. .

10.1

.

. (. 10.1)

.

.
V = V ( ,t)

' .
()

V = V(r)
.
.

.
- .
()
.

10.1

10.2

(, 10.2)
.
. '
, ,
,
.


.

.

.

.
.
(10.3).
, '
.

 10.3 .
, ;

10.4
.

10.5
C1. C1 1
n, .
1 V1. C 2
2.

1 1 p2 2. At,

m2 = ( p2V2 n2 2) t
2,

m1 = ( p1V1 n1 1) t
:

 ,
m1 = m2
p1V1 n1 1 + p2V2 n2 1 =

(10.1)

pi = 2 (10.1) :
V1 n1 1 + V2 n2 1 =

(10.2)

(10.1) (10.2) :
, V, , , .
VA =
s
(. 10.6).

10.6
m = s
(10.6)
:

dP
dP
F = - (P + ds s) = - ds s
:

dP
F = ( - ds + pg

dh
) s
ds

(10.3)
:
d
uds
a=
u(s,t) =
dt
udt

u
= 0.
t

:
=v

dv
ds

(10.4)

: F = (m), (10.3) (10.4) :

-(

dP
dh
dv
+ pg
) s = (psA) v
ds
ds
ds

dP
ds + pg dh + pu du = 0
ds

ds

dP + pgdh + pvdv = 0

(10.5)

(10.5) 1 2
:
(P2 1 ) + pg( h2 h1) +

1
(V22 -V21 ) = 0
2

(10.6)

h1 h2 1 2 .
(10.6)
+ pgh +

1
pV2 = .
2

(10.7)

(10.5), (10.6) (10.7) Bernoulli,

(10.6) (10.7) .
+ pgh ( )

1
pV2 .
2

10.2 Bernoulli
Bernoulli :
,
.

 10.7 h1
h2.

+ pgh +

pV 2
= .
2

(10.8)

Bernoulli ,
Bernoulli
.

. (10.7) :
V1 = V2= V ( )
W1 = P1 A1 I1 = 1 V1 ( )
W2 = - P2 A2 I2 = - P2 V2 ( )
W = W1 + W2 = ( P1 P2) V ( )
:
V22
V22
=(m)
- (m)
2
2

(1)

( . )

U = (m) gh2 - (m) gh1 ( . )

W = + U ( . )
(1), (2) (3) (4) :
( - 2) V = mgh2 + mgh1

1
1
(m) V22
(m) V21
2
2

(5) V :
- 2 =

1
1
(p V22) (p V21) + pgh2 - pgh1
2
2

P1+pgh1 +

1
1
(p V21) = P2 + pgh2 +
(p V22)
2
2

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

+ pgh +

1
( V2) = .
2

Bernoulli 10.1
() h
(. 10.8). '
Bernoulli (1) (2)
:

10.8 h h 1

pV12
2
P1 + 2 + pgh1 = P2+ 2 pV 2 + pgh2

:
P1 = P2 = Patm ,

V2 0

(H V2 V1).
pV12
= pg ( h2 h1 ) => V1 = 2gh
2

(10.9)

(10.9)
, Bernoulli
.

10.2
(10.9),
p1 2. Bernoulli
(1) (2) :
1 +

1
1
p1 v21+ p1 gh1 = 2 +
p1 v22+ p1 gh2
2
2

: 2 = Patm + p2 gh3 1 = Patm,

: Patm +

1
1
p1 V21+ p1 gh1= Patm + p2 gh3 +
p1 V22 + p1 gh2
2
2

p2
1 2
v 1+ gh1 =
p1
2

gh3 +

1 2
v 2+ gh2
2

2 < 1 :
V1 = g (h2 h1 )

p2
gh3
p1

(10.10)

:

. '
Bernoulli (10.1).
2
2
1 v 1 + pgh1 = 1 v 2 + pgh2
2
2

(10.11)

S
10.9

:
V2 A = V1s (10.11) :
1 2
1
s
v 1 + pgh1 = v22 (
) + pgh2
2
2
A

v21[ 1 -(

s 2
) ] = 2g(h2-h1)
A

V1=

2 g (h2 h1 )
s
[1 ( ) 2 ]
A

(10.11)

(10.12) '
(10.9) '
. ;
10.3
. (10.10) .
. 0
.

 10.10 Bernoulli :
1 - 2 = pg (y2 y1) +

1
(V22 V21)
2

. .
0 :
P - P =

1
p(V2o-V2)
2

Vo V
.
(
) :
AV = AoV0
o < V0 >V V2 V2o,
Vo :
Vo=

2( P Po )
p

:
dt :
dM = pAoV0dt :

F = Vo

pAoVodt
=pAov2o
dt

F = 2Ao (P - P)
. Bernoulli '

.
z pgz + pgh
(10.7) .
10.11.

 10.11

10.3
. V1
h1 2, P2, V2 h2.
'
.

10.12

m
1 1 :
mP1
p1
:
mP2
W2
p2

I1

m
p1 A1

W1

W,0.
Q.
:

. = m ( w.+ Q +

P1
p1

P2
)
p2

' :
=

1
m (V22-V21)
2

:
= mg ( h2- h1)
m
U2 :
= m (u2 u1)

( '
) :
. = m (u2 u1 + gh2 gh1 +

1 2 1 2
V 2- V 1) :
2
2

. = .

P2
P1
1
W. + Q. + p1 p 2 = u2-u1+g(h2-h1) + 2 (V22-V21) (10.13)

(10.13) .
(10.13) ,
(W. = 0, Q.= 0) u2 u1= 0 (;) :
P1+pgh1+

1
1
pV21 = P2 + pgh2 +
pV22
2
2

Bernoulli . 10.4
. (10.13).
Bernoulli 1 2
P1+

10.13

1
1
pV21 = P2 + pV21
2
2

(1)

 :
1+ Pgy1= 2 + pgy2 + p'gh y1 - y2 = h :
( P1 P2 )
p'
= gh ( p 1)
p

'
V1A1=V2A2

(3)

(1), (2) (3) :

10.5
. (10.14).

.

10.14

(10.8) 1 2 3.

. (10.13) 1 :
( 1) => 0 + pgh1 + pu1

(1)

(2) :
( 2) => 0 + pgy2 + pgh2 +

1
pV22 u2p
2

(2)

3 Vi =
. :
3 => 0 + pgh3 - pu3
(3)
(1) (2) (10.13) :
u2-u1=g(h1-h2-y2)-

1 2
1 2
V 2 = gyoV2
2
2

(4)

o
1 2 u 2 u1 :

gyo =

1 2
V2
2

(5)

(1) (3) :
u3 u1 = g ( h1 - h3 ) = gyo

(6)

gy0

2 .

10.6

Pitot . (10.15).

10.15 Pitot
Vi h. '
,
V2 = 0.
(10.8) 1 2 :
P1+

1
pV21 = P2
2

(1)

P1 + pgy1 + p'gh = P2 + pg (y1 + h )
(2)
(1) (2) :
P2-P1=gh(p'-p)-

V1 =

2 gh(

p'
1)
p

1
pV21
2

1 2.

10.7
850 Kg/m3 = 10lt/s (. 10.16).
7.5 cm -0.25 atm.
3.0 cm 3.0 atm.
. .

 10.16

Q. = , u2 u1 = 0, h2 h1 = 0 :
V1 = (10-2 m3/s)/( (3.75 10-2 m2) = 2.26 m/s :
V2 = (10-2 m3/s)/( (1.5-10-2 m)2) = 14.15 m/s :
3.0 atm - ( -0.25 atm) = 3.25 atm = 3.28 105 Pa
(10.13) :
W. = [ (14.15 m/s)2 - (2.26 m/s)2 ] + 3.28 105 Pa/850kg/m3 = 483.4 J/kg :
= W. = (483.4 J/kgr) (10-2 m3/s) (850 kg/m3 = 4109 W

10.5


.

.
()

() .
,

.

 .
(

1
3
m V2 =
D)
2
2

.

.

10,17 , ) , )
.

' ,
' . (. 10.17)
Vo d
. Vo,
' .
: F = n

A
Vo n
d

" " ""

. , , C, D
.
.. C . (10.18) :
dx

() = dy
d ( )
=
dt

dx
d
dV
d
dx
* dy = dy *
= dy = (10.9)
dt
dt

10.18 . 10.17 t
C
(10.17)
:

V(y) = V(

y
),
d

dV(Y )
dy

Vo
(10.9) :
d

d ( ) dV(Y ) Vo

dt
dy
d

F
St = F/A.
St

n=

F/A F/A

=
d
Vo / d

_______________

n
. . (10.19)
' :

10.19

n=

( F / )
y => 0, => 0
( Vx / y )

St=n

(10.12)

S.I Pa s. poise ()
CGS.
1 Pa s = 10
10.1
-n -
.
o

.
Pa * s

.
-3

10 Pas

-3

10 Pas

-3

10 Pas

-6

10 Pas

10-6Pas

0
20
40
60
80
100
200

12.11
1.49
0.35
0.12
-------------------

1.68
1.55
1.45
1.37
1.30
0.24
1.05

1.787
1.002
0.652
0.466
0.355
0.282
-------

0.912
0.652
0.503
0.392
0.329
-------------

17.1
18.1
19.0
20.0
20.9
21.8
25.8

8.4
8.7
9.1
9.5
9.8
10.2
12.1

10.5
, R.
.

10.20
r
(10.20). P1-P2
F:
Fp = - n

dV
(2rl)
dr

. :
r2(-2) = - n
-

dV
=
dr

P1 P2
r
2nl

dV=

V= [

( P1 P2 )
r dr
2nl

( P1 P2 )
] r 2 +C
4nl

dV
(2rl)
dr

( P1 P2 )
( P1 P2 ) 2
[
]( R 2 r 2 )
[
]R
4nl
r = R V = : C =
:V(r) =
4nl

( P1 P2 ) 2
r2
2
]R (1 2 ) Vo (1 r )
4nl
R
(10.13)
R2

Vo = [

( P1 P2 ) 2
]R = Vmax
4nl

(10.13.)

. (10.21).
:

10.21

d = V(r)ds = V( 1

r2
) (2rdr).
R2

= V R (1-

2 R 4
1
r2
R2
)
(2
r
dr)
=
V
2
(
)

V
(
= Vo R2 Vo R2=
o
o
2 )
2
2
2
4
R
R
1
1
Vo R2 =
S*V0
2
2

(10.14)

= S * V :
V

1
Vo
2

(10.14) V (10.13) :

Poisseuille

R 4
8nl

(1 - 2)

Poisseuille :

(10.16)

(10.15)

= dV/dt=
: = 2 1

R=

R 4
8nl

(P2-P1)= -

R 4

1
*P
R

(10.17)

(10.18)

8nl

(10.17) Ohm:
i=

dq
1
1
=(V2-V1)= - V
dt
R
R

.
' :
dQ
= - (T2 - )
dt

Fourier

Q S
=k

S

l

.
Pick .
m, 2
C = D

S
I

S , . :
dn
= -C (n2 n1)
dt

Pick

10.7
1 cm 50 m 930 Kg/m
0.12 Pa s. To 20C. 0.80 Kg/s
.
) Pa , ) .
)

( Pa Pb) dm

p
dt

50 m .

) : =

dm
= 0.80kg/s /930 kg/m3 = 8.6 10-4 m3/s
dt

 =
|

R 4
8nl

( Pa - Pb ) :

8(0,12 Pa -s) (50m) (8,6-10"4 ^-)

Pa-Pb =

8nl
=
R 4

8(0,12 Pas )(50m)(8,6 * 10 4

3.14(5 * 10 3 m) 4

m3
)
= 2,10-107Pa = 207atm
s

) . (10.13) :
Vmax =

Pa Pb 2
R = (2,1 107 Pa) (5 10-3 m)2/4(0.12 Pa s) (50 m) = 21.9 m/s
4nl

)
.
. :
dN = (Pa-Pb)(2rdr)V(r)

N = 2(Pa-Pb)R V(r)rdr

(10.13) =

( Pa Pb) 2
2nl

N= (Pa-Pb)=

(R2-r2)rdr

Pa Pb dm

dt

2.10 * 10 7 Pa
kg
0.80
=
= 18.1 KW
s
930 kg / m 3

10.8
.
R
, , n .
h '
:
2R
- pgh ,
R 2

Poisseuille :
dh
dV
R 4 2
2 dt
= 8nh ( R -hpg)
dt =R

(1)

 :
h

h = ho[1- e ( h 0 t 0 ) )]

16

ho= Rg to= R 3 2 g 2

(2)

(2) t , h
2

ho= Rg
h t 55% 25C ( = 1,26
gm/cm , = 76 dyn/cm, n = 0,25 ) '

Vr
n

Reynolds, nr.

W ' (10.30)
.
W = Stokes FD = Co. nrV
W = 1 :

FD = C D nrV (

Vr
)
n

FD C D V 2 r 2

(10.31)

(10.31) .
Reynolds
.
10.9
'
' , ' .

FD ,
V, , ,
. :
f ( FD , V, , n, , ) =
(1)
(1) = 6
= 3 - = 3.

I 2 V 2 Reynolds Cauchy .
:
f(

FD
, N R , NC ) 0
I V 2
2

1
FD ( V 2 ) I 2 C D
2

(2)

C D C D ( N R , N C )

(2)

1

2

I 2
.
Reynolds
o .
R ' .
R 2 (2) :
1
FD ( V 2 )(R 2 )C D
2

(3)

10.24 C D Reynolds N D .
N R .
.
N R < 0.5, C D 24/ N R :

1
24
FD ( V 2 )R 2 [
] 6nRV Stokes
2
V ( 2 R ) / n

CD Reynolds N R
N R 100. N R , 102 105
cd 1/2 (3) :

FD

1
R 2 V 2 10 3 N R 10 5
4

(4)
(4) ; .
nr 20 . (10.24)
. 20 < R < 40 nr < 40
. (10.21 c). Karman.
R < 200.
nr


. '
nr > 10
' .

10.25
10.26
: )


, )

.
'

(10.24) (10.24 , c, d)
.

() () (1.26) .

.

,
.
'

10.27

(. 10.27).
' ' '
' ' '
' ' fi, .
Magnus
, ping - pong "" (.
)
, ,
. 10.28).

10.2811
)

, FL,

.

 10.29 CL
Reynold NR = 30 106
FL, , FD,

(. 10.29).
' CD :
(

FD

FL

)
CD = 1
CL:
2
V A
2

CL = 1
V 2 A
2

(10.32)

= 0. (10.29)
CD CL NR = 3 106.
Reynolds 2000, 2000 <
.

NR

< 4000

NR > 4000 '

Poisseuille.
1

= R P

(10.33)

8nl

R 4

d 0-34)

= 0.209 N R3 / 4

(10.35)

R=