. .

10.1

.

. (. 10.1)

.

V = V ( ,t)
.

' .
()

V = V(r)
.
.

.
- .
()
.

10.1

10.2

(, 10.2)
.
. '
, ,
,
.


.

.

.

.
.
(10.3).
, '
.

 10.3 .
, ;

10.4
.

10.5
C1. C1 1
n, .
1 V1. C2
2.

1 1 p2 2. At,

m2 = ( p2V2 n2 2) t
2,

m1 = ( p1V1 n1 1) t
:

 ,
m1 = m2
p1V1 n1 1 + p2V2 n2 1 =

(10.1)

pi = 2 (10.1) :
V1 n1 1 + V2 n2 1 =

(10.2)

(10.1) (10.2) :
, V, , , .
VA =
s
(. 10.6).

10.6
m = s
(10.6)
:
F = - (P +

dP
ds

s) = -

dP
s
ds

:
F=(-

dh
dP
+ pg
) s
ds
ds

:
d
uds
a = u(s,t) =
dt
udt

(10.3)

u
= 0.
t

:
=v

dv
ds

(10.4)

: F = (m), (10.3) (10.4) :

dP
dh
dv
-(
+ pg
) s = (psA) v
ds
ds
ds

dh
du
dP
+ pg
+ pu
=0
ds
ds
ds

dP + pgdh + pvdv = 0

(10.5)

(10.5) 1 2
:
(P2 1 ) + pg( h2 h1) +

1
(V22 -V21 ) = 0
2

(10.6)

h1 h2 1 2 .
(10.6)
+ pgh +

1
pV2 = .
2

(10.7)

(10.5), (10.6) (10.7) Bernoulli,

(10.6) (10.7) .
+ pgh ( )

1
pV2 .
2

10.2 Bernoulli
Bernoulli :
,
.

 10.7 h1
h2.

pV 2
+ pgh +
= .
2

(10.8)

Bernoulli ,
Bernoulli
.

. (10.7) :
V1 = V2= V ( )
W1 = P1 A1 I1 = 1 V1 ( )
W2 = - P2 A2 I2 = - P2 V2 ( )
W = W1 + W2 = ( P1 P2) V ( )
:
=(m)

V22
V2
- (m) 2
2
2

(1)

( . )

U = (m) gh2 - (m) gh1 ( . )

W = + U ( . )
(1), (2) (3) (4) :
1
1
( - 2) V = mgh2 + mgh1
(m) V22
(m) V21
2
2
(5) V :
1
1
- 2 = (p V22) - (p V21) + pgh2 - pgh1
2
2

P1+pgh1 +

1
1
(p V21) = P2 + pgh2 + (p V22)
2
2

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

+ pgh +

1
( V2) = .
2

Bernoulli 10.1
() h
(. 10.8). '
Bernoulli (1) (2)
:

10.8 h h 1

P1 +

pV12
+ pgh1 = P2+ 1 pV 22 + pgh2
2
2

:
P1 = P2 = Patm ,

V2 0 (H V2 V1).

pV12
= pg ( h2 h1 ) => V1 = 2gh
2

(10.9)

(10.9)
, Bernoulli
.

10.2
(10.9),
p1 2. Bernoulli
(1) (2) :
1 +

1
1
p1 v21+ p1 gh1 = 2 + p1 v22+ p1 gh2
2
2

: 2 = Patm + p2 gh3 1 = Patm,

: Patm +

1
1
p1 V21+ p1 gh1= Patm + p2 gh3 + p1 V22 + p1 gh2
2
2

p
1 2
1
v 1+ gh1 = 2 gh3 + v22+ gh2
p1
2
2
2 < 1 :

V1 = g (h2 h1 )

p2
gh3
p1

(10.10)

10.9

:
.
' Bernoulli (10.1).
1 2
1
v 1 + pgh1 = v22 + pgh2
(10.11)
2
2
S :
V2 A = V1s (10.11) :

1 2
1
s
v 1 + pgh1 = v22 ( ) + pgh2
2
2
A

v21[ 1 -(

s 2
) ] = 2g(h2-h1)
A
V1=

2 g (h2 h1 )
s
[1 ( ) 2 ]
A

(10.11)

(10.12) '
(10.9) '
. ;

 10.3
. (10.10) .
. 0
.

10.10 Bernoulli :
1 - 2 = pg (y2 y1) +

1
(V22 V21)
2

. .
0 :
P - P =

1
p(V2o-V2)
2

Vo V
.
(
) :
AV = AoV0
o < V0 >V V2 V2o,
Vo :
Vo=

2( P Po )
p

:
dt :
dM = pAoV0dt :

F = Vo

pAoVodt
=pAov2o
dt

F = 2Ao (P - P)
. Bernoulli '

.
z pgz + pgh
(10.7) .
10.11.

 10.11

10.3
. V1
h1 2, P2, V2 h2.
'
.

10.12

m
1 1 :

mP
m
W1 1
p1
p1 A1
:
mP2
W2
p2
,

I1

W,0.
Q.
:

. = m ( w.+ Q +

P1
p1

P2
)
p2

' :
=

1
m (V22-V21)
2

:
= mg ( h2- h1)
m
U2 :
= m (u2 u1)

( '
) :
. = m (u2 u1 + gh2 gh1 +

W. + Q. +

1 2 1 2
V 2- V 1) :
2
2
. = .

P1
1
P
2 = u2-u1+g(h2-h1) + (V22-V21) (10.13)
p1
2
p2

(10.13) .
(10.13) ,
(W. = 0, Q.= 0) u2 u1= 0 (;) :

1
1
pV21 = P2 + pgh2 + pV22
2
2
Bernoulli . 10.4
. (10.13).
Bernoulli 1 2
P1+pgh1+

P1+

10.13

1
1
pV21 = P2 + pV21
2
2

(1)

 :
1+ Pgy1= 2 + pgy2 + p'gh y1 - y2 = h :

( P1 P2 )
p'
= gh ( 1)
p
p
'
V1A1=V2A2

(3)

(1), (2) (3) :

10.5
. (10.14).

.

10.14

(10.8) 1 2 3.

. (10.13) 1 :
( 1) => 0 + pgh1 + pu1

(1)

(2) :

1
pV22 u2p
(2)
2
3 Vi =
. :
3 => 0 + pgh3 - pu3
(3)
(1) (2) (10.13) :
( 2) => 0 + pgy2 + pgh2 +

u2-u1=g(h1-h2-y2)-

1 2
1
V 2 = gyo- V22
2
2

(4)

o
1 2 u 2 u1 :

gyo =

1 2
V2
2

(5)

(1) (3) :
u3 u1 = g ( h1 - h3 ) = gyo

(6)

gy0

2 .

10.6

Pitot . (10.15).

10.15 Pitot
Vi h. '
,
V2 = 0.
(10.8) 1 2 :

1
P1+ pV21 = P2
2

(1)

P1 + pgy1 + p'gh = P2 + pg (y1 + h )
(2)
(1) (2) :
P2-P1=gh(p'-p)-

V1 =

2 gh(

1
pV21
2

p'
1)
p

1 2.

10.7
850 Kg/m3 = 10lt/s (. 10.16).
7.5 cm -0.25 atm.
3.0 cm 3.0 atm.

 . .

10.16

Q. = , u2 u1 = 0, h2 h1 = 0 :
V1 = (10-2 m3/s)/( (3.75 10-2 m2) = 2.26 m/s :
V2 = (10-2 m3/s)/( (1.5-10-2 m)2) = 14.15 m/s :
3.0 atm - ( -0.25 atm) = 3.25 atm = 3.28 105 Pa
(10.13) :
W. = [ (14.15 m/s)2 - (2.26 m/s)2 ] + 3.28 105 Pa/850kg/m3 = 483.4 J/kg :
= W. = (483.4 J/kgr) (10-2 m3/s) (850 kg/m3 = 4109 W

10.5


.

.
()

() .
,


.
.
1
3
( m V2 = D)
2
2
.

.

10,17 , ) , )
.

' ,
' . (. 10.17)
Vo d
. Vo,
' .
A
: F = n Vo n
d
" " ""
. , , C, D
.
.. C . (10.18) :
() =

d ( )
=
dt

dx

dy

d
dx
dx
d
dV
*
=
*
=
= (10.9)
dt
dy dy dt
dy

10.18 . 10.17 t

C
(10.17)
:
V(y) = V(

y
), :
d

dV(Y )
dy

Vo
(10.9) :
d

d ( ) dV(Y ) Vo

dt
dy
d
F
St = F/A.
St

n=

F/A F/A
=

d
Vo / d

______________

n
. . (10.19)
' :

10.19

n=

(F / )
y => 0, => 0
(Vx / y )

St=n

(10.12)

S.I Pa s. poise ()
CGS.
1 Pa s = 10

 10.1
-n -
.

C
0
20
40
60
80
100
200

Pa * s 10-3Pas
12.11
1.68
1.49
1.55
0.35
1.45
0.12
1.37
------1.30
------0.24
------1.05

10-3Pas
1.787
1.002
0.652
0.466
0.355
0.282
-------

10-3Pas
0.912
0.652
0.503
0.392
0.329
-------------

10-6Pas
17.1
18.1
19.0
20.0
20.9
21.8
25.8

10-6Pas
8.4
8.7
9.1
9.5
9.8
10.2
12.1

10.5
, R.
.

10.20
r
(10.20). P1-P2
F:
Fp = - n

dV
(2rl)
dr

. :
r2(-2) = - n

dV
=
dr

P1 P2
r
2nl

dV
(2rl)
dr

dV=

( P1 P2 )
r dr
2nl

( P1 P2 ) 2
] r +C
4nl
( P P2 ) 2
r = R V = : C = [ 1
]R :V(r)
4nl
r2
( P1 P2 ) 2
( P1 P2 )
r2
2
2
Vo
(
1

) (10.13)
=[
]R (1 2 )
]( R r ) [
R2
4nl
4nl
R

V= [

Vo = [

( P1 P2 ) 2
]R = Vmax
4nl

(10.13.)

. (10.21).
:

10.21

r2
d = V(r)ds = V( 1 2 ) (2rdr).
R

= V R (1-

r2
R2
2 R 4
1
)
(2
r
dr)
=
V
2
(
)

V
(
)
= Vo R2 - Vo R2=
o
o
2
2
2
2
4
R
R
1
1
Vo R2 = S*V0
2
2

(10.14)

= S * V :

V =

1
Vo
2

(10.15)

 (10.14) V (10.13) :

Poisseuille

R 4
8nl

(1 - 2)

(10.16)

Poisseuille :

= dV/dt=
: = 2 1

R=

R 4
8nl

R 4
8nl

(P2-P1)= -

1
*P
R

(10.17)

(10.18)

(10.17) Ohm:
dq
1
1
i=
= - (V2-V1)= - V
dt
R
R
.

.
' :

dQ
= - (T2 - )
dt

Fourier

Q S
S
= k
l
.
Pick .
m, 2
S
C = D
D
I
S , . :

dn
= -C (n2 n1)
dt

Pick

10.7
1 cm 50 m 930 Kg/m
0.12 Pa s. To 20C. 0.80
Kg/s .

) Pa , ) .
)

( Pa Pb ) dm

p
dt

50 m .

) : =

R 4
8nl

1 dm
= 0.80kg/s /930 kg/m3 = 8.6 10-4 m3/s
dt

( Pa - Pb ) :

8(0,12 Pa -s) (50m) (8,6-10"4 ^-)

Pa-Pb =

8nl
=
R 4

8(0,12 Pas )(50m)(8,6 *10 4

3.14(5 *10 3 m) 4

m3
)
s
= 2,10-107Pa = 207atm

) . (10.13) :
Vmax =

Pa Pb 2
R = (2,1 107 Pa) (5 10-3 m)2/4(0.12 Pa s) (50 m) = 21.9 m/s
4nl

)
.
. :
dN = (Pa-Pb)(2rdr)V(r)

N = 2(Pa-Pb)R V(r)rdr

(10.13) =

( Pa Pb) 2

N= (Pa-Pb)=

2.10 *10 7 Pa
kg
0.80
=
= 18.1 KW
3
s
930kg / m
10.8

2nl

(R2-r2)rdr

Pa Pb dm

dt

 .
R
, , n .
h '
:

2R
- pgh ,
R 2
Poisseuille :

dh R 4 2
dV
=R2 dt =
(
-hpg)
8nh R
dt
(1)
:
h = ho[1- e

ho=

16
2
to= 3 2 2
R g
R g

h t
)
h0 t 0 )

(2)

(2) t , h

2
R g
h t 55% 25C ( = 1,26
gm/cm , = 76 dyn/cm, n = 0,25 ) '
Vr

Reynolds, nr.
n
ho=

W ' (10.30)
.
W = Stokes FD = Co. nrV
W = 1 :

FD = C D nrV (

Vr
n

FD C D V 2 r 2

)
(10.31)

(10.31) .
Reynolds
.
10.9
'
' , ' .


FD ,
V, , ,
. :
f ( FD , V, , n, , ) =
(1)
(1) = 6
= 3 - = 3.

I 2 V 2 Reynolds Cauchy .
:
F
f ( 2 D 2 , N R , NC ) 0
I V
:
1
FD ( V 2 ) I 2 C D
2

(2)

C D C D ( N R , N C )

(2)

1

2

I 2
.
Reynolds
o .
R ' .
R 2 (2) :

1
FD ( V 2 )(R 2 )C D
2

(3)

 10.24 C D Reynolds N D .
N R .
.
N R < 0.5, C D 24/ N R :
1
24
FD ( V 2 )R 2 [
] 6nRV Stokes
2
V (2 R) / n

CD Reynolds N R
N R 100. N R , 102 105
cd 1/2 (3) :

1
FD R 2 V 2 10 3 N R 10 5
4
(4)
(4) ; .
nr 20 . (10.24)
. 20 < R < 40 nr < 40
. (10.21 c). Karman.

 R < 200.
nr


. '
nr > 10
' .

10.25
10.26
: )


, )

.
'
(10.24) (10.24 , c, d)
.

() () (1.26) .

.

,
.
'

 10.27

(. 10.27).
' ' '
' ' '
' ' fi, .
Magnus
, ping - pong "" (.
)
, ,
. 10.28).

10.2811
)

, FL,

.

10.29 CL
Reynold NR = 30 106

 FL, , FD,

(. 10.29).
' CD :
CD = (

CL = (

FD
1
V 2 A
2
FL
1 2
V A
2

) CL:

(10.32)

= 0. (10.29)
CD CL NR = 3 106.
Reynolds 2000, 2000 < NR < 4000
.
NR > 4000 '
Poisseuille.
=

1
R

(10.33)

8nl

R 4

d 0-34)

= 0.209 N R3 / 4

(10.35)

R=