cua ng lc trc .
Trong o thanh phan phan th cap HPT c tnh nh sau:

Nh a trnh bay ky chng 2 th cac momen th cap nay c tao ra bi cac
phan lc gay ra tai cac goi dam va chung khong phu thuoc vao cac tai trong at
gia cac goi nen ng momen th cap luon luon la ng than g gia cac goi.
Va cach n gian e tnh momen th cap la ta lay momen can bang cua cap tr
cho thanh phan s cap th ta se thu c thanh phan th cap, M2 Mbal Fe
Trong o, Mbal - momen cua ng lc trc tai giai oan s dung (lay tai mat cot
thc), F - lc keo cang cua cap tai giai oan s dung, e o lech tam cua cap ,
M2 thanh phan momen th cap cua cap ng lc trc.
Bang 9.5: Bang tnh momen th cap
Truc
F(kN)
6200
6200
6200
6200
6200
6200
e(mm)
45
45
45
45
F.e (kN.m)
279
279
279
279
Mbal (kN.m)
117.45
430.04
432.78
432.78
430.04
117.45
M2=Mbal-F.e(kN.m)
117.45
151.04
153.78
153.78
151.04
117.45

224
Sau ay la la bieu o momen do thanh phan th cap:
Hnh 9.22: Momen th cap

Sau khi tnh c thanh phan momen th cap, chung ta tien hanh to hp momen
lai nh 2 bang sau:
Bang 9.6: Bang to hp momen cho trng hp 1,2*DL+1,6*LL+1,0*HPT
MOMEN
NHP AB
NHP BC
NHP CD
(kN-m)
GOI
NHP
GOI
GOI
NHP
GOI
GOI
NHP
GOI
MD
-94.50
471.08
-668.89
-591.05
257.62
-591.05
-668.89
471.08
-94.50
ML
-75.23
117.77
-189.46
-166.91
64.41
-166.89
-189.46
117.77
-75.23
MHYP
117.45
134.25
151.04
153.78
153.78
153.78
151.04
134.25
117.45
MU
-116.32
887.97
-954.76
-822.54
565.98
-822.50
-954.76
887.97 -116.32
Bang 9.7: Bang to hp momen cho trng hp 1,4*DL+1,0*HPT

NHP AB
MOMEN
(kN-m)
GOI
NHP
MD
-94.5
471.08
MHYP
MU
117.45 134.245
NHP BC
GOI
GOI
NHP
NHP CD
GOI
GOI
NHP
GOI
-94.5
-668.89 -591.05
257.62
-591.05 -668.89
471.08
151.04
153.78
153.78
134.245 117.45
153.78
151.04
-14.85 793.757 -785.41 -673.69 514.448 -673.69 -785.41 793.757 -14.85
Ket luan
T 2 ban to hp noi lc tren ta thay trng hp 1.2 *DL 1.6 *LL 1.0 *HPT la
nguy hiem nhat. Do o ch can kiem tra va tnh toan ieu kien kha nang chu lc
vi trng hp nay la u.

225
b)
Kiem tra ieu kien am bao kha nang chu lc
0,85f'c
a/2
c
0,85f'cab
dp
Aps
As
ps
Apsfps
Asfy
(b)
(a)
(c)

ieu kien am bao kha nang chu lc cua cau kien theo ACI 318M-08 :
Mu Mn fpsAps dp 0,5a
fy A s d 0,5a
Trong o,
a=
Aps fps +A s fy
0,85fc'b
la he so giam o ben,=0,9;
Aps 40.140 5600mm2
fps la ng suat trong thep LT gan at ti cng o gii han cua no tai iem pha
hoai cua dam chu uon va c tnh theo cong thc sau:
A f
fps fpu 1 p ps pu'

1 bdpfc
Trong o,
p= 0,4 cho si va cap ( stress-relieved): (fpy / fpu =0,9 0,85);
0,85 (fc' 30MPa) .

226
T nhng cong thc tren ta co bang kiem tra cng o chu lc cac iem nguy
hiem nh sau:
Bang 9.8: Bang kiem tra kha nang chu lc
TIET DIEN
NGUY HIEM
f'c
fy
As
dp
fps
Mn
Mu
(MPa) (MPa) (mm2) (mm) (mm) (MPa) (mm) (kN.m) (kN.m)
KIEM TRA
GOI B va C
25
295
2464
203
165 1638.98 46.61 1170.96 954.76
OK
NHP AB va CD
25
295
3167
204
185 1662.87 48.22 1364.83 887.97
OK
Ket luan
at thep 1614@100 goi va 12@300 nhp u kha nang chu lc.
9.11. KIEM TRA KHA NANG CHU CAT CUA SAN
a)
Tnh lc cat ti han
Hnh 9.24: Bieu o lc cat do tnh tai
Hnh 9.25: Bieu o lc cat do hoat tai

227

NHP AB
LC CAT
NHP BC
NHP CD
(kN)
VD
-327.48
443.84
-384.76
384.76
443.84
-327.48
VL
-81.97
110.96
-96.19
96.19
110.96
-81.97
VHYP
1.68
1.68
0.00
0.00
-1.68
-1.68
VU
-522.45
711.82
-615.62
615.62
708.46
-525.81

NHP AB
LC CAT
NHP BC
NHP CD
(kN)
VD
-327.48
443.84
-384.76
384.76
443.84
-327.48
VHYP
1.68
1.68
0.00
0.00
-1.68
-1.68
VU
-456.79
623.056
-538.66
538.664
619.697
-460.15
T ban to hp noi lc ta lay tiet dien vi lc cat nguy hiem nhat tai
cot bien la vu 522,54kN va tai cot gia vu 711,82kN .
b)
Kiem tra lc cat
Hnh 9.26: S phan bo ng suat cat trong cot gia va cot bien

228
Cong thc kiem tra lc cat: Vu Vc

Trong o,
Vc p fc' 0,3fpc
v u v u(CD)
Vu vMu
C
Ac
Jc AB
- he so giam o ben chong cat, =0,75.
c)
Kiem tra choc thung tai cot bien A
Lc cat tai cot: vu 522,54kN

Momen tai cot: Mu 116,32kN.m
Xac nh he so v
Tai cot bien mot phan cua tong momen c truyen ti cot do o lech tam cua
mat cat ti han vi truc theo ty le v 1 f 1
1
2 b1
1
3 b2
va mat cat ti han
lay tai v tr d/2 t mat cot.

Trong o, d la chieu cao lam viec cua cau kien;
d min(0,8hs ,dt ) 0,8.240 192mm

dt 240 30 14 196mm
c1 500mm
c2 500mm

229
b1=c2 +d=500+192/2=596mm
b2 =c2 +d=500+192=692mm
v 1 f 1
1
2 b1
1
3 b2
1
2 596
1
3 692
0,38
Xac nh v u
Ac b0 .d (b1 2b2 ).d (596 2.692).192 380160mm3
CCD
b1(b1 b2 ) 596.(596 692)
407mm
2b1 b2
2.596 692
CAB b1 CCD 596 407 189mm
(c1 d/2)d3 2d 3
3
Jc
(CAB CCD
) (c2 d)dC2AB
6
6
500 192 / 2 .1923 2.192
1893 4073 500 192 .192.1892

6
6
10
4
1,02.10 mm
Vu(AB)
Vu vMu
522,54.103 0,38.116,32.10
.189 1,37MPa
Ac
Jc AB
380160
1,02.1010
Xac nh v c
Vc p fc' 0,3fpc
p min 3,5 va 0,083 s 1,5
b0

230
Trong o,
s 30 cho cot bien;
30.192
p 0,083 s 1,5 0,083

1,5 0,296
2784
b0
Chon p 0,296
fpc
P
6200000
2,5 8MPa
Ac 240.10000
Vc p fc' 0,3fpc 0,296. 25 0,3.2,58 2,254MPa

Kiem tra lc cat
Vu 1,37MPa Vc 0,75.2,254 1,69MPa
Ket luan: San u kha nang chu cat cot bien.

d)
Kiem tra choc thung tai cot gia
Lc cat tai cot: vu 711,82kN

Momen khong can bang tai cot:
Mu 132,22kN.m
Xac nh he so v
d min(0,8hs ,dt ) 0,8.240 192mm

dt 240 30 14 196mm
c1 700mm
c2 700mm
b1=c1+d=700+192=892mm
b2 =c2 +d=700+192=892mm
231
v 1 f 1
1
2 b1
3 b2
1
1
2 892
3 892
0,4
Xac nh vu
Ac b0 .d (2b1 2b2 ).d (2.892 2.892).192 685056mm3
CCD CAB
b1 892
446mm
2
2
d(c1 d)3 d3 (c1 d) d(c2 d)(c1 d)2

Jc
6
6
2
3
3
192.(700 192)
192 .(700 192) 192.(700 192).(700 192)2 )
6
6
2
10
4
9,16.10 mm
6
Vu(AB)
V
M
711,82.103 0,4.132,22.10
u v u CAB
.446 1,29 MPa

Ac
Jc
685056
9,16.1010
Xac nh vc
Vc p fc' 0,3fpc
p min 3,5 va 0,083 s 1,5
b0
Trong o,
s 40 cho cot bien;
40.192
p 0,083 s 1,5 0,083

1,5 0,285
3968
b0
Chon p 0,285

232
fpc
P
6200000
2,5 8MPa
Ac 240.10000
Vc p fc' 0,3fpc 0,285. 25 0,3.2,58 2,2MPa

Kiem tra lc cat
Vu 1,29MPa Vc 0,75.2,2 1,65MPa
Ket luan
San u kha nang chu cat tai cot gia.
9.12. KIEM TRA O VONG CHO SAN
o vong toan phan bang:
f f1 f2 f3
Trong o,
f1 - o vong do tac dung ngan han cua toan bo tai trong;
f2 - o vong do tac dung ngan han cua tai trong dai han;
f3 - o vong do tac dung dai han cua tai trong dai han.

233
Hnh 9.27: Cac thanh phan o vong

Do chieu day san sinh vien a chon ln hn theo yeu cau toi thieu e thoa o
vong trong tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 va theo Bijan O Alami [37] th trong trng
1
1
hp san ng lc trc c chon trong khoang
Ln (vi Ln la chieu dai

40 45
cua nhp tnh t mep cot en mep cot) th khong can phai kiem tra o vong.
Tuy nhien e co tnh thc hanh va minh hoa cho phan c s ly thuyet a neu
muc 3.6. cua o an. Sinh vien xin trnh bay cach kiem tra mot cach gan ung
cho san ng lc trc nh sau:
Trong trng hp cac o san co kch thc bang nhau va san khong co dam bien
th o vong ln nhat ri vao o ban bien. Do o sinh vien se tnh o vong cho o
ban nay co kch thc 10mx10m nh Hnh 9.28.

234
10000
30000
10000
10000
Osa
n ca
n
kie
m tra
ovo
ng
x
10000
10000
10000
60000
10000
10000
10000
Hnh 9.28 V tr o ban can kiem tra o vong

a)
Tnh thanh phan o vong ngan han do toan bo tai trong tai gia o ban
Toan bo tai trong tac dung len san D+LL+PT

Trong o, D: tnh tai tieu chuan; LL: hoat tai tieu chuan; PT: tai trong can bang
cua cap.
Nen: Wnet = 100 54 = 46 kN/m
o vong cua dai ban do tai trong tieu chuan khi coi hai au ngam chat dai cot
tren phng y:
f0
w.L4
46.100004.12
4,4mm
384.Ec .Ics 384.23500.10000.2403
Coi mot cach gan ung (theo s phan bo cap), dai tren cot chiem 60% dai gia
nhp chiem 40% momen cho toan ban. o vong cua dai tren cot va giai gia nhp
theo phng y la nh sau:
f1 f0
cy
Mc .Ec .Ics
4,4.0,6.2 5,28mm
Mfr .Ec .Ic

235
f1 f0
my
Mc .Ec .Ics
4,4.0,4.2 3,52mm
Mfr .Ec .Ic
Tuy nhien do hai au cua dai ban phai chu mot goc xoay nen gia dai ban co
them thanh phan o vong do goc xoay nay gay ra (coi gan ung rang goc xoay
cua au dai tren cot cung bang goc xoay cua au dai gia nhp va bang goc xoay
trung bnh cua cot ec ). Do o:
2
fcx2 fmx
1 '
1
ec ''ec L 2,84.104 0,89.104 .10000 0,466 mm
8
8
Trong o,
Goc xoay tai A
MA
184,72.105

2,84.104 rad
6
3
Kec 2,764.10 .23,5.10
'
ec
Goc xoay tai B
MB (591,99 483,62).105

0,89.104 rad
6
3
Kec
5,16.10 .23,5.10
''
ec
MA va MB lan lt la momen khong can bang cua khung tng ng cua khung
truc 2 tai truc A va truc B.
Hnh 9.29 Bieu o momen do tai trong gay uon D+LL+PT

236
V vay:
fcy 5,28 0,466 5,7mm

fmy 3,52 0,466 4mm
Trong trng hp o ban goc la hnh vuong nen o vong cua cac dai theo
phng x cung bang vi phng y. Do o, o vong tai gia o ban tnh theo cong
thc:
f1 fcx fmy fmx fcy 5,7 4 9,7mm
b)
Tnh thanh phan o vong ngan han do tai dai han tai gia o ban
Theo tieu chuan TCVN 2737 : 1995 [2] th hoat tai dai han bang 50% hoat tai
toan phan.
Khi o tai trong dai han bang D+0,5.LL+PT
Trong o,
D: tnh tai tieu chuan;
LL: hoat tai tieu chuan;
PT: tai trong can bang cua cap.
Nen: Wnet = 80 + 0,5.20 - 54 = 36 kN/m
Thanh phan o vong ngan han 2 do tai trong dai han:
f2
36
.9,7 7,6 mm
46
c)
Tnh thanh phan o vong dai han do tai trong dai han tai gia o ban
Thanh phan o vong dai han 2 do tac dung cua tai trong dai han

237
f2 Cc .fe,sus 2.7,6 15,2mm
Lay he so ke en t bien la Cc = 2.
d)
Kiem tra o vong cua san
o vong toan phan gia o ban

f f1 f2 f3 9,7 7,6 15,2 17,3mm
o vong gii han cua san theo muc 9.5.2 cua tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 [31]
L
10000
f
21mm
480
480
Vay chieu day san a chon la thoa o vong cho phep theo tieu chuan
ACI 318M-08.
9.13. TRIEN KHAI BAN VE
Ket qua tnh toan san phang ng lc trc:
So cap
40 cap/be rong
dai san 10m
Thep gia cng
o vong san
Nt cua san
17 mm
Khong nt
Lp tren tai au cot 14 @100.

Lp di 12 @300 chay suot.
Lp tren 12 @300 chay suot.
Ban ve trien khai: xem ban ve KC-01, KC-02 trang cuoi o an.

238
PHNG AN 2: THIET KE SAN BE TONG COT THEP KHONG NG LC TRC

TCXDVN 356:2005
Ket cau be tong va be tong cot thep- Tieu chuan thiet ke
[1].
9.14.2. Vat lieu
Be tong cap o ben B30: Rb=17 MPa, Rbt=1,2 Mpa.
Thep AII (10): Rs=280 Mpa, Rsc=280 Mpa, Rsc=225 Mpa.
9.14.3. Tai trong tac dung len san

Vi gia thiet, san ch chu tai trong ng. Do o tai trong tac dung len san ch
bao gom tnh tai va hoat tai.
Tnh tai tac dung len san xem Bang 8.1.
Hoat tai tac dung len san xem Bang 8.3.
9.14.4. S bo tiet dien san

Tham khao bang 9.5(c) muc 9.5 cua tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 th chieu day toi
thieu cua san phang khong ng lc trc, khong co mu cot bang
ln/36=10/36=0,28m
Chon chieu day san 300 mm.
9.15. S O TNH
Tng t phng an 1 sinh vien s dung phng phap khung tng ng e tnh
toan cho phng an 2 san khong phang be tong cot thep khong ng lc trc.

239
a)
Cac gia thiet tnh toan
Nhng o san co khoang trong cau thang, cac lo bo tr he thong ky thuat
coi nh van lien tuc, sau nay se tien hanh cac bien phap cau tao x ly.
Xem san ch chu tai trong ng (bo qua anh hng cua tai trong gio).
b)
Tnh toan tiet dien tng ng trong khung tng ng
Khung
truc 2
10000
Khung
truc 3
10000
Khung
truc 4
10000
Khung
truc 5
Khung
truc 6
5000
Khung
truc 7
5000
10000
10000
10000
60000
10000
10000
10000
Khung
truc A
10000
Khung
truc B
5000
10000
30000
10000
Khung
truc C
10000
Khung
truc 1
10000
Khung
truc D
10000
5000
10000
Hnh 9.30: Mat bang phan chia khung tng ng e tnh toan cho san
Theo phng phap khung tng ng (sinh vien trnh bay muc 3.3. cua o an
nay) th t ket cau khong gian 3 chieu ta chia thanh cac khung phang vi ng
truc cua khung trung vi ng truc cot, theo ca chieu doc lan chieu ngang nh
Hnh 9.30. Khi o khung tng ng co phan t cot bao gom hai cot tang tren
va tang di ke tiep nhau cua san va phan t dam co chieu rong tnh t tam hai
nhp ke tiep nhau, chieu cao bang chieu day san, trong trng hp san ch chu tai
ng th cot c gia thiet la ngam hai au.
Do mat bang san co nhp bang nhau va oi xng nen sinh vien tnh toan cho
khung tng ng truc 2 c ket qua bo tr thep theo phng ngang nha; tnh
khung tng ng truc B c ket qua bo tr thep theo phng doc nha.

240
3300
3300
Co
t 500x500
Co
t 700x700
Ba
n sa
n 300x10000
Co
t 700x700
10000
Co
t 500x500
10000
30000
10000
Hnh 9.31: Mat cat khung truc 2
3300
3300
Co
t 500x500
Co
t 500x500
Co
t 700x700
Ba
n sa
n 300x10000
Co
t 700x700
Co
t 700x700
10000
Co
t 500x500
10000
10000
60000
Hnh 9.32: Mat cat khung truc B

Nh a trnh bay muc 3.3.1. th do goc xoay trung bnh cua cot trong khung
tng ng ln hn so vi khung thong thng, noi cach khac o cng uon tng
ng cua cot trong khung tng ng giam i so vi o cng uon cua cot thc.
Do o tiet dien cot trong khung tng ng c tnh toan lai va ket qua nh sau
(cach tnh tng t nh trong phng an san ng lc trc ):
Bang 9.11: Bang tnh ac trng tiet dien cua khung tng ng
V tr cot
Ht
Hc
Kc
Kt
Kec
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Iec
Cec
(mm4)
(mm)
Cot bien
3300 3300
500
500
6313131
2938154 4928747
2033108154
395
Cot gia
3300 3300
700
700
24252525 5145849 7699287
3175956158
442

241
Ghi chu
Kc- o cng cua cot; Kt-o cng chong xoan cua thanh phan ban; Kec o cng uon
cua cot tng ng; Iec: momen quan tnh cua cot tng ng, Cec tiet dien cot
tng ng.
3300
3300
Vay s o tnh cua khung tng truc 2 va truc B nh sau:

Co
t 395x395
Co
t 442x442
Ba
n sa
n 300x10000
Co
t 442x442
10000
10000
30000
Co
t 395x395
10000
3300
3300
Hnh 9.33: S o tnh cho khung tng ng truc 2
Co
t 395x395
Co
t 442x442
Ba
n sa
n 300x10000
10000
Co
t 442x442
Co
t 442x442
Co
t 395x395
10000
10000
60000
Hnh 9.34: S o tnh cho khung tng ng truc B

9.15.1. Cac trng hp tai trong
T tai trong phan bo tren dien tch san quy ve dang phan bo eu tren ban san
trong khung tng ng bang cach nhan vi be rong ban la 10m.
- Tnh tai tnh toan: 25.10.0,3.1,1+2,5.10= 108kN/m
- Hoat tai tnh toan: 24 kN/m

242
Nhan xet
Tham khao muc 13.7.6.3 tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 th trong trng hp hoat tai
ln hn 75% tnh tai th mi xet en cac trng hp chat tai, trong trng hp
ngc lai th chat ay hoat tai. Do o trong trng hp nay th tnh tai gap gan 5
lan hoat tai do o sinh vien ch xet mot trng hp hoat tai chat ay. Vay tong tai
108 kN/m
108 kN/m
108 kN/m
3300
3300
trong tac dung len ban san trong khung tng ng bang 108+24=132kN/m.
10000
10000
30000
10000
24 kN/m
24 kN/m
24 kN/m
3300
3300
Hnh 9.35: S o tnh tai tnh toan tac dung vao khung tng ng truc 2
10000
10000
30000
10000
Hnh 9.36: S o hoat tai tnh toan tac dung vao khung tng ng truc 2
Trng hp tnh tai tnh toan va hoat tai tnh toan tac dung vao khung truc B
la hoan toan giong nh khung truc 2.

243
9.15.2. Xac nh noi lc

e xac nh noi lc cho khung tng ng truc 2 va truc B sinh vien s dung
phan mem Sap2000 va ket qua c nh sau:
a)
Khung tng ng truc 2
Hnh 9.37: Tai trong tac dung len khung tng ng truc 2 (TT+HT)
Hnh 9.38: Bieu o momen do tnh tai va hoat tai chat ay

Noi lc cua bieu o momen hnh tren la lay vi s o tnh vi nhp tnh toan lay
t tam cot en tam cot va momen tai goi lay tai truc tam cot. Tuy nhien s o
thc cua ket cau phai lay t mep cot en mep cot va momen goi phai lay tai mep
cot.
Trong ket cau nha cao tang, tiet dien cot kha ln nen ket qua tnh toan noi lc vi
nhp t tam cot en tam cot cho ket qua d v the sinh vien ieu chnh lai trong

244
Sap e tnh ung vi nhp thc cua ket cau t mep cot en mep cot va momen
tai goi phai lay tai mat cot. Ket qua bieu o momen c ieu chnh nh sau:
Hnh 9.39: Bieu o momen tnh vi nhp t mep cot en mep cot
Hnh 9.40: Bieu o lc cat tnh vi nhp t mep cot en mep cot
b)
Khung tng ng truc B
Hnh 9.41: Bieu o momen tnh vi nhp t mep cot en mep cot
Hnh 9.42: Bieu o lc cat tnh vi nhp t mep cot en mep cot
245
9.15.3. Tnh cot thep

Chon a = 25 mm, h0 h a 300 25 275mm .
Cot thep san c tnh theo cac cong thc trong TCVN 356:2005 cho cau kien
chu uon at cot thep n nh sau:
A s .b.h0
Rb
Rs
Trong o,
1 1 2m R
m
M
Rb .b.h02
Kiem tra ham lng thep trong san:
As
min 0,1%
b.h0
T nhng cong thc tren sinh vien lap bang tnh dien tch thep cho ban san trong
khung tng ng truc 2 va truc B nh sau:
Bang 9.12: Bang tnh dien tch thep cho ban san khung tng ng truc 2
V tr
M (kN.m)
As (cm2)
Kiem tra
Goi A va D
-342.86
0.027
0.027
45.14
0.16
OK
Nhp AB va CD
760.61
0.059
0.061
101.89
0.37
OK
Goi B va C
-1223.24
0.095
0.100
167.24
0.61
OK
Nhp BC
419.75
0.033
0.033
55.43
0.20
OK
Bang 9.13: Bang tnh dien tch thep cho ban san khung tng ng truc B
V tr
M (kN.m)
As (cm2)
Kiem tra
Goi 1 va 7
-337.98
0.026
0.027
44.49
0.16
OK
Nhp 1-2 va 6-7
753.01
0.059
0.060
100.84
0.37
OK
Goi 2 va 4
-1246.09
0.097
0.102
170.54
0.62
OK

246
V tr
M (kN.m)
As (cm2)
Kiem tra
Nhp 2-3 va 5-6
461.61
0.036
0.037
61.07
0.22
OK
Goi 3 va 5
-958.84
0.075
0.078
129.55
0.47
OK
Nhp 3-4
580.72
0.045
0.046
77.20
0.28
OK
Goi 4
-1017.88
0.079
0.083
137.89
0.50
OK
Nh a phan tch s lam viec cua san phang 2 phng th trong tnh toan san
phang 2 phng ngi ta thng chia lam cac dai tren cot (column strips) va cac
dai nhp (middle strips). S phan phoi momen am va momen dng cho cac dai
tren va dai nhp phu thuoc vao ty so l2/l1 va f l2/l1.
Trong o,
l1 la la canh cua o ban san song song vi dai san ang xet;
l2 la la canh cua o ban san song song vuong goc vi dai san ang xet;
Ecb .Ib
la he so xet trong trng hp san co dam theo 2 phng.
Ecs .Is
Tham khao muc 13.6.4 va muc 13.6.6 cua tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 th t le %
momen phan chia cho dai tren cot va dai nhp co the tom tat nh bang di ay:
Bang 9.14: Ty le % phan phoi momen cho dai cot
V tr va ieu kien
Momen am cho cac o ban gia
fl2 / l1 0
fl2 / l1 0
0,5
l2/l1
1,0
2,0
75
75
75
90
75
45
100
100
75
75
100
100
75
45
Momen am cho cac o ban nhp bien

t 0
100
fl2 / l1 0
t 2,5
75
t 0
100
fl2 / l1 1
t 2,5
90
Momen dng cho cac o ban gia va o ban nhp bien

247
0,5
l2/l1
1,0
2,0
fl2 / l1 0
60
60
60
fl2 / l1 0
90
75
45
V tr va ieu kien
Trong o an, dang ket cau cua san la san phang khong co dam bien va cac canh
cua o ban la bang nhau nen ta co f l2/l1=0, l2/l1=1, t 0 . Tra Bang 9.14 ta
c ket qua nh sau:
Phan phoi momen am
O ban gia: 75% momen cho dai tren cot va 25% con lai cho dai nhp.
O ban bien: 100% cho dai cot.
Phan phoi momen dng
Phan phoi 60% momen cho dai cot va 40% con lai cho dai nhp oi vi ca
o ban bien va o ban gia.

Da vao ty le phan phoi momen tren, chung ta phan phoi dien tch thep cua
ban san be rong 10m trong khung tng ng a tnh toan Bang 9.12 va
Bang 9.13 thanh 2 dai san, dai tren cot va dai nhp vi be rong 5m.
Ket qua nh sau:
Bang 9.15: Phan phoi dien tch thep cho ban san khung tng ng truc 2
V tr
Phan phoi cho dai cot

s
As
Thep chon
(cm2/ 5m) (cm2/m)
a
As
(cm) (cm2)
Phan phoi cho dai nhp

s
As
Thep chon
(cm2/ 5m) (cm2/m)
a
As
(cm) (cm2)
Goi A va D
45.14
9.03
16 200
10.05
0.00
Nhp AB va CD
61.13
12.23 16 150
13.40
40.76
8.15
16 250
8.04
Goi B va C
125.43
25.09 18 100
25.45
41.81
8.36
16 250
8.04
Nhp BC
33.26
6.65
6.70
22.17
4.43
12 250
4.52

16 300
Cau tao 12 300
3.77
248
Bang 9.16: Phan phoi dien tch thep cho ban san khung tng ng truc B
V tr
Phan phoi cho dai cot

s
As
Thep chon
(cm2/ 5m) (cm2/m)
a
As
(cm) (cm2)
Phan phoi cho dai nhp

s
As
Thep chon
(cm2/ 5m) (cm2/m)
a
As
(cm) (cm2)
Goi 1 va 7
44.49
8.90
16 200
10.05
0.00
Cau tao 12 300
3.77
Nhp 1-2 va 6-7
60.50
12.10 16 150
13.40
40.34
8.07
16 250
8.04
Goi 2 va 4
127.90
25.58 18 100
25.45
42.63
8.53
16 250
8.04
Nhp 2-3 va 5-6
36.64
7.33
16 250
8.04
24.43
4.89
12 200
5.65
Goi 3 va 5
97.16
19.43 16 100
20.11
32.39
6.48
16 300
6.70
Nhp 3-4
46.32
9.26
16 200
10.05
30.88
6.18
16 300
6.70
Goi 4
103.41
20.68 16 100
20.11
34.47
6.89
16 300
6.70
Ghi chu: v e co ket qua so sanh kha quan vi phng an 1 nen sinh vien chon
sao cho dien tch thep la gan vi dien tch thep tnh toan nhat. Do o trong
trng hp nay viec bo tr thep vi cac khoang cach khac nhau va nhieu loa i
thep trong mot san se gay kho khan cho thi cong. Tuy nhien phai chap nhan e
c ket qua so sanh 2 phng an san la chnh xac nhat.
9.15.4. Kiem tra kha nang chu cat cua ban san
Nh a trnh bay chng 3 phan 1 cua o an nay th trong ban san 2 phng ta
ch can kiem tra vi trng hp san b pha hoai do lc cat hai phng hay con goi
la pha hoai do xuyen thung.
Theo muc 6.2.5.4 cua TCXDVN 356-2005 [1], ket cau dang ban (khong at cot
thep ngang) chu tac dung cua lc phan bo eu tren mot dien tch han che can
c tnh toan chong nen thung theo ieu kien:

249
F Rbt um h0
Trong o,
F la lc nen thung;
la he so, oi vi be tong nang: = 1,0;
um la gia tr trung bnh cua chu vi ay tren va ay di thap nen thung hnh
thanh khi b nen thung, trong pham vi chieu cao lam viec cua tiet dien.
Khi xac nh um va F gia thiet rang s nen thung xay ra theo mat nghieng cua
thap co ay nho la dien tch chu tac dung cua lc nen thung, con cac mat ben
nghieng mot goc 45o so vi phng ngang.
a)
Kiem tra kha nang choc thung cua ban san tai v tr cot bien
Kch thc tiet dien cot bien 500x500mm

Trung bnh chu vi cua hai ay tren va ay di thap nen thung um
um 2bc 2hc 2h0 2.500 2.500 2.275 2550mm
Lc gay xuyen thung

F (g p).l1.l2 (10,8 2,4).10.5 660kN
Trong o,
g la tnh tai tnh toan;
p la hoat tai tnh;
l1 va l2 la canh cua dien tch truyen tai vao cot.
Kha nang chong xuyen thung cua san: Rbt um h0 1.1,2.2550.275.103 842kN

250
Vay tai v tr cot bien san u kha nang chu cat.
b)
Kiem tra kha nang choc thung cua ban san tai v tr cot gia
Kch thc tiet dien cot bien 700x700mm.

Trung bnh chu vi cua hai ay tren va ay di thap nen thung um :
um 2bc 2hc 4h0 2.700 2.700 4.275 3900mm
Lc gay xuyen thung : F (g p).l1.l2 (10,8 2,4).10.10 1320kN

Kha nang chong xuyen thung cua san: Rbt um h0 1.1,2.3900.275.103 1287kN
Vay tai v tr cot gia san u kha nang chu cat.
Ket luan : chieu day san a chon thoa man kha nang chu cat.
9.15.5. Kiem tra o vong cua san
o vong gii han cua san theo muc 9.5.2 cua tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 318M-08
L
f
480
o vong gii han cua san theo bang 4 tieu chuan TCXDVN 356-2005
L
f
(trng hp L>7,5 m)
250
Nhan xet:
o vong gii han theo tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 quy nh nho hn rat nhieu so vi
TCXDVN 318-2005. Do o trong trng hp nay, sinh vien a chon chieu day san

251
theo ieu kien khong che o vong cua tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 th khong can
kiem tra lai theo TCXDVN 356-2005.
Tuy nhien e co ket qua so sanh sinh vien kiem tra o vong san thng theo muc
7.4.3 tieu chuan TCXDVN 356-2005 oi vi san co xuat hien vet nt vung chu
keo nh sau:
Theo [1] bang C.1. o vong gii han cua san
L
10000
f = max =
= 40 mm ;
250 250
Khi tnh toan chuyen v xem san la o ban n, cat moi dai co be rong 1m song
song vi phng cua canh san, xem o vong cua san nh o vong cua dam n
gian co kch thc 1m nay.
Theo [16] tap 2, muc 6.3.2, co cong thc sau.
f=
1 2
l ;
r
Mat khac, theo [16] tap 2, muc 6.2.6
1 M
=
r B
Vi M la momen ln nhat tac dung len cau kien va B la o cng chong uon cua
tiet dien be tong.
ong thi theo [1] phu luc F
5
;
48
f=
5Ml2
;
48B

252
Trong o,
hoZ1
s
b
Es A s Eb Ab
Trong o,
Es, Eb - mo un an hoi cua thep va be tong;
As dien tch cot thep chu lc;
Ab dien tch quy oi cua vung be tong chu nen, Ab (f )bho
s he so xet en s lam viec cua cot thep, s
S a
1;
1 a
Gia tr S va lay theo bang sau:

Bang 9.17: Bang lay S va ng vi cac trng hp tnh toan
Trng hp tnh toan
Tnh vi tac dung ngan han cua tai trong
Tnh vi tac dung dai han cua tai trong
ng vi tac dung cua tai trong
a =
Cot co g
Cot trn
Cot co g
Cot trn
S
0.40
0.60
0.80
0.65
1.00
0.65
0.85
1.00
0.9
1.00
Rsw
Rb.ser
Trong o,
=
As
bho
ham lng cot thep trong be tong
Rsc cng o chu keo tieu chuan cua cot thep

253
Rbt cng o chu keo tieu chuan cua be tong

b =0.9 he so xet en s lam viec cua be tong
la he so ac trng trang thai an deo cua betong vung nen, phu thuoc
vao o am moi trng, tnh chat dai han va ngan han cua tai trong, =0.15 oi
vi tai trong dai han, =0.45 oi vi tai trong ngan han trong moi trng co o
am ln hn 40%.
h'f
f + 2
h
h
Z la canh tay on noi lc, Z= 1- 0
2 + 0
f
hf = 2a la oi vi cau kien ch nhat;
: Chieu cao vung chu nen tng oi cua betong c tnh nh sau:
=
x
=
ho
1+5 +
10
1.5+ f
e
11.5 s,tot 5
h0
So hang th 2 cua cong thc tren lay dau + khi co lc nen trc, ngc lai lay
dau - khi co lc keo trc, do tnh toan cho cau kien chu uon nen so hang th 2
nay bang 0.
f c xac nh theo cong thc
b' b h' 2 A
f
'
s
bh0
Trong o,
he so lay bang 1.8 oi vi betong nang, bang 1.6 oi vi be tong nhe;

254
Es
Eb
Mtc
2
bh0Rb.ser
h'
f 1 f
2h0
ee,tot o lech tam cua lc doc Ntot oi vi trong tam tiet dien cot thep, tng
ng vi no la momen M. (Do tnh theo cau kien chu uon nen cho es,tot 0 );
As dien tch cot thep cang trc , As = 0;
b'b phan chieu cao chu nen cua canh tiet dien ch I, T , b'b 0 ;
Tai trong tieu chuan tac dung len san theo [2] nh sau:
Tai trong thng xuyen g = 2+7,5 = 9,5 kN/m2;
Hoat tai toan phan q = 2 kN/m2;
Hoat tai dai han q = 1 kN/m2
Tai trong tam thi ngan han q = 0.75 kN/m 2;
Do o:
Toan bo tai trong
p = 9,5 + 2 = 11,5 kN/m2;
Tai thng xuyen va tai trong tam thi dai han
p = 9,5 + 1 = 10,5 kN/m2;
ay xet o ban co kch thc ln nhat 10mx10m, xem o san la ban ke 4 canh,
noi lc xac nh theo s o an hoi oi vi o ban n lien tuc.

255
MI = m11.P
MII = m12.P
Tra bang m = m11 = m12 = 0.0365
Bang 9.18: Bang tnh o vong san theo tieu chuan TCXDVN 356 -2005
Gia tr
f1
f2
f3
p (kN/m2)
11.5
10.5
10.5
l1 (m)
10
10
10
l2 (m)
10
10
10
P (kN)
0.0365
0.0365
0.0365
1150
1050
1050
M (kN.m/m)
41.975
38.325
38.325
b (mm)
1000
1000
1000
h (mm)
300
300
300
a (mm)
25
25
25
a' (mm)
25
25
25
h0 (mm)
275
275
275
0.45
0.45
0.15
As (mm2)
1130
1130
1130
As' (mm2)
452
452
452
Es (MPa)
210000
210000
210000
Eb (MPa)
30000
30000
30000
Rbt,ser (MPa)
1.8
1.8
1.8
Rb,ser (MPa)
22
22
22
7.000
7.000
7.000
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.03463
0.02984
0.02984
0.0
0.0
0.0

256
0.00502
0.00491
0.00491
0.18659
0.18643
0.17217
z(mm)
206
210
214
1.1
1.1
0.8
Ared (mm )
261074
261074
261074
x (mm)
128
128
128
Ibo (mm4)
692115826
691130069
691130069
Iso (mm4)
10725471
11868651
11868651
I'so (mm4)
4755807
5224856
5224856
Sbo (mm3)
7493901
7501321
7501321
Wpl (mm3)
20571081
20740213
20740213
(MPa)
40
40
40
Ib (mm4)
611625580
612534228
612534228
I'b (mm4)
692115826
691130069
691130069
Ired (mm4)
1412110355
1423318849
1423318849
Wred (mm3)
11534524
11620326
11620326
rpl (mm)
44
45
45
Mrp (kNm)
0.81
0.88
0.88
0.36
0.28
0.54
0.9
0.9
0.9
B (Nmm2)
1542+E10
1846+E10
784+E10
f (mm)
17.54
13.95
30.82
ls
2
o vong tong cong la

f = f1 f2 + f3 = 17,54 13,95+ 30,82 = 34.41mm
Vay f = 34.41< [f] = 40 mm

257
9.16. SO SANH VA LA CHON PHNG AN TOI U

Viec anh gia la chon phng an toi u phai da tren anh gia toan bo cong
trnh qua cac ch tieu ky thuat, tnh kinh te ve ca chi ph thi cong va vat lieu ket
cau va tnh kha thi cua phng an, yeu cau cong nghe.
Trong o an sinh vien ch so sanh qua 3 ch tieu: ch tieu ve ket cau (nt, vong
cua san), ch tieu kinh te ve phng dien chi ph vat lieu cho phan ket cau phan
san va so sanh ve thi gian va ieu kien thi cong.
1. So sanh ve ch tieu ket cau
Ch tieu ket cau
Phng an
san ng lc trc
Phng an
san be tong cot thep
Ghi chu
thng
o vong
17 mm
34 mm
Nt cua san
Khong cho phep nt
Cho phep nt
0,6 T/m2
0,75 T/m2
Tai trong tren

1m2 san
Chenh lech
20%
So sanh tai trong truyen xuong mong

Trong toan bo chi ph cho cong trnh th chi ph cho phan mong la ln nhat. Do
o trong trng hp chon giai phap san ng lc trc th se giam tai trong truyen
xuong mong, cu the nh sau:
Tai trong tnh tren 1 m2 san:
San ng lc trc: 0,6 T/m2
San be tong cot thep thng: 0,75 T/m2

258
Nhan vi so tang th c tai trong truyen xuong mong tnh tren 1 m 2 san (10
tang):
San ng lc trc: 6 T/m2
San be tong cot thep thng: 7,5 T/m2
Chenh lech gia 2 phng an san (7,5-6)/7,5 =20%.

Trong trng hp dien tch truyen tai xuong mong 10 x 10 = 100 m 2 th giam tai
trong truyen xuong mong khoang (7,5-6).100 = 150 T giam 150/750 =
20%
so vi phng an san be tong cot thep thng.

2. So sanh ve vat lieu
Ket qua thong ke vat lieu s dung cho hai phng an san nh sau:
Bang 9.19: Vat lieu s dung cho phng an san ng lc trc
Bang 9.20: Vat lieu s dung cho phng an san be tong cot thep

259
Bang 9.21: Bang so sanh chi tieu vat lieu cua 2 phng an san
Vat lieu
Khoi lng be tong/

2
1m san
Khoi lng thep
2
thng/ 1m san
San phang
San phang
chenh lech % so vi
ng lc trc
BTCT thng
san BTCT thng
0,59 T/m2
0,74 T/m2
20,27%
10,45 kG/m2
31,68 kG/m2
15,7%
Khoi lng cap ng

2
lc trc/ 1m san
8,55 kG/m2
Ghi chu:
Lay gia cap + ong kem + au neo bang 2 lan gia thep thng. Khi o quy khoi
lng cap, ong kem va au neo ve khoi lng thep thng bang 8,5x.2 + 10,45
= 27,55 kG/m2 . Do o co the tnh c chenh lech phan tram cua phng an san
ng lc trc so vi san be tong cot thep thng bang (27,55 -32,68)/32,68 =
15,7 %.
3.
So sanh ve phng dien thi gian thi cong va ieu kien thi cong
- Ve thi gian thi cong th phng an san ng lc trc cho phep thao d cop pha
sm hn do o thi gian c rut ngan hn.
- Ve phng dien ieu kien thi cong th phng an san ng lc trc oi hoi yeu
cau ky thuat cao hn, cac cong ty phai co kinh nghiem trong lnh vc ng lc
trc mi co the am nhiem.

260
T nhng ly do tren cho thay phng an san ng lc trc la phng an san toi
u hn ve mat ket cau, chi ph vat lieu va thi gian thi cong.
Do o sinh vien chon phng an san ng lc trc la phng an san chnh cho
cong trnh.

261
CHNG 10.
TNH TOAN THIET KE KET CAU KHUNG

TRUC 2

a) Tieu chuan thiet ke
TCXDVN 356:2005
Ket cau be tong va be tong cot thep- Tieu chuan thiet ke
[1].
b) Chon vat lieu s dung
Be tong cap o ben B30: Rb=17 MPa, Rbt=1,2 Mpa.
Thep AIII (10): Rs=355 Mpa, Rsc=355 Mpa, Rsc=285 Mpa.
Thep AI (<10): Rs=225 Mpa, Rsc=225 Mpa, Rsc=175 Mpa.
c) Chon kch thc tiet dien cot
Theo muc 3.3.2 [3] th tiet dien cot nen chon sao cho ty so gia chieu cao thong
thuy cua tang va chieu cao tiet dien cot khong ln hn 25. Chieu rong toi thieu
cua tiet dien khong nho hn 220mm.
Hn na can c vao noi lc khi giai vi tiet dien 800x800 th sinh vien nhan thay
can phai thay oi tiet dien cot v noi lc trong khung thay oi kha ln va ot ngot.
Nguyen tac la trong mot cong trnh th khong nen thay oi qua nhieu lan v ly do
thi cong, thng th (34) tang thay oi mot lan. Sau ay la tiet dien cot s bo
cho toan bo khung truc 2:

262
Bang 10.1: Bang s bo tiet dien cot cho khung truc 2

Tang
Cot bien
Cot gia
Tang ham, tret, lng
500x600
800x800
Tang 1 3
500x500
700x700
Tang 4 mai
500x500
600x600
10.2. S O TNH TOAN

e de kiem soat, n gian nhng ket qua kha chnh xac va chap nhan c
trong o an nay sinh vien se s dung phng phap khung tng ng e n
gian bai toan ket cau khung khong gian thanh ket cau khung pha ng vi cac cot va
dam tng ng.
Phng phap khung tng ng a c sinh vien nghien trnh bay cu the
muc 3.3.1. trang 94 cua o an nay.
V mat bang cong trnh co cac khung ngang giong nhau va nhp la eu nhau,
ong thi so khung doc gap oi so khung ngang nen co the n gian xem nh
cong trnh lam viec nh khung phang. Do o ch can tnh mot khung tng ng
theo phng ngang nha (khung truc 2).
10000
30000
10000
10000
Khung
truc 2
10000
Vtr khung tng

ng ca
n tnh
10000
10000
10000
60000
10000
10000
10000
Hnh 10.1: V tr khung tng ng can tnh toan

263
3300
Cot 500x500
3300
Cot 500x500
3300
Cot 500x500
3300
Cot 500x500
3300
Cot 500x500
3300
Cot 500x500
3300
Cot 500x500
3300
Cot 500x500
3300
Cot 500x600
4000
Cot 500x600
4300
Dam 240x10000
Cot 500x600
Dam 240x10000
Dam 240x10000
Dam 240x10000
Dam 240x10000
Dam 240x10000
Dam 240x10000
Dam 240x10000
Dam 240x10000
Dam 240x10000
Cot 600x600
Cot 600x600
Cot 600x600
Cot 600x600
Cot 600x600
Cot 700x700
Cot 700x700
Cot 700x700
Cot 800x800
Cot 800x800
Dam 240x10000
10000
Cot 800x800
10000
30000
10000
Hnh 10.2: S o ket cau khung truc truc 2

Nh a trnh bay muc 3.3.1. trang 94 cua o an nay th khi s dung phng
phap khung tng ng theo tieu chuan ACI 318M-08 e mo hnh cho ket cau th
phai tach ri khung tnh toan khi chu tai trong ngang va khung tnh toan khi chu
tai trong ng. V do kha nang chu lc cua cot va san theo 2 trng hp la khac
nhau. Do o tiet dien quy oi tng ng trong khung tng ng vi 2 trng
hp la khac nhau (chi tiet xem muc 3.3.1. trang 94).

264
Tuy nhien theo tieu chuan BS81010 va Erocode 2 th cho phep s dung khung
thc vi tiet dien cot va san la tiet dien cua ket cau e mo ta cho khung chu ca
tai trong ngang va tai trong ng.
e n gian trong tnh toan va de dang giai quyet bai toan ve mo hnh ong thi
nen mong va cong trnh chng sau sinh vien chon mo hnh khung tng ng
theo BS81010 va Erocode 2.
e de kiem soat trong tnh toan, sinh vien k hieu ten cac cot va dam san nh
sau:
Hnh 10.3: S o ten phan t khung truc 2

265
Ghi chu:
Trong tnh toan cho khung truc 2, sinh vien khong a san tang ham va giang
mong vao mo hnh tnh v thien ve an toan khi tnh cho cho ket cau phan
khung (cot va dam).
Hn na san tang ham va giang mong c at trc tiep len at nen do o
viec tnh toan san tang ham phai quan niem san tren nen an hoi. Neu xem
ngam tai mat mong va truyen het tai san tang ham len mong la khong hp ly
va qua d cho mong. Do o sinh vien gia thiet la tai trong tren san tang ham
c truyen xuong hoan toan tren at nen di san tang ham. Va gia thuyet
nay se c sinh vien kiem tra lai trong mo hnh ong thi khung nen va
mong chng sau.
10.3. CAC TRNG HP TAI TRONG VA TO HP NOI LC
10.3.1. Cac trng hp tai trong
V tnh tai trong nha cao tang ln hn rat nhieu so vi hoat tai. ac biet la vi loai
san phang be day san kha ln do o tnh tai la rat ln. Do o sinh vien ch xet
trng hp hoat tai chat ay.
Bang 10.2: Cac thanh phan tai trong tac dung len khung truc 2
TT
1
2
3
4
TAI TRONG
TT
HT
GT
GP
LOAI
Dead
Live
Wind
Wind
Y NGHA
Tnh tai
Hoat tai chat ay
Gio trai
Gio phai
Ghi chu: oi vi cong trnh toa lac thanh pho Ho Ch Minh th nam trong vung
ong at yeu. Do o khong can phai thiet ke chong ong at ma ch at thep
cau tao khang chan cap ong at yeu.

266
Hnh 10.4: S o tai trong do thanh phan tnh tai
Hnh 10.5: S o tai trong do thanh phan hoat tai chat ay

267
Hnh 10.6: S o tai trong do thanh phan gio trai
Hnh 10.7: S o tai trong do thanh phan gio phai

268
10.3.2. To hp tai trong

Muc ch cua to hp noi lc la tm ra noi lc nguy hiem tren mot so tiet dien di
tac dung cua nhieu loai tai trong.
Trong trng hp ch phan tch bai toan tuyen tnh th cho phep s dung phng
phap to hp tai trong thay the to hp noi lc.
Sau ay la mot so to hp tai trong ma sinh vien s dung e tm noi lc nguy
hiem cho cot trong khung truc 2.
Bang 10.3: Cau truc to hp tai trong
TT
1
2
3
4
5
TO HP
COMB1
COMB2
COMB3
COMB4
COMB5
THANH PHAN
TT+HT
TT+GT
TT+GP
TT+0,9(HT+GT)
TT+0,9(HT+GP)
10.4. XAC NH NOI LC KHUNG

Noi lc khung c xac nh vi s ho tr cua phan mem Sap 2000. Cac bc
khai bao d lieu au vao c sinh vien trnh bay quyen phu luc tnh toan.
Ket qua noi lc trong khung nh sau:

269
Hnh 10.8: Bieu o momen do tnh tai

270
Hnh 10.9: Bieu o momen do hoat tai

271
Hnh 10.10: Bieu o momen do gio trai

272
Hnh 10.11: Bieu o momen do gio phai

e tnh toan thep cot th can phai tm ra cac cap noi lc nguy hiem cho cot, co
the la cap noi lc co Nmax hoac emax hoac M va N cung ln. Do o tai mot tiet
dien cot ta phai tm ra 3 cap noi lc nguy hiem cho cot la Nmax va Mt, Mmax va
Nt, emax. T 5 to hp tren sinh vien loc va chon ra cac to hp (Combo) nguy
hiem cho cot, va ket qua nh bang sau:

273
Bang 10.4: Cac cap noi lc nguy hiem cho cot

COT COMBO
Nmax
Mt
(KN)
(KN-m)
COMBO
Mmax
Nt
(KN-m)
(KN)
COMBO
emax
Mt
(m) (KN-m)
Nt
(KN)
C1 COMB5 -6388.18 -352.21 COMB5 379.81 -6352.71 COMB3 0.06 -345.16 -5346.92
C2 COMB5 -5773.24 -589.50 COMB5 -589.50 -5773.24 COMB3 0.11 -520.24 -4830.23
C3 COMB5 -5149.78 -532.84 COMB5 575.49 -5122.56 COMB3 0.12 499.66
-4278.97
C4 COMB5 -4540.72 -414.06 COMB5 450.99 -4518.04 COMB3 0.10 392.08
-3773.59
C5 COMB5 -3947.91 -466.12 COMB5 -466.12 -3947.91 COMB3 0.12 -401.68 -3302.03
C6 COMB5 -3358.41 -443.55 COMB5 -443.55 -3358.41 COMB3 0.13 -379.21 -2811.92
C7 COMB5 -2772.60 -445.39 COMB5 -445.39 -2772.60 COMB3 0.16 378.08
-2303.38
C8 COMB1 -2195.05 -391.49 COMB5 430.97 -2167.08 COMB3 0.20 362.42
-1821.44
C9 COMB1 -1620.87 -395.96 COMB5 425.73 -1588.29 COMB5 0.27 425.73
-1588.29
C10 COMB1 -1045.95 -390.19 COMB5 -401.48 -1036.88 COMB5 0.39 -401.48 -1036.88
C11 COMB1
-467.84
-439.37 COMB5 534.50
-442.14
COMB5 1.21 534.50
-442.14
C12 COMB1 -13241.87 15.81 COMB2 737.86 -10666.36 COMB2 0.07 737.86 -10666.36
C13 COMB1 -11989.46 46.70 COMB2 398.16 -9663.27 COMB2 0.04 398.16
-9663.27
C14 COMB1 -10750.36 30.33 COMB2 -308.76 -8613.38 COMB2 0.04 -308.76 -8613.38
C15 COMB1 -9519.39
32.46 COMB2 -284.82 -7644.55 COMB2 0.04 -284.82 -7644.55
C16 COMB1 -8295.74
47.31 COMB2 -255.11 -6671.50 COMB2 0.04 -255.11 -6671.50
C17 COMB1 -7073.60
42.40 COMB2 -237.18 -5699.40 COMB2 0.04 -237.18 -5699.40
C18 COMB1 -5852.03
31.67 COMB2 -177.05 -4738.41 COMB2 0.04 -177.05 -4738.41
C19 COMB1 -4644.38
33.43 COMB2 -147.41 -3777.43 COMB2 0.04 -147.41 -3777.43
C20 COMB1 -3438.21
30.21 COMB2 -119.13 -2818.04 COMB2 0.04 -119.13 -2818.04
C21 COMB1 -2232.77
23.11 COMB2 -67.61
-1859.08 COMB2 0.04 -67.61
-1859.08
C22 COMB1 -1030.52
39.08 COMB4 -99.57
-986.61
-903.64
COMB2 0.11 -98.92
C23 COMB1 -13241.87 -15.81 COMB3 -737.86 -10666.36 COMB3 0.07 -737.86 -10666.36
C24 COMB1 -11989.46 -46.70 COMB3 -398.16 -9663.27 COMB3 0.04 -398.16 -9663.27
C25 COMB1 -10750.36 -30.33 COMB3 308.76 -8613.38 COMB3 0.04 308.76
-8613.38
C26 COMB1 -9519.39
-32.46 COMB3 284.82 -7644.55 COMB3 0.04 284.82
-7644.55
C27 COMB1 -8295.74
-47.31 COMB3 255.11 -6671.50 COMB3 0.04 255.11
-6671.50
C28 COMB1 -7073.60
-42.40 COMB3 237.18 -5699.40 COMB3 0.04 237.18
-5699.40
C29 COMB1 -5852.03
-31.67 COMB3 177.05 -4738.41 COMB3 0.04 177.05
-4738.41
C30 COMB1 -4644.38
-33.43 COMB3 147.41 -3777.43 COMB3 0.04 147.41
-3777.43
C31 COMB1 -3438.21
-30.21 COMB3 119.13 -2818.04 COMB3 0.04 119.13
-2818.04

274

COT COMBO
Nmax
Mt
(KN)
(KN-m)
COMBO
Mmax
Nt
(KN-m)
(KN)
COMBO
emax
Mt
Nt
(m) (KN-m)
(KN)
C32 COMB1 -2232.77
-23.11 COMB3 67.61
-1859.08 COMB3 0.04 67.61
-1859.08
C33 COMB1 -1030.52
-39.08 COMB5 99.57
-986.61
COMB3 0.11 98.92
-903.64
C34 COMB4 -6388.18 352.21 COMB4 -379.81 -6352.71 COMB2 0.06 345.16
-5346.92
C35 COMB4 -5773.24 589.50 COMB4 589.50 -5773.24 COMB2 0.11 520.24
-4830.23
C36 COMB4 -5149.78 532.84 COMB4 -575.49 -5122.56 COMB2 0.12 -499.66 -4278.97
C37 COMB4 -4540.72 414.06 COMB4 -450.99 -4518.04 COMB2 0.10 -392.08 -3773.59
C38 COMB4 -3947.91 466.12 COMB4 466.12 -3947.91 COMB2 0.12 401.68
-3302.03
C39 COMB4 -3358.41 443.55 COMB4 443.55 -3358.41 COMB2 0.13 379.21
-2811.92
C40 COMB4 -2772.60 445.39 COMB4 445.39 -2772.60 COMB2 0.16 -378.08 -2303.38
C41 COMB1 -2195.05 391.49 COMB4 -430.97 -2167.08 COMB2 0.20 -362.42 -1821.44
C42 COMB1 -1620.87 395.96 COMB4 -425.73 -1588.29 COMB4 0.27 -425.73 -1588.29
C43 COMB1 -1045.95 390.19 COMB4 401.48 -1036.88 COMB4 0.39 401.48
-1036.88
C44 COMB1
-442.14
-467.84
439.37 COMB4 -534.50
-442.14
COMB4 1.21 -534.50
10.5. TNH TOAN COT THEP COT

10.5.1. Nguyen tac tnh toan cot thep doc
Tnh toan cot at cot thep oi xng chu nen lech tam phang. Qua trnh tnh toan
c tom tat nh sau:
a)
Tnh o lech tam ban au
eo = e1 + eng
Trong o,
M
;
N
e1: la o tam tnh hoc, e1 =
ea: o lech tam ngau nhien, ea = max(L/600, h/30), L la chieu cao cot.

275
b)
Xet anh hng uon doc
Xet o manh:
l0
h
Neu 8 : Khong can xet anh hng cua uon doc ( 1)
Neu 8 : xet anh hng cua uon doc
1
N
1
Ncr
Trong o,
Ncr la lc doc ti han. Theo TCXDVN 356-2005 [1], oi vi cau kien BTCT,
Ncr c xac nh nh sau:
Ncr
6,4Eb SI
S
l20 l
lo la chieu dai tnh toan cua cau kien

I, Is la momen quan tnh lan lt cua tiet dien va cua dien tch cot thep doc chu
lc lay oi vi truc qua trong tam va vuong goc vi mat phang uon.
S la he so ke en anh hng o lech tam va c tnh theo cong thc sau:
S
0,11
0,1
e
0,1
p
e : He so, lay nh sau:
e max 0 , min
h
l
min 0,5 0,01 0 0,01Rb
h

276
p 1 vi ket cau BTCT thng;
l 1: He so ke en anh hng cua tai trong tac dung dai han;
l 1
Mdh Ndhy
1
M Ny
y: khoang cach t trong tam tiet dien en mep chu keo , tiet dien ch nhat
y=0,5h;
: He so phu thuoc loai be tong, vi be tong nang =1;
Tnh toan Ncr nh trong cong thc tren th kha phc tap. Do o trong o an nay
sinh vien s dung cong thc gan ung cua GS.TS. NGUYEN NH CONG nh sau:
Ncr
2,5.EbI
l20
vi
0,2e0 1,05h
1,5e0 h
o lech tam tnh toan

e = .e0 +
c)
h
-a
2
Xac nh trng hp lech tam
Chieu cao vung nen x1
N
Rbb
Neu x1 Rh0 : Nen lech tam ln;

Neu x1 Rh0 : Nen lech tam be.

277
d)
Trng hp tnh toan
Trng hp lech ln
Neu x1 2a' th : AS A 'S
Neu x1 2a th : AS A 'S
N(e 0,5x h0 )
, vi x = x1
RscZa
N(e Za )
RsZa
Trng hp lech tam be

Tnh lai x ( chieu cao vung nen )
1 R
x R
h
0
50
e0
h
A s A 's
e)
Ne Rbbx(h0 x / 2)
RscZa
Kiem tra lai
min t max
Trong o,
min = 0,2%, max = 6% va hp ly = (34)%
f)
Yeu cau ve cau tao
Trong nha cao tang, ng knh thep doc chon ln hn hoac bang 16 .
Khoang cach gia cac thanh cot thep doc, ke t tam khong vt qua 200mm va
khong be hn 50mm (tuy thuoc vao kch thc cot vat lieu).
278
Trong tiet dien ch nhat khi at cot thep chu lc tap trung theo canh b ma
h>500mm th phai at cot thep doc cau tao vao khoang gia cua canh h e cho
khoang cach theo phng canh h gia truc cac thanh cot thep khong qua 500mm.
ng knh cot thep doc cau tao chon trong khoang 12 16 .
10.5.2. Ket qua tnh toan cot thep doc trong cot
Chon khoang cach t tim thep en mep ngoai cua cot a=a=50 mm. Vat lieu cot
chon be tong B30 va thep AIII vi cac thong so tnh toan nh ban g di ay:
Bang 10.5: Cac thong so vat lieu tnh toan cho cot
BE TONG
THEP
B30
Cap o ben:
Nhom thep:
A-III (10-40)
b2
0.9
Rb
17
(MPa)
Rs = Rsc =
365
(MPa)
Eb
32500
(MPa)
Rsw =
290
(MPa)
0.583
200000
(MPa)
Es
Ket qua tnh toan nh sau:

Bang 10.6: Bang tnh thep cot cho khung truc 2
COT
THNL
N
kN
As = As
kN.m (mm) (mm) (mm) (cm2)
CHON
THEP
Nmax - Mt -6388.18 -352.21 4300 500
600
37.44
C1 Mmax - Nt -6352.71 379.81 4300 500
600
38.74 432 +232
Mt - Nt -5346.92 -345.16 4300 500
600
23.36
Nmax - Mt -5773.24 -589.50 4000 500
600
45.23
C2 Mmax - Nt -5773.24 -589.50 4000 500
600
45.23 432 +232
Mt - Nt -4830.23 -520.24 4000 500
600
28.89
Nmax - Mt -5149.78 -532.84 3300 500
600
33.68
C3 Mmax - Nt -5122.56 575.49 3300 500
600
36.23 432 +232
Mt - Nt -4278.97 499.66 3300 500
600
20.80
Nmax - Mt -4540.72 -414.06 3300 500
500
35.61
C4 Mmax - Nt -4518.04 450.99 3300 500
500
38.38 428 +232
Mt - Nt -3773.59 392.08 3300 500
500
24.39

As = As
(CHON)
ch KIEM
(cm2)
(%)
TRA
48.25
3.51
OK
48.25
3.51
OK
48.25
3.51
OK
40.72
2.96
OK
279

COT
THNL
N
kN
As = As
CHON
THEP
Nmax - Mt -3947.91 -466.12 3300 500
500
32.61
C5 Mmax - Nt -3947.91 -466.12 3300 500
500
32.61 428 +228
Mt - Nt -3302.03 -401.68 3300 500
500
19.53
Nmax - Mt -3358.41 -443.55 3300 500
500
23.63
C6 Mmax - Nt -3358.41 -443.55 3300 500
500
23.63 420 +228
Mt - Nt -2811.92 -379.21 3300 500
500
11.85
Nmax - Mt -2772.60 -445.39 3300 500
500
16.73
C7 Mmax - Nt -2772.60 -445.39 3300 500
500
16.73 420 +220
Mt - Nt -2303.38 378.08 3300 500
500
5.79
Nmax - Mt -2195.05 -391.49 3300 500
500
8.64
C8 Mmax - Nt -2167.08 430.97 3300 500
500
11.33 420 +220
Mt - Nt -1821.44 362.42 3300 500
500
7.00
Nmax - Mt -1620.87 -395.96 3300 500
500
9.95
C9 Mmax - Nt -1588.29 425.73 3300 500
500
12.13 420 +220
Mt - Nt -1588.29 425.73 3300 500
500
12.13
Nmax - Mt -1045.95 -390.19 3300 500
500
13.22
C10 Mmax - Nt -1036.88 -401.48 3300 500
500
14.08 420 +220
Mt - Nt -1036.88 -401.48 3300 500
500
14.08
Nmax - Mt -467.84 -439.37 3300 500
500
23.69
534.50 3300 500
500
30.55 428 +220
534.50 3300 500
500
30.55
Nmax - Mt -13241.87 15.81 4300 800
800
45.58
C12 Mmax - Nt -10666.36 737.86 4300 800
800
27.21 432 +232
Mt - Nt -10666.36 737.86 4300 800
800
27.21
Nmax - Mt -11989.46 46.70 4000 800
800
27.12
C13 Mmax - Nt -9663.27 398.16 4000 800
800
-1.39 425 +225
Mt - Nt -9663.27 398.16 4000 800
800
-1.39
Nmax - Mt -10750.36 30.33 3300 800
800
8.85
C11 Mmax - Nt -442.14

Mt - Nt
-442.14
C14 Mmax - Nt -8613.38 -308.76 3300 800
800 -19.41 4125 +225
Mt - Nt -8613.38 -308.76 3300 800
800 -19.41
Nmax - Mt -9519.39
32.46 3300 700
700
25.81
C15 Mmax - Nt -7644.55 -284.82 3300 700
700
3.24 425 +225
Mt - Nt -7644.55 -284.82 3300 700
700
3.24
Nmax - Mt -8295.74
700
7.75
C16
47.31 3300 700
Mmax - Nt -6671.50 -255.11 3300 700

700 -11.41
416 +216
As = As
(CHON)
ch KIEM
(cm2)
(%)
TRA
36.95
3.28
OK
24.88
2.21
OK
18.85
1.68
OK
18.85
1.68
OK
18.85
1.68
OK
18.85
1.68
OK
30.91
2.75
OK
48.25
1.61
OK
29.45
0.98
OK
29.45
0.98
OK
29.45
1.29
OK
12.06
0.53
OK
280

COT
THNL
kN
As = As
Mt - Nt -6671.50 -255.11 3300 700
700 -11.41
Nmax - Mt -7073.60
700 -10.30
42.40 3300 700
C17 Mmax - Nt -5699.40 -237.18 3300 700
CHON
THEP
700 -25.43 416 +216
Mt - Nt -5699.40 -237.18 3300 700
700 -25.43
Nmax - Mt -5852.03
31.67 3300 600
600
2.08
C18 Mmax - Nt -4738.41 -177.05 3300 600
600
-9.54 416 +216
Mt - Nt -4738.41 -177.05 3300 600
600
-9.54
Nmax - Mt -4644.38
600 -15.78
33.43 3300 600
C19 Mmax - Nt -3777.43 -147.41 3300 600
600 -24.26 416 +216
Mt - Nt -3777.43 -147.41 3300 600
600 -24.26
Nmax - Mt -3438.21
600 -33.63
30.21 3300 600
C20 Mmax - Nt -2818.04 -119.13 3300 600
600 -18.47 416 +216
Mt - Nt -2818.04 -119.13 3300 600
600 -18.47
Nmax - Mt -2232.77
600 -20.87
23.11 3300 600
C21 Mmax - Nt -1859.08 -67.61 3300 600
600 -17.57 416 +216
Mt - Nt -1859.08 -67.61 3300 600
600 -17.57
Nmax - Mt -1030.52
39.08 3300 600
600 -11.95
C22 Mmax - Nt -986.61
-99.57 3200 600
600
-8.06 416 +216
-98.92 3200 600
600
-6.96
Mt - Nt
-903.64
As = As
(CHON)
ch KIEM
(cm2)
(%)
TRA
12.06
0.53
OK
12.06
0.73
OK
12.06
0.73
OK
12.06
0.73
OK
12.06
0.73
OK
12.06
0.73
OK
V tnh chat oi xng cua khung nen sinh vien ch tnh toan vi mot na
khung, na con lai at oi xng.
10.5.3. C s tnh toan cot thep ngang
Cac cot ai c s dung trong cot be tong cot thep v 4 ly do sau:
Cac cot ai ngan can cac thanh cot thep doc khoi b cong oan ve pha ben
ngoai cua cot.
Cac cot ai lien ket chat toan bo khung cot thep lai vi nhau trong suot qua
trnh thi cong.
Cac cot ai c bo tr hp ly se tang tnh mem deo cua be tong.
Cac cot ai lam viec nh cot thep chu cat cua cot.

281
Cot thep ai trong cot c tnh toan theo nhng quy nh trong muc 6.2.3 tieu
chuan TCXDVN 356:2005 [1].
Bo tr cot ai
Cot ai trong cot nha cao tang phai tuan theo quy nh trong TCXD 198:1997 Nha
cao tang Thiet ke ket cau be tong cot thep toan khoi.
ng knh cot thep ai khong nho hn lan ng cot thep doc va phai 8mm
(rieng oi vi ong at manh 10mm). Cot ai phai bo tr lien tuc qua nut khung.
ai cho cot tai nut khung: trong pham vi vung nut khung t iem cach mep tren
en iem cach mep di cua dam mot khoang l 1 phai bo tr cot ai day hn.
Khoang cach ai trong vung nay khong ln hn 100mm (l1 phai thoa man nhng
ieu kien sau: l1 chieu cao tiet dien cot va 1/6 chieu cao thong thuy cua tang,
ong thi 450mm)
Tai cac vung con lai, khoang cach ai chon canh nho (thng la chieu rong)
cua tiet dien va ong thi 6 lan (oi vi ong at manh hoac 12 lan vi ong
at yeu va trung bnh) ng knh thep doc.
10.5.4. Ket qua tnh toan cot ngang
Trong pham vi o an nay, sinh vien ch bo tr thep ai theo yeu cau cau tao
khang chan vi cap ong at yeu. Sau o kiem tra lai kha nang chu cat cua cot
ai trong cot theo muc 6.2.3 tieu chuan TCXDVN 356:2005 [1].
32mm . Do o chon ng
Theo bang tnh cot thep doc (Bang 10.6) th max
doc
knh cot ai 8mm va khoang cach cac ai tai nut khung 100mm va doan gia
200mm, tai cac oan noi chong cot thep doc th chon khoang cac cac ai la
100mm.

282
Hnh 10.12: Bieu o bao lc cat cua cot

Kiem tra ieu kien betong khong b pha hoai tren tiet dien nghieng theo ng
suat nen chnh
Lc cat ln nhat bang 344,31 kN tai cot C3 tiet dien 500x600mm. Do o sinh
vien ch can kiem tra kha nang chu cat tai cot C3.
QA Qbt 0,3.w1.b1.Rb .b.h0

283
Trong o,
w1 max(1 5sw ,1,3) 1,007
1 5s w 1 5.
Es A sw
210000
101
.
1 5.
.
1,007
Eb b.s
32500 500.100
b1 1 .Rb 1 0,01.17 0.83
Qbt 0,3.w1.b1.Rb .b.h0 0,3.1,007.0,81.17.500.550 1144 kN
Thoa man ieu kien QA Qbt . ong thi QA 0,7.Qbt 800kN : lc cat khong qua
ln co the tnh theo phng phap thc hanh. Kha nang chu cat cua cot ai va be
tong c tnh theo cong thc thc hanh gan ung sau:
Qdb 2,8.ho Rbt .b.qd 2,8x550x 1,2x500x1810 1605 kN

q
Rad .n.fd 18000x2x0,503
1810N
u
10
Qmax = 344,31 (kN) < Qdb=1605 kN cot ai a chon thoa ieu kien chu cat.
10.6. TRIEN KHAI BAN VE
Xem bang ve KC 05 en KC 09 cuoi o an.

284
10.7. KIEM TRA CHUYEN V CUA CONG TRNH

Theo TCXD 198:1997 Chuyen v nh gii han oi vi ket cau khung betong cot
f
1

H 500
thep
Ket qua chuyen v nh ln nhat tai nh (nut 48 trong Sap) cua khung truc 2 la
3,3cm.
Do o:
f
f 0,033
1
1

H
37,7
1142 H 500
Thoa man ieu kien gii han chuyen v nh.

285
CHNG 11.
NEN MONG
Thiet ke ben di nha cao tang bao gom cac tnh toan lien quan en nen va
mong cong trnh. Viec thiet ke nen mong phai am bao cac tieu ch sau:
Ap lc bat c vung nao trong nen khong vt qua kha nang chu lc cua
at (ieu kien cng o at nen).
ng suat trong ket cau khong vt qua kha nang chu lc trong suot qua
trnh ton tai cua ket cau (ieu kien cng o ket cau).
Chuyen v bien dang cua ket cau (o lun cua mong, o lun lech gia cac
mong) c khong che khong vt qua gia tr cho phep.
Anh hng cua viec xay dng cong trnh en cac cong trnh lan can c
khong che.
am bao tnh hp ly cua cac ch tieu ky thuat, kha nang thi cong va thi
gian thi cong.

Cong trnh REETOWER gom co 10 tang noi va 1 tang ngam, cot 0.00m c
chon at tai mat san tang tret, mat at t nhien tai cot -0,80m, mat san tang
ham tai cot -2,8 m so vi cot t nhien. Chieu cao cua cong trnh ke t cot 0,00m
la 33,7m, ke t mat at t nhien la 32,6m. Ket cau cong trnh s dung he khung
BTCT chu lc. Cong trnh d kien s dung giai phap mong sau, 2 phng an c
a ra e so sanh la chon la phng an mong coc ep va phng an coc khoan
nhoi.
Trc khi i vao thiet ke cu the cho mong th can phai thu thap cac tai lieu, ho s
a chat, thuy van e phan tch va anh gia va la chon giai phap mong phu hp,
am bao tnh kha thi, an toan va tranh gay lang ph cho cong trnh.
Sau ay la so lieu a chat, thuy van dung e thiet ke phan ngam cho cong trnh
REETOWER.

286
11.1. IEU KIEN A CHAT CONG TRNH

11.1.1. a tang
a tang c xac nh t ket qua th nghiem hien trng va th nghiem trong
phong vi 2 ho khoan. Ket qua nh sau:
Lp 1: at cat san lap
Be day tai H = 0,7m, nam t mat at t nhien sau t -0,80m en -1,50m.
Lp 2: Set xam trang, om nau, trang thai deo mem
Be day t 67 m, o sau t 1,50m en 7,657,50m.
Lp 3: Set pha, trang thai deo mem
Be day t 2,22,55 m, o sau t 7,65 7,50 m en 10,20 9,70 m.
Lp 4: Set xam trang, trang thai deo cng
Be day t 2,62,7 m, o sau t 10,20 9,70 m en 12,90 12,30m
Lp 5: Set pha nau loang vang, trang thai deo
Be day t 12,6512,9 m, o sau t 12,90 12,30m en 25,55 25,20m.
Lp 6: Cat trung co lan san, soi, trang thai chat va
Be day t 14,4514,8 m, o sau t 25,55 25,20m en -40,00m.
Trong thc te tnh toan th phan cong trnh gan ho khoan nao th c tnh vi so
lieu ho khoan o hoac lay gia tr noi suy gia cac ho khoan. e phuc vu cho o
an, ho khoan HK2 c chon lam ho khoan ien hnh, la c s cho viec thiet ke
phan ket cau ben di.
Cac ch tieu c ly cua lp at trong ho khoan HK2 c trnh bay Bang 11.1.

287
Bang 11.1: Cac ch tieu c ly cua at

Be
Dung Dung Dung o am Ch
Goc
Ch so
Lc
Mo
day
trong trong trong
noi
xuyen
dnh
set
uyn
ma
tieu
ket
sat
chuan
(m)
Lp
kho
nhien
Ten at
ay
so
nhien SPT
noi
tong
bien
dang
(m) (T/m3) (T/m3) (T/m3)

1
2
3
4
5
6
Cat san lap

Set xam,
deo mem
Set pha,
deo mem
Set xam,
deo cng
Cat pha
nau vang
Cat hat trung
lan san
W
(%)
N30
-
qc
()
CII
2
(T/m2) (T/m )
E
(T/m2)
0.7
6.0
2.00
1.61
1.03
23.98
7 12o10 122.23
2.07 0.53 724
2.2
1.97
1.61
1.03
22.21
9 11o45 129.60
1.76 0.52 623
2.6
2.03
1.64
1.04
23.44 14 18o06 238.00
3.37 0.40 750
12.9
2.04
1.69
1.06
20.66 17 23o50 566.00
1.04 0.30 942
>40
2.04
1.73
1.09
18.05 20 31o11 1297.60 0.34
1392
11.1.2. anh gia tnh chat cua at nen

Da vao cac ch tieu c ly cua at nen Bang 11.1 co the anh gia s bo ieu
kien a chat e t o a ra phng an thiet ke mong kha thi va hp ly. Trong
o an, sinh vien anh gia tnh chat cua at nen da vao chu yeu 2 thong so
chnh la mouyn tong bien dang E0 va goc ma sat trong .

288
HK1
HK2
Set xam trang om nau

trang thai deo mem
w = 2.00 (T/ m3 )
d = 1.61 (T/ m3 )
W = 23.98 %
n = 1.03 (T/ m3 )
N30= 7
= 12 10'
2
q c = 122.23 (T/ m )
2
CII = 2.07 (T/ m )
2
E = 724 (T/ m )
B = 0.53
0
6000
Cat san lap
700
MNN
w = 2.03 (T/ m 3)
d = 1.64 (T/ m 3)
Set xam W = 23.44 %

trang deo N = 14
30
cng
B = 0.52
W = 20.66 %
3
n = 1.06 (T/ m )
N30= 17
C II =1.76 (T/ m )
2
E = 623 (T/ m )
n = 1.03 (T/ m3 )
2200
q c = 129.60 (T/ m )
= 18 06 '
0
q c = 238.00 (T/ m )
C II = 3.37 (T/ m )
2
E = 750 (T/ m )3
n = 1.04 (T/ m )
B = 0.40
Cat pha nau loang vang

trang thai deo
w = 2.04 (T/ m3 )
d = 1.69 (T/ m3 )
2600
Set pha
trang thai W = 22.21 %
deo mem N30= 9
= 11 45'
= 23 50 '
2
q c = 566.00 (T/ m )
2
CII = 1.04 (T/ m )
2
E = 942 (T/ m )
B = 0.30
0
12900
w = 1.97 (T/ m )
d = 1.61 (T/ m 3)
Cat trung lan san soi

ket cau chat va
w = 2.04 (T/ m3 )
d = 1.73 (T/ m3 )
W = 18.05 %
n= 1.09 (T/ m3 )
N30= 20
= 31 11 '
2
q c = 1297.00 (T/ m )
2
C = 0.34 (T/ m )
2
E = 1392 (T/ m )
0
40000
Hnh 11.1: Mat cat ho tru khoan

289
Lp at so 1
Tren mat la at san lap gom cat, san soi, co chieu day trung bnh 0,7m; lp at
nay se c loai bo khi lam tang ham.
Lp at so 2
Lp set xam trang om nau trang thai deo mem day 6m, co mouyn bien dang
500 E0 724 1000 T / m2 va goc ma sat trong 100 12010' 200 .
Do o lp at 2 thuoc loai at co kha nang chu tai trung bnh, co the at mong
len lp at nay (giai phap mong nong).
Lp at so 3
Lp set pha trang thai deo mem day 2,2m, 500 E0 623 1000 T / m2 va
100 11045' 200 . Do o lp at 3 co kha nang chu tai trung bnh.

Lp at so 4
Set
xam
trang
deo
cng
day
2,6m,
500 E0 750 1000 T / m2
va
100 18006' 200 . Do o lp at 4 co kha nang chu tai trung bnh.

Lp at so 5
Cac pha nau loang vang trang thai deo day 12,9m, co mouyn bien dang
500 E0 942 1000 T / m2 va goc ma sat trong 200 23050' 300 . Do
o lp at 5 co kha nang chu tai kha tot.

Lp at th 6
at cat trang thai chat va, E0 1392 1000 T / m2 va 31011' 300 . Do o
lp at 6 co kha nang chu tai tot, co the at mui coc tai lp at nay .

290
11.1.3. anh gia ieu kien thuy van

Mc nc ngam xuat hien tai khu vc xay dng cong trnh thay oi theo mua, tuy
nhien mc nc tnh o c tai cao o -6,70m (tnh t mat at t nhien), bang 7,5m (tnh t cot 0,00 san tang tret). Nh vay, khi thi cong ai mong va tang
ham tai cao o -4,3m khong b tac ong bi mc nc ngam.
11.1.4. La chon giai phap mong
Cong trnh REETOWER co nhp kha ln 10m va quy mo cong trnh la 11 tang nen
tai trong truyen xuong mong la kha ln lc doc tai chan cot hn 1000T nen giai
phap mong sau la hp ly nhat.
V tai trong la kha ln nen d kien at mui coc tai lp at th 6 la lp at cat
trang thai chat va rat tot va co moun bien dang ln nen thuan tien cho viec
tiep thu tai trong cong trnh. V vay giai phap mong ay la mong sau truyen tai
cong trnh xuong lp at 6.
Trong o an, sinh vien tnh toan vi 2 phng an mong:
- phng an 1: mong coc ep be tong cot thep;
- phng an 2: mong coc khoan nhoi.
Sau o so sanh da tren cac ch tieu ky thuat e tm giai phap mong toi u nhat
cho cong trnh.
11.2. CAC LOAI TAI TRONG DUNG E TNH TOAN
Mong cong trnh c tnh toan theo gia tr noi lc nguy hiem nhat truyen xuong
chan cot, bao gom:
(Nmax, Mt va Qt)
(Mmax, Nt va Qt)

291
Tuy thuoc theo so lieu, sinh vien tnh toan vi 1 trong 2 to hp tren, roi sau o
kiem tra vi to hp con lai.
11.2.1. Tai trong tnh toan
Tai trong tnh toan c s dung tnh toan nen mong theo trang thai gii han I.
V khung oi xng nen ch can tnh mong cho cot bien truc 2-A va cot gia truc
2-B, t bang to hp noi lc sinh vien chon ra cac to hp nguy hiem nhat e tnh
toan cho mong khung truc 2.
Bang 11.2: To hp tai trong tnh toan tai chan cot khung truc 2
V TR COT
COT BIEN
COT GIA
(kN)
(kN.m)
(kN)
COMB5-Nmax, Mt va Qt
-6388.18
-352.21
180.05
COMB5-Mmax, Nt va Qt
-6388.18
-352.21
180.05
COMB5-Nmax, Mt va Qt
-13241.87
15.81
-12.14
COMB2-Mmax, Nt va Qt
-10666.36
737.86
-210.08
TO HP
Ghi chu:
Nh sinh vien a trnh bay, viec truyen tat ca cac tai trong san ham xuong
mong e tnh toan cho mong la qua d cho mong. V ban than san tang ham
co the chu tai trong ban than san ham va mot phan tai trong t cong tnh
truyen xuong. Do o trong phan nay sinh vien khong truyen tai trong san ham
xuong mong v ly do tren. Trong phan mo hnh ong thi nen mong va khung
sinh vien se kiem chng lai gia thiet nay.
11.2.2. Tai trong tieu chuan
Tai trong tieu chuan c s dung e tnh toan nen mong theo trang thai gii han
th 2. Tai trong len mong a xac nh c la tai trong tnh toan, muon co to hp
cac tai trong tieu chuan len mong ung ra phai lam bang to hp noi lc chan cot
292
khac bang cach nhap tai trong tieu chuan tac dung len cong trnh. Tuy nhien, e
n gian quy pham cho phep dung he so vt tai trung bnh n =1,15. Nh vay, tai
trong tieu chuan nhan c bang cach lay to hp cac tai trong tnh toan chia cho
he so vt tai trung bnh n =1,15.
Bang 11.3: To hp tai trong tieu chuan tai chan cot khung truc 2
V TR COT
COT BIEN
COT GIA
TO HP
COMB5-Nmax, Mt va
COMB5-Mmax, Nt va
COMB5-Nmax, Mt va
COMB2-Mmax, Nt va
Qt
Qt
Qt
Qt
N
(kN)
-5554.94
-5554.94
-11514.67
-9275.10
M
(kN.m)
-306.27
-306.27
13.75
646.62
Q
(kN)
90.03
90.03
-6.07
-182.68
11.3. CAC GIA THIET TNH TOAN

Mong c thiet ke theo ieu kien mong ai thap khi kiem tra thoa kien sau:
Hm hmin 0,7tg(450 / 2)
Qtt
'b
Trong o,
Qtt la tong lc ngang tnh toan;
la dung trong t nhien cua at lp at at ai;
la goc ma sat trong cua lp at at ai;
b la be rong ai.

293
Khi o, mong coc c quan niem la mong coc ai thap, viec thiet ke chap
nhan mot so gia thiet sau:
Tai trong ngang hoan toan do cac lp at t ay ai tr len tiep nhan, do o
coc ch chu nen hoac keo.
ai coc xem nh tuyet oi cng khi tnh toan lc truyen xuong coc.
Tai trong cua cong trnh qua ai coc ch truyen xuong len cac coc ch khong
trc tiep truyen len phan at nam gia cac coc tai mat tiep giap vi coc.
Khi kiem tra cng o cua at nen va khi xac nh o lun cua mong coc th
ngi ta coi mong coc nh mot mong khoi quy c bao gom coc va cac phan at
gia cac coc. V viec tnh toan mong khoi quy c giong nh tnh toan mong
nong tren nen thien nhien (bo qua ma sat mat ben mong) cho nen tr so
momen cua tai trong ngoai tai ay mong quy c c lay giam i mot cach gan
ung bang tr so momen cua tai trong ngoai so vi cao trnh ay ai.
Giang mong lam viec nh dam tren nen an hoi, giang truyen mot phan tai
trong ng xuong at va mot phan truyen vao ai. Tuy nhien lc truyen nay la
kha nho. Ngoai ra theo s o tnh khung ta coi cot va mong ngam cng nen mot
cach gan ung ta bo qua s lam viec cua giang mong va trong lng ban than
cua giang mong.

294
PHNG AN 1: COC BETONG COT THEP UC SAN

11.4. THIET KE MONG A2 VA D2 (TAI COT BIEN KHUNG TRUC 2)
11.4.1. Cau tao coc va ai coc
a)
ai coc
- Vat lieu s dung cho ai coc:
Be tong cap o ben B30 (Rb = 17 MPa);
Cot thep chu lc AIII (Rs = 365MPa);
Cot thep ai AI (Rs = 225 MPa).
- Thiet ke mat ai trung mep tren san tang ham (trung cot -4,30m qui c). Do
o chieu sau chon ai so vi mat at t nhien 3,5 + 1,5 = 5 m
(trong o, 3,5 la khoang cach t mat at t nhien en san tang ham, 1,5 la chieu
cao d kien cua ai).
-0.80 m
MTN
-5.00 m
Hnh 11.2: Chieu sau at ai coc A2 va D2

295
- Kiem tra chieu sau chon mong
Hm hmin 0,7tg(450 / 2)
2.Qtt
'b
Trong o,
Qtt la tong lc ngang tnh toan: Qtt=18 T;
: dung trong t nhien cua at lp at at ai =2 T/m3;
: Goc ma sat trong = 12010= 12,20;
b: Be rong ai chon s bo b = 2,8m
hmin 0,7tg(450 12,2o / 2)
2 180
1,4m
20 2,8
Ket luan
V Hm 1,5m hmin 1,4m th tai trong ngang hoan toan do cac lp at t ay
ai tr len tiep nhan. Do o mong coc A2 va D2 c tnh toan nh mong coc ai
thap va luc o s dung gia thiet la cac coc ch chu keo, nen.
b)
Cau tao coc
- Coc c chon la coc ac, co tiet dien vuong 350x350mm.

- Ham lng cot thep doc oi vi nha cao tang thng chon ln hn 0,8% (tham
khao sach Nen Mong Nha Cao Tang cua GS.TSKH. Nguyen Van Quang). Do o
sinh vien chon thep doc 418 (As = 10,18 cm2), nhom AIII co Rs = 365MPa.
- Thep ai 6a100, nhom AI co Rs = 225 MPa.
- Li thep gia cng au coc dung 6a50.
- ai lien ket ngam vi cot va coc, coc ngam sau vao ai 150mm. Thep coc neo
trong ai 20 (chon 50cm).

296
- D kien mui coc ngam vao lp at tot (lp 6) mot khoang 1,4m. Do o chieu
dai coc bang 0,5+0,15+ 19,4 + 1,4= 21,45 m, chon chieu dai coc la 21,5m (chia
lam 2 oan dai 10,5m va 11m).
11.4.2. Tnh toan sc chu tai cua coc
a)
Sc chu tai theo vat lieu lam coc
Sc chu tai tnh toan theo vat lieu cua coc c tnh theo cong thc sau:
Pvl m.. Rb .A Rs .As
Trong o,
m la he so ieu kien lam viec lay m=1;
la he so xet en anh hng cua uon doc cua coc, =1;
As la dien tch thep As = 10,18 cm2;
A la dien tch be tong; A=35.35-10,18=1215 cm2.
Pvl m.. Rb .A Rs .As 1.1. 0,17.1215 3,65.10,18 244 T

b)
Sc chu tai theo ch tieu c ly cua at nen( TCXD 205-1998)
Cong thc xac nh sc chu tai tieu chuan cua coc theo at nen nh sau:
Qtc m.(mRqpAp u mf fsili )
Trong o,
m la he so ieu kien lam viec cua coc trong at, m = 1;
mR la he so xet en lp at ben di mui coc vi lp at cat hat trung,
mR = 1,2;
mf la so xet en ma sat giua coc va at, mfi = 1 (coc ep);
Ap la dien tch ngang cua coc, Ap = 0.35x0.35 = 0,1225(m2);
u la chu vi than coc, u = 0,35 x 4 = 1,4 m;

297
li la chieu day lp at th i tiep xuc vi coc;
fsi la ma sat ben n v cua lp at th i, c tnh toan bang cach tra Bang
A.2 TCXDVN 205:1998;
qP la cng o chu tai cua at au mui coc, xac nh bang cach tra bang
A.2 phu luc A cua TCXDVN 205:1998;
fs la he so ma sat cua at vi thanh coc, lay theo bang A.1 phu luc A cua
TCXDVN 205:1998.
Xac nh qp
Loai at ac mui coc la cat hat trung trang thai chat va, khoang cach tnh toan
t mat at tnh tnh toan en mui coc ZR=23,7m. Do o tra bang A1 TCXDVN
205:1998 th cng o tnh toan cua at nen di mui coc la 510T/m 2.
Xac nh fsi
Chia lp at t ay ai en mui coc thanh cac oan coc co chieu dai < 2m nh
Hnh 11.3.

298
3
4
Set xam
trang om
nautrang
thai deo
mem
Set pha
deo mem
Set xam trang

deo cng
2000
2000
2000
Cat pha nau

loang vang
trang thai deo
1400
1400
1500
2000
12900
z1 = 3800
z2 = 5150
z3 = 6250
z4 = 7450
z5 = 8750
z6 = 10400
z7 = 12400
z8 = 14400
z9 = 16400
z10 = 18400
z11 = 20150
z12 = 21600
z13 = 22900
ZR=23700
Cat san lap
1300 1300 1100 1100 1600
2000
2600
2200
6000
700
Cat trung
lan san soi
ket cau
chat va
Hnh 11.3: Xac nh thanh phan ma sat coc

299
Bang 11.4: Bang tnh thanh phan ma sat xung quanh coc
Lp at
Loai at
Set xam trang
Set pha
Set xam trang
Cat pha
Cat hat trung lan soi
li(m) Zi(m)
IL
fsi(T/m2)
lsi.fi(T/m)
1.60
3.80
0.53
1.96
3.14
1.10
5.15
0.52
2.28
2.51
1.10
6.25
0.52
2.86
3.15
1.30
7.45
0.40
3.25
4.23
1.30
8.75
0.40
3.34
4.34
2.00 10.40 0.30
4.42
8.84
2.00 12.40 0.30
4.50
9.00
2.00 14.40 0.30
4.58
9.16
2.00 16.40 0.30
5.24
10.48
2.00 18.40 0.30
5.44
10.88
1.50 20.15 0.30
5.62
8.43
1.40 21.60 0.30
5.76
8.06
1.40 22.90
8.31
11.63
fsili(T/m)=
93.85
Qtc m.(mRqpAp u mf fsili ) 1.(1,2.510.0,1225 1,4.93,85) 206,36 T
Sc chu tai cho phep cua mot coc
Qa
Qtc 206,36
125(T)
k tc
1,65
Ktc la he so an toan, tham khao [20] trang 33, trong trng hp so coc trong ai
t 610 coc va so lieu tnh toan lay t phong th nghiem nen Ktc =1,65.
300
c)
Sc chu tai theo ket qua xuyen tnh (TCXD 205-1998)
Sc chu tai cc han cua coc xac nh theo cong thc:

Qxt
QP QS
3
2
Trong o,
Qp la sc chong cc han mui xuyen;
Qs la sc chong cc han mat ben coc.
Tnh toan sc chong cc han cua mui xuyen

Sc chong cc han mui xuyen c xac nh theo cong thc:
QP AP .qP AP .Kc .qc

Trong o,
KC la he so mang tai phu thuoc loai at va loai coc, tra bang KC = 0,5;
qc la sc khang xuyen trung bnh lay tai 3d=3x0,35 =1,05m tren va di coc
(v coc cam vao lp cat hat trung lan soi 1 oan l=1,4m>3d nen trong pham vi
tren va di mui coc eu la lp at cat hat trung do o ta c q c = 1297,60
(T/m2);
AP la dien tch tiet dien ngang coc, AP = 0,35x0,35=0,1225(m2).
QP AP .qP AP .Kc .qc 0,1225.0,5.1297,6 79,48 T

Tnh toan sc chong cc han mat ben coc
Sc chong cc han mat ben c tnh theo cong thc:
n
i1
i 1
QS u qsi .li u

qci
.l
i i
301
Trong o,
u la chu vi tiet dien coc, u=1,4m;
li la o dai cua coc trong lp at th I (m)
i la he so phu thuoc vao loai at, loai coc;
qc ila sc can mui xuyen cua lp at th i;
qsi la lc ma sat thanh n v cua coc lp at th i, co chieu day l.
Ket qua tnh c nh sau:

Bang 11.5: Bang tnh sc chong cc han mat be n coc
LP AT
Li (m)
qci (T/m2)
Qsi (T)
Set xam trang, deo mem
35
1.60
122.23
7.82
Set pha, deo mem
50
2.20
129.60
7.98
Set xam trang, deo cng
40
2.60
238.00
21.66
Cat pha
70
12.90
566.00
146.03
Cat hat trung lan san soi, chat va
100
1.40
1297.60
25.43
QS (T) = 208.92
Sc chu tai cho phep cua coc theo ket qua xuyen tnh
Qxt
d)
QS QP 208,92 79,48
131T
2
3
2
3
Sc chu tai thiet ke
Sc chu tai thiet ke cua coc bang min(Pvl, Qa, Qxt) = Qa=125 T.
Trong lng ban than cua coc : W = 2,5x0,35x0,35x22 = 7,04 T.
Vay sc chu tai thiet ke cuoi cung cua coc: [Qa ]= 125 7,04 = 118 (T)

302
11.4.3. Xac nh so lng coc trong ai

So lng coc trong ai c xac nh s bo theo cong thc:
N
n
tt
Qa
639
1,3 7,04 coc
118
Ghi chu:
- He so la ke en momen lech tam tai cot bien.
- Sc chu tai tren la sc chu tai cua coc n. Trong trng hp coc lam viec
trong ai th sc chu tai giam xuong do hieu ng nhom coc.
Do o sinh vien chon chan n = 9 (coc) bo tr eu.
Bo tr coc trong ai vi khoang cach gia cac coc S = 3d6d = 1,052,1 m. Chon
350
350
350
300 100
khoang cach gia cac tim coc bang 1,1 m va bo tr nh Hnh 11.4.
350
350
350
350
350
2800
1100
350
350
350
1100
350
350
350
350
350
100 300
350
350
100 300
1100
1100
300 100
2800
Hnh 11.4: Bo tr khoang cach gia cac coc mong A2 va D2

303
11.4.4. Kiem tra kha nang chu lc cua coc

Hieu ng nhom coc len sc chu tai cua coc la do s anh hng lan nhau cua cac
coc trong nhom nen sc chu tai cua coc trong nhom se nho hn so vi coc n.
Hieu ng nhom coc len sc chu tai cua coc la do s anh hng lan nhau cua cac
coc trong nhom nen sc chu tai cua coc trong nhom se nho hn so vi coc n.
Hieu ng nhom coc c xac nh theo cong thc cua Converse-Labarre (tham
khao [19] trang 291):
n1 1 .n2 n2 1 .n1
d
vi (deg) arctg
1
s
90.n1.n2
Trong o,
n1 so hang coc trong nhom
n2 so coc trong mot hang
d canh coc
s khoang cach gia hai tim coc
arctg
d
0,35
arctg
17,650
s
1,1
3 1 3 3 1 .3
0,74
=> 1 17,650
90 3 3
Trong lng tnh toan cua ai

Ntt n.Ftt .h .bt 1,1.7,84.2,5.1,5 32,34 T
Di lc t chan cot ve trong tam ay ai coc, ta c:

304
N
M
tt
638,82 32,34 671,16 T
tt
35,22 T.m
Tai trong tac dung len coc c xac nh theo cong thc:
Pmax
M .x
n
x
N M .x
n
x
tt
tt
2
i
tt
Pmin
max
n
max
n
tt
2
i
Trong o,
n la so lng coc trong ai, n = 9 coc;
la khoang cach tnh t truc cua hang coc chu nen ln nhat en truc i
xmax
n
qua trong tam ai xmax

1,1m ;
n
xi la khoang cach tnh t truc cua hang coc th i en truc i qua trong tam
dien tch tiet dien cac coc tai mat phang ay ai;
2
i
3x 1,10
3x 1,10
7,26 m2
671,16 35,22.1,1
80 T Qa 0,74.118 87 T
9
7,26
671,16 35,22.1,1
69,2T 0
9
7,26
Pmax
Pmin
Ghi chu:
la he so xet en anh hng nhom coc a tnh tren.
Ket luan:
- Tai trong truyen xuong coc am bao khong vt qua sc chu tai cho phep cua
coc .
- Khong co coc nao trong mong chu nho.
305
11.4.5. Kiem tra nen di ay mong khoi quy c

Kch thc khoi mong quy c
3500
a)
tt
tt
1500
5,4
20800
tc
Nmq tc
Mmq
Hnh 11.5: Khoi mong quy c

Quan niem coc va at gia cac coc lam viec ong thi nh mot khoi mong ong
nhat at tren lp at ben di mui coc. Mat truyen tai cua mong khoi quy c
c m rong hn so vi dien tch ay ai vi goc m:
tb 1,6.12,170 2,2.11,750 2,6.18,10 12,9.23,830 1,4.31,180
5,40
4
4.(1,6 2,2 2,6 12,9 1,4)
Theo o dien tch khoi mong quy c c tnh theo cong thc:

306
Fmq = LmqxBmq
Trong o,
Bmq = A1 + 2.L.tg = (2,8-0,25) + 2x20,80.tg(5,40)= 6,48 m
Lmq = B1 + 2.L.tg = (2,8-0,25) + 2x20,80.tg(5,40)= 6,48 m
Fmq = 6,48.6,48 = 42 (m2).
b)
Trong lng khoi mong quy c
Trong lng khoi mong quy c t ay ai tr len

W1 Fqu .h . tb 42.1,5.2 126 T
Trong lng khoi mong quy c t ay ai en mat ay mong khoi quy c
W2 Fqu n.Fc
i i
42 9.0,1225 .(1,6x1,03 2,2x1,03 2,6x1,04 12,9x1,06 1,4x1,09)

892,38 T
Trong lng 9 coc trong khoi mong quy c
W3 nc .Ac .Lc bt 9.0,1225.20,8.2,5 57,33 T
W W1 W2 W3 126 892,38 57,33 1076 T
c) Kiem tra ieu kien lam viec an hoi cua cac lp at di mong khoi quy
c
Tong lc tieu chuan tac dung len mong khoi quy c
tc
Nmqu
W Nctc 1076 555,5 1631,5 T

307
tc
Mmqu
30,63 T.m
Cng o tieu chuan cua at di ay ai

RIItc
m1m2
A.b.II B.Df .II' D.cII
k tc
Trong o,
m1, m2 = 1 la he so ieu kien lam viec cua nen at va ieu kien lam viec
cua cong trnh tac ong qua lai cua at nen;
ktc =1 so lieu tnh toan lay t thc nghiem;
II 1,09 T / m3
1,6.2 2,2.1,03 2,6.1,04 12,9.1,06 1,4.1,09

1,13 T / m3
1,6 2,2 2,6 12,9 1,4
cII 0,34 T / m3
'II
A 1,21
II 31,180 B 5,97
C 8,25
RIItc
1,0.1,0
1,21.6,48.1,09 5,97.20,8.1,13 8,25.0,34 152 T
1,0
Ap lc di ay mong khoi quy c
Wmqux
P
tc
tb
tc
max
tc
min
tc
Nmqu
Bqu .L2qu
Fmqu
tc
Nmqu
Fmqu
tc
Nmqu
Fmqu
6,48.6,482
45,35m3
6
1631,5
38,8 T
42
tc
Mqux
Wqux
tc
Mqux
Wqux
1631,5 30,63
39,5 T
42
45,35
1631,5 30,63
38,2 T
42
45,35

308
Ket luan
Ptbtc 38,8 T RIItc 152 T

tc
Pmax
39,5 T 1,2.RIItc 182T
tc
Pmin
38,2T 0
Do o lp at di ay mong co the coi la lam viec an hoi va co the tnh toan

c o lun cua nen theo quan niem nen bien dang tuyen tnh. Trng hp nay
nen t chan coc tr xuong co chieu day tng oi ln, ay cua khoi quy c co
dien tch be nen ta dung mo hnh nen la ban khong gian bien dang tuyen tnh va
tnh toan o lun cua nen theo phng phap cong lun tng lp.
11.4.6. Kiem tra lun mong khoi quy c
Tnh o lun cua mong coc trong trng hp nay c xem o lun cua mong
khoi quy c. Quan niem nay con rat nhieu han che va hien tai mot so nc a
bo quan niem tnh toan o lun cua mong coc coi nh la o lun cua khoi mong
quy c. Tuy nhien, v trong tieu chuan TCVN 205:1998 yeu cau tnh lun cua
mong coc theo quan niem tren nen sinh vien van s dung phng phap nay e
tnh lun cho mong coc trong o an.
Bang 11.6: Bang tnh ng suat ban than theo chieu sau cua cac lp at
Lp at
Be day hi
(m)
(T/m3)
ng suat ban than

bti T / m2
2
3
4
5
6
4.7
2.2
2.6
12.9
1.4
2.00
1.03
1.04
1.06
1.09
9.40
2.27
2.70
13.67
1.53
Ghi chu: theo phan chu thch bang A1 va A2 cua tieu chuan TCVN 205:1988,
mat at tnh toan lay cao hn ay ai 3m. Do o ng suat ban than cua at phai

309
ke them lp at 3m tren ay ai, cach tnh nay la thien ve an toan v khong xet
en phan at cao hn ai mong 3m en mat at t nhien.
ng suat ban than tai ay mong khoi quy c
bt26,6 bti 29,57(T / m2 )

ng suat gay lun tai ay mong khoi quy c
glz 0 ptbtc bt 38,8 29,57 9,23 T / m2
Chia at nen di ay khoi quy c thanh cac lp bang nhau va ba ng

Bmq
4
B
6,48
1,6m . Chon hi 1,3m mq
4
4
Xet 1 iem thuoc truc qua tam mong co o sau z ke t ay mong. Khi o ng
suat do tai trong ngoai gay ra c xac nh theo cong thc:
glzi K0 .glz 0
Trong o,
K0 = f (
Lmq
Bmq
2Z
), tra bang 2.7 [20].
Bmqu
Chieu sau chu nen cc han di ay mong ket thuc tai o sau co gl 0,2bt . Do
o chon chieu sau vung chu nen en iem th 3.

310
Bang 11.7: Bang phan bo ng suat di ay khoi mong quy c
Lmq
Bmq
2Z
Bmq
K0
0.00
1.00
0.00
1.30
1.00
2.60
3.90
iem
o sau Z
(m)
glzi
btzi
glzi
(T/m2)
(T/m2)
btzi
1.000
9.23
29.57
0.31
0.40
0.960
8.86
30.99
0.29
1.00
0.80
0.800
7.38
32.40
0.23
1.00
1.20
0.606
5.59
33.82
0.17
Bieu o phan bo ng suat di ay mong khoi quy c xem Hnh 11.6.

o lun mong khoi quy c
S
i1
0,8 gl
0,8.1,30 9,23
5,59
.zi .hi
8,86 7,38
0,018m
E
1392 2
2
Kiem tra o lun cho phep

S 1,8 cm Sgh 8cm

311
MAT AT T NHIEN
3000
MAT AT TNH TOAN
1500
6000
2200
3
4
1400
12900
2600
4907
700
bt= 29,57 T/m2
gl= 9,23 T/m2
bt= 30,99 T/m2
gl= 8,86 T/m2
bt= 32,40 T/m2
gl= 7,38 T/m2
bt= 33,82 T/m2
gl= 5,59 T/m2
Hnh 11.6: ng suat phan bo di ay khoi mong quy c

312
11.4.7. Kiem tra kha nang chu lc cua ai coc

11.4.7.1. Kiem tra ieu kien xuyen thung
Vi chieu cao ai hd=1,5m th thap choc thung 450 t chan cot trum ra ngoai tim
coc nen khong can phai kiem tra ieu kien choc thung (hnh ve di).
THA
P NE
N THU
NG
500
500
300
100
150
100
1500
100
45
500
CAO OMA
T A
I
1100
1100
300
2800
Hnh 11.7: Thap choc thung mong A2 va D2

11.4.7.2. Tnh cot thep ai coc
Xem ai coc lam viec nh mot cong xon ngam tai mat cot, chu cac phan lc tap
trung tai au coc. V mong co dang hnh vuong va ch co momen theo mot
phng (xoay quanh truc x) nen thien ve an toan tnh thep cho mat ngam I-I va
lay cho mat ngam II-II.
1100
800
P=3x79,9 T
Hnh 11.8: S o tnh momen tai mat ngam quy c

313
125
350
125
300
II
5
500
COT 500X600
II
8
2800
1100
350
1100
600
300
1100
7
1100
300
300
2800
Hnh 11.9: Cac mat ngam quy c tnh toan mong A2 va D2

Lc nen len cac coc
tt
P1tt P2tt P3tt Pmax
79,9 T
Momen tai mat ngam I-I

tt
M r.3.Pmax
0,8.3.79,9 192(T.m)
Dien tch thep can thiet cho lp di
As
M
192
.104 43,3 cm2

0,9.h0Rs 0,9.1,35.36500
Chon 1818, a=150mm (AS=45,8 cm2) at lp di, lp tren at cau tao

12 a=200mm.

314
300 100
18 a150
100 300
18 a150
1100
2800
12 a200
1100
12 a200
100 300
1100
1100
300 100
2800
K HIE
U THE
P
THEP LP TREN
THEP LP DI
Hnh 11.10: Mat bang bo tr thep ai coc A2 va D2

CAO O MAT AI
500
100
THP GI
1000X1000
100
12 a200
150
500
500
1500
500
12 a200
18 a150
100
18 a150
BE TONG DAY 100
COC EP BTCT
350X350 mm
300
1100
2800
1100
300
Hnh 11.11: Mat cat bo tr thep ai coc A2 va D2

315
11.4.8. Kiem tra coc trong qua trnh van chuyen
0,207L=2,2 m
L=10,5m
0,207L=2,2 m
0,207L=1,55m
q=0,368T/m
M=0,043ql2=1,74T.m
Hnh 11.12: S o tnh moc cau van chuyen

Tai trong phan bo eu tac dung len coc khi van chuyen lap dng chnh la tai
trong ban than cua coc:
q = n x q= 1,2 x bt x Ac = 1,2 x 2,5 x 0,35 x 0,35 = 0,368 (T/m)
a)
Cng o coc khi van chuyen
Moment uon ln nhat tai iem gia coc va moc cau

M = 0,043 x q x Lc2 = 0,043 x 0.368 x 10,52 = 1,74 T.m
Chon be day lp be tong bao ve cot doc la 5cm, ta co dien tch thep can thiet
M
1,74 107
A
0,032
Rn b h2o 17 350 3002
1 1 2A 1 1 2 0,032 0,033
As
Rbbho 0,033 17 35 30
1,61cm2 218 5,09cm2

Rs
365

316
b)
Cng o coc khi lap dng
0,207L=2,2m
L=10,5m
q=0,368T/m
M= 2,8 T.m
M=0,89 T.m
Hnh 11.13: S o tnh moc cau e a coc len thiet b ep
M
2,8 105
0,065
Rn b h2o 170 35 302
1 1 2A 1 1 2 0,033 0,065
As
Rbbho 0,065 17 35 30
3,18cm2 5,09cm2 (218)

Rs
365
Nh vay coc am bao khong b pha hoai trong qua trnh van chuyen va cau lap.
c)
Kiem tra lc cau cua moc cau
Chon thep moc cau la 118 thep AII co As = 2,54cm2

Kha nang chu lc keo cua thep moc cau 2
Nk = Rs.As = 2950 x2,54 = 7493 KG = 7,5 T
Tai trong coc tac dung vao moc cau:

317
ql
0,368 7,5
1,38 T
=
2
2
Ta thay kha nang chu lc cua thep moc cau ln hn tai trong tac dung vao moc
cau. Dung moc cau loai thep AII 18 th moc cau u kha nang chu lc.
11.5. THIET KE MONG B2 va C2 (TAI COT GIA CUA KHUNG TRUC 2)
Chon giong nh oi vi thiet ke mong A2 va D2.
11.5.2. Sc chu tai cua coc
Khi thiet ke mong cot gia, sinh vien chon chieu sau chon mong, chieu dai coc,
vat lieu coc va chieu cao ai la giong nh khi thiet ke cot bien. Do o phan tnh
toan sc chu tai cua coc mong cot gia c lay ket qua a tnh phan thiet
ke cot bien cua khung truc 2.
11.5.3. Xac nh so lng coc trong ai
So lng coc trong ai c xac nh s bo theo cong thc
N
n
tt
Qa
1324
1,3 14,6 coc , chon n = 16(coc)
118
Bo tr coc trong ai vi khoang cach gia cac coc S = 3d6d = 1,052,1 m; chon
1,1m va bo tr nh Hnh 11.14.

318
1100
300
300
1100
3900
1100
COT 800X800
300
1100
1100
3900
1100
300
Hnh 11.14: Mat bang bo tr coc trong ai mong B2 va C2

11.5.4. Kiem tra kha nang chu lc cua coc
Tng t nh a thiet ke cho mong A2 va D2.
Ntt n.Ftt .h .bt 1,1.15,21.1,5.2,5 62,74 T
N
M
tt
1324 62,74 1386,74 T
tt
1,4T.m
Pmax
M .x
n
x
N M .x
n
x
tt
tt
2
i
tt
Pmin
max
n
max
n
tt

2
i
319
Trong o,
xmax
n

1,65m ;
n
2
i
4x 1,65
4x 0,55
4x 1,65
4x 0,55
24,2 m2
1386,74 1,6.1,65
86,8T Qa 0,74.118 87,3T

16
24,2
1386,74 1,6.1,65
86,6T 0
16
24,2
Pmax
Pmin
Trong o,
la he so xet en hieu ng nhom coc c xac nh theo cong thc cua
Converse-Labarre (tham khao [19] trang 291):
n1 1 .n2 n2 1 .n1
d
vi (deg) arctg
1
s
90.n1.n2
Trong o n1 so hang coc trong nhom

n2 so coc trong mot hang
d canh coc
s khoang cach gia hai tim coc
arctg

d
0,35
arctg
17,650
s
1,1
320
4 1 4 4 1 .4
0,74
=> 1 17,650
90
Ket luan:
coc .
a)
tb 1,6.12,170 2,2.11,750 2,6.18,10 12,9.23,830 1,4.31,180
5,40
4
4.(1,6 2,2 2,6 12,9 1,4)
Fmq = LmqxBmq
Trong o,
Bmq = A1 + 2.L.tg = (3,9-0,25) + 2x20,80.tg(5,40)= 7,58m
Lmq = B1 + 2.L.tg = (3,9-0,25) + 2x20,80.tg(5,40)= 7,58 m
Fmq = 7,58.7,58 = 57,46 (m2)
W1 Fqu .h . tb 57,46.1,5.2 172 T

321
W2 Fqu n.Fc
i i
57,46 16.0,1225 .(1,6.1,03 2,2.1,03 2,6.1,04 12,9.1,06 1,4.1,09)

1211 T
W3 nc .Ac .Lc bt 16.0,1225.20,8.2,5 102 T
W W1 W2 W3 172 1211 102 1485 T
b) Kiem tra ieu kien lam viec an hoi cua cac lp at di mong khoi quy
c
tc
Nmqu
W Nctc 1485 1151 2636 T
tc
Mmqu
1,4 T.m

RIItc
m1m2
k tc
Trong o,

II 1,09 T / m3
'II
1,6.2 2,2.1,03 2,6.1,04 12,9.1,06 1,4.1,09

1,13 T / m3
1,6 2,2 2,6 12,9 1,4

322
cII 0,34 T / m3
A 1,21
II 31,180 B 5,97
C 8,25
1,0.1,0
1,21.7,58.1,09 5,97.20,8.1,13 8,25.0,34 153 T
1,0
RIItc
Wmqux
P
tc
tb
tc
max
tc
min
tc
Nmqu
Bqu .L2qu
Fmqu
tc
Nmqu
Fmqu
tc
Nmqu
Fmqu
7,58.7,582
72,59 m3
6
2636
45,88 T
57,46
tc
Mqux
Wqux
tc
Mqux
Wqux
2636
1,4
45,89 T
57,46 72,59
2636
1,4
45,86 T
57,46 72,59
Ket luan

tc
Pmax
45,89 T 1,2.RIItc 184T
tc
Pmin
45,86T 0


323
11.5.6. Kiem tra lun cho mong khoi quy c

quy c. Tuy nhien, v trong tieu chuan TCVN 205:1998 yeu cau tnh lun cua
mong coc theo quan niem tren nen sinh vien van s dung phng phap nay e
tnh lun cho mong coc trong o an.
Lp at
Be day hi
(m)
(T/m3)
ng suat ban than
2
3
4
5
6
4.7
2.2
2.6
12.9
1.4
2.00
1.03
1.04
1.06
1.09
9.40
2.27
2.70
13.67
1.53
bti T / m2
Ghi chu: theo phan chu thch bang A1 va A2 cua tieu chuan TCVN 205:1988,
mat at tnh toan lay cao hn ay ai 3m. Do o ng suat ban than cua at phai
ke them lp at 3m tren ay ai, cach tnh nay la thien ve an toan v khong xet
en phan at cao hn ai mong 3m en mat at t nhien.
bt26,6 bti 29,57(T / m2 )

glz 0 ptctb bt 45,88 29,57 16,31 T / m2

324
Chia at nen di ay khoi quy c thanh cac lp bang nhau va bang

Bmq
4
B
7,58
1,9m . Chon hi 1,52m mq
4
4
Xet 1 iem thuoc truc qua tam mong co o sau z ke t ay mong. Khi o ng
suat do tai trong ngoai gay ra c xac nh theo cong thc:
glzi K0 .glz 0
Trong o,
K0 = f (
Lmq
Bmq
2Z
), tra bang 2.7 sach Nen va Mong Cac Cong Trnh Dan DungBmqu
Cong Nghiep cua GSTS. Nguyen Van Quang.

Lmq
Bmq
2Z
Bmq
K0
0.00
1.00
0.00
1.52
1.00
3.04
3
4
glzi
glzi
btzi
(T/m2)
(T/m2
btzi
1.000
16.31
29.57
0.55
0.40
0.960
15.66
31.23
0.50
1.00
0.80
0.800
13.05
32.88
0.40
4.56
1.00
1.20
0.606
9.88
34.54
0.29
6.08
1.00
1.60
0.449
7.32
36.20
0.20
5
7.60
1.00
2.01
0.336
5.48
37.85
0.14
iem
o sau Z
(m)
16,31
15,66 13,05
0,8 gl
0,8.1,52
2
0,05m
S
.zi .hi
1392
5,48
i1 E
9,88 7,32
2
5

325
Kiem tra o lun cho phep

S 5cm Sgh 8cm
11.5.7. Kiem tra lun lech gia 2 mong cot gia va mong cot bien
Nh a tnh toan tren th o lun mong cot bien S1 1,8 cm va o lun mong
cot gia S2 5 cm
Do o o lun lech gia 2 mong: S
5,0 1,8
0,0032 S 0,002
1000
en ay th co nhieu hng x ly nh tang chieu sau chon coc, tang so coc...

hoac co the chuyen phng an mong khac. Trong o an nay sinh vien se la
chon mot phng an la tang khoang cach coc e tang dien tch cua khoi mong
quy c se giam c ng suat gay lun va them giam hieu ng nhom coc ang
ke.
Tang khoang cach gia cac coc t 1,1 m len thanh 1,6 m, khoang cach coc van
thoa S = 3d6d =1,052,1m. Dien tch ai mong bay gi la 5,4x5,4m.

326
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
800
800
5400
800
350
350
350
350
1600
350
350
350
350
300 100
350
350
350
350
350
350
800
350
350
1600
25 a150
350
100 300
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
100
300
1600
800
800
1600
300 100
5400
Hnh 11.15: Mat bang bo tr coc mong B2 va C2 (tang khoang cach coc)
a)
Kiem tra lai kha nang chu lc cua coc
Khi tang khoang cach coc th khoi lng ai mong tang len nen lc nen trong coc
se tang len. Do o can phai kiem tra lai.
Ntt n.Ftt .h .bt 1,1.29,16.1,5.2,5 120,29 T

327
N
M
tt
1324 120,29 1444,29 T
tt
1,6T.m
Pmax
M .x
n
x
N M .x
n
x
tt
tt
2
i
tt
Pmin
max
n
max
n
tt
2
i
Trong o,
xmax
n

2,4m ;
n
2
i
4x 2,4
4x 0,8
4x 2,4
4x 0,8
52,48 m2
1444,29 1,6.2,4
90,34 T Qa 118 T
16
52,48
1444,29 1,6.2,4
90,19 T 0
16
52,48
Pmax
Pmin
Ket luan:
coc .

328
b)
Kiem tra lai nen di ay mong khoi quy c
Dien tch khoi mong quy c Fmq = LmqxBmq

Trong o,
Bmq = A1 + 2.L.tg = (5,4-0,25) + 2x20,80.tg(5,40)= 9,1m
Lmq = B1 + 2.L.tg = (5,4-0,25) + 2x20,80.tg(5,40)= 9,1m
Fmq = 9,1.9,1= 82,81 (m2).
W1 Fqu .h . tb 82,81.1,5.2 248,43 T
W2 Fqu n.Fc
i i
82,81 16.0,1225 .(1,6.1,03 2,2.1,03 2,6.1,04 12,9.1,06 1,4.1,09)

1764 T
W3 nc .Ac .Lc bt 16.0,1225.20,8.2,5 102 T
W W1 W2 W3 248 1764 102 2114 T

tc
Nmqu
W Nctc 2114 1151 3265 T
tc
Mmqu
1,4 T.m

329

RIItc
m1m2
k tc
Trong o,
II 1,09 T / m3
1,6.2 2,2.1,03 2,6.1,04 12,9.1,06 1,4.1,09

1,13 T / m3
1,6 2,2 2,6 12,9 1,4
3
cII 0,34 T / m
'II
A 1,21
II 31,18 B 5,97
C 8,25
1,0.1,0
1,21.9,1.1,09 5,97.20,8.1,13 8,25.0,34 155 T

1,0
0
RIItc
Wmqux
P
tc
tb
tc
max
tc
min
tc
Nmqu
Bqu .L2qu
Fmqu
tc
Nmqu
Fmqu
tc
Nmqu
Fmqu
9,1.9,12
126 m3
6
3265
39,43 T
82,81
tc
Mqux
Wqux
tc
Mqux
Wqux
3265 1,4
39,44 T
82,81 126
3265 1,4
39,42 T
82,81 126

330
Ket luan

tc
Pmax
39,44 T 1,2.RIItc 186T
tc
Pmin
39,42T 0

c o lun cua nen theo quan niem nen bien dang tuyen tnh.
c)
Kiem tra lai o lun cua mong khoi quy c
bt26,6 bti 29,57(T / m2 )

glz 0 ptbtc bt 39,43 29,57 9,86 T / m2
Bang 11.10: Bang tnh ng suat di ay khoi mong quy c
Lmq
Bmq
2Z
Bmq
K0
0.00
1.00
0.00
1.82
1.00
3.64
5.46
iem
o sau Z
(m)
glzi
btzi
glzi
(T/m2)
(T/m2
btzi
1.000
9.86
29.57
0.33
0.40
0.960
9.47
31.55
0.30
1.00
0.80
0.800
7.89
33.54
0.24
1.00
1.20
0.606
5.98
35.52
0.17
o lun khoi mong coc tc la khoi mong quy c

S
i1
0,8 gl
0,8.1,82 9,86
5,98
.zi .hi
9,47 7,89
0,026 m
E
1392 2
2

331
d)
Kiem tra o lun lech cho phep
2,6 1,8
0,0008 Sgh 0,002
1000
Thoa o lun lech cho phep theo tieu chuan TCXD 205:1998.
11.5.8. Kiem tra mong coc vi cap noi lc con lai
Kiem tra vi cap noi lc con lai
Mmax =73,8 T.m , Nt = 1067 T
Di lc t chan cot ve trong tam ay ai coc
N
M
tt
1067 120,29 1187,29 T
tt
73,8 T.m
M .x
n
x
N M .x
n
x
Pmax
tt
tt
2
i
tt
Pmin
max
n
max
n
tt
2
i
1187,29 73,8.2,4
77,58 T Qa 118 T
16
52,48
1187,29 73,8.2,4
70,83 T 0
16
52,48
Pmax
Pmin
Ket luan
Tai trong truyen xuong coc am bao khong vt qua sc chu tai cho phep cua
coc.

332
11.5.9. Tnh toan va bo tr thep cho ai coc

11.5.9.1. Kiem tra ieu kien xuyen thung
Vi chieu cao ai hd=1,5m th thap choc thung 450 t chan cot khong bao trum
ra ngoai tim coc nen phai kiem tra ieu kien choc thung.
THAP NEN THUNG
500
100
150
100
45
1500
100
500
800
3800
300
1600
1600
1600
300
5100
Hnh 11.16: Thap nen thung mong B2 va C2

Tai trong tac dung len au coc c xac nh theo cong thc:
Pi
N
n
tt
M .x
x
tt
2
i
Trong o,
n laso lng coc trong ai, n = 16 coc;
x i la khoang cach coc th i en tam cua ai mong.
2
i
4x 2,4 4x 0,8 4x 2,4 4x 0,8
51,2m2
Tai trong tac dung len hang coc bien

333
Pi
N
n
tt
M .x
x
tt
2
i
1324 1,6.2,4
82,8 T
16
51,2
Tai trong tac dung len hang coc gia
Pi
N
n
tt
M .x
x
tt
2
i
1324 1,6.0,8
82,8 T
16
51,2
Chieu cao lam viec cua ai coc
h0
Nct
339
1,6m
0,75.Rbt .btb 0,75.120.2,3
Trong o,
Nct la lc gay am thung bang tong phan lc cac au coc nam ngoai pham
vi ay thap au thung mot pha canh ai cua coc, N ct=4.84,8=339T;
btb la chieu dai trung bnh cua ay tren va ay di thap choc thung,
bct
0,8 3,8
2,3m .
2
Do do chieu cao min cua ai coc

h h0 h1 1,6 0,15 1,75m
Chon hd=1,8 m.
Viec tang chieu cao ai coc co ngha bai toan phai tnh lai. Tuy nhien v chenh
lech chieu cao ai la khong ang ke va thien ve an toan th van gi nguyen chieu
dai coc la 21,5m va coc c ep sau hn xuong them 0,3m (tc la chieu sau at
mui coc la 1,7m).

334
11.5.9.2. Tnh cot thep ai coc

13
10
14
COT 800X800
11
15
12
16
1600
7
350
300
350
1600
8
1600
5400
1600
300
5400
1600
1600
300
trung tai au coc.
300
Hnh 11.17: Cac mat ngam quy c tnh toan mong B2 va C2

trung tai au coc. V mong co dang hnh vuong va ch co momen theo mot
phng (xoay quanh truc x) nen thien ve an toan tnh thep cho mat ngam I-I va
lay cho mat ngam II-II.

335
2300
2000
400
6x82,8 T
6x82,8 T
Hnh 11.18: S o tnh momen tai mat ngam quy c

Momen tai mat ngam I-I
M 0,4.331,2 2.331,2 795(T.m)

Dien tch thep can thiet cho lp di
As
M
795
.104 147 cm2

0,9.h0Rs 0,9.1,65.36500
Chon 3525, a=150mm (AS=172cm2) at lp di, 12, a=200mm at cau tao

lp tren cua ai mong (xem Hnh 11.19 va Hnh 11.20 ).
11.5.10. Kiem tra coc trong qua trnh van chuyen va cau lap
Do chieu dai moi oan coc va tiet dien coc la giong nh khi thiet ke mong coc ep
A2 va D2 nen khong can phai kiem tra ieu kien van chuyen va cau lap

336
350
350
350
350
1600
350
350
350
350
300 100
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
25 a150
800
5400
800
350
350
350
350
12 a200
12 a200
350
350
1600
25 a150
350
100 300
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
100
300
1600
800
800
1600
300 100
K HIE
U THE
P
THEP LP TREN
THEP LP DI
Hnh 11.19: Mat bang bo tr thep ai coc B2 va C2

2300
800
2300
500
100
100
500
12 a200
1800
THP GI
1000X1000
THP GI
1000X1000
500
25 a150
25 a150
100
150
500
500
500
12 a200
BE TONG DAY 100
25 a150
COC EP BTCT
350X350 mm
300
1600
1600
5400
1600
300
Hnh 11.20: Mat cat bo tr thep ai coc B2 va C2

337
PHNG AN 2: COC KHOAN NHOI

11.6. THIET KE MONG A2 VA D2 (TAI COT BIEN KHUNG TRUC 2)
a)
ai coc
- Be tong cap o ben B30 (Rb = 17 MPa);

- Cot thep chu lc AIII (Rs = 365MPa);
- Cot thep ai AI (Rs = 225 MPa).
Thiet ke mat ai trung mep tren ket cau san tang ham (trung cot -4,30m qui
c). Do o chieu sau chon ai so vi mat at t nhien 3,5 + 2 = 5,5 m (trong
o, 3,5 la khoang cach t mat at t nhien en san tang ham, 2 la chieu cao d
kien cua ai).
Kiem tra chieu sau chon mong:
Hm hmin 0,7tg(450 / 2)
2.Qtt
'b
Trong o,
: Goc ma sat trong = 12010= 12,20;
hmin 0,7tg(45 12,2 / 2)

18
1,3m
2.3,6
338
Ket luan
V Hm 2m hmin 1,3m nen mong coc A2 va D2 c tnh toan nh mong coc
ai thap va luc o gia thiet la cac coc ch chu keo, nen.
b)
Coc khoan nhoi
- Be tong cap o ben B25 (Rb = 14,5 MPa);

- Cot thep chu lc AII (Rs = 295MPa);
- Cot thep ai AI (Rs = 225 MPa).
Viec chon vat lieu tng oi thap nham at c s tng xng gia sc chu tai
vat lieu va sc chu tai at nen trong ieu kien nen at yeu.
e chon ng c ng knh coc va chieu sau mui coc thch hp nhat cho ieu
kien a chat va tai trong cua cong trnh, can phai a ra phng an kch thc
khac nhau e so sanh la chon. Trong o an, sinh vien chon ng knh coc
D = 80 cm phu hp vi ieu kien at nen va kha nang thi cong coc khoan nhoi
nc ta hien nay.
Mui coc cam sau vao lp at cat trung lan san soi (lp at 6) mot oan 2,6 m.
Do o chieu sau mui coc tnh t mat at t nhien 0,7+6+2,2+2,6+12,9+2,6=27 m.
Chieu dai coc (tnh t ay ai en mui coc) la 27-3,5-2 = 21,5 m (trong o, 3,5
la khoang cach t mat at t nhien en san tang ham, 2 la chieu cao d kien cua
ai).
Gia thiet khi thiet ke mong ai thap, quan niem coc ch chu keo, nen. Do o ham
lng thep toi thieu (tham khao [20, tr. 99]) th (0,4 - 0,65)%. Do o cot
thep doc chu lc gia thiet la 1416(As 21,55cm2 , 0,42%) .

339
11.6.2. Xac nh sc chu tai cua coc khoan nhoi

a)
Sc chu tai cua coc theo vat lieu lam coc
Sc chu tai tnh toan theo vat lieu cua coc c tnh theo cong thc 13 cua
TCXDVN 195-1997 nh sau sau:
Pvl . Ru .Ab Rs .As
Trong o,
la he so xet en anh hng cua uon doc cua coc, vi mong ai thap
khong xuyen qua bun th =1;
As la dien tch thep As = 21,55 cm2;
Ab la dien tch be tong, Ab
Ru la cng o tnh toan cua be tong. Trong ieu kien o be tong trong bun
.802
21,55 5005 cm2 ;
4
khoan, Ru min
,60 kG / cm2 vi R la mac thiet ke cua betong,R =350
4,5
350
kG/cm2 Ru min
,60 60kG / cm2 ;
4,5
Ran la cng o tnh toan cua cot thep,
2950
Ran min c ,2200 kG / cm2 min

,2200 1970 kG / cm2 ;
1,5
1,5
Pvl . Ru .Ab Rs .As 600.0,5 19700.0,0022 343 T

b)
Sc chu tai cua coc theo ch tieu c ly cua at nen( TCXDVN 205-1998)
Theo ieu A7 phu luc A cua TCXD 205-1998 th cong thc xac nh sc chu tai
tieu chuan cua coc theo at nen nh sau:
Qtc m.(mRqpAp u mfifsili )

340
Trong o,
m la he so ieu kien lam viec cua coc trong at, m = 1;
mR la he so ieu kien lam viec cua at di mui coc, m R = 1;
mfi la he so ieu kien lam cua at mat ben cua coc, phu thuoc vao phng
phap tao lo khoan, tra bang A.5 phu luc A cua TCXD 205-1998 c mfi = 0,6 cho
cac loai at;
.0,82
0,503m2 ;
4
Ap la dien tch ngang cua coc, Ap
u la chu vi than coc, u 2..0,4 2,51 m2 ;
li la chieu day lp at th i tiep xuc vi coc;
fsi la cng o tieu chuan cua ma sat thanh lp at th i vi be mat xung
quanh coc, c tnh toan bang cach tra Bang A.2 TCXDVN 205:1998;
qP la cng o chu tai cua at tai mui coc (T/m 2);
fs la he so ma sat cua at vi thanh coc, lay theo bang A.2 phu luc A cua
TCXDVN 205:1998.
Xac nh qp
Theo ieu A.8. 2 phu luc A cua TCXDVN 205:1998 th oi vi coc nhoi khi ha coc
co lay at ra khoi ruot ong, sau o o be tong, qp c xac nh theo cong thc
sau:
qp 0,75..('1d.Ako 1.L.Bko )
Trong o,
, , Ak0 , Bk0 la he so khong th nguyen, tra bang A.6 phu luc A cua TCXDVN
205:1998 ta c 0,63, 0,26, Ak0 34,6, Bk0 64 ;
'1 la tr tnh toan cua at t nhien pha di mui coc (T/m 3),
'1 1,09(T / m3 ) ;

341
la
tr
trung
bnh
cua
at
nen
tren
mui
coc
2,0x1,1 1,03x2,2 1,04x2,6 1,06x12,9 1,09x2,6

1,11(T / m3 )
1,1 2,2 2,6 12,9 2,6
qp 0,75.. '1d.Ako 1.L.Bko
(T/m 3),
0,75.0,26 1,09.0,8.34,6 1,11.0,63.21,5.64 194 T / m2

Xac nh fsi
Theo muc A.3, phu luc A (phan chu thch bang A.1 va bang A.2) cua tieu chuan
TCXD 205:1998 th khi chieu sau chon mong ln hn 3m th mat at tnh toan
(MDTT) lay len cao hn ay mong 3m.
e tnh thanh phan ma sat cua coc, chia coc thanh nhng oan li 2m
nh Hnh 11.21:

342
3
4
Set xam
trang om
nautrang
thai deo
mem
Set pha
deo mem
Set xam trang

deo cng
2000
2000
2000
Cat pha nau

loang vang
trang thai deo
1200 1400 1400
1500
2000
12900
3550
4650
5750
6950
8250
9900
11900
13900
15900
17900
19650
21100
22500
23800
24400
1300 1300 1100 1100 1100
Cat san lap
2000
2600
2200
6000
700
Cat trung
lan san soi
ket cau
chat va
Hnh 11.21: Xac nh thanh phan ma sat xung quanh coc

343
Ket qua tnh toan thanh phan ma sat xung quanh coc nh bang di:
Bang 11.11: Tnh toan thanh phan ma sat xung quanh coc
Lp at
Loai at
li(m)
Zi(m)
IL
fsi(T/m2)
lsi.fi(T/m)
Set xam trang
1.10
3.55
0.53
2.00
2.20
Set pha
1.10
4.65
0.52
2.28
2.51
1.10
5.75
0.52
2.86
3.15
Set xam trang
1.30
6.95
0.40
3.25
4.23
1.30
8.25
0.40
3.34
4.34
2.00
9.90
0.30
4.42
8.84
2.00
11.90
0.30
4.50
9.00
2.00
13.90
0.30
4.58
9.16
2.00
15.90
0.30
5.24
10.48
2.00
17.90
0.30
5.44
10.88
1.50
19.65
0.30
5.62
8.43
1.40
21.10
0.30
5.76
8.06
1.40
22.50
8.31
11.63
1.20
23.80
8.40
10.08
Cat pha
Cat hat trung lan soi
fsili(T/m)=102.99
Do o, sc chu tai cua co theo ch tieu c ly at nen

Qtc m.(mRqpAp u mf fsili ) 1.(1.194.0,503 2,51.102,99) 356 T
Sc chu tai cho phep cua mot coc
Qa
Qtc 356
254(T)
k tc
1,4

344
c)
Sc chu tai cua coc theo ket qua xuyen tnh (TCXD 205-1998)
Sc chu tai cc han cua coc xac nh theo cong thc:

QP QS
3
2
Qxt
Trong o,
Qp la sc chong cc han mui xuyen
Qs la sc chong cc han mat ben coc
Tnh toan sc chong cc han cua mui xuyen

Sc chong cc han mui xuyen c xac nh theo cong thc:
QP AP .qP AP .Kc .qc

Trong o,
KC la he so mang tai phu thuoc loai at tai mui coc va loai coc, tra bang KC
= 0,4;
qc la sc khang xuyen trung bnh lay tai 3d=3x0,35 =1,05m tren va di coc
(v coc cam vao lp cat hat trung lan soi 1 oan l=2,6m>3d nen trong pham vi
tren va di mui coc eu la lp at cat hat trung do o ta c qc = 1297,60
(T/m2);
.0,82
0,503m2 ;
Ap la dien tch ngang cua coc, Ap
4
QP AP .qP AP .Kc .qc 0,503.0,4.1297,6 261 T

345
Tnh toan sc chong cc han mat ben coc

Sc chong cc han mat ben c tnh theo cong thc:
n
i1
i 1
QS u qsi .li u
qci
.l
i i
Trong o,
u la chu vi than coc, u 2..0,4 2,51 m2 ;
li la o dai cua coc trong lp at th I (m)
i la he so phu thuoc vao loai at, loai coc;
qci la sc can mui xuyen cua lp at th i;
qsi la lc ma sat thanh n v cua coc lp at th i, co chieu day l.
Bang 11.12: Bang tnh toan sc chong cc han mat ben coc
Lp at
Set xam trang, deo mem
Li
qci
Qsi
2
(m)
(T/m )
(T)
30
1.10
122.23
11.25
Set pha, deo mem
30
2.20
129.60
23.86
Set xam trang, deo cng
40
2.60
238.00
38.83
Cat pha
70
12.90
566.00
261.81
Cat hat trung lan san soi, chat va
120
1.20
1297.60
32.57
QS (T) =
368.31
Sc chu tai cho phep cua coc theo ket qua xuyen tnh:
Qxt
QS QP 368 261
271 T
2
3
2
3

346
d)
Sc chu tai thiet ke
Sc chu tai thiet ke cua coc bang min(Pvl, Qa, Qxt) = Qa=254 T.
Trong lng ban than cua coc: w 2,5..0,42.21,5 27 T
Vay sc chu tai thiet ke cua coc:
[Qa ]= 254 27 = 247 (T)
11.6.3. Xac nh so lng coc
Ap lc tnh toan do phan lc au coc tac dung len ay ai
Qa
247
ptt 2
(3d)
3.0,8
42,88 T / m2
Dien tch s bo cua ay ai
FSb
N0tt
ptt n. tb .h
638,82
17m2
42,88 1,1.2,5.2
Trong lng tnh toan s bo cua ai

tt
Nsb
n.Fsb .h. 1,1.17.2.2,5 94 T
So lng coc s bo
ncsb
tt
N0tt Nsb
Qa
1,3.
638,82 94
3,8 coc
247
Bo tr coc trong ai
Khoang cach gia cac tim coc chon bang 3d = 2400 mm.
Khoang cach t tim coc en mep ai 0,7d = 560 mm, lay bang 600 mm.

347
100 600
3600
2400
600 100
Mat bang bo tr coc A2 va D2 nh hnh di
100 600
2400
3600
600 100
Hnh 11.22: Mat bang bo tr coc A2 va D2

11.6.4. Kiem tra lc tac dung len coc
p Qa
ieu kien kiem tra : max
pmin 0

Ntt n.Ftt .h .bt 1,1.12,96.2.2,5 71,28 T
N
M
tt
N0tt Ntt 638,82 71,28 710,1 T
tt
35,22 T.m

348
Pmax
M .x
n
x
N M .x
n
x
tt
tt
max
n
2
i
tt
Pmin
max
n
tt
2
i
Trong o,
xmax
n

1,2m ;
n
2
i
2x 1,2 2x 1,2
5,76m2
710,1 35,22.1,2
210T Qa 247T
Pmax
4
5,76
P 710,1 35,22.1,2 170T 0

min
4
5,76
Ket luan:
coc .
a)

349
tb 1,1.12,17 2,2.11,75 2,6.18,1 12,9.23,83 2,6.31,18
5,50
4
4.(1,1 2,2 2,6 12,9 2,6)
Fmq = LmqxBmq
Trong o,
Bmq = A1 + 2.L.tg = (3,6-2.0,2) + 2x21,5.tg(5,50)= 7,34m
Lmq = B1 + 2.L.tg = (3,6-2.0,2) + 2x21,5.tg(5,50)= 7,34m
Fmq = 7,34.7,34 = 53,88 (m2).
b)

W1 Fqu .h .bt 53,88.2.2,5 269,4 T
W2 Fqu n.Fc
i i
53,88 4.0,5 .(1,1x2 2,2x1,03 2,6x1,04 12,9x1,06 2,6x1,09)

1173 T
W3 nc .Ac .Lc bt 4.0,5.21,5.2,5 107,5 T

W W1 W2 W3 269,4 1173 107,5 1550 T

350
c)
Kiem tra ieu kien lam viec an hoi cua cac lp at di mong khoi quy
c
tc
Nmqu
W Nctc 1550 555,5 2105,5 T
tc
Mmqu
30,6 T.m

RIItc
m1m2
k tc
Trong o,
m1 = 1,4 at cat hat trung lan san;
m2 = 1,3 (1,5<L/H<4);
II 1,09 T / m3
'II
cII 0,34 T / m3
A 1,21
II 31,180 B 5,97
C 8,25
RIItc
1,1.2 2,2.1,03 2,6.1,04 12,9.1,06 2,6.1,09

1,06 T / m3
1,1 2,2 2,6 12,9 2,6
1,4.1,3
1,21.7,34.1,09 5,97.24,4.1,06 8,25.0,34 304 T
1,0
Wmqux
Bqu .L2qu
6
7,34.7,342
65,9 m3
6

351
P
tc
tb
tc
max
tc
min
tc
Nmqu
Fmqu
tc
Nmqu
Fmqu
tc
Nmqu
Fmqu
2105,5
39,08 T
53,88
tc
Mqux
Wqux
tc
Mqux
Wqux
2105,5 30,6
39,5 T
53,88 65,9
2105,5 30,6
38,6T
53,88 65,9
Ket luan:

tc
Pmax
39,5 T 1,2.RIItc 364,8 T
tc
Pmin
38,6T 0

11.6.6. Kiem tra o lun mong khoi c
quy c. Tuy nhien trong khuon kho o an, sinh vien van s dung phng phap
nay e tnh lun cho mong coc.

352
Be day hi
ng suat ban than
(m)
(T/m3)
bti T / m2
4.1
8.2
2.2
1.03
2.27
2.6
1.04
2.70
12.9
1.06
13.67
2.6
1.09
2.83
Lp at
Ghi chu: mat at tnh toan lay cao hn ay ai 3m. Do o ng suat ban than cua
at phai ke them lp at 3m tren ay ai.
bt27,8 bti 29,67(T / m2 )

glz 0 ptbtc bt 39,08 29,67 9,41 T / m2

Bmq
4
B
7,34
1,8m , chon hi 1,5m mq . Xet 1 iem thuoc truc qua tam mong
4
4
co o sau z ke t ay mong. Khi o ng suat do tai trong ngoai gay ra c xac

nh theo cong thc:
glzi K0 .glz 0
Trong o,

353
K0 = f (
Lmq
Bmq
2Z

Bieu o phan bo ng suat di ay mong khoi quy c nh
Bang 11.14. Bang phan bo ng suat di ay khoi mong quy c
Lmqu
Bmqu
2Z
Bmqu
K0
0.00
1.00
0.00
1.47
1.00
2.94
4.41
iem
o sau Z
(m)
glzi
btzi
glzi
(T/m2)
(T/m2)
btzi
1.000
9.41
29.67
0.32
0.40
0.960
9.03
31.27
0.29
1.00
0.80
0.800
7.53
32.87
0.23
1.00
1.20
0.606
5.70
34.48
0.17
o lun mong khoi quy c:

S
i1
0,8 gl
0,8.1,47 9,41
5,70
.zi .hi
9,03 7,53
0,02m
E
1392 2
2
Kiem tra o lun cho phep:

S 2 cm Sgh 8cm

354
MAT AT T NHIEN
MAT AT TNH TOAN
3000
6000
2600
2600
12900
2200
700
bt= 29,67 (T/m2)
gl= 9,41 (T/m2)
bt= 31,27 (T/m2)
gl= 9,03 (T/m2)
bt= 32,87 (T/m2)
gl= 7,53 (T/m2)
bt= 34,48 (T/m2)
gl= 5,70 (T/m2)
Hnh 11.23: ng suat phan bo di ay mong khoi quy c

355
11.6.7. Kiem tra kha nang chu lc cua ai coc

a)
Kiem tra ieu kien xuyen thung
Ve hnh thap nen thung t do vi goc 450

CAO O MAT AI
-4,30 m
500
THAP NEN THUNG
100
150
2000
45
600
2400
3600
600
Hnh 11.24: Thap nen thung mong A2 va D2

Vi chieu cao ai hd= 2 m th thap choc thung 450 t chan cot trum ra ngoai tim
coc nen khong can phai kiem tra ieu kien choc thung.
b)
Tnh toan cot thep ai coc
Xem ai coc nh mot cong xon b ngam tai tiet dien i qua mep cot va b uon bi
cac phan lc au coc. Cot va coc eu oi xng, ch can xet mot mat ngam nh
Hnh 11.25.
Momen tai ngam c xac nh theo cong thc:
M
r.P
i1
Trong o,

356
n la so coc trong pham vi cong xon;
Pi la phan lc au coc th i;
ri Khoang cach t mat ngam en tim coc th i.
r.P 2.0,95.185 351,5 T.m

i
MAT NGAM
600 100
i1
500
3600
2400
950
100 600
500
100 600
2400
3600
600 100
Hnh 11.25: Mat ngam quy c tnh thep ai

Dien tch cot thep tnh theo cong thc:
M
351,5.107
Fa
.102 57,84 cm2

0,9.h0Ra 0,9.1850.365
Chon bo tr cot thep 18a150 (Fa=61,07 cm2) at lp di, lp tren at theo cau
tao 12 a200 .

357
600
100
18 a150
3600
2400
12 a200
12 a200
18 a150
100
600
100
600
2400
3600
600
100
K HIE
U THE
P
THEP LP TREN
THEP LP DI
Hnh 11.26: Mat bang bo tr thep ai coc A2 va D2

1150
500
1150
C AO OM A
T A
I
12 a200
THE
P G IA
1000X1000
2000
THE
P G IA
1000X1000
150
500
18 a150
18 a150
100
100
500
12 a200
BETO
NG DA
Y 100
C OC KHOAN NHO
I
NG KNH 800 m m
600
2400
3600
600
Hnh 11.27: Mat cat 1-1

358
11.7. THIET KE MONG B2 VA C2 (TAI COT GIA KHUNG TRUC 2)

Cau tao coc, ai coc, chieu sau chon coc va ai coc la tng t nh a thiet ke
vi mong A2 va D2.
Kiem tra chieu sau chon mong:
Hm hmin 0,7tg(450 / 2)
2.Qtt
'b
Trong o,
: Goc ma sat trong = 12010= 12,20;
hmin 0,7tg(45 12,2 / 2)
2.21
1,4m
2.3,6
Ket luan
V Hm 5,5m hmin 1,4m nen mong coc A2 va D2 c tnh toan nh mong
coc ai thap va luc o gia thiet la cac coc ch chu keo, nen.
11.7.2. Xac nh sc chu tai cua coc khoan nhoi
V chieu sau chon coc la giong vi mong coc A2 va D2 nen sc chiu tai cua coc
trong mong B2 va C2 bang 247 T.
11.7.3. Xac nh so lng coc
Ap lc tnh toan do phan lc au coc tac dung len ay ai

359
Qa
247
ptt 2
(3d)
3.0,8
42,88 T / m2
Dien tch s bo cua ay ai
FSb
N0tt
ptt n. tb .h
638,82
17m2
42,88 1,1.2,5.2
Trong lng tnh toan s bo cua ai

tt
Nsb
n.Fsb .h. 1,1.17.2.2,5 94 T
So lng coc s bo
n
sb
c
tt
N0tt Nsb
Qa
1,1.
1324,19 94
5,9 coc
247
Chon 6 coc cho mong B2 va D2.

Bo tr coc trong ai
Khoang cach gia cac tim coc chon bang 3d = 2400 mm.
Khoang cach t tim coc en mep ai 0,7d = 560 mm, lay bang 600 mm.
Mat bang bo tr coc B2 va C2 nh hnh di

360
600 100
100 600
3600
2400
100 600
2400
2400
600 100
6000
B
Hnh 11.28: Mat bang bo tr coc B2 va C2
11.7.4. Kiem tra lc tac dung len coc
p Qa
ieu kien kiem tra : max
pmin 0

Ntt n.Ftt .h .bt 1,1.3,6.6.2.2,5 118,8 T
N
M
tt
N0tt Ntt 1324,19 118,8 1443 T
tt
1,58 T.m

361
Pmax
M .x
n
x
N M .x
n
x
tt
tt
max
n
2
i
tt
Pmin
max
n
tt
2
i
Trong o,
xmax
n

2,4m ;
n
2
i
2x 2,4 2x 2,4
23,04m2
1443 1,58.2,4
241T Qa 247 T
Pmax
6
23,04
P 1443 1,58.2,4 240 T 0

min
6
23,04
Kiem tra vi cap noi lc con lai:
Ntt 1067 T;
M tt 73,8 T.m
N
M
tt
N0tt Ntt 1067 118,8 1186 T
tt
73,8 T.m
Tai trong tac dung len coc

362
1186 73,8.2,4
205 T Qa 247 T
Pmax
6
23,04
P 1186 73,8.2,4 190 T 0

min
6
23,04
Ket luan:
coc .
a)
tb 1,1.12,17 2,2.11,75 2,6.18,1 12,9.23,83 2,6.31,18
5,50
4
4.(1,1 2,2 2,6 12,9 2,6)
Fmq = LmqxBmq
Trong o,
Bmq = A1 + 2.L.tg = (3,6-2.0,2) + 2x21,5.tg(5,50)= 7,34m
Lmq = B1 + 2.L.tg = (6-2.0,2) + 2x21,5.tg(5,50)= 9,74m
Fmq = 9,74.7,34 = 71,50 (m2)

363
b)

W1 Fqu .h . tb 71,5.2.2 286 T
W2 Fqu n.Fc
i i
71,5 4.0,5 .(1,1x1,03 2,2x1,03 2,6x1,04 12,9x1,06 2,6x1,09)

1572 T
W3 nc .Ac .Lc bt 6.0,5.21,5.2,5 161,25 T

W W1 W2 W3 286 1572 161,25 2019 T
c)
Kiem tra ieu kien lam viec an hoi cua cac lp at di mong khoi quy
c
tc
Nmqu
W Nctc 2019 1151,5 3170,5 T
tc
Mmqu
1,37 T.m

RIItc
m1m2
k tc

364
Trong o,
m1 = 1,4 at cat hat trung lan san;
m2 = 1,3 (1,5<L/H<4);
II 1,09 T / m3
'II
cII 0,34 T / m3
A 1,21
II 31,18 B 5,97
C 8,25
1,1.2 2,2.1,03 2,6.1,04 12,9.1,06 2,6.1,09

1,06 T / m3
1,1 2,2 2,6 12,9 2,6
RIItc
1,4.1,3
1,21.7,34.1,09 5,97.24,4.1,06 8,25.0,34 304 T
1,0
Wmqux
P
tc
tb
tc
max
tc
min
tc
Nmqu
Bqu .L2qu
Fmqu
tc
Nmqu
Fmqu
tc
Nmqu
Fmqu
7,34.9,742
116 m3
6
3170,5
44,34T
71,5
tc
Mqux
Wqux
tc
Mqux
Wqux
3170,5 1,37
44,35 T
71,5
116
3170,5 1,37
44,33 T
71,5
116

365
Ket luan:

tc
Pmax
44,35 T 1,2.RIItc 364,8 T
tc
Pmin
44,34T 0

11.7.6. Kiem tra o lun cua mong khoi quy c
Tng t nh a tnh mong A2 va D2 th sinh vien van s dung quan niem
xem o lun cua mong quy c la o lun cua mong coc.
Tnh ng suat tai ay mong khoi quy c:
Lp at
Be day hi
(m)
(T/m3)
ng suat ban than

bti T / m2
4.1
8.20
3
4
5
6
2.2
2.6
12.9
2.6
1.03
1.04
1.06
1.09
2.27
2.70
13.67
2.83
- ng suat ban than tai ay mong khoi quy c
bt27,8 bti 29,67(T / m2 )

366
- ng suat gay lun tai ay mong khoi quy c
glz 0 ptctb bt 44,34 29,67 14,67 T / m2

Bmq
4
B
7,34
1,8m , chon hi 1,47m mq . Xet 1 iem thuoc truc qua tam
4
4
mong co o sau z ke t ay mong. Khi o ng suat do tai trong ngoai gay ra

c xac nh theo cong thc:
glzi K0 .glz 0
Trong o,
K0 = f (
Lmq
Bmq
2Z

Lmqu
Bmqu
2Z
Bmqu
K0
0.00
1.30
0.00
1.47
1.30
2.94
iem
o sau Z
(m)
glzi
btzi
glzi
(T/m2)
(T/m2)
btzi
1.000
14.67
29.67
0.49
0.40
0.970
14.23
31.27
0.46
1.30
0.80
0.839
12.31
32.87
0.37
4.41
1.30
1.20
0.667
9.78
34.48
0.28
5.88
1.30
1.60
0.514
7.54
36.08
0.21
7.35
1.30
2.00
0.400
5.87
37.68
0.16

367
0,8 gl
0,8.1,47 14,67
5,87
.zi .hi
14,23 12,31 9,78 7,54
0,046 m
1392 2
2
i1 E
Kiem tra o lun cho phep:
S
S 4,6 cm Sgh 8cm
11.7.7. Kiem tra o lun lech gia cac mong

o lun lech gia mong cot gia va mong cot bien:
S1 S2 4,6 2,0
0,0026 S 0,002
L
1000
Ket luan:
Khong thoa lun lech, can phai thiet ke lai hoac phai tnh toan ket cau phan tren
chu noi lc sinh ra do lun lech. Trong o an, chon phng an thiet ke lai mong
B2 va C2.
e giam lun lech gia 2 mong th phai giam o lun cua mong B2 va C2, va
phng an e giam o lun cua cac mong nay la:
- Tang chieu dai coc.
- Tang khoang cach gia cac coc.
a)
Phng an 1: Tang khoang cach gia cac coc
Trong trng hp nay, sinh vien th tang khoang cach cac coc trong mong B2 va
C2 len 4d, bo tr nh hnh di:

368
100 600
4400
3200
600 100
600
3200
3200
600 100
7600
Hnh 11.29: Mat bang bo tr coc B2 va C2 (tang khoang cach coc)

Tnh lai o lun cua mong khoi quy c mi
Dien tch khoi mong quy c:
Fmq = LmqxBmq
Trong o,
Bmq = A1 + 2.L.tg = (4,4-2.0,2) + 2x21,5.tg(5,50)= 8,14m
Lmq = B1 + 2.L.tg = (7,6-2.0,2) + 2x21,5.tg(5,50)= 11,34m
Fmq = 8,14.11,34 = 92,31 (m2)
W1 Fqu .h . tb 92,31.2.2 369 T

369
W2 Fqu n.Fc
i i
92,31 6.0,5 .(1,1x1,03 2,2x1,03 2,6x1,04 12,9x1,06 2,6x1,09)

2019 T
W3 nc .Ac .Lc bt 6.0,5.21,5.2,5 161,25 T

W W1 W2 W3 369 2019 161,25 2549 T

tc
Nmqu
W Nctc 2549 1151,5 3700,5 T
tc
Mmqu
1,37 T.m
Ap lc trung bnh di ay mong khoi quy c

P
tc
tb
tc
Nmqu
Fmqu
3700,5
40T
92,31
bt27,8 bti 29,67(T / m2 )

glz 0 ptbtc bt 40 29,67 10,33 T / m2

Bmq
4
B
8,14
2m , chon hi 1,63m mq .
4
4

370
Ta co bang phan bo ng suat di ay mong khoi quy c mi nh sau:

Lmqu
Bmqu
2Z
Bmqu
K0
0.00
1.40
0.00
1.63
1.40
3.26
3
4
iem
o sau Z
(m)
glzi
btzi
glzi
(T/m2)
(T/m2)
btzi
1.000
10.33
29.67
0.35
0.44
0.972
10.04
31.45
0.32
1.40
0.89
0.848
8.76
33.22
0.26
4.89
1.40
1.33
0.682
7.05
35.00
0.20
6.52
1.40
1.78
0.532
5.50
36.78
0.15

S
i1
0,8 gl
0,8.1,63 10,33
5,5
.zi .hi
10,04 8,76 7,05
0,032m
E
1392 2
2
S1 S2 3,2 2,0
0,0012 S 0,002
L
1000
Thoa o lun lech cho phep.

Viec tang kch thc ai coc se tang lc nen trong moi coc. Do o can phai kiem
tra lai lc nen tac dung len moi au coc.
- Trong lng tnh toan cua ai
Ntt n.Ftt .h .bt 1,1.4,4.7,6.2.2,5 184 T
Di lc t chan cot ve trong tam ay ai coc
N
M
tt
N0tt Ntt 1324,19 184 1508 T
tt
1,58 T.m
Tai trong tac dung len coc (cha ke en momen tai chan cot)

371
Pmax
N
n
tt
1508
251T Qa 247 T
6
Ket luan: Phng an tang khoang cach coc la khong kha thi.
b)
Phng an 2: Tang chieu sau chon coc
Tang chieu sau chon coc them 3m, do o chieu sau chon coc la 27 + 3 = 30 m.
Viec tang chieu sau chon coc se lam tang sc chu tai cua coc do o phai tnh lai
sc chu tai cua coc va so coc. Tuy nhien thien ve an toan, khong can tnh lai sc
100 600
3600
2400
600 100
chu tai coc gi nguyen so coc va khoang cach cac coc nh Hnh 11.30:
100 600
2400
2400
600 100
6000
B
Hnh 11.30: Mat bang bo tr coc B2 va C2 (Tang chieu sau coc)
Muc ch cua viec tang chieu sau coc e giam ng suat gay lun tai ay khoi
mong quy c, dan en giam o lun trong mong B2 va C2, cuoi cung se giai
quyet c lun lech gia cac mong.
Mat truyen tai cua mong khoi quy c c m rong hn so vi dien tch ay ai
vi goc m:
372
tb 1,1.12,17 2,2.11,75 2,6.18,1 12,9.23,83 5,6.31,18
5,80
4
4.(1,1 2,2 2,6 12,9 5,6)
Dien tch khoi mong quy c:

Fmq = LmqxBmq
Trong o,
Bmq = A1 + 2.L.tg = (3,6-2.0,2) + 2x24,5.tg(5,80)= 8,2 m
Lmq = B1 + 2.L.tg = (6-2.0,2) + 2x24,5.tg(5,80)= 10,6 m
Fmq = 8,2.10,6 = 87 (m2)
W1 Fqu .h . tb 87.2.2 348 T
W2 Fqu n.Fc
i i
87 6.0,5 .(1,1x1,03 2,2x1,03 2,6x1,04 12,9x1,06 5,6x1,09)

2255 T
W3 nc .Ac .Lc bt 6.0,5.24,5.2,5 164 T

W W1 W2 W3 348 2255 164 2767 T

tc
Nmqu
W Nctc 2767 1151,5 3918,5 T

373
tc
Mmqu
1,37 T.m
Ap lc trung bnh di ay mong khoi quy c

P
tc
tb
tc
Nmqu
Fmqu
3918,5
45 T
87
ng suat ban than tai ay mong khoi quy c:
bt27,8 bti 32,94(T / m2 )

Lp at
Be day hi
(m)
(T/m3)
ng suat ban than

bti T / m2
4.1
8.20
3
4
5
6
2.2
2.6
12.9
5.6
1.03
1.04
1.06
1.09
2.27
2.70
13.67
6.10
glz 0 ptbtc bt 40 32,94 7,06 T / m2

Bmq
4
B
8,2
2m . Chon hi 1,63m mq .
4
4
Ta co bang tnh ng suat phan bo di ay mong khoi quy c mi nh sau:

374
Bang 11.19: Bang tnh ng suat phan bo di ay mong khoi quy c
Lmqu
Bmqu
2Z
Bmqu
K0
0.00
1.30
0.00
1.63
1.30
3.26
1.30
iem
o sau Z
(m)
glzi
btzi
glzi
(T/m2)
(T/m2)
btzi
1.000
7.06
32.94
0.21
0.40
0.970
6.85
34.72
0.20
0.80
0.839
5.92
36.49
0.16

S
i1
0,8 gl
0,8.1,63 7,06
5,92
.zi .hi
6,85
0,013m
E
1392 2
2
S1 S2 1,3 2,0
0,001 S 0,002
L
1000
Thoa o lun lech cho phep.

c)
Nhan xet
Trong 2 phng phap ma sinh vien a ra nham giam o lun cua mong coc, sinh
vien co nhan xet sau:
Tang khoang cach gia cac coc
- Viec tang khoang cach coc se lam tang khoi lng be tong va thep ai coc.
- Tang lc nen len au coc, do o he so an toan cho mong se giam xuong, trong
trng hp khac co the vt qua sc chu tai cho phep cua coc.
Tang chieu sau coc
- Tang khoi lng be tong va thep coc.
- Tang sc chu tai them cho coc so vi thiet ke, he so an toan cho mong se ln
hn.

375
Do o trong trng hp cu the th can phai co tnh toan cu the e chon giai phap
hp ly. Tuy nhien trong trng hp mong coc ep, mui coc at lp at cat th
phng an tang chieu dai coc la kem kha thi v kho co the ep coc sau hn xuong
lp at nay.
11.7.8. Kiem tra kha nang chu lc cua ai mong
a)
Kiem tra ieu kien xuyen thung
Ve hnh thap nen thung t do vi goc 450 .
CAO O MAT AI
800
THAP NEN THUNG
150
2000
45
100
4800
100 600
2400
2400
600 100
6000
Hnh 11.31: Thap choc thung mong coc B2 va C2

Vi chieu cao ai h 2m th thap choc thung t do t chan cot khong bao trum
ra ngoai tim coc nen phai kiem tra ieu kien choc thung.
Chieu cao lam viec cua ai coc c xac nh theo ieu kien chong am thung:
h0
Nct
0,75.Rbt .btb
Trong o,

376
Nct la lc gay am thung (bang tong phan lc cac au coc nam ngoai pham
vi ay thap au thung mot pha canh ai cua coc), N ct=2.241=482T;
btb la chieu dai trung bnh cua ay tren va ay di thap choc thung,
bct
0,8 4,8
2,8m ;
2
h0
Nct
482
1,9 m
0,75.Rbt .btb 0,75.120.2,8
Chieu cao ai coc:

h h0 h1 1,9 0,15 2,05 m
Do o chieu cao ai ban au 2m van ap ng c ieu kien chon thung.

b)
Tnh toan cot thep ai coc
Xem ai coc nh mot cong xon b ngam tai tiet dien i qua mep cot va b uon bi
3600
2400
1400
100 600
100 600
II
2000
II
800
600 100
cac phan lc au coc.
2400
2400
600 100
6000

377
Hnh 11.32: Mat ngam quy c tnh thep ai

Momen tai ngam c xac nh theo cong thc:
M
r.P
i1
Trong o,
n la so coc trong pham vi cong xon;
Pi la phan lc au coc th i;
ri Khoang cach t mat ngam en tim coc th i.
Tnh thep ai theo phng canh dai (phng truc 2)

S o tnh:
2600
2000
2x241 (T)
Momen tai mat ngam I-I:

M
r.P 2.2.241 964 T.m

i1

M
964.107
Fa
.102 158,62 cm2

0,9.h0Ra 0,9.1850.365
Chon bo tr cot thep 25a100 (Fa=176,71 cm2).
Tnh thep ai theo phng canh ngan (phng truc B)

378
S o tnh:
1400
800
3x241 (T)
Momen tai mat ngam I-I:

M
r.P 3.0,8.241 578,4 T.m

i1

M
578,4.107
Fa
.102 95,17 cm2

0,9.h0Ra 0,9.1850.365
600 100
Chon bo tr cot thep 25a150 (Fa = 117,8 cm2).
25 a100
25 a150
3600
2400
12 a200
12 a200
100
600
2400
2400
100 600
600
100
6000
K HIE
U THE
P
THEP LP TREN
THEP LP DI
Hnh 11.33: Mat bang bo tr thep mong B2 va C2

379
C AO OMA
T A
I
2600
800
12 a200
2600
12 a200
THE
P G IA
1000X1000
2000
THE
P G IA
1000X1000
100 500
500
500
150
500
12 a200
25 a100
100
25 a150
100 600
2400
2400
600 100
6000
1400
800
1400
THP GI
1000X1000
100
25 a150
2400
3600
100
25 a100
600
12 a200
500
150
500
2000
THP GI
1000X1000
100 500
12 a200
B TNG DY 100
600

380
LA CHON PHNG AN MONG

e la chon ve loai coc hp ly th can phai phan tch luan chng ve kinh te ky
thuat toan dien oi vi phng an thiet ke. Neu ch nhn ve kha nang chu lc cua
coc hoac gia thanh cua mot cay coc ma bo qua li ch kinh te tong hp cua ca
cong trnh, hoac ch xet en toc o thi cong ma bo qua anh hng moi trng va
hieu ch xa hoi th cung eu khong the chon ra c loai coc thc s hp ly. Hn
na viec so sanh 2 phng an phai a ve cung mot he so rui ro mi co the so
sanh c. Chang han phng an co li ch kinh te ln nhng he so rui ro la
cao th can phai xem xet. Do o viec chon la phng an mong con phu thuoc
vao ch tieu ma chu au t can thiet va at nang no.
Trong o an, sinh vien so sanh qua ch tieu ket cau, ch tieu chi ph cho vat lieu
va so sanh ve ieu kien thi cong, o rui ro va thi gian thi cong cua 2 phng an.
1)
So sanh ve ch tieu ket cau
Kha nang chu tai coc tren mot m2 san

Phng an coc ep
P 118.25.2 1,78 T / m
10.30.11
S
san
san
Trong o,
la tong sc chu tai coc trong khung truc 2;
la tong dien tch san cua khung truc 2 (11 tang).
san
Phng an coc nhoi
P 247.10.2 1,50 T / m
10.30.11
S
san
san
Chenh lech sc chu tai tnh tren 1/m2 san la (1,78 -1,50)/1,78 =16 %.

381
2)
So sanh ve chi ph vat lieu lam mong
Khoi lng be tong tren mot m2 san

o
Phng an coc ep
Betong ai coc cua cac mong khung truc 2

2.(2,8.2,8.1,5+5,6.5,6.1,8) = 136 m3
Be tong coc cua cac mong khung truc 2
2.(9.0,1225.21,5+16.0,1225.21,5) = 132 m3
Do o khoi lng be tong mong tren mot m 2 san
(132+136)/(11.30.10)=0,081 m3/1m2 san
o
Phng an coc khoan nhoi
Khoi lng be tong ai coc cua cac mong khung truc 2

2.(3,6.3,6.2+3,6.6.2) = 138 m3
Khoi lng be tong coc cua cac mong khung truc 2
2.(4.0,5.23,15+6.0,5.26,15) = 250 m3
Do o khoi lng be tong mong tren mot m 2 san
(138+250)/(11.30.10)=0,118 m3/1m2 san
Bang 11.20: Bang so sanh khoi lng be tong cua 2 phng an mong
Phng an
Phng an
Chenh lech
coc ep
coc khoan nhoi
(%)
Khoi lng be tong coc
132 m3
250 m3
47%
Khoi lng be tong ai coc
136 m3
138 m3
Thanh phan
Khoi lng be tong tren 1 m

san

0,081 m /m
san
0,118 m /m
san
1,4%
2
31%
382
e so sanh tnh kinh te sinh vien co the so sanh s bo qua suat au t nh sau:
Vi quy mo nha ReeTower 11 tang, dien tch mot san 1800 m 2 va dien tch at
nen 1800 m2.
Khoi lng be tong mong cho toan bo cong trnh:
Phng an coc ep 11.1800.0,081= 1604 m3
Phng an coc khoan nhoi 11.1800.0,118= 2336 m 3
Chenh lech chi ph cua vat lieu: (2336-1604).1,5=1,1 ty
Khoi lng thep tren mot m2 san
Trong toan bo chi ph cho phan mong th chi ph cho thep trong ai mong va coc
la rat nho. Hn na qua tnh toan ta thay ham lng thep trong ai coc va coc la
gan tng ng nhau. Do o co the bo qua viec xem xet ch tieu nay.
3)
So sanh ieu kien thi cong va thi gian thi cong
Phng an coc ep
Lc ep can thiet e ep:

Pep = (1,5-2).Qa . Chon Pep = 2Qa = 2x118=236(T), ta thay Pep < Pv = 244T
=> am bao coc khong b v trong qua trnh ep.
Lc ep ly thuyet cua may ep can thiet:
Pmay = 1,4.Pep = 1,4x236= 330 (T)
=> Co the tm c may ep co lc ep tren (Hien nay vi may ep nh, sc ep toi
a chung ta co the ep la 380 T).

383
Mot so nhan xet:

Tren ly thuyet th phng an coc ep la kha thi. Tuy nhien sinh vien co mot so
nhan xet sau:
Coc phai xuyen qua lp at cat pha kha day 12,9 m, co E = 942 (T/m 2) va
23,50 do o neu s dung phng phap ep thong thng th kho co the ep coc
do trong tnh toan cha ke en tnh nen chat cua at xung quanh khi ep coc nen
co kha nang sc chu tai cua coc vt qua thc te tnh toan. Do o kho co the ep
coc xuong chieu sau thiet the.
e ep c coc th can phai chat mot khoi lng oi trong kha ln la
240 T. Do o can chat moi ben la 44 m 3 be tong (tng ng vi 9 khoi be tong
kch thc 1.0x1.0x2.0 (m)). ieu nay kho kha thi khi ep ca c coc bien, hn na
con co kha nang lam at nen ngay pha di oi trong b pha huy.
Do o, mac du s dung phng an coc ep th kinh te hn nhng rui ro phng an
la cao hn.
o
Phng an coc khoan nhoi
Trong ieu kien a chat cua cong trnh th viec thi coc khoan nhoi la de dang.
Tuy nhien viec thi cong coc di nc nen chat lng thi cong coc kho kiem soat.
Ket luan
T cac ch tieu ky thuat co the thay neu chon phng an coc ep th tnh kinh te
cao hn. Tuy nhien tnh kha thi la khong cao nen trong thc te th nen th tnh
coc va ep th nghiem oi vi phng phap an coc ep neu co the ep coc th nen
chon phng an nay, con trong tng hp khong the ep th chuyen sang phng
an coc khoan nhoi.
Trong o an, sinh vien chon phng an co tnh kha thi cao hn, phng an coc
khoan nhoi.
384
CHNG 12.
TNH TOAN ANH HNG CUA NG LC TRC
TRONG SAN TAC DUNG VAO KHUNG TRUC 2

Sau ay sinh vien tnh toan lai cho khung truc 2 vi trng hp co xet en thanh
phan do cang cap (tai trong tng ng). Sau o so sanh vi trng hp tnh
toan thiet ke cho khung truc 2 (a tnh toan CHNG 10).
- Khong xet anh hng cua bai toan thi cong (trnh t cang cap cung nh trnh t
thi cong nha (xay tng tang ch khong phai xay mot luc N tang))
- S o tnh coi chan cot la ngam tai mat mong.
12.2. S O TNH
Hoan toan giong nh a tnh vi khung truc 2 (CHNG 10) khong co xet en
thanh phan ng lc trc.
12.3. CAC TRNG HP TAI TRONG TAC DUNG VAO KHUNG
Tai trong tac dung len khung ngoai cac thanh phan tnh tai, hoat tai chat ay,
gio trai, gio phai th trong khung co xet them thanh phan ng lc trc cua
san tac dung lai vao khung.
Bang 12.1: Cac thanh phan tai trong tac dung len khung truc 2
TT
1
2
3
4
TAI TRONG
TT
HT
GT
GP
LOAI
Dead
Live
Wind
Wind
PT
Orther

Y NGHA
Tnh tai
Hoat tai chat ay
Gio trai
Gio phai
Tai trong do cang cap
(tai trong tng ng)
385
12.3.1. Xac nh tai trong do cang cap tac dung vao khung
a) Nhac lai cac thong so thiet ke cho san ng lc trc
- So cap a thiet ke trong dai san khung truc 2 co be rong b =10 m: 40 cap
- Lc cang hu hieu cua moi si cap (sau khi a tr tat ca ton hao ngan han cung
nh dai han): 155 kN.
88
22
20
1000
3419
10000
55
55
69
15
120
240
120
75
- Cao o cap thiet ke cho dai san trong khung truc 2:
4581
1000 1000
4000
10000
4000
1000 1000
4581
10000
3419
1000
Hnh 12.1: Cao o cap thiet ke

b) Tnh toan thanh phan tai trong do cang cap (tai trong tng ng)
T nhng thong so tren khi thiet ke cho san ta quy cap ve thanh cac tai ng
ng gom: thanh phan tai trong tng ng phan bo eu va lc nen tap
trung tai cac nut khung.
Ghi chu:
Thanh phan ng lc trc c a vao mo hnh phan tch khung la giai oan
lam viec cua san (sau khi cang cap toan bo cac san cac tang). Do o thanh
phan nay phai tr i toan bo ton hao ng suat (ton hao dai han va ton hao ngan
han). Sau ay la ket qua tnh toan:
Lc nen cua cap tai 2 au nut cua san
F=n.Ppe=40.155=6200kN

386
Ghi chu:
Ppe la lc cang cap sau khi a tr i ton hao ng suat tong cong ngan han va dai
han.
Tnh lc phan bo tng ng do lc cang cap trong san
Tai nhp AB va CD
Thanh phan hng len:
wbal
8.n.Ppe .a
L
8.40.155.0,069
54kN / m
82
Thanh phan hng xuong tai goi truc A va D:
wbal
2.n.Ppe2 .a
L .b
2
2.40.155.0,015
186 kN / m
12
Thanh phan hng xuong tai goi truc B va C,:
wbal
2.n.Ppe .a
L
2.40.155.0,02
248 kN / m2
2
1
Tai nhp BC
Thanh phan hng len:
wbal
8.n.Ppe .a
L.
2
8.40.155.0,088
68 kN / m
82.
Tai goi truc B va C, lc hng xuong:

wbal
2.n.Ppe .a
L2
2.40.155.0,022
271kN / m
12

387
248 kN/m
186 kN/m
271 kN/m
8000
10000
248 kN/m
68 kN/m
54 kN/m
1000
271 kN/m
1000 1000
8000
10000
186 kN/m
54 kN/m
1000 1000
8000
10000
1000
Hnh 12.2: Thanh phan tai trong tng ng phan bo eu tren san
12.3.2. Cac s o tai trong tac dung vao khung
Hnh 12.3: S o tai trong do thanh phan tnh tai

388
Hnh 12.4: S o tai trong do thanh phan hoat tai chat ay
Hnh 12.5: S o tai trong do thanh phan gio trai

389
Hnh 12.6: S o tai trong do thanh phan gio phai
Hnh 12.7: S o tai trong tng ng cua cap tac dung vao khung

390
12.4. TO HP TAI TRONG

Muc ch cua to hp noi lc la tm ra noi lc nguy hiem tren mot so tiet dien di
tac dung cua nhieu loai tai trong.
Trong trng hp ch phan tch bai toan tuyen tnh th cho phep s dung phng
phap to hp tai trong thay the to hp noi lc.
Sau ay la mot so to hp tai trong ma sinh vien s dung e tm noi lc nguy
hiem cho cot trong khung truc 2. Xem ng lc trc trong san nh tnh tai, do o
cac trng hp to hp tai trong trong tnh toan ket cau nha cao tang nh sau:
Bang 12.2. Bang to hp tai trong co xet en thanh phan ng lc trc
TT
TO HP
THANH PHAN
COMB1
TT+HT+PT
COMB2
TT+GT+PT
COMB3
TT+GP+PT
COMB4
TT+0,9(HT+GT) +PT
COMB5
TT+0,9(HT+GP) +PT
Ghi chu:
TT: tnh tai;
HT: hoat tai;
GT: gio trai;
GP: gio phai;
PT: thanh phan ng lc trc .

391
12.5. XAC NH NOI LC KHUNG

Noi lc khung c xac nh vi s ho tr cua phan mem Sap 2000. Cac bc
khai bao d lieu au vao c sinh vien trnh bay quyen phu luc tnh toan.
Bieu o momen do cac thanh phan noi lc trong khung nh sau:
- Bieu o momen do cac thanh phan tnh tai, hoat tai chat ay, thanh phan
gio tnh la hoan toan giong vi trng hp tnh toan khung truc 2 khong co xet
en thanh phan ng lc trc (xem muc 10.4. trang 269).
- Bieu o momen do thanh phan cang cap (thanh phan tai trong tng ng).
Hnh 12.8: S o tai trong tng ng cua cap tac dung vao khung

392

Nmax
Mt
Mmax
Nt
(KN)
(KN-m)
(KN-m)
(KN)
COMB5
-6201.3
-211.85
COMB2
241.9075
-4542.22
C2
COMB5
-5609.89
-471.034
COMB5
-471.034
-5609.89
C3
COMB5
-5007.1
-376.336
COMB5
412.6161
-4979.87
C4
COMB5
-4417.79
-301.515
COMB5
326.7453
-4395.1
C5
COMB5
-3841.75
-333.999
COMB5
-333.999
-3841.75
C6
COMB5
-3269.23
-315.361
COMB5
-315.361
-3269.23
C7
COMB5
-2699.98
-317.331
COMB5
-317.331
-2699.98
C8
COMB1
-2138.61
-264.351
COMB5
304.1146
-2110.64
C9
COMB1
-1580.53
-268.295
COMB5
296.7891
-1547.96
C10
COMB1
-1021.39
-266.841
COMB5
-278.127
-1012.32
C11
COMB1
-460.504
-291.532
COMB5
339.1643
-434.802
C12
COMB1
-13439.8
130.2479
COMB2
852.2967
-10864.2
C13
COMB1
-12162.8
30.7249
COMB2
382.1823
-9836.61
C14
COMB1
-10902
73.8851
COMB2
-345.648
-8765.06
C15
COMB1
-9650.32
55.6534
COMB2
-309.454
-7775.48
C16
COMB1
-8408.9
71.686
COMB2
-278.97
-6784.66
C17
COMB1
-7168.79
67.9339
COMB2
-265.143
-5794.59
C18
COMB1
-5929.64
50.4066
COMB2
-198.012
-4816.03
C19
COMB1
-4704.82
55.9175
COMB2
-169.519
-3837.87
C20
COMB1
-3481.54
51.2665
COMB2
-139.384
-2861.38
C21
COMB1
-2259.33
45.2797
COMB2
-92.2981
-1885.64
C22
COMB1
-1038.85
59.7366
COMB4
-115.357
-994.94
COT
COMBO
C1
COMBO
12.6. TNH TOAN LAI COT THEP TRONG COT CO XET EN ANH HNG CUA
NG LC TRC
Chon khoang cach t tim thep en mep ngoai cua cot a=a=50 mm. Vat lieu cot
chon be tong B30 va thep AIII vi cac thong so tnh toan nh bang di ay:
393
Bang 12.4: Cac thong so vat lieu tnh toan cho cot
BE TONG
B30
Cap o ben:
0.9
b2 =
THEP
A-III (10-40)
Nhom thep:
Rb
17
(MPa)
Rs = Rsc =
365
(MPa)
Eb
32500
(MPa)
Rsw =
290
(MPa)
= 0.583
200000
(MPa)
Es
Ket qua tnh toan

Ket qua noi lc nguy hiem va dien tch thep trong cot khi co xet en anh hng
cua ng lc trc nh bang di:
Bang 12.5. Bang tnh thep doc trong cot co xet en thanh phan LT
COT
THNL
a = a'
A s = A s
2
(kN.m)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
(cm )
Nmax - Mt -6201.30
-211.85
4300
500
600
50
26.35
Mmax - Nt -4542.22
241.91
4300
500
600
50
6.01
Nmax - Mt -5609.89
-471.03
4000
500
600
50
35.21
Mmax - Nt -5609.89
-471.03
4000
500
600
50
35.21
Nmax - Mt -5007.10
-376.34
3300
500
600
50
21.13
Mmax - Nt -4979.87
412.62
3300
500
600
50
23.30
Nmax - Mt -4417.79
-301.51
3300
500
500
50
24.61
Mmax - Nt -4395.10
326.75
3300
500
500
50
26.47
Nmax - Mt -3841.75
-334.00
3300
500
500
50
20.2694
Mmax - Nt -3841.75
-334.00
3300
500
500
50
20.2694
Nmax - Mt -3269.23
-315.36
3300
500
500
50
11.77415
Mmax - Nt -3269.23
-315.36
3300
500
500
50
11.77415
Nmax - Mt -2699.98
-317.33
3300
500
500
50
5.300043
Mmax - Nt -2699.98
-317.33
3300
500
500
50
5.300043
Nmax - Mt -2138.61
-264.35
3300
500
500
50
-0.086548
Mmax - Nt -2110.64
304.11
3300
500
500
50
2.637104
C9 Nmax - Mt -1580.53
-268.30
3300
500
500
50
1.377303
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
(kN)

As = As(MAX)
(cm2)
26.35
35.21
23.30
26.47
20.27
11.77
5.30
2.64
3.48
394
COT
C10
C11
C12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C17
C18
C19
C20
C21
C22
THNL
a = a'
A s = A s
2
(kN.m)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Mmax - Nt -1547.96
296.79
3300
500
500
50
3.476106
Nmax - Mt -1021.39
-266.84
3300
500
500
50
4.990484
Mmax - Nt -1012.32
-278.13
3300
500
500
50
5.844407
Nmax - Mt
-460.50
-291.53
3300
500
500
50
13.65968
Mmax - Nt
-434.80
339.16
3300
500
500
50
17.27424
Nmax - Mt -13439.76
130.25
4300
800
800
50
48.49904
Mmax - Nt -10864.25
852.30
4300
800
800
50
35.2213
Nmax - Mt -12162.81
30.72
4000
800
800
50
29.67389
Mmax - Nt -9836.61
382.18
4000
800
800
50
0.289598
Nmax - Mt -10902.04
73.89
3300
800
800
50
11.08724
Mmax - Nt -8765.06
-345.65
3300
800
800
50
-15.80331
Nmax - Mt -9650.32
55.65
3300
700
700
50
27.74463
Mmax - Nt -7775.48
-309.45
3300
700
700
50
6.241388
Nmax - Mt -8408.90
71.69
3300
700
700
50
9.416189
Mmax - Nt -6784.66
-278.97
3300
700
700
50
-8.677744
Nmax - Mt -7168.79
67.93
3300
700
700
50
-8.892982
Mmax - Nt -5794.59
-265.14
3300
700
700
50
-22.68539
Nmax - Mt -5929.64
50.41
3300
600
600
50
3.232668
Mmax - Nt -4816.03
-198.01
3300
600
600
50
-7.179832
Nmax - Mt -4704.82
55.92
3300
600
600
50
-14.888
Mmax - Nt -3837.87
-169.52
3300
600
600
50
-22.00383
Nmax - Mt -3481.54
51.27
3300
600
600
50
-32.98575
Mmax - Nt -2861.38
-139.38
3300
600
600
50
-17.40723
Nmax - Mt -2259.33
45.28
3300
600
600
50
-20.94768
Mmax - Nt -1885.64
-92.30
3300
600
600
50
-16.38891
Nmax - Mt -1038.85
59.74
3300
600
600
50
-10.90503
-115.36
3300
600
600
50
-7.308373
Mmax - Nt
(kN)
-994.94
(cm )
As = As(MAX)
(cm2)
5.84
17.27
48.50
29.67
11.09
27.74
9.42
-8.89
3.23
-14.89
-17.41
-16.39
-7.31
Ghi chu:
Bang tnh ch the hien cac cot cua mot na khung, na con lai la oi xng.

395
12.7. SO SANH VI TRNG HP KHONG XET EN ANH HNG CUA NG

LC TRC
Trong phan nay sinh vien so sanh momen va lc doc trong cac cap noi lc nguy
hiem c chon ra t cac to hp tai trong va dien tch thep tnh c trong 2
trng hp co xet va khong xet en thanh phan ng lc trc trong ket cau.
a) So sanh noi lc nguy hiem trong cot
Bang 12.6. Bang so sanh noi lc nguy hiem trong cot (so sanh trng hp co
xet en anh hng cua LT so vi trng hp khong co xet anh hng cua
LT)
V TR TEN
COT
COT
Co xet LT Khong xet LT Cot 3 Co xet LT Khong xet LT Cot 6

Cot 4
Cot 7
Nmax
Nmax
Mmax
Mmax
(KN)
(KN)
(%)
(KN-m)
(KN-m)
(%)
C1
-6201.30
-6388.18
97.07
241.91
379.81
63.69
C2
-5609.89
-5773.24
97.17
-471.03
-589.50
79.90
C3
-5007.10
-5149.78
97.23
412.62
575.49
71.70
C4
-4417.79
-4540.72
97.29
326.75
450.99
72.45
C5
-3841.75
-3947.91
97.31
-334.00
-466.12
71.65
C6
-3269.23
-3358.41
97.34
-315.36
-443.55
71.10
C7
-2699.98
-2772.60
97.38
-317.33
-445.39
71.25
C8
-2138.61
-2195.05
97.43
304.11
430.97
70.56
C9
-1580.53
-1620.87
97.51
296.79
425.73
69.71
C10
-1021.39
-1045.95
97.65
-278.13
-401.48
69.28
C11
-460.50
-467.84
98.43
339.16
534.50
63.46
C12
-13439.76
-13241.87
101.49
852.30
737.86
115.51
COT
C13
-12162.81
-11989.46
101.45
382.18
398.16
95.99
GIA
C14
-10902.04
-10750.36
101.41 -345.65
-308.76
111.95
C15
-9650.32
-9519.39
101.38 -309.45
-284.82
108.65
COT
BIEN

396
V TR TEN
COT
COT
Co xet LT Khong xet LT Cot 3 Co xet LT Khong xet LT Cot 6

Cot 4
Cot 7
Nmax
Nmax
Mmax
Mmax
(KN)
(KN)
(%)
(KN-m)
(KN-m)
(%)
C16
-8408.90
-8295.74
101.36 -278.97
-255.11
109.35
C17
-7168.79
-7073.60
101.35 -265.14
-237.18
111.79
C18
-5929.64
-5852.03
101.33 -198.01
-177.05
111.84
C19
-4704.82
-4644.38
101.30 -169.52
-147.41
114.99
C20
-3481.54
-3438.21
101.26 -139.38
-119.13
117.00
C21
-2259.33
-2232.77
101.19
-92.30
-67.61
136.52
C22
-1038.854
-1030.52
100.81 -115.36
-99.57
115.86
Nhan xet:
Trong trng hp co xet en anh hng cua ng lc trc trong khung th:
- Momen max trong cot bien giam ang ke khoang 30%, trong cot gia lai tang
len nhng khong ln khoang 14% so vi trng hp khong xet en anh hng cua
thanh phan ng lc trc.
- Lc doc trong cot bien giam, trong cot gia tang, nhng s thay oi la khong
ang ke cha en 3% so vi trng hp khong xet en anh hng cua thanh
phan ng lc trc. Do o bo qua s chenh lech nay.

397
Bang 12.7. Bang so sanh dien tch thep cot trong trng hp co xet en anh
hng cua LT so vi trng hp khong co xet anh hng cua LT
V TR
TEN
COT
COT
COT
BIEN
COT
GIA
KHONG XET EN ULT CO XET EN ULT
SO SANH
As = As
As = As
COT 4/ COT 3*100
(cm2)
(cm2)
(%)
-3
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
C11
C12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C17
C18
C19
C20
C21
C22
38.74
45.23
36.23
38.38
32.61
23.63
16.73
11.33
12.13
14.08
30.55
45.58
27.12
8.85
25.81
7.75
-10.30
-2.08
-15.78
-18.47
-17.57
-8.06
26.35
35.21
23.30
26.47
20.27
11.77
5.30
2.64
3.48
5.84
17.27
48.50
29.67
11.09
27.74
9.42
-8.89
-3.23
-14.89
-17.41
-16.39
-7.31
68.0
77.9
64.3
69.0
62.2
49.8
31.7
23.3
28.7
41.5
56.5
106.4
109.4
125.3
107.5
121.6
-
Ghi chu: ieu kien e so sanh

Khuyet iem khi so sanh dien tch thep theo t le phan tram nh tren la trong
trng hp dien tch thep tnh ra trong trng hp khong xet en ng lc trc la
qua nho th mac du chenh lech dien tch thep la rat nho nhng chenh lech phan
tram la rat ln.
398
V du nh cot C18 mat du chenh lech phan tram la len en 55% nhng chenh
lech dien tch thep la rat nho 3,28-2,08=1,2 cm2.
Do o e so sanh mot cach kha quan va tranh s so sanh qua khap khenh va
thieu thc te th nhng cot co u ieu kien sau mi so sanh:
- Yeu cau dien tch thep cot phai ln hn dien tch thep cau tao, lay tiet dien cot
nho nhat trong khung la 500x500mm th dien tch yeu cau at cau tao
As 0,2%Ab 0,002.50x50 5cm2
- Chenh lech gia 2 loai ng knh thep chon thng cach nhau la 2mm va
toi thieu co 4 thanh, do o dien tch thep phai chenh nhau ln ln
4..0,22 : 4 0,12cm2
Nhan xet:
T nhng ieu kien va bang ket qua so sanh tren, sinh vien co nhng nhan xet
sau:
- Lng thep trong cot bien giam ang ke khoang 35%.
- oi vi cot gia th dien tch thep tang len trong trng hp co xet en anh
hng cua ng lc trc, nhng khong ln chenh lech la 10%.

399
12.8. KET LUAN VA KIEN NGH

a)
Ket luan
Trong pham vi nghien cu cua o an, ng lc can bang 90% tnh ta i san th khi
co xet en anh hng cua ng lc trc trong san vao khung th sinh vien co mot
mot so ket luan sau:
- Trong trng hp khong xet en ng lc trc th gay lang ph cho cong trnh
ma lai gay nguy hiem cho ket cau. V luc o cot bien d thep qua nhieu, ma cot
gia lai thieu thep.
- Trong trng hp co xet en anh hng cua ng lc trc th va an toan cho
ket cau lai tiet kiem cho cong trnh mot lng thep kha ln khoang 30% khoi
lng thep khi khong xet en ng lc trc cho cot.
Do o yeu cau at ra la can phai xet en anh hng cua ng lc trc en
cac thanh phan ket cau khong c ng lc trc nh cot va vach e tranh
lang ph cho cong trnh va co the gay nguy hiem cho ket cau.
b)
Kien ngh
- Can phai co tnh toan anh hng cua ng lc trc vi cac ty le % can bang
ng lc trc vi tnh tai san khac nhau, quy mo cong trnh khac nhau e rut ra
pham vi anh hng cua ng lc trc en ket cau va ap dung tnh toan trong ket
cau nha cao tang.
- Can phai xet en anh hng cua ng lc trc trong giai oan thi cong (giai
oan cang cap) e co ket qua chnh xac ve anh hng cua ng lc trc trong ket
cau nha cao tang.

400
CHNG 13. TNH TOAN VA KIEM TRA S LAM VIEC CUA

KHUNG TRUC 2 THEO MO HNH ONG THI NEN MONG VA
CONG TRNH
LI M
Trong phan tnh toan thiet ket khung truc 2 sinh vien a s dung cac gia thiet
sau:
- Bo qua anh hng cua san tang ham tac dung vao khung va mong. V theo quan
niem cua sinh vien th lp at di san tang ham co the ganh chu c tai cua
san tang ham va ong thi co the ganh mot phan tai cua cac tang tren (neu at
di san tang ham la tng oi tot).
- Khong s dung giang mong v tac dung giam lun lech cua giang mong trong
nha cao tang la rat nho (va co the la khong neu so tang cang cao). Do o viec s
dung giang mong la lang ph ma kem hieu qua trong thiet ke nha cao tang.
- Hn na trong tnh toan ket cau mong khung truc 2 th gia cac mong co xay ra
lun lech (s/L = 0,0012) nho hn lun lech cho phep. Tuy nhien, oi vi ket cau
nha khung ma trong o ket cau theo phng ngang la san phang (khong dam) th
o cng cua nha la thap hn so vi ket cau khung dam, do o trong trng hp
lun lech gia cac mong van nam trong gii han cho phep th noi lc phu sinh ra
trong ket cau san mem co kha nang la rat ln. Do o can phai kiem tra lai.
Trong phan nay, sinh vien se lam sang to cac quan niem tren qua cac mo hnh
ong thi sau:

401
Mo hnh 1: Mo hnh khung va mong ong thi nhng bo qua anh hng cua
san tang ham va giang mong.
Muc ch cua mo hnh nay la xem xet o lun lech anh hng en ket cau khung
co san la san khong dam (san mem).
Mo hnh 2: mo hnh khung va mong ong thi co ke en anh hng cua giang
mong nhng khong ke en san tang ham.
Muc ch cua mo hnh nay la xem xet tac dung giam lun lech cua giang mong
trong ket cau nha cao tang.
Mo hnh 3: mo hnh khung va mong ong thi co ke en san tang ham.
Muc ch cua mo hnh nay la nghien cu kha nang tham gia chu lc cua at
nen di ay san tang ham
So lieu a chat la hoan toan chnh xac (bo qua sai so trong th nghiem c at).
So lieu tnh toan sc chu tai cua coc va o lun cua mong coc la ung vi thc te
th nghiem hien trng.
Khong xet anh hng cua bai toan thi cong va anh hng lun cua cong trnh la
theo thi gian.
13.2.1. Nhac lai ket qua a tnh toan va thiet ke trong khung truc 2
Sc chu tai cho phep cua coc nhoi la 2470 kN.
Lc doc tieu chuan tac dung tai chan cot:
Cot bien: 5555 kN
Cot gia: 11515 kN.

402
o lun cua mong coc:
Cot bien: 2 cm
Cot gia: 3,2 cm.
S bo chon kch thc giang mong 500x1000 mm, chieu day san tang ham
500 mm.
13.2.2. Tnh toan cng o cua at nen di ay san tang ham
Cng o tnh toan cua nen c xac nh theo cong thc sau (tham khao [21]):
R
m1m2
AbII BhII' DcII II' h0
K tc
Trong o,
m1 va m2 lan lt la he so ieu kien lam viec cua nen va cua cong trnh tac
dung qua lai vi nen, m1 =1,1 va m2 = 1;
Ktc he so tin cay, lay Ktc = 1;
A, B, C cac he so phu thuoc vao goc ma sat trong, vi = 12010 tra bang
c A = 0,23; B = 1,94; D= 4,42;
ho chieu sau chon mong khi co tang ham,
h0 = h + ht = 3,5 + 0,4.2,5/2 = 4 m;
II = 2 T/m3, II = 2 T/m3, cII = 2,07 T/m2;
b la be rong mong, b = 10 m.
m1m2
K tc
1,1.1
0,23.10.2 1,94.3,5.2 4,42.2,07 2.4 21,26 T / m2
1

403
Tnh toan cng o cua at nen di ay giang mong

R
m1m2
K tc
1,1.1
0,23.0,5.2 1,94.4,5.2 4,42.2,07 2.5,75 17 T / m2
1
13.2.3. Xac nh he so nen

Thay lien ket ngam tai chan cot trong s o tnh co ien thanh cac goi an hoi
co o cng nh sau:
Goi an hoi theo phng ng
- o cng cua lo xo thay the coc va at xung quanh coc co o cng:
Tai cot bien: Kcoc
P
5555
69437,5kN / m
n.S 4.0,02
Tai cot gia: Kcoc
P
11515
59974 kN / m
n.S 6.0,032
Goi an hoi theo phng ngang

V chieu sau mong, ai coc bao am ieu kien coc ai thap nen co the coi he so
an hoi theo phng ngang la vo cung ln va thay bang lien ket ngan can chuyen
v ngang.
Xac nh he so nen cua at di giang mong va san tang ham
- He so nen cua at di san tang ham va ay ai coc, giang mong:
Lp at di san tang ham la at set deo do o pham vi xem xet lun phai lay 4b
(be la be rong san tang ham, b =10 m). Do o moun bien da ng trung bnh cua
at nen di san tang ham bang:

404
Etb =
Ei.hi.zi
2b2
724.2,8.38,6 623.2,2.36,1 750.2,6.33,7 942.12,9.26 1392.19,5.9,75
He
2.102
3870 T / m2 38700 kN / m2
so nen di ay san tang ham: k
He so nen di giang mong: k
2.Etb
=7740 kN/m3
b
2.Etb
=15480 kN/m3
b
13.2.4. Tai trong tac dung vao khung

Cac tai trong tnh toan trong mo hnh ong thi gom tnh tai, hoat tai, tai trong
gio, khong xet en anh hng cua ng lc trc.
Gia tr cua cac tai trong tac dung vao khung truc 2 la hoan toan nh a tnh mo
hnh co ien (xem ngam tai mat mong).
13.3. MO HNH ONG THI KHONG KE EN GIANG MONG VA SAN TANG HAM
13.3.1. S o tnh
Trong trng hp phan tch khung phang, moi lo xo co the thay the cho nhieu coc
va at xung quanh coc tren cung mot hang. Trong o an, moi lo xo thay the cho
2 coc, do o o cng K cua lo xo bang:
Tai cot bien: K 2.69437,5 138875kN / m

405
3600
3600
MOHNH
3600
K = K2 + K4
= 138875 kN/ m
2000
K = K1 + K3
= 138875 kN/ m
PHA
N TTHANH
TIE
T DIE
N 3,6 X3,6X2 m
Hnh 13.1: S o thay coc va at xung quanh coc bang lo xo tng ng

Tng t tai cot gia th thay 2 coc tren mot hang bang mot lo xo co o cng
K 2.59974 119948 kN / m .
Hnh 13.2: S o hnh hoc

406
Hnh 13.3: S o tnh ket cau

13.3.2. So sanh va ket luan
Hnh 13.4: Lc doc trong cac lo xo

407
Kiem tra phan mong
Kiem tra sc chu tai cua coc
Nmax 4708 kN 2. P 4950 kN

Ni 0
Trong o,
Nmax la lc nen ln nhat trong lo xo;
[P] la sc chu tai cho phep cua coc;
Ni >0 tc la khong co coc nao chu keo.
Kiem tra sc o lun cua mong
Chuyen v ng tai chan cot bien la 0,027 m
o lun lech gia cac mong (0,039-0,027)/10 = 0,0012 < [s/L] = 0,002
Ket luan: phan mong thoa cac yeu cau thiet ke
Kiem tra noi lc phan than

408
Hnh 13.5: Momen do thanh phan tnh tai trong khung tnh theo s o ngam
Hnh 13.6: Momen do thanh phan tnh tai trong khung tnh theo s o ong thi
409
Bang 13.1: Bang so sanh noi lc nguy hiem trong cot cua mo hnh ong thi
so vi mo hnh co ien (xem ngam tai chan cot)
Mo hnh
Mo hnh
Mo hnh
Mo hnh
ong thi
ngam
ong thi
ngam
Nmax
Nmax
Mmax
Mmax
(KN)
(KN)
(%)
(KN-m)
(KN-m)
(%)
C1
-6821.23
-6388.18
6.78
463.92
379.81
22.15
C2
-6160.31
-5773.24
6.70
-723.70
-589.50
22.77
C3
-5490.29
-5149.78
6.61
699.53
575.49
21.55
C4
-4837.84
-4540.72
6.54
544.71
450.99
20.78
C5
-4204.90
-3947.91
6.51
-564.05
-466.12
21.01
C6
-3575.45
-3358.41
6.46
-537.96
-443.55
21.29
C7
-2952.58
-2772.60
6.49
-538.12
-445.39
20.82
C8
-2341.00
-2195.05
6.65
521.29
430.97
20.96
C9
-1728.13
-1620.87
6.62
516.59
425.73
21.34
C10
-1115.02
-1045.95
6.60
-489.08
-401.48
21.82
C11
-497.38
-467.84
6.31
671.13
534.50
25.56
C12
-12798.84
-13241.87
-3.35
-665.62
737.86
-9.79
C13
-11589.88
-11989.46
-3.33
412.11
398.16
3.50
C14
-10397.81
-10750.36
-3.28
360.19
-308.76
16.65
C15
-9211.43
-9519.39
-3.24
305.96
-284.82
7.42
C16
-8029.29
-8295.74
-3.21
273.05
-255.11
7.04
C17
-6848.55
-7073.60
-3.18
259.87
-237.18
9.57
C18
-5667.21
-5852.03
-3.16
199.00
-177.05
12.40
COT

Chenh
lech
Chenh
lech
410
C19
-4498.43
-4644.38
-3.14
178.12
-147.41
20.83
C20
-3330.94
-3438.21
-3.12
146.04
-119.13
22.59
C21
-2163.70
-2232.77
-3.09
131.18
-67.61
94.03
C22
-1000.98
-1030.52
-2.87
82.92
-99.57
-16.72
T ket qua momen trong cot nh hnh tren, sinh vien nhan khi khi tnh theo s o
ong thi th momen trong cot ln hn so vi s o ngam khoang 1,2 en 1,3
lan. Chenh lech cua lc doc trong 2 mo hnh la khong ang ke.
Ket luan:
Trong trng hp lun lech trong cac mong van nam trong gii han lun lech
cho phep theo tieu chuan th noi lc trong khung nha cung tang len ang ke
(khoang 20%). Do co can phai xem xet lai gii han cho phep lun lech oi vi
ket cau nha dang khung ma thanh phan chu lc chnh la cot va san mem.
13.4. MO HNH ONG THI CO XET EN GIANG MONG
13.4.1. S o tnh
Hnh 13.7: Mo hnh ket cau co ke en giang mong kch thc 500x1000 m

411
Hnh 13.8: Chuyen v ln nhat tai chan cot bien
Hnh 13.9: Chuyen v ln nhat tai chan cot gia

412
Ket qua chuyen v tai chan cot khi co ke en giang mong

o lun lech gia cac mong (0,037-0,027)/10 = 0,001
So sanh vi trng hp mo hnh ong thi khong co xet en giang mong th o
lun lech 0,0012.
Ket luan:
Tac dung giam lun lech cua giang mong trong trng hp nay la khong ang
ke.
13.5. MO HNH ONG THI CO XET EN TANG HAM
13.5.1. S o tnh
Hnh 13.10: S o tnh co ke en san tang ham

413
Hnh 13.11: Lc doc trong cac lo xo trong trng hp co xet en san tang ham
So sanh vi trng hp khong xet en san tang ham
Tong lc doc trong cac lo xo cot gia trng hp co xet tang ham bang
10072 kN.
Tong lc doc trong cac lo do cot gia khong co xet en san tang ham
14068 kN.
Vay khi co xet en kha nang chu lc cua at di san tang ham th giam khoang
(14068-10072)/10072.100 = 28% tai trong truyen xuong mong khi khong ke en
san tang ham.

414
13.6. KET LUAN VA KIEN NGH

a)
Ket luan
- Noi lc trong ket phan khung tang len 1,2 -1,3 lan khi co xay ra lun lech gia
cac mong bang 0,0012 (lun lech cho phep trong tieu chuan 0,002).
- Khi co xet en giang mong trong mo hnh ong thi th o lun lech gia cac
mong giam con 0,001, nhng khong ang ke.
- Khi co xet en anh hng cua san tang ham vao mong th giam ang ke lun
lech trong mong, ong thi nen at san tang ham ganh rat ln tai trong ben
tren truyen xuong, do o cac coc trong ai ch chu khoang 80 % sc chu tai cho
phep cua coc. T o co the anh gia gia thiet khong truyen tai san tang ham
xuong mong cua sinh vien trong thiet ke ban au la hp ly. V neu tai tang ham
truyen xuong mong la qua lang ph cho thiet ke mong.
b)
Kien ngh
Can xem xet lai quy nh oi vi o lun lech cho phep oi vi ket cau khung mem
(cot va san khong dam). V anh hng cua lun lech trong ket cau dang nay la kha
ln.
Trong ket cau nha cao tang th kha nang giam lun lech cua giang mong la rat
nho. Do o can phai can nhac trong viec thiet ke giang mong.
Khong nen bo qua sc chu tai cua at di san tang ham, v kha nang chu tai la
kha ln.

415
PHAN 2.3
THI CONG
CHNG 14. THI CONG COC KHOAN NHOI

14.1. SO LIEU THIET KE
ng knh coc: 800 mm
Cao o mui coc thiet ke:
Coc tai mong cot bien la -27,80 m.
Coc tai mong cot gia la -30,80 m.
Chieu sau khoan theo thiet ke:
Coc tai mong cot bien la 27 m.
Coc tai mong cot gia la 30 m.
Chieu dai than coc thiet ke:
Coc tai mong cot bien la 24 m.
Coc tai mong cot gia la 27 m.
Cao o be tong au coc thiet ke: -3,65 m.
14.2. TIEU CHUAN THIET KE

Viec thi cong coc khoan nhoi can tuan thu cac tieu chuan sau:
TCXD 206:1998 Coc khoan nhoi Yeu cau ve chat lng thi cong.
TCXDVN 326:2006 Coc khoan nhoi Tieu chuan thi cong va nghiem thu.
14.3. CHON THIET B C GII PHUC VU CHO CONG TAC THI CONG
a)
May khoan
Da tren ch so ve kch thc coc, da tren ac iem c ly cua cac lp at be

tong di coc, can c vao cac thiet b thi cong coc khoan nhoi hien co nc ta,
chon may khoan HITACHI 100 vi ac tnh sau:
416
Chieu dai gia: 19 m.
ng knh lo khoan: 600 - 1500 mm.
Chieu sau khoan: 43 m.
Toc o quay cua may: 24-12 (vong/phut).
Momen quay: 40 51 kN.m
Trong lng may: 36,8 T
Ap lc len at: 0,077 MPa.

ch gii:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Khoang my
Cp nng h gi khoan
Thanh ging cho gi
B my
Cp ca cn khoan
Bnh lun cp
Khp ni
Cn khoan
Trc quay
Gu khoan
Khung pha tr-c
Ca bin iu khin
5
2
4
9
10
3
KHUNG PHA TRC
11
1
12
Hnh 14.1: Thong so may khoan HITACHI - 100

Khoang cach t may en ho khoan toi a 4m do o e khoan c cac ho xa
ng cong trng th phai lot ng bang cac ban thep cho may khoan i vao.

417
b)
May cau
May cau can dung trong viec nang ha ong vach, long thep va cac thiet b thi
cong khac. Do o, may cau can c la chon sao cho am bao kha nang nang
ha cac cau kien va thiet b tren.
Mot long thep dai 11,7 m va trong lng khoang 0,5 T.
Mot ong vach co chieu dai 6,0 m va trong lng khoang 3T.
Tnh toan thong so cau lap da vao cac cau kien tren:
Chieu cao nang moc cau can thiet:
Hm = h1 + h2 + h3 = 0,5 +11,7 + 1,5 = 13,7 m .
Chieu cao nh can truc:
H = Hm + h4 = 13,7 + 3 = 16,7 m.
Chon may cau DEK 50 vi cac ac trng ky thuat sau:
Chieu cao: 19 m.
Sc nang: 16 T
Chieu cao nang: 14,5 m.
Tam vi 23 m.
14.4. TRNH T THI CONG COC KHOAN NHOI

1.
Tao lo
a)
La chon phng phap khoan lo
Hien nay, tren the gii co rat nhieu phng phap tao lo coc. Trong o, co 3
phng phap s dung pho bien nhat:
Tao lo bang thiet b khoan guong xoan
Tao lo bang thiet b khoan thung.

418
Tao lo bang may khoan coc nhoi kieu bm phan tuan hoan.
Da vao ieu kien a chat cua lo khoan phai khoan qua lp at set va cat pha,
khong co xuat hien a ngam cac lo khoan. Do o phn phap thch hp nhat la
tao lo bang thiet b khoan thung.
b)
Chuan b iem khoan, nh v tim coc
Trnh t khoan tao lo va o be tong coc phai theo tien o a ra trong tuan va ke
hoach ngay a trnh Chu au t (CT) va T van giam sat (TVGS), am bao
khong khoan cac coc pham vi qua gan cac coc va mi uc xong v be tong
cac coc nay con cha ong cng, cu the nh sau :
Sau khi xac nh c so hieu coc se khoan, tren c s cac moc trac ac
c giao, n v thi cong can c toa o tren ban ve thiet ke e xac nh tam coc
bang may toan ac ket hp vi tam knh e xac nh tim coc tren mat bang.
Khi a xac nh c tim coc roi, th gi ra 3 iem eu cach tim coc mot
khoang bang nhau va 3 iem o nam tren 2 ng vuong goc nhau e lam c s
nh v ong vach va kiem tra tim coc trong qua trnh khoan.
Cach gi iem nh hnh ve sau:
Hnh 14.2: nh v tam coc khoan

419
c)
Chuan b may khoan
Trc khi a may vao hoat ong khoan, may khoan phai c bao dng va van
hanh th am bao khong b truc trac trong qua trnh khoan.
a may vao v tr :
- nh v tim coc xong, a may vao v tr. Tren may khoan co level e can chnh
may nam tren mat phang ngang.
- Can khoan phai c ieu chnh cho thang ng va ung tim coc, o - nghieng
cua can khoan khong vt qua 1%.
- Kiem tra o thang ng can khoan bang qua doi hoac bang may kinh vy. Vi
chieu dai 1 oan thng la 15m th o lech gia 2 au can phai nho hn 15cm
tng ng vi ng knh can khoan.
d)
Ha ong vach dan hng
Ong vach co tac dung dan hng ban au cho gau khoan. Kch thc ong vach
phai ln ng knh gau khoan e khong anh hng en viec di chuyen cua gau
khoan tron ong vach. Chieu sau ong vach can am bao tranh sat l mieng ho
khoan. Chon ong vach co ng knh ln hn ng knh danh ngha cua coc
100 mm, o day 10 mm, chieu dai 10 m. au tren cua ong vach han 2 tai e
ong vach khong b tuot xuong sau qua ngoai y muon.
Cao o nh ong cao hn mat at hoac nc cao nhat toi thieu 0.3 m. Cao o
chan ong am bao sao cho ap lc cot dung dch ln hn ap lc chu ong cua at
nen va hoat tai thi cong pha ben ngoai.
Ong chong tam c ha va rut chu yeu bang thiet b thuy lc hoac thiet b rung
kem theo may khoan, khi khong co thiet b nay co the dung bua rung ong ket
hp lay at bang gau hoac ha bang kch ep thuy lc.
Trong o an, ong vach c ha bang phng phap rung. Chon bua rung KE-416.

420
Cac yeu cau ky thuat khi ha ong vach
Viec ha ong vach phai am bao ong vach sau khi ha phai am bao cac sai so
nam trong gii han sau:
- o nghieng 1/100
- Sai so toa o tam ong vach tren mat bang 7 cm theo moi phng.
- Viec kiem tra sai so sai so tren co the thc hien bang phng phap sau:
- Kiem tra o nghieng: o tren mieng ong vach. e tang o chnh xac, dung cay
thc thang dai t 3m at tren mieng ong vach. o o chenh lech cao o 2 au
cay thc bang thc thep hoac may toan ac. Neu o lech cao o 1/100
chieu dai thc la at yeu cau.
- Sai so toa o tam ong vach tren mat bang co the kiem tra lai bang may toan
ac hoac kiem tra so vi 3 iem gi ban au.
e)
Khoan tao lo
Theo ieu 6.1 [6] th yeu cau khoang cach gia cac lo khoan nh sau:
Khoan trong at bao hoa nc khi khoang cach mep cac lo khoan nho hn 1.5m
nen tien hanh cach quang 1 lo, khoan cac lo nam gia hai coc a o be tong nen
tien hanh sau t nhat 24 gi t khi ket thuc o be tong.
Trong qua trnh khoan phai thng xuyen kiem tra s can bang cua may va o
thang ng cua can khoan. ong thi phai thng xuyen bm dung dch betonite
421
xuong ho khoan sao cho mc dung dch tron ho khoan luon cao hn cao hn mc
nc ngoai ong vach.
2.
Gi thanh ong
a)
La chon phng phap
Co 2 phng phap gi thanh lo o la phng phap dung ong vach va dung dung
dich betonite.
- Phng phap gi thanh lo bang ong c s dung khi thi cong nhng coc nam
ke sat vi cong trnh co san hoac do nhng ieu kien a chat ac biet. Coc
khoan nhoi co dung ong vach thep rat thuan li cho thi cong v khong phai lo viec
sap thanh ho khoan, cong trnh t b ban v khong phai s dun g dung dch
bentonite, chat lng coc rat cao. Nhc iem cua phng phap nay la may thi
cong ln, cong kenh, khi may lam viec th gay rung va tieng on ln va rat kho thi
cong oi vi nhng coc co o dai tren 30m.
- Phng phap gi thanh lo khoan bang dung dch Betonite la cong nghe khoan
rat pho bien. u iem cua phng phap nay la thi cong nhanh va t anh hung
en cac cong trnh xung quanh. Phung phap nay thch hp vi loai at set mem,
na cng na mem, at cat mn, cat tho hoac co lan soi c hat t 20-100mm.
Da vao ieu kien a chat ho khoan phai khoan sau 30m, qua cac lp set va cat
pha nen phng phap s dung hp ly ay la phng phap gi thanh ong bang
dung dich Bentonite.
b)
Bentonite
Dung dch bentonite trc khi a xuong ho khoan e tien hanh khoan phai am
bao cac thong so theo bang 3 muc 3.1 [7]:

422
Bang 14.1: Cac thong so yeu cau oi vi dung dch bentonite

Ch tieu c ly
Yeu cau dung dch khoan

trc khi thi cong
Ty trong
o nht (s)
1,05 1,15
18 45
o pH
Ham lng cat
79
6%
Phng phap th
Can ty trong
Thi gian chay qua pheu tieu
chuan 700ml/500ml
Giay pH
Dung cu o ham lng cat
Dung dch bentonite co the cho phep s dung lai nhieu lan sau khi a qua cong
oan x ly. Viec x ly dung dch bentonite gom cac bc sau :
-
X ly cat co the bang may sang cat hoac bang be lang.
X ly o nht, ty trong va o pH bang cach tron them bentonite mi hoa c
tron them mot so loai phu gia

Bentonite s dung trong qua trnh thi cong b hao hut dan va c bo sung bang
bentonite mi do o dung dch bentonite luon am bao yeu cau.
c)
Th nghiem kiem tra bentonite
Dung cu gom:
1 pheu uoi chuot lam bang thuy tinh.
1 pheu nha.
1 sang co kch thc lo 74m
o ham lng cat
o dung dch bentonite vao pheu thuy tinh ti vach mud to here, sau o
tiep tuc o nc vao pheu en vach water to here, bt kn mieng pheu xoc eu.
-
o hon hp trong pheu thuy tinh vao sang, dung nc xoi vao sang lam
sach can ban trong sang.

-
Lap pheu nha vao pha tren mat sang, gan au pheu thuy tinh vao au nho
cua pheu nha, doc ngc lai cho pheu thuy tinh pha di, sau o xoi nc vao
au kia cua sang e cat chay xuong pheu thuy tinh. Lac ong thuy tinh cho cat
423
lang het xuong pha di ay cua pheu uoi chuot, Phan cat ong lai di ay ta
co the o c da vao cac vach phan nh cua pheu thuy tinh chnh la ham
lng cat can o.
Xac nh ty trong dung dich
at can bun tren mot be mat phang.
o ay dung dch bentonite mi khuay vao coc cho len can.
at nap len tren coc dung dch, ra sach ben ngoai coc va on can, sau o
lau kho lai toan bo.

-
at can cha dung dch bentonite tren mot li dao va di chuyen qua can ra
pha ngoai on can cho ti khi coc va tay on can bang vi nhau.
-
oc o nang cua dung dch bentonite tai iem dng cua qua can tren thanh
on pha coc dung dch bentonite.
o o nht
o 700ml dung dch qua li cua pheu o o nht, bt ngon tay di ay
pheu.
-
Rut ngon tay cho dung dch chay vao coc, ong thi bat ong ho bam giay
cung luc, i en khi chay ngang vach 500ml th bam ong ho dng.
3.
Lam sach ho khoan
Viec x ly can chia lam hai bc:

Bc 1
Khi khoan u chieu sau thiet ke th dng lai ch lang t 30 60 phut. Sau o cho
gau vet lai lang ong ho khoan. Khi gau cham ay th khoan vi toc o cham e
vet het cac lang ong di ay ho khoan.
Bc 2
Sau khi ha xong cot thep va ong o be tong, neu o lang cua ho khoan vt qua
10cm hoac ty trong dung dch bentonite qua cao > 1,15 th ta tien hanh ve sinh
ho khoan lan 2 c thc hien bang phng phap thoi ra nh sau:

424
a ong thoi ra co ng knh nho 90 100 vao trong ong o be tong
va xuong ti gan ay ho khoan. Dung kh nen a xuong ay ho khoan tao ap lc

cao di ay ho khoan e ay vat chat lang ong len theo ong thoi ra ong thi
phai bm bo xung dung dch bentonite mi vao ho khoan.
-
Viec thoi ra thc hien en khi dung dch bentonite lay len sach (ham lng
cat 6, ty trong < 1,15) va lng chat boi lang ay ho khoan sau khi a ve
sinh ho khoan khong c day qua 10 cm.
-
Viec kiem tra chat lng boi lang thc hien bang cach o chieu sau ho
khoan sau khi ve sinh ho khoan lan 1 va sau khi ve sinh ho khoan lan 2.
4.
Gia cong cot thep va ha cot thep
Cot thep a vao s dung phai ung kch thc va chung loai theo ung yeu cau
thiet ke va phai tuan thu theo ung cac quy nh trong ieu 7 [6].
Moi lan van chuyen thep ti cong trng eu phai lay hai to mau e kiem tra, moi
to co 3 mau, mot to kiem tra nen, mot to kiem tra uon.
Long thep coc c che tao san thanh cac long ngan theo chieu dai cay thep tieu
chuan la 11,7 m.
Cac long thep phai c kiem tra trc va sau cong tac khoan hoan thanh, cac
oan long thep se c tap ket gan ho khoan e chuan b ha tng long mot.
Chieu dai noi long theo yeu cau thiet ke la 700mm, lien ket chac chan cac oan
long vi nhau bang day thep nho (1mm -mmva tang cng bang cac moi
han khi noi cac oan long thep cuoi cung.
Cong tac ha long thep phai c lam khan trng e giam toi a lng chat lang
ong xuong ay ho khoan, cung nh kha nang sut l thanh vach.
Cong tac ha long thep tien hanh ngay sau khi ve sinh ho khoan xong va tien
hanh cang sm cang tot.

425
Hnh 14.3: Hnh anh minh hoa cach gia cong cot thep cho coc khoan nhoi
Sau khi long thep a c ha en cao o yeu cau, neo co nh long thep vao ong
vach bang 3 oan thep 10 e tranh tuot long.
e cho khung cot thep at ung tam ho khoan th tren khung cot thep phai at
san cac con ke bang be tong co ng knh tng ng 2 lan chieu day lp boc
long thep, day 30mm va co khoang cach gia cac tang con ke la 2m.
Hnh 14.4: at long thep va ong o be tong

426
5.
o be tong
a)
Loai be tong
Be tong c dung la loai be tong ti c cap bi nha thau be tong chuyen

nghiep nham at cac yeu cau sau:
-
Cng o chu nen cua mau be tong 28 ngay phai 350 Kg/cm2.
Ham lng xi mang toi thieu la 400 kg/m3 be tong.
o sut cua be tong khi bat au o la 16cm 20cm.
b)
Phu gia
e cai thien tnh cong tac cua be tong, s dung cac loai phu gia keo dai thi gian
ninh ket nham tao ra hon hp be tong co tnh nang phu hp vi yeu cau cua cong
nghe.
c)
Van chuyen be tong
Be tong phai c van chuyen bang xe chuyen dung.
Be tong phai c van chuyen bang xe chuyen dung.
D tru khoi lng ln hn khoi lng ly thuyet khoang 10%, am bao khoi
lng be tong chnh xac.

d)
Kiem tra khoi lng be tong
Trc khi o be tong phai kiem tra o sut cua be tong va kiem tra chat lng be
tong bang mat xem co b von cuc, a co ung kch c khong, e tranh hien tng
be tong b nghet trong ong o trong qua trnh o be tong.
Moi coc phai co t nhat 3 to mau th nen. Mau be tong c lay phan mui coc,
gia coc va au coc. Mau be tong se c th nghiem nen 7 ngay tai phong th
nghiem cua nha cung cap be tong va kiem tra 28 ngay tai n v th nghiem do
CT ch nh.

427
e)
Chuan b trc khi o be tong
e giam toi thieu mc o lang can va kha nang sut l ho khoan, be tong nen
c o ngay sau khi ve sinh ho khoan xong. Cac cong tac nh: kiem tra dung
dch bentonite sau thoi ra va can ay ho khoan phai c lam het sc khan
trng.
e am bao chat lng coc khoan va tranh mat thi gian trc khi o be tong,
quy trnh nen thc hien nh sau:
-
Khi nha thau thay viec thoi ra lam sach ho khoan at yeu cau cu the dung
dch bentonite lay len sach (ham lng cat 6%, ty trong < 1,15) va lng chat
boi lang ay ho khoan sau khi a ve sinh ho khoan khong c day qua 10cm.
-
Sau khi nghiem thu ho khoan, ho khoan van tiep tuc c thoi ra cho en
khi xe be tong gan en cong trng. Do o khong can phai kiem tra lai o sau ho
khoan lan na, rut ngan c thi gian thi cong. Trong trng hp thi gian t luc
cham dt thoi ra en khi o be tong qua 1gi, th phai nghiem thu lai o lang,
neu <10cm th tiep tuc o be tong (khong can thiet phai lam cac bc nghiem
thu khac), trong trng hp o lang > 10cm th se thoi ra lai va se nghiem thu
lai o lang, neu at th tiep tuc o be tong.
f)
o be tong
Cho bong kh vao ong o be tong, e khi o be tong bong kh c ay xuong

en ay ho khoan, nh vay ma lng bun cat mui coc c ay len tren.
Be tong c rot vao ong dan be tong thong qua pheu.

428
Hnh 14.5: o be tong coc khoan nhoi

Chan ong dan phai ngap trong va be tong 2m.
Phai giam toi thieu thi gian thao lap ong o e tang toc o o be tong.
Trong suot qua trnh o be tong coc tranh khong e be tong tran ra ngoai mieng
pheu va ri vao trong long coc lam anh hng en chat lng coc.
Trong suot qua trnh o be tong phai thng xuyen kiem tra cao o mat be tong
trong long coc bang thc day va roi e kp thi ieu chnh cao o chan ong dan
cho phu hp.
Cao o o be tong cuoi cung phai cao hn cao o au coc thiet ke thng 1m.

429
Hnh 14.6: Theo doi qua trnh o be tong

Khoi lng be tong thc te so vi kch thc lo coc theo ly thuyet khong c vt
qua 20%. Khi ton that be tong ln phai kiem tra lai bien phap gi thanh ho
khoan.
6.
Rut ong vach va ve sinh au coc
Theo ieu 10 [6] th sau khi ket thuc o be tong 15 20 phut can tien hanh rut
ong chong tam (casing) bang he thong day (rut + xoay) cua may khoan hoac
au rung theo phng thang ng, am bao on nh au coc va o chnh xac tam
coc.
Sau khi rut ong vach 1 2 gi can tien hanh hoan tra ho khoan bang cach lap
at hoac cat, cam bien bao coc a thi cong cam moi phng tien qua lai tranh
hong au coc va ong sieu am.
7.
Hoan thanh coc
Sau khi hoan thanh viec o be tong vach ,lam ve sinh nham hoan thanh cong
viec thi cong vach. oi vi cac vach co cao trnh sau di mat at, sau khi o
be tong phai bm thai het dung dch bentonite va lap au bang cat san lap e
am bao cho ngi va xe may i lai an toan.
430
Moi coc hoan thanh phai co cac bao cao kem theo,cac bao cao phai cha cac
thong tin sau:
so hieu coc
cao trnh cat coc
cao trnh mat at
cao trnh ong vach
kch thc coc
v tr coc
ngay o be tong
ngay ao va hoan thanh coc
o sau coc tnh t mat at
o sau coc t cao trnh cat coc
chieu dai ong vach
khoi lng be tong theo ly thuyet va thc te
cao trnh nh be tong sau moi xe
thi gian bat au o tng xe va ket thuc
mieu ta cac lp at
thi tiet khi o be tong
cac thong so cua dung dch va set
cac s co neu co.
8.
Kiem tra chat lng coc
Phng phap sieu am, tan xa gamma, phng phap song ng suat bien dang
nho...va cac phng phap th khong pha hoai khac c dung e anh gia chat
lng be tong coc a thi cong, tuy theo mc o quan trong cua cong trnh, thiet
ke ch nh so lng coc can kiem tra. oi vi cac cong trnh dan dung va cong
nghiep thong thng, khoi lng kiem tra chat lng be tong coc toi thieu theo
Bang 14.2. Can ket hp t 2 phng phap khac nhau tr len e kiem tra. Khi coc
co chieu sau ln hn 30 lan ng knh (L/D > 30) th phng phap kiem tra qua
ong at san la chu yeu. Khi phat hien khuyet tat, neu con nghi ng can kiem tra
431
bang khoan lay mau va cac bien phap khac e khang nh kha nang chu tai lau
dai cua no trc khi co quyet nh x ly sa cha hoac phai thay the bang cac
coc khac. Quyet nh cuoi cung do Thiet ke kien ngh, Chu au t chap thuan.
Bang 14.2: Khoi lng kiem tra chat lng be tong coc
Phng phap kiem tra
Ty le kiem tra toi thieu, % so coc
- Sieu am, tan xa gamma co at ong trc
10 25
- Phng phap bien dang nho
50
- Khoan lay loi( neu can thiet)
12
- Khoan kiem tra tiep xuc mui coc-at

(neu can thiet)
13
9.
S co va x ly s co trong thi cong coc khoan nhoi
Mot so s co thng xay ra trong thi cong coc nhoi nh: sut l thanh ho khoan,
ri cac thiet b thi cong vao ho khoan, khung cot thep b troi len, khung va cot
thep b cong venh, nc vao trong ong o be tong.
a)
Sut l thanh ho khoan
Vi phng phap thi cong coc nhoi bang phng phap tuan hoan th thanh ho
khoan c gi on nh bi viec duy tr ap lc dung dch trong lo khoan. Nhng
nguyen nhan dan en s sut l thanh ho khoan th co nhieu nh:
Duy tr ap lc cot nc khong u.
Mc nc ngam co ap tng oi cao.
Ty trong va nong o dung dch khong u.
Toc o tao lo qua nhanh.
Trong tang cuoi soi co nc chay hoac khong co nc, trong ho xuat hien
hien tng nc chay i mat.
Cac lc chan ong cac moi trng xung quanh.
Khi ha cot thep va ong dan va vao thanh ho pha v mang dung dch hoac
thanh ho.
432
Nh vay theo cac nguyen nhan ke tren e e phong sut l thanh ho ta phai nam
chac dc a chat, mc nc ngam, khi lap dng ong thep phai chu y o thang
ng cua ong vach. Vi phng phap thi cong phan tuan hoan, viec quan ly dung
dch phai c ac biet chu trong. Toc o tao lo phai am bao, giam bt cac lc
chan ong xung quanh, qua trnh lap dng khung cot thep phai that can trong.
b)
Cac thiet b thi cong ri vao ho khoan
e e phong cac thiet b thi cong nh cac chi tiet kim loai, ac biet la gau khoan
ri vao trong lo khoan ma nguyen nhan la do gay chot hoac pha bo lien ket th ta
phai co bien phap phong nga nh sau:
Dung cap hoac xch phong ho vao can khoan.
Th van hanh phai thng xuyen kiem tra cac thiet b van hanh.
Neu a xay ra th bien phap x ly thng la dung gau ngoam e lay len hoac
dung cac moc e keo len. Trng hp cac dung cu nay a b at lap vui th trc
o phai dung bien phap x ly ra sach at cat lap tren.
c)
Khung cot thep b troi len
Trong mot so trng hp khi ang o be tong phat hien long thep b troi len th
bien phap e phong va x ly nh sau:
Phai gia cong khung cot thep phai that chnh xac, ac biet chu y moi noi au
gia hai oan khung cot thep.
Trong khi o be tong phai ac biet chu y o thang ng cua ong dan cung nh
cua khung cot thep v ket cau khung cot thep phan tren co nhieu cot chu hn
phan di nen trong lng ln hn. Hn na khung thep lai dai kha nang b nen
cong venh lai cang ln.
Ong o be tong e ngap qua nhieu cung la mot nguyen nhan dan en viec long
thep troi len.

433
d)
Nc vao trong ong dan
Do qua trnh o be tong trong ong dan phai nhac len ha xuong nhieu lan lam cho
au noi b ro nc hoac nhan ong qua quy nh lam cho nc vao trong ong dan
en viec be tong b phan ly, mat o deo, lam giam chat lng be tong.
Bien phap phong nga va x ly:
Kiem tra toan bo ong dan trc khi o be tong.
Trong qua trnh o be tong ay ong phai ngap ung quy nh trong be tong,
nhac ong len xuong ung quy nh.
Khi a phat hien co nc trong ong phai that nhanh chong dung loai thiet b
hut nc ng knh nho hut het nc trong ong ra roi mi tiep tuc o be tong.

434
CHNG 15. THI CONG BE TONG TOAN KHOI

15.1. KHAI QUAT QUA TRNH THI CONG
Thi cong uc be tong cot thep toan khoi mot cong trnh gom cac bc sau:
at may moc thiet b phuc vu, van chuyen be tong en v tr thiet ke.
San xuat, van chuyen va lap cop pha, lap dng dan giao, san cong tac.
Gia cong va lap dng cot thep.
Tiep nhan be tong va o be tong .
Bao dng be tong va thao d cop pha.
Trong o, cong tac cop pha, cong tac cot thep la nhng dang cong tac chnh
chiem v tr c ban.
15.2. CONG TAC COP PHA
15.2.1. Yeu cau ky thuat chung
Trc khi xay dng mot cong trnh be tong vnh cu, ta phai xay dng mot cong
trnh tam co hnh dang ung nh vay, o la cong trnh cop pha. Cop pha phai
ap ng nhng yeu cau sau:
Phai ung kch thc cac bo phan ket cau cong trnh.
Phai ben, cng, khong bien dang, cong venh va phai on nh.
Phai gon, nhe, tien dung va de thao lap.
Cac khe noi cop pha phai kn kht e nc xi mang khoi chay ra ngoai.
Co the tai s dung c nhieu lan. e thoa man yeu cau nay th cop pha sau
khi s dung xong phai c cao, tay ra sach se va bao quan ni thch hp.
Khi thiet ke cop pha, ta tnh toan cho cac bo phan cong trnh ien hnh va bo tr
cho cac bo phan khac.

435
15.2.2. Yeu cau khi lap dng cop pha dan giao
Trc khi lap dng cop pha, dan giao can kiem tra k ve kha nang chu lc, o
ben, o on nh cuc bo va tong the cua chung, kiem tra cac bo phan noi nh:
chot, ren, moi han... Tuyet oi khong dung cac bo phan khong am bao yeu cau.
Phai xac nh chnh xac cac cao trnh ay mong, cao trnh san tang, cao trnh
ay dam, cao trnh ay san. anh dau truc va cac cao o cong trnh v tr thuan
li viec cho viec lap dng va kiem tra cop pha. Be mat cop pha tiep xuc vi be
tong can c chong dnh.
Cop pha thanh ben cua cac ket cau tng, san, dam va cot nen lap dng sao cho
phu hp vi viec thao d sm ma khong anh hng en cac phan cop pha va
gian giao con lu lai e chong (nh cop pha ay dam , san va cot chong).
Tru chong cua dan giao phai at vng chac tren nen cng, khong b trt va
khong b bien dang khi chu tac dung cua tai trong va tac ong trong qua trnh thi
cong. Trong qua lap dng cop pha can cau tao mot so lo thch hp pha di e
khi co ra mat nen nc va rac ban co lo thoat ra ngoai. Trc khi o be tong,
cac lo nay c bt kn lai. Cung can chu y e lai lo ch cho cac chi tiet thep
chon san theo thiet ke.
Trong khi o be tong phai bo tr ngi thng xuyen theo doi cop pha cay chong,
khi can thiet phai co bien phap khac phuc kp thi va triet e.
Cop pha va dan giao khi lap dng xong phai c nghiem thu theo TCVN 4453-95
trc khi tien hanh cac cong tac tiep theo.
15.2.3. Nguyen ly thiet ke cop pha
Thiet ke cop pha nham xac nh:
Cng o cop pha e chu cac tai trong do o be tong.
o cng cop pha, khong cong vong qua m tc khi chu tnh tai.

436
Vay ay la mot bai toan ket cau. Khi a xac nh c cac tai trong tac dung len
cop pha th:
Cac tam cop pha c kiem tra kha nang chu lc da tren khoang cach
gia cac goi ta, am bao chong uon va o vong.
Cop pha tng, cot dam, san c phan tch thanh nhng thanh dam n
gian e tnh toan va kiem tra ng suat.
Cac cot chong ng, cac thanh chong xien, cac thanh giang ngang c
phan tch e kiem tra lc nen, keo.

C s tnh toan la tieu chuan Viet Nam - TCVN 4453:1995.
15.2.4. La chon loai cop pha
Trong thi cong be tong cot thep nha cao tang thng s dung cac loai cop pha
van ep, cop pha kim loai (thep), cop pha nha (cop pha FUVI), va mot loai cop
pha mi hien nay ang co trien vong la cop pha van tre khung thep bi gia thanh
re lai tot cho moi trng.
Viec chon la cop pha phu hp va kinh te phai da vao quy mo cong trnh (hay
d an), ieu kien cua nha thau thi cong va phai co tnh toan cu the so lan luan
chuyen cop pha.
Trong o an, sinh vien la chon cot pha thep tieu chuan cua cong ty Hoa Phat e
tnh toan cho cac cau kien cot va mong va rieng cop pha san th s dung cop pha
van ep phu phim cua hang TEKCOM e thiet ke cho san, v ly do thi cong nhanh.
Mot so thong so cop pha thep, gian giao, cay chong cua cong ty Hoa Phat:

437
Hnh 15.1: Cac thong so cop pha thep Hoa Phat

438
Hnh 15.2: Cac thong so dan giao Hoa Phat

Bang 15.1: Bang thong so van ep phu phim Tekcom (loai PlyCORE P)
Lc tach lp
Mo un an hoi E
o cong venh
Lc ep ruot van
Kch thc
Chieu day

0,75 - 1,4 MPa

Doc th: 5500 MPa
Ngang th: 3500 MPa
Doc th: 26 Mpa
100-120 T/m2
220x2440 mm
9 - 21 mm
439
15.2.5. Cong tac cop pha ai coc

a)
Cau tao
Xet ai mong ien hnh co kch thc 3,6x3,6 (m), cao 2 (m).
Dung cac tam cop van ep kch thc 1220x2440 mm day 18 mm.
Cac cop pha c co nh bang cac ti giang d12 mm va he thanh sn gom cac
thep hop kch thc 50x50 cach nhau 600 mm va thep hop 50x100 at cach nhau
600 mm.
b)
Tnh toan kiem tra
Tai trong ngang tac dung len thanh cop pha mong gom:
Tai trong do am dui: q1 .H 2500.0,75 1875(kG / m2 )
Tai trong do o be tong: q2 .H 400(kG / m2 )
Tong tai trong: q q1 q2 1875 400 2275(kG / m2 )
Kiem tra thanh cop pha
Sn doc at cach nhau 600 mm, do o nhp tnh toan cua cop pha 600 mm.
Hnh 15.3: S o tnh cop pha thanh cua ai coc

Xet mot dai rong 30 cm, luc o tai trong phan bo tren 1 m dai:
q 2275.0,3 682,5(kG / m)
Momen ln nhat tai gia nhp:

440
1 2 682,5.0,62
ql
30,71kG.m
8
8
Kiem tra ng suat trong cop pha thanh:
M
6.30,71
110 T / m2 120 T / m2
2
W 0,3.0,018
Kiem tra sn doc (thep hop 2x50x50 mm)

Sn ngang at cach nhau 600mm c xem nh dam lien tuc co goi ta la cac
sn doc vi khoang cach nhp 600mm, tuy nhien e n gian trong tnh toan vi
moi nhp ta xem nh mot dam n gian co s o tnh nh sau:
Hnh 15.4: S o tnh sn ngang

Kiem tra o vong
Tai trong ngang cua va be tong tac dung len sn ngang
q 2275.0,6 1365(kG / m)
Momen quan tnh:
5.53 4,6.4,63
J
14,8(cm4 )
12
o vong cho phep:
3l
3.80
f
0,24(cm)
1000 1000

441
o vong tnh toan:

fmax
5 ql4
5
13,65.604
.
.
0,07(cm) f (Thoa)
384 EJ 384 2,1.106.14,8
Kiem tra ben

Mo men ln nhat tai gia nhp:
Mmax
n.q.l2 1,2.1365.0,62
73,71(kG.m)
8
8
Mo men khang quan tnh:
J
14,8
5,9 (cm3 )
h/2 5/2
ng suat ln nhat:
Mmax 7371
1249 (kG / cm2 ) 2100 (kG / cm2 )(thoa)

W
5,9
Vay sn doc chon nh tren la hp ly.

Kiem tra sn ngang (thep hop 2x50x100)
Sn doc at cach nhau 600mm va phai cau tao 2 thep hop e gi ti do o
khong can kiem tra sn doc v kha nang chu tai la rat ln.
Kiem tra thanh giang (ti thep d 12 mm)
Tai trong truyen vao giang
0,6 x 0,6 x 2275 = 819 kG < [P] = 1700 kN.
Vay thanh giang a chon la hp ly.

442
600
1600
600
200
200
600
1600
600
200
200
1800
1800
2200
3600
2000
2200
3600
2000
600
1200
1200
600
600
600
600
300
3600
600
600
3600
600
1200
300
600
600
1200
600
600
3600
600
1200
600
600
300
600
600
600
600
1200
300
2000
600
2000
1200
600
600
600
600
600
600
1200
2000
1200
3600
1500
1500
3600
1200
2000
Hnh 15.5: Chi tiet cop pha mong

443
15.2.6. Cong tac cop pha san

a)
Cau tao
Dung cop pha van ep phu phim kch thc 1220x2440 mm, c bang he
sn thep cot bao gom sn ngang 50x50x2 mm va sn doc 50x100x2 mm va
c chong bang gian giao chong ch H chieu cao 1530 mm.
b)
Tnh toan kiem tra cop pha san
Tai trong tac dung len cop pha gom:

Tnh tai do trong lng be tong: q1 0,24.2500 6 00(kG / m2 )
Hoat tai:
Trong lng do o be tong: 200 kG/m2
Trong lng do ngi ng len: 200 kG/m2
Trong lng may thi cong: 300 kG/m2
Trong lng do am be tong: 130 kG/m2
Do o hoat tai tac dung len san: q2 200 200 300 130 830(kG / m2 )
Tong tai trong tac dung len cop pha san: q q1 q2 600 830 1430(kG / m2 )
Tong tai trong tac dung len cop pha san tren 1 m dai (lay be rong la 1m):
q 1430.1 1430kG / m 14,30(kG / cm)

Tnh chieu day van ep
Coi van nh dam n gian chu lc phan bo eu, co nhp l = 600 mm (khoang
cach gia cac sn ngang la 600 mm).

444
Hnh 15.6: S o tnh van ep

Mo men ln nhat tai gia nhp dam
Mmax
ql2 14,30.602
6435(kG.cm)
8
8
o day van ep
6Mmax
b. u
6.6435
1,79 cm
100.120
Chon van ep day 18 mm, kch thc chuan 1220x2440 mm.

Kiem tra o vong
Momen quan tnh:
100.1,83
J
48,6 (cm4 )
12
o vong cho phep:
3l
3.60
f
0,18(cm)
1000 1000
o vong tnh toan:
fmax
5 ql4
5
14,3.604
.
.
0,14(cm) f (Thoa)
384 EJ 384 350000.48,6

445
Kiem tra sn ngang (thep hop 50x50 mm)

Sn ngang at cach nhau 600mm c xem nh dam lien tuc co goi ta la cac
sn doc vi khoang cach nhp 800mm, tuy nhien e n gian trong tnh toan vi
moi nhp ta xem nh mot dam n gian co s o tnh nh sau:
Hnh 15.7: S o tnh sn ngang

Kiem tra o vong
Tai trong ngang cua va be tong tac dung len sn ngang
q 1430.0,6 858(kG / m)
Momen quan tnh:
5.53 4,6.4,63
J
14,8(cm4 )
12
o vong cho phep:
3l
3.80
f
0,24(cm)
1000 1000
o vong tnh toan:
fmax
5 ql4
5
8,58.804
.
.
0,15(cm) f (Thoa)
384 EJ 384 2,1.106.14,8

446
Kiem tra ben

Mmax
n.q.l2 1,2.858.0,82
82,37(kG.m)
8
8
J
14,8
5,9 (cm3 )
h/2 5/2
ng suat ln nhat:
Mmax 8237
1396 (kG / cm2 ) 2100 (kG / cm2 )(thoa)

W
5,9
Vay sn ngang chon nh tren la hp ly.

Kiem tra sn doc (thep hop 50x100)
Sn doc at cach nhau 800mm, c xem nh dam lien tuc co goi ta la cac
giao chong vi khoang cach nhp 1250 mm, tuy nhien e n gian trong tnh
toan, vi moi nhp ta xem nh mot dam n gian, co s o tnh nh sau:
Hnh 15.8: S o tnh sn doc

Kiem tra o vong
Tai tap trung do sn ngang truyen xuong:

447
P 858x0,8 686(kG)
Momen quan tnh:
5.103 4,6.9,63
77,5(cm4 )
12
o vong cho phep:
3l
3.125
f
0,38(cm)
1000 1000
o vong tnh toan:
fmax
Pl3
686.1253
0,17 cm f (Thoa)
48.EJ 48.2,1.106.77,5
Kiem tra ben

Mmax
n.P.l 1,2.686.1,25
257(kG.m)
4
4
J
77,5
15,5(cm3 )
h / 2 10 / 2
ng suat ln nhat:
Mmax 25700
1658(kG / cm2 ) 2100 (kG / cm2 )(thoa)

W
15,5
Vay sn ng chon nh tren la hp ly.

448
Kiem tra giao chong

Chon giao chong ch H co be rong bang 1250 mm, chieu cao giao c to hp t
1700
900
2 loai giao chong co chieu cao 900mm va 1700 mm.
1250
Hnh 15.9: Kch thc to hp giao chong

Lc tap trung tac dung len ung tam cot giao
P 1,3.686.3 2675kG 5000kG

He so 1,3 la ke en trong lng cua cop pha va sn doc, sn ngang.
Vay giao chong chon nh tren la hp ly.

449
10000
1
1
3
2
10000
500 275 600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
Hnh 15.10: Mat bang cop pha
150
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
10000
Hnh 15.11: Mat bang bo tr sn ngang sn doc

450
152
1700
3060
900
140
150
1250
900
1250
900
1250
900
1250
10000
Hnh 15.12: Mat cat cop pha san

15.2.7. Cong tac cop pha cot
a)
Cau tao
Xet cot ien hnh co kch thc 800x800 mm, chieu cao 3,06 m (chieu cao tang
3,3 m, chieu day san 240 mm).
Do chieu cao cot khong cao lam (xap x 3m) co the o mot t nen cop pha cot
c dng suot chieu cao vach.
Dung tam cop pha tieu chuan HP 1540 kch thc 1500x400 mm.
Khoang cach gia cac gong chon 50 cm.
b)
Tnh toan kiem tra cop pha cot
Tai trong tieu chuan tac dung len cop pha cot
qtc .H q 2500.0,75 400 2275kG / m2
451
Trong o,
q1 q2
q1 = 400 kG/m2 : tai trong do o be tong gay nen;

q2 = 200 kG/m2 : tai trong do am rung.
Tuy nhien vi cop pha cot th khi o be tong th khong am va ngc lai do vay
khi tnh toan lay vi gia tr ln nhat q1 = 400 kG/m2.
Tai trong tnh toan
qtt 1,3.qtc 1,3.2275 2958kG / m2
V cop pha cot chon cop pha thep tieu chuan tieu chuan nen khong can phai kiem
tra.
c)
Kiem tra sn cop pha thanh cot
Cop pha tieu chuan co 2 sn thep L63x63x5 co ac trng hnh hoc sau:
Jx 23,1cm4
d 5mm
z0 1,74 cm
b = 6,3 cm
Wx
Jx
23,1
5,06 cm3
b z0 6,3 1,74
Xem cop pha thanh cot nh dam lien tuc goi len cac gong, khoang cach gia cac
gong cot la 50 cm. Tuy nhien thien ve an toan xem nh dam n gian nhp
50 cm.

452
Tai trong tieu chuan tac dung len sn thep
qtc 2275.0,4 910kG / m

Tai trong tnh toan len sn thep
qtt 910.1,3 1183 kG / m

Kiem tra ieu kien chu lc theo cng o
Mmax
1 2
1
qttl
.11,83.502 2958 kG.cm
10
10
Mmax
2958
290,07 kG / cm2 2100 kG / cm2

2Wx
2.5,09
Kiem tra ieu kien o vong

fmax
4
5 qtcl
5 910.102.504
.
0,0076 cm
384 2EJx 384 2.2,1.106.23,1
3l
3.50
fmax f
0,15 cm
1000 1000
d)
Tnh gong cot
Xem gong nh dam n gian goi len 2 thanh thanh gong theo phng vuong goc.
Tai trong tieu chuan tac dung len gong cot
qtc 2275.0,5 1137,5kG / m

Tai trong tnh toan tac dung len gong cot
qtt 2958.0,5 1479 kG / m

S o tnh gong cot

453
Hnh 15.13: S o tnh gong

Momen tac dung len gong cot
Mmax
1 2
1
qttl
.14,79.802 11832 kG.cm
10
10
Chon gong co be rong b = 8 cm.

Tnh chieu cao gong
6M 6.11832
0,53 cm
.b2 2100.82
Chon h = 0,6 cm.

e)
Kiem tra kha nang chu lc cua thanh chong xien
Tai trong gio trung bnh lay theo cap gio a phng (co ke en anh hng theo
chieu cao cua ap lc gio): 100 kG/m2.
Quy ve tai dang phan bo eu: qgio = w.b =100.0,8 = 80 kG/m.
Dung 2 cay chong cho moi cap cop pha (at tren cung mot hang theo phng
ng).
Xac nh lc doc trong thanh chong xien (goc chong gia nh la 600 ).
Ap lc ngang ln nhat do gio gay ra tac dung len cot:
h 80.2,8 224kG

454
Noi lc P ln nhat trong thanh chong xien:
H
224
448 kG P 1000 kG
0,5
cos 600
800
800
800
800
150
SAN CONG TAC
COP PHA THEP

1500X400
500
500
500
DAN GIAO
1700X1200
COP PHA THEP

1500X400
500
DAN GIAO
1700X1200
350
CHONG XIEN
500
GONG COT
GO
50X50
CA VE SINH
KHOA DANG THANH
GO NH V
MOC THEP 6
Hnh 15.14: Chi tiet cop pha cot

455
15.3. CONG TAC COT THEP

15.3.1. Yeu cau ky thuat chung
Cot thep dung trong ket cau be tong cot thep phai am bao cac yeu cau cua thiet
ke, ong thi phai phu hp vi tieu chuan thiet ke TCVN 5574:1991 - Ket cau be
tong cot thep va TCVN 1651:1985 - Thep cot be tong.
oi vi thep nhap khau can co cac chng ch k thuat kem theo va can lay mau
th nghiem kiem tra theo TCVN 197:1985 Kim loai - Phng phap th keo va
TCVN 198:1985 Kim loai - Phng phap th uon.
Cot thep co the c gia cong tai hien trng hoac tai nha may nhng nen am
bao mc o c gii phu hp vi khoi lng thep tng ng can gia cong.
Khong nen s dung trong cung mot cong trnh nhieu loai thep co hnh dang va
kch thc hnh hoc nh nhau nhng tnh chat c l khac nhau.
Cot thep trc khi c gia cong va trc khi o be tong can am bao. Be mat
sach, khong dnh bun at, dau m, khong co vay sat va cac lp g. Cac thanh
thep b bep, b giam tiet dien do lam sach hoac do cac nguyen nhan khac khong
vt qua 2% ng knh. Neu vt qua gii han nay th loai thep o c s dung
theo dien tch tiet dien thc te con lai. Cot thep can c keo, uon va nan than g.
15.3.2. Cat va uon cot thep
Cat va uon cot thep ch c thc hien bang phng phap c hoc.
Cot thep phai c cat va uon phu hp vi hnh dang, kch thc cua thiet ke.
San pham cot thep a cat va uon c tien hanh kiem tra theo tng lo. Moi lo
gom 100 thanh thep tng loai a cat va uon, c moi lo lay 5 thanh bat k e kiem
tra. Tr so sai lech khong c vt qua gia tr bang sau:

456
Bang 15.2: Quy nh ve sai so cho phep khi cat va uon thep
Ten sai lech
Mc cho phep
1.
Sai so ve kch thc chung cho cac khung han phang va cac li
han cung nh theo o dai cua cac thanh gia cong rieng le.
a.
Khi ng knh thanh cot thep khong qua 16mm.
Theo chieu dai cua san pham.
Theo chieu rong hoac chieu cao (neu co) cua san pham.
Khi kch thc cua san pham theo chieu rong hoac chieu cao
khong ln hn 1m
b.
Khi ng knh thanh cot thep 18mm-40mm.
Theo chieu rong hoac chieu cao (neu co) cua san pham.
Khi kch thc cua san pham theo chieu rong hoac chieu cao
khong ln hn 1m
c.
-
Khi ng knh thanh cot thep t 40mm tr len.

Theo chieu cao cua san pham.
2.
Sai so ve khoang cach gia cac thanh ngang (thanh noi) cua
khung han, sai so ve kch thc cua o li han va ve khoang cach gia
cac bo phan cua khung khong giang.
3.
Sai so ve khoang cach gia cac thanh chu lc rieng biet cua
khung phang hoac khung khong gian vi ng knh cua thanh.
Nho hn 40mm.
Bang va ln hn 40mm.
4.
Sai so theo mat phang cua cac li han hoac cac khung han
phang khi ng knh cua cac thanh.
Nho hn 12mm.
T 12mm en 24mm.
T 20mm en 50mm.
Ln hn 50mm.
5.
Sai lech ve v tr cho uon cua thanh.
6.
Sai lech tim cac khung cot thep.
7.
Sai lech ve o vong cua khung cot thep chu lc so vi thiet ke.

10mm
5mm
3mm
10mm
10mm
5mm
50mm
20mm
10mm
0,5d
1d
10mm
15mm
20mm
25mm
2d
15mm
5%
457
15.3.3. Han cot thep

Lien ket han co the c thc hien theo nhieu phng phap khac nhau, nhng
phai am bao chat lng moi han theo yeu cau cua thiet ke. Khi chon phng
phap va cong nghe han phai tuan theo tieu chuan TCVN 71:1977 Ch dan han
cot thep va chi tiet at san trong ket cau be tong cot thep. Viec lien ket cac loai
thep co tnh han thap hoac khong c han can c thc hien theo ch dan cua
c s che tao.
Khi han oi au cac thanh cot thep can nong bang may han t ong hoac ban t
ong phai tuan theo tieu chuan TCVN 72:1977 Qui nh han oi au thep tron.
Han iem tiep xuc thng c dung e che tao khung va li cot thep co ng
knh nho hn 10mm oi vi thep keo nguoi va ng knh nho hn 12mm oi vi
thep can nong.
Khi che tao khung cot thep va li cot thep bang han iem, neu thiet ke khong co
ch dan ac biet th thc hien theo qui nh sau:
oi vi thep tron trn, han tat ca cac iem giao nhau.
oi vi thep co g, han tat ca cac iem giao nhau hai hang chu vi pha
ngoai, cac iem con lai gia cac mot hang theo th t xen ke.
oi vi khung cot thep dam, han tat ca cac iem giao nhau.
Han ho quang c dung trong cac trng hp sau:
Han noi dai cac thanh cot thep can nong co ng knh ln hn 8mm.
Han tat ca cac chi tiet at san, cac bo phan cau tao va lien ket cac moi noi
trong lap ghep.

Cac moi han phai ap ng cac yeu cau sau:
Be mat nhan, khong chay, khong t quang, khong thu hep cuc bo va khong
co bot.
am bao chieu dai va chieu cao ng han theo yeu cau cua thiet ke.

458
Lien ket han c tien hanh kiem tra theo tng chung loai va tng lo. Moi lo
gom 100 moi han hoac 100 cot thep loai khung, loai li a han. Nhng lo san
pham nay phai c kiem tra theo nguyen tac sau.
Moi lo lay 5% san pham nhng khong t hn 5 mau e kiem tra kch thc,
3 mau e th keo va 3 mau e th uon.

15.3.4. Noi buoc
Viec noi buoc (noi chong len nhau) oi vi cac loai thep c thc hien theo qui
pham cua thiet ke. Khong noi cac v tr chu lc ln va cho uon cong. Trong mot
mat cat ngang cua tiet dien ket cau khong noi qua 25% dien tch tong cong cua
mat cat ngang oi vi thep tron trn va khong qua 50% oi vi thep co g.
Viec noi buoc phai thoa man cac yeu cau sau:
Chieu dai noi buoc cua cot thep chu lc trong cac khung va li cot thep
khong c nho hn 250mm oi vi thep chu keo va khong nho hn 200mm oi

vi thep chu nen.
Khi noi buoc, cot thep vung chu keo phai uon moc oi vi thep tron trn,
cot thep co g khong uon moc.
Day buoc dung loai thep mem co ng knh 1mm.
Trong cac moi noi buoc can buoc t nhat la 3 v tr ( gia va hai au).
15.3.5. Thay oi cot thep tren cong trng

Trong moi trng hp viec thay oi cot thep tren cong trng phai c s ong
y cua thiet ke.Trong trng hp s dung cot thep x l nguoic thay the cot thep
can nong th nhat thiet phai c s ong y cua c quan thiet ke va chu au t.
15.3.6. Van chuyen cot thep
Viec van chuyen cot thep a gia cong phai am bao cac yeu cau sau.
Khong lam hong va bien dang san pham cot thep.

459
Cot thep tng thanh nen buoc lai thanh tng lo theo chung loai va so lng e
tranh nham lan khi s dung.
Cac khung, li cot thep ln nen co bien phap phan chia thanh tng bo phan phu
hp vi phng tien van chuyen.
Cong tac lap dng cot thep can thoa man cac yeu cau sau.
Cac bo phan c lap dng trc khong gay tr ngai cho cac bo phan c lap
dng sau.
Co bien phap on nh v tr cot thep khong e bien dang trong qua trnh o be
tong.
Khi at cot thep va cop pha ta vao nhau tao thanh mot to hp cng th cop pha
ch c at tren cac giao iem cua cot thep chu lc theo ung v tr qui nh cua
thiet ke.
Cac con ke can at tai v tr thch hp tuy theo mat o cot thep nhng khong qua
1m mot iem ke. Con ke co chieu day bang lp be tong bao vec cot thep va c
lam bang cac vat lieu khong an mon cot thep, khong pha huy be tong. Sai lech
chieu day lp be tong bao ve so vi thiet ke khong vt qua 3mm oi vi lp bao
vec co thieu day a nho hn 15mm va 5mm oi vi lp bao ve a ln hn 15mm.
Viec lien ket cac thanh cot thep sau khi lap dng can c thc hien theo yeu cau
sau.
So lng moi noi buoc hay han dnh khong nho hn 50% so iem giao nhau theo
th t xem ke.
Trong moi trng hp, cac goc cua ai thep vi thep chu lc phai buoc hoac han
100%.
Viec noi cac thanh cot thep n vao khung va li cot thep phai c thc hien
theo ung qui nh cua thiet ke. Khi noi buoc khung va li cot thep theo phng

460
lam viec cua ket cau th chieu dai noi chong thc hien theo qui nh bang sau
nhng khong nho hn 250mm.
Bang 15.3: Quy nh ve sai so cho phep khi cat va uon thep
Mac be tong.
Loai cot thep
Mac # 150
Mac # 200
Vung chu
Vung chu
Vung chu
Vung chu
keo.
nen.
keo.
nen.
Cot thep co g can nong
30d
20d
25d
15d
Cot thep trn can nong
35d
25d
30d
20d
Cot thep keo nguoi.
40d
30d
35d
25d
Chuyen v cua tng thanh thep khi che tao hoac lap dng khung li cot thep
khong ln hn 1/5 lan ng knh cua thanh ln nhat va 1/4 lan ng knh ban
than thanh o.
15.3.7. Lap at cot thep
Tren mat bang cong trnh ngi ta lap at cot thep theo ba cach sau:
1.
Lap at tng thanh cot thep rieng le
2.
Lap at cac li, cac khung, cac long cot thep gia cong san
3.
Lap at ca khoi cop pha cot thep hoan chnh vao v tr thiet ke, H.2.19
la mot khoi hoan chnh o

Cach lap at cot thep th nhat, th hai pho bien hn cach th ba.
e co the lap at cot thep de dang va chnh xac vao cac cop pha hop (cop pha
cot, tng, dam) ngi ta thng e ngo mot hoac hai mat ben cua cop pha hop
o, sau khi chnh ly v tr cot thep xong mi lap doing not cop pha mat h.
Tai mat bang thi cong cac thanh cot thep chu cua cac san pham cot thep gia
cong san o c noi lien nhau v tr thiet ke cua chung, bang ho quang hay
bang buoc chap.

461
Sau ay la trnh t va cach thc at cot thep cho nhng ket cau pho thong.
15.3.7.1. Lap at cot thep ai coc
Cot thep ai coc nha cao tang thng ln va nang, nen thng phai lap at tng
thanh tai cho. Trc khi lap at cot thep can vach dau sn tren tren mat nen
betong lot, xac nh v tr cac cot thep ngang va doc, roi mi rai va buoc cot thep
ben di.
Neu lp cot thep ben tren cua ai coc nhe, th co the rai, buoc lp thep tren ngay
tren mat lp thep di a buoc xong, roi mi kch nang no len cao.
Neu lp cot thep ben tren nang th sau khi buoc xong lp thep ben di, ngi ta
bac mot dan giao tam e at va buoc lp cot thep tren un g v tr cua no, sau
khi dung sat ke chong hay treo lp cot thep tren, roi mi thao dan giao tam i.
15.3.7.2. Lap at cot thep cot
Cot tang nha dan dung thng thap va nho, trong lng long cot thep cot khong
ln, ngi ta san xuat nhng long cot thep cot hoan chnh roi mi lap dng vao v
tr cua chung.
Thong thng lap dng cot thep cot trc, roi mi lap dng cop pha cot; hoac
dng ba mat cop pha cot trc, roi mi lap at long cot thep cot; sau cung ong
not mat cop pha th t.
Cung co trng hp uc nha cao tang, cac long cot thep cot lai c tha vao hop
cop pha cot t tren cao xuong.
Khi cot kha cao va ln, can phai lap noi cac long cot thep cot tng oan len cao
dan, th cong nhan lap at cot thep phai ng tren mot dan giao cao bac om ben
ngoai cot va cop pha cot tam dng oan lap rap cot thep.
Trng hp lap at cot thep cot tng thanh rieng re th trc tien buoc noi cac
cot thep doc va thep ch chan cot, sau o mot ngi th ng tren dan giao

462
tha dan cac vong cot ai t nh cot xuong, long ra ngoai cac cot doc; ngi th
th hai ng ben di buoc cot ai vao cot doc theo khoang cach thiet ke.
15.3.7.3. Lap at cot thep san
at cot thep dam chnh trc, cot thep dam phu sau, cot thep san sau cung. Cot
thep san thng luon qua khung cot thep dam, cho nen sau khi a buoc xong cot
thep dam mi rai va buoc cot thep san. Nen vach trc cac dau nh v cot thep
tren van san.
Neu san co hai lp cot thep th buoc li cot thep ben di trc, roi theo lp o
ma rai va buoc lp cot thep ben tren, sau o nang cao li tren va chen cac
mieng ke vao gia hai lp cot thep o.
Trng hp s dung cac li cot thep san gia cong san th ch viec trai chung len
mat cop pha san va noi cac li cot thep o vi nhau bang buoc chap hay han
chap.
15.3.8. Kiem tra va nghiem thu co t thep
Kiem tra va nghiem thu cot thep bao gom cac viec sau:
S phu hp cua cac loai cot thep a vao s dung so vi thiet ke.
Cong tac gia cong cot thep: phng phap cat uon va lam sach be mat cot
thep trc khi gia cong; tr so sai lech cho phep oi vi cot thep a gia cong.
Cong tac han: bac th, thiet b, que han, cong nghe han va chat lng moi
han; tr so sai lech cho phep oi vi san pham cot thep a gia cong han.
S phu hp ve viec thay oi cot thep so vi thiet ke.
Van chuyen va lap dng cot thep.

463
15.4. CONG TAC BE TONG TOAN KHOI

a)
La chon phng phap thi cong be tong
Hien nay ang ton tai 3 dang chnh ve thi cong be tong:
Thu cong hoan toan
Che tron tai cho
Be tong thng pham (tron tai nha may).
Thi cong be tong thu cong hoan toan ch dung khi khoi lng be tong nho va pho
bien trong khu vc dan. Nhng ng ve mat khoi lng th dang nay lai la quan
trong v co en 50% be tong c dung thi cong theo phng phap nay. Nhng
chat lng khong cao va khong c kiem soat.
Viec che tron tai cho cho nhng cong ty co u phng tien t thanh lap ni cha
tron be tong. Loai nay chu yeu nham vao cac cong ty Xay dng quoc doanh a co
ten tuoi. Mot trong nhng ly do phai to chc theo phng phap nay la tiec re may
moc san co. Viec to chc t san xuat be tong co nhc iem trong khau quan ly
chat lng. Neu muon quan ly tot chat lng, n v s dung be tong phai au t
he thong am bao chat lng tot, au t kha cao cho khau th nghiem va co oi
ngu th nghiem xng ang.
Be tong thng pham ang c nhieu n v s dung tot. Be tong thng pham
co nhieu u iem trong khau am bao chat lng va thi cong thuan li. Be tong
thng pham ket hp vi may bm be tong la mot to hp rat hieu qua.
Xet rieng gia theo m3 be tong th gia be tong thng pham so vi be tong t che
tao cao hn. Neu xet theo tong the th gia be tong thng pham ch con cao hn
be tong t tron 1525%. Nhng ve mat chat lng th viec s dung be tong
thng pham kha on nh.
Mat khac, e am bao thi cong nhanh cung nh chat lng ket cau, chon phng
phap thi cong be tong thng pham la hp ly nhat.

464
b)
Cac yeu cau ky thuat thi cong be tong
Cong tac o be tong phai c tien hanh lien tuc nham at c cac yeu cau ky
thuat nh sau :
Khong lam sai lech v tr cot thep, coppha, va chieu day lp be tong bao ve.
am bao cho be tong ac chac, khong b ro hoac phan tang.
am bao ket cau co kch thc va hnh dang ung theo thiet ke.
Cac mach ngng thi cong c x ly tot.
am be tong am bao o chat va tnh ong nhat cua be tong, khong c
lam chay nc ximang hoac lam hong van khuon hoac sai lech cot thep.
Kiem soat hoan thien be mat be tong, can lu y nhng iem sau:
Trc khi tien hanh hoan thien be mat can kiem tra hien trang cua ket cau
e chng to rang ket cau a c thi cong am bao chat lng. Cac khuyet tat
nhn thay ch mat ngoai va co the khac phuc bang cong tac hoan thien.
Trng hp co khuyet tat anh hng en chat lng ket cau th phai co bien
phap ky thuat x ly thch ang, trc khi thc hien cong tac hoan thien.
Cong tac hoan thien phai am bao sao cho khong gay hieu ng xau cho ket
cau nh: gay ra cac vet nt, tao ra cac lp ho xi mang, tao ra cac vung xop tren
be mat...
Yeu cau rieng oi vi be tong s dung trong san be tong ng lc trc
V tr cac mach ngng thi cong oi vi ket cau be tong ng lc trc phai c
xac nh tren c s tnh toan s lam viec cua ket cau co xet en hieu ng cua
ng lc trc. e am bao tnh toan khoi cong trnh khong phan chia mach
ngng trong thi cong san
Trc khi o be tong can kiem tra v tr cac bo thep cang. Cong tac o be to ng
phai c tien hanh sao cho khong lam sai lech v tr cac bo thep cang. Be tong
phai am chat, ac biet khu vc bo tr neo hoac bo noi.

465
Ngoai so lng mau th theo quy nh trong tieu chuan thi cong ket cau be tong
thong thng, can lay them mot so lng mau can thiet e kiem tra cng o be
tong phuc vu cong tac thi cong ng lc trc.
Trong san ng lc trc keo cang sau, mau be tong thng c nen sau 3 ngay
khi keo cang mot phan hoac toan phan. Mau be tong phai lay va bao dng theo
tieu chuan. Thong thng be tong phai at toi thieu 80% cng o thiet ke va
100% cng o khi keo.
oi vi be tong cot, e am bao c v tr iem dng cua moi cot trong moi
tang, ngi ta tien hanh noi buot thanh cot ai tai v tr a xac nh e anh dau.
Hnh 15.15: Hnh anh minh hoa o be tong cot bang can truc

466
Hnh 15.16: Hnh anh minh hoa o be tong san bang may bm
Kiem tra chat lng be tong
Moi xe ch be tong t nha may ti cong trnh phai c kiem tra chat lng bang
cach o thanh nhng hop hnh lap phng co kch thc ung quy nh. Tren
nhng khoi hop o phai c ghi ay u ngay o, mau th bao nhieu
Hnh 15.17: Hnh anh minh hoa lau mau kiem tra chat lng be tong
Cac van e can lu y khi thi cong o be tong:
Ve sinh chan cot trc khi ghep van khuon;

467
Van khuon phai kn, neu khong phai chen giay ky hoac dan bang keo e
tranh mat nc xi mang ;
am betong khong c qua lau, tranh hien tng phan tang;
Cot co chieu cao ln hn 2,5m phai co ca o betong ben hong hoac bien
phap khac nham khong gay phan tang betong ;
Sau khi o betong c 1 ngay th tien hanh bao dng bang cach ti nc
hang ngay .
15.5. QUY TRNH THI CONG NG LC TRC CHO SAN
Di ay se trnh bay nhng buc chnh theo trnh t thi cong che tao san betong
cot thep LT bang phng phap cang sau:
1.
Lap dng van khuon san
Lap dng van khuon san theo thiet ke va qui pham TCVN 4453 1995, sai so
cao o san 5mm, sai so o nghieng 0.5%, ong thi d phong trc phan mat
bang thi cong e cang cap LT. Xac nh v tr se at cap LT bang cach anh
dau tren van khuon san (ng rai cap, ch dan cao o cap).
2.
Lap at cot thep thng
Lap at cot thep thng (cot doc, cot ngang) theo thiet ke. Bo tr cac goi ke cach
nhau t 0,5 en 1,0m tuy theo c knh ong ghen. Goi ke thng c che tao
bang thep tron va buoc vi cot thep san (sai so ve o cao cho phep 3mm). Lap
at cac chi tiet at san, ong ky thuat, cap ien,cap thong tin (ke ca vach anh
dau v tr cap LT trong trng hp can thiet.
3.
Lap at neo va cap LT
Cac thiet b neo c at ung v tr a anh dau tren van khuon thanh va c
co nh vng chac. oi vi cac cap LT khong dai lam (di 40m), co the bo tr
mot au neo chet va mot au neo tao ng lc. Khi cap LT qua dai th bo tr neo
tao ng lc ca hai au cap e tranh ton hao ng suat do ma sat.

468
Cac ong ghen cua cap LT c co nh chat tren cac goi ke, tranh khong b xe
dch trong khi o betong (sai so cho phep ve v tr cap LT tren mat bang
10mm). Tai v tr noi cac ong ghen hoac v tr tiep giap gia ong ghen va neo,
dung bang keo dan kn e tranh cho va be tong lot vao, gay anh hng en viec
keo cap sau nay.
Cuoi cung, at cac ong thep gia cng vung lan can neo e chu cac ng suat
cuc bo.
Hnh 15.18: Hnh anh minh hoa lap at cap
Hnh 15.19: Hnh anh minh hoa lap at au neo

469
4.
o be tong san
Be tong san c o lien tuc sau khi a tien hanh kiem tra tong ve van khuon,
cot thep, cap ng lc trc, neo va cac chi tiet at san. Viec am betong tai khu
vc au neo hoac v tr cap LT can tien hanh than trong khong e lam thay oi
v tr cac cau kien nay ma van am bao chat lng cua be tong.
Be tong sau khi o 24h th co the thao van khuon va khuon neo. Can tran h lam
v be tong tai khu vc au neo trong thao d van khuon, ong thi kiem tra lai v
tr va cau tao au neo.
5.
Keo cap LT
Sau khi be tong at en cng o an nh theo thiet ke (khoang 80% cng o

cua be tong sau 28 ngay) th tien hanh cang cap LT. Viec cang cap c tien
hanh tng bc e tranh b ton hao ng suat qua ln do ma sat cung nh do o
co ngan tc thi cua be tong khi cac cap LT khong c cang cung mot luc va
e tranh s lam viec khong eu cua san trong qua trnh gay ng lc. Bc sau ch
bat au tien hanh khi bc trc a c tien hanh xong tren toan san. Viec kiem
tra ng suat keo trong cap LT thong qua o dan dai o c cu a cap ng vi
tng bc cang. Sau khi a kiem tra xong lc keo (o dan dai cua cap, o tut
neo) th tien hanh ong neo, cat cap tha va lap cac thao tac bao ve au neo.
Hnh 15.20: Hnh anh minh hoa keo cap va kiem tra o dan dai cua cap

470
Hnh 15.21: Hnh anh minh hoa cat cap tha va bao ve au neo.
6.
Bm va ximang
Thao tac nay ch dung cho loai cap gom nhieu tao c luon trc tiep tai cong
trng. e am bao chong an mon cho cap, va ximang can phai c phun vao
ong ghentrong thi han cham nhat la 10 ngay ke t khi ong neo. Trc khi phun
va, mat ong ghen va cap c thoi sach valam kho bang kh nen. Va phun co
thanh phan tng oi nh sau: ximang + nc (35% theo trong lng ximang) +
phu gia hoa deo (v du: 2% SIKA Y). Mot so ong nha c at san t ong
ghen se giup cho viec thoat kh trong qua trnh phun va.
7.
Thao d van khuon
Sau khi cong viec thi cong LT a hoan thanh th co the thao d hoan toan van
khuon va cay chong. Tuy nhien trong suot qua trnh thao d van khuon can phai
giam sat ky tnh trang lam viec cua san e e phong nhng bat trac co the xay
ra nham co bien phap s ly thch hp va kp thi.

471
15.6. CHON MAY THI CONG BETONG TOAN KHOI

15.6.1. Chon can truc thap
Cong trnh co chieu cao ln, mat bang rong, do o phai la chon can cau thap e
phuc vu cho cong tac van chuyen nguyen vat lieu can thiet cho qua trnh thi cong
nh van khuon, cay chong, a giao, thep Mat khac, do cong trnh cao tang nen
u tien chon loai can truc thap co nh, quay tren va t nang quay tren, kieu chay
tren ray cao o t do.
Can truc thap c la chon theo cac thong so chnh sau:
Bien o,
Chieu cao nang cau,
Trong lng cau,
Nang suat cau,
Tnh kinh te.
Trong pham vi o an, sinh vien la chon cau thap qua hai thong so: chieu cao
nang cau va tam vi yeu cau.
Cong trnh co chieu cao Hmax= 34,5(m); mat bang 30x60 (m)
Chieu cao can thiet
Hct = hct + hat + hck + htr = 34,5 + 1 + 1,7 + 1 + = 38,2 m.
Trong o,
hct la chieu cao cong trnh, hct = 34,5 m ;
hat la chieu cao an toan, hat = 1m;
hck la chieu cao cau kien (chon trng hp cau dan giao), hck = 1,7 m;
htr la chieu cao treo buoc, htr = 1m.
Tam vi can thiet R

472
at can truc gia nha va cach mep cong trnh 4m theo phng ngan. Do o
tam vi can thiet cua can truc thap bang:
R= a 2 +b2 302 342 45,34 m
Chon cau truc thap cua cong ty Hoa Phat ma hieu HPCT 5013 co cac thong so
nh sau:
Bang 15.4: Bang thong so ky thuat cua can truc thap
15.6.2. Chon may van thang

Co 2 loai may van thang: van thang ch ngi va van thang ch vat lieu. Theo
nguyen tac an toan lao ong khong cho phep dung van thang ch ngi.
Chon van thang e da vat lieu len cac tang cao, chon loai VTHP 500-60, co cac
thong so sau:
Tai trong toi a: 500 kg;
Chieu cao van chuyen toi a 60 (m);
Toc o van chuyen toi a 30 (m/phut).

473
Bang 15.5: Bang thong so ky thuat cua cac loai van thang ch vat
Bang 15.6: Bang thong so ky thuat cua cac loai van thang ch ngi

474
Chon may van thang long ch ngi HP-VTL 100.80, co cac thong so sau:
Tai trong toi a: 1000 kg;
Chieu cao van chuyen toi a 80 (m);
Toc o van chuyen toi a 38 (m/phut).
15.6.3. Chon may bm be tong

e phuc vu cho cong tac o betong c lien tuc khong gian oan, nhat la oi vi
san ng lc trc co dien tch kha rong, khong cat cap do o can phai o mot
lan th phai s dung may bm be tong e van chuyen be tong t xe tron en v
tr can o.
Sau ay la bang cac ch tieu ky thuat van chuyen betong bang ng ong :
Bang 15.7: Cac ch tieu ky thuat van chuyen be tong bang ng ong
oan van chuyen
Ap suat (bar)
4m ng
1,0
20m ngang
1,0
o cong 450-600
0,5
o cong 900
1,0
Khau noi ong
0,1
oan ong mem
3,0
oan chay may
20,0
D phong
10%
Co the tnh ap suat can thiet e a be tong len v tr cao nhat nh sau:
Van chuyen ngang, l=50 (m), can 50/20 = 2,5 (bar);
Van chuyen ng, h=50 (m), can 50/4 = 12,5 (bar);
Gia thiet trung bnh 2,5m th noi ong, can 0,1.(50+50)/2,5=2,5 (bar);
oan ong cong 900, lay 4 oan, can 4 (bar);

475
oan ong mem, 3 (bar);
oan chay may, 20 (bar).
Do o ap lc tong cong: 44,5 (bar).

Ke ca d phong 10%, vay can 44,5x1,1=48,95 (bar)
Vay chon may bm be tong kieu pt-tong hieu PUTZMEISTER BSA 100-D co cac
thong so nh sau:
Lu lng bm ly thuyet toi a: 80 (m3/h);
Ap lc be tong toi a: 61 (bar);
C cot lieu toi a cho phep: 63 (mm);
ng knh ong ra: 150 (mm);
Dung tch thung nhan vat lieu: 400 (l);
Kch thc ngoai: 5791x1820x2387 (mm);
Trong lng: 4083 (kG).
15.6.4. Chon may am be tong

S dung am dui chay bang ong c xang hieu F-60 cua Han Quoc, vi cac thong
so chnh nh sau:
ng knh va chieu dai dui: 60x405 (mm);
ng knh ruot dui: 13 (mm);
ng knh vo dui: 33 (mm);
Chieu dai day dui: 6 (m);
Bien o rung 2,4 (mm);
Trong lng 18 (kG).

476
15.6.5. Chon thiet b thi cong san ng lc trc cang sau

a)
May bm dau
Chon loai may bm dau ZB4-500, co cac thong so sau:
Ap suat lam viec: p = 50MPa;
Lu lng bm: Q = 2x2 lt/phut;
Cong suat ong c 3kW;
Khoi lng 120kg.
b)
Kch cang cap
S dung kch cang cap loai CH-JACK co cac

thong so ky thuat chnh nh sau:
Lc kch ln nhat 300kN;
Khoi lng 26kg;
Hanh trnh pt-tong 300mm;
Ap suat thuy lc toi a 68MPa.
c)
May bm va
S dung may bm va UB3C vi cac ac iem ky thuat:
Ap suat bm ln nhat 2MPa;
Nang suat 3m3/h;
Cong suat 4kW;
Khoi lng 250kg;

477
Hnh 15.22: Hnh anh minh hoa

d)
Dung cu lam roi au cap
Dung cu nay c dung e tao au neo chet cho cap ng lc.
Hnh 15.23: Hnh anh minh hoa

478
CHNG 16. AN TOAN LAO ONG

16.1. TONG QUAN
Trong ieu kien xay dng nc ta ang tng bc cai tien ve cong nghe, chuyen
mon hoa, hien ai hoa trong cong tac to chc thi cong xay dng th van e an
toan lao ong tr thanh mot yeu to rat quan trong, no co anh hng trc tiep en
tien o thi cong va chat lng cong trnh, ngoai ra no con la mot yeu to quan
trong e bao ve sc khoe va tnh mang ngi cong nhan. V vay can het sc chu
trong en van e nay t khau thiet ke.
16.2. AN TOAN TRONG THI CONG COP PHA VA DAN GIAO
a co nhieu s co ve cop pha, vay can quan tam at biet en loai ket cau tam
thi nay. May iem can lu y sau:
Phai am bao chan cot chong cop pha ty len ni chac chan; neu ty len nen
at th chan cot phai ta len lp van lot hay thanh dam phan bo ap lc.
Phai giang chong he dan giao that on nh; cac moi noi giao go phai lien
ket chac chan bang inh, v nhng rung ong do xe va do am rung co the lam
long cac moi noi va lam chuyen dch cac cot chong.
Bat ky luc nao cung phai am bao cac cot dan giao thep that thang ng
Khong c go ep cac thanh giang, ma phai ieu chnh o thang ng va
o ngang bang cua dan giao thep cho en khi lap at c cac thanh giang mot
cach de dang.
at them he giang cheo trong mat phang ngang cua giao khung khong gian,
phong nga khung giao b van.
Chieu cao cac dan giao tru ln hn ba lan chieu rong nho nhat th phai
giang chung lai vi nhau.
Kiem tra toc o va v tr o betong sao cho cac tai trong len cop pha khong
vt qua tai trong thiet ke.

479
Viec thao d cop pha dam, san qua sm, roi at lai lan hai cac cay chong
ben di cac ket cau betong o, la mot qua trnh kha mao hiem, can phai het
sc than trong. Ch nen thao d cac cop pha chu lc o trong tng vung han che
va sau o phai chong lan hai ngay tc th. Khong cho phep at cac tai trong
thi cong khac len tren betong cha cng ran hoan toan, nhat la khi no van con
phai chong tam ben di lan hai. Vay can phai ong giang can than cho cac
cot chong t hai.
Cop pha go va mi thao d con mang nhieu inh va ay la nguyen nhan gay ra
tai nan lao ong tren cong trng thi cong betong. Can tien hanh nho het inh
khoi go cop pha ngay sau khi thao d.
16.3. AN TOAN LAO ONG KHI THI CONG COT THEP
Nhng may gia cong cot thep can tap trung trong xng cot thep, hoac at trong
mot khu vc co rao dau rieng biet va phai do chnh cong nhan chuyen nghiep s
dung
Ni at ti keo cac cuon thep day cung can che chan , cach xa ng i lai va ni
cong nhan ng. Trc khi keo thep phai kiem tra day cap keo va iem noi day
va iem noi day cap vi au day cot thep.
Vo cac ong c ien, cac may han ien phai c tiep a. Phai kiem tra lai vo
boc cach ien cua tay kep gi que han va cua ng day ien trc khi han.
ong m mach ien han bang cau dao che kn. Ngi th han phai c trang b
quan ao, gang tay phong ho, mat na knh en bao ve mat va mat khoi nhng tia
la han. Phai s tan cac vat lieu de chay khi thi cong han ngoai tri va can che
ma cho cac thiet b han. Phai s tan cac vat lieu de chay khi thi cong han tren
cao. Khi tri ma giong th pha i nh ch cong viec han ngoai tri va can che ma
cho cac thiet b han.
Khi han trong cac tang ham hoac tai nhng ni kn gio phai co may quat thong
gio va co u anh sang.

480
Khi lap at cot thep can chu y nhng iem sau:
Lap at cot thep cho nhng ket cau cao nh cot, tng th c cach 2m len
cao phai lam mot san cong tac, rong tren 1m, co hang lan can cao 0.8m. Cong
nhan khong c ng tren cac thanh cua khung cot thep e buoc va han.
Lap at cot thep cho nhng dam rieng biet (khong lien san) th cong nhan
phai ng tren san cong tac bo tr, ben ngoai cop pha ay dam, sau khi lap at
xong cot thep dam, ngi cong nhan van ng tai san cong tac o e lap at
xong cot thep dam, ngi cong nhan van ng tai san cong tac o e lap at cot
pha thanh cua hop cot pha dam.
Ch c i qua tren cot thep san theo ng van go, rong khoang 0,3-0,4m
at tren cac gia nieng.
Khong c xep qua nhieu cot thep tren san cong tac.
16.4. AN TOAN LAO ONG TRONG THI CONG BETONG

Dan giao, cau cong tac
Khi thi cong at cop pha, cot thep, uc betong phai thng xuyen quan sat xem
dan giao, cau cong tac co chac chan va on nh khong. Neu thay chung bap
benh, lung lay, long leo th phai sa cha lai can than mi cho cong nhan len lam
viec. Dan giao cao phai co hang rao tay vn.
Che tron va van chuyen ho betong
Khi trut ho betong ra khoi ho tron, neu thay ho chay ra qua cham, khong c
a vao trong coi ang quay bat k mot dung cu g giup viec thao d ho, ma phai
cho may tron ngng quay tam thi.
Muon lam sach coi tron cung phai i cho may ngng hoat ong, ngat dong ien
bang thao d cau ch va chan ng vong quay.
Khi van chuyen ho betong bang xe ben, xe ch betong cam khong c:
ng tren thung xe ben khi ang o e gat ho xuong.

481
Xe khong c ng cach mep ho ao di 1m, e o ho xuong uc mong.
Xe ben khong c va chay va o ho ra khoi thung, neu thay viec lam nay
la co li th phai lam di s giam sat cua can bo thi cong va xe chay that cham.
Tot nhat la s dung xe ch betong chuyen dung va o ho ra qua mang.
Cau can giup cac xe ch betong chiem o cao o ho xuong di thap, phai
co lan can va co danh mot loi i khong nho hn 0,6m. Toc o xe i tren cau can
khong c ln hn qua 3km/h.
Khi s dung bang tai ch betong, th day dan ien phai nam trong ong boc
bang cao su, khung sat bang phai c tiep a.
Ch c phep lam sach day bang va cac ong lan khi bang tai a ngng
hoat ong han.
Muon i ngang qua day bang tai dai hoat ong phai bac cau vt co lan can.
Cong nhan ieu khien may van thang phai nhn thay cho tiep nhan ho ben
di va cho thao d ho tren cao. Neu ieu kien nay kho thc hien th s dung
ien thoai i ong e lien lac.
Khi o ho betong bang cau truc, ch c phep m ca ay thung cha ho
khi thung con cach mat ket cau khong qua 1m.
Trc moi ca o betong bang may bm can chay th may va ng ong
dan, am bao qua trnh bm khong xay ra s co, can am bao thong tin lien lac
gia ngi van hanh may bm ben di va ngi phan phoi ho tren cao
Phai bo tr mot oan ong ngang khi au trc khi ng ong c a len thang
ng.
Chon chieu day thanh ong dan theo ap lc toi a cua bm. Lap at ong mi co
thanh day cho phan ben di, ong co thanh mong hn cho phan ben tren, tranh
ng e ong b ep doc, phai am bao o kin kht cao cho moi ong noi, phai kh
noi lc phat sinh nhng iem dong chay thay oi hng, bang cac gia chong
khuya ong.

482
Dam betong
Cong nhan s dung cac loai dam rung chay ien phai i giay ung vi gang tay
cao su.
Hang ngay khi cong viec ket thuc phai lam sach cac am rung khoi dnh ho bang
cach lau chui kho, cam khong c ra bang nc.
16.5. AN TOAN LAO ONG TRONG KEO CAP
Cam ng pha trc hng kch thuy lc keo ra trong toan bo qua trnh keo cang.
Khi tron ximang va bm va phai mang gang tay nha va mat na chong bui.
Tat ca cac thiet b phai c kiem tra bao am hoat ong bnh thng va hieu
chnh chnh xac. Day thuy lc va cac bo noi phai c kiem tra thng xuyen e
tranh ro r.
Keo cang cap la qua trnh cang vi ap lc cao, qua trnh nay co the gay tai nan.
V vay phai co bien phap bao ho nh tam bang hoac bao cat nen c at thang
hang vi kch e che chan cac thiet b bay ra trong trng hp s co.
Khi keo cang tren cao, kch phai c buoc lai tranh ri xuong di trong trng
hp t cap.
Cam i lai, ng trc hng kch thuy lc keo ra khi thc hien cac cong tac keo
cap. Ch nhng ngi qua ao tao mi c phep trong khu vc keo cang.
Khi co ngi lam viec di khu vc cam, phai dung cac tam go che trc au
neo song va au neo chet e chan cap trong trng hp cap b t.
Trc khi keo cang, phai tien hanh kiem tra be tong trong hoc neo va gan vi e
neo co kem chat lng hoac nt, ro khong. Neu b khuyet tat hoac co hien tng
cap cang khong vuong goc vi mat e neo, th phai tam ngng keo cang va co
bien phap s ly trc khi tien hanh cac cong viec tiep theo.

483
Nem neo trong hoc neo phai c kiem tra, ve sinh. Nem neo khong c g set,
sach dau, bui ban.
Trng hp be tong quanh vung neo can uc lo, trong qua trnh uc chu y tranh
lam anh hng en vung e neo. Mot bien phap an toan hn neu giam lc keo
trong cap trc khi X ly.
Khong nen keo cang trong cac trng hp sau:
Khong keo cang neu co va trong hoc neo.
Khong dung kch khi no khong nam vao ung v tr trong au neo.
Khong c keo qua ng suat cho phep e at c o gian dai theo yeu
cau.
Khong c can tr hng di chuyen cua kch trong qua trnh keo cang.
Khong c keo cap khi kch khong c phang, co khoang h hoac keo noi
tiep hai kch.
Khong c dung bua ong, ap tren kch.
Khong tiep tuc keo cang neu co s co ma cha tm hieu c nguyen nhan.

484

485

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TRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP.

THUYET MINH O AN TOT NGHIEP KSXD KHOA 2006-2011

C S PHNG PHAP LUAN ......................................... 19

TONG QUAN VE BE TONG NG LC TRC ................ 23

1.1. S HNH THANH VA PHAT TRIEN CUA BE TONG NG LC TRC ..... 23

C S LY THUYET PHAN TCH VA THIET KECAU KIEN BE

TONG NG LC TRC CANG SAU ............................................. 37

TRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP.HCM

THUYET MINH O AN TOT NGHIEP KSXD KHOA 2006-2011

GVHD: THAY HOANG THIEN TOAN

TRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP.HCM

THUYET MINH O AN TOT NGHIEP KSXD KHOA 2006-2011

QUY TRNH TNH TOAN SAN PHANG BE TONG NG LC

TRC CANG SAU.................................................................. 83

TRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP.HCM

THUYET MINH O AN TOT NGHIEP KSXD KHOA 2006-2011

LY THUYET PHAN TCH ANH HNG CUA NG LC TRC

LY THUYET TNH TOAN S LAM VIEC ONG THI GIA

CONG TRNH VI NEN VA MONG ............................................. 146

GVHD: THAY HOANG THIEN TOAN

TRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP.HCM

THUYET MINH O AN TOT NGHIEP KSXD KHOA 2006-2011

5.5. THIET KE VA AP DUNG ..........................................................167

PHAN 2. THC HANH TNH TOAN ............................................ 171

KIEN TRUC ....................................................... 171

6.1. NHU CAU XAY DNG CONG TRNH ............................................171

KET CAU......................................................... 175

GVHD: THAY HOANG THIEN TOAN

TRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP.HCM

THUYET MINH O AN TOT NGHIEP KSXD KHOA 2006-2011

LA CHON GIAI PHAP KET CAU ............................. 175

TONG QUAN KET CAU NHA CAO TANG ...................................175

LA CHON GIAI PHAP KET CAU ............................................175

7.1.1. Ket cau san ....................................................................................... 176

TIEU CHUAN VA TAI TRONG THIET KE .................... 182

8.1. TIEU CHUAN THIET KE ..........................................................182

THIET KE SAN TANG IEN HNH ........................... 189

PHNG AN 1: THIET KE SAN BE TONG NG LC TRC CANG SAU ......189

GVHD: THAY HOANG THIEN TOAN

TRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP.HCM

THUYET MINH O AN TOT NGHIEP KSXD KHOA 2006-2011

9.2.3. Kch thc s bo ................................................................................ 193

TRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP.HCM

THUYET MINH O AN TOT NGHIEP KSXD KHOA 2006-2011

9.10. KIEM TRA KHA NANG CHU LC .............................................224

TNH TOAN THIET KE KET CAU KHUNG TRUC 2 ....... 262

10.1. SO LIEU TNH TOAN ............................................................262

TRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP.HCM

THUYET MINH O AN TOT NGHIEP KSXD KHOA 2006-2011

10.2. S O TNH TOAN ...............................................................263

NEN MONG ..................................................... 286

11.1. IEU KIEN A CHAT CONG TRNH ..........................................287

TRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP.HCM

THUYET MINH O AN TOT NGHIEP KSXD KHOA 2006-2011

11.2.2. Tai trong tieu chuan......................................................................... 292

TRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP.HCM

THUYET MINH O AN TOT NGHIEP KSXD KHOA 2006-2011

TRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP.HCM

THUYET MINH O AN TOT NGHIEP KSXD KHOA 2006-2011

TNH TOAN ANH HNG CUA NG LC TRC TRONG

SAN TAC DUNG VAO KHUNG TRUC 2......................................... 385

TNH TOAN VA KIEM TRA S LAM VIEC CUA KHUNG TRUC

TRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP.HCM