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8. Giáo trình truyền động thủy lực và khí nén - Pgs.Ts.Bùi Hải Triều, 404 Trang PDF
8. Giáo trình truyền động thủy lực và khí nén - Pgs.Ts.Bùi Hải Triều, 404 Trang PDF
GIO TRNH
TRUYN NG THU LC
V KH NN
H ni 2006
Li ni u
Trong nhng nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca k thut t ng ho,
k thut in t v k thut s, k thut thu kh ngy cng c ngha ln trong cc h thng
truyn ng v iu khin. Trong cc lnh vc ch to my v k thut t - my ko, thu
lc v kh nn ang c mt vai tr ng k do c mt cng sut cao, cu trc h thng n
gin, tin cy cao, v c bit l c kh nng thit lp mt h thng truyn ng v iu
khin bt k vi cc phn t cu trc tiu chun. Hn na, kh nng b tr cc phn t t do v
linh ng theo khng gian v s dng cc van iu khin in c chi ph cng sut nh l tin
quan trng cho cc gii php truyn ng hin i.
c im ca h thng truyn ng thu lc, kh nn l cc phn t cu trc i hi
chnh xc ch to v bn rt cao, do ch to hon thin mt h thng vi trnh
cng ngh hin ti nc ta l cha cho php. Thit k h thng trn c s la chn v nhp
ngoi cc phn t cu trc tiu chun, t ch to cc phn th hon thin h thng truyn
ng v iu khin theo nhim v cng ngh cho trc ang l hng i ng pht trin k
thut thu lc v kh nn Vit Nam hin nay. cng chnh l mc ch m cun sch ny
mun t n. Gio trnh Truyn ng Thu lc v Kh nn gii thiu nhng kin thc c
bn nht trong k thut thu lc v kh nn, nh cc c s vt l v k thut ca thu lc v
kh nn, cc nguyn tc cu to v cc tnh cht hot ng c bn ca cc phn t cu trc nh
bm du, my nn kh, cc van iu khin, cc ng c v cc xy lanh lc. Bn cnh , cun
sch cn cp n cc kin thc v kt ni mch thu lc, kh nn, v tnh cht hot ng
ca cc mch truyn ng v iu khin tiu biu, v kh nng iu khin v iu chnh h
thng mt cch t ng, t to kh nng la chn cc phn t tiu chun v thit k cc
h thng truyn ng, iu khin thu lc, kh nn ph hp vi yu cu cng ngh S t ra.
Gio trnh truyn ng thu lc v kh nn c bin son theo yu cu ging dy mn
hc Truyn ng Thu lc v Kh nn cho sinh vin ngnh k thut c kh, trng i hc
Nng nghip I - H Ni. Kin thc ca mn hc lm c s cho cc mn hc tip theo, nh
t - my ko v xe chuyn dng, cc my nng nghip phc tp, my v thit b trong bo
qun v ch bin nng sn. Ngoi ra, gio trnh cng c th c s dng lm ti liu tham
kho cho sinh vin v k s hot ng trong cc lnh vc ch to my v t ng ho.
Gio trnh ny do PGS. TS. Bi Hi Tri, trng b mn K thut ng lc lm ch
bin, TS. Nguyn Vn Hu - b mn My Nng nghip, TS. Nguyn Ngc Qu - b mn K
thut ng lc, TS. Hu Quyt b mn C hc k thut cng tham gia bin son.
Gio trnh ny c bin son trn c s nhng ti liu ging dy v nghin cu trong
v ngoi nc v k thut thu kh, v ng dng ca thu lc v kh nn trong cc lnh vc k
thut, c bit l ng dng trn cc my t hnh hot ng trong cc lnh vc: lm nghip, xy
dng, giao thng, khai khong
hon thin cun gio trnh ny cc tc gi xin cm n TS. Hans Maack, vin C
in t v K thut Truyn ng, Trng Tng hp Rostock S tng v gip su tm cc ti
liu quan trng trong lnh vc k thut thu kh. Cc tc gi cng xin cm n GS. TS. Renuis,
Vin my Nng nghip, trng Bch khoa Munich S khuyn khch, t vn xy dng mn hc
v gio trnh Truyn ng Thu lc v Kh nn ng dng trong lnh vc c kh nng nghip.
Mn hc Truyn ng thu lc v kh nn ln u tin c xy dng, do gio trnh
s khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Rt mong bn c ng gp nhng kin cun sch
c hon thin hn. Cc kin ng gp ph bnh xin gi v B mn K thut ng lc,
Khoa C - in, Trng i hc Nng nghip I H Ni. Xin chn thnh cm n!
Cc tc gi
M u
Trong ngnh c kh, truyn ng thu lc v kh nn c xp vo chuyn ngnh k
thut truyn lc. Nhim v ca k thut truyn lc l xy dng h thng truyn lc ca my
hay thit b sao cho nhim c cng ngh ca chng c thc hin ti u. Th d h thng
truyn lc ca mt xe hi, h thng truyn lc ca mt my p,
ng
c
Me, e
H thng
truyn ng
My hay thit b
cn dn ng
Phn A
Truyn ng thu lc
Chng I
Chuyn i
cng sut
c hc
Pch = M 11
My cng
tc (my nn
p hoc
truyn lc
chuyn ng
ca xe hi)
My ng
lc
(ng c
in hoc
ng c
t trong)
Bm
thu lc
Pch= F.v
hoc
Pch = M 2 2
F v
M2 n2
M1 n1
Cng sut
thu lc
Prl= p.Q
Chuyn i cng
sut c hc
p
Q
ng ng
Ph kin
Phn t
iu khin
Xy lanh
thu lc
hoc ng
c thu lc
Cng sut
thu lc
Prl= pQ
Pmech. = 2 M2n2
S k thut biu din b truyn theo k hiu mch xy lanh thu lc c trnh by
trn hnh 1.2. Hnh trn cng (1.2a) m t hot ng chung ca bm thu lc, xy lanh thu lc
v thng du. Trong s ny s dng bm c th tch lm vic khng i v mt xy lanh tc
ng kp. Bm thu lc ht du t bnh v cung cp lu lng du Q vi p sut p n xy
lanh. Lu lng Q t l thun vi tn s quay ca bm du v xc nh vn tc ca pt tng.
M men truyn lc t l thun vi p sut c to ra ng vi ti trng tc ng ln pt tng.
a)
b)
c)
van s m ra v dng du t bm s chy qua van v thng mang theo c phn nhit lng
sinh ra khi trong h thng.
S truyn ng cho mt ng c thu lc cng c th c s dng tng t. S
hot ng v s mch thu lc i vi ng c thu lc khng thay i th tch lm vic
c trnh by trn hnh 1.3. ng c c th quay hai chiu nh chuyn mch van phn phi.
Van gii hn p sut c b tr gii hn m men quay khi qu ti.
Tnh cht nhit - nht hp l, nht cn thay i t nht trong khong nhit
rng ;
Tnh chng r tt, thch ng vi cc pht lm kn, cc phn t cao su, vt liu nhn to
v hp kim ;
Du khong c phn loi theo nht (Viscosity Grad: VG). C s phn loi theo
nht l da trn nht ng hc trung bnh ti nhit chun 400C (bng 1.1). thit
b thu lc hot ng tt cn gi mt gii hn nht xc nh, gii hn c cc nh sn
xut du thu lc quy nh. Di y l mt s gi tr kinh nghim c th tham kho:
50 1000 mm2/s (cSt);
10 mm2/s (cSt).
Bng 1.1 Phn loi nht ISO i vi du thu lc theo DIN E51524
Loi nht
ISOVG 10
10
ISOVG 22
22
ISOVG 32
32
ISOVG 46
46
ISOVG 68
68
ISOVG 100
100
HFA - 1
1 n 1,5
HFA 2
11 n 14
HFA 4
20 n 40
HFA - 8
50 n 70
K hiu
n v
Du khong
nht ng hc 400C
mm2/s
10 - 100
g/cm3
0,85 0,91
H s gin n nhit
1/K
0,65.10-4
nn
1/bar
7.10-5
M un nn
bar
1,4.104
H s ho tan Bunsen
0,09
kJ/(kg.0K)
1,83 1,91
H s dn nhit 200C
W/(m.0K)
0,11 0,14
Nhit bc chy
tF
125 205
tZ
310 360
tmax
90
Nhit t chy
Nhit hot ng cc i
Do s pht trin khng ngng trong lnh vc k thut thu lc v cht lng thu lc,
do s cn thit lm thch ng cc tiu chun quc gia v quc t vi nhau nn vic tiu chun
ho lun nm trong trng thi vn ng. Cc trch dn trong ti liu ny ch a ra mt s cc
tiu chun quan trng nht tham kho.
1.2.3. Cc tnh cht vt l
a) Tnh cht nht
nht l mt thng s c trng c bit quan trng trong lnh vc k thut thu
lc. nht cung cp thng tin v ma st trong ca cht lng thu lc v cng vi khi lng
ring ca cht lng cung cp thng tin v tnh cht cn trn dng chy (th d trn ng ng),
v quan trng hn c l cung cp thng tin v kh nng ti ca cht lng, c ngha l v kh
nng chu ti ca cc phn t my, cc trc trn trt hoc pt tng v xy lanh.
d dng lm sng t khi nim nht c th s dng mt th d quen thuc di
y (hnh 1.4): Hai tm phng song song chuyn ng tng i vi nhau vi mt vn tc nh
c mi trng ngn cch l cht lng. Tm phng di khng chuyn ng cn tm phng
trn chuyn ng sang phi vi vn tc vxp. Trong khong cch gia hai tm c s phn b
vn tc cht lng theo t l:
vxp
vx(y)
x
Vx ( y) Vxp
=
y
h
vx= 0
Hnh 1.4. Phn b vn tc cht lng gia hai tm phng song song
T xut hin sc cn ma st trn mt n v din tch hay cn gi l ng sut trt
ma st:
=
dVx
dy
(1.2)
() = ke c+
ln () =
b
+ ln k
c+
(1.3)
mm2
s
400
300
200
10000
mm2/s
1000
500
200
100
50
nht ng hc
nht ng hc
600
ISO VG100
62
46
20
10
100
0
22
10
Trong thc t cc nh thit k khng tnh ton tnh cht nht nhit theo cng
thc (1.3) m tra theo mt biu n gin do cc hng sn xut du khong cung cp, biu
Ubbelohde (hnh 1.6).
m t tnh cht nht nhit , c bit so snh cc loi du vi nhau
ngi ta thng s dng mt thng s c trng na gi l ch s nht VI. VI cng tng
ng cong nht nhit cng thng hn, c ngha l nht thay i cng t theo nhit
. VI ca cc du khong thng thng c gi tr 100, nu b sung cht ph gia c th lm
tng gi tr VI.
Tnh cht nhit p sut nht
( P ) = o e ( p po )
(1.4)
Trong : 0 l nht ng lc hc ti p
sut p0; (1/bar) l h s p sut nht, ph
thuc vo cu trc du, nht v nhit , vi
du khong nm trong khong (1,3 - 2,4).10-3
(1/bar).
Tnh cht nhit p sut nht c
th tra cu t biu (hnh 1.7). T biu nhn
thy rng, nh hng ca p sut n nht ng
hc khng mnh m nh i vi nhit . Khi
nhit khong 300C, p sut tng t 1 n 300
bar, nht cng ch tng khong 2 ln.
nhit cao p sut c nh hng n
nht nh hn nhit thp.
10000
mm2/s
1000
500
200
100
nht ng hc
p=601 bar
401bar
50
30
20
10
p =201 bar
1bar
5
0
20 40 60
80 0C 120
Nhit
Hnh 1.7. Biu xc nh tnh
cht nhit p sut nht
(HL 46, VI 100)
0,94
0
0
C
0,90
40
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng
0,88thu lc v kh nn...10 60
80
100
0,86
ng ring
g/cm3
m
V
(1.5)
() =
0
1 + ( 0 )
(1.6)
150 C
1 + ( 15)
1
V0
V
V0 ( 0 )
0,65.10-3 K-1
du HFC;
0,70.10-3 K-1
du HFD;
0,75.10-3 K-1
1 V
( )
V0 p
Thng s t l nghch vi k l m un nn K = 1/k.
T hnh 1.8 cho thy c th tnh ton quan h p sut khi lng ring theo quan h
tuyn tnh. Do vy h s nn c xc nh theo:
k=
V
V0 (p p 0 )
Nh vy, vi cc loi cht lng thu lc s thay i th tch cng nh khi lng
ring ph thuc vo p sut c xc nh theo biu thc:
k=
V = V(p) V0 = kV0 (p p 0 )
H s nn v m un nn i vi cc loi du thu lc c ly nh sau:
Du khong k = 0,7.10-4 1/bar); K = 1,4.104 bar;
Du HFC
D u
Tng ng thy rng, khi tng p sut thm 100 bar th th tch du gim i khong
0,7%.
p
p0
(1.8)
p = gh
Vi cht lng l tng, khng xut hin lc tip tuyn cng nh cc ng sut tip ti
thnh thng v gia cc lp cht lng.
A
p
p
p
Hnh 1.10. Lc tc ng ln pt
tng ca mt xy lanh thu lc
Khi tnh ton cc thit b thu tnh c th gi thit b qua trng lng bn thn ca
cht lng do qu nh so vi lc tc ng ngoi.
p sut to ra t lc ngoi (hnh 1.10) c xc nh theo biu thc:
p=
F
A
(1.10)
F1
F
= 2
A1 A 2
(1.11)
V1 = V2 = A1s1 = A 2 s 2
(1.12)
F2
T c:
s1 A 2
A
=
, F2 = 2 F1
s 2 A1
A1
v
v1 A 2
=
v 2 A1
(1.13)
v cng sut: P = Fv
S1
(1.14)
W = F1s 1 = F2 s 2
S2
A2
F1
A1
(1.15)
(1.16)
Q
nn
A
P = pQ
Trong Q l lu lng dng cht lng.
Do F = Ap v v =
(1.17)
(1.18)
V = 2rA
(1.19)
3
A
Q1 = Q 2 = V1 n 1 = V2 n 2
2
r
n 1 V2
C ngha l:
=
(1.20)
Hnh 1.12. Bm thu lc cnh quay
n 2 V1
1- V; 2- R to; 3- Cnh quay.
M men quay sinh ra trong cc my
thu lc chuyn ng quay (hnh 1.12) s l:
M = pAr
(1.21)
trong p l p sut to ra trong bm theo yu cu ca ti trng.
V
, cng thc (1.21) c dng:
Vi A =
2r
pV
M=
(1.22)
2
pQ
hoc:
(1.23)
M=
2n
T , cng sut sn ra hoc cng sut tip nhn ca mt my thu lc chuyn ng
quay s l:
P = M = M 2n
(1.24)
P = pQ
(1.25)
& = Av
m
v1
(1.27)
1 A 1 v 1 = 2 A 2 v 2
(1.28)
v2
A2
m2
Q2
m1
Q1
A1
p1 +
1 v 12
v2
+ 1gh 1 = p 2 + 2 2 + 2 gh 2
2
2
(1.29)
p1; Q1
v2
v 2
p+
= const
2
h1
v 2
+ gh = const
(1.30)
2
Th nng v tr ca cht lng hu nh trong
tt c cc trng hp ng dng ca k thut thu
lc thng c b qua do c gi tr qu nh so vi
ng nng v p nng. Nh vy phng trnh
Bernoulli trong k thut thu lc c th vit:
p+
h2
v1
p2; Q2
(1.31)
xc nh sc cn dng chy khi chy qua ng ng hoc cc phn t mch thu lc.
Trong cht lng thu lc xut hin c ma st trong gia cc lp cht lng vi nhau v c ma
st gia cht lng vi thnh ng dn. Nh vy ngoi cc lc bit cn xut hin thm lc
tip tuyn v ng sut tip. ng sut tip c to ra do ma st gia cc lp cht lng v
bm ca cht lng vi thnh ng, t to ra sc cn, c ngha l hao tn p sut khi cht
lng chy qua ng dn. Hao tn p sut tng khi tng nht ca cht lng v do hao tn
p sut trong cc thit b thu lc du cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc thit b s dng mi cht c
nht nh, th d nh nc.
Khi tnh ton mt thit b thu lc ng b cn phi tnh n c hao tn p sut cc b
ti cc ch cong, gy khc, ni ng v ti cc van,
Prandt xy dng cc cng thc xc nh hao tn p sut khi cht lng thc chy
trong ng dn bng cch ly quan h t l thun gia p sut vi ng nng dng chy:
dp
1 v 2
= R
dl
d 2
(1.32)
Tch phn hai v phng trnh ny s c cng thc hao tn p sut dng chy khng
chu nn, chy dng v ng nhit:
p = p1 p 2 = R
l v 2
d 2
(1.33)
H s t l R l h s cn ca ng ng,
l mt hm s ca s Reynold Re:
R = f (Re)
(1.34)
p1
vd vd
=
(1.35)
vi l nht ng hc v l nht ng
lc hc.
Re =
p2 < p1
p
Hnh 1.15. Hao tn p sut
trn ng thng
H s cn ca ng ng R
0,06
0,05
d/k=100
0,04
0,03
R=64/Re
0,020
0,016
0,014
200
1
R
Regh=2320
= 2 log
500
1000
Re R
2,51
Prand
2000
5000
k=0
R=0,3164Re-0,25
0,012 Ch. tng Ch. ri
Trng i hc Nng nghip
H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu
lc v kh
nn...17R
Blasius
e
0,010 3
4
5
2 3 4 6 8 106
10
2 3 4 6 8 10
2 3 4 6 8 10
H s cn ca ng ng R
R=64/Re
R=0,3164.Re-0,25
Re
6
1 2 4 610 2 4 6 10 2 4 6 10 2 4 10 2 4 10 2 4 10
2
(1.36)
Trong vng chy tng c th xy dng bng gii tch mt cng thc hao tn p sut
trong ng ng m khng cn s tr gip ca nghin cu thc nghim. Tch mt phn t
cht lng y2l, trn din tch y ca phn t hnh tr ny tc dng mt p lc y2p1 v y2p2.
(1.37)
vmax
y
r
p1
y2
p2
l
p
p 2
r
4l
Lu lng chy qua mt ct ng ng s l:
v max =
Q = r 2
(1.39)
1
v max
2
Thay th vmax t (1.39) s dn n nh lut Hagen v Poisseulle cho dng chy tng,
ng nhit:
Q=
r 4
p
8l
(1.40)
l
v
r2
(1.41)
R =
64
Re
(1.42)
v
ng nhit
l v 2
d 2
(1.43)
1,0
1,0
Ks
Kx
0,9
0,9
0,8
0,8
0,7
0,4 0,8
0,7
100
c) Dng chy ri
Dng chy ng nhit
So vi chy tng, ng cong vn tc theo mt ct
ngang khi chy ri t li hn nhiu (hnh 1. 22). Vn tc
trung bnh ti mt ct ngang c gi tr v (0,79
0,82)vmax.
i vi cc mi cht c nht nh nh khng
kh v nc, chuyn i t chy tng sang chy ri din ra
mt vng rt hp ca s Re, nm rt gn vi Re = 2320
(hnh 1.16).
Trong cc thit b thu lc do dng chy hon ton
c tnh cht xung v do nht b gim thiu cc b nn
qu trnh chuyn tip rt kh c xc nh chnh xc.
Nhiu trng hp cn phi tnh ton vi vng chuyn tip
rng, c Re nm trong khong 1900 3000.
vmax
Trong vng chy ri, sng dc ca dng chy hm cha c sng ngang lan truyn
khng theo quy lut. Tuy nhin gn st vi thnh ng xut hin mt lp gii hn chy tng,
c gi l lp bi trn. Chiu dy lp bi trn gim khi s Re tng. Nu chiu dy lp gii
hn chy tng ln hn chiu cao nhm ca thnh ng, ngi ta gi l ng nhn thu lc.
Trng hp ny c sc cn thu lc nh hn trong trng hp ng nhm. Trn hnh 1.16 gii
thiu quan h gia h s cn R vi Re cho trng hp chy ri. C th nhn ra ng cong t
cong hn i vi ng nhn thu lc v cc ng cong do Colebrook v White xy dng cho
cc ng ng nhm vi cc gi tr chiu cao nhm K khc nhau, hoc cc gi tr d/K khc
nhau. Cc ng thu lc chnh xc theo DIN 2391 c gi tr nhm rt nh, K 0,01 mm, do
khi tnh ton ngi ta thng tnh
theo ng nhn thu lc.
ng cong R cho ng nhn
thu lc c th c m t theo cng
thc Prandt:
1
R
= 2 log
Re R
2,51
i vi k thut thu lc du
c th s dng chnh xc vi cng
thc Blasius:
R = 0,3164. Re 0, 25
(1.45)
Yu t hiu chnh kt
(1.44)
v hnh 1.17. Biu trn hnh 1.16 khi qut mt cch tng th v cc ng cong h s cn
khi chy tng v chy ri v v nh hng ca nhm khi chy ri.
Vn tc v
Biu hnh 1.17 c bit thch hp tra cu h s cn dng trong k thut thu lc
i vi s Reynold nh.
Dng chy khng ng nhit
l v 2
d 2
(1.46)
d) Hao tn p sut cc b
Khi chy qua ng cong v cc phn t ng ng nh on ng phn nhnh, nhp
dng, thay i mt ct ngang, ni ng sc cn thu lc s ln hn khi chy qua ng thng
ng knh khng i do ti xut hin cc dng chy th cp. Trong thc t khng th a
ra nhng biu thc ton hc tho mn tng qut tnh ton sc cn i vi cc phn t ny,
bi v rt nhiu trng hp xut hin c chy tng ln chy ri.
tnh ton hao tn p sut trong cc phn t ng ng c th s dng cng thc:
p =
R
d
Q, v
Q, v
v 2
2
a
b
a)
(1.47)
Qa
Qa
Qb
Qb
b)
Q,v
c)
Q
a)
Q
b)
c)
= 450
= 900
0,14
0,21
0,09
0,14
0,08
0,11
0,075
0,09
10
0,07
0,11
Qb
= 900
0,6
0,07
0,33
0,07
0,96
0,8
0,20
0,29
0,21
1,10
1,0
0,33
0,35
0,35
1,29
Qb
= 900
0,6
0,05
0,22
0,40
0,47
0,8
-0,2
0,37
0,50
0,73
1,0
-0,57
0,38
0,60
0,92
Cc dng ni
3,0
0,55
0,5
0,25
4 6 102 2
Re
4 6 103
Q = ADv =
Q = AD
v
2
p1
p2
(1.49)
d 2
v
4
2 p
(1.50)
(1.51)
AD d2
= 2
A
D
(1.52)
Trong :
m=
Re =
vd
(1.53)
Cc gi tr c th tra theo cc tiu chun o dng chy theo DIN 1952 hoc theo cc
s tay k thut.
H s gin n m t hao tn khi dng cht lng gin n sau tm chn. Hin tng
ny xy ra c bit mnh i vi cht lng chu nn. Trong k thut thu lc du c th b
qua.
Nh vy c th tnh ton lu lng du qua tm chn chnh xc v ph hp vi
thc t bng cng thc:
Q = A D
2p
(1.54)
p2
D
d
Trong h thng thu lc lun xut hin dng lt du qua cc khe h, th d gia pt
tng v xy lanh ca cc my thu lc hoc van hnh trnh, gia trt v a lc hoc l
gia cc khe h iu khin v v cc my thu lc pt tng. Dng du lt m nhn vic bi
trn cc phn t, tuy nhin cng lm hao tn nng lng. Ngoi ra hao tn lt dng k c
khi du khng lt ra ngoi m ch lt bn trong my hoc bn trong mt mch thu lc - cng
nh hng n tnh cht hot ng ca thit b v l nguyn nhn ca nhiu. Do trong tnh
ton cn ch n hin tng ny. Di y l cc cng thc tnh ton i vi mt s dng
khe h tiu biu trong k thut thu lc (hnh 1.28).
p2
b
p1
p1
Khe h phng
Khe h ng tm
Khe h lch tm
b 3 p1 p 2
12
l
(1.55)
d 3 p1 p 2
12
l
(1.56)
d 3 p 1 p 2
(1 + 1,5 3 ) ,
12
l
(1.57)
QL =
a) Khe h phng:
b) Khe h ng tm:
QL =
c) Khe h lch tm
QL =
Dd
e
= .
;
2
i vi ng knh mao dn d:
Trong
QL =
d 4 p1 p 2
128
l
(1.58)
Khi tnh ton hao tn lt dng qua khe h cn ch rng, trong thc t thng cn
tnh ton theo dng chy khng ng nhit, khi hao tn lt dng tng do du thu lc b
hm nng dn n gim nht. Ngc li nhiu chy ri ca vo to ra ma st trong ln
hn s lm cho hao tn lt dng nh i.
Xut pht t quan im ny cn phi thng xuyn ch rng, b rng khe h v c
hao tn lt dng c th thay i trong khi hot ng do h s gin n nhit khc nhau ca cc
phn t.
S thay i b dy khe h gia pt tng v xy lanh c th tnh ton theo cng thc:
= d ( xyl. xyl. pis. pis. ) ,
i vi cc phn t tiu biu trn hnh 1.29 lc tc ng tho mn cc cng thc sau:
a) Lc va p vo mt tm phng
trong trng hp = 900:
F = Qv sin
(1.59)
F = Qv = Av 2
(1.60)
(1.61)
F=
Q
A
A
v 2
A1 ( 1) 2 vi = 1 .
A2
2
Q A
p
/2
F
Q
v
A2
F
A1
Tc ng mt pha
Tc ng tr v nh lc ngoi
3 u ni
2 v tr mch
4 u ni
3 v tr mch
Chn dng
Thng dng
Khng tit lu
2 v tr mch cui cng
Tit lu
Nhiu v tr mch trung gian bt k
Van gii hn
p sut
Van h qu
Van iu chnh
p sut
Van p sut
Gii hn p sut ng du vo nh lc l
xo;
M khi p sut qu ln
ng mch ph ti khi p sut vo t c
gi tr iu chnh theo l xo
Gi p sut ng ra khng i
ng nu p sut qu ln
Van iu chnh
p sut t l
G t l p sut ng vo v ng ra
khng i
ng lm vic
ng iu khin
ng lt du
ng dn du lt
ng un
Ni ng dn
ng du mm, th d ng mm p sut
cao
Ni cng, hn, tn, ghp ren
Ni nhanh
Thng du
Tch p thu lc
Bnh lc
Lm mt
Chng 2
Truyn ng thy ng
2.1. Nguyn l hong v ng c tnh ca truyn ng thy ngt
2.1.1. Nguyn l hot ng
Truyn ng thy ng l truyn ng m c s bin i c nng ca chuyn
ng quay (nh bnh cng tc ca bm) thnh ng nng ca dng cht lng, sau li bin
ng nng ca dng cht lng thnh c nng lm quay trc cng tc (nh bnh tua bin).
Ngoi hai bnh cng tc trn y - bnh bm v bnh tua bin - trong truyn lc thy
ng c th cn c thm bnh cng tc c nh, c gi l bnh phn lc hay bnh dn
hng. Vai tr ca bnh phn lc dng thay i lu lng dng cht lng chy qua n v
tip nhn cc m men phn lc t thn b truyn ng. Nh bnh phn lc b truyn thy
ng c th thay i tr s m men cn truyn v ngi ta gi b truyn nh vy l b bin
i m men quay hay cn gi tt l b bin m (BM).
S kt cu ca cc b truyn thy ng c trnh by trn hnh 2.1.
M2 =M1+M
Chnh v vy b truyn ny c gi l b bin i m men thy ng.
(2.1)
(2.2)
(2.)
khi
lng
ring
ca
cht
lng
lm
vic,
kg/m
.
Tnh cht ca b bin m c c trng bi h s bin i m men quay K (cn gi
l t s truyn lcc). R rng rng t s truyn ng i v t s truyn lc K l hai khi nim
khc nhau. y l mt im khc bit gia truyn ng thy lc v truyn ng c kh.
K =,
(2.4)
(2.5)
(2.6)
truyn qua n v tt nhin h s bin m ca ly hp thy lc bng 1, khi theo cng thc
2.6 ta c:
=i
Quan h ny ca ng c tnh cho ta c s khng nh rng mt mt thy lc
trong cc b truyn thu lc l do trt. Mt mt trong truyn lc thy lc cng ln khi
trt cng cao. Trong thc t m men trn trc b ng ca ly hp thy lc lun lun nh hn
m men trn trc ch ng. iu c gii thch do c s thay i dng chy v s gim
t ngt hiu sut ca ly hp khi t s truyn ng gn bng 1, khi mt mt m men c
quy c bng vi m men truyn qua ly hp v hiu sut ca n bng khng.
khi
hnh
c
th
dao
ng
t
1,
7
n
,0; khi h s m men trong khong 1,45 -1,65, h s bin m ch khi hnh dao ng t
2,
7
n
, 4. Khi gim H s m men xung ti 1, 4 hoc thp hn s dn n lm tng h s bin m
ti
, 9. B bin m nh vy c th bo m ga tr bin m cao m vn c hiu sut ln.
Hnh 2.
. c tnh ca cc b truyn phi hp
a). B truyn hai pha; b). B truyn ba pha.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v kh nn...34
Dung tch ca bnh cha du thng tnh bng mt phn hai nng sut ca bm. Gim
dung tch du lin quan n vic phi dng cc ph gia chng to bt kh v cc bin php kt
cu c bit hn ch s tip xc ca du vi kh quyn. Bm du s ht du t thng cha
1, y qua bnh lc 5 n mch du chnh. u ra ca bm du c lp mt van gii hn p
sut 12, v mt van an ton c lp song song vi bnh lc du (khng k hiu trn hnh v),
van ny s t ng m ra cho du i ngang qua bnh lc n b bin m khi bnh lc b qu
bn hay b tc.
Van gim p 6 gii hn p
sut trong mch du chnh ca h
thng iu khin thy lc ca hp s
thy lc. Van c lp sao cho vic
cung cp cho b bin m c thc
hin qua ca thot. Trong trng hp
khi gi s thy lc b bin m c
ngt cung cp, nh vy s gim c
thi gian gi s v gim trt
cc b ly hp kha s, gim cng
trt cc ly hp kha, tng hiu
qu ca b truyn thy c.
t
tng
p
ca n, ngha l s c s chnh lch p lc ca vo v ca ra ca b bin m. Trn hnh 2.6
trnh
by
th
t
tng
p
ca
b
bin
m
GTP
-5
do Lin X c ch to.
Hin nay du dng cho b bin m thng l du khong c bit.
u cu t ra cho du dng trong b bin m c xc nh khng ch t iu kin lm vic
ca b truyn thy ng m cn t iu kin lm vic ca phn truyn lc c hc v cc b
phn khc cu thnh h thng truyn lc chung ca thit b.
Du truyn lc cn c nht khng cao gim mt mt thu lc, phi to c mt
lp mng mng bm trn b mt cc chi tit bi trn tt, trnh mi mn cho cc cp lp
ghp, cc bnh rng v gi ng thi cn c tnh cht bo v chng n mn ha hc cao.
Ngoi ra du thy lc cn c nhit chy cao, v nhit lm vic ca b bin m thng
ln, ng thi du thy lc cn c tnh n nh lu di v nht, c tnh nng chng to
thnh nh tng v bt du v c axt thp.
nh hng ca nht n
c tnh lm vic ca b bin m
c nghin cu bng thc nghim
trn bn kho nghim. Cc th
nghim ch ra rng nht c nh
hng ln nht n hiu sut ca b
truyn. Khi tng nht t 4 n 9
cSt nhit 1000 C, hiu sut cc
i ca b truyn gim xung 1%,
ng thi c b rng lm vic ca
c tnh ti trng cng b gim (xem
h.2.7). Mt khc khi nht nh
qu, du khng c kh nng to ra
lp mng mng dnh trn b mt chi
tit, t lm gim tui th ca cc
chi tit. Hin nay du dng trong cc
b truyn thy ng trn cc thit b
t hnh thng c nht trong Hnh 2.7. nh hng nht ca du n c tnh
ca b bin m phi hp
khong 79 cSt.
0
bn vng ca lp du - nht tnh bng cSt 100 C; max - Hiu sut cc
bm trn b mt chi tit trong b i; M - Hiu sut ch bin m; i0,8- T s truyn
truyn thy ng c xc nh bng ng khi lm vic ch hiu sut bng 80%; K0- H s
bin m ch khi hnh.
(2.9)
chm dn cc i khi tng ti trng cho ng c, ly hp thy lc phi c trt nh, khi
mc tng ti trng t vo ng c s khc mt t so vi mc tng ti trn b phn lm
vic ca my ko.
Nu b ly hp lm vic mt ch c trt ln th vic tng ti trng trn ng
c s din ra chm hn so vi tc tng ti trn cc b phn lm vic ca my koN, m
men qun tnh ca ng c s gim, ng c khng pht huy c m men cc i cn thit.
bo m c trt nh, cn s dng ly hp thy ng sao cho khi lm vic
vng c t s truyn ng gn bng 1, h s m men phi c tng t ngt. Ly hp thy
ng c c tnh nh vy c gi l ly hp c c tnh lm vic cng
.
Tuy nhin vic tng h s m men cn phi c gii hn. Nu h s m men tng qu
cao th khi khc phc lu di cc lc cn ln s dn n lm cho ng c b qu ti v c th
b cht my. V vy gi tr cc i ca h s m men cn chn sao cho khi ti trng ngoi c
nh, ly hp khng c kh nng lm cht ng c khi n lm vic trn ng c tnh ngoi
tc quay ca trc khuu thp hn tc ng vi m men quay cc i (xem hnh 2.9)
c tnh ti trng ca ly hp thy ng trn my ko thng trng vi im cng sut
danh ngha ca ng c ch c h s m men , ng vi t s truyn ng i = 0,97.
Vic trng lp nh vy c gii thch v ng c my ko c lp ly hp thy ng,
lm vic trn nhnh iu chnh, ch i = 0, 97 li tng ng nh bit t c tnh ca b
ly hp trnh by trn hnh. 2.2a. ch ny ly hp c hiu sut cao trong vng t s truyn
ng ln nht. Nh vy, ton b vng lm vic ca b ly hp khi t s truyn ng cao trng
vi nhnh iu chnh ca ng c. Nh vy s bo m c s lm vic kinh t cho ng c
v c cho b ly hp. Gi tr ca h s m men ca b ly hp c xc nh bi h s tng ti
(cng thc 2.7).
Nh vy ng cong parabol ti, tng ng vi h s m men , i qua im m men
danh ngha trn ng c tnh lm vic ng thi, cn parabol ti trng ng vi h s m
men s i qua im m men quay cc i, gi tr ca h s tng m men ca ng c tnh
ly hp c tnh theo cng thc sau:
(2.10)
Trong : Mmax l m men quay cc i ca ng c;
(2.11)
H s bin m cc i nh ni c
th c dng khi xy dng ng c tnh
ko, nhng khng tha mn nh mt s
truyn lm vic (s truyn thp) v vy tr s
ca n khng nh hng n tnh nng ko
v nng sut ca my ko. Tuy nhin h s
bin m cc i nh hng rt ln n
bn ca cc phn c hc trong h thng truyn lc thy - c. Ngoi ra cn gy nh hng n
b rng ca vng iu chnh ca b bin m khi lm vic vng hiu sut cao.
Cc b phn trong h thng truyn lc v kh nng lm vic ca cc ly hp kha u
thun li khi h s bin m thp. Tnh cht bin m thp ca b bin m cho php kt cu ca
cc b phn c hc trong h thng truyn lc nh gn v lm vic tin cy hn. ng thi khi
gim h s bin m cc i s lm cho vng iu chnh ca b bin m tin gn n vng c
gi tr hiu sut cao. Gi tr ti u ca h s bin m i vi cc b truyn phi hp v ca
cc b bin m mt cp c tua bin hng tm (hnh 2.10) c xc nh bng th biu din
mi quan h gia hiu sut cc i , t s truyn ng i0,8 khi hiu sut bng 0, 8 vo h s
bin m cc i K0. T s truyn ng i0,8 c coi nh t s gii hn ca vng lm vic,
ngha l vng iu chnh ca b bin m khi hiu sut .
T s truyn ng cng nh hn i0,8 th vng lm vic cng rng hn. S m rng
nhanh vng lm vic din ra khi tng h s bin m cc i ch n gii hn K0 = 2,8, 2. Gi tr trn ca K0 c trng cho cc b bin m c ng knh tua bin ln. Tip tc tng
trn th gii. Ngoi ra vic xc nh c tnh ti trng ngoi c trng cho cc b truyn ny
i hi cn phi tin hnh trn mt di rng cng sut ca ng c vi s khc nhau rt ln
v c tnh ti trng ngoi ca cc b truyn thy ng. S khc nhau ny dn n phi sn
sut rt nhiu b truyn khc nhau v tnh cht bin i m men.
Tt c cc vn ni trn gy kh khn ng k cho vic quy chun ha cc b truyn
thy ng, nh hng n gi thnh ch to v tt nhin nh hng n phm vi ng dng
chng trong cc loi thit b t hnh cng dng khc nhau.
Theo du hiu v kt cu, b truyn thy ng c th c phn ra thnh hai phn: b
truyn thy ng v cc b phn lin kt, lp ghp (ly hp, gi , bm cung cp, mt bch
lin kt trc cc ng v.v..).
Tiu chun ha cc b phn lp ghp c tin hnh ging nh tiu chun ha cc
cm truyn lc thng thng v c cng b theo tiu chun quc t hoc quc gia ring.
Di y nu ln s khc nhau trong nguyn tc tiu chun ha b truyn thy ng
v cm lp ghp ph thuc vo cng sut ng c m cng mt b truyn thy ng c th
lin hp tng ng nhau v cng dng, song khc nhau v kch thc ca cc b lp ghp.
Trong i a s trng hp s khc nhau v kch thc thuc cc chi tit nh bm cung cp
du, cm gi v ly hp khng thng xuyn ng. Cc b phn ny c th c ch to
hng lot nn gi thnh ca b truyn khng tng cao. B truyn thy lc vi cc cm lp
ghp c tnh ton cng sut nh, thng mang tn theo tiu chun, cn khi thit k
truyn cng sut ln thng mang tn b truyn tiu chun nng.
Tiu chun ha b truyn thy ng ph thuc rt nhiu vo tnh cht ti trng ngoi.
Khi lm vic vi ng c, cng sut trung bnh ln nht pht huy bi ng c hoc trc tua
bin cc ch lm vic khc nhau ch ng vi im trng nhau danh ngha gia ng c
tnh ti trng ngoi ca ng c v c tnh b bin m. Nu im trng ny thay i, v d
khi thay i ng knh lm vic th ti trng ca ng c v hiu qu s dng b truyn b
gim xung v vic ng dng b truyn thy ng c th hon ton tr nn v ngha.
gii thch vic p dng cc nguyn tc phn loi truyn ng thy ng, chng ta
hy xem s thay i tnh cht ti ch trng danh ngha:
.
(2.12)
(2.1).
Ng1, Ng2, Ng
- c tnh cng sut ca ba loi ng c
khc nhau; N 1C - c tnh ti trng ngoi
ca b bin m ch trng hp.
Phng php phn loi trn ch c p dng cho cc b truyn cng sut ln, v d
b bin m ca hng Allicon TC -900 dng trn ng c cng sut ti 600 m lc, v trn
m s ng c xe qun s cng sut ti 1400 m lc. Trong cng nghip ch to my ko
nng nghip, phng php ny t c ng dng do ng c my ko khi tng cng sut
ng c th s vng quay ca trc khuu c xu hng gim xung nh trnh by trn y.
Nguyn tc phn loi ny cng c th c p dng ph bin song cn c mt s thay i.
ph hp gia s vng quay ca ng c v ca b bin m, gia chng c lp mt b bin tc
c hc, nh b bin tc ny m s vng quay ca ng c, quy dn n trc b bin m c
thay i. Nguyn tc ny c p dng mt s hng sn sut truyn lc thy ng ca M.
Ngi ta lp gia ng c v b bin m mt hp s c hc ba hay bn s truyn. Bng cch
thay i s truyn trong hp s c hc s thc hin c s thay i ng c tnh lm vic
phi hp.
Nguyn tc th hai v chun ha thuc vo vic p dng cc b truyn thy ng c bnh
cng tc cng mt kch thc, nhng c ng knh lm vic thc t khc nhau. Cc chi tit
lp ghp ca bnh c ch to bng nhau: theo kch thc chu vi th cc chi tit lp ghp
c tnh cho bnh cng tc c ng knh lm vic ln nht, cn theo kch thc ng
knh trong th tnh ton theo bnh cng tc c ng knh lm vic nh nht. Nguyn tc ny
cc b truyn
tin hnh mt
nghin cu l
vic tiu chun
Hnh 2.1
. c tnh ti ngoi ca ly hp thy lc c
cnh bnh cng tc khng i xng khi
mc np khc nhau
B bin m seri 1500 c sn xut thnh hai loiB: loi tiu chun v loi hng nng.
Ph
bin
nht
hin
nay
dng
seri
6
loi
1100,
1
00 v 1500. Cc loi ny c sn xut lm vic vi cc ng c cng sut ti
00
m
lc
v
s
vng
quay
danh
ngha
ti
500 v /ph. Trn hnh 2.15 gii thiu th vng ng dng cc b bin m mt cp loi 6.
T th thy rng mi mt seri c nm loi dung nng khc nhau. Cc loi ny nhn
c do thay i gc nghing v s lng cnh ca bnh bm v bnh tua bin. Vng p dng
cc b bin m c gii hn bi dung nng cc i v cc tiu, s vng quay cc i trn
trc ch ng v ga tr gii hn ca m men ng c. Khc vi b bin m ba cp dung nng
ring ca b bin m mt cp c tnh bi tr s m men quay MS trn trc ch ng ca b
bin m seri 1500. Gi tr thc t m men ti trng ca cc b bin m seri bt k c tnh
theo cng thc (2.14).
B bin m loi 1 c tua bin hng tm, bnh phn lc phn b ngay pha trc bnh
bm. Khi t s truyn ng i thp hn 0,45 (hnh 2.18.a) n c h s tng m men ngc. H
s tng m men ngc cc bin m ny bng 1, 4. Khi t s truyn ng i = 0,825, h s m
men ca b bin m gim t ngt. V vy mc d rng bnh phn lc khng lp trn khp
vt, b bin m vn c mt t tn tht khi lm vic ch kha. Hiu sut cc i bng 0,
88 khi t s truyn ng tng ng l i = 0, 725. H s bin m ch khi hnh dao ng
trong khong 2,52,8.
B bin m loi 6 (hnh 2.18, b) c tua bin vi cnh hng tm, phn b bn knh
ln ca bnh cn bnh phn lc t ngay sau bnh tua bin. Hiu sut cc i ca b bin m
bng 86% khi t s truyn ng i = 0, 77. Khi t s truyn ng ln hn 0, 9 tnh cht ti
trng ngoi ca b bin m gim t ngt v khi t s truyn ng i =1, 15 ti trng ngoi
bng khng. Nh tnh cht ny m c th lm mt cho b bin m bng cch ngt ti trng
khi trc tua bin.
b bin m loi 7 v loi 8 (hnh 2.18c, d) bnh bm v bnh tua bin phn b i
xng, cnh ca bnh phn lc c lp vi bn knh nh. Ring b bin m loi 7 (hnh
2.18c) bnh bm v bnh tua bin c chiu di cnh bnh cng tc tng i ngn v phn b
trn bn knh ln cn cnh bnh phn lc c phn b trn hai vnh bn knh v bt c nh
vi thn b bin m. B bin m ny khng c h s tng m men v tnh cht ti trng ngoi
thp. Hiu sut cc i bng 88,5% khi t s truyn ng i = 0,7, cn h s bin m ch
=
khi
hnh
K0
, 4. Trong vng t s truyn i thay i t 0, 9 1, 0 h s m men gim t ngt. Khi lm vic
cng vi ng c Hng khuyn co im lm vic trng hp vi cng sut danh ngha ca
ng c l i = 0,89.
500
nht
tnh
theo
110
160
-25
2,5-
khong t 0,85-0,88, cn h s bin m ch khi hnh dao ng trong khong 2,7, 5. Cc b bin m ny c tnh ton lm vic lu di ch bin m v c trang b
cc thit b cung cp v lm mt ring. Cc b bin m ny cng trang b bm dn ng cho
h thng treo v c cu nng h ca my ko. Bnh cng tc ca cc b bin m ny c
ch to bng thp dp hoc hp kim nhm, cn cc cnh ca chng i a s c dng hnh
xuyn hp. Trc tua bin v thn quay ca b bin m c lp trn cc gi ln. B bin
m c bnh bm v tua bin i xng, bnh phn lc quay trn gi ln.
c trng v kt cu ca cc b bin m cng sut ln c ghi nhn nh l c lc
dc trc v ti trng trn cc cp lp ghp rt ln. gim lc dc trc c cc l thot ti s
b trong may v vnh xuyn ca bnh tua bin hoc dng cc cc hc c bit. Trong s
gi ca cc b bin m cng sut ln c c im l thn quay ca b bin m c t
pha sau trn trc bnh phn lc qua gi bi a, do cho php cc cm my ny dch
chuyn dc trc cng nhau. C nh thn b bin m c tin hnh nh gi bi pha
trc, gi ny cc b bin m cng sut c bit ln c o ngoi c x rnh nh v.
Phn nh v ny tip nhn cc lc dc trc ca bnh bm v tua bin. Gi pha sau ca trc
tua bin, cng c tnh ton chu ti trng ln v tip nhn cc lc qun tnh ca trc cc
ng hoc l lc hng knh ca cc bnh rng hp gim tc. Bnh phn lc ca cc b bin
m t hp c quay trn hai gi bi v truyn lc dc trc ca bnh phn lc ln trc.
Np bnh bm dng lp ly hp kha v cc chi tit ca thn b bin m, c ch to t
mt vi b phn tho ri c. tng cng vng, o trong ca khp vt ca bnh phn
lc c ch to lin vi trc ca bnh phn lc. Ly hp kha l loi ly hp nhiu a.
B bin m ca hng Allicon c trng bi kt cu gn nh, iu c c l do
chng dng ch yu cho cc xe vn chuyn c cng sut trung bnh, thi gian lm vic ch
bin m t. cc b bin m ny gi dng loi nh hn v kt cu cc b phn nh v
n gin hn. Cc b bin m ca hng ny c s dng rng ri cc xe lm vic ch yu
ch ly hp (t hay my ko nng nghip).
Khc vi my ko dng trong cng, nng nghip, h thng truyn lc ca cc my
dng trong vn chuyn c t s truyn thp hn, do b bin m c th lm vic vi h s
bin m cao hn. V vy hng lot cc hng sn xut b truyn thy ng sn xut cc b
truyn thy ng ba bnh hoc bn bnh, cn cc b bin m cng sut ln ch c ch to
dng bn bnh cng tc. Bnh phn lc ca tt c cc b bin m vi kch thc khc nhau
u c mt bch v gi bi hng knh, trong mt bch pha trc c trn gi ln
khng c bt cht vo rng en t trn trc bnh phn lc m bt vo may ca tua bin.
dp tt dao ng tc ng ln cm my ch lp ghp gia b bin m v ng c, hng
Allicon
p
dng
c
cu
gi
l
bnh
thy
lc
lp ghp gia bnh ng c v bnh bm ca b bin m, nh c c s lin kt mm
gia b bin m v trc khyu ng c.
Kt cu ca cc b phn lp ghp ng c vi b bin m c khc nhau cc hng
sn xut, ph thuc vo cng sut truyn v t hp trc ch ng. b bin m cng sut nh
ngi ta thng p dng mng lin kt bng thp mng hay khp rng. Khi cng sut ln c
th vn dng cc mng lin kt bng thp hoc dng khp n hi, gm khp rng thng bn
ngoi v vnh rng c rng trong, gia chng c t cc tm m cao su. Kt cu nh vy bo
m vic lp ghp chc chn v m du khi truyn m men t trc khuu ng c n trc
ch ng ca b bin m.
2.
. Tnh ton l thuyt b truyn thy ng
2.
.1. Tnh ton b bin m
Hin nay trn cc thit b t hnh s dng tng i ph bin cc b bin m ba bnh
cng tc, mt cp c bnh tua bin v bnh bm phn b i xng. Chng c hiu sut cao v
phi hp lm vic tt vi b o chiu quay nhanh v c cu sang s khi ang chuyn ng.
V vy trong phn ny ch trnh by mt s vn c bn khi tnh ton thit k b bin m c
ba bnh cng tc, mt cp ni trn.
Khi ch to mt b bin m thng tin hnh theo mt s bc chnh sau: tnh ton,
thit k, ch to, kho nghim v hiu chnh. Cn phi tin hnh hiu chnh bi v khi tnh
ton thit k h thng cc cnh ca bnh cng tc bo m cc thng s c trng ca b
bin m cho, lun gp phi hng lot cc vn phc tp ny sinh do c s l thuyt v
my thy ng cn rt hn ch. Khi tnh ton h thng cnh ca bnh cng tc rt kh nh
gi mt mt p lc ca dng cht lng, lun chuyn gia cc khe ca cnh cng tc, ngoi ra
chnh tr s tn tht thy lc ny li thay i ph thuc vo v tr v iu kin ca tit din lu
thng cng nh trng thi ca cht lng. nh gi chnh xc cc tn tht thy lc hin nay
vn cha thc hin c. Trong cc b bin m khng th tnh chnh xc lch ca dng
cht lng khi n ra khi ca gia rnh ca cc cnh cng tc do lc qun tnh Coriolit, s
nghing ca cc cnh v hin tng bin i bin dng cc cnh bi dng chy khi gc chy
ca vo ca cc cnh ln.
Mt khc chnh dng chy cc ch lm vic khc nhau ca b bin m khc
nhiu vi dng chy ch c hiu sut cc i. Dng chy ny c th thay i cu trc
bn trong ca dng, to ra cc mt mt ph do ma st bn trong cht lng. Th nghim da
trn l thuyt v dng chy bc hai v bc ba trong cc rnh bnh cng tc da trn hng lot
cc gi thit, mt trong cc gi thit c th c sai st ln nht l gi thit coi s lm vic ca
b bin m khng c mt mt do va p. V vy hin nay phng php ph bin nht tnh
ton cc thng s hnh hc ca h thng cc cnh cng tc l theo dng chy tia trung bnh.
Thc t iu c ngha l ta coi dng cht lng lm vic c tc u. Quan nim ny ch
ng ch lm vic ca b bin m c hiu sut cc i, khi cc thng s ng lc hc
ca dng chy trong cc rnh ca bnh cng tc tng ng vi h s cao tc.
S tnh ton b bin m v cc k hiu c bn c trnh by trn hnh 2.21.
hnh 2.21a biu din s mt ct khoang lm vic ca mt kinh tuyn vung gc
vi trc quay ca bnh cng tc. Tit din ny c gi l vng tun hon. B bin m men
quay gm c ba bnh cng tc: bnh bm 1, bnh tua bin 2 v bnh phn lc
. Khoang lm vic c gii hn bi mt xuyn ngoi v trong ca cc cnh cng tc, trong
c cc cnh ca bnh cng tc. Trong vng tun hon cn c v c vnh xuyn trung
bnh biu din chiu chuyn ng ca cht lng v c k hiu bng cc bn knh ng
trung bnh ca dng chy cc mp vo v ra ca cc bnh cng tc. Bn knh ca vo v ra
ca cc bnh cng tc c k hiu bng cc ch s gm hai ch s, con s u ch bnh cng
tc, con s th hai gm s 1 v 2 ch ca vo v ca ra. V d r12 biu din rng bn knh
ca ra ca bm, y s 1 ch bn knh thuc v bnh bm, s 2 ch thng s thuc ca ra
ca bnh bm. Tt c cc k hiu u tng ng vi ch lm vic ko ca b truyn thy
ng.
Trn hnh 2.21, b trnh by tit din ca cc cnh bnh cng tc tng ng vi ng
dng chy trung bnh v tam gic tc ca dng cht lng ca ra ca cc bnh cng tc
khi quy c rng s cnh ca bnh cng tc l v hn.
Tc tuyt i ca dng chy ca ra ca bnh bm C12 bng tng vc t tc
vng
12= r12 v tc theo W12 , tc ny c th c coi gn ng n trng vi chiu nghing
ca ra ca bnh bm.
(2.15)
Tc tuyt i ca dng chy ca ra ca tua bin cng c xc nh bng tng vc
t
tc
vng
=
r
v
tc
theo
W
,
song
t
l
vc
t
y
khc
vi
bnh
bm.
22
22
22
bnh phn lc, do khng c chuyn ng quay, nn tc tuyt i bng vi tc
tng i c v tr s v chiu ngha l: .
Trong thc t s cnh ca cc bnh cng tc l gii hn, v cng ngh ch to cng
nh nhn c tn tht thy lc nh khi dng chy i qua khe gia cc cnh. Khi gii hn
s lng cnh bnh cng tc dng chy chu tc dng ca lc qun tnh Coriolit, nh hng
ca nghing ca ra gia cc rnh bnh cng tc v iu kin chy ca cht lng ca
vo gia cc rnh. ca ra ca bnh bm khi gc nghing ca cnh ln, dng chy thng b
chm so vi bnh bm, v vy hng ca dng chy khng trng vi gc nghing ca cnh
bm. S chm ny c th c nh gi bng gim tc vng . Trong trng hp ny
thnh phn tc vng c xc nh bng phng trnh:
(2.16)
Trong : CM thnh phn tc tuyt i theo kinh tuyn ca cht lng.
Bnh tua bin quay chm hn dng chy, iu ny c th hin bng tng tc
vng tuyt i vi i lng trn tam gic tc ca ra. Thnh phn tc vng tuyt i
trong trng hp ny c tnh theo cng thc:
(2.17)
(2.20)
Trong : F12 l din tch ca tit din vng tun hon ca ra ca bnh bm;
- h s co hp tit din ca cnh bnh bm.
Bnh tua bin, sau khi bin i ct p H2 ca cht lng lm vic, to nn trn trc mt
m men lm vic M2. Tr s p lc bin i v m men to nn c xc nh bng cc biu
thc sau:
(2.21)
Hiu sut thy lc ca b bin m
bnh bm v bin i bi bnh tua bin:
.
c xc nh bng t s gia ct p to nn bi
(2.22)
(2.2)
(2.24)
Trong : FW- l din tch tit din t ca rnh gia cc cnh; S chu vi t ca tit
din ca rnh gia cc cnh.
Theo mt s ti liu cng thc tnh ton mt mt do ma st c trnh by n gin
v thun tin hn:
,
(2.25)
Trong : FM din tch vng tun hon, vung gc vi thnh phn vn tc tuyt i
theo kinh tuyn.
Tr s h s ma st cn ly vi gi tr ln bi v dng chy trong rnh so vi chy
trong ng c tc khng u v tc thay i trn c chiu di ca rnh, ngoi ra cn b
nh hng rnh quay v rung ng. Thng thng i vi b bin m h s ma st thng
chn bng 0,07-0,08.
Khi tnh ton mt mt do ma st trong rnh ca cc cnh bnh cng tc ngi ta p
dng cch tnh nh l tng mt mt trong hai rnh thng c tit din khng i, kt qu nhn
c c chnh xc cao hn. rnh th nht tit din bng tit din ca ca vo, cn rnh
th hai tit din bng tit din ca ra ca rnh gia cc cnh cng tc. Chiu di ca mi
mt rnh ly bng 1/2 chiu di ca mt rnh cnh bnh cng tc.
Mt mt do va p c xc nh bng cng thc i vi cht lng l tng ca
Karno -Borda:
(2.26)
Trong
:
v
=
v
v
l
hao
tn
vn
tc,
c
tnh
bng
hiu
gia
vc
t
vn
tc
trc
v
sau
khi
va
p;
1
2
D
- h s mt mt do va p, xc nh nng lng chi ph cho vn tc b mt i do va p.
Khi tnh ton h s thng c ly bng 1. Song iu khng th hin rng khi va
p ton b nng lng u chi ph cho vic gim tc . H s mt mt nh vy khi va p
khng th ch gii thch bng vic xc nh tc trc v sau v p, m cn phi tnh ton
n hng lot cc hao tn khc (dng chy b co tht, rung ng v.v), cc mt mt ny hin
nay cha th tnh ton tch ring nhau c.
Mt mt do co tht v loe rng t ngt c cc ca vo v ca ra ca bnh cng tc,
nu gc nghing ca cc cnh ca ra (bnh cng tc b tr pha trc) v ca vo ( bnh
cng tc b tr pha sau) khng ging nhau, c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Mt mt do co tht t ngt:
(2.27)
Trong : = 0,4-0, 5 l h s mt mt do co tht t ngt;
(2.
1)
Khi thit k ch to bin dng chnh xc th mt mt do khuch tn s c gi tr cc
tiu v khi tnh ton l thuyt c th cho bng khng.
Vic nghin cu l thuyt cha y cc hin tng xy ra trong qu trnh mt mt
thy lc trong b bin m l mt cn tr trong vic thit k cc mu bin m mi. V vy
phng php tnh ton trnh by y ch l gn ng da trn hng lot cc gi thit v bn
cht vt l ca dng chy trong khe hp ca bnh cng tc.
Ph bin nht trong tnh ton v mt mt thy lc l phng php thng kP, phng
php ny chia mt mt thy lc ra thnh hai phn: mt mt do bin dng v mt mt do va p
thy lc. Mt mt thy lc do bin dng l phn mt mt m ga tr ca n t l bc hai vi
lu lng ca cht lng trong b bin m. l cc mt mt do ma st thnh cc rnh ca
cnh bnh cng tc, ma st bn trong cht lng, mt mt do chuyn ng vng v do co tht,
loe rng ca cc rnh cng nh ma st trn cc mt ca bnh cng tc. Mt mt do va p
thy lc xut hin khi dng cht lng chy qua cc rnh ca cc bnh cng tc vi cc gc
nghing no . Tr s tn tht do va p thy lc t l vi gc va p v t l bc hai vo lu
lng dng cht lng trong vng tun hon.
Mt mt ct p do nh hng ca bin dng c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
,
(2.
2)
Trong : l h s mt mt bin dng, ly theo thnh phn vn tc tuyt i theo kinh
tuyn ca ra ca bnh bm: .
Mt mt do va p ch tnh ca vo ca bnh phn lc v bnh bm, tc
tng i ca dng chy c gi tr ln nht. Lng mt mt ct p c tnh theo cng thc:
,
(2.
(2.
4)
y: v l h s co tht ca vo v gc nghing ca cnh bnh cng tc trc
.
thun tin khi tnh ton v nghin cu c th s dng phng php tnh khng th
nguyn, khi xc nh cc thng s hnh hc ca h thng cnh bnh cng tc hay c tnh ca
b bin m khng lin quan n kch thc b truyn v s vng quay ca trc. Trong cc
trng hp ny tm c mi quan h trc tip gia cc thng s c trng v hnh hc ca
b bin m. Gim tn tht thy lc khi tng kch thc ca b truyn c th l do gim h s
mt mt hnh hc.
nh ga dng cht lng ta a vo mt s thng s khng th nguyn.
Thng s khng th nguyn tc tuyt i theo kinh tuyn (sau ny thng gi l
tc kinh tuyn):
,
(2.
5)
V ngha vt l l h s lu lng hay l h s t l gia thnh phn tc tuyt i
theo kinh tuyn v tc vng ca ra ca bnh bm.
Thng s ct p khng th nguyn (n gin gi l thng s ct p) th hin mi quan
h gia ct p v lu lng trong bnh cng tc ca b truyn thy ng.
.
(2.
6)
Vic s dng thng s ct p lm cho vic tnh ton mt mt thy lc c thun
li hn. Nu chi ph ct p ch thng hao tn thy lc, th thng s mt mt ct p s bng
h s mt mt thy lc, c tnh theo thnh phn vn tc tuyt i kinh tuyn:
.
(2.
7)
Thng s ct p chi ph cho mt mt hnh hc trong b bin m bng h s mt mt
bin dng: .
Thng s ct p chi ph khc phc mt mt do va p c th xc nh t biu thc
sau:
,
(2.
8)
i.
(2.
9)
ng c tnh ca cc bm c gc v
kinh tuyn c trnh by trn hnh 2.22.
ng hypecbol thng s p lc gim
dn khi tng thng s tc kinh tuyn. H s
m men ca bm, v tt nhin c h s m men
ca b bin m u tin tng dn, t ti gi
tr cc i v sau gim dn v khng.
th ny ch ra rng vng no khi thay i
cc thng s tc kinh tuyn, c tnh ti
trng ngoi ca b bin m c th c h s
tng ti, khng c h s tng ti hay tng ti
ngc. Vng thay i thng s tc kinh
tuyn c xc nh bng s tng tc ca bnh
tua bin v c trng cho s thay i tn tht
thy lc trong b bin m. Trn hnh 2.22,
vng ny c biu din bng vng gch cho.
Khi h s m men v h s tng m men
b bin m c bnh bm 1 s cao hn so vi
bnh bm 2.
Cng ca bnh tua bin cng c c trng bng hai thng s khng th nguyn:
thng s ct p bin i v h s m men trn trc b ng.
;
,
(2.40)
(2.41)
(2.42)
Hnh 2.2
. c tnh ca bnh tua bin
(2.4)
(2.44)
ca vo ca bnh bm:
;
ca vo ca tua bin:
;
(2.45)
(2.46)
(2.47)
(2.48)
Trong h s
;
(2.49)
(2.50)
cc
bnh
ch
to
theo
phng
php
dp
t
05. S lng cnh ln s lm cho gc nghing ca rnh nh, nh mc nht nh c th
bo ton c c mt ca li cc rnh. Bnh cng tc thng c ch to bng
phng php dp i vi cc b bin m phi hp c c hai ch lm vic: ly hp v bin
m.
Gc ca ra ca tua bin kiu hng tm thng c gng lm ln nht c th, nh vy
s lm tng ct p bin i v hiu sut ca b bin m. Song gi tr cc i ca n b gii
hn bi s xut hin co tht t ngt ca dng chy u ra. Gi tr ca gc ny c xc
nh theo cng thc ca co tht ti hn:
.
(2.51)
Trong cc b bin m hin nay, gc ca ra ca tua bin thay i trong khong t 1481560 , trong gi tr ln ng vi tua bin ca b bin m m vng tun hon c tham s f ln.
Khi f = 0,56 -0, 57 gc ca ra ca bnh tua bin c thng bng 152-15
0
vi s cnh l 19-25, cn vi bnh tua bin dp l 150-1520 vi s cnh l 27.
Gc ca ra ca bnh phn lc c th thay i trong mt s gii hn m khng lm
gim hiu sut ca b bin m, nhng h s m men ca b bin m khi b thay i. Gii
hn di ca gc ra ca bnh phn lc c xc nh khi c hin tng co tht t ngt, cn
gii hn trn c xc nh bi s tng nhanh mt mt thy lc trong b bin m. Min gii
hn c th thay i gc ca ra ca bnh phn lc ph thuc vo gc ca ra ca bnh bm.
th biu din s ph thuc gc ca ra ca bnh phn lc ph thuc gc ca ra ca bnh bm
c trnh by trn hnh 2.27.
S lng cnh ca bnh phn lc ph thuc
vo c gc ra v gc vo ca bnh phn lc, cng
nh vo bn knh trung bnh phn b cc cnh. cc
ly hp hin nay s lng cnh trong mt bnh phn
lc thng dao ng trong khong 9-21, trong
ga tr ln ng vi gc ra v bn knh trung bnh
phn b ln.
Vi gc ca bnh phn lc chn, gc vo
ca bnh bm chnh l gc va p vi dng chy
v xc nh tnh cht bin m ca b bin m.
Nhng mc kh ln gc ny nh hng n
Vic chn cc tham s quan h f v b ca vng tun hon c tin hnh ph thuc
vo gc ca bnh bm v bnh phn lc. Hiu sut cc i c th nhn c ph thuc quan
h gia p lc v lu lng trong bnh bm, tng ng vi h s cao tc ca bnh bm v
cc thng s f v b chn. Cc b bin m c h s tng m men khi f = 0,540-0,555, na
tng ti khi f = 0,555-0, 570 v khng tng ti khi f = 0, 60 v cao hn. T kt qu quy chun
ha cc b bin m vi h s m men v tng ti khc nhau khi chng c cng mt vng
tun hon. Trong trng hp nu xut hin thng s no ca vng tun hon khng ph
hp c th tin hnh tnh ton li vng tun hon mi. Khi tnh ton li cn tun theo cc iu
kin sau:
- Cn m bo cc tham s cho ca vng tun hon;
- Din tch ca tt c cc mt ct ngang ca vng tun hon khng c chnh lch
nhau qu 10%;
- ng trn bao cn phi l ng cong lin lin tc khng c s thay i bn knh
cong t ngt. thun li khi ch to cn c thit b un cong theo khun mu;
- Phn vnh trn di bnh phn lc c th lm co mm
li v ng knh l bn trong c th c lm tng ln. c bit trong trng hp c bng
gang gc c th ti 900. Vic lm mm nh vy mc d chnh n ph v s cn bng din tch
tit din ngang ca vng tun hon ca bnh phn lc, song s lm cho din tch thc phn
gia ca bnh phn lc v din tch thc ca bnh bm ca ra gn bng nhau hn.
2.
.2. Tnh ton ly hp thy ng
Ly hp thy ng n gin hn b bin m v mt kt cu, khng c bnh phn lc c
nh v trong nhiu trng hp khng c c vnh xuyn pha trong. Nhng tnh ton ly hp
li l mt vic rt kh khn, do m hnh ha dng chy trong ly hp rt phc tp v trong
vng tun hon li c phn thot ti ph. V vy, c tnh hiu sut ca tt c cc ly hp u
c ly bng nhau, ngi ta ch tnh ton c tnh ti.
-l tng h s mt mt thy
lc.
Khi thay i trt, tng h s mt
mt thay i t ngt, t n gi tr cc i khi
trt l cc tiu do chuyn ng ri lon ca
cht lng. Vi mc gn ng khi tnh ton
tnh cht ti trng ngoi c th p dng th
thay i tng h s mt mt trnh by ra trn
hnh 2.28.
Khi tnh ton ly hp khng c vnh xuyn trong, iu quan trng nht l tnh ton c
ti trng ngoi trn c s cc kt qu thc nghim ca tc gi
tnh
.
pekhta. y tc gi quy dn mt s thng s s dng khi tnh ton truyn lc thy lc trn
my ko. S tnh ton ly hp thy ng c trnh by trn hnh 2.29, a. Vic tnh ton
c da trn mi quan h thc nghim gia h s mt mt do ma st v s chy xoy trong
ly hp theo i lng (hnh 2.29h, b), xc nh trn c s nghin cu tm b truyn lc thy
ng c ng knh khc nhau.
(2.54)
Trong :
l c trng ca vng tun hon;
l hm trt khng th nguyn, tnh cho dng chy ca vng tun hon .
Thng s tc kinh tuyn c xc nh theo cng thc:
,
(2.55)
(2.56)
Truyn ng thu ng c
Hermann Foetinger nghin cu v
sng ch t nm 1905 truyn cng
sut gia cc trc truyn ln cn. Sau
ny truyn ng thu ng c ng
dng rng ri l phn t ly hp, gim
chn v bin i m men trong ng
truyn cng sut t my ng lc qua
hp s n cc my cng tc, th d
trn tu bin, trn t hoc my
chuyn dng t hnh. Trong phn ny
Hnh 2.
0. Ly hp thu ng trn xe con
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v kh nn...70
Hnh 2.
2.4.1. Ly hp thu ng1.trn
conng c v ly hp xe con
cxe
tnh
Vo nm 1980, mt hng sn xut xe hi Nht Bn trang b ly hp thu ng cho
lot xe con dng ng c diezen la kh mi ra i (hnh 2.
0). Ly hp thu ng c kt cu nh gn, mc np du khng i v c b tr ni tip vi
ly hp ma st kh trn h thng truyn lc ca xe. Tnh cht hot ng ca ly hp thu ng
i xe ny c gii thiu trn cc ng c tnh tng ng (hnh 2.
1). C th nhn thy ng c tnh thu lc khi turbin b hm cng (trt 100%) nm rt xa
ngoi min n nh ca c tnh ng c t trong. Vic khi hnh ch c th thc hin nh ly
hp ma st kh v rt t c tr gip ca ly hp thu lc. ci thin tnh cht khi hnh
cc th h xe con i sau s dng ly hp thu ng ni cu. Vng lm vic chnh ca ly
hp thu ng trn xe con c hiu sut thu lc tl=0,95, khi chy trn ng cao tc c th
t n 0,98.
2.4.2. Ly hp bin m trn xe ti
ci thin qu
trnh khi hnh ca xe ti
trong cc iu kin lm
vic nng n, trn trc s
cp hp s c hc iu
khin bng tay ngi ta
b tr mt h thng ly hp
bin m (hnh 2.
2). H thng gm mt
bin m thu lc c ly
hp ni cu v mt ly
hp ma st ng ngt
cc s truyn. Ngoi ra
cn c mt bm du
Hnh 2.
2. Ly hp -bin m (ZF-Transmatic WSK400)
1- Bin m thu ng c ly hp ni cu;
2- Bm du;
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni
Gio
Truyn
lc v
nn...
- Ly
hptrnh
c hc;
4-ng
iuthu
khin
trkhlc
tu ng ca ly71
hp kh.
Hnh 2.
. Hp s t ng 5 s (ZF 5 HP 18)
A- Bin m thu ng c ly hp ni cu; B- Hp s hnh tinh 5 s;
C- H thng iu khin hp s tc ng in -thu lc.
1- Trc ch ng; 2- Ly hp ni cu bin m;
- Bin m thu ng;
4- Phanh di; 511- Ly hp nhiu a v phanh a; 1214- Khp vt;
15, 16- Gim tc hnh tinh; 17- Trc th cp.
iu khin hp s xc nh s truyn v thi im sang s cng nh sang s
di ti trng ph thuc vo vic la chn chng trnh ng ngt ca ngi li, v tr bn
p ga, trng thi ca ng c v vn tc chuyn ng. Vic iu khin hp s c thc hin
bng thu lc hoc in thu lc.
Bm du truyn ng t ng c (trong mt s t trng hp nhn truyn ng t
trc th cp hp s) cung cp du cho cc phn t ci s, b phn iu khin hp s, bin
m thu lc, bi trn v lm mt hp s.
2.4.4. Phanh hm thu ng
Phanh hm thu ng l mt phn t cu trc c b tr gia trc th cp hp s v
cu ch ng trn cc xe ti hng nng thot ti nhit cho phanh bnh xe trong cc qu
trnh
phanh
vi
thi
gan
di
(hnh
2.
4). Phanh hm thu ng cng c th c kt ni c pha ch ng ca hp s. Trong
trng hp ny h thng truyn lc c kt cu nh gn, trng lng nh, s dng du chung
vi
hp
s
(hnh
2.
5).
Phanh hm thu ng c nguyn l hot ng tng t nh ly hp thu ng (hnh 2.
4). Rto phanh chuyn i nng lng c hc trn trc ch ng thnh ng nng dng cht
lng. ng nng dng chy li c bin i thnh nhit ti stato, sau nhit nng thot ra
ngoi qua b trao i nhit. Trn cc hp s t ng tch hp phanh hm thu ng, cng sut
phanh yu cu ph thuc vo vic tc ng vo tay phanh hoc bn p phanh ca ngi li.
Phanh hm thu ng c th c kt ni vi mt b phn iu chnh in t iu chnh
lng du n khng gian lm vic gia rto v stato. ng nng ca dng du to bi vn
tc chuyn ng ca xe v chuyn ng ca rto b cc cnh hng dn c nh ca stato cn
li, to nn qu trnh phanh hm rto, cng c ngha l phanh hm chuyn ng ca xe. c
im ca phanh hm thu ng l:
Hnh 2.
Hnh 2.
phi
9).
ng c c th hot ng ko theo;
Xu hng pht trin truyn ng thu ng hin nay l nghin cu ci thin tnh cht
hot ng ca b truyn tng thch vi mi ch lm vic theo yu cu cng ngh ca
thit b. Trn cc my ko a nng v xe chuyn dng ngi ta b tr h thng iu khin in
t t ng iu chnh mc np cht lng trn b truyn thu ng to nn c tnh hot
ng ti u nht.
Chng 3
Cc b phn chuyn i nng lng thu tnh
.1. Bm v ng c thu lc
Bm thu lc c nhim v chuyn i nng lng c hc thnh nng lng thu lc
v ngc li ng c thu lc chuyn i nng lng thu lc a n t bm thnh nng
lng c hc cung cp cho cc ph ti chuyn ng quay. Bm thu lc nhn truyn ng t
ng c in khi h thng lm vic tnh ti, t ng c diezel khi hot ng trn cc thit b
t hnh nh my ko, my xy dng, my lm ng,
Theo hot ng c bn c th phn loi bm v ng c thu lc thnh hai dng: thay
i c th tch lm vic v khng thay i c th tch lm vic (hnh
.1). Th tch lm vic ca bm c hiu l th tch du cung cp trong mt vng quay, cn
th tch lm vic ca ng c l th tch du tip nhn theo mi vng quay.
a)
b)
1
My thu tnh
My pt tng trt
My pt tng quay
My
hng trc
My
hng knhh
p ng tm
My bnh rng
(Cung c
)
My vnh rng
(Cung c
)
ng
ng ngo
Tc
ng trong
B
itr mt h
My
bnh rng b
78
Tc
5
My
cnh quay c
6
My cnh
chn, cnh ln
c vt
My tr
Cung cp
dc trc
n cnh ln
My
Cung cp
tip tuyn
p ng tm
My cnh ch
Cung cp vung
gc vi trc
p lch tm
My cnh quay
(Cung c
)
Cung cp
hng knh
pMy
lchcnh
tm quay
(Cung c
)
Cung cp
dc trc
1- Trc ch ng;
2- a ch ng;
3- Cn pt tng;
4- Pt tng;
5- Khi xy lanh;
6- Cht ta;
7- V lc;
8- V c nh;
9- a iu khin;
10- Rnh iu khin;
S- Pha np;
D- Pha y;
OT- im cht trn;
UT- im cht di.
(3.1)
Khi xy lanh cng khng chu lc ngang nn khng cn phi c khong h cch u
gia khe h iu khin v khi xy lanh. Do khng xut hin lc ngang pt tng v khi xy
lanh nn c th b tr gc lc tng i ln dn n hnh trnh pt tng tng i ln trn cc
my trc nghing ( = 25-400 trong khi trn cc my a nghing = 15-180).
Nhc im chnh ca my trc nghing so vi my a nghing l chi ph ch to ln
cho cc cm chi tit nh hng dn cn pt tngN, khp ni v lc v v th hai. Ngoi ra
dng du c dn t pha y sang pha np qua rt nhiu on cong di, bi v cc u ni
np v y ch c th c b tr trn trc lc A -A, do xut hin hao tn ln.
T nhc im ny nu thit k hp s thu tnh vi my trc nghing s c mt kt
cu khng c gn nh i vi my a nghing.
b) My pt tng hng trc a nghing
a)
Vnh iu khin
v ch ni ng
b)
Fn = Fk
1
cos
(3.2)
khc phc ngi ta cn phi tnh ton thit k khi xy lanh sao cho a iu khin khng
phi chu m men lt.
Tc ng xu ca lc ngang c ci thin mt cht trong cu trc my a nghing
c ui pt tng dng chm cu (hnh 3.7). Lc ngang c truyn t pt tng n khi xy
lanh, tuy nhin c th xc nh c ng knh pt tng, bn knh chm cu ui pt tng,
gc lc v hnh trnh pt tng sao cho c th dch chuyn im t lc ngang n im gia
din tch trt ca pt tng. Nh lm gim ti trng ngang ln khi xy lanh v cc xy lanh.
Mc d c u im ny so vi my a nghing trt, nhng lnh vc ng dng ca my
a nghing c ui pt tng dng chm cu vn b hn ch, bi v p sut kp Herz gia ui
cu v a con ln b gii hn trong khong 200 250 bar. Trong thc t ngi ta vn u tin
s dng my a nghing trt.
c) My thu lc a lc
Mt th d v my a lc c m t
trn hnh 3.8. Pt tng 4 c b tr trong mt
khi xy lanh c nh, cn a lc 2 v a iu
khin 5 c ni cng v quay theo trc ch
ng 1. ui pt tng dng chm cu lun ta
vo a lc qua mt a con ln trung gian 3.
Khi trc ch ng v a lc quay lm cho pt
tng chuyn ng tnh tin v a iu khin
quay. Nh phn np v phn y s c
ni vi u ni vo v ra ca my thu lc
thng qua cc rnh iu khin.
My pt tng hng trc a lc l loi
Hnh 3.8. My pt tng dc trc a lc
my thu lc n gin, nh gn, c hao tn lt
1- Trc ch ng; 2- a lc; 3- a con
dng nh v hiu sut tng i cao. Nhc
ln; 4- Pt tng; 5- a iu khin
im ca my l c gi thnh cao.
d) Tnh ton my thu lc hng trc
Th tch lm vic
Th tch lm vic l th tch du do bm cung cp trong mt vng quay hoc l th
tch du do ng c thu lc tip nhn trong mi vng quay. Th tch lm vic c th c
tnh ton theo kch thc ca my pt tng hng trc.
i vi my trc nghing hnh trnh ca pit tng c xc nh theo (hnh 3.9):
S = 2rSa sin
S/2
z 2
d k rSa sin
2
i vi my a nghing:
z
V = d 2k rSs tg
(3.3)
2
V=
S/2
dk
dk
rSs, rTs
rSa
a)
b)
i vi my a lc:
Hnh 3.9. S xc nh th tch lm
z 2
vic ca my pt tng dc trc
(3.4)
V = d k rTs tg
2
a) Trc nghing; b) a lc nghing.
M men quay trung bnh
M men quay trung bnh trn trc truyn ca my thu lc c xc nh theo cng
thc di yM:
i vi my trc nghing:
M=
Thay Ft = Fk sin = p
z1
z1
Ft rSa sin d =
Ft 2rSa
20
2
d 2k
sin vo phng trnh, nhn c:
4
z 2
d k prSa sin .
(3.5)
4
i vi my a nghing:
z
M = d 2k prSs tg
4
i vi my a lc:
z
(3.6)
M = d 2k prTs tg ;
4
Cng sut trn trc truyn
Cng sut trn trc bm v ng
c thu lc l:
M=
Pmech. = M
(3.7)
(3.8)
rSa, Ss, Ts
Ft, q
Pha y
Pha ht
Khi tnh ton thc t cn phi tnh n hiu sut ca my. Nu mun tnh ton cng
sut c hc t cng sut thu lc th c th tnh theo hiu sut :
pQ
(3.9)
Pmech. = 1 ; i vi bm dng du (+);i vi ng c dng du (-).
Hnh 3.11 gii thiu tng qut v cc dng cu trc ca my thu lc dc trc v phn
tch lc cho cc trng hp. Khi tra cu cn lu rng, trn mc my a lc 3 m men M0
c t vo khi xy lanh bt cng vi v, do m men truyn s c xc nh theo s
phn tch lc th 2.
My trc nghing
Hnh v
S lc v m men
2. My a nghing
2.1. trt
a nghing t lch so vi
trc truyn. Khi trc truyn
v khi xy lanh quay s to
ra chuyn ng tnh tin ca
pt tng
2.2. ui pt tng chm cu
M = Fa rSs sin
3.1. trt
3. My a lc
a lc t lch tng i
so vi khi xy lanh c nh.
123456-
Pt tng;
Khi xy lanh;
V;
Cht iu khin;
Vnh trt;
trt.
12345-
Khi xy lanh;
Trc iu khin;
Pt tng;
Con ln;
Vnh cam.
V=z
V=
d 2k
2e
4
(3.10)
z 2
d k e
2
(3.11)
Cng thc (3.11) tho mn vi my hng knh c mt hnh trnh theo mi vng
quay.
i vi my thu lc c nhiu hnh trnh
trong mi vng quay, th d my vnh cam, th
cng thc tnh th tch lm vic phi nhn vi
Fn
Fk
Ft
M=
pV
2
M=
z 2
pd k e
4
Rnh p du
Du p
Du c cun theo rnh rng a n lm tng p sut trong khng gian p sut cao.
Cc khng gian cun du c lm kn cc mt bn. trnh vic nn p du v nh
trnh c cc nh p sut khi cc cp rng vo n khp ngi ta thng to ra cc rnh
thot ti v hoc v .
cc my bnh rng n gin, do tn ti khe h bn (dc trc) v khe h nh (hng knh)
nn c hin tng hao tn lt dng ln, c bit khi nht du thp v p sut ln. gim hao
tn lt dng, nh lm tng hiu sut v p sut cho php ca my thu lc, ngi ta thit k cc
bm bnh rng c khe h dc trc hoc c khe h hng knh c tnh cht b thu lc, c ngha l
nh p lc khe h s nh i. Th d v loi my thu lc nh vy c trnh by trn hnh (3.18) v
(3.19). Cc bnh rng v trc c lp vo cc c bit c p sut du tc ng theo hng
dc trc v hng knh. Trng p sut dc trc gia v v tc ng vo mt trong ca v
ngn chn s m rng khe h dc trc. ng thi to nn mt trng p sut ti khe h pha p sut
cao gia v v. Trng p sut ny y lm cho vng np hp li. Nh v nh p sut
tc ng cng chiu s lm gim khe h hng knh gia nh rng v v bm. Trong vng khe h
hng knh nh nht, cng gi l vng to p sut, du thu lc b nn li v lm kn gia vng p
sut cao vi vng np.
z
V = 2 hbt
2
z.t = zm = D
nn
V = Dhb
(3.13)
(3.14)
(3.17)
Dd
2
(3.18)
( D 2 d 2 )
(D d)
Vmax = b
az
4
2
(3.19)
e max =
(D 2 d 2 )
(D d )
Vmax = Kb
az
4
2
(3.20)
Trong :
b- b rng cnh;
z- s cnh;
K- S th tch lm vic trong
mt vng quay ca r to.
3.1.5. My thu lc cnh chn v cnh ln
a) My cnh chn
My cnh chn (hnh 3.28) c th c nhn nhn l mt cu trc nghch o hnh
ng hc ca my cnh quay.
Hai cnh chn 1 c b tr i nhau 1800 trn v c nh (khng phi trn r to) v
cng c th dch chuyn hng knh nh lc l xo, p sut du hoc c hai n t vo b mt
r to 2 v khp kn khng gian p sut cao 3 hoc khng gian np 4 gia r to v v.
Chuyn ng quay ca r to s to ra tc
ng ht du t ca np v cung cp n ca y.
Do b tr ca np v ca y lch nhau 900 nn khi
lm vic ch bm my cnh chn s to ra mt
dng du p sut cao dng xung.
b 2
180 0
(D d 2 )
;
2
180 0
My cnh ln (hnh 3.22):
V = (D 2 d 2 ) zA z b ;
2
V=
(3.21)
(3.22)
Trong b l b rng r to
3.1.6. My trc vt
My trc vt cu to t mt hay nhiu cp trc c rnh xon vt n khp vi nhau
(hnh 3.31). Du thu lc c dn qua khng gian gia hai mt rng ca trc vt, trc vt i
din v v. Khc vi bm bnh rng, y khng xut hin khng gian cung cp gin on
trong cc rnh rng m du c y mt cch lin tc, khng c s thay i th tch theo
hng dc trc. Do bm trc vt
lm vic hon ton khng c xung va
p. m bo kn xt gia khng
gian np v khng gian y cn c s
lng u mi ren xc nh. p sut
mong mun cng ln th s u mi
ren cng cn phi nhiu.
Do trnh c lc hng knh,
c th cn bng c lc dc trc v
do khng xut hin lc qun tnh khi
Hnh 3.31. My trc vt
lng va p nn cc my ren vt c
tn s quay cao v hot ng rt m du. Nhc im l ch cho php hot ng vi p sut
thp, khong di 200 bar v hiu sut thp do c ma st ln.
Th tch lm vic ca my ren vt c th c tnh theo cng thc:
V=
D2
(D d 2 )s (D 2
sin 2)s
4
4
360 0
(3.23)
D+d
2D
Hnh 3.32. Th d quan h gia hiu sut th tch, hiu sut chung vi p
sut hot ng ca cc my thu tnh khc nhau (n = 1500 v/ph)
u im
1.Chi ph ch to caoC
2.So vi my hng knh c
chiu di ln hnS
3a. Dn du khng thun li
3b. Lc ngang ln, m men lt
pt tng ln, hao mn mnh.
3c. Lc ngang pt tng ln, p
sut b gii hn bi lc kp
cho php Henz ti ui pt
tng.
Nhc im
u tin ng dng
P- Bm; M- ng c
P/M 1. truyn ng xe hi
do c mt cng sut
ln v hiu sut thun
li
P/M 2. truyn lc cho my
cng c do kh nng
iu khin v iu chnh
thun li
Loi my
94
Th tch cu to nh
Xung dng nh, t n
Hiu sut th tch cao
Thay i c th tch lm
vic thun li iu khin,
iu chnh
4b, 5a, 5b. Cn bng lc thu lc
1.
6. My ren vt
2.
1.
2.
3.
4a.
4. My cnh quay
a) Mt th tch lm vic
b) Nhiu th tch lm vic
5. My cnh chn, cnh ln
a) Cnh chn
b) Cnh ln
1. Th tch cu to nh, mt
cng sut ln
2. Cu to n gin
3. Gn, ph hp vi iu kin
s dng kh khn
4a. L bm cu to rt n gin,
hot ng tt
4b. Hao tn lt dng nh, hiu
sut tt
4c. Xung dng nh, m du, tui
th cao
4d. M men quay ln khi tn s
quay thp
15
25
15
1050
510
210
410
15
4. My cnh quay
a) Mt th tch lm vic
b) Nhiu th tch lm vic
6. My trc vt
1001000
1040
-
1050
20200
550
550
550
50200
50500
5001000
50 500
20 200
200 200
400070000
40400
65750
60160
200800
501000
50120
50700
200800
10008000
200035000
10001400
5003000
200500
3000300
80050
7500500
5000300
80001500
10050
5010
10010
40020
100150
150200
80300
200
1200400
180200
120250
100250
100150
200
300
100300
260
250700
200450
250500
250500
200300
p sut [bar]
20000200
40001700
1200
7100
140175
145
10210
175210
280
700500 75002500
500300 80002000
1500300 50002000
5010
2000200
102
51
205
205
205
Tn s quay [v/ph]
210
10100
510
5 10
2 10
Loi my
1. My pt tng hng trc
a) Trc nghing
b) a nghing, trt
c) a nghing c uuoi pt tng
dng cu
96
u im
1.Chi ph ch to caoC
2.So vi my hng knh c
chiu di ln hnS
3a. Dn du khng thun li
3b. Lc ngang ln, m men lt
pt tng ln, hao mn mnh.
3c. Lc ngang pt tng ln, p
sut b gii hn bi lc kp
cho php Henz ti ui pt
tng.
Nhc im
u tin ng dng
P- Bm; M- ng c
P/M 1. truyn ng xe hi
do c mt cng sut
ln v hiu sut thun
li
P/M 2. truyn lc cho my
cng c do kh nng
iu khin v iu chnh
thun li
Loi my
94
Th tch cu to nh
Xung dng nh, t n
Hiu sut th tch cao
Thay i c th tch lm
vic thun li iu khin,
iu chnh
4b, 5a, 5b. Cn bng lc thu lc
1.
6. My ren vt
2.
1.
2.
3.
4a.
4. My cnh quay
a) Mt th tch lm vic
b) Nhiu th tch lm vic
5. My cnh chn, cnh ln
a) Cnh chn
b) Cnh ln
1. Th tch cu to nh, mt
cng sut ln
2. Cu to n gin
3. Gn, ph hp vi iu kin
s dng kh khn
4a. L bm cu to rt n gin,
hot ng tt
4b. Hao tn lt dng nh, hiu
sut tt
4c. Xung dng nh, m du, tui
th cao
4d. M men quay ln khi tn s
quay thp
15
25
15
1050
510
210
410
15
4. My cnh quay
a) Mt th tch lm vic
b) Nhiu th tch lm vic
6. My trc vt
1001000
1040
-
1050
20200
550
550
550
50200
50500
5001000
50 500
20 200
200 200
400070000
40400
65750
60160
200800
501000
50120
50700
200800
10008000
200035000
10001400
5003000
200500
3000300
80050
7500500
5000300
80001500
10050
5010
10010
40020
100150
150200
80300
200
1200400
180200
120250
100250
100150
200
300
100300
260
250700
200450
250500
250500
200300
p sut [bar]
20000200
40001700
1200
7100
140175
145
10210
175210
280
700500 75002500
500300 80002000
1500300 50002000
5010
2000200
102
51
205
205
205
Tn s quay [v/ph]
210
10100
510
5 10
2 10
Loi my
1. My pt tng hng trc
a) Trc nghing
b) a nghing, trt
c) a nghing c uuoi pt tng
dng cu
96
ges = vol hm .
(3.24)
Trong :
- vol l hiu sut th tch, c to nn bi hao tn th tch do nn du trong cc my
thu tnh, trc ht dng hao tn lt du, bao gm c lt du ngoi v lt du bn trong
my thu lc. Lt du ngoi c th xut hin ti ch lm kn pt tng ca xy lanh thu lc, lt
du trong c th t vng p sut cao ca bm sang vng np hoc t khoang p sut ca mt
xy lanh sang khoang tr v qua b phn lm kn pt tng.
- hm - hiu sut thu c, tnh n cc hao tn do ma st gia cc phn t trt ca
my v hao tn dng chy. Trn hnh 3.33 gii thiu s biu din hiu sut ca mt bm
v ng c thu lc.
ng c
Bm
Qeff , peff
Nu mt h thng
p1v
p2v
thu lc i hi mt lu
lng Qeff v mt p sut peff
Q2 th p2 th
hot ng th khi nh c
Q1 th p1 th
Q
Q
2v
1v
M2
bm cn tnh n c hao tn
M1
V1
V2
n2
p sut v hao tn lt dng.
n1
Bm cn c nh c sao
cho c th to thm p sut
p0= 0
p0= 0
p1v. Cc cng thc sau y
tho mn cn bng p sut v
Hnh 3.33. Biu din ngun hao tn trong
cn bng lt dng:
bm v ng c
Q eff
= n 1 V1
1vol
(3.25)
p eff
2M 1
=
V1
1hm
(3.26)
2M 2
V2
(3.27)
(3.28)
1ges
1vol
p eff Q eff
2M 1n 1
p eff Q1th
p V
= eff 1
2M 1n 1 2M 1
(3.29)
(3.30)
1vol =
1ges
1hm
Q eff
Q
= eff
Q1th n 1 V1
(3.31)
ng c:
2M 2 n 2
p eff Q eff
(3.32)
2M 2 n 2 2M 2
=
p eff Q 2 th
p eff V2
(3.33)
Q 2 th n 2 V2
=
Q eff
Q eff
(3.34)
2ges = 2 vol 2 hm =
2 hm =
2 vol =
1ges
2 vol
2 ges
2 hm
M2n 2
M1n 1
(3.35)
M men truyn M1
Hao tn m men M1V
Lu lng Q1
a)
b)
1vol =
Q1eff
Q1th
1hm =
M 1th
M 1eff
p sut p
p sut p
i vi my thu
lc thay i c th tch
lm vic (c bm v ng
c) cng c cc trng
c tnh loi ny.
M men truyn M1
M men truyn M1
Cc s liu c
trng ca my thu
tnh c th c tra
cu trn c tnh hai
chiu do cc hng sn
xut xy dng cho mi
loi my. Hnh (3.35)
gii thiu c tnh hai
chiu ca mt bm pt
tng hng trc c th
tch lm vic khng
i.
Th d: nu
xut pht t tn s
quay hot ng 25 v /s
(1500 v/ph) v p sut
Hnh 3.35. Trng c tnh ca mt bm pt tng hng trc
hot ng p =150 bar
khng thay i c th tch lm vic (Kamper Hydraulik)
s nhn c im =17,50; th tch lm vic V =0,065 m3, nht du =30.10-3Ns/m2)
hot ng BP, t c
cc thng tin v m
men truyn lc (M1=
166 N.m), cng sut
truyn lc (P1= 26
lng
kW),
lu
(Qeff=1,6.10-3 m3/s) v
sut
tng
hiu
(ges=91%).
M men truyn lc M1=143 Nm; cng sut truyn lc P1= 21 kW; th tch y
Veff=53,5.10-6m3; hiu sut tng ges= 89,5%.
Tnh cht du
Tc ng ca thit b
Xung lu lng
Xung p sut
Ting n, hng hc
Lu lng
tc thi
ca tng
pt tng
Hnh trnh ht
Gc quay
i vi s xy lanh chn:
0 =
i vi s xy lanh l:
0 =
2z
T biu c th xc
nh lu lng ti thiu:
Q min = Q max cos 0
v bin ng lu lng:
Q max Q min = Q max (1 cos 0 )
Lu lng trung bnh s
l:
Qm =
1
0
(Q
0
max
cos )d = Q max
sin 0
0
(1 cos 0 ) 0
Q max Q min
100(%)
100(%) =
sin 0
Qm
(3.36)
10
11
, %
14,03
32,53
4,97
14,03
2,53
7,81
1,53
4,47
1,02
f = nz
i vi my pt tng c s xy lanh l:
f = 2nz
i vi my bnh rng v my cnh quay c s rng hoc s cnh z:
f = nz
nh hng ca s rng v
dng cu trc ca bm bnh rng n
xung p sut v lu lng c trnh
by trn hnh (3.41).
Xung p sut p
d) Gim xung
Nu trong thc t khng th lm gim xung p sut v xung lu lng bng bin php
kt cu, th cn mt kh nng gim dao ng nh mt phn t cu trc tng ng trn ng
dn du, nh trnh c hon ton hay mt phn dao ng trn cc ng du tip theo
n h thng thu lc. C hai loi gim xung thu lc c s dng:
+ Gim xung hp th;
+ Gim xung giao thoa hay gim xung phn x.
Trong b gim xung hp th, nng lng dao ng b hao tn tng phn nh cc vt
liu thch hp, c ngha l chuyn thnh nhit. Thng thng vic gim xung c thc hin
nh nn gin mt th tch kh, th d nh ng gin n hoc tch p thu lc. B gim xung
giao thoa hay phn x tc ng nh sau: sng m nhiu s cp c loi b nh cng tc
dng vi mt sng th hai c cng bin , tn s nhng lch pha mt na bc sng. Thit
b dng cho mc ch ny thng l bung gin n hoc ng giao thoa.
Hiu qu tc ng ca mt b gim xung c nh gi theo gi tr lch bin p
sut trc v sau thit b. Nu p A l bin p sut u ra ca b gim xung th gim
xung D c tnh theo cng thc:
D = 20 log
p E
p A
gim xung D
Khng nn s dng kt cu
ng giao thoa nu cn phi lc mt
gii tn hp t mt ph tn s. Ngoi
ra do chiu di kt cu, vic s dng
ng giao thoa gim xung dao
ng kch thch to bi my thu
tnh l khng thch hp.
Cng cn lu rng, mi
phn t gim xung phi c lp
trc tip vo ng ng ngay sau
ngun dao ng, bi v khong
cch ln gia ngun dao ng
vi phn t gim xung s to ra
mt cu gim xung khng mong
mun. Cc gi tr gim xung
cho tho mn vi cc b gim
xung trong mt ng ng khng
phn x. Do trong thc t khng
c ng ng kn khng phn x
nn trong tnh ton cn ly gi tr
gim xung nh hn.
gim xung D
lng pt tng hoc thng gp nht l trng lng ca thit b hoc trng lng cn nng.
Trong thc t thng s dng 3 loi xy lanh tc ng n:
+ Xy lanh Plunger hoc xy lanh tht;
+ Xy lanh tc ng n thng dng;
+ Xy lanh nhiu cp hoc vn xa.
a) Xy lanh Plunger hoc xy lanh tht
Xy lanh Plunger hoc xy lanh tht c kt cu rt n gin (hnh 3.45). Di tc ng
ca du thu lc, pt tng 2 chuyn ng ra trong xy lanh 1. c im ca xy lanh loi ny l
b mt trong ca xy lanh khng c gia cng k lng, khe h gia xy lanh v cn pt tng
ln. So vi xy lanh tc ng n thng dng, xy lanh plunger c ch to tng i r, t
hao mn v c hiu sut hp l.
Xy lanh
tc ng n
Xylanh tc ng
nX
Xy lanh
tc ng kp
3
Truyn lc lc
c hc
Xylanh c cn pt
tng hai phaX
Truyn lc lc
thanh rng
Xy lanh vi sai
ng c lc
Truyn lc lc
trc vt me
Xy lanh thu lc
Tc ng thy
lc trc tip
Pt tng quay
Xy lanh thu lc v ng c lc
(Chuyn i chuyn ng gin on)
105
F = pA = const
s to ra trong xy lanh cc bc p sut v vn tc nh sau:
p sut
Vn tc
F
Q
v1 =
; (pmin)
; (vmin)
A1
A1
.........
...........
F
Q
p4 =
v4 =
; (pmax)
; (vmax)
A4
A4
Trong qu trnh chuyn tip chuyn ng
t pt tng ny sang pt tng khc xut hin s
thay i p sut v vn tc t ngt, gy va p.
i vi nhng trng hp s dng xc nh, th
d khi t trt, th hin tng ny li l cn thit
bi v qu trnh trt ti s c ci thin khi c
chuyn ng rung. Ngoi ra khi bt u nng r
mooc cn c mt chuyn ng nng chm, bi v
lc cn nng mt ti trng ln nht khi r
mooc ang nm ngang, cn sau cn nng
nhanh hn do ti trng gim dn theo gc
nng.
p1 =
Xy lanh vn xa chuyn ng u
Trn cc xy lanh vn xa chuyn ng u (hnh 3.48) cc khng gian xy lanh c din
tch A2, A3, A4 c ni thng ln lt vi cc khng gian xy lanh c din tch A *2 , A *3 , A *4 :
A2 vi A *2 , A3 vi A *3 cng nh A4 vi A *4 c din tch bng nhau.
Khi du thu lc tc ng ln din tch A1 phn du t khng gian xy lanh c din tch
A cng chy n di pt tng c din tch A2 v cng
nng pt tng. ng thi du thu lc cng chy t cc
khng gian c din tch A *3 , A *4 vo di y A3, A4.
Do ngay t khi bt u tc ng vo din tch A1 tt
c cc pt tng cng bt u chuyn ng m khng
xut hin va p vn tc v p sut.
*
2
3.2.2. Xy lanh tc ng kp
A2
A1
FV
A2
FV
A3
p
(3.37)
Q
(vmin);
A1
(3.38)
vV =
Hnh trnh v
Khi tr v, tng ng vi tc ng ca du thu lc ln din tch A2 nh hn, vi p
sut v lu lng nh nhau s c lc nh hn v vn tc tr v ln hn.
FR = pA 2 (<FV) ;
Q
(>vV) ;
vR =
A2
Hnh trnh tin (tin nhanh)
(3.39)
(3.40)
Trn hnh 3.52 gii thiu phng n tin nhanh ca mt xy lanh vi sai, khi nh v
tr ca van phn phi m c hai pha xy lanh u c tc ng ca du. Din tch A1 chu tc
ng ca lu lng du Q v b sung thm lu lng du cun Q ca din tch A2. Nh
pt tng t c vn tc cao hn so vi khi thc hin hnh trnh lm vic:
vE =
Q
Q
=
(> vV) ;
A1 A 2 A 3
(3.41)
(3.42)
3.2.3. Kt cu ph tr v g lp xy lanh lc
a) Gim chn hnh trnh
Trn cc xy lanh n gin v c vn tc pittng nh, pittng c th d dng t n v
Q c vn tc pittng ln hn 0,1
tr cui hnh trnh nh mt vnh gii hn. i vi cc xy lanh
m/s th cn phi c mt b phn gim chn, cn gi l gim chn cui hnh trnh. Cc b
V pt
E tng
R bng cch dn dng
gim chn cui hnh trnh lm gim ng nng ca khi lng
du cun do pt tng qua khe h hoc cc l tit lu. Kt cu gim chn cui hnh trnh c th
tham kho trn th d hnh 3.49. Ti cui hnh trnh, ui gim chn 2 trn pt tng 1 chuyn
ng vo l khoan tng ng trn xy lanh. Nh xut hin mt khe h gia l khoan ny v
b mt rnh 4 ca ui gim chn. Khe h vng ny cng hp li khi tng hnh trnh, m
nhn vic gim chn s b. Qu trnh gim chn tip theo c thc hin trong tit lu iu
chnh c 5. Phn du cn li trong xy lanh ch c th chy qua khe h vng hoc qua l tit
lu 5, kt qu l ch c mt lng du nh c thot ra, nh vn tc ca pt tng c
gim i. Cng c b gim chn cui hnh trnh c l tit lu khng i, chng c th c
ch to dng rnh tam gic cui pt tng gim chn. Do gim chn cui hnh trnh thng
ch tc ng hnh trnh y, nn gim chn u hnh trnh thng c thc hin nh
cc van chn.
b) Cc dng c nh xy lanh thu lc
Xi lanh thu lc c ch to vi nhiu dng c nh khc nhau, nh c nh mt bn,
c nh chn , cht treo c chuyn ng lc, c nh bng tai. Cng c trng hp cn
pittng c c nh cn v xi lanh chuyn ng. Trn hnh 3.53 gii thiu mt s kiu c
nh xi lanh lc ng ch nht.
Lp sai
Lp ng
ca bnh rng.
M men quay xut hin khi c tnh theo cng thc:
M = pAr;
(3.43)
Hnh 3.56
ng c lc cnh quay
(3.45)
Trong : A l din tch cnh quay; rm- bn knh trung bnh ca b mt cnh quay;
z -s cnh quay.
Chng IV
Cc van thu lc
iu khin hoc iu chnh nng lng cng nh cng sut, trn cc h thng thu
lc s dng rt nhiu cc van khc nhau. Cc van thu lc c tiu chun ho quc gia v
quc t, th d trong DIN /ISO 1219 nh ngha: Van l cc thit b iu khin hoc iu
chnh vic khi hnh, dng li v chiu dng, cng nh p sut hay dng chy (lu lng)
ca mi cht c cung cp t bm hoc cha trong thng du.
Tng ng vi nhim v c th chia cc van thnh 4 nhm (hnh 4.1)
Van thu lc
Van chn
Khng tit lu
Van p sut
Van dng
C tit lu
iu khin
Khi hnh,
dng li,
chiu dngc
Khi hnh,
dng li,
chiu dngc
khuch i dng
Lu thng mt
chiu dng
p sut
Khuch i
dng
V d
Van 4/3
Khng tit lu
Van 4/3
Tit lu
Phng tin tc ng
p sut
C hc
C
bp
Khi qut
in
C
hch
Nt n
Nam chm
in
ng c
in
Kh nn
Thu lc
Gin
tip
Trc tip
Tc ng p sut nh
van iu khin trc
Tay n
L xo
Hai cun dy
cng chiu
Bn p
Con ln
Hai cun dy
ngc chiu
ng c
m bc
Thot ti
KT bng in
t v thu lc
Thot ti nh van
iu khin trc
KT bng in t
hoc thu lc
Kt hp
Hnh 4.2. Cc loi tc ng van v k hiu mch tng ng
Tc ng c hc. Cc phng tin tc ng c hc nh tay n, bn p, nt n u
quen bit nn khng trnh by chi tit y. Chng c nhc im l cn phi g lp trc
tip vo van nn rt t c s dng trong iu khin t xa. Ngoi ra chng ch ph hp vi
lc nh v gii hn v rt thiu chnh xc i vi nhiu nhim v iu khin.
Tc ng p sut. Nu s dng p sut thu lc v p sut kh nn (ch trong cc iu
kin hot ng c bit) tc ng van th c th truyn c lc nh v ln v vi khong
cch kh xa. Tc ng p sut c th c phn bit theo tc ng trc tip v tc ng gin
tip nh van iu khin trc. Trng hp th nht l van mt cp c pt tng iu khin chu
tc ng trc tip ca p sut. Trng hp th hai l mt van hai cp, van iu khin trc
ca n c nhim v iu khin dng du tc ng vo van chnh. tc ng vo van iu
Trn hnh 4.4 cho thy sau khi t in p vo nam chm in mt chiu dng in
tng rt chm theo hm m. Trong qu trnh chuyn ng tip theo ca li thp dng in t
n gi tr cc i ri li gim xung t ngt. Hn na, dng in t n gi tr cui sau khi
li thp kt thc hnh trnh. Qu trnh tng dng in trn cc nam chm in xoay chiu
li c thc hin rt nhanh, do thi gian tc ng rt ngn. Tnh cht tng t cng c
biu l khi ngt mch. Thi gian ng ngt khng thun li ca nam chm in mt chiu c
th c ci thin nh cc bin php c bit nh kch thch nhanh hoc qu kch thch.
Hnh 4.5 gii thiu ng c tnh lcH -hnh trnh ca mt nam chm in mt
chiu. C th nhn ra, lc in t tng khi gim khe h khng kh. Ngay trc khi t v tr
cui cng, li thp chui vo phn c ng knh tng ng trn cc lm gim sc cn t ca
nam chm dn n lm tng lc in t phn cui hnh trnh.
I
U
Ieff
Ueff
Thi gian t
Thi gian t
S
0
tSa
Thi gian t
tAn
0
tSa
tHa
tAb
Thi gian t
tAn
tHa
tAb
d) Nam chm t l
Khc vi cc nam chm ng ngt thun
tu, cc nam chm t l c kh nng iu khin
160
N
120
80
40
0
0 1
2 3
4 mm 6 S
H
S
Trn hnh 4.12 gii thiu van phn phi con trt dc v tr tnh. u ni t bm v
u ni v thng b chn li, do dng du cung cp t bm c chy v thng qua van
gii hn p sut v con trt van ng yn. Nu y tay n n v tr nng th con trt 1 s
c y sang tri. Nh , u ni t bm thng vi u ni n xy lanh v du chy t
bm n xy lanh, y pt tng lm nng thit b.
Ti v tr h, con trt c y v pha phi v pt tng trong xy lanh di tc ng
ca lc ngoi, thng l trng lc ca thit b cn nng, t t h xung. Lu lng du cun
c th qua xy lanh v u ni v chy v thng.
Khi tay n t do, con trt van s chuyn ng v v tr gi ban u nh lc l xo
2. Cn ch l, ch c s dng l xo nn dn con trt t hai v tr cui tr v v tr tnh.
Nh van con trt quay biu din trn hnh 4.13 c th ni la chn dng du cung
cp t bm vi u ni xy lanh A hoc B. Cc u ni khng ni thng vi u ni t bm
c t ng ni vi u ni tr v thng, do du cun t xy lanh c th chy v thng
qua mt l khoan trong con trt. Lin hp gia trt dc v trt quay cng thng c
ng dng trong van phn phi, th d c th nng h la chn xy lanh 1 hoc xy lanh 2 hay
cng nng h c hai xy lanh 1 v 2 (hnh 4.14).
A
B
S
Hnh 4.13. Van phn phi con trt quay phn phi 4/3 tc ng bng tay
c)
a)
P T
b)
d)
Trn cc hnh 4.12 v 4.13 l cc van c v tr chn l v tr tnh cn trn hnh 4.19 gii
thiu mt van con trt dc c v tr chy vng, khi lu lng t bm c chy qua cc
l khoan hng knh v dc trc 1, 2 v 3 qua con trt van v thng.
V tr chy vng c s dng a lu lng du ti v tr tnh v thng m khng c
hao tn dng chy ln. Nh c v tr bi, cc ph ti (th d treo trn pt tng ca mt xy lanh
lc) c th chuyn ng t do theo lc ngoi khng ph thuc vo h thng thu lc.
Lc tc ng l mt tiu chun quan trng i vi hot ng thc t ca van con
trt. Cn ch n cc lc tnh (trong thc t c th cn bng c) v c cc lc ng lc
hc xut hin trong khi hot ng. Cc lc tc ng ng lc hc xut hin do p sut tia
hoc gim thiu cc b p sut tnh ti cc vng c vn tc dng du cao. Chng rt kh cn
bng so vi cc lc tnh. Ch c kt cu hp l v k thut dng chy ca v v con trt
(hnh 4.17) mi c th cn bng c cc lc ny.
p
a)
b)
Chn kn trn van con trt. Vic la chn phng thc chn kn trn van con trt
l rt quan trng. Trong v tr tnh ca mt van con trt dc pt tng con trt chn kn chnh
xc cc rnh iu khin trn v. Con trt van c ch to theo nhiu phng thc khc
nhau ni thng gia u ni t bm vi u ni v thng ti cc v tr tc ng (hnh 4.18).
T
a)
b)
Hnh 4.18. Cc phng thc chn rnh iu khin trn van con trt
a) Chn dng; b) Chn m.
Nu y con trt m ng v thng T trc, sau m ca A th cc ca t bm
P, n ph ti A v v thng T c tch nhau trong khong thi gian ngn, ngi ta gi l
chn dng. Nu ngc li, trc ht ni thng bm vi ph ti sau chn ng v thng,
th l van chn m. Trn cc van chn m, ca t bm P, n ph ti A v v thng T c
ni thng vi nhau trong khong thi gian ngn, iu ny dn n hao tn lt dng, tuy nhin
Hnh 4.19. Van phn phi 4/3 tc ng trc tip bng nam chm in
1, 2- L khoan hng knh; 3- L khoan dc trc.
Trn cc hnh 4.12, 4.13, 4.14 gii thiu cc van phn phi khng tit lu tc ng
trc tip bng tay. Trn hnh 4.19 l mt van phn phi ng ngt tc ng trc tip nh hai
nam chm in. Ti v tr trung gian con trt pt tng ca van c gi bng mt l xo nn.
Ti v tr ny dng du cung cp t bm c dn tr v thng, do khng b hao tn dng
chy nhiu qua van gii hn p sut. Dng du v thng c th chy qua l khoan hng knh
1 v 2 v l khoan dc trc 3. Nu cung cp dng in n nam chm bn tri, th con trt
chuyn ng sang tri v dng du t bm c dn sang ca B (th d ca mt xy lanh) cn
dng du thot c dn t A sang T. Sau khi ngt dng in n nam chm, l xo li y con
trt tr v v tr tnh.
b) Van phn phi khng tit lu iu khin trc
Trn hnh 4.20 gii thiu van phn phi 3/3 ng ngt nh p sut du dn n qua
mt van iu khin trc 4/3 tc ng vo pt tng con trt.
Ti v tr tnh pt tng van c gi nh 2 l xo. Nu con trt van iu khin trc
chuyn ng sang tri th p sut du xut hin bn phi pt tng iu khin chnh s y con
trt van chnh sang tri v thng dng du t P sang A. Du cun pha tri con trt s qua
van iu khin trc tr v thng.
A
Van chnh
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v kh nn...123
Van phn phi iu khin trc 4/3 ng ngt in t (hnh 4.21) hot ng nh sau:
Con trt iu khin trc 1 c ng ngt nh nam chm in 2 v 3. Ti v tr tnh ca
con trt iu khin trc hai pha ca con trt iu khin chnh 4 c gi cn bng nh p
sut dng du n t bm v lc l xo. Nu con trt iu khin trc 1 chuyn ng sang
tri, th dng du t l khoan 5 chy sang pha phi pt tng iu khin chnh 4 b chn li,
pha phi thot ti. Dng du thot ti chy qua l khoan v tit lu 8, 9, 6, 7,10,11, 12 v qua
ca T v thng. Pha tri ca pt tng iu khin chnh chu p sut du t bm, y con trt
chnh sang phi v thng dng du P vi B v A vi T. Tit lu 9 v 11 tc ng n thi
gian ng ngt v gim chn chuyn ng ca con trt iu khin chnh.
Trn hnh 4.22 gii thiu van phn phi 4/3 iu khin trc bng van ng ngt in
t. Mi van iu khin trc c ng ngt nh mt nam chm in. Cc l xo gi cho con
trt iu khin chnh v tr trung gian. Nu van iu khin trc 1 c tc ng v
chuyn ng xung di, th dng du t bm P chy qua l khoan 4 v van chn tr v 5 n
pha phi con trt iu khin chnh. p sut du y con trt iu khin chnh sang tri v
thng dng du t P sang A v t B sang T. Du chy t khng gian bn tri qua l khoan 6
v tit lu iu chnh c 7 qua T v v thng. Tit lu 7 c tc dng gim chn chuyn
ng ca con trt iu khin chnh.
4.2.3. Van phn phi tit lu
Ngoi kh nng ng ngt v tr cui, van phn phi tit lu cn cho php thay i v
cp cc v tr trung gian bt k. Ngoi vic iu khin khi hnh, dng li v chiu dng du
van phn phi tit lu cn iu khin c ln dng du, nh c th iu khin v cp
vn tc pt tng hoc tn s quay ca ng c thu lc. Van phn phi tit lu cn c gi l
van phn phi khng c v tr mch xc nh hoc l van phn phi iu khin lin tc. Chng
c th c tc ng bng c hc hoc in c.
a) Van phn phi tit lu tc ng c hc
Van phn phi tit lu tc ng c hc c s dng nhng ni cn thc hin nhim
v nh v v iu khin nhy cm, th d my xc thu lc iu khin bng tay. Ngi ta c
th s dng cc van phn phi iu khin trc tip biu din trn hnh 4.12 hoc cc van iu
khin trc ni cn phi x l lc nh v ln. Hnh 4.23a gii thiu mt van phn phi iu
khin trc tc ng bng tay c hai van gim p. Van gim p c nhim v gi p sut ra ti
mt gi tr thay i xc nh khng ph thuc p sut u vo. Gi tr p sut cn gi cn phi
nh hn p sut u vo.
Van phn phi trn hnh 4.23a hot ng nh sau:
Nu dch chuyn tay n 6 sang tri, th van gim p 2 lm tng p sut ti ca ra, gi
tr p sut c gi nh tit lu 5. ng thi p sut tc ng pha bn phi ca van gim p
a)
b)
Mt kh nng iu khin trc khc c gii thiu trn hnh 4.23b. Trong trng
hp ny s dng mt van phn phi 4/3 lm van iu khin trc. Nu con trt iu khin
trc dch chuyn sang phi s to ra mt p sut iu khin cao trn ng X, trong khi p
sut iu khin trn ng Y pha phi gim di do du thu lc ti c th chy v thng.
Bng cch , con trt iu khin chnh c dch chuyn sang phi.
C hai phng n iu khin trc trnh by cho php iu khin v cp con trt
iu khin chnh v thay i v cp dng du chy t P sang A v t A sang T. Pt tng iu
khin trc c x rnh c c mt qu trnh iu khin mm mi.
b) Van phn phi t l tc ng in c
Nh gii thiu, van phn phi t l tc ng in c c th chia lm 3 nhm:
+ Van tu ng;
+ Van tu ng cng nghip;
+ Van phn phi t l.
Cu to v hot ng ca cc van s c gii thiu ln lt di y.
Van tu ng. Van tu ng thu lc in c s dng trong cc mch iu chnh.
Ngoi kh nng to ra mt lu lng t l thun vi tn hiu in a vo, chng cn cho
php chuyn i rt nhanh tn hiu vo thnh tn hiu ra mong mun v c kh nng khuch
i ln. Van tu ng thu lc in c s dng c bit thun li nhng ni cn iu
khin nhanh v chnh xc p sut v chuyn ng ca dng du.
Van tu ng thng c cu trc hai cp, mt s t trng hp c cu trc 3 cp. Cp
th nht cp iu khin trc c cp tn hiu dng in qua mt b iu chnh (thc
hin so snh gi tr cn thit gi tr hin ti ca in p v khuch i). ng thi a nng
lng thu lc vo cp iu khin trc dng dng du iu khin. Cng sut thu lc u
ra c th c khuch i khong 100 ln so vi cng sut in u vo. Thng thng cp
iu khin trc cu to t mt nam chm lc lm vic cng vi mt b khuch i vi phun tm chn (hnh 4.6a).
1- B lc;
2- Tit lu;
3- H thng vi phun tm chn;
4- Pt tng iu khin chnh;
5- L xo un;
6, 7- Cc l khoan.
Hnh 4.24. Van tu ng 2 cp c khuch i vi phun tm chn
v h thng phn hi p sut.
Nu gi thit p sut ti v p sut du vo khng i, th dng du cung cp t bm P
n ph ti B c th c iu khin v cp vi chnh xc cao v ti mi v tr t l thun
vi qung ng dch chuyn ca pt tng iu khin chnh, vi lch tm chn v vi tn
hiu cp vo.
Trn hnh 4.25 gii thiu mt van tu ng c h thng phn hi pt tng ni tip.
Trong trng hp ny khuch i vi phun - tm chn c lin hp vi pt tng iu khin
chnh. Dng du t bm c dn qua l khoan dc trn pt tng iu khin chnh 1 v qua
tit lu 2 n u vi phun, ng thi n khng gian 3, do pt tng iu khin chnh c
gi ng v tr tnh nh trn hnh v.
12345-
2p
= 500C
= 33 cSt
10
8
P-T
P-A
P-B
A-T
B-T
4
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
80
90
100 110
l/min
140
Hnh 4.28. c tnh dng chy ca mt van phn phi 4/3 (Bosch NG 16)
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v kh nn...130
200
p (bar)
150
100
50
0
100
l/min
300
Tnh cht tnh hc. Tnh cht tnh hc ca mt van tu ng hoc mt van t l m t quan
h gia thng s vo v thng s ra ca van trong trng thi dng cui qu trnh chuyn tip.
c tnh tnh hc c biu din bi mt s khi nim v tnh cht sau y:
Khuch i dng l quan h phn trm gia tn hiu vo (dng in I) v tn hiu ra
(lu lng du);
Khuch i p sut, l tng p sut ti ph thuc vo dng in iu khin I khi
chn cng dng du ph ti;
nhy thch ng l phn dng in vo cn c gi thay i lu lng ra khi pt
tng iu khin ng yn nu tn hiu vo thay i cng chiu cho trc;
gi ngc l phn dng in vo cn c gi thay i lu lng ra khi pt tng
iu khin ng yu, nu tn hiu vo thay i ngc chiu cho trc;
tr l t l phn trm H (%)ca dng in vo c biu din trn hnh 4.30.
100
%
%
%
50
0
-50
-100i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v kh nn...131
Trng
-100 -50
a)
50 % 100
pA
100
%
80
60
Van tu ng
40
20
0
pB
pp
0
20 40
60
80 % 100
(PA-PB)/PA
100
%
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-100
40
%100
Trng
i4.32.
hc Nng
nghip
Ni chy
Gio- trnh
Truyn ngHnh
thu lc
v kh
nn...132
4.33.
c
tnh p sut ti - dng
Hnh
c
tnh H
dng
p sut
ti ca van tu ng (Herion)
in vo ca van tu ng (Herion)
I/IN
(PA-PB)/PA
Lu lng c ti QL c cho theo phn trm so vi lu lng danh ngha QN, hao tn
p sut hoc p sut ti pA-pB c cho theo phn trm theo p sut du vo. Tham s y l
t l dng in vo so vi dng in danh ngha I /IN, c ngha l vi mi dng in vo s c
mt ng c tnh. C th nhn ra rng, ti hao tn p sut ti 100%, c ngha l p sut
bm bng vi p sut ti pA pB, s khng c dng du chy qua v ngc li p sut ti
bng 0 ti lu lng cc i.
c tnh p sut ti - dng in vo l quan h gia p sut ti v dng in a vo
van (hnh 4.33). C hai gi tr u ly theo phn trm so vi gi tr danh ngha. Quan trng
y l dc ca cc phn thng trn ng c tnh, chnh l khuch i p sut tnh theo
bar /mmA. Ngi ta mong mun khuch i p sut ln gim chi ph dng in vo cn
thit khi khi hnh van tu ng.
Tnh cht ng lc hc
Tnh cht ng lc hc hay tnh cht thi gian ca van tu ng hay van t l c
ngha quyt nh nh gi cht lng van. Tnh cht ng lc hc m t qu trnh thi
gian cn thit tn hiu vo c chuyn i thnh tn hiu ra, c ngha l tn hiu ra thay
i chm hn nh th no so vi tn hiu vo.
Hin tng tr xut hin khi truyn v khuch i cc thng s trong mi cp iu
khin v trong mi phn t ca van, th d do in tr v cm khng ca cun dy, do qun
tnh ca h thng tm chn, do ma st pt tng, Cc hin tng tr nh vy to ra mt
lch thi gian gia tn hiu vo (dng in) vi tn hiu ra (lu lng), c ngha l c s
chm pha ca lu lng. Ngoi ra cn c hin tng gim thiu bin thng s ra so vi
bin tn hiu vo hnh sin. Nu c lch pha ln s lm xu tnh cht n nh ca van tu
ng, nu gim mnh bin s lm thay i lu lng du.
lch pha v gim bin c th biu din trn biu Bode (hnh 4.34). T l
bin v lch pha ca lu lng du c cho theo t l vi dng in cp vo. Trc honh
biu din tn s ca tn hiu in vo hnh sin c bin khng i trong ton vng tn s.
c tnh bin v c tnh pha. Biu Bode hay c tnh tn s phn nh t l gi
tr thng s ra vi thng s vo nh c tnh bin v t l gc pha gia thng s ra vi
thng s vo nh c tnh pha. C hai thng s c a vo theo thang chia Logarit v tho
mn vi trng thi chuyn tip c dao ng ca van.
Hm bc. nm bt tnh cht thi gian ca van tu ng hoc van t l, ngoi c
tnh tn s, ngi ta thng s dng hm bc. Nh phn tch hm bc c th m t vn tc
thch ng ca van. nghin cu tnh cht chuyn tip hm bc ngi ta thay i t ngt tn
hiu vo (thay i dng bc) v khng nh rng khi tn hiu ra thay i nh th no, c
ngha l phn tch nghim bc hay nghim chuyn tip ca hm bc (hnh 4.35).
T l bin 75%
6
dB
2
0
200
-4
160
T l bin
V
U
m3/s
Gc pha
Van chn c tc dng chn dng du theo mt hng v cho lu thng dng du theo
hng ngc li. Cc phn t chn c s dng l bi cu hoc u cn to thnh van
ta. Hin c cc loi van chn di y:
+ Van chn dng n gin;
+ Van chn dng kh chn c;
+ Van chn dng tit lu;
4.3.1. Van chn dng n gin
Hnh 4.36 gii thiu hai van chn dng n gin tc ng l xo. Tng ng vi sc
cng l xo, c tnh dng chy khng bt u t im c hao tn p sut bng khng, m ti
mt im c p sut ban u xc nh pA, nm trong khong 0,5- 4 bar (hnh 4.37).
bar
p
pA
a)
b)
c)
l/min
1- Bi chn;
2- Pt tng iu khin;
3- u cht.
a)
L xo;
L khoan;
Rnh iu khin;
Gim chn;
ta cn.
b)
p1
p0
p0
p2
p1
p1
p0
p1 p 2 = const
Trn hnh 4.45 gii thiu mt van iu chnh chnh p. Ti p sut vo p1 tc ng
vo din tch pha di cn p sut ra p2 tc ng vo din tch pha trn ca van iu khin,
c ngha l chnh p p1 p2 tc ng ngc chiu vi l xo. Nu p1 p2 nh i, pt tng
dch chuyn xung di lm mt ct lu thng t p1 n p2 nh i v p1 p2 li tng ln.
p1 A 1
=
= const
p2 A2
p1
gim xung, pt tng iu khin s dch chuyn xung di lm cho mt ct
p2
lu thng t p1 sang p2 hp li (hnh 4.46), do
p1
li tng ln.
p2
N u
p 2 p 2 max
p 2 p 2E
Hot ng ca van khng ti
c gii thiu trn hnh 4.48. Du
Hnh 4.48. Van khng ti
thu lc chy qua van chn dng 1
n ph ti. Nu p sut p2 t n 1- Van chn dng; 2- Pt tng iu khin; 3- ta cn.
gi tr ngt th pt tng iu khin 2
s m ta cn cho dng du chy khng p sut v thng (qua ca p0), van chn dng 1
ng li.
c) Van hai cp
Van hai cp gii thiu trn hnh 4.49 cung cp lu lng t hai bm HD v ND n
ph ti ti cp th nht khi p 3 < p1 max . cp th hai, khi p3 p1max, dng du c lu lng
ln hn ca bm ND c chuyn mch khng p sut v thng, ch cn lu lng t bm
ND c dn n ph ti. C ngha l:
Trn van p sut m t trn hnh 4.50 c nam chm iu chnh v tr. V tr ca li thp
1 c iu chnh khng ph thuc vo lc ngc chiu nh mt mch iu chnh kn. Li
thp tc ng gin tip qua l xo 2 n ta cn 3, iu chnh v iu khin lc l xo nh
iu khin c p sut h thng.
Van p sut t l cho php iu khin t xa nh dy dn v cng rt thun li iu
khin qu trnh v iu khin theo chng trnh.
4.4.9. Tnh cht hot ng ca van p sut
Khi la chn v s dng cc van p sut cn hiu bit v cc tnh cht hot ng tnh
hc v ng lc hc ca chng. Cc yu cu v tnh cht tnh hc ca van p sut l:
+ p sut m t thay i nht c th theo lu lng;
+ Chnh lch nh nht c th gia p sut m v p sut ng;
+ Hao tn lt dng nh trc khi t p sut m van.
Tnh cht tnh hc ca van p sut c m t bi ng c tnh (hnh 4.51).
Van p sut m khi t p sut m pV v lu lng Q bt u chy qua ; Q cng ln
khi van m cng ln, ng thi lc l xo cng tng ln. Do lc dng chy tc ng ngc
chiu l xo nn p sut p0 tng dn n p sut iu khin pE. Khi van p sut ng p sut
gim xung n pS nh hn p0 do hin tng tr tr v ca l xo v do khi ng cn khc
phc lc ma st nh hn khi m.
i vi cc van gii hn p sut s dng trong thc t c th tra cu c tnh tnh hc
trn hnh 4.52. Trn c th nhn thy cc ng cong p sut thun li hn ca van gii
hn p sut iu khin trc so vi van p sut iu khin trc tip.
p0
pe
pS
p0
Van p sut iu
khin trc tip
Van p sut iu
khin trc
pS
Q
1
=
0
m
c
a)
p1
b)
p2
D
Q = A D
2p
d2
d 2
v p = p1 p 2 .
Trong : = f (Re, m) ; m = 2 - t l m; A D =
4
D
Tit lu rnh
Phanh thu lc
1- Tm chn;
2- Tit lu iu chnh c.
a)
b)
1- Tm chn;
2- Pt tng iu khin;
3- Rnh vng.
Q = Q1 + Q 2 vi
Q1
= const
Q2
Trn cc van iu chnh dng 3 ng, Q lun lun khng i. p sut bm t l thun
vi p sut ti, nh bm khng cn phi lun cung cp du vi p sut cc i.
Gi tr t
Gi tr t
Van gii hn p sut iu khin trc. Van gii hn p sut iu khin trc (hnh
4.68) bao gm mt van hai ng kt cu lin khi v mt van gii hn p sut nh l van iu
khin trc. Pha tr v ca pt tng van chnh c din tch AF c ni vi u ni p sut
qua mt l tit lu. Lc l xo v p sut p1 cng tc ng ln din tch AF v gi cho van
ng kn ngc vi p sut p1 tc ng ln din tch AA. Nu p1 tng vt qu gi tr c t
trc bi l xo th van gii hn p sut s m v p sut trn din tch AF s gim, pt tng
van chnh b y ngc chiu l xo v m dng du vo thng.
Van dng. Trn hnh 4.69 gii
thiu mt van iu chnh dng ba ng cu
to t hai van hai ng kt cu lin khi,
trong mt van c chc nng tit lu
o, cn van kia c chc nng cn p sut.
Hai van c mc song song. St p ti
tit lu o c mt ct ngang iu khin
c iu chnh mt ct ngang ca cn p
sut. lch p sut p1-p2 tc ng
ngc chiu l xo v y con trt n
khi t c cn bng lc t hai pha. Hnh 4.69. Van iu chnh dng 3 ng to bi hai van
hai ng kt cu lin khih
Dng du khng cn thit chy qua cn
p sut v thng.
Trn hnh 4.74 gii thiu nh kt ni theo chiu cao v s mch thu lc. Chui kt
ni theo chiu cao trn th d ny c lp rp trn mt tm u ni. Cc phn t cu trc
lin kt chui c th s dng rt vn nng. Nh c th thit k cc n nguyn iu khin
ng b khng cn ng dn v rt gn, ngoi ra khi cn thit c th thay i chc nng rt
nhanh v thay th cc b phn hng hc mt cch thun li.
Chng V
Cc b phn truyn dn nng lng thu lc
5.1. Cc phn t ni dng
Nu cn phi ni cc phn t cu trc thu lc vi nhau m khng dng cc phn t
kt ni c bit nh khi iu khin hoc ni chui cc van, ngi ta s dng cc ng dn
cng v ng mm, c ch to a dng, c th kt ni cc phn t thu lc v kt ni gia
cc ng rt thun tin. Mt ct yu cu ca ng ng c tnh t lu lng v vn tc dng
chy:
A=
Q
v
ngoi
DA, mm
1,5
389
333
431
459
10
282
373
478
576
12
235
353
409
495
576
14
201
302
403
434
507
15
188
282
376
409
478
16
157
264
353
386
452
18
235
313
392
409
20
212
282
353
373
22
192
256
320
385
25
226
282
338
394
478
28
201
252
302
403
434
30
188
235
282
376
409
35
161
201
242
322
403
186
223
297
371
201
269
38
42
2,5
134
478
b)
c)
d)
Hnh 5.2. Th d kt cu ng mm
1- u ni ren;
2- ai c bao;
3- Vnh p;
4- ng dn.
1- Vnh p; 2- Rnh lm kn
u cn trn hnh 5.6 cng lm kn bng vng pht. y ng 1 c bt cht gia vng p 2
v vng trung gian c mt cn 3.
Mt dng ni ng thng gp na l ni ren vng hnh nm, thay vo ch vnh ct l
mt vng c hai mt cn. Khi vn cht ai c s p cht vo ng dn.
1- ng dn;
2- Vng p;
3- Vng trung gian.
Hnh 5.7 Ni ng mm
1, 2- ta cn
5.2. K thut lm kn
i vi cc nh thit k v cc nh s dng thit b thu lc b phn lm kn l mt
trong nhng phn t cu trc quan trng nht. nh gi hot ng ca cc thit b c b
phn lm kn th kin thc v kt cu, c bit l cc b phn lm kn ng lc hc, v tnh
cht hot ng ca chng c ngha rt ln. Khi la chn b phn lm kn cn phi ch theo
cc ch tiu sau:
Tc ng lm kn tt nht c th;
Hin c rt nhiu dng b phn lm kn khc nhau tu thuc cc hng ch to. Trong
gio trnh ny ch gii thiu mt s b phn lm kn ph bin nht.
5.2.1. Cc b phn lm kn tnh hc
Cc b phn lm kn tnh hc l cc b phn khng chuyn ng. Cc b lm kn
phng thng c ch to t giy hoc kim loi mm nh ng, nhm v thng lm kn
np y, tm che, B phn lm kn tnh hc quan trng nht l cc vng ch O. Chng c
yu cu khng gian rt nh v d tho lp. Mt s th d ng dng vng lm kn c trnh
by trn hnh 5.9.
5.2.2 Cc b phn lm kn ng lc hc
Khi p sut thp v vn tc nh di 0,3 m/s cng c th s dng vng ch O l b
phn lm kn ng lc hc. Trong trng hp ny d xut hin nguy c b ko theo tng phn
to thnh khe h. ngn nga khe h ko theo ngi ta thng b tr thm hai vnh a ta.
Trong thc t cng thng gp cc b phn lm kn ng lc hc lin hp vi vng ch O,
l vng cht do mt ct ch U (hnh 5.10a) hoc mt ct ch nht (lm kn bng vng trt).
a)
b)
c)
Tn nhit du;
Tch nc v cn bn;
(5.1)
i vi cc thit b di ng
f = 50-100;
f = 200-300.
1234567-
Ca ra;
Ca du v;
Ca thng kh;
Ca du;
Tm bnh n du;
Li tch bt;
Ca x du.
5-50 m
5-15 m
a- Lc ng np;
b- Lc p sut thp;
c- Lc p sut cao;
d- Lc du tr v;
e- Lc mch r.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Tch p pt tng;
Tch p mng;
Tch p pt tng cht ti trng lng hoc l xo hin khng cn c dng nhiu do c
kch thc cu trc ln m cng sut tch p li qu nh. Ba loi tch p k trn hin nay
thng c cht ti bng cch np kh (Ni t). Th tch kh b nn li di tc dng ca p
sut du v nh nng lng theo yu cu khi cht kh gin n. T l p sut ca tch p c
xc nh bng t l gia p sut lm vic cc i vi p sut kh v thng c chn l 10: 1
v 4:1.
Tch p pt tng. Trn cc tch p pt tng cht lng thu lc v kh c phn cch
bi mt pt tng bi chuyn ng t do trong xy lanh. T l p sut tch p khong 10: 1. Tch
p pt tng c s dng thch hp nht nhng ni c yu cu lng du ra ln v p sut
cao. Do c khi lng pt tng ln nn tch p pt tng c qun tnh ln hn tch p mng
hoc tch p bng kh.
Tch p mng. Hnh 5.17 gii thiu mt tch p mng c cu to rt n gin, thng
c s dng lm b gim xung.
a) Thot ht du;
b) Lng du cc
tiu;
c) Lng du cc i.
pV = const;
(5.2)
bar
p2
p1
p0
ng nhit
hoc on
nhith
V2
V1 V 0
m3
Hnh 5.20. th p -V
p0 0,8 p1.
Th tch du s dng trong tch p Th tch duu sdj trg ttp tng ng vi lch p
sut kh Vt v V2:
V = V1 V2
(5.3)
(5.4)
(5.5)
(5.6)
V = V1[1 - (p1/p2)1/K]
(5.7)
T2 = T1(V1/V2)
(5.8)
(5.9)
5.6.2. B phn lm mt
Hao tn cng sut trong thit b thu lc s lm nng du. Do nhit hot ng ca
du thu lc cn c gi tr trung bnh khong 600C, nn cn phi ly bt nhit ra ngoi. Trn
cc thit b nh, vic lm mt du c th thc hin nh thng du v cc b mt v cng nh
ng dn. Trn cc thit b ln cn c trang b h thng lm mt. Trn cc h thng thu lc
lm vic vi bm c th tch lm vic khng i c th tnh ton cng sut hao tn theo cng
thc:
Pv= (0,25 0,30)PAn
Trong PAn l cng sut truyn vo bm.
Theo cu trc c th phn loi thnh:
Lm mt du khng kh ;
Lm mt du nc.
Mt th d b phn lm mt du
khng kh c gii thiu trn hnh 5.22. Du
c dn vng theo ng ng 1 bao quanh
mt qut hng knh 2. Qut thi khng kh
lnh n ng du qua cc cnh dn 3 v lm
mt du.
Trn cc h thng thu lc cng c
dng lm mt du khng kh c kt cu
tng t b lm mt bng nc trn ng c
t trong v thi khng kh bng qut hng
trc. B lm mt du khng kh thng
c s dng trn cc thit b thu lc di
ng ( t, my ko, my xc,) v ti
nhng ni khng sn c mch tun hon
nc lnh. Qut gi thng c lp trn
trc bm v b lm mt thng c t trn
ng du v.
Hnh 5.23 gii thiu mt b lm mt du nc. Du thu lc chy t tri qua phi
trong cc ng ng c nc bao quanh v nhit c truyn t du qua thnh ng n nc.
Cc cnh chn ngang 2 c nhim v lm cho nc c th chuyn ng bao quanh cc ng
du nhiu ln. Nc chuyn ng vo ti ca ra ca du mt v chuyn ng ra ti ca vo
ca du nng (lm mt dng ngc).
12345678-
ng du;
Ca x nc;
B phn lm kn;
Ca du ra;
Ca nc vo;
Cnh dn nc;
Ca nc ra;
Ca du vo.
1- L xo ng;
2- Tip im;
3- Cn by.
1- Pt tng; 2- Cht y;
3. L xo p sut; 4. c iu
chnh; 5. B ngt in.
a) Loi tm chn;
b) Loi turbin;
c) My m van.
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 5.27. u ni o v ng mm
mini (ng knh trong 2 mm)
Chng VI
iu khin v iu chnh truyn ng thu tnh
Truyn ng thu tnh c s dng ph bin trong hai thp k qua v ngy cng
pht trin mnh m, bi v chng c bit ph hp cho tt c cc nhim v iu khin v iu
chnh. S ph hp c bit ca truyn ng thu tnh xut pht t cc tnh cht c bn sau:
-
Th d, hng s thi gian khi tng tc (thi gian khi ng c khng ti tng tn s
quay t 0 n 2/3 tn s danh ngha) ca ng c pt tng dc trc c cng sut ra 50 kW nm
trong khong 0,2 s, trong khi ng c in mt chiu cng cng sut thc hin vic ht
khong 3 s.
Nhim v ca truyn ng thu tnh l truyn cc thng s c trng ca ng c
truyn lc, m men quay M1 v tn s quay n1 thch ng vi cc thng s c trng ca ph
ti. M men ti M2 v tn s quay ph ti n2 ca mt ng c hoc lc ti F2 v vn tc v2 ca
xy lanh. Trn hnh 6.1 gii thiu s dng tn hiu v dng cng sut khi chuyn i nng
lng theo yu cu ca my ph ti.
Dng tn hiu
Nng lng
iu khin
Nng lng ng c
lm vic truyn lc
P1 ch. = M11
P2 ch. =M22
Phn t tn hiu
ng c
thu lc
Bm
thu lc t
Cc phn t
iu khin
Prl = pQ
Xy lanh
thu lc
P2 ch. =F2v2
Phydr = pQ
ch cn mt kh nng l thay i lu lng Q. Cc phng php iu khin v iu chnh
di y u da trn c s thay i lu lng.
6.1. Cc phng php thay i lu lng
Hin c 3 phng php thay i lu lng theo yu cu ca ph ti:
- Thay i phn cp lu lng nh s dng bm c th tch lm vic khng i vi
cc lu lng khc nhau (bm i hoc lin hp nhiu bm);
- Thay i v cp lu lng nh s dng bm c th tch lm vic khng i v van
tit lu;
- Thay i v cp lu lng nh s dng cam iu khin c th tch lm vic.
6.1.1. S dng bm i hoc nhiu bm
Nh s dng hai bm kt i hoc ni nhiu bm trong mt mch thu lc tng ng
c th lm thch ng rt tt thit b vi yu cu p sut v lu lng ca ph ti. Phng php
ny c s dng nhng ni m p sut v lu lng cn c thay i phn cp theo cc
phng thc cho.
Trn hnh 6.2 gii thiu mt s mch thu lc 3 bm. Theo p sut ph ti hoc l
c 3 bm, hoc l bm p sut cao v p sut trung bnh hoc l ch c mt bm p sut cao
cung cp du thu lc cho xy lanh. Nu cn lu lng hon ton vi p sut thp th c 3 bm
lm vic cng nhau. n khi van gii hn ca bm ND (p sut thp) m (p sut ln hn
pmin = 50 bar ), p sut cao s ng van chn dng n bm ND, do ch cn c lu lng
t bm MD (p sut trung bnh) v bm HD (p sut cao) cung cp cho ph ti vi p sut
pm=100 bar. Qu trnh c lp li khi p sut gii hn trn van gii hn p sut ca bm MD
b vt qua, do cui cng ch cn bm HD cung cp lu lng nh vi p sut cc i
pmax=200 bar.
Van tit lu
Trong mch chnh
Trong mch r
Cng sut bm
P1= p1Q1
P1 = pQ1
Cng sut ng c
P2 = p2Q2
P2 = pQ2
Pv1 = p1 (Q1 Q 2 )
Cng sut hao tn
Pv = p(Q1 Q 2 ) V
Pv 2 = ( p1 p 2) Q 2
Lu
vo p2
Q 2 = Q 1 A D
2(p1 p 2 )
(6.1)
2p
;
2p
(6.2)
Q2
vi V2 l th tch lm vic ca ng c.
V2
S dng tn hiu trn hnh 6.4 cho thy chiu tc ng qua li gia cc thng s c
hc v cc thng s thu lc. T c th d dng nhn ra hot ng iu khin bm (khng
tnh n hao tn):
Bm cung cp mt lu lng:
(6.3)
Q = n 1 V1
to ra tn s quay ng c l:
n2 =
Q
V2
(6.4)
Ti trng truyn t ph ti n
ng c yu cu p sut:
p=
2M 2
V2
(6.5)
pV1
2
(6.6)
n 1 V1 = n 2 V2
n2 =
V1
n1
V2
(6.7)
(6.8)
M 2 M1
p
=
=
V2
V1 2
M1 =
V1
M2
V2
(6.9)
(6.10)
My pt tng dc trc;
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q
S
V1
n1 = const
Thit b
iu khin
a) S hot ng
S
Thit b
iu khin
V1
Thng s vo
n1
Bm
thu lc
vol
Q
Thng
s ra
Thng s nhiu
b) S khi
Hnh 6.6. S iu khin dng cung cp
V1
n1 .
V2
(6.11)
(6.12)
c tnh ca hai phng php iu khin trn c trnh by trn hnh 6.7.
c tnh iu khin bm b gii
hn bi th tch lm vic cc i V1max
ca bm v tn s quay ch ng cho
php cc i do nguyn nhn bn.
a)
b)
Hnh 6.7. c tnh iu khin ng c v
iu khin bm
a) iu khin bm; b) iu khin ng c
iu khin cn c phn loi theo loi tc ng v cu trc lin quan:
iu khin c hc;
iu khin in;
a) iu khin in v iu khin c hc
iu khin c hc c s dng trn cc my thu tnh c nh. a s c thc hin
iu khin bng tay, i vi cc my thu tnh rt nh c th lm vic di 50 cm3/1 vng
quay th iu khin bng tay n, cn cc my ln hn cn c lc iu khin ln hn c th
dng vnh tay quay v trc vt me (hnh 6.8). iu khin vt me cho php iu khin c cc
my thu lc ln, tuy nhin thi gian iu khin s tng ln do cn t s truyn ln trn cc
cu trc ln.
a)
b)
c)
b) iu khin thu lc
Thng s vo ca iu khin thu lc l lu lng du p sut cao, tc ng vo mt
xy lanh iu khin. Cn pt tng ca xy lanh iu khin c ni vi b phn iu khin ca
bm hoc ng c thu lc, th d ni vi a nghing iu chnh gc lc ca mt my
iu khin ph thuc th tch. Trn hnh 6.9a gii thiu mt iu khin thu lc ph
thuc th tch, c iu khin bng mt van phn phi 3/3 tc ng bng tay. Dng du t
bm lun tc ng qua van i dng n din tch bn phi ca pt tng iu khin. Nu con
trt van c y sang phi, th dng du t bm c dn sang pha tri pt tng iu
khin, do din tch ln ca pt tng c tc ng, pt tng iu khin chuyn ng sang
phi v lm tng th tch lm vic ca bm. Do cn pt tng c ni vi v van phn phi
nn n cng ko v van chuyn ng tng i so vi con trt van sang phi n khi van t
n trng thi tnh.
a) iu khin ph thuc
th tch lm vic
b) iu khin ph thuc
p sut
a)
b)
(6.13)
(6.14)
a)
b)
Hnh 6.13. Lin hp iu khin trc thu lc in
v iu khin bm ph thuc th tch
Trn th d (hnh 6.13a) th tch du dn vo pt tng iu khin c iu khin nh
mt van phn phi 3/3 tc ng in t. Khi dch chuyn ca pt tng iu khin c
xc nh bng cm ng in t v cp vo mt thit b iu chnh cng vi van iu khin
x l cc quan h gia thng s vo v th tch lm vic ca bm. Trong th d trn hnh
(6.13b), ngi ta s dng mt van tu ng thu lc - in iu khin lu lng n pt
tng iu khin. Do dng in cp vo van tu ng t l thun vi dch chuyn ca pt
tng van tu ng v cng t l thun vi dch chuyn ca pt tng iu khin nn y
khng cn xc nh dch chuyn ca pt tng iu khin. iu khin thu lc - in nh
vy c thi gian nh v rt nh v lm vic rt chnh xc, do tt c cc lc tc ng ngc t
bm c th xut hin u b loi b ti b phn iu chnh. Lin hp iu khin ny ch yu
c ng dng iu khin qu trnh, tuy nhin y l mt gii php kh t tin.
Hin nay cng c cc gii php lin hp iu khin vi van t l do c gi thnh r
hn, th d trn cc my t hnh.
6.3. iu chnh nh bm iu khin c
6.3.1. C s l thuyt
Trn hnh 6.14 gii thiu s iu chnh thu lc theo hai dng: s hot ng v
s khi.
n1 = const
Cn iu chnh
S
a) S hot ng
Thit b iu chnh
Q S - Qi
V1
n1=const
Tm chn o
Qi lc v kh nn...180
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu
Thng s dn
Thng s nh v
Gi tr cn iu chnh
n1
b
biu
din
h thng
iui
chnh
cungchnh.
cp Thng s
Thng sHnh
dn 6.14.
S trnS
thit
iu
chnh
c thay
nhdng
cn iu
dn S thay i to ra mt mt gi tr thay i xc nh ca thng s nh v th tch lm vic
V1 v cng lm thng s iu chnh lu lng Q thay i t l thun.
S ~ V1 ~ Q
Nu xut hin nhiu tc ng ln on mch iu chnh (n1 , vol), th gi tr hin ti
ca lu lng Qi s c o nh b phn o tm chn v dn ngc tr v thit b iu chnh.
Ti thit b iu chnh gi tr hin ti Qi c so snh vi gi tr cn iu chnh Qs. Nu xut
hin sai lch gia QS v Qi th thit b iu chnh s thay i t ng th tch lm vic ca
bm theo chiu ngc li vi chiu tng ca sai lch .
Khi nim iu chnh c nh ngha theo tiu chun c DIN 19226 nh sau: iu
chnh l mt qu trnh trong mt h thng, ti gi tr hin ti (Q1) ca thng s iu chnh
(Q) c xc nh lin tc v so snh vi thng s dn (S) hoc vi gi tr cn iu chnh
(QS), sau khi so snh s c tc ng theo hng cn bng gia gi tr hin ti v gi tr cn
iu chnh.
Trn s khi c th nhn ra mt qu trnh tc ng kn ca h thng iu chnh,
thng c gi l mch iu chnh. Mch iu chnh khi l mt b phn cu trc ca mt
thit b thu lc, trong cc thng s nhiu c th nh hng n thng s iu chnh Q.
Thit b iu chnh s tc ng nu thng s nhiu lm xut hin sai lch gia gi tr
hin ti v gi tr cn iu chnh hoc l nu thay i thng s dn thay i n mt gi tr
cn iu chnh mi.
6.3.2. Cc loi iu chnh
a) iu chnh p sut
iu chnh p sut bm c nhim v c bn l lm ph hp lu lng vi yu cu ca
ph ti sao cho p sut ca h thng khng i. Tuy nhin gi tr cn iu chnh ca p sut
trong thc t khng phi lc no cng khng i m thng gim nh khi tng lu lng hoc
dng cung cp tu thuc vo cu trc ca thit b iu chnh (tnh cht t l).
Trn hnh 6.15 gii thiu mt h thng iu chnh p sut n gin c tnh cht t l
(tnh cht P). lch p sut so vi gi tr cn iu chnh hnh thnh nh sau: Nu dng du
cung cp Q t ngt tng do tng tn s quay n1, th p sut trc van tit lu (trng hp
ny gi l p sut ti) tr nn ln hn. Nh pt tng iu khin c y ngc chiu l xo
sang tri. Th tch lm vic gim t V1.1 xung cn V1.2, ng thi tng sc cng l xo. V tr
mi ca pt tng iu khin xc nh mt gi tr ln hn ca thng s iu chnh p. lch
iu chnh A so vi gi tr cn thit ca thng s iu chnh c gi l lch cn li.
p- Thng s iu chnh;
V1- Thng s nh v;
A- lch cn li.
p
V1
n1
Gi tr cn iu
chnhG
V1 max
V1.2
V1.1
V1
Hnh 6.15. iu chnh p sut tc ng trc tip c tnh cht P cho mt bm thu lc
iu chnh c tnh cht P hot ng tt bi v khi lch iu chnh nh, thng s
nh v ch thay i chm, cn khi lch iu chnh ln thng s nh v li thay i nhanh.
T c im h thng iu chnh loi ny rt t xut hin dao ng.
iu chnh p sut trn hnh 6.15 cng c gi l iu chnh hnh trnh khng. Trn
pt tng iu khin c tc ng trc tip ph thuc vo p sut hot ng v dch chuyn
ngc chiu l xo. Sc cng l xo tc ng theo chiu tng th tch lm vic V1, c ngha l
n gi th tch lm vic gi tr cc i khi p sut hot ng cn nh hn sc cng l xo.
Nu p sut ln hn sc cng l xo th a lc ca bm c thay i theo hng gim th
tch lm vic n khi t c th tch lm vic ti thiu gi ng gi tr cui ca p sut.
iu chnh hnh trnh khng l h thng iu chnh tit kim nng lng, thng
c s dng nhng ni cn gi ng mt p sut xc nh trong thi gian di m khng
yu cu mt lu lng du ln
hn.
Trn hnh 6.16 gii thiu
mt h thng iu chnh p sut
gin tip c tnh cht tch phn
(tnh cht I). H thng lm vic
nh sau: Nu lu lng Q tng do
xut hin tng tn s quay n1,
th p sut p cng tng. p sut
tng y pt tng van phn phi
Hnh 6.16. iu chnh p sut bm
ngc chiu l xo sang tri, nh
c tnh cht tch phn
p sut du cung cp t bm y
pt tng iu khin sang tri v c th thay i th tch lm vic v lu lng n mt gi tr
nh hn. Van phn phi s ng li nu p sut p t n mt gi tr cn iu chnh. Trong
trng hp ny khng xut hin lch iu chnh cn li, tuy nhin th tch lm vic thay
i qu nhanh khi lch iu chnh nh cn khi lch iu chnh ln th tch lm vic li
thay i qu chm, do khng loi b c dao ng trong h thng. Khi c th d xut
hin cc trng thi lm vic khng n nh.
Tuy nhin nh cu trc thch hp ca phn thu lc trn h thng iu chnh p sut
tc ng trc tip c th gi lch ca gi tr cn iu chnh mt khong nh, nh c
th t c mt h thng iu chnh tng ng tch phn. Trn hnh 6.17 gii thiu mt h
thng iu chnh p sut tc ng trc tip c tnh cht P ci thin. Trong h thng s dng
mt van gii hn p sut nh c lch t l ln hn, n s m khi no p sut h thng vt
qu p lc l xo t trc trong van gii hn p sut. p sut to ra trc van tit lu y pt
tng iu khin v lm thay i th tch lm vic tng ng. Khi to ra mt ng c tnh
p Q thay i phng, c ngha l h thng c lch gi tr cn iu chnh nh hn.
p
V
n
Gi tr cn iu chnh
V1 max
V
1, 2 cc v tr iu khin tm chn
Hnhng
6.19.
chnh
lu lng c tnh cht
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn
thuiu
lc v
kh nn...183
1234567-
B phn iu chnh;
Pt tng o;
Mng o;
L xo;
u ni v thng;
L khoan;
Pt tng iu khin.
b)
c)
V1.1 = V1.2 = V1 th
P = n1V1(p1 + p2).
d) iu chnh lin hp
Khi pht trin cc h thng iu chnh bm, cc phng php iu chnh gii thiu
thng c lin hp vi nhau c c cc iu kin hot ng hp l nht. Ngoi ra cc
h thng iu chnh v iu chnh lin hp thng c nhn nhn l cc h thng gii hn.
Chng gim st mt cch t ng gi cc thng s thu lc xc nh khng vt qu mt
gi tr cc i cho trc. Khi vic gii hn c thc hin sao cho khng xut hin hao tn
cng sut ng k nh trng hp s dng van gii hn p sut . a s cc trng hp ngi
ta gii hn p sut hoc cng sut trong mt thit b thu lc c iu chnh. Di y gii
thiu hai th d v iu chnh lin hp.
-
Trn hnh 6.23 gii thiu mt h thng iu chnh lin hp p sut lu lng. Trn
b tr b sung mt tit lu iu khin c. st p qua tit lu (p1-p2) t l thun vi
lu lng Q tc ng vo b iu chnh dng (p2 tc ng v pha phi, p1 tc ng v pha
tri) ngc chiu l xo.
Nu tn s quay ca bm tng ln, do lu lng cung cp Q tng ln nn xut hin
st p (p1-p2) ln hn. Van iu chnh dng cung cp b y sang bn phi, do pt tng iu
khin cng b y sang phi theo hng lm gim th tch lm vic. n khi lch p sut
(p1-p2) cn bng vi p sut l xo ca van iu chnh dng, qu trnh iu chnh s kt thc.
Trn hnh 6.24 gii thiu mt h thng iu chnh cng sut c gii hn p sut. H
thng hot ng c bn ging nh iu chnh cng sut n gin m t. Nu p sut ti van
gii hn p sut vt qu gi tr cho trc th khng gian p sut bn phi xy lanh iu khin
thot ti do p sut bm y cc pt tng iu khin sang phi theo hng gim th tch
lm vic cng nh gim lu lng cung cp.
Chng VII
Thit k mch thu lc v cc v d ng dng
Cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca k thut cng ngh hin i, ngy nay k thut
thu lc du to ra cho cc nh thit k c kh rt nhiu kh nng mi so vi cc gii php c
kh trc y. Mt trong s l kh nng thc hin bng thu lc cc chc nng trc y
thc hin thun tu c kh ca cc ph ti cu trc my, th d tc ng phanh c hc c
thay th bng phanh thu lc trn t hoc l h thng nng h thu lc thay th cho cc c
cu nng h c hc trn my ko, my nng nghip. Rt nhiu trng hp trong thc t
cho kh nng t c s hot ng tt hn nh k thut thu lc v vic iu khin my
c thc hin d dng hn.
Trong nnghin cu thit k my mi hoc dy my mi cn lun lun ngh rng, c
nn thay th mt chc nng no , mt b phn no ang l gii php c kh bng gii
php thu lc hay khng? C s phn tch y l mc tin b k thut, gi thnh v ci
thin iu kin lm vic cho ngi s dng. Mt th d tt minh ho cho iu ny l s
thay th my xc gu cp bng my xc thu lc.
Vi my xc thu lc xut hin mt gii php hon ton mi, do s vt tri v
kinh t lao ng m rt nhanh c c ngha rt ln v khoa hc v thc tin.
t c cc gii php nh vy v tn dng y cc kh nng ca thu lc
du, cc nh thit k cn phi gii to cc thi quen c v gii hn ng dng ca cc gii php
c kh v lm thch ng cc ph ti cu trc my theo iu kin ca k thut thu lc du.
Ngoi ra, cn cn kin thc v cc iu kin trong mi trng hp cho vic tnh ton
thit k thit b thu lc.
7.1. Cc v d mch thu lc
Tng t nh khi thit k my ni chung, khi thit k cc thit b thu lc cng phi
xut pht t cc chc nng m my cn thc hin vi tr gip ca thu lc du. biu din
h thng thng s dng s mch vi cc k hiu mch thu lc.
Vic tng hp mt thit b thu lc, c ngha l kt ni cc ph ti thu lc thnh mt
thit b thu lc y v biu din n c th c thc hin n gin nht nh cc s
mch. c mt hnh nh tng qut v cu trc v hot ng ca mt thit b c th b sung
mt s thng tin nh th qung ng thi gian, lc thi gian hoc bng s liu,
Tuy nhin phn tch mt thit b thu lc ch to xong th ch c cc s mch l cha
.
Cc s mch thng gm cc ph ti v nhm ph ti m nh chng ngi ta c
th nm bt tng qut v cu to ca mt thit b, l cc nhm ph ti c bn sau:
a) Cc ph ti to ra lu lng (chuyn i nng lng c hc thnh nng lng
thu lc);
b) Cc ph ti gii hn p sut du (bo v qu ti);
c) Cc ph ti xc nh chiu dng (chiu chuyn ng ca ph ti);
d) Cc ph ti xc nh cng dng du (vn tc chuyn ng ca ph ti);
e) Cc ph ti to ra chuyn ng ca ph ti (chuyn i nng lng thu lc
thnh nng lng c hc).
Q
; FA = pA 1
A1
- Sau khi chuyn mch in t ca van phn phi sang tri: Hnh trnh v
Q
vE =
; FR = pA 2
A2
vE =
a)
b)
vi sai
V tr ra: K1 v K2 nm bn tri
1- Khi hnh: 1a ca van hnh trnh c in,
5-
K 1 sang phi;
ES2: Ngt dng n 1a, 2a c dng in,
K2 sang phi;
ES4: Ngt dng n 2a, 1b c dng in,
K1 sang tri;
ES1: Ngt dng n 1b, 2b c dng in,
K2 sang tri;
ES3: Ngt dng n 2b.
234-
b) Ni c hc cc xy lanh
Chuyn ng ng thi ca hai xy lanh
c thc hin bng cch ni cng bc, chi ph
ch to ln.
c) Chia dng cc ng c iu khin
c
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3.
Mch h;
Mch kn;
a)
b)
b) Mch kn
Bm cung cp lu lng n pha p sut cao ca ng c (th d 180 bar). T pha
p sut thp (th d 5-10 bar) ng c cung cp du trc tip tr li bm. Do chiu dng
khng i nn ng c ch c mt chiu quay. Ngi ta b tr thm mt bm nh cung cp
cho pha p sut thp cn bng lt dng. Cc lc phanh hm c th truyn t bm n
ng c. H thng ny c chi ph u t cao do cn thm mt bm nh v cc ph ti c bit
khc.
a)
b)
ND hoc HD
C th iu khin v cp;
C th thay i v lm mt du nng.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Bm chnh;
ng c;
Bm b sung;
B lc;
Van chn du v;
Van gii hn p sut;
Van qut;
B lm mt;
Van gii hn p sut.
* So snh cc h thng
200 kg
F1
300 N
Lc ma st (tng)
F2
200 N
Lc y khi khoan
Fv
20000 N
Vn tc tin nhanh
vE
0,2 m/s
Vn tc y khi khoan
vA
0,01 m/s
Vn tc li v
vR
0,35 m/s
Cc bc thit k:
1. Xy dng biu hot ng: hnh 7.22
abcd-
y nhanh;
Khoan;
ng im;
Li v.
Hnh 7.22.
Biu hot ng ca
truyn lc y thu lc
trn thit b khoan ngang
AK =
Fmax
; t biu lc Fmax = 20.200 N;
p max
AK =
20200
= 4,04.10 3 m 2 ; dK = 71,12 mm.
50.10 5
Q max
, vi n = 25 v/s 1500 min-1.
n
Vmax =
10 3
= 40.10 6 m 3 .
25
Do c hin tng lt dng nn chn Vmax ln hn mt cht, chn Vmax = 50.10-6 m3.
c) Loi truyn lc v p sut hot ng
tng la chn loi truyn lc v p sut hot ng lun c lin h cht ch vi
nhau. Chng nh hng ch yu n chi ph u t v chi ph hot ng. Th d ngi ta
thng s dng bm pt tng trn cc thit b c p sut hot ng trn 250 bar, cn i vi
p sut nh hn 200 bar thng s dng cc bm bnh rng r hn v nh gn hn. Chi ph
chung bao gm chi ph u t v chi ph hot ng khi s dng 2 bm, trong 1 bm p
sut cao lu lng nh v 1 bm p sut thp lu lng ln, c th nh hn l khi s dng
mt bm c lu lng v p sut u ln.
Khi la chn loi truyn lc cn phn tch tip tc cc ch sau:
-
chnh xc c cung cp ng u;
Tnh kinh t.
Thi gian,
s
2,4
1,2
0,7
1,7
2,0
8,0
Qung ng,
m
0,2
0,1
0,3
-
p sut,
bar
50
200
10
-
Lc kp,
KN
75
300
-
un v li v.
Khi nn p ch c bm HD lm vic.
Bm ND c chuyn mch khng p
sut v thng.
Hao tn khng ti khi i phi v khi
nn p bm ND.
10 50 bar
10 50 bar
10 500 bar
100 500 bar
100 400 bar
50 150 bar
50 150 bar
100 350 bar
100 350 bar
300 400 bar
150 250 bar
100 250 bar
Ch to tu bin
Ch to my bay
M a cht
d) Th d thit k
Trong thc t thng gp cc trng hp ng dng truyn lc thu lc tng t nhau.
Do c th khi qut ho vic thit k, quy hoch mt h thng thu lc t mt hoc mt
vi th d in hnh. thun tin cho vic thit k, quy hoch nn xy dng cc bn d n
thit k, trn trnh by tt c cc yu cu c bn ca thit b thu lc, cc vn c lin
quan v d kin c cc gii php x l cc vn .
Di y l th d thit k mt my p thu lc c cc phn t truyn lc l bn kp,
tay kp v xy lanh p.
S mch d kin c trnh by trn hnh 7.24.
M t hot ng
Yu cu i vi hot ng ca thit b:
- Ti cc k c vn tc pt tng ln: p = 40 bar; Q =1,00.10-3m3/s
- tng chm ti trng (k 4)
: p = 60 bar; Q = 0,17.10-3m3/s
- p
(k 12) : p = 90 bar; Q = 0,17.10-3m3/s
Xut pht t yu cu trn la chn h thng 2 bm chuyn mch t ng. Khi p 40
bar, c hai bm cung cp cho h thng. Khi p sut cao hn chuyn mch bm ND (4) qua
van phn phi 2/2 (9) n mch du khng p sut, sau ch cn bm HD (5) cung cp lu
lng 0,17.10-3 m3/s vi p sut 90 bar. Khi bm HD cung cp du c cho xy lanh p v c
cho cc b phn iu chnh trc. Cc van phn phi v van chn dng c tc ng bng
in t trn c s iu khin trc bng thu lc.
- K 1 Vn chuyn ngang c dn dt nh lnh tn hiu in vo cc phn t tn
hiu a, f, g. Nh dng du khng p sut qua van phn phi 17 b chn li v dng du qua
van phn phi 15 c a n ng c 3. Xy lanh 2 dng li, van phn phi 14 c iu
khin v tay kp m ra, khi c van chn 23 cng c gi v tr kh chn.
- K 2 t vo v tr". B ngt cui hnh trnh E1 ti bn kp ghi nhn s kt thc k
1 v pht lnh cho k 2. Nh phn t tn hiu c c in p v van phn phi 13 n v tr
li v; do vy du p sut cao c dn n xy lanh p 1, pt tng tin ra t vo chi tit; khi
phn t tn hiu f vn cn m, c van chn 16 vn c gi m nn du thu lc c th
chy t xy lanh 1 v thng.
1- Xy lanh p;
2- Tay kp;
3- Bn quay;
4- Bm ND;
5- Bm HD;
6, 7, 8, 18, 24, 27- Van gii hn p
sut;
9, 11, 19, 25 Van phn phi 2/2;
10, 16, 22, 23, 26- Van chn dng;
12- Van phn phi 3/2;
13- Van phn phi 4/3;
14, 15- Van phn phi 4/2;
17, 20- Van chn dng tit lu;
Trng
Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v kh nn...202
21- Vani
tithc
lu;
14, 30 Chuyn mch in p
sut;
k) Cc iu kin v yu cu c bit.
Cc s liu v chc nng ring cho biu hot ng:
1. Tn chc nng (Kp, un, vn chuyn,);
2. Chu k hot ng trong mt n v thi gian (tn s ng ngt,);
3. Tr s khi lng cn gia tc v hm;
4. Qung ng phanh hm yu cu, thay i c;
5. S xy lanh hoc ng c thu lc yu cu;
6. Phng thc c nh xy lanh: 6.1- C nh chn ; 6.2- C nh cnh chn
; 6.3- C nh cnh u trc; 6.4- Lp khp; 6.5- C nh nh ai bn;
6.6- C nh nh ai khp; 6.7- C nh nh khp cc ng; 6.8- C nh
nh khp cu; 6.9- M Crm tng cng cn pt tng;
7. Lc pt tng cc i v m men cc i c th xut hin;
8. ng knh pt tng, ng knh cn pt tng, hnh trnh pt tng;
9. Din tch pt tng ton phn, din tch vnh lm kn;
10. p sut du cc i;
11. Quy nh an ton cn ch ;
12. nh hng ngoi: 12.1- Kh, 12.2- Hi nc, 12.3- t, 12.4- Kim, 12.5Axt, 12.6- Bn, 12.7- C hc, 12.8- Mi trng bn ngoi, 12.9- Mi
trng trong phng, 12.10- Nhit mi trng cc i v cc tiu.
13. Cc iu kin v yu cu c bit ch lin quan n trng hp ny:
+ Lc pt tng ch ng t p sut du ca bm hoc bnh tch p;
- Phn lc t th nng hoc ng nng;
Xy lanh hoc ng c cn c gi cng ti v tr tng ng;
Xy lanh hoc ng c v tr bi.
Hao tn thu c
(Hao tn p sut)
2M1n1
Ti bm
p1v.(Q + Q1v)
Ti bm
(p11-p10).Q1v
Ti van v cc phn t
p vi .Q vi
Ti van tit lu
(p11-p0).Qtlu
Ti ng dn:
Ti ng c
(p21-p20).Q2v
Hnh 7.27. Biu phn
b cng sut v hao tn
trong mt h thng thu
Roi
.Q Roi
Ti ng c
p2v.(Q2-Q2v)
2M2n2
Trn hnh 7.27 gii thiu biu phn b cng sut v hao tn nng lng trong mt
h thng thu lc. T s c th kim tra xem h thng c th t c gi tr yu cu ca
m men truyn v vn tc quay trn trc ng c hay khng?
thit lp cn bng nhit v tnh ton cc phn t trao i nhit cho h thng thu
lc cn bit cng sut hao tn tng cng:
(7.1)
Pv = P1- P2 = 2(n1M1 n2M2).
7.2.3. Tnh ton trao i nhit trong h thng thu lc
a) C s l thuyt
nh lut nhit ng hc th nht. Theo nh lut nhit ng th nht, nhit l mt
dng nng lng cng tho mn nh lut bo ton nng lng.
Trong h thng thu lc nhit c sinh ra t nng lng c hc c truyn dn vo
khi du v cc chi tit ca h thng, c lu gi mt phn ti , phn cn li c to ra
t cc b mt thit b cng nh theo b mt ca b phn tn nhit ra mi trng. H thng
trao i nhit c m t vt l nh sau: Cng a vo mt h thng kn khng on nhit
tc ng lm thay i ni nng ca h thng v lm to nhit ra mi trng.
(7.2)
tnh ton gn ng, c th tnh ton tng thnh phn ca cng thc. Khi vit theo
cn bng cng sut, cng thc (7.2) c dng:
dW dU dQ W
=
+
dt
dt
dt
(7.3)
Pv = (1 ges )P
(7.4)
Trong : P l cng sut tng cng yu cu ca h thng; ges- hiu sut chung ca h
thng. i vi h thng thu lc lm vic vi bm c th tch lm vic khng i, ngi ta
thng tnh ton theo kinh nghim vi ges = 70 75%.
Bin i ni nngB
Nhit sinh ra do hao tn xut hin trong h thng thu lc lm tng nhit du v cc
chi tit ca thit b, khi du thu lc c th lu gi mt phn cng sut sau:
dU
= Qc P
dt
Trong : Q l lu lng du; - khi lng ring ca du; cP nhit dung ring ca
du; - gia tng nhit .
Nhit to ra t h thng thu lc
Nu c s chnh lch nhit so vi mi trng xung quanh h thng s to nhit ra
mi trng. Khi c th xy ra cc dng trao i nhit sau:
- Bc x
- i lu
- Dn nhit
Trong :
(7.6)
- H s truyn nhit;
Trong :
(7.7)
- h s dn nhit;
d
- gim nhit trong vt dn nhit theo phng x.
dx
Chuyn
tip nhit
(1)
Dn nhit
()
Chuyn
tip nhit
(2)
d
1
2
mt
dQ W
= kA
dt
(7.8)
k=
1
;
1 s
1
+ +
1 2
(7.9)
Cc s liu vt liu
Trn bng 2 gii thiu mt s s liu cn thit tnh ton nhit cho cc h thng thu
lc.
Bng 7.2. S liu tnh ton nhit cho h thng thu lc
Vt liu
H s dn nhit
200 C [kW/m.0K]
Du m
Nc
1,126.10-3
0,598. 10-3
1,88
4,18
Khi lng
ring
[kg/m3]
900
1000
(15-58). 10-3
(350-390). 10-3
210. 10-3
St /thp
ng
Nhm
0,47
0,39
0,92
7860
8960
2700
(7-10). 10-3
(10-15). 10-3
(15-30). 10-3
(150-200). 10-3
C = mici = mdcd + mM cM ;
(7.10)
Cn kh nng to nhit:
S = kiAi ;
Trong :
(7.11)
Sau khi khi hnh n khi thit b t n nhit ti hn olmax, cng sut hao tn
bin thnh cng sut tch nhit (tch lytrong du v vt liu thit b) v cng sut to nhit:
Pv = (m d c d + m N C M )
d ()
+ kA
dt
(7.12)
= d mt =
Pv
(1 e )
kA
(7.13)
Vd d c d + m M c M
kA
(7.14)
Khi tnh ton nhit h thng thu lc ngi ta trng b qua kh nng tch nhit
ca khi lng thit b thu lc, bi v khi lng v nhit dung ring ca chng so vi du
thu lc l khng ng k. Do gia tng nhit khi tnh ton thng nhanh hn thc t
v nh vy cng lm tng tnh an ton ca thit b. Hng s thi gian lc ny s l:
=
Vd d c d
kA
(7.15)
Trn hnh 7.29 gii thiu quan h nh tnh, hay cn gi l qu trnh chuyn tip nhit
khi lm nng du trong h thng thu lc.
Khi t gia tng nhit du cc i s l:
max =
Pv
kA
(7.16)
= d mt
P
= v e ;
kA
(7.18)
Trong thc t, nhit bin ng trong khong gia nhit mi trng MT v nhit
ti hn olmax.
Thit b A
Thit b B
PA
PB
4 kW
8 kW
Th tch du
Vd
20.10-3 m3
900 kg/m3
Cd
1,88 kJ/(kg.0K)
mM
10 kg
cM
0,47 kJ/(kg.0K)
2 m2
14.10-3 kW/(m2.0K)
Nhit mi trng
mt
20 0C
ges
0,75
Pv = (1 ges )P
t
Pv
(1 e )
KA
Vd
- Lu lng du
Qd
Pv
- Nhit mi trng mt
- Nhit hot ng h
d = 100 mm;
s = 500 mm;
= 300C.
Gii:
S thay i th tch do h nhit s l:
V = V
tt ca pt tng s l:
s = V/A =V/A; V/A=s.
Thay s, ta c:
s = 9,75 mm.
+ Th d 2
Tt pt tng ca mt xy lanh khi thay i ti trng
S liu cho:
ng knh pt tng
d = 100 mm;
s = 500 mm;
M un nn
K =1,4.104 bar
p = 200 bar
Gii:
Thay i th tch do tng p sut l:
V =
1
pV .
K
tt pt tng l:
s =
1
ps = 7,14mm .
K
Trong c hai trng hp u khng tnh n bin dng ca thnh xy lanh. Trong a
s cc trng hp c th b qua hin tng ny.
7.3.3. Cc nh hng khc
Khi thit k h thng thu lc cn phi quan tm n cc iu kin bin v iu kin
mi trng. Trc ht l thnh phn khng kh nh m, bi bn, cc thnh phn ho hc
khc, Sau l cc iu kin vn chuyn n tay ngi s dng, v d nh vn chuyn qua
bin, nu khng bo qun v ng gi cn thn s dn n nguy c han g.
m v hm lng mui ca khng kh dn n han g thit b rt nhanh trong qu
trnh hot ng. Bi bn c th lm mi mn pt tng v , c th lm tc cc b lc du.
iu kin kh hu hoc tiu kh hu xung quanh thit b cng rt cn c quan tm
khi thit k, th d ti nhng ni nhiu nng m, ti nhng ni c thay i nhit ngy v
m ln th cn phi tnh n trong tnh ton nhit,
7.4. Cc th d ng dng truyn ng thu lc
7.4.1. Hp s thu tnh
a)
b)
c)
1- Bm;
2- ng c;
3- L khoan;
4, 5- Xy lanh iu khin;
6- Khi van.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v kh nn...215
(7.19)
(7.20)
(7.21)
(7.22)
Tachomet
Tch p
iu khin v iu
chnh thu lc - in
Phn th cp
(ng c)
Ti
Ti
H thng di ng
1- ng c bn xoay;
2- ng c di ng;
3, 4- Bm thu lc;
5- ng c t trong;
6- Bm ph;
7- Tch lu p sut thp;
8, 9- Tch ly p sut cao.
1234567-
ng c t trong;
ng c thu lc;
ng c thu lc;
ng c in xoay chiu;
Tch p sut cao;
Tch p sut thp;
Bm thu lc.
Trn hnh 7.40 gii thiu s mt b th thu tnh kim tra v th nghim ng
c t trong. ng c t trong cn th nghim 1 c ni vi hai ng c pt tng dc trc
iu khin th cp 2 qua b gim tc trung gian c th to ti trng bt k cho ng c.
Cng sut tip nhn t ng c c chuyn i thu lc qua hai ng c tip theo 3 n cc
my in d b 4 v t pht in ln mng. Tng t nh vy trong ch y c th ly
nng lng in t mng in truyn chuyn ng quay cho ng c t trong. nh ti
trng xut hin khi tng gim vn tc c san phng nh cc b tch p 5. Bng phng
php ny cng c th lm n nh li in. H thng thu lc c thit k l mch khng
gian phn cch gia b th v h thng thu lc.
7.4.3. Truyn ng thu lc trn cc my t hnh
a) Tr li thu lc
1234-
b) Li thu lc
hon ton
B nh lng;
Van phn phi;
Xy lanh li;
L xo;
Van gii hn p
sutV;
6- Van chn;
7- C chn c hc;
8- Van chn.
12345-
a)
b)
li 4 qua pt tng van 4 li n trc li thun tu c hc. Pt tng c th cun du qua van
chn dng.
b) Li thu lc hon ton
Trn h thng li thu lc hon ton (hnh 7.41b) khng c kt ni c hc gia v
lng v cc bnh hng dn nh i vi cc h thng tr li thu lc.
Nh cc ng ng thu lc c th b tr rt linh ng cc phn t ca h thng. B
phn chnh ca h thng li thu lc l b phn nh lng 1, van li 2 v xy lanh li 3. B
nh lng v van li trong thc t thng c b tr trong mt v. B nh lng thng c
cu trc l my thu lc bnh rng, c nhim v phn chia lng du tng ng vi tc ng
li cho xy lanh li. Pt tng ca van li c kt ni c hc vi v lng nh trc mt me. Nh
khi xoay v lng s c tc ng iu khin pt tng ca van li. Lu lng c iu chnh
t van li c dn n b nh lng 1, nh lm r to ca n quay 1 vng v chia du
tng ng mt vng quay v lng cho xy lanh li. Nh xoay r to m v ngoi ca van li
ko theo xoay xy lanh bn trong, do van li li tr v v tr trung gian khi t c v tr
bnh xe mong mun. Nh l xo 4 m khi nh v lng c th tm li v tr trung gian chnh
xc. Ti v tr trung gian bm cung cp du khng p sut v thng. B nh lng 1 v xy
lanh li 3 c mc th bi. Nu khng nh v lng m gi cht n v tr mi th dng
du s chy qua van li 2 v b nh lng 1 n khi b phn nh lng ca van li chuyn
ng n v tr trung gian. m bo an ton, trn ng du v gia van li 2 v xy lanh
li 3 ngi ta b tr cc van gii hn p sut 5 v van chn 6.
Nu bm cung cp khng lm vic th khi xoay v lng, van li dch chuyn n c
chn c hc 7 lm xoay b nh lng mt cch trc tip. Lc ny b nh lng tr thnh
mt bm d phng thot him, du thu lc c th c ht qua van chn 8.
Cc h thng thu lc li
Li thu lc trn cc my t hnh c th c kt ni vi h thng thu lc c lu
lng khng i, vi h thng thu lc c p sut khng i hoc h thng h thng thu lc
nhy ti. H thng li thu lc rt hay c b tr chung vi cc ph ti khc trong h thng
mt bm v cn gi l h thng thu lc trung tm. Cc dng mch thu lc quan trng nht
c gii thiu trn hnh 7.42.
a) Li thu lc trong h thng lu lng khng i
Dng du cung cp t bm 1 c th tch lm vic khng i c chia dng trong
van iu chnh dng ba ng 2 thnh mt dng c lu lng khng i n xy lanh li 3 v
mt dng du n cc ph ti thu lc khc. Trong h thng ny khng cn c mch u tin
qua van iu chnh dng ba ng cho b phn li, bi v khi dng du cung cp t bm gim
ch c lu lng du n cc ph ti thu lc khc gim di. Van li 4 v c van phn phi cho
cc ph ti thu lc khc u cn c v tr chy vng v thng ti v tr trung gian.
H thng ny c thit k vi cc phn t thu lc n gin v c gi c hp l. Tuy
nhin n c nhc im l lun c dng du chy qua h thng li v cc ph ti thu lc
khc dn n hao tn nng lng ln.
b) Li thu lc trong h thng p sut khng i
Bm du 1 c iu chnh p sut khng i cung cp dng du thch ng chnh xc
vi nhu cu lu lng ca h thng thu lc li v cc ph ti thu lc khc. Tnh cht u
tin cho h thng li c thc hin bng cch m van h qu 2 cung cp du cho ph ti
c) H thng nhy ti
1- Bm;
2- Van u tin;
3- B iu chnh bm;
4- ng tn hiu;
5- Van i chiu dng;
6- Van iu chnh p sutV;
7- Van li.
123456789-
Bm chnh;
Bm iu khin;
Mng chn;
Van iu chnh;
Van o chiu;
Xy lanh iu khin;
ng c thu lc;
Van iu khin;
Xy lanh iu khin.
1- ng c di ng;
2- ng c mm xoay;
3- Bm kp;
4- Xy lanh cn gu;
5- Xy lanh gu;
6- Xy lanh tr gu.
Hnh 7.44. Truyn lc thu tnh trn my xc
ng c di
ng tri
Xy lanh
gu
ng c di
ng phi
ng c
mm xoay
Xy lanh
tr gu
Xy lanh
cn gu
Mch thu lc trn trong h thng l mch ni ghp hai mch h c cung cp du
t hai bm iu chnh tng cng sut. Bm I cung cp du cho cc khi van A v C mc ni
tip, bm du II cung cp du cho cc khi van B v C cng mc ni tip. Hai ph ti trn mi
khi van c mc song song. Cc van chn dng ngn nga dch chuyn khng mong mun
ca cc ph ti khi chu ti ln. Nh lin hp nh vy, hai ph ti trn mi khi bt k (ngoi
h thng di ng) c th hot ng ng thi v khng ph thuc ln nhau; khi chng lun
c cung cp du t mt bm ring. Tt c cc b phn lm vic u c b phn bo v p
sut ring, trn xy lanh tr gu cn c b sung mt van chn dng tit lu gii hn vn
tc tt xung. Dng du v c lc v lm mt. Van p sut 1 c iu khin t p sut vo
trn ng du v ca ng c di ng, c tc dng ngn nga vn tc qu cao khi h xung
h bng cch tit lu dng du khi p sut vo qu nh. My xc c li bng cch tit lu
trn ng du vo cc ng c hai bn xch.
H thng thu lc nhy ti v iu chnh tng cng sut trn my xc (hnh 7.46)
Xy lanh
tr gu
Xy lanh
cn gu
Xy lanh
gu
Xch
tri
Xch
phi
Bn
xoay
cng sut 6. Trong khi p sut lm vic trong mch thu lc bn xoay tc ng trc tip vo
con trt ca van 6, th p sut bm ca bm du 2 li c truyn qua tay n 7 n con
trt ca van 6. Qung ng iu khin thay i ca van ny ph thuc vo v tr ca xy
lanh iu khin bm 8. Khi lu lng cung cp t bm 1 ln th s thay i p sut h thng
s tc ng mt qung ng iu khin bm nh (cnh tay n nh), khi lu lng cung cp
ln s iu khin mnh hn (cnh tay n ln). Nh vy s c c mt ng hyperbol
cng sut theo yu cu iu chnh cng sut. Cc van nhy ti 9-13 c ng mch trc
nh cc cn p sut s cp 14 18, t c chuyn ng u ca tt c cc ph ti ngay
c khi c cc p sut ti khc nhau. Mi p sut ti cao nht c dn qua van i chiu 1922 n b iu chnh dng cung cp 5. trnh b ngt p sut nhy ti v iu khin bm
1 khi chuyn ng xung dc, cc cn p sut s cp 17 v 18 c tc ng di ng t pha
p sut cao thng qua cc van chuyn mch 23 v 24 trong mch th cp ca h thng.
H thng thu lc 3 bm iu chnh in t trn my xc (hnh 7.47)
II
iu
khin
m men
iu iu chnh
khin
nhu cuk
cng sut
luc
gii hn lu lng lngg
III
iu iu chnh
chnh
cng sutc
nhu cu Gii hnn
lu lng lu
lngl
14, 15, 16, 17- Van gii hn p sut; 18- Cht gi thu lc.
C cu treo;
cm thu lc;
Xy lanh gu xc;
Truyn ng trc;
Xy lanh li;
Truyn ng b phn ct;
Truyn ti thng ng.
1- Bm du;
2- Van gii hn p sut;
3- Bm chnh;
4- Van h qu;
5- Van iu chnh dng;
6, 7, 8- Van phn phi.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v kh nn...230
Truyn ng sn moc;
Vn chuyn ngang;
Trc nh lng;
Nng rm;
Xp t thc n kh;
Ci cht;
Bm du;
Cht ti.
1- B chia dng;
2, 3- Van in t;
4- Van 3 ng;
5- B ngt p sut.
Hnh 7.51. Truyn ng thu tnh cho cc b phn lm vic trn r moc
Hnh 7.51 gii thiu mt h thng truyn ng thu tnh nhiu nhnh cho cc b phn
lm vic trn mt r moc hot ng trong nng nghip.
H thng thu lc ca my ko truyn ng cho h thng cht r moc, gom sn
phm trn moc, xp t thc n kh ln cao v m ca rm che. H thng thu lc b
tr ti moc vi h thng bm kp c th tch lm vic khng i, truyn ng t trc trch
cng sut ca my ko cung cp du cho cc ph ti cn li. Mt bm th 2 cung cp lu
lng qua b chia dng 1 n cc ng c truyn ng cho sn v vn chuyn ngang.
iu khin chuyn ng ca sn khi li v vn chuyn ngang t tri qua phi s dng cc van
in t 2 v 3. iu khin v cp chuyn ng ca sn ngi ta trang b mt van iu
chnh dng 3 ng tc ng in t. Khi trc nh lng dng, p sut du trn ng vo tng
ln v b ngt p sut 5 s ngt t ng b phn truyn ng y sn. Van phn phi 2 sau
ch cn gi v tr mch cho chuyn ng li v.
B phn an ton qu ti thu tnh
1- Bm du;
2- Tit lu iu khin
c;
3- Van gii hn p sut;
4- Van an ton.
1- Ca bin;
2, 3- ng ray;
4- Xy lanh;
5- Ti cp.
1- Bm du;
2- Van tit lu iu khin c;
3- B lm mt.
PHN B
Truyn ng kh nn
Chng VIII
C s k thut kh nn
8.1. Nhng vn chung
Bn cnh cc cht lng thy lc nh nc v du, kh nn cng l mt trong nhng
mi cht mang nng lng v tn hiu quan trng nht trong k thut thy kh.
Kh nn c ng dng t rt lu, cch y trn 2000 nm, ngi ta bit to ra
kh nn, lu tr kh nn v s dng lm mi cht mang nng lng. Vo qung th k th 3
v th nht trc cng nguyn Alexandrie cc nh c kh Ktesibios v Heron pht minh
ra cc thit b my mc hot ng bng kh nn.
Tuy nhin lch s pht trin ca k thut kh nn cng c nhng bc thng trm. Mt
mt do trnh k thut cng ngh cc thi k trc cha tng xng, mt khc cn c s
cnh tranh gay gt ca cc h thng truyn nng lng khc nh ng c nhit, truyn ng
in m mi n nhng nm gn y k thut kh nn mi li c c vai tr xng ng
ca n trong sn xut. Thi k bng n ca k thut kh nn bt u cng vi s pht trin
mnh m ca k thut iu khin v t ng ha ca cc qu trnh sn xut, nht l khi c s
tham gia ca k thut in t v k thut tnh hin i. Ngy nay kh nn tham gia vo hu
ht cc lnh vc sn xut nh ch to my, xy dng, k thut xe hi, k thut y hc, k thut
r bot, khai khong
8.1.1. Kh nng ng dng ca k thut kh nn
Trong k thut iu khin
Do c tnh linh ng cao, kh nng truyn dn xa v khng ph thuc vo khng gian
cu trc nh iu khin thy lc v iu khin in nn cc h thng iu khin bng kh nn
cng c th tham gia vo hu ht cc dy chuyn lp rp t ng ha trong cc lnh vc sn
xut, cc h thng kp g, nn p, ng gi bao b trong cng nghip ha cht, thc phm
Ngoi ra k thut kh nn cn c s dng rt c hiu qu ti nhng a bn, ni c nguy c
chy n nh trong vic phun sn, trong cng nghip nha hoc sn xut cc thit b in t
Trong k thut truyn ng
- Truyn chuyn ng va p
Kh nn c truyn chuyn ng va p cho cc my khai thc , khai thc than,
xy dng, lm ng, my khoan, ba my
- Truyn ng quay
Truyn ng kh nn t c s dng truyn chuyn ng quay vi cng sut ln
do c gi thnh cao v hiu sut thp. Cc ng c kh nn c s dng ph hp nht l cho
cc my khoan, my vn vt c cng sut di 3,5kW hoc cc my mi c cng sut khong
2,5kW nhng c tn s quay rt cao khong 100.000vng/pht. Ngoi ra cc ng c kh nn
cn c s dng lm ng c nh v trong cc h thng iu khin.
- Truyn ng thng
Th tch
N2
O2
Ar
CO2
H2
Ne.10-3
He.10-3
Kr.10-3
X.10-6
78,08
20,45
0,93
0,03
0,01
1,8
0,5
0,1
75,51
23,01
0,04
1,286
0,001
1,2
0,07
0,3
40
(%)
Khi lng
%
vng sn xut. Cc thnh phn ny l cc tc nhn chnh gy ra hao mn, han r trong h
thng, v vy cn c cc bin php hoc thit b loi b hoc gii hn hm lng n mc
cho php.
8.2.2. Tnh chu nn ca khng kh
Tnh chu nn ca khng kh dn n hai tc ng c bn:
+ Mt th tch khng kh kn s l mt vt th n hi;
+ Mt th tch khng kh c p sut s tch ly nng lng.
a) Tnh cht n hi v m un n hi
Trn hnh 8.1 Gii thiu mt xi lanh cha khng kh. Chuyn ng ca piston trong xi
lanh s gy ra qu trnh nn khng kh. i vi tnh cht cng vng ca h thng truyn ng
bng xi lanh kh nn th m un n hi v cng ca th tch khng kh nn c ngha rt
ln. M un n hi ca kh nn l:
E L = V
dp
dV
(8-1)
(8-2)
Kn
Kn
= n = np
n +1
V
V
(8-4)
Nh vy m un n hi
ca mt th tch khng kh nn ch
ph thuc vo p sut tuyt i p
v ch s a bin n.
dF
dx
(8-5)
Nu thay
dF = Adp
V = V0 - Ax
dV
dV
= A dx = dx
A
(8-6)
(8-7)
(8-8)
E ol = V
p
V
(8-9)
8.2.3. nht ca kh nn
3/ 4
(8-15)
b) nht ng hc
nht ng hc l nht ng lc hc tnh theo khi lng ring:
(8-16)
p
RT
n v nht ng l m2/s
Gi tr nht ng hc theo p sut v nhit c th tham kho trong cc s tay k
thut nhit.
8.2.4. m ca khng kh
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v Kh nn 241
Nh bit ngoi cc thnh phn ha hc, khng kh ngoi kh quyn lun cha m
dng hi nc. Kh nng cha nc ca khng kh ph thuc vo p sut v nhit . Cc
cng thc tnh ton di y c xy dng da theo gi thit rng: nh lut Dalton v p
sut ring tha mn c vi hn hp khng kh v hi nc; phng trnh kh l tng cng
tha mn vi hi nc. Tuy nhin p sut ring ca hi nc b gii hn bi s bo ha hi
nc ti nhit tng ng. Mt th d rt kinh in l s xut hin ng git hi nc trn
mt a lnh khi t trong vn vo ma ng. Lng hi nc ln nht m khng kh c
th tip nhn trong mt khng gian c gi l lng m bo ha.
i vi cc cng thc tnh ton khng kh m di y th kin thc v lng hi
nc trng thi bo ha ph thuc vo nhit v p sut l rt cn thit.
Trn hnh 8.3 gii thiu
mt th quan h gia lng m
bo ha trong khng kh vi p
sut v nhit . Khi mt lng
khng kh m thay i trng thi
th phn khng kh kh khng thay
i do ha hi v ngng t. Ngi
ta xc nh m khng kh theo
lng hi nc trn mt lng
khng kh xc nh. Khi lng
chung ca th tch khng kh cn
nghin cu l tng ca khi lng
nc v khi lng khng kh, c
ngha l:
M = mD + m2
(8-18)
Hm lng nc (hay cn
gi l m tuyt i) c nh ngha l:
xD =
mD
mL
(8-19)
Hm lng nc ca khng kh
kh khi s l xD = 0, i vi nc v hi nc thun ty xD => .
Nu tha mn nh lut Dalton cho hn hp kh th c th ni rng, p sut tng ca mt hn
hp cc cht kh khc nhau l tng ca cc p sut ring. i vi khng kh m, p sut chung
s l tng cc p sut ring ca khng kh v p sut ring ca hi nc.
p = pD + pL
(8-20)
Trong : P- p sut chung; PD- p sut ring ca hi nc; PL- p sut ring ca
khng kh.
i vi khng kh v hi nc c th vit phng trnh trng thi
21)
pDV = mDRDT
pLV = mLRLT
(8(8-22)
xP =
mD pDR L
p
=
= 0,622 D
mL pLR D
p pD
(8-23)
ps
p ps
=
T s =
p ps
x D p D (p p s )
=
=
x s p s (p p D )
p pD
(8-25)
pD
trong kh tng hc gi l m tng i.
pS
x D pD
=
xs
ps
(8-26)
xD
xs
(8-27)
Trn hnh 8.4 Gii thiu mt th d tnh ton lng nc tch ra khi khng kh khi
qua my nn kh.
Khng kh trong iu kin kh quyn c p sut 1bar, m tng i =70%, nhit
&= 36kg / h s tch ra
200C c nn ng nhit n p sut p2=10bar vi lu khi tng m
&w = 319,1g / h
lng nc ng git l m
h1 h 2 +
hoc l:
h1 +
(v
2
1
v 22
=0
2
v12
v2
= h2 + 2
2
2
(8-28)
(8-29)
Trng thi cht kh trong bnh cn c gi khng i (p1T1), trong khi p sut p2 c
th thay i c nh cnh tit lu.
Vi v1 0 s c phng trnh:
v 22
= h 1 h 2 = c P (T1 T2 )
2
(8-30)
p1
R1
(8-31)
(8-32)
cP
K
=
R K 1
K 1
K
(8-33)
K 1
K p1 p 2 K
v2 = 2
1
K 1 1 p1
dn n:
(8-34)
(8-35)
2 p2 K
=
1 p1
&= A 2
m
K p 2
K 1 p1
(8-36)
2
K p2
p1
K p 2
K 1 p1
K +1
K
2p
1 1
K p2
p1
K +1
K
(8-37)
c gi l hm thot, l mt hm s ca t l p sut
d
p
d 2
p1
(8-38)
p2
, hm s c cc i nu:
p1
=0
(8-39)
p2
p1
2 K 1
=
= b = 0,528
th K + 1
Gi tr cc i ca hm thot khi s l:
(8-40)
max = 0,484
(8-41)
&= A 2 2p11
m
(8-42)
1 =
p1
T1R L 0
(8-42)
& = A 2 p 1
m
2
R L 0 T1
(8-43)
pa
gim
p1
nh hn gi tr ti hn ca n. Khi t
l p sut qu ti hn ch cn ph
thuc nhit trong bnh m khng
cn ph thuc vo p sut bn ngoi.
Nh vy ch c phn bn phi l ph
hp vi vi phun m t.
v 2 th =
2K p 1
=
K + 1 1
2K
R L 0 T1 = KR L 0 T2 th
K +1
(8-44)
(8-45)
T2 p 2
=
T1 p1
K 1
K
(8-46)
Ti gi tr t l p sut ti hn:
K
T2 2 K 1
=
T1 K + 1
K 1
K
2
1
=
= const
K + 1 1,2
(8-47)
T l ny ch tha mn khi:
A2
A0
(8-48)
T l m m l t s gia mt
ct ngang hnh hc A0 vi mt ct ca
vo A1:
m=
A0
A1
(8-49)
so vi vi phun l tng
& = D A 2 p1
m
2
RT1
(8-50)
Trn hnh 8.8 gii thiu c tnh dng chy qua cc tm chn khc nhau so vi c tnh
dng chy qua vi phun l tng.
8.3.3. Dng kh qua khe h hp
Trong hai trng hp nghin cu
trn y u gi thit b qua hao tn
dng chy do ma st nht gia cc phn
t khng kh. Gi thit ny da trn c
s l nht ca khng kh qu nh so
vi cc cht lng k thut khc. Trng
hp ngoi l, khng th b qua ni ma
st ca khng kh l khi dng kh i qua
cc ng ng mng v di hoc l cc
khe h hp (b rng khe h rt ln so
vi chiu cao, t l chiu di: chiu cao
trn 100), th d cc v tr lt kh trn
van con trt hoc piston xi lanh
(8-51)
dn n m hnh ph bin trong thy lc hc v quan h gia lu lng chy qua mt phn t
cn vi lch p sut, cng thc Hagen-Poisseuille cho dng chy tng khng chu nn
Q=
bh 3
p
12l
(8-52)
dp bh 3
dx 12
(8-53)
hoc thay =
p
:
RT
&= p
m
dp bh 3
dx 12RT
(8-54)
n 1
n
& dx =
m
0
bh 3
12R
p2
p1
p
p
T1
p1
n 1
n
dp
(8-55)
&:
Sau khi tch phn s c cng thc tnh m
n 1
n +1
n +1
bh 3 p1 n n
& = p1 n p 2 n
m
12RT l(n + 1)
1
(8-56)
= 18,55.10 6
Ns
m2
b = 10mm
l = 10mm
h = 0,01mm
R= 287
kg
JK
T=2930 K
p2= 1 bar
S m a bin c ly
trong khong n=1 (ng nhit)
n n=1,4 (on nhit). i vi
thay i trng thi ng nhit
(n =1) cng thc (8.56) tr
thnh:
bh 3
p12 p 22
24RTl
&=
m
(8-57)
Tuy nhin cng thc ny ch tha mn cho trng hp chy tng di ti hn do trong
cng thc cha tnh n iu m vn tc dng kh trong mt khe h c mt ct ngang khng
i khng th tng vt qu vn tc m thanh. Vn tc dng kh cao nht xut hin ti mt ct
ca ra, do ti khi lng ring ca khng kh c gi tr nh nht. Nu p sut trc khe h
tng ln th vn tc dng kh tng ln n khi t vn tc m thanh ti mt ct . Nu p sut
tip tc tng th lch p sut khng cn ch tc ng hon ton trong khe h na m p
sut ti ca ra s tng qu p sut kh quyn.
8.3.4. Cc van v v tr tit lu
Cc thnh phn ca h thng kh nn c xem l cc phn t cn thng c cu trc
t lin hp cc phn t cn ring l. Trong a s cc trng hp khng th tch ri xc
nh ring r tng phn t cn, m cn xy dng mt m hnh tng qut v sc cn dng
chy.
m t dng kh qua van v tit lu c th s dng cc gi tr c trng nh t l p
sut ti hn b v gi tr dn dng kh C. n gin vic tnh ton, trong cc trng hp
chung c th s dng cc quan h gn ng dng elip cho hm thot . Cc gi tr h s b v
c c th xc nh bng thc nghim hoc la chn cc gi tr c trng cho cc trng hp
ng dng.
nh hng ca sai lch gia phn t cn k thut so vi mt vi phun l tng nh
vi trng hp phn t cn dng tm chn c th s dng yu t hiu chnh D. Trong trng
hp ny D c chp nhn l khng ph thuc vo t l p sut. Nh c th xy dng
cng thc tnh ton lu khi dng kh cho trng hp qu ti hn:
&* = D A 2 max p1
m
(8-58)
R L 0 T1
0 =
s c:
&* =
m
p0
R L 0 T0
(8-59)
D A 2 max 2R L 0 T0
p0
p1 0
T0
T1
(8-60)
Trn cng thc ny, thnh phn th nht m t dng kh, c xc nh bi din tch
thit din A2, vn tc max 2R L 0 T0 v yu t hiu chnh D trn p sut trng thi tiu
chun. S hng ny c gi l h s dn dng C:
C=
D A 2 max 2R L 0 T0
p0
(8-61)
T0
T1
&* = Cp1 0
m
p2
b
p1
(8-62)
K p 2
K 1 p1
2
K
p
2
p1
K +1
K
p2
1 1
1 b
max
(8-63)
&* c th tnh c lu
Nh t l p sut ti hn b v lu khi dng kh qu ti hn m
khi dng kh trong vng di ti hn ca phn t cn dng.
2
&= Cp1 0
m
T0
T1
p2
p
;
1 1
1 b
p2
1
p1
(8-64)
Xc nh cc thng s c trng C v b
xc nh cc thng s c trng cho dng chy ca mt phn t cn trc ht cn
xc nh cc thng s c trng cho dng chy qu ti hn. Theo ISO 6358 c th s dng hai
phng php o h s dn dng.
Theo phng php th nht ngi ta gim p sut ngc khi p sut vo khng i
n khi lu lng khng tng ln na. iu c ngha l xut hin dng chy qu ti hn,
khi ti v tr hp nht ca phn t cn cn o, dng chy t c vn tc m thanh.
Phng php th hai
thch hp vi cc mu th m
khi khng th thay i
c p sut ngc. Lc ny
ngi ta tng p sut vo
tng bc n khi lu khi
dng kh t l thun vi p
sut vo. Lu khi dng kh
ch c th tng nh p sut
vo (dng chy qu ti hn)
(hnh 8.13), bi v n lm
tng khi lng ring ca
khng kh. H s dn dng C
c tnh ton theo hai
phng php t lu khi
dng kh qu ti hn, p sut
Hnh 8.13. Tnh cht dng kh khi tng
vo v nhit ti thit b o.
p sut vo mu th
Nhit khng kh ti thit
b o c tnh theo trng thi tiu chun trong k thut:
T0 = 293,150 K, 0=1,189kg/m3
Bi v thng thng gia trng thi tiu chun v trng thi s dng khng c s sai
khc ln.
C=
&*
m
0 p1*
T1*
T0
(8-65)
b = 1
p
p1
m
&
1 1
C 0 p 1
T1
T0
(8-66)
gim sai s o ngi ta chn 4 im o trong vng 80%, 60%, 40% v 20% gi tr
dng kh qu ti hn v tnh ton cho mi gi tr o dng kh ny mt gi tr b. Gi tr trung
bnh i s ca h s b s l t l p sut ti hn ca phn t cn dng cn o.
M t dng kh nh cc thng s c trng khc nhau
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v Kh nn 252
Tng t vi cc yu t
trn, tuy nhin li da trn h
thng n v Anh. Lu lng khi l US-Gallons/pht ti st p 1 psi (0,07 bar) vi
nhit 600F (15,60C)
H s f
Ging nh h s Cv, tuy nhin thay US-gallons bng gallons Anh
B rng danh ngha NW (hoc S)
B rng danh ngha c ly l ng knh ca tm chn tnh theo mm, khi n c sc
cn dng tng ng. Trng hp ny cng c th s dng khi nim mt ct ngang tng
ng S.
Lu lng danh ngha tiu chun Qn
gii thiu s b ngi ta thng cho lu lng danh ngha ca van. Thng s ny
l lu lng (thng c tnh bng lt/pht) trong trng hp c p sut vo tuyt i 6bar
v p sut ra tuyt i 5 bar. Phng php o cng nh lch p sut c th c cc nh
sn xut s dng khc nhau.
8.3.5. Mc ni tip cc phn t cn dng kh
Trn cc thit b kh nn cc phn t cn dng kh rt hay c mc ni tip. Di y
trnh by cc cng thc tnh ton cc mch ni tip cc phn t cn dng trong h thng kh
nn.
Tha mn vi tit lu 1:
khi
0<
p2
b1 :
p1
&1 = C1p1 0
m
khi
b1 <
T0
T1
(8-67)
p2
< 1:
p1
&1 = C1p1 0
m
T0
T1
p2
b1
1 1
1 b1
T2 p 2
=
T1 p1
n 1
n
(8-68)
0<
p2
b2 :
p1
&2 = C 2 p 2 0
m
khi
b2 <
T0
T2
(8-67)
p2
< 1:
p1
&2 = C 2 p 2 0
m
T0
T2
p3
b2
p2
1
1 b
2
(8-69)
2n
C
= 1
C2
1+ n
(8-70)
khi
2 1+ n
p2
b1
p 2 C1
p1
1
=
p1
C
1 b1
2
p2
> b1 :
p1
(8-71)
2n
p 2 C1 1+ n
=
p1 C 2
p2
b1 :
khi
p1
v t l p sut
(8-72)
p1
ch cn ph thuc vo C1, C2, b v n m khng ph thuc vo p1,
p2
p
p2
= const = 2
p1
p1
tit lu 2 qu ti hn
(8-73)
p
C12 = C 2 2
p1
2n
tit lu 2 qu ti hn
(8-74)
p
p *3 p *3 p *2
= * . * = b 2 2
*
p1 p 2 p1
p1
tit lu 2 qu ti hn
(8-75)
(8-76)
Tng p sut vo p1, p sut p2 gia hai phn t cng tng n khi c phn t th hai
cng t dng chy qu ti hn.
Trong trng hp ny c th xc nh t l p sut ti hn chung theo cng thc:
b12= b1(b2 + k )
vi
C1
k = 1
1+ n
(C b ) 2 n
2 1
(8-77)
2
(1 b 2 )
3) = b1 c 2 phn t ng thi t ti hn
Trong trng hp gii hn ny cc quan h tr nn rt n gin
C12 = C1
p
b12 = b 2 2
p1
(8-78)
tit lu 2 qu ti hn
= b2b1
(8-79)
p = p
+ p A
(8-80)
p R =
l 2
v
d2
(8-81)
p A = v 2
2
(8-82)
Chng IX
Cc b phn chuyn i nng lng kh nn
Cng nh trong cc h thng truyn ng thy lc, h thng truyn ng kh nn gm
c cc b phn chuyn i nng lng kh nn, cc b phn iu khin h thng,
iu khin v iu chnh mi cht, ngoi ra cn c cc b phn chun b kh nn, lu gi
v phn phi kh nn Cc b phn chuyn i nng lng kh nn gm: cc my nn kh
(bin nng lng c hc thnh p nng tch ly trong kh nn), cc ng c v xi lanh kh nn
(bin nng lng tch ly trong kh nn thnh nng lng c hc dng chuyn ng quay,
chuyn ng thng hoc chuyn ng lc).
9.1. My nn kh
Hin nay my nn kh l cc sn phm k thut ng b v hin i, c cc chc nng
kim tra, iu chnh v iu khin thng minh. My nn kh c th c s dng dng tnh
ti hoc di ng. Trong phn ny chng ti mun gii thiu cc nguyn tc vt l chuyn
i nng lng c hc thnh p nng ca kh nn.
Cc thng s c trng tiu biu m t mt my nn kh l:
p sut hot ng, bar;
Lu lng cung cp, lt/pht;
Lu lng np, lt/pht;
Cng sut danh ngha ca ng c dn ng, W.
p sut hot ng l kh nng kh nn cn t c ca ra ca my nn kh. Lu
lng cung cp l lu lng kh nn cn t c ca ra ca my nn kh trong iu kin
trng thi tiu chun k thut. Da trn cc thng s c trng ny c th so snh kh nng
cng sut ca cc my nn kh khc nhau c p sut hot ng khc nhau. Nu bit lu
lng tiu chun c th xc nh lu lng ti mi p sut hot ng:
&
V
hot dng =
&
p0 V
cung cp, ti u chun
p hot dng
(9-1)
&
p0 V
cung cp, ti u chun
p dng co,danh ngha
(9-2)
Do c gii hn mang tnh qui lut nhit ng lc hc, nn kh nng tng hiu sut cc
my nn kh ch c th c gii quyt bng vic lm tng thch cng sut cung cp vi
cng sut s dng cng nh ci thin cc c cu lm kn.
Cc my nn kh phun du cn du bi trn, lm mt v l cc phn t lm kn. Cc
b lc t sau cc cp nn kh s gi du li trong qu trnh lm vic nn cn phi chm sc
thng xuyn. Lut mi trng hin nay c yu cu ngy cng kht khe v vic thi du v
nc ngng ln du t my nn kh vo mi trng. Trong nhiu ng dng kh nn tip xc
trc tip vi sn phm hoc cc mi cht nhy cm khc, v d trong cng nghip thc phm
hoc khi ch to cc linh kin in t. T xut hin yu cu kh nn khng du v cc nh
sn xut my nn kh khng du lp tc p ng yu cu . iu kin quan trng cc my
nn kh khng du hot ng l phi c nguyn l nn kh c kn cao v khng tip xc.
Cc yu cu tip theo i vi cc my nn kh hin i c t ra theo mc ch t chm sc,
t n, tui th cao v c bit l c tin cy cao.
Theo nguyn l hot ng c th phn loi my nn kh theo cc nhm sau y, (hnh
9.1).
(9-3)
Cng nn kh:
2
W12 = pdV
(9-4)
(9-5)
(9-6)
Wt = pdV + p 2 V2 p1V1
(9-7)
Wt = Vdp
(9-8)
Nu trong khng gian xi lanh II khng phi l chn khng m l mt p sut khng
i th cng k thut cng khng thay i do cng dch chuyn pt tng qua li khi p sut
khng i s t trit tiu ln nhau.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v Kh nn ..259
Qu trnh nn kh nhiu cp
Cc qu trnh nn kh trong thc t c thc hin gn ng vi qu trnh nn a bin,
c ngha l nhit tng theo t l p sut p2/p1. Nhit cng tng, chi ph cho cng nn
cng ln. Ngoi ra trong cc qui nh an ton xc nh gii hn nhit cho tng cp nn
kh, th d trong UVVVGB 16: theo cc iu kin hot ng, nhit gii hn cho my nn
kh mt cp l 2200C v cho my nn kh 2 cp l 1600C. gii hn nhit v nh ci
thin hiu sut khi nn kh ngi ta tin hnh phn cp nn kh, khi kh nn c lm mt
gia cc cp nn. S gim cng nn trong my nn kh 2 cp c gii thiu trn hnh (9-3).
1- Xi lanh v pt tng cp th 2;
2- Lm mt trung gian;
3- Xi lanh v pt tng cp th nht;
4- B lc kh np;
5- Xi lanh v pt tng cp th 3;
6- Chc phn nhnh;
7- B phn sy kh;
8- B phn tch git.
- My nn cn xon;
- My nn rng quay;
- My nn pt tng quay hay my nn Root.
My nn cnh quay
My nn cnh quay l mt my thy tnh c t s nn xc nh theo cu trc. Nh b
tr r to lch tm m th tch gii hn bi cnh quay v stator c nn li khi quay r to. Kt
cu nh gn v chuyn ng lin tc ca r to cho php tn s quay cc i t n
3000vM/ph, cao hn hn so vi my nn pt tng.
Nguyn l hot ng ca my nn kh cnh quay c trnh by trn hnh 9.6
Khng kh c ht vo bung ht (on d -a trn th p -V). Nh b tr lch tm
nn khi r to quay theo chiu kim ng h khng kh s vo bung nn (on a -b trong th
p -V) sau s n bung y (on b -c trn th p -V).
Lu lng kh nn c tnh theo cng thc:
&= (D Z )Zeb n (m3/s)
V
60
(9-9)
Trong :
- chiu dy cnh quay, m;
Z- s cnh;
n- tn s quay ca r to, v/ph;
- hiu sut th tch, =0,7-0,8; e- lch tm, m;
D- ng knh stator, m;
b- chiu rng cnh quay, m.
&= V n 1 , (m3/s)
V
0 vol
60
(9-10)
Trong : V0- th tch lm vic, m3/vng; v0l- hiu sut th tch; n1- tn s quay r to
chnh, (v/ph).
Th tch lm vic V0 c tnh theo cng thc:
V0 = (A1 + A 2 )LZ
VL 0
VL 0 th
Trong :
L- chiu di trc vt; A1, A2din tch mt ct rnh rng r to chnh
v r to ph, (m2); Z- s u mi rng
r to chnh;
VL 0
- t l th tch khe h
VL 0 th
thc t v l thuyt.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v Kh nn ..264
My nn cn xon
Cc my nn cn xon ngy cng c a dng do c t chi tit chuyn ng, t phi
chm sc v cn do nguyn l nn kh hon ton khng tip xc, thch hp vi hot ng
khng du. Nguyn l hot ng ca my nn cn xon trnh by trn hnh 9.10.
thc hin qu trnh nn iu kin khng tip xc v trnh c vic bi trn. Hai r to lp
song song trn mt cp nn chuyn ng hon ton ng b. Bin dng rng ca cc r to
lun to ra 2 bung khng kh nh dn mt cch lin tc v pha p sut cao n khi hon
ton trit tiu v trn pha p sut thp to thnh mt bung kh mi.
Cng c th thc hin kt cu my nn rng quay 2 cp, khi cc my nn c lm
mt bng du, nhng c thit k sao cho khng c s tip xc gia kh nn v du.
My nn Root
Kt cu chnh ca my nn Root
gm 2 hoc 3 r to hay cn gi l pt tng
quay dng s 8, (hnh 9.13), quay ng b
v khng tip xc vi nhau nh mt b
truyn ng t ngoi thn my. Nh
vy kh nng ht, nn ph thuc vo khe
h gia cc pt tng khi quay v khe h
gia cc pt tng v thn my.
My nn kh Root to p sut
khng phi theo nguyn l thay i th
tch m c th gi l nguyn l nn dng.
Khi r to quay c mt vng vn cha
to c p sut trong bung y, ch n
khi r to quay tip vng th 2 th mi y
dng kh to ra sau 2 vng vo bung y.
Vi nguyn l hot ng nh vy dn n
tng ting n v hiu sut thp. T s p
p2
1,8 cn 2 cp = 2,5.
p1
(9-11)
9.1.2. Cc my nn kh thy ng
Cc my nn kh thy ng ch yu c ng dng trong cc b phn hot ng phun
kh v to ra lng cung cp rt ln, th d cc qut gi cho l cao c th cung cp lu
lng ln hn 80m3/pht.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v Kh nn ..266
b- My nn hng trc
(9-12)
Trn hnh 9.15 gii thiu khi qut v vng cng sut ng dng ca cc loi my nn
kh khc nhau.
Cc my nn thy tnh c ng dng trong vng lu lng cung cp nh hn 1000
Nm3/pht (1Nm3 1m3 kh trong iu kin tiu chun), cc loi qut c th hot ng trn
ton di lu lng, cc loi my nn thy ng hot ng trong vng ln hn 500Nm3/ph.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v Kh nn ..267
a)
b)
c)
9.2. ng c kh nn
Trong h thng truyn ng kh nn, ng c kh nn c nhim v bin i p nng
ca kh nn thnh chuyn ng quay lin tc. Khi st p sut qua ng c chuyn thnh
m men quay cn lu lng qua ng c chuyn thnh tn s quay. ng c kh nn c th
c phn loi theo s trn hnh 9.17.
ng c kh nn
ng c r to
ng c pt tng
Cnh quay
ng c tua bin
Bnh rng
ng c Root
Pt tng hng
knhng
truyn
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn
thu dn
lc v Kh nn ..269
(W/kg)
So snh
(W/dm3)
So snh
300
1000 - 1200
ng c pt tng
70 - 150
0,4
70 - 300
0,2
ng c thy lc
600 - 800
2,5
2000
1,7
ng c in
20 - 100
0,2
70 - 150
0,1
ng c diesel
70 - 150
0,4
20 - 70
0,03
Loi ng c
ng c cnh quay
9.2.1. Cu to ng c kh nn
ng c r to thng dng nht l ng c cnh quay v ng c bnh rng. Cc ng
c cnh quay c th c ch to vi gi thnh c bit hp l v thng c s dng trong
cc my cng c cm tay nh: my vn vt, my khoan, my mi Cng sut ra tiu biu ca
ng c cnh quay nm trong khong di 1kW. ng c bnh rng c th thch hp vi
khong cng sut di 0, 5kW v c vi cc cng vic nng n trong cng nghip. Cng sut
ra ca ng c bnh rng thng c th n 70kW cn ca ng c bnh rng xin c th vt
qu 300kW.
Nhc im ca ng c r to l c hao tn lt kh ln hn ng c pt tng, c bit
khi c tn s quay nh. Hiu sut th tch thp dn n m men quay gim mnh theo tn s
quay.
a) ng c cnh quay
Trn cc ng c cnh quay (hnh 9.18) lch p sut qua ng c to ra lc tc
dng ln cc cnh quay. M men quay sinh ra ti r to l kt qu tp hp tc dng ca cc lc
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v Kh nn ..270
ring r. gim lt kh bn trong cc cnh quay c b tr sao cho chng lun t vo stator
di tc dng ca l xo. Vic lm kn ca cc cnh quay cn c h tr bi lc ly tm khi r
to quay. Lc ma st v lc kp trn cnh quay nh hng n qu trnh khi hnh v tnh
quay u ca ng c. S cnh quay c di c la chn t 3 n 5, trong trng hp c
bit c th chn n 10 cnh. Th tch lm vic cc i ca ng c cnh quay, khi b qua th
tch ph thuc gc quay ca cnh, c th c tnh theo cc cng thc sau y:
i vi ng c hai u ni:
h
V0 = bh r +
4
(9-13)
i vi ng c 3 u ni:
V0 =
Trong :
h
bh r +
2
4
(9-14)
b - b rng cu to ca r to;
r - bn knh r to;
h - nng ca cnh quay.
b) ng c 3 u ni.
1- Stator; 2- R to; 3- Cnh quay; 4- Rnh kh vo; 5- Rnh khng kh ra; 6- L thot b sung.
b) ng c bnh rng
ng c bnh rng cng thuc nhm ng c r to. Din tch mt rng ca r to c
kh nn tc ng v to ra m men quay. Trn mt rng n khp xut hin mt m men ngc
chiu quay do tc ng ca lch p sut trn din tch mt mt rng. Trn cc b mt rng
chuyn ng vng theo v to ra mt m
men kp cng chiu quay (theo mi r to l
tch ca lch p sut v din tch b mt
rng). M men quay c tnh bng tch
ca din tch mt rng, lch p sut v
bn knh vng trn chia. i vi ng c
bnh rng c th tnh th tch lm vic ca
ng c gn ng theo cng thc:
V0 = 0,94b R 2 r 2
(9-15)
Trong :
b- b rng r to;
R- bn knh nh rng;
r- bn knh chn rng.
Cc bnh rng r to c th c dng
rng thng, rng xin v rng ch V. ng
Hnh 9.20. ng c bnh rng
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v Kh nn ..272
c bnh rng thng khng c thay i th tch lm vic bn trong r to, do lm vic khng
tn dng cng gin n.
Trn hnh 9.20 gii thiu mt ng c bnh rng ng dng trong cc cng vic nng
nhc.
Vng tn s quay ca ng c bnh rng nm trong khong 1000 v /ph i vi ng
c quay chm v n 16.000 v /ph i vi ng c nh quay nhanh.
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng cc ng c trc vt. Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c
trc vt l nghch o ca my nn trc vt vi cu to tng t.
c) ng c pt tng
ng c pt tng trc ht to ra mt chuyn ng thng sau nh cc c cu truyn
ng khc nhau chuyn i thnh chuyn ng quay. ng c pt tng c hao tn lt kh nh
ti pt tng nn c hiu sut th tch cao.
Nh m rng th tch xi lanh trong qu trnh chuyn ng thy lc nn ng c pt
tng tn dng c phn ln cng gin ca kh nn. Ngoi ra ng c pt tng cn c m men
quay ln trong ton b vng tn s quay v m men khi hnh cao vi tnh cht khi hnh
thun li. So vi cc ng c r to cng cng sut, ng c pt tng c th tch chim ch v
trng lng ln hn.
Tng t nh truyn ng thy lc cc ng c kh nn cng c thit k l ng c
pt tng hng trc v ng c pt tng hng knh. Vic iu khin dng kh nn trong c
hai phng n c thc hin nh cc con trt quay. Trn cc ng c hng knh chuyn
ng tnh tin ca pt tng c chuyn thnh chuyn ng quay nh cc c cu culit hoc
truyn ng khuu, (hnh 9.21).
(9-16)
Trong :
M M = m
V0
(p v p r )
2
(9-17)
M = V 0l
QV
V0
(9-18)
M- hiu sut ma st ca ng c;
V0- th tch lm vic ca ng c;
pv, pr- p sut vo v ra khi ng c;
V0l- hiu sut th tch ca ng c;
QV- Lu lng kh vo ng c.
ng c bnh rng
ng c pt tng hng knh
a) S nguyn l;
p
TA = TE A
pE
Trong :
n 1
n
(9-19)
Trn cc xi lanh kh nn, nguy c ng bng t xut hin hn, v lun c s thay i
gin v nn kh trong khng gian xi lanh.
9.3. Xi lanh kh nn v ng c lc
9.3.1. Xi lanh kh nn
1- Pht lm kn cn pt tng;
2- Vng hng dn;
3,5- Np xi lanh;
4- ng xi lanh;
6- Ca vo kh nn;
7- Pht lm kn pt tng;
8- Pt tng
9- L xo tr v.
Xi lanh mng
Xi lanh mng l mt dng xi lanh kh nn c bit, trong phn t pt tng tr
thng gp c thay th bng mng n hi hoc mng cun (hnh 9.32).
Trong nhng xi lanh c hnh trnh rt ngn (trong khong 20mm) ngi ta thng s
dng mng n hi cao su. Xi lanh mng hot ng vi ma st nh v khng cn bi trn. Cc xi
lanh mng cun c s dng cho cc hnh trnh tu thuc theo c ng knh xi lanh:
- Xi lanh c ng knh 80mm c s dng cho hnh trnh khong 130mm.
- Xi lanh c ng knh 150mm c s dng cho hnh trnh khong 260mm.
Xi lanh mng cun thng gp dng kp cht trong ch to my (hnh 9.33).
a) Xi lanh mng;
Hnh 9.33. Xi lanh mng cun thng gp dng kp cht (hng Festo)
Xi lanh siu gn
Xi lanh siu gn (hnh 9.34) l cc xi lanh kh nn c kt cu c bit tit kim khng
gian chim ch, thng c s dng nhng ni rt cht hp. Theo tiu chun DIN /ISO
6431, cc xi lanh siu gn c th tit kim c 50% khng gian lp rp. Thng thng cc xi
lanh siu gn c ch to lin khi vi np xi lanh. Mt dng c bit ca xi lanh siu gn l
xi lanh kp, c ch to ch cho nhim v kp. Vi loi ny chuyn ng ra nh tc ng p
sut, cn chuyn ng vo nh l xo.
1,9- Np xi lanh;
2- Vng hng dn;
3- Ren ni;
4- Cn pt tng;
5- Pht lm kn cn pt tng;
6, 8- u ni p sut;
7- ng xi lanh;
10- Pht lm kn pt tng;
11- Pt tng.
Xi lanh vn xa
Xi lanh vn xa hay cn gi l xi lanh ng lng c cu to t nhiu xi lanh lp
lng vo nhau. Nh
kt cu nh
vy c th c c
hnh trnh ln trong
khi chiu di cu
trc nh hn (hnh
9.44)
Xi lanh phng
1- u ba;
2- Van l.
Hot ng ca ba my kh nn nh sau:
Kh nn c dn vo t u ni P qua mt van l n mt trong hai khng gian hai
pha ca pt tng. Ti v tr trn hnh v, khng gian bn tri pt tng c p sut cao nh pt
tng chuyn ng sang phi. Nu pt tng ng kn l x R1 th kh nn trong khng gian bn
phi pt tng b nn li. Pt tng chuyn ng sang bn phi n khi m l x R2. Ti thi
im ny c khng gian bn tri pt tng v khng gian bn trn van l c x kh trong khi
khng gian bn di van l li c cung cp kh nn. lch p sut qua van l to nn
s chuyn mch van. Khng gian bn phi pt tng c thng vi ngun p sut, pt tng
chuyn ng sang tri v tc ng vo u ba. Ti v tr ny ca pt tng ca x R1 m
sn cn ca R2 c ng kn. Ti van l xut hin lch p sut theo chiu ngc li v li
chuyn mch v v tr ban u.
e) Tnh cht hot ng ca xi lanh kh nn
Tnh cht truyn ng ca xi lanh tc ng n
Trn cc xi lanh tc ng n, chuyn ng ra ca pt tng c thc hin nh p sut
kh nn cn chuyn ng vo nh lc l xo. Do s dng l xo t bn trong xi lanh nn loi
kt cu ny ch dng cho cc xi lanh c hnh trnh ngn (<100mm).
Trn hnh 9.53 gii thiu s truyn ng ca xi lanh tc ng n di tc ng
ca ti trng.
- Lc tc dng ti xi lanh tc ng n
Theo nh lut Niutn c th vit phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca xi lanh tc
ng n nh sau:
m&
x&= (p A p u )A k mg cos FR (x&, p ) sgn( x&) FF FL
Trong :
(9-20)
FF = (5 10% )p A A k
FR = (5 20% )p A A k
(9-21)
&
m
A A K
(9-22)
x&= D
A 2 p1
2R L TK2
(p1 , p A )
AK pK
T1
(9-23)
x&= D
A2
(p mt , p A ) 2R L TK
AK
(9-24)
x&= C
T
p1 0
(p A , p1 ) 0
T1
A k K
(9-24a)
x&= C
T
p A 0
(p mt , p A ) 0
TK
A K K
(9-24b)
- Lc tc ng ln xi lanh tc ng kp
Lc truyn ng c th s dng c trn xi lanh tc ng kp c gi tr ln hn trong
trng hp xi lanh tc ng n, bi v trong qu trnh chuyn ng ra ca pt tng khng cn
chi ph lc khc phc lc l xo. Phng trnh chuyn ng ca xi lanh tc ng kp c th
vit:
mx&= p A A K p B (A K A S ) p mt A S mg cos FR (x&, p )sign (x&) FL
(9-25)
i vi chuyn ng ra chm: p A p1 ; p B p mt
i vi chuyn ng vo chm: p A p mt ; p B p1
Khi tnh ton cn bng lc ti xi lanh tc ng kp trong nhiu trng hp khng c
php b qua lc do p sut mi trng tc ng vo cn pt tng (pmtAS).
Khi la chn xi lanh cn lu c n ng sut un dc ca cn pt tng. Chiu di
hnh trnh cho php theo p sut cung cp v ng knh xi lanh (lc cc i) c th c
tham kho trn biu hnh 9.55.
Lc ngang tc ng ln cn
pt tng cn phi loi b trit .
Trong cc trng hp xut hin lc
ngang so vi hng chuyn ng ca
xi lanh cn phi b tr b phn dn
hng b sung hoc kt cu theo n
nguyn truyn ng ng b.
- Vn tc chuyn ng ca xi
lanh truyn ng kp
Khi tnh ton vn tc ca mt
b truyn xi lanh tc ng kp cn
phi tnh n c hai lu lng kh
Hnh 9.55. Chiu di hnh trnh cho php
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu
lc ti
v Kh
nnun
..294
theo
trng
dc
&
&
V
V
A
B
=
A K A K AS
(9-26)
Vic tnh ton dng kh vo v ra khi xi lanh cng c th c thc hin tng t
nh khi tnh ton cho trng hp xi lanh tc ng n.
Nu trong hai ng ng dn kh c cc phn t cn dng th cn kim tra dng chy
ti hn trn v di ca cc phn t cn v ca truyn ng ra v truyn ng vo i vi c
hai phn t cn dng. Trong cc b truyn ng ch chu tc ng ca lc ti nh thng xut
hin dng chy ti hn trn pha thot kh, bi v khng kh c gin n trong mi
trng kh quyn (t l p sut p2/p1 qua phn t cn cao). Trong cc trng hp ny s
chnh xc nu tnh vn tc nh lu lng kh nn thot ra khi xi lanh.
1- c tnh ti trng ma st Niutn
nh;
2- c tnh ti trng khi ma st
Niutn ln;
3- c tnh ti trng khi ma st khng
i;
Trng thi hot ng vi dng chy
ti hn trn khi x kh;
Trng thi hot ng v dng chy
ti hn di khi vo v ra khi xi
lanh;
Trng thi hot ng cho cng sut
cc i.
p R A K = d R x&,
(9-27)
1
1
PE = x&max A K p 0
2
2
(9-28)
1- u ni kh nn;
2- Tit lu iu khin c;
3- Van chn dng.
Bng 9.2. Kh nng gim chn ca cc b gim chn cui hnh trnh
ng knh xi lanh (mm)
25
32
40
0,8
2,6 7
50
53
80
100
160
200
14
36
60
100
270
440
Trn hnh 9.58 gii thiu cu to mt xi lanh tc ng kp vi b gim chn cui hnh
trnh iu khin hai pha.
Trong thi gian gn y cc nh sn xut cho hng loi xi lanh kh nn c kt ni
vi h thng o hnh trnh. Cc xi lanh ny c th chuyn ng c hm n cui hnh trnh
nh mt b iu chnh trn c s vi iu khin v mt van phn phi t l 5/3. V tr ca pt
tng c h thng o xc nh. Trc khi t ti v tr cui, van phn phi iu khin cho pt
tng chuyn ng ngc li tng ng nh hot ng gim chn cui hnh trnh tch cc.
Vic iu khin h thng ny c thc hin nh tn hiu iu khin in.
1- ng gim chn;
2- L tit lu;
3- Pt tng gim chn.
9.59. Lc
thuc
tc ca mt..298
xi lanh
Khi np kh nn p sut trong khng gian tc ng ca xi lanh tng ln, trong khi ti
khng gian i din kh c x hon ton. Nu p sut kh nn vt qu p sut khc
phc ma st ngh th truyn ng xi lanh c tng tc. Do lc ma st trong vng ma st hn
hp trc ht gim i nn lch p sut tng tc tng ln v pt tng t c vn tc cao
hn. Do dng kh vo c tit lu nh i nn s tng nhanh th tch s dn n vic gin n
kh nn trong khng gian xi lanh. p sut gim s lm gim gia tc pt tng. Lc ma st lc
ny km hm chuyn ng ca b truyn (gia tc m), trong mt s trng hp c bit dn
n lm ngng chuyn ng. Nu b truyn cn chu tc ng ca ti trng ngc chiu
chuyn ng c th s xy ra trng hp chy li do p sut kh nn hnh thnh qu chm.
Hnh 9.61. S mch v tnh cht khi hnh ca mch iu khin vn tc nh tit lu
dng kh thot
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v Kh nn ..299
Khi tit lu dng kh thot xut hin mt bc nhy khi hnh, kh nn c th chuyn
ng nhanh khng cn vo mt khng gian xi lanh. p sut trong xi lanh c hnh thnh rt
nhanh v nhanh t n gi tr khc phc ma st ngh. Khi bt u chuyn ng lc ma st
trong vng ma st hn hp gim xung, nh xut hin gia tc ln. Gia tc ca pt tng tip
tc tng do dng kh vo khng c tit lu, do b truyn chuyn ng khng kim sot
c v t n mt vn tc ln. Chuyn ng gia tc ln ca pt tng cun theo chuyn ng
ca kh nn trong khng gian xi lanh i din. Nh dng kh thot van chn dng c ng
li, do dng kh thot ra khi xi lanh c tit lu v hnh thnh mt p sut ngc. Gia
tc pt tng gim i v t hnh thnh mt cn bng lc gia p sut ti cc khng gian xi lanh
v lc ma st. Nu tit lu c nh c ph hp, th s xut hin trong v tr tit lu dng kh
thot mt dng chy gii hn trn. Do vn tc dng trong vng tip theo s khng ph
thuc ti trng. y chnh l u im ca mch tit lu dng kh thot so vi tit lu dng kh
vo.
g) Truyn ng y thy kh
Trong thc t k thut i vi cc b truyn ng y rt cn c mt vn tc y u
v khng i, khng ph thuc vo ti trng v tnh trng ma st ca b truyn. Cc yu cu
khng th thc hin c nh cc xi lanh kh nn n gin. Khi c cc yu cu cao v tnh
cht chuyn ng u c th s dng cc b y thy kh.
B y thy kh cu to t mt b truyn xi lanh kh nn kt ni vi mt b truyn xi
lanh thy lc. Xi lanh kh nn m nhn vic to ra lc y, cn vic gi vn tc truyn ng
khng i c thc hin nh tit lu dng du trong mch thy lc. Trn hnh 9.62 gii
thiu s mch v s kt cu ca mt b truyn thy kh. Nu b tr mt van iu chnh
dng tit lu dng du th c th gi vn tc truyn ng y khng i khng ph thuc
vo bin i ca ti trng.
9.3.2. ng c lc kh nn
Cc ng c lc to ra mt chuyn ng quay c gc lc gii hn. Chuyn ng tnh
tin gii hn ca phn t pt tng trong ng c lc c tnh cht truyn ng tng t vi
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v Kh nn ..300
truyn ng xi lanh. c tnh m men quay -tn s quay ca ng c lc iu khin bng van
c th so snh mt cch nh tnh vi ng c tnh lch p sut v vn tc tnh tin ca
b truyn xi lanh kh nn trn hnh 9.56.
a) Phn loi kt cu ng c lc
Dng kt cu thng gp ca ng c lc l xi lanh truyn ng thng kt hp vi b
chuyn i chuyn ng quay, th d thanh rng -bnh rng v ng c lc cnh quay. Km
ph bin hn l cc ng c lc kiu xi lanh truyn ng thng kt hp chuyn i vit me
thnh chuyn ng quay hoc c cu bin tay quay.
c) Bn xi lanh kh nn.
1- Trc lc;
2- Thanh rng;
3, 4- Pt tng.
ng c lc cnh quay
Cu to ca ng c lc cnh quay cng tng t nh ca cc ng c cnh quay. S
khc bit th hin ch ng c lc khng c b tr nhiu cnh quay m thng ch c mt
cnh quay to m men quay v c gi l cnh lc. Trn a s cc ng c lc, cnh lc
c bt cht vo trc truyn. gim lt kh, trn cc cnh lc ngi ta thng lp mt li
lm kn lun t vo stator khi quay. Trn hnh 9.65 gii thiu hnh ct ca mt ng c lc
cnh quay.
1- Trc truyn;
2- C chn;
3- Pht lm kn;
4- Li lm kn;
5- Cnh quay.
ng c lc rnh xon
ng c lc rnh xon chuyn i chuyn ng tnh tin ca pt tng thnh chuyn
ng quay ca trc truyn ng. Trn hnh 9.66 gii thiu mt ng c lc rnh xon. Trn
mt ngoi pt tng ngi ta x cc rnh xon cho cc con ln ta chuyn ng theo . Khi
pt tng chu tc ng ca p sut kh nn s dch chuyn tnh tin y cc con ln chuyn
ng trong rnh xon to thnh chuyn ng quay.
1- con ln ta
c nh trn v;
2- Pt tng v cc
rnh xon.
1- a lc;
2- Pt tng 3;
3- Pt tng 2;
4- Pt tng 1;
5- a gi.
Chng X
Cc b phn iu khin v iu chnh kh nnC
Cc phn t iu khin trong truyn ng kh nn l cc van chuyn i cc thng
s vo kh ng, in hoc c hc thnh thng s ra kh ng (p sut hoc lu lng). Nu
tn hiu vo trc ht c chuyn i thnh tn hiu kh ng sau li tc ng vo mt
van th hai ln hn th ngi ta gi l cc van iu khin trc.
Theo chc nng ca van ngi ta c th phn loi nh sau:
- Van phn phi, xc nh hng, thi im bt u v kt thc ca dng kh;
- Van p sut, tc ng vo p sut kh nn;
- Van chn, ngt dng kh nn ph thuc vo chiu ng dng;
- Van dng, tc ng vo lng dng kh nn.
Cng tng t nh truyn ng thy lc cc van kh nn c biu din theo k hiu
tiu chun quc t, v d DIN -ISO 1219. Trn hnh 10.1 gii thiu mt s k hiu van thng
gp.
As =
NW 2 (6mm) 2
=
= 28,3mm 2
4
4
(10-1)
u im:
u im:
- Lc tc ng nh
- Khng mn cm vi bi bn;
- ng kn tt cc u ni.
Nhc im:
Nhc im:
- Chi ph ln chng thot ti p
- Yu cu cao v chnh xc lp ghp gia con
sut ca cc phn t ng kn;
trt v v hn ch lt kh;
- Tc ng van a s ngc chiu
vi p lc, do vy yu cu lc tc - Khng th khc phc hon ton hin tng lt
kh.
ng kh ln;
- Kt cu t tin yu cu chi ph lp
t gp hn 2 ln.
10.1.1. Van ta
Trn cc van ta cc phn t ng kn s dch chuyn ra vo t ca n khi hot
ng. Theo cu trc c 3 loi van ta thng gp:
- Van ta phng hoc van a;
- Van ta cn;
- Van bi.
Nguyn l hot ng ca cc loi van ta c trnh by trn hnh 10.2.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v Kh nn ..305
a)
b)
c)
b) ta cn;
c) ta bi
b) Van bi (Festo)
Hnh 10.3. Mt s van ta thng gp
10.1.2. Van con trt
Phn t iu khin trn cc van con trt l con trt piston. Kch thc ca con trt
v v van c ch to rt chnh xc v cng tng ng rt chnh xc vi cc u ni kh nn.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v Kh nn ..306
a)
b)
c)
a)
b)
khin con trt piston c s dng ph bin nht trong k thut (hnh 10.5a), cn dng con
trt phng (hnh 10.5b) hin nay hn ch nhiu trong s dng.
10.2. Cc phng php tc ng van
Trong k thut c rt nhiu phng php tc ng van. Di y gii thiu mt s
phng php tc ng tiu biu nht. Vic la chn phng php tc ng no l da trn
mt s c s sau:
- Mc ch s dng van;
- Mc t ng ha;
- Loi x l tn hiu iu khin, th d c hc, in hoc kh ng;
- Tr s ca van;
- Yu cu an ton, th d khi c nguy c chy n.
Bng 10.2 h thng ha cc phng php tc ng van kh nn theo loi x l tn hiu.
Bng 10.2. Cc phng php tc ng van
Trong k thut kh nn
ngi ta thng dng l xo
tc ng tr v trn cc van iu
khin in t v nh xc nh
v tr 0. Mt dng cu trc c
bit ca van kh nn l van xung.
Cc van ny c hai tn hiu vo
ng ng. Ch cn mt tn hiu
xung ngn c th chuyn mch
van. Sau trng thi mch c
gi nguyn n khi c mt tn
hiu xung iu khin tc ng
ngc li. Khi thit k cc van
xung tc ng kh nn cn ch
thot ti p sut hon ton pha
Trn hnh 10.10 gii thiu mt van phn phi tc ng theo kiu piston vi sai. Van c
din tch iu khin hai pha u mt piston khc nhau. Nu pha din tch nh thng xuyn
c p sut tc ng th hai v tr mch c th c thc hin nh iu hng p sut ti pha
din tch ln.
Nam chm in
Nam chm in c ch to theo cc dng cu trc khc nhau: nam chm in li
ct, nam chm l, nam chm lt v nam chm phn lp. n gin nht v thng c dng
trn cc h thng iu khin kh nn cng nghip l nam chm li ct. Cc dng cu trc nam
chm in c m t trn hnh 10.11.
Nam chm t l
Ngc vi cc van phn phi ng ngt, trn cc van phn phi hot ng lin tc con
trt iu khin cn phi c nh v ti v tr trung gian bt k. Cc nam chm ng ngt
m t ni chung khng ph hp thc hin nhim v bi v lc in t ca chng ph
thuc vo tr s ca dng in v c vo v tr ca phn ng.
Cng sut vo
5 - 40W
0.5 - 6%
Tn s gii hn
10 - 150Hz
V tr 0 xc nh
khng c
Cng sut vo
0,2 - 5W
Cng dch chuyn 8 - 80 N.mm
Sai s tuyn tnh
Tn s gii hn
V tr 0 xc nh
01 - 7%
100 - 300Hz
khng ck
Nam chm lc
Trn phn ng ca nam chm lc c b tr hai cun dy. Hai u mt ca phn ng
c t trong t trng ca hai nam chm vnh cu. Phn ng c treo n hi trn mt l
xo un khi c dng in trong cun dy l c th xoay lch i di tc ng ca t trng.
Gii hn t c gi tr n nh khi xut hin cn bng lc gia lc in t vi lc l xo
un. Nh s b tr c bit gia cun dy v cc nam chm vnh cu m lun c quan h gn
nh tuyn tnh gia dng in iu khin i v lch x ca phn ng. Trn hnh 10.14 gii
thiu cu trc mt nam chm lc iu khin van kh nn.
Cng sut vo
0,02 - 4W
Cng dch chuyn phn ng 2 - 40 N.mm
Sai s tuyn tnh
Tn s gii hn
V tr 0 xc nh
01 - 2%
100 - 300Hz
khng ck
1- Cht ni;
2- Nam chm lc;
3- Con trt piston.
Cp iu khin cng sut l mt van phn phi 5/3 kiu con trt piston. Nam chm
lc c b tr trung tm con trt piston v qua mt cnh tay n t vo mt rnh vng
gia con trt. Con trt piston c ch to rng do khi chuyn ng sang phi hoc
sang tri khng xut hin p sut nhiu. Tuy nhin do khi lng con trt gim nn tnh cht
ng lc hc ca h thng tng ln.
ng c tuyn tnh
Trn cc ng c tuyn tnh, cc nam chm vnh cu c to cc sao cho lun gi
phn ng trung tm trong trng thi khng c dng in. Nu cun dy ngoi c dng in
chy qua, s cn bng lc bin i gia t trng nam chm vnh cu v cc cun dy to
nn dch chuyn ca phn ng. Trn hnh 10.16 gii thiu cu trc ca ng c tuyn tnh.
Cng sut in vo
10 - 40W
Cng dch chuyn
400 - 2000 N.mm
Sai s tuyn tnh
0.5 - 6%
Tn s gii hn 10 - 200Hz
im 0 xc nh
ng c in
1- Con trt;
2- V;
3- ng c;
4- Sensor gc;
fs- Tn s cn iu chnh;
fi- Tn s hin ti;
iM- Dng in ng c.
nh v p in
Hin nay xut hin mt loi b nh v tng i mi v nguyn l l cc b nh v
p in. Hot ng ca b nh v ny da trn hiu ng nghch p in, m t bin dng
ca vt liu in t khi c tc ng ca in trng. a s cc thit b s dng loi bin dng
di, khong 1400m/m khi cng in trng 1,5kV/mm. Vt liu ch to phn t bin
dng thng dng l gm. Trn hnh 10.18 gii thiu s hot ng ca mt phn t nh v
p in.
Cc b nh v tnh in
Cc van tnh in hot ng theo nguyn l: khi mt vt th c np in s phn
cc khc nhau s to ra lc tng tc. Lc tnh in ch c th lm dch chuyn hnh trnh van
rt nh nn cc van iu khin tnh in ch ph hp vi cc van iu khin trc. Cc phn
t nh v tnh in c ch to nh k thut vi mch, th d theo cng ngh silic.
nh v nhit
Cc phn t nh v nhit cng ging nh nh v p in v nh v tnh in ch ph
hp ch to cc van iu khin trc vi chnh. Hin nay cc phn t nh v nhit vn cha
c ng dng trong cng nghip m ang l i tng ca rt nhiu d n nghin cu, c
th phn chia thnh cc nhm sau y:
- nh v nhit - c, s dng gin n nhit ca vt th rn lm chuyn ng nh v;
- nh v nhit - kh ng, s dng s tng p sut ca th tch kh khi b t nng;
- nh v nhit - thy lc, s dng s ha hi ca cht lng v tng p sut ca cht lng.
- nh v nh dng (Shap-Memory-Aktoren) c ch to t hp kim (th d Ti -Ni),
khi t nng s xut hin chuyn pha tinh th, do vt liu c th tr v dng ban u t
trng thi bin dng. u im ca nguyn l ny l c mt lc ln. Nhc im l nhit
chuyn pha tng i nh, do khng th s dng nhng vng c nhit mi trng
cao.
Nhc im ca tt c cc loi nh v nhit l thi gian ng ngt chm thng vo
khong 20ms n mt vi giy.
10.3. Cc van iu khin trc
iu khin trc tip cc van nh gii thiu phn trn, ch c th thc hin khi lc
ng ngt mch l nh. Trong thc t cc van c b rng danh ngha ln thng hot ng
gin tip c ngha l thc hin iu khin trc. Trc ht cc van iu khin trc c b
rng danh ngha nh c tc ng, sau truyn tn hiu p sut n cc u ni iu
khin cc van chnh tc ng kh nn.
Trn hnh 10.20 gii thiu vng s dng theo b rng danh ngha v lu lng tiu chun
tng ng i vi cc van tc ng in t. i vi b rng danh ngha 1, 5 n 7 cc van phn
phi iu khin in c th hot ng trc tip v gin tip.
Khi c cng b rng danh ngha cc van s c thi gian ng ngt v cng sut iu
khin in cn thit khc nhau. Cc van iu khin trc c thi gian ng ngt ln hn c
chp nhn trn th trng hn ch cng sut iu khin in, bi v khi b rng danh ngha
ln s lm tng lc iu khin v v th cng sut in cn thit cng tng theo. Do ngay
c cc van c b rng danh ngha nh cng c iu khin trc tng phn. Nh iu khin
gin tip c th gim cng sut iu khin xung 10 ln khi van c cng b rng danh ngha,
xem hnh 10.21 v 10.22.
Hnh 10.21. Thi gian ng ngt trung bnh l hm s ca b rng danh ngha
ca van iu khin in t trc tip v gin tipc
Loi iu khin cho van iu khin trc thng gp trong k thut kh nn cng
nghip l iu khin in t. Tiu biu nht l cc van phn phi ta 3/2, trn din tch
ng kn c tch hp trc tip trn phn ng ca nam chm v th tch bung iu khin
c x kh qua phn rng ca li nam chm (hnh 10.23).
Hnh 10.23. Van phn phi 3/2 c van phn phi ta 3/2 iu khin trc (Barkert)
Mt kh nng ng ngt tip theo iu khin trc l s dng h thng vi phun tm chn. Khi p sut iu khin trc hnh thnh khong gia mt tit lu c nh v
mt tit lu iu khin c. Do tit lu c nh c gi tr dn dng nh hn tit lu iu
khin c v tr m nn ti v tr mch ny bung iu khin c p sut gn vi p sut mi
trng. Nu tit lu iu khin c ng li th ti bung iu khin s c hon ton p sut
cung cp. Mch ny cng c gi l mch chia p sut. Nh np v x kh bung iu
khin ch cn mt rnh iu khin. Nhc im y l lun c dng lt khi m tit lu iu
khin c cng nh x khng hon ton bung iu khin.
Hnh 10.24. Van p sut iu khin trc c h thng vi phun -tm chn
(MSC)
DIN-ISO 5599
Ch ci
n b phn lm vic
2, 4
A, B
X kh
3, 5
R, S
12, 14
Z, Y
Cung cp p sut
iu khin
1- V;
2- u ni ren;
3-Li phn t lm kn;
4- L xo;
5- Vnh lm kn.
14
1
Hnh 10.28. van i chiu dng (IMI-Norgen-Herion)
S logic
12
14
1
Hnh 10.29. Van hai p sut (Festo)
e) Van x kh nhanh
Van x kh nhanh l mt loi van chn c bit, hot ng ca van c gii thiu trn
hnh 10.30.
Nu p sut tc ng vo u ni 1
th ca ra 3 s b chn v ng thi do bin
dng ca li lm kn u ni 2 c thng
vi ngun p sut. Trong trng hp p sut
ti u ni 1 gim xung b phn lm kn
c y tr v v tr ban u. Do u
ni 2 thng vi ca x kh 3 v c th x kh
nhanh qua mt ct ngang tng i ln.
Van x kh nhanh thng c s
dng cho truyn ng xi lanh kh nn khi c
yu cu vn tc tr v ca piston ln. Theo
mc ch cc van x kh nhanh c thit
k c b rng danh ngha ln hn so vi van
phn phi cng c s dng.
b) Van ng mch
Khi t c mc p sut
t trc van ng mch cn phi
m v lu lng dng kh c
a n cc ph ti k tip.
Nh van ng mch ngi
ta c th xy dng ln h thng
iu khin tun t ph thuc p
sut. Cng c th s dng van
ng mch lm van p sut nu
u ni 2 thng vi mi trng.
1- Mng;
2- a van;
3- L xo gim chn;
4- Vt iu chnh.
vic 2. Nu p sut lm vic tng, lc ngc chiu trn pha phi con trt s tng, con trt
iu khin s dch chuyn v n khi t c cn bng lc ca p sut iu khin, lc l xo
v p sut lm vic ti con trt iu khin.
Cc lc dng kh xut hin ti con trt van gy ra cc thng s nhiu cho h thng
iu chnh c hc, dn n mc lm gim p sut i vi dng c lu lng ln. trnh hu
qu ny, cc van iu chnh p sut cn c trang b h thng phn hi bng tn hiu in.
Trong trng hp ny p sut iu chnh c xc nh bng mt cm bin in t; sau so
snh vi gi tr cn iu chnh v t lch iu chnh to ra mt thng s nh v cho b
chuyn i in c. Cu trc ca van ny c gii thiu trn hnh 10.24.
Van iu chnh p sut lin tc iu khin in thng dng trong cc thit b c yu
cu iu khin p sut lm vic ph thuc vo tn hiu in.
10.4.4. Van dng
Cc van dng c nhim v iu khin v iu chnh dng kh nn. Nh thay i mt
ct dng chy hp vi chnh lch p sut cho gia ca vo v ca ra van c th iu
khin lu khi dng kh cng nh lu lng kh qua van.
a) Van tit lu
Van dng c mt ct iu
khin c l van dng quan
trng nht trong k thut kh nn.
Vic iu khin mt ct van c
th thc hin bng tay, bng c
hc, bng kh ng hoc bng
in.
Van tit lu to ra mt
kh nng n gin iu khin
vn tc ca mt b truyn kh
nn, bng cch vn vt vo ng
x kh ca van phn phi 4/2
(hnh 10.35). Phng php ny
1- Vt iu chnh;
c nhc im l lm nh hng
2- B gim m.
n vn tc trong c hnh trnh
tin v hnh trnh v ca xi lanh.
Hnh 10.35. Van tit lu kh x
khc phc nhc im ny c
iu khin bng tay (Festo)
th nh van chn dng tit lu
hoc van phn phi 5/2 v trn c ng x kh ring cho mi ng lm vic v c th b
tr van tit lu cho mi chiu chuyn ng ca xi lanh.
Trn hnh 10.36 gii thiu mt van dng, trong ngi ta c th thay i dng kh
mt cch ch ng nh 9 van phn phi 2/2 mc song song vi cc c khc nhau.
Cc gi tr dng kh ca 8 van thnh phn tng tng t theo logic nh phn h s 2.
Van th 9 c iu khin b rng xung v t lm trn hm dng kh vi 265 cp gin
on.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v Kh nn ..326
1- B g lp van;
2- B gim m;
3- Cc nam chm
ng ngt v cm;
4- Van phn phi 5/2.
Hnh 10.38. Ni van thnh nhm 6 van phn phi 5/2 (Festo)
Khi van c ng dng ph bin nht, nhm van ny ch c mt ca p sut vo
trung tm v x chung ti mt u ni. Rt nhiu van c b tr chung trong mt khi c
bit, (hnh 10.39).
Cc u ni p sut p v u x R c b tr ti mt mt ca khi; cc u ni lm
vic A v B c th b tr ti van hoc ti mt bn ca khi. Vic iu khin van cng c
thc hin ring l.
Vic iu khin van ca mt khi cng c th c iu khin tp trung qua mt u
ni, th d qua mt u cm mng cho cc h thng BUS khc nhau hoc qua mt u cm
nhiu cc. Nh c th ni mch cho mi van ring r, dn n gim chi ph lp rp. Ngi
ta gi l o van.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v Kh nn ..328
Hnh 10.40. o van vi 6 an phn phi 5/2 v 4 van phn phi 5/3 (Nummatic)
1- u ni trung tm; 2- Nt BUS; 3- Cc van;
4- u ni lm vic; 5- u ni p sut; 6- cm in.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v Kh nn ..329
Trn hnh 10.41 gii thiu nhm van kt ni o gm 6 van phn phi 5/2 c b
tr theo dng tm k nhau. Trn mi tm c cc van, ng cung cp kh nn v in, nh
ngi ta c th lp thm cc tm mt cch n gin m rng phm vi hot ng ca o
van. Vt liu nhn to ngy cng c ng dng nhiu ch to dng cu trc van ny.
Chng XI
Cc b phn ph trC
Khng kh c ht vo my nn kh c cha cc tp cht bn dng ht rn, dng
lng v dng kh. Cc tp cht bn ch c gi li mt phn b phn lc kh np, khi qua
my nn kh s c nhn ln nhiu ln nu tnh theo mt n v th tch. cc tp cht rn
v lng khng vo c h thng ng dn v vo n ph ti cn c cc b lc v b phn
tch git. Tuy nhin m tng i ca khng kh vn cn lu li do khng chu tc ng
ca b phn tch git. Khi nhit gim hoc khi gin kh nn c th to ra cc git nc, t
c th lm han g cc chi tit cu trc v dn n lm gim tui th ca thit b. T nguyn
nhn , khng kh sau khi ra khi my nn cn phi c sy kh trc khi a vo mng
li kh nn. kh ca khng kh c c trng bi nhit im sng. Nhit im
sng th hin nhit m ti mt cht kh c bo ho di mt p sut nht nh. Cht
lng kh nn c phn loi theo thnh phn ht rn, nc v du. Yu cu v cht lng
kh nn i vi cc phn t trong h thng kh nn thng c qui nh theo cc tiu chun
quc gia v quc t, th d DIN -ISO 8573 v phn loi cht lng kh nn. Ngoi ra xy
dng c mt h thng truyn ng v iu khin kh nn cn cn c cc b phn ph tr
nh bnh tch p, h thng ng ng v cc
u ni.
11.1. B phn sy kh nn
Trong tt c cc trng hp, khng kh
sau qu trnh nn c sy kh trc khi cung
cp cho mng li kh nn. m t kh ca
khng kh cn da vo p sut im sng, ti
xut hin nhit bo ha ca khng kh
kh. Theo mi kh yu cu ngi ta ng
dng cc phng php sy kh nn sau y:
- Nn qu p;
- Sy lnh;
- Sy hp th;
- Sy hp ph;
- Kt hp nhiu phng php.
Hnh 11.1. B phn sy hp ph
Khi nn qu p khng kh c nn vi
p sut cao hn p sut lm vic, c lm mt
v cho gin n p sut lm vic cn thit. Cc git sng xut hin khi p sut cao hn c
tch ra. Nhc im ca phng php ny l cn c nng lng ln nn thng c p dng
cho cc h thng c lng kh nh.
Phng php sy lnh l phng php tch nc khi lm lnh kh nn t n im
sng ti nhit 2 - 50C.
tng sch ca kh nn. Khng kh c lc tinh thng cn dng cho cng ngh ho hc,
dc phm, cng ngh thc phm hoc trong k thut bn dn.
11.3. iu chnh p sut
Trong cc iu kin bin xc nh, cc thit b v dng c kh nn thng c t
trc mt p sut ring nh l p sut thng xuyn ca mng. p sut ny c th thay i
nh cc b phn iu chnh. Nhim v ca b iu chnh p sut (cn gi l van gim p) l
gi c nh p sut lm vic mong mun (p sut th cp) khng ph thuc vo chi ph khng
kh v p sut s cp. Hot ng v cu to ca van gim p c gii thiu trong chng
10.
11.4. B phn ho trn du
Nhim v ca b phn ho trn du l phun du vo dng kh nn di dng bi
sng mn. Bi sng du nhn s bi trn cc chi tit chuyn ng trong h thng kh nn
v nh gim mi mn, hao tn ma st v tng cng chng r.
Vic ht v x nh ht bi du trn tt c cc b phn ho trn du u c thc hin
theo nguyn l Venturi (hnh 11.3). Chnh lch p sut cn thit ht du tng ng trn
hnh 11.3 c tnh theo cng thc:
p = yd
(11.1)
vi d = dg
Trong : y chiu cao ht;
d - trng lng ring du;
d - khi lng ring ca du.
Chnh lch p sut c th
c xc nh nh phng trnh
Bernoulli v phng trnh lin tc,
do khi lng ring khng kh gn
nh khng thay i:
pD =
L 2
(v D v 2 )
2
( 11.2 )
L vA = DL v D A D
( 11.3)
Trong : pD p sut phun; L - khi lng ring ca khng kh; DL - Khi lng
ring ca khng kh ca phun, coi L DL s nhn c:
v = vD
AD
A0
; v = vD
d2
D2
4
4
L 2 d
v 2D d
p D =
v D 1 hoc p D = L
1 d y (11.4)
2
2g D
D
a. Bnh tch p nhm A: Cc bnh tch p c tch s p sut -th tch (p.V bar.dm3)
nh hn 200 bar.dm3 v p sut hot ng nh hn 0.5 bar c php khng kim nh.
b. Bnh tch p nhm B: Cc bnh tch p c tch s p sut -th tch t 200 1000
bar.dm phi kim nh 1 ln sau ch to.
3
c. Bnh tch p nhm C: Cc bnh tch p c tch s p sut -th tch trn 1000 bar.dm3
phi kim nh thng xuyn 4 nm mt ln vi mu th p sut v quan st bn trong, 8 nm
mt ln c thm cc mu th nc - p sut.
Ngoi ra cn quy nh cho tt c cc bnh tch p:
a. Van an ton nu c tng p sut 10% so vi p sut hot ng cc i th phi
thay th;
b. Phi b tr van chn dng gia bnh tch p v my nn kh.
11.6. ng dn kh v kt ni ng
Tnh kinh t ca mt h thng kh nn ln c th c ci thin nh b tr mch ng
vng v b phn chun b kh nn hp l. Hao tn kh nn trn ng ng v ti cc u ni
lm gim hiu sut ca thit b. Do cn la chn cc ng ng c mt ct ngang ln.
Vn tc dng kh h thng hot ng c hiu qu kinh t nm trong khong 15 - 16 m/s
(trong trng hp ngoi l c th n 40m/s). Cn ch rng hao tn dng kh ph thuc vo
bnh phng ca vn tc dng. Nh vy, cn trnh n mc c th vic b tr cc mt ct
ngang hp hoc ni gc cc ng ng. Trn hnh 11.8 gii thiu mt lc tnh ton
nh c ng ng kh nn. Trn gii thiu mt th d s dng: p sut hot ng 7 bar,
lu khi dng kh 10 Nm3/pht, chiu di ng 200m, st p sut cho php 0.1 bar. T tnh
c ng knh ng bn trong l 70mm.
123456-
My nn kh;
B lm mt;
B phn tch git;
B phn sy;
Bnh tch p;
B phn chm sc;
7- Ph ti;
8- Ch gom nc;
9- Van x nc.
rng nh xng sn xut v.v.. Trn hnh 11.10 gii thiu cc phn t ca h thng phn phi
kh nn.
Vic ni ng mm v ng cng, m thng xuyn cn phi tho lp, c th c thc
hin thun li khi ng dng cc u ni tho lp nhanh. C hai loi u ni tho lp nhanh
thng gp:
- u ni tho nhanh khng cha van chn dng;
- u ni tho lp nhanh cha van chn dng.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Vng lm kn ch O;
Vnh tit din vung;
Vnh c rnh;
Vnh c rnh mt bn;
Lm kn kiu ch;
Lm kn ch kp.
Chng XII
iu khin v iu chnh h thng kh nn
Sau khi gii thiu v c s l thuyt, cc b phn chuyn i nng lng v cc phn
t iu khin, trong chng ny chng ti s gii thiu vic kt ni mch cc phn t thnh
h thng hot ng chung.
Cc h thng kh nn c iu khin v iu chnh thng c tp hp t nhng
thnh phn c bn sau:
- Cc n nguyn iu khin hoc iu chnh;
- Cc phn t nh v (van);
- Cc phn t truyn ng kh nn (xi lanh, ng c);
- Cc cm bin in, kh nn hoc c hc.
Trn hnh 12.1 gii thiu khi qut v h thng iu khin v iu chnh kh nn.
n nguyn
iu chnh
n nguyn
iu khin
Cm bin
nh phn
Phn t
nh v
Truyn
ng
Mch iu khin
Thng tin
Cm bin
trng thi
Phn t
nh v
Truyn
ng
Mch iu chnh
lin tc, cn cc h thng iu khin thng ch lm vic vi tn hiu nh phn (1/ 0) hoc
khng c tn hiu phn hi (h thng h).
12.1. iu khin h thng kh nn
Khi nim iu khin kh nn c hiu l mt h thng chung ca cc phn t lm
vic v phn t iu khin ni vi nhau bng cc ng ng kh nn, khi iu khin kh
nn c th c hnh thnh t mt hay nhiu mch iu khin. Cc h thng iu khin thun
tu kh nn hin nay ngy cng t c s dng, ph bin nht hin nay l cc h thng kh
nn kt hp vi in v in t.
Trong chng ny trc ht gii thiu cc c s quan trng nht ca k thut iu
khin, tip l gii thiu cc th d mch tiu biu v sau na m t cc phn t cu trc c
trng ca iu khin kh nn v cc h thng truyn dn thng tin.
12.1.1. C s l thuyt
C s ca k thut iu khin xut pht t l thuyt logic. T nm 1854 George Boole
chuyn i logic hnh thc thnh mt dng i s, sau ny gi l i s Boole hay i s
logic. n nm 1938 C. E. Shannon s dng i s Boole cu trc logic cc mch ng
ngt in. ng to ra c mt phng tin ton hc c th thc hin kt ni v iu
khin qu trnh.
a) Cc hm s logic c bn
i s Boole xut pht t tng, khng quan tm n gi tr ca tn hiu vt l thc
m ch phn bit chng theo cc trng thi c tn hiu (1) v khng c tn hiu (0) (bin
nh phn). C 4 dng hm s logic c bn nh trn bng 12.1.
Bng 12.1. Cc hm s logic c bn
Hm c bn
Ging nhau
Ph nhn
K hiu mch
1
&
y
x
=1
Hoc
y
nh ngha
Tn hiu ra ging ht tn
hiu vo
Tn hiu ra l ph nhn
ca tn hiu vo
Hnh 12.3. Th d mt s v tr
Cc phn t
Trng thi
Xi lanh Z1
i ra
Trt t bc
i vo
Xi lanh Z2
i ra
i vo
S kin
3 4
5 6
12.1.2. iu khin kh nn
Khi nim iu khin kh nn c hiu l cc mch iu khin c cc phn t truyn
ng, cc phn t nh v v cc phn t o c tc ng thun tu bng kh nn hoc c
hc. Ph thuc vo iu kin mch ca mt bc lm vic k tip ngi ta phn bit thnh
cc loi iu khin tun t khc nhau v s c gii thiu sau y.
a) iu khin tun t theo mun
iu khin theo mun l loi iu khin theo mun ch quan ca ngi iu
khin. Cc phn t nh v c iu khin bng tay hoc bng chn. Mi hnh trnh tin v
li (sang phi hay sang tri) ca b phn truyn ng c iu khin ring r. Trn hnh
12.6. gii thiu mt s mch iu khin theo mun.
c gii thiu trong phn 12.1.1.5 (hnh 12.5). y l mt h thng iu khin tun t ph
thuc hnh trnh c mt phn t thi gian. Di y c th m t h thng iu khin ny:
Mch iu khin c khi ng bng cch tc ng vo van 1.1 bng tay. Xi lanh Z1
i vo tc ng vo van 1.4 do van 1.4 cp mt tn hiu n phn t V 0.2 (tn hiu logic
1). Van xung 0.1 chuyn mch lm cho xi lanh Z1 i ra. Z1 t n v tr cui s tc ng vo
con ln ca van 1.5. Van xung 0.4 cp mt tn hiu p sut cho phn t thi gian 0.5, mt
khc n s iu khin chuyn mch van xung 0.6 nu t thi gian tr. Kt qu l xi lanh
Z2 i ra tc ng vo van 1.3. Nh lm chuyn mch cc van 0.3, 0.4, 0.6 tr li, xi lanh Z2
li chuyn ng vo. Nu xi lanh Z2 tc ng vo van 1.2 ti v tr cui, n s cp tn hiu p
sut qua 0.3 n van xung 0.1 iu khin xi lanh Z1 li i vo. Qu trnh c th lp li n khi
van khi hnh 1.1 c mt tn hiu khc.
f) iu khin theo nhp
iu khin qu trnh theo nhp c th c thc hin nhanh v n gin nh mc k
tip nhau cc phn t cu trc tiu chun (hnh 12.10). Cc chui iu khin nhp c thit
lp bng cch mc ni tip nhiu phn t cu trc tiu chun dng 1. Mt phn t cu trc
dng 2 c mc ng kn mch iu khin.
Cc phn t cu trc dng 1 gm c 3 van, trong c mt van v l mt van phn
phi xung 3/2 tc ng xung mt pha, mt b nh cu to t mt van phn phi 3/2 tc ng
xung kp v mt van Hoc.
Phn t cu trc dng 2 ch khc v tr b tr ca van Hoc.
Hnh 12.10. Cc phn t tiu chun thit k mch iu khin theo nhp
Nguyn l hot ng ca dng 1: Mi phn t ring l c t nh phn t trc
(c ngha l ca ra A c iu khin). Nh mt mt thc hin iu khin phn t nh
v hin thi v mt khc thng qua Zn t ngc tr li phn t trc . B phn nh v
c iu khin thng bo v bc iu khin thc hin qua mt cm bin ti ca vo X.
Tn hiu ny lm chuyn mch phn t V, nh qua cng Yn+1 t tn hiu cho phn t cu
trc k tip. Phn t Hoc cho php cc chui iu khin theo nhp c th c a n v tr
c s ti mi trng thi bt k.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v Kh nn ..349
Trong cng nghip khi nim cm bin c hiu l cc thit b nhn bit v m t
trng thi tc thi ca mt thit b khc theo mt dng no . Trong cc h thng iu khin
cc tn hiu cm bin ph bin nht thng c dng l in p hoc dng in do chng c th
c x l tip d dng nht. V l do
a s cc cm bin cng c dng
lm cc b chuyn i s cp
chuyn i mt i lng khng in
nh qung ng hoc p sut thnh
mt tn hiu in.
Do trong k thut iu khin
ch cn bit cc trng thi nh nguyn,
th d xi lanh i ra hoc i vo, c hay
khng c p sut nn trong phn ny
cng ch gii thiu mt s cm bin
cn dng trong mch iu khin. Cng
tng t nh h thng iu khin tun
t gii thiu cc cm bin cng
c phn ra cc loi: cm bin n
gn, cm bin p sut v thi gian.
a) Cc cm bin n gn
Nt gii hn c hc
Trn hnh 12.13 gii thiu mt nt gii hn c hc, mt cm bin n gn n gin
nht v thng gp nht.
Nu mt phn cam ca b phn truyn lc (th d cn pt tng) qut qua nt gii hn s
to nn mt tc ng ng ngt mch in. Cc phn t c bn ca nt gii hn l cc tip
im cu to t cc vt liu qu nh vng, Platin, bc, vonftam Khi hot ng lu di c
th xut hin nhiu hot ng do b mt tip xc b xc, chy hoc r
T dn n xu hng u tin s dng nguyn l cm bin khng tip xc cho cc
trng hp c s ln ng ngt ln.
B ng ngt t trng
B ng ngt t trng gm mt b ng ngt tip im v mt nam chm vnh cu
gn trn pt tng (hnh 12.14). Nu nam chm cng vi pt tng chuyn ng qua tip im,
qu trnh ng ngt c thc hin. Do cc tip im c b tr trong khng gian tn t nn
khng to ra tia la khi ng ngt v nh vy khng xy ra hao mn khng mong mun. Nu
lp nam chm vnh cu trn pt tng ca mt xi lanh khng phi l thp m c ch to t
nhm, th t trng c th d dng mc vng ra ngoi v cc tip im c th c b tr t
do trn b mt xi lanh thc hin ng ngt mch.
1- Cc tip im;
2- Pt tng gn nam chm;
3- ng Xi lanh bng nhm;
4- Cn pt tng;
5- B ng ngt.
1- V;
2- Cc mass;
3- Cc b;
4- Cc hot tnh;
5- in trng tn x .
1- B pht;
2- B n;
3- Vt th;
4- B phn x.
Phn t cng vo
n nguyn trung tm
Phn t cng ra
a) K thut ni dn truyn
thng;
b) Cm van nhiu cc;
c) Cm van c Bus mng;
d) Cm van c Bus mng tch
hp SPS;
SPS - H thng iu khin lp
trnh lu tr.
Mt h thng Bus tiu chun theo cc hng sn xut c gii thiu nm 1991 l Profi
- Bus. Mt s Bus mng sau c s dng rt ph bin trong cc mng thit b c cc
cm bin v b nh v nh nguyn l ASI Bus (Actor Sensor Interface ). Bn cnh
cn c khong hn mt trm loi Bus mng khc na khng c gii thiu y .
Do CAN Bus, Inter - Bus S v Profi Bus v mt vt l u da trn c s cc
mng ni tip dng RS485 nn khng th phn loi chng theo vic truyn d liu. Ngoi ra,
cc d liu v cng sut vt l ca chng cng gn nh ging nhau. Mi cht truyn d liu
c th s dng h thng truyn 2 dy, cp quang hoc cc dng khc
CAN Bus
CAN (Controller Area Net Work ) khi u c Bosch sng ch v s dng trong k
thut t. Nh tnh nng s dng cao m CAN ngy cng c ng dng rng ri trong cc
lnh vc cng nghip khc. Khong cch khng gian cc i ca Bus v tc truyn dn cc
i ca n ph thuc ln nhau. Tc truyn dn cc i c xc nh l 1 MBit /s. Khong
cch truyn cc i khng vt qu 40m. Khong cch truyn cc i t c 1km khi tc
truyn cc i l 50KBit/s. Trn mt Bus c th hot ng vi 64 nt CAN nu s dng
vn tc truyn cc i. tc truyn dn thp hn c th kt ni 128 thit b tham gia.
Trong mt ln truyn c th cha ti a 8 Byte d liu.
Inter Bus S
Inter Bus S l mt sng ch ca hng Phoenix Contact. S chuyn mn ho ca
Bus ny c tho g t nm 1987, do tp hp c hn 200 hng sn xut cc thnh
phn Inter - Bus- S. Tc truyn dn v khong cch truyn dn khng ph thuc ln nhau.
Tc truyn Brutto l 500 KBit /s v Netto l 300Kbit/s. Bus c thit k phn on, khi
c s khc nhau gia Bus truyn xa v Bus ngoi vi (Bus a phng). Bus truyn xa to
kt ni gia cc nhm mch tham gia. Chiu di ti a ca mt on Bus truyn xa l 400m
v c th mc ni tip n 32 Bus.
Bus a phng hay Bus cc b c phn nhnh t Bus truyn xa to ra cc n
nguyn chc nng. Nh c th tin hnh chm sc tng phn thit b m khng cn dng
c thit b. Mt Bus cc b c th truyn xa 10m v cho php n 8 phn t iu khin tham
gia.
Profi Bus
Profi - Bus c tiu chun ho theo DIN t 1991. i vi cc nh ch to phn cng
c th sng ch tng i n gin cc sn phm cho Profi - Bus bi v tnh chuyn bit ca
Bus c khng nh r rng ni mch Profi Bus. Do tnh ng b ca h thng Bus nn
Profi Bus c chi ph tng i ln so vi cc h thng Bus khc. Profi - Bus c th cho 32
phn t tham gia vi khong cch truyn dn 1200m. Khi khong cch truyn dn nh hn
200m c th phn cp tc truyn dn 9.6; 19.2 ; 93.75 ; 187.5 hoc 500KBit/s. Khi khong
cch trn 1200m th vn tc truyn dn b gii hn 93.75KBit/s. Trong mt ln truyn c
th thc hin ti a 249 Byte d liu.
ASI Bus
Lnh vc s dng ca s Bus ny l cho cc mng thit b c cc on ni tip rt
n gin, gi r ni cc cm bin nh nguyn v cc b nh v nh nguyn ti b iu
khin trung tm. y l h thng truyn dn thng tin theo s Master Slave c th ni
ghp n 31 thit b nhnh qua mt bng cp phng hai dy.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Truyn ng thu lc v Kh nn ..360
a) iu khin lin tc
1- Cm bin lu lng;
2- Ph ti;
3- Van tu ng.
1 2
v
2
2( p1 p 2 )
Q
A2
H s co tht aK: A2 = k A 0
v2 =
Lu lng
2( p 1 p 2 )
Q = DA0
H s dng chy D
Q= D A 0
2( p 1 p 3 )
a) iu khin 2 im;
b) iu khin 3 im
ton thi gian ng mch. S thay i tip theo ca tn hiu bn trong mt chu k xung do b lm
m i nn khng c tnh n. Ngc li, khi qut t nhin, tn hiu PWM c xc nh
nh so snh lin tc gia tn hiu nh v vi mt tn hiu gc dng bc thang, do trnh c
hin tng lm m tn hiu.
iu hng m xung (PCM)
Nh phng php iu hng xung m ho c th iu khin mt lot cc van ng
ngt (V1 - V4). B rng danh ngha ca cc van hp l nht l c t l 1:2: 4. Tu theo mi
ln ca tn hiu nh v m s ni mch mt lin hp cc van (hnh 12.36a).
c) iu chnh v tr nh cc van ng ngt iu hng b rng xung
Mt ng dng mi ca iu khin iu hng xung l iu chnh v tr nh cc van
ng ngt iu hng b rng xung (hnh 12.37). iu kin c bn trong trng hp ng
dng ny l cc van ng ngt cn c tnh thch ng ng lc hc cao, c ngha l thi gian
ng ngt rt ngn.
rng xung xc nh qu trnh thi gian ca tn hiu iu khin van ph thuc vo chiu cao
ca tn hiu nh v. Khi c tn hiu nh v m, van 1 v van 4 hot ng, cn khi c tn hiu
dng th van 2 v van 3 hot ng.
Chng XIII
ng dng ca k thut kh nn
Kh nn c ng dng rt rng ri trong k thut, cng nghip y t v cc ngnh sn
xut khc v thng xuyn xut hin thm nhng ng dng mi v cc lnh vc s dng mi.
Trong chng ny gii thiu mt s th d tiu biu c la chn v ng dng ca truyn ng
v iu khin kh nn trong sn xut v i sng hin nay.
13.1. ng dng trong k thut t ng ho
Chi ph lng cao cng nh cnh tranh quc t ngy cng khc lit dn n mt xu
hng ngy cng tng l t ng ho cc qu trnh sn xut. Trong k thut t ng ho, kh
nn tham gia vo cc trc nh v cc u kp v tham gia vo hot ng ca cc u kp
bc d sn phm.
13.1.1. Cc trc kh nn
Trong t ng ho, trc kh nn c hiu l mt h thng nh v bao gm b phn
truyn ng, b dn hng tuyn tnh, van, cm bin v b phn iu chnh.
Trn hnh 13.1 gii thiu mt h thng t ng ho c kt ni t nhiu trc kh nn.
Hnh bn tri l mt h thng bc d xoay thng ng 4 bc t do gm c b truyn lc, mt
trc ngang, mt trc Z v mt u kp. Bn phi l mt h thng khoan -vn vt 3 bc t do
cu to t mt trc ngang v mt trc Z.
hot ng lp rp.
a. Kp km
b. Kp ngn
c. Kp chn khng
b) Kp lp xe (Dalmec)
My khoan.
Trn hnh 13.8 gii thiu mt my khoan cm tay hot ng kh nn, kh nn c dn
vo u ni nm phn di tay cm nu tc ng vo van iu khin. ng c cnh quay
c cung cp kh nn v bt u quay. Hp gim tc hnh tinh chuyn i chuyn ng
quay vn tc cao thnh chuyn ng quay vn tc nh vi m men quay ln ti u kp mi
khoan. Kh nn qua s dng c dn qua b gim thanh v thot ra ngoi t phn di tay
cm.
1. Tay cm;
2. ng c cnh quay;
3. Hp s hnh tinh;
4. u kp mi khoan;
5. Van iu khin;
6. B gim thanh;
7. L x kh.
My vn vt
Theo dng cu trc c th phn loi my vn vt thnh cc loi my vn vt gc, my
vn vt kiu sng ngn v kiu mm ln. i vi trng hp ng dng c bit c th l my vn
vt va p, my vn vt xung hoc my vn vt xung thu lc - kh nn. Trong cc loi my ny
khng to ra m men quay lin tc m ch to ra cc xung quay ring l. u im ca phng
php ny l ngi s dng ch cn gi my vi m men phn lc nh v vi mt cu trc nh gn
nh c th to ra m men vn ln. Hnh 13.9 gii thiu cc dng cu trc tiu biu ca my vn
vt kh nn.
My ct v my mi kh nn
Do kh nng cho tn s quay cao nn cc ng c kh nn rt thch hp vi cc qu
trnh mi v ct. C rt nhiu phng n to ra chuyn ng quay v chuyn ng dao ng.
Mt s dng my ct v my mi cm tay hot ng kh nn c gii thiu trn hnh 13.10.
Trn hnh 13.11 gii thiu cu trc ca mt my mi truyn ng kh nn.
1. Tay n kp;
2. u kp ba;
3. Cu;
4. Ca x kh;
5. Ca kh vo di;
6. Rnh kh;
7. Van bi;
8. Tay n;
9. Cht van;
10. L xo;
11. Van iu khin;
12. Ca x trong;
13. im va p;
14. u ba.
1, 2. B phn lc;
3, 4, 13, 14, 16, 20.
Van chn dng;
5, 6. Cm bin p
sut;
7, 8. Van tu ng;
9. Van p sut;
10, 12. Van phn
phi 2/2;
11. Cm bin O2;
17, 21. Cm bin p
sut;
18. Van iu chnh
p sut;
19. Van th ra;
22. Cm bin lu
lng.
Kh xy
v khng kh c
lm sch cc b lc 1 v 2, chy qua cc van chn dng 3 v 4 n h thng trn cu to t
cc u o p sut tuyt i 5 v 6 cng nh hai van ty ng iu khin in 7 v 8 nh
lng v to ra nng kh mong mun.
ht vo cc van tu ng 7 v 8 cung cp mt lu lng xc nh vi nng O2
chnh xc. Cm bin O2 11 o nng O2 ca kh ht vo, van th ra 19 c iu khin qua
van iu chnh p sut bng in 18, gi kn pha th ra. Sau qu trnh th ra tch cc, hai van
tu ng 7 v 8 ng li. Van th ra vn trng thi ng. th ra van 18 c thot ti to
p sut iu khin cho van th ra 19, vic th ra c thc hin qua van chn dng 20, van
th ra 19 v cm bin lu lng 22 n ca x kh. Ngoi ra cn c cc van v phn t cu
trc c chc nng an ton v ti lp cc dng th khc, khng m t trn hnh v.
Trn hnh 13.15 gii thiu hnh nh bn ngoi ca van iu chnh p sut tu ng cho
kh O2 v khng kh, cc phn t iu chnh in t v cc u ni ht v th nhn to.
Mc lc
M u
Phn A. Truyn ng thu lc
Chng I. C s k thut truyn ng thu lc
1.1. Cu trc v hot ng ca mt b truyn lc thu lc ..
1.2. Cht lng thu lc ..
1.3. C s k thut thu tnh ....
1.4. C s thu ng lc hc ...
1.5. K hiu mch thu lc ...
Chng 2. Truyn ng thy ng ...
2.1. Nguyn l hot ng v ng c tnh ca truyn ng thy ng
2.2 Phn loi v kt cu ca truyn ng thy ng .
2.3. Tnh ton l thuyt b truyn thy ng ..
2.4. Cc v d ng dng truyn ng thu ng ....
Chng III. Cc b phn chuyn i nng lng thu tnh
3.1. Bm v ng c thu lc ..
3.2. Xy lanh thy lc v ng c lc ..
Chng 4. Cc van thu lc ..
4.1. Cc phng tin tc ng van ...
4.2. Van phn phi ...
4.3. Van chn ...
4.4. Van p sut .....
4.5. Van dng ...
4.6. Van hai ng kt cu khi ..
4.7. Cc dng kt ni van....
Chng V. Cc b phn truyn dn nng lng thu lc
5.1. Cc phn t ni dng ...
5.2. K thut lm kn ...
5.3. Thng du .....
5.4. Bnh lc ...
5.5. Tch p thu lc ....
5.6. B phn trao i nhit .....
5.7. Cc thit b ng ngt mch v thit b o ..
Chng VI. iu khin v iu chnh truyn ng thu tnh
6.1. Cc phng php thay i lu lng ..
6.2. iu khin nh bm iu khin c ..
6.3. iu chnh nh bm iu khin c ..
Chng VII. Thit k mch thu lc v cc v d ng dng
7.1. Cc v d mch thu lc ...
7.2. Thit k v tnh ton h thng thu lc .
7.3. Phn tch tnh cht hot ng ca h thng truyn ng thu lc
7.4. Cc th d ng dng truyn ng thu lc ..
Phn B. Truyn ng kh nn
Chng VIII. C s k thut kh nn ...
8.1. Nhng vn chung ...
8.2. Tnh cht kh nn k thut ...
8.3. Cc nh lut dng kh ....
Chng IX. Cc b phn chuyn i nng lng kh nn
9.1. My nn kh ....
1
3
3
5
13
15
26
29
29
43
56
71
77
104
112
113
119
133
135
141
147
150
153
156
158
159
162
166
167
170
171
175
180
187
187
197
211
213
237
237
238
244
257
9.2. ng c kh nn ...
9.3. Xi lanh kh nn v ng c lc ..
Chng X. Cc b phn iu khin v iu chnh kh nn
10.1. Cc dng cu trc van ..
10.2. Cc phng php tc ng van ..
10.3. Cc van iu khin trc ..
10.4. Hot ng ca van kh nn ...
Chng XI. Cc b phn ph tr
11.1. B phn sy kh nn ...
11.2. B phn lc v tch git ..
11.3. iu chnh p sut ..
11.4. B phn ho trn du ....
11.5. Bnh tch p ...
11.6. ng dn kh v kt ni ng ..
11.7. B phn lm kn ....
Chng XII. iu khin v iu chnh h thng kh nn .
12.1. iu khin h thng kh nn ...
12.2. iu chnh h thng kh nn ...
Chng XIII. ng dng ca k thut kh nn
13.1. ng dng trong k thut t ng ho ..
13.2. Kh nn trn cc thit b t hnh ..
13.3. ng dng kh nn trn cc cng c cm tay .
13.4. ng dng trong k thut y t ..
Ti kiu tham kho
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317
320
331
332
333
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334
336
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341
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360
372
375
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380
Mc lc
M u
Phn A. Truyn ng thu lc
Chng I. C s k thut truyn ng thu lc
1.1. Cu trc v hot ng ca mt b truyn lc thu lc ..
1.2. Cht lng thu lc ..
1.3. C s k thut thu tnh ....
1.4. C s thu ng lc hc ...
1.5. K hiu mch thu lc ...
Chng 2. Truyn ng thy ng ...
2.1. Nguyn l hot ng v ng c tnh ca truyn ng thy ng
2.2 Phn loi v kt cu ca truyn ng thy ng .
2.3. Tnh ton l thuyt b truyn thy ng ..
2.4. Cc v d ng dng truyn ng thu ng ....
Chng III. Cc b phn chuyn i nng lng thu tnh
3.1. Bm v ng c thu lc ..
3.2. Xy lanh thy lc v ng c lc ..
Chng 4. Cc van thu lc ..
4.1. Cc phng tin tc ng van ...
4.2. Van phn phi ...
4.3. Van chn ...
4.4. Van p sut .....
4.5. Van dng ...
4.6. Van hai ng kt cu khi ..
4.7. Cc dng kt ni van....
Chng V. Cc b phn truyn dn nng lng thu lc
5.1. Cc phn t ni dng ...
5.2. K thut lm kn ...
5.3. Thng du .....
5.4. Bnh lc ...
5.5. Tch p thu lc ....
5.6. B phn trao i nhit .....
5.7. Cc thit b ng ngt mch v thit b o ..
Chng VI. iu khin v iu chnh truyn ng thu tnh
6.1. Cc phng php thay i lu lng ..
6.2. iu khin nh bm iu khin c ..
6.3. iu chnh nh bm iu khin c ..
Chng VII. Thit k mch thu lc v cc v d ng dng
7.1. Cc v d mch thu lc ...
7.2. Thit k v tnh ton h thng thu lc .
7.3. Phn tch tnh cht hot ng ca h thng truyn ng thu lc
7.4. Cc th d ng dng truyn ng thu lc ..
Phn B. Truyn ng kh nn
Chng VIII. C s k thut kh nn ...
8.1. Nhng vn chung ...
8.2. Tnh cht kh nn k thut ...
8.3. Cc nh lut dng kh ....
Chng IX. Cc b phn chuyn i nng lng kh nn
9.1. My nn kh ....
1
3
3
5
13
15
26
29
29
43
56
71
77
104
112
113
119
133
135
141
147
150
153
156
158
159
162
166
167
170
171
175
180
187
187
197
211
213
237
237
238
244
257
9.2. ng c kh nn ...
9.3. Xi lanh kh nn v ng c lc ..
Chng X. Cc b phn iu khin v iu chnh kh nn
10.1. Cc dng cu trc van ..
10.2. Cc phng php tc ng van ..
10.3. Cc van iu khin trc ..
10.4. Hot ng ca van kh nn ...
Chng XI. Cc b phn ph tr
11.1. B phn sy kh nn ...
11.2. B phn lc v tch git ..
11.3. iu chnh p sut ..
11.4. B phn ho trn du ....
11.5. Bnh tch p ...
11.6. ng dn kh v kt ni ng ..
11.7. B phn lm kn ....
Chng XII. iu khin v iu chnh h thng kh nn .
12.1. iu khin h thng kh nn ...
12.2. iu chnh h thng kh nn ...
Chng XIII. ng dng ca k thut kh nn
13.1. ng dng trong k thut t ng ho ..
13.2. Kh nn trn cc thit b t hnh ..
13.3. ng dng kh nn trn cc cng c cm tay .
13.4. ng dng trong k thut y t ..
Ti kiu tham kho
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304
305
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317
320
331
332
333
333
334
336
338
341
342
360
372
375
377
380