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2012

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Tavi 1. pedagogikis sagani

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am TavSi Tqven gaecnobiT:

ras niSnavs sityva pedagogika;
ras swavlobs mecniereba pedagogika;
ra aris pedagogikis mecnierebis ZiriTadi cnebebi;
rogoria cnebaTa mimarTeba:
*aRzrdis viwro gagebasa da ganaTlebasa da swavlebas
Soris;
*aRzrdis farTo gagebasa da ganviTarebas Soris;
*aRzrdis farTo gagebasa da aRzrdis viwro gagebas,
ganaTlebasa da swavlebas Soris;
*aRzrdis farTo gagebasa da pirovnebis socializacias
Soris.
ra aris pedagogikis meTodologiuri safuZveli da
pedagogikis kvlevis meTodebi;
romel mecnierebebTan aqvs kavSiri pedagogikis
mecnierebas.
rogoria Tanamedrove pedagogikur mecnierebaTa sistema

pedagogikis ZiriTadi cnebebi. nebismieri mecnierebis

mizans, zogadad, samyaros Secnoba, masSi mimdinare

movlenebis, procesebis asaxva warmoadgens. samyaroSi

mimdinare procesebi mravalferovania da, Sesabamisad,
mecnierebebic, romlebic ama Tu im movlenas swavloben,
uamravia. mecnierebis kvlevis damoukidebel obieqtad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos sinamdvilis mxolod is movlena an
sagani, romelsac ar swavlobs arc erTi sxva mecniereba.
mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba ewodos konkretuli
codnis kvlevis sferos konkretuli mecniereba. iseve
rogorc yovel mecnierebas, pedagogikasac gaaCnia Tavisi
damoukidebeli kvlevis obieqti, sagani da am sagnis
SeswavlisaTvis saWiro kvlevis meTodebi. amis gareSe arc
pedagogika iqneboda damoukidebeli xasiaTis mecniereba.
ra warmoadgens pedagogikis, rogorc mecnierebis kvlevis
sagans da, Sesabamisad, rodis Camoyalibda pedagogika
damoukidebel mecnierebad? swored am sakiTxebis
garkvevasa da gansazRvrebas SevecdebiT am TavSi.
termini pedagogika berZnuli sityvaa (paidagogos), igi
ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: paidos bavSvi da agogos tareba
da am sityvebis pirdapiri gagebiT bavSvis tarebas,
gaZRolas, xelmZRvanelobas niSnavs. Zvel saberZneTSi
pedagogad iwodeboda is piri (mona), romelic skolaSi
atarebda Tavisi batonis Svils. mogvianebiT pedagogebi
warmoadgendnen daqiravebul Tavisufal pirebs, romlebic
xelmZRvanelobdnen mozardebis aRzrdasa da swavlebas.
Tanamedrove ganmartebiT, pedagogika aris mecniereba

aRzrdis Sesaxeb.
,
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/. /

 , ,
. , ,

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-
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,
-

,
,

),

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, ,

, ,
mis mizansa da amocanebs ayenebs
da,

amis

Sesabamisad,

aRzrdis

sistemasac

sruliad

Taviseburi saxe eZleva. am mimarTebiT aRzrdis sistemebi

erTmaneTisagan
pedagogikis

gansxvavdebian,

gankerZoebul

rac

SeiZleba

ganmartebaSi.

aisaxos

amdenad,

aq

mocemuli pedagogikis zogadi ganmarteba sworia yvela

droisa da epoqis mimarT, sworia pedagogikis, rogorc
mecnierebis ganmarteba, magram masSi araa asaxuli aRzrdis
ama

Tu

im

sistemisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli

ZiriTadi

niSandoblivi Tviseba.
nebismieri saxelmwifos safuZveli aris misi axalgazrdobis ganaTleba
diogene;

amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes, rom yoveli mecniereba, rogorc

Semecnebis

garkveuli

sfero,

viTardeba,

icvleba

da,

maSasadame, ama Tu im terminis an cnebis ganmartebasa da

klasifikacias aqvs ara absoluturi, aramed fardobiTi
mniSvneloba,

yoveli

cneba

mxolod

erTi

nabijia

Semecnebis gzaze, yoveli cnebis ganmarteba WeSmaritia

mxolod

mocemuli

kanonzomierebidan
ganviTarebisa

da

droisa

da

gamomdinare,
drois

sivrcis

pirobebSi.

momavalSi,

am

mecnierebis

moTxovnebis

Sesabamisad,

SeiZleba Seicvalos ama Tu im pedagogikuri terminis

ganmarteba,

misi

Sinaarsi

da

Taviseburebani,

rac

sruliad logikuri movlenaa. ufro metic, mecnierebis

ganviTarebis erTsa da imave etapzec, sxvadasxva mecnieri,
gamomdinare sakuTari msoflxedvidan, sxvadasxvagvarad
ganmartavs
vinaidan

Tavad

aRzrda

aRzrdis
imdenad

process.
farTo

da

es

bunebrivicaa,

yovlismomcveli

cnebaa, rom Znelia konkretulad gansazRvro igi. Tumca,

yvela mecnieri Tanabrad Tanxmdeba, aRiarebs, rom zogadi
gagebiT aRzrda pirovnebis formirebis procesia. azrTa
gansxvavebulobas iwvevs sakiTxi, Tu rogor, ra gzebiT,
ra saSualebebiT xdeba pirovnebis formireba.

rogorc aRvniSneT, pedagogika aris mecniereba aRzrdis

Sesaxeb.

pedagogikis

sagnis

gansazRvris

Semdeg,

bunebrivia, dgeba sakiTxi, rogori xasiaTis mecnierebaa

pedagogika,

sinamdvilis

miekuTvneba

igi,

sad

kvlevis

uWiravs

klasifikaciaSi

sabunebismetyvelo,

Tu

romel

adgili

socialur,
kidev

sferos

mecnierebaTa
humanitarul,

romelime

sxva

tipis

mecnierebaTa Soris. udavoa, rom nebismieri mecnierebis,

maT

Soris,

Sinaarssa
misive

da

pedagogikis

mecnierebis

amocanebs,

Taviseburebebs

kvlevis

kanonzomierebani

obieqtis,
da

xasiaTi.

xasiaTis

mixedviT

xdeba

amdenad,

pedagogikis,

xasiaTs,

gansazRvravs

sagnis

swored

rogorc

ZiriTadi

sakvlevi

mecnierebaTa

mis

sagnis

klasifikacia.

mecnierebis

zogadi

daxasiaTebisaTvis, aucilebelia gairkves misi sagnis aRzrdis arsi da kanonzomierebani.

aRzrda pedagogikis ZiriTad cnebas warmoadgens. ZiriTad
da

uzogades

uwodeben.

cnebebs

ki,

maSasadame,

mecnierebisaTvis

Cveulebriv,

kategoriebs

aRzrdas

pedagogikis

kategoriis

mniSvneloba

aqvs

da,

Sesabamisad, misi arsisa da xasiaTis garkvevas udidesi

mniSvneloba aqvs pedagogikis mecnierebisaTvis.

Kkategoria

(kategoria)

berZnuli

sityvaa

da

niSnavs

gamonaTqvams, braldebas, niSans. kategoria ZiriTadi da

uzogadesi cnebaa, romelSic warmodgenilia sagnis da
movlenis
mimarTeba,

uzogadesi

da

sinamdvileSi

arsebiTi

Tviseba,

moqmedi

mxare,

obieqturi

kanonzomiereba.

[dialeqtikuri

materializmi,

Tbilisi,

1970, gv. 221].

aRzrda

pedagogikaSi

farTo

da

viwro,

specifikur-

pedagogiuri gagebiT ganixileba.

farTo gagebiT aRzrda pirovnebis formirebis procesia.
pirovnebis formirebaSi igulisxmeba mTeli is procesi,
romlis meSveobiTac axaldabadebuli bavSvi gadaiqceva
zrdadasrulebul, codniT, unariT da CvevebiT
SeiaraRebul adamianad. es ki SesaZlebelia ufrosi
Taobis mier momavali TaobisaTvis socialuri
gamocdilebis, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, kulturis
gadacemis saSualebiT. maSasadame, aRzrdis procesi
kulturis gadacemiT xorcieldeba. ismis kiTxva - ra aris
is gza, xerxi, saSualeba, romliTac SeiZleba momavali
TaobisaTvis kulturis gadacema, anu aRzrda? kulturis
- kacobriobis materialuri da sulieri monapovrismomavali TaobisaTvis

gadacema SesaZlebelia mxolod

ori - swavlebisa da ganaTlebisa gziT. maSasadame,

aRzrda, rogorc procesi, Tavisi zogadi gagebiT,
ganaTlebasa da swavlebas gulisxmobs.
pirovnebis formirebaSi igulisxmeba misi fizikuri da
sulieri formireba, rasac, antikuri epoqidan
moyolebuli, harmoniul aRzrdas uwodeben. sulier
formirebaSi platoni da aristotele adamianis gonebriv,
zneobriv da esTetikur formirebas gulisxmoben.
maSasadame, platonisa da aristoteles mixedviT,
harmoniuli aRzrda gulisxmobs adamianis fizikur,
gonebriv, zneobriv da esTetikur ganviTarebas.

rogorc

zemoT

ganixilaven

aRvniSneT,

farTo da

aRzrdas

pedagogikaSi

viwro gagebiT. aRzrda viwro

gagebiT gulisxmobs adamianis pirovnuli maxasiTeblebis

da qcevis wesebis Camoyalibebis process, sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, gulisxmobs im unarebis ganviTarebas, romelTa
wanamZRvrebi, SesaZleblobebis saxiT, adamians, rogorc
biologiur

individs,

savsebiT

naTelia,

arsebiTi

mniSvneloba

dedis

rom

organizmidan

pirovnebisaTvis

aqvs.

vinaidan

dahyveba.

am

unarebs

aRzrda

farTo

gagebiT gulisxmobs bavSvis momzadebas sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebisaTvis, mis harmoniul - fizikur da sulier
(gonebriv, zneobriv, esTetikur) Camoyalibebasa da iseTi
TvisebebiT

SeiaraRebas,

romelTa

saSualebiTac

igi

sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevri gaxdeba, cxadia, rom farTo

gagebiT aRzrdaSi, ganaTlebasa da swavlebasTan erTad,
viwro gagebiT aRzrdac moiazreba. maSasadame, farTo
gagebiT

aRzrda

mocavs

viwro

gagebiT

aRzrdas,

ganaTlebasa da swavlebas (SemdgomSi termin aRzrdis

qveS, yovelTvis moviazrebT farTo gagebiT aRzrdas avt.).
SevecadoT,

davaxasiaToT

TiToeuli

maTgani

da

maT

Soris arsebuli kavSirebi.

terminebi

aRzrda

da

swavleba

mecnierebaSi

yofiTi

metyvelebidan damkvidrda. roca aRzrdasa da swavlebaze

vsaubrobT, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom moiazreba ara
mxolod saxelmwifos mier dagegmili da organizebuli
saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo

procesi,

sazogadoebrivi

procesebic,

ojaxsa

socialur

da

im

aramed

romlebic
garemoSi,

yofiTi,

xorcieldeba

sadac

mozardi

cxovrobs.

am

procesSi

igulisxmeba

konkretuli

qmedebebi da RonisZiebebi, romelsac mSobeli atarebs

Svilis mimarT da, aseve, socialuri wris, masmediis da
sxva

sainformacio

aRzrda

saSualebebis

xorcieldeba

gavlenebi

sazogadoebis

mozardze.

cxovrebis

yvela

sferoSi, mag., fizikur aRzrdaze gavlenas axdens kveba

da

yofiTi

pirobebi,

zneobrivi

zneobriv

atmosfero,

aRzrdaze

urTierToba

ojaxis

megobrebTan

(konfliqturi Tu megobruli), ufrosebis damokidebuleba

mozardTan

da

organizacia
aRmzrdelebs
droulad

da

sxva.

bunebrivia,

marTva

seriozuli

SeniSnon

yvela

TiTqmis

am

procesis

SeuZlebelia,

Zalisxmeva

amitom,

sWirdebaT,

mavne zegavlenebi da

raTa

miznobrivad

warmarTon aRmzrdelobiTi muSaoba bavSvis pirovnuli

maxasiaTeblebis maqsimaluri srulyofisaTvis. maSasadame,
unda

ganvasxvavoT aRzrda,

rogorc

obieqturi

socialuri movlena da aRzrda, rogorc saxelmwifos

mier

specialurad

organizebuli

procesi,

razedac

qvemoT gveqneba farTod saubari.

araferia codnaze uZvirfasesi, is yovelTvis gadaswonis
gancxromasac da yovelive sxva danarCensac platoni;
ganaTleba. termini ganaTleba farTo pedagogiuri
mniSvnelobiT pirvelad Sveicarielma mecnierma iohan
pestalocim Semoitana. terminis Sinaarsi

Seesabameboda

mis pirdapir mniSvnelobas naTelis (uflis xatis)

formirebas. sulxan-saba orbeliani naTels
ganmanaTlebels ukavSirebs: naTeli ganmanaTlebeli,
sinaTle; gaanaTla naTeli mohfina [sulxan-saba

orbeliani, sityvis kona. Tb. 19.. weli].

rusulad

ganaTleba -- xatis formirebas niSnavs,

germanulad ausbildung (bild-suraTi).
aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom terminebi aRzrda da
ganaTleba oficialur pedagogiur gamocemebsa da
dokumentebSi me-18 saukunemde ar moixsenieba.
saqarTveloSi termin aRzrdas vxvdebiT me-10 saukunis II
naxevarSi, kerZod, arsen II kaTalikosis TxzulebaSi
ioane zedaznelisa da misi mowafeebis cxovreba. me-6
saukunis asureli mamis Sio mRvimelis cxovrebis
aRwerisas igi wers: aRzardes mravliTa moRvawebiTa da

aswaves mas yoveli werili Zueli da axali da

Targmanebai maTi. [il. abulaZe, asurel moRvaweTa
cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi, gv. 64-143].
Tanamedrove gagebiT ganaTleba sistemuri, mecnieruli
codnis SeZenis procesi da Sedegia.
ganaTleba

moiazrebs adamianis mier codnis dauflebas

da mis safuZvelze unarebisa da Cvevebis ganviTarebas,

kacobriobis

mier

gamocdilebis
ganaTleba

ama

Tu

im

mizanmimarTul

sazogadoebis

sferoSi

dagrovili

SeTvisebas.

maSasadame,

kulturasTan

mimarTebis

Taviseburi da aucilebeli formaa, ganaTlebis gareSe

adamiani ver gaxdeba sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevri.
Tavisi pirdapiri pedagogiuri mniSvnelobiT, ganaTleba
codnis dauflebas niSnavs. codnis gareSe ki adamianis
samoRvaweo asparezi Zalze SezRudulia. swored amas
aRniSnavs

xalxuri

Tqma

ucodinari

adamiani

xelfexSekruliao. didi qarTveli mwerali da sazogado

moRvawe ilia WavWavaZe, romelmac saqarTveloSi pirvelma

gamosca

pedagogikis

safuZvlebi),

saxelmZRvanelo

ganaTlebis

Sesaxeb

wers:

(pedagogiis

WeSmariti

ganaTleba ganviTarebuli gonebis da gawurTnilis znexasiaTis erTmaneTTan SeuRlebaa ganuyrelad, da Tu kacs

an erTi aklia, an meore, igi ganaTlebuli ar aris da,
Cvenis fiqriT, isev goneba ganuviTarebeli da zne-xasiaT
gawurTvnili kaci sjobia, vidre goneba-ganviTarebuli da
zne-xasiaT

gauwrTvneli.

[pedagogiuri

Txzulebani,

Tbilisi, 1938, gv.

321].
ganaTlebis

amgvari

gagebis

safuZvelze

(ganaTleba

codnis SeZenis procesi da Sedegia), cxadia, mas unda

hqondes

is

ZiriTadi

amocanebi,

romelTa

efeqturi

gadawyveta gansazRvravs ganaTlebis Sedegis ragvarobas,

mis xarisxs.
ganaTlebis amocanebia:

mecnieruli codnis, sinamdvilis ZiriTadi movlenebis

arsebiTi mxareebisa da kanonzomierebebis SeTviseba;

codnis gaazrebulad, Segnebulad SeTviseba; codnaSi

arsebiTi

da

meorexarisxovani

sakiTxebis

gamoyofis

unaris formireba (codna adamianis namdvili kuTvnileba

unda iyos);

kritikuli analizis unaris formireba;

codnis SeZenis unaris formireba (swavlis swavla),

dauRalavi Sromis Cvevebis Camoyalibeba, codnis SeZenis

optimaluri pirobebis SemuSaveba;

codnis damoukideblad SeZenis unaris formireba;

verbaluri

da

raodenobrivi

azrovnebis

unarebis

formireba;

komunikaciuri unarebis formireba;

SeTvisebuli

codnis

praqtikaSi

gamoyenebis

unaris

formireba;

msoflmxedvelobis formireba.

yovelive

amis

gamo

SeiZleba

vTqvaT,

rom

ganaTleba

gansazRvravs adamianis sulier kulturas. ganaTlebis

gareSe adamianisaTvis miuwvdomeli iqneba sazogadoebis
monapovari misi ganviTarebis ama Tu im safexurze, igi
ver

daakmayofilebs

sazogadoebis

moTxovnebs.

rasac

mohyveba seriozuli problemebi adamianis cxovrebisa da

SromiTi mowyobis procesSi. amdenad, didia ganaTlebis
roli da mniSvneloba adamianisaTvis.
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaTvis momzadebis xasiaTidan da
miznidan gamomdinare, ganaTlebis sami saxe arsebobs:
zogadi ganaTleba, umaRlesi ganaTleba da profesiuli
ganaTleba.
saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTleba, evropuli sivrcis
Sesabamisad, sami safexurisgan Sedgeba: sabakalavro
ganaTleba (240 krediti), samagistro ganaTleba (120
krediti) da sadoqtoro ganaTleba (180 krediti).
profesiuli ganaTleba ki saqarTveloSi xuT safexurs
moicavs. I, II, da III safexuri erTiandeba sxvadasxva donis
profesiul kolejebSi da iq swavlis ufleba aqvT sabazo
skolis kursdamTavrebulebs (9 klasi), Tumca SeuZlia
nebismieri asakisa da ganaTlebis mqone pirsac. Semdegi

ori safexuri (IV, V), SedarebiT maRali donea da iq

swavlis ufleba aqvT mxolod sruli saSualo
ganaTlebis mqone pirebs. Tu ers surs iarsebos qveyanaze,
TvalisCiniviT unda icavdes erovnuls gonebas, sulsa da
guls, icavdes, anviTarebdes da aRorZinebdes Tavisi
qveynis enas, erovnuls ganaTlebas, kulturas, raTa sapatio
adgili moipovos erTa Soris da gaxdes Taviseburi da
mniSvnelovani nawili kacobriobisa../iakob gogebaSvili/

zogad

ganaTlebas

mozardi,

ZiriTadad,

saSualo

skolaSi eufleba. Cvens qveyanaSi saSualo skola sam

safexurs moicavs: dawyebiTi skola - I-VI klasebi, sabazo
skola - VII-IXklasebi da saSualo skola - X-XII klasebi.
zogadi

ganaTleba

ganaTlebulobis

warmoadgens

safuZvels.

mis

gareSe

pirovnebis
SeuZlebelia

specialuri ganaTlebis miReba. saSualo skola mozards

aZlevs im codnas, uviTarebs im unarebsa da Cvevebs,
romlebic

aucilebelia

yoveli

adamianisaTvis

ganurCevlad imisa, daeufleba Tu ara igi momavalSi

specialur

ganaTlebas.

zogadi

ganaTlebis

SinaarsSi

gamoiyofa saswavlo sagnebis rva ZiriTadi jgufi:

1. saxelmwifo ena;
2. maTematika;
3. ucxouri enebi;
4. sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi;
5. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi;
6. teqnologiebi;
7. esTetikuri aRzrda;

8. sporti.
sagnobrivi jgufebi aerTianebs momijnave disciplinebs
da, sagnobrivi kompetenciebis mixedviT, moicavs rogorc
savaldebulo, ise arCeviT sagnebs. zogadi ganaTlebis
samive safexurze sagnobriv jgufebSi Semavali sagnebi
iswavleba savaldebulo da/an arCeviTi saxiT. dawyebiT
safexurze sagnebs Soris integraciis xarisxi gacilebiT
maRalia, vidre sabazo da saSualo safexurebze, sadac
sagnebi

ufro

specializebulad

iswavleba.

[,,erovnuli

saswavlo gegma, gv.26-27]

ganaTlebis saxeebis Sinaarsi da amocanebi ganisazRvreba
konkretul

epoqaSi

moqmedi

aRzrdis

mizniTa

da

amocanebiT, maSasadame, sazogadoebis cvalebadobisa da

ganviTarebis

doniT.

sazogadoebis

kvalobaze,

icvleba

kadrebisadmi,

rasac

moTxovnebi

Sesabamisi

ganviTarebis
profesiuli

cvlilebebi

mohyveba

saSualo da specialur ganaTlebaSi, Tumca, specialuri

ganaTlebis Secvla iwvevs zogadi ganaTlebis Secvlasac,
radgan

zogad

ganaTleba.

zogadi

ganaTlebaze

Sendeba

specialuri

ganaTleba

specialuri

ganaTlebis

iseT dasayrden da aucilebel safuZvels qmnis, romlis

gareSe

SeuZlebelia

profesis

mqone

pirovnebis

momzadeba, miT ufro maRali kvalificiis mqone kadris.

yovelive

zemoTqmulidan

ki

naTlad

Cans

ganaTlebis

saxeebis urTierTkavSiri da urTierTganpirobebuloba.

rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, kacobriuli codnis
momavali TaobisaTvis gadacemis erT-erT gzas ganaTleba
warmoadgens. codna ki ganuwyvetliv izrdeba. Sesabamisad,

rTuli xdeba im sabaziso codnis SerCeva, romelsac unda

daeuflos momavali Taoba zogadi ganaTlebis procesSi.
amasTan, rogori gulmodginebiTac ar unda iqnes
SerCeuli codnis moculoba zogadi ganaTlebisaTvis, igi,
mecnierebis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad, mainc izrdeba, rac
seriozul winaaRmdegobas qmnis moswavlis
SesaZleblobebTan, radgan, Sesabamisad, rTuldeba
saswavlo procesic. swored aman ganapiroba istoriaSi
ganaTlebis sxvadasxva Teoriis aRmoceneba.
magaliTisaTvis movitanT formaluri da materialuri
ganaTlebis Teoriebs, saidanac SemdgomSi gavrcelda
klasikuri da reluri ganaTleba.
uwignod TvalTaxedvis isari moklea. .
formaluri ganaTlebis momxreTaTvis ganaTlebis mizans
formaluri azrovnebis Camoyalibeba warmoadgenda, xolo
materialuri ganaTlebis momxreTaTvis ki rac SeiZleba
meti

codnis

SeZena.

TiToeuli

maTganis

ukiduresi

calmxrivobis sawinaaRmdegod, XIX saukunis bolos, k. d.

uSinskis TaosnobiT, Seiqmna ganaTlebis Teoria, romelic
orive Teorias aerTianebda da ganaTlebis miznad saxavda
rogorc

moswavlis

ganviTarebas,

ise

mTeli

rac

SemecnebiTi

SeiZleba

meti

Zalebis
faqtobrivi

mecnieruli codnis, misi sistemis dauflebas, vinaidan

savsebiT naTelia, rom veraviTar formalur operaciebs
ver

ganaxorcielebs

moswavle,

Tu

mas

ar

aqvs

im

faqtobrivi codnis minimumi, romlis saSualebiTac unda

ganaxorcielos esa Tu is gonebrivi operacia.
ganaTlebis miznis zemoT aRniSnuli problema mTeli
sigrZe-siganiT

dgas

dResac.

ganaTlebis

mkvlevarebi,

eqspertebi,
moqmedi

ganaTlebis

politikis

maswavleblebi

specialistebi

ganaTlebis

miznebis

da

mudmiv

ZiebaSi arian, raTa ganaTlebisa daA swavlebis xarisxma

SeZlos sazogadoebis mzardi moTxovnebis dakmayofileba.
ganaTlebisa

da

swavlebisadmi

istoriulad,

swavlebisa

da

amgvarma

interesma,

ganaTlebis

sxvadasxva

Teoria da mimdinareoba warmoSva, kerZod, Tanamedrove

saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi gvxvdeba ganaTlebis Semdegi
mimdinareobebi:

idealizmi,

egzistencializmi,

pragmatizmi, realizmi, perenializmi, eqsperimentalizmi,

biheviorizmi,

konstruqtivizmi

da

sxv.

xazgasmiTaa

aRsaniSnavi, rom sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa da epoqis

Sesabamisad,

ganaTlebisa

da

swavlebis

teqnologiebi

mudmiv

cvlilebebsa

ganicdian

droisa

da

da

da

Teoriebi,
ganviTarebas

sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis

moTxovnebTan SesabamisobaSi modian.

umecreba Cveni saSiSi mteria. masTan brZola mxolod
mecnierebas

SuZlian.

ganaTleba,

swavla,

codna

ai

erTaderTi saSualeba, romelsac SeuZlian wamali dasdos

Cvens cxovrebas. .
swavleba. swavlebac aRzrdis Semadgeneli nawilia.
mozardis aRzrda da ganaTleba umTavresad swavlebis
gziT warmoebs. swavleba codnis gadacemis organizebuli
procesia.
am

procesSi

monawileobs

maswavlebeli

da

moswavle.

amdenad, igi ormxrivi, magram erTiani procesia. erTi

mxriv,

maswavlebeli

gadascems

moswavleebs

codnas,

xolo, meore mxriv, moswavleebi iTviseben maswavleblis

mier gadacemuls. Tumca, swavlebis procesSi ar arsebobs

calke gadacema da calke SeTviseba. es erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebuli, magram urTierTTanmTxveuli procesebia.
amasTan, swavleba ar niSnavs mxolod codnis gadacemasa
da

SeTvisebas.

TviT

codnis

SeTvisebis

procesi

aRmzrdelobiT zegavlenebsac axdens bavSvze. kerZod, mas

uviTardeba

inteleqtualuri

mexsiereba,
sinTezi

zepiri

da

sxva,

moswavlis

mier

da

unarebi

weriTi

rac

imas

azrovneba,

metyveleba,
niSnavs,

SemecnebiTi

rom

Cvevebis

analizi,
swavleba

SemuSavebas

gulisxmobs.
skola erTsa da imave dros unda swvrTnides kidec bavSvsa
da

aswavlides

kidec.

wvrTna

da

swavla

xelixels

gadabmuli unda vidodes skolaSi. ilia

amasTan, swavlebis procesSi maswavleblisagan bavSvi
iZens

qcevis

wesebs,

umuSavdeba

xasiaTi

da

msoflmxedveloba, mTlianad yalibdeba misi pirovneba.

maSasadame, igi aRizrdeba. swavlebis erTiani procesis
xelmZRvanel figuras maswavlebeli warmoadgens, magram
moswavle

rodia

xelmZRvaneli

pasiuri,

roli

piriqiT,

maswavleblis

aucileblobiT

gulisxmobs

moswavleTa aqtiurobas, swavlebis iseTi meTodebisa da

saSualebebis
aqtivobas

gamoyenebas,

gaaZliereben.

warmatebuli

swavleba.

romlebic

moswavleTa

gareSe

SeuZlebelia

amis
swored

aqtivobis

saSualebiT

xdeba moswavleTa mier codnis Segnebulad SeTviseba,

rac ganaTlebis mizans warmoadgens.

vinaidan swavlebis

procesSi

monawileobs

SemTvisebeli

ori

mxare

erTdroulad,

rac

gadamcemi

da

gulisxmobs

maswavleblis da moswavlis aqtiurobas erTdroulad,

swavlebis procesi, Tu igi mimdinareobs (iTvleba, rom
swavlebis

procesi

mimdinareobs

im

SemTxvevaSi,

Tu

moswavlec isevea CarTuli saswavlo procesSi, rogorc

maswavlebeli,
TavisTavad

anu

igi

ar

aris

interaqtiuria.

kombinacia

interaqtiuri

vxvdebiT

Tanamedrove

pasiuri

msmeneli),

maSasadame,
swavleba,

pedagogiur

sityvaTa

rasac

xSirad

terminologiaSi,

tavtologiaa da maTi erTad xmareba arasworia.

amrigad,

swavleba

aris

maswavleblis

mier

moswavleTaTvis garkveul codna-CvevaTa gadacemisa da

moswavleTa

mier

am

codna-CvevaTa

SeTvisebis

organizebuli, sxvadasxvagvari da erTiani procesi.

. codna, swavla, ganaTleba, marto samkauli ki ar aris
kacisa, saWiroebaa rogorc puri, rogorc wyali.ilia

aRzrda

viwro

ganviTarebas,

gagebiT

romlis

gulisxmobs

wanamZRvrebi,

im

unarebis

SesaZleblobebi

bavSvs dedis organizmidan dahyveba, rogorc biologiur

individs. es unarebia: metyvelebis, azrovnebis (msjeloba,
analizi, sinTezi, daskvna, kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi
azrovneba), mosmenis, kiTxvis, zneobriobisa da eTikis
(qcevis

wesebis)

formirebis

da

SesaZleblobebi,
sakiTxis

ukeT

normebis
a.S.

dacvis,

axaldabadebul

magram

saWiroa

ganmartebisaTvis,

ganvixiloT

Tavad

mecnierebaSi.

qarTul

msoflmxedvelobis

unaris

bavSvs
maTi

enciklopediaSi

es

ganviTareba.

saWirod
cneba

aqvs

migvaCnia

fsiqologiis
unaris

Semdeg

ganmartebas vxvdebiT: unari pirovnebis individualuri

Taviseburebaa, romelic warmoadgens garkeveuli saxis

moqmedebis

warmatebiT

ganxorcielebis

subieqtur

pirobas ... unaris Tandayolili wanamZRvaria individis

anatomiur-fiziologiuri

Taviseburebebi,

romelTa

safuZvelze sxvadasxva saxis moqmedebaTa ganxorcielebis

procesSi yalibdeba TviT unari.
prof. Salva CxartiSvilis ganmartebiT _ niWi Sedgeba
unarebisagan. unari garkveuli moqmedebis niWad Sesatyvis
aqtivobaSi organizdeba da viTardeba. Semecnebis niWi,
romelic swavlaSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs, gagebis,
dakvirvebis,

analizis,

sinTezis,

ganyenebis

da

ganzogadebis unarTa erTianobas warmoadgens. adamianis

inteleqtulur

SesaZleblobaTa

ganviTareba,

pirvel

rigSi, am unarTa ganviTarebas gulisxmobs [pedagogika,

Tbilisi, 1969 gv.89].
unaris zemoT motanili ganmartebebis ganxilvisas iolad
davrwmundebiT, rom unaris cneba niWTan da inteleqtTan
mimarTebiT
cnobilia,

moiazreba.
arsebobs

CxartiSvilis
gonierebas,

zogadi

mixedviT,
rac

niWi

ki,
da

rogorc

specialuri.

zogad

inteleqtualur

niWSi

CvenTvis
prof.

S.

gulisxmoben

SesaZleblobebTan

erTad damaxsovrebisa da warmodgenis unarsac moicavs.

niWierebis am saxes zogads imitom uwodeben, rom igi
adamianis

yvela

moqmedebaSi

monawileobs.

mis

gareSe

specialuri niWi, ra didi monacemebic unda hqondeT maT,

raime TvalsaCino Rirebulebas ver Seqmnis [pedagogika,
Tbilisi, 1969 gv.89].

am mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT, advilad davaskvniT, rom

zogadi unarebi, faqtobrivad, zogadi niWis ganviTareba
da realizebaa, anu is zogadi azrovnebiTi operaciebia,
romlebic, rogorc wesi, yvela adamians aqvs potenciaSi
da romlis ganviTareba aRzrdis upirvelesi mizania. es
unarebia:

analizi,

sinTezi,

induqcia,

deduqcia,

asociacia, damaxsovreba, abstraqcia da sxv.

movitanT

zogadi

romelsac
mier

unarebis

kidev

erT

ganmartebas,

Sefasebisa da gamocdebis erovnuli centris

gamocemuli

termini

zogadi

zogadi

unarebis

unarebi

krebulSi

gulisxmobs

vxdebiT:

informaciis

adekvaturi aRqmisa da damuSavebis, logikuri msjelobis,

movlenaTa Soris arsebiTi mimarTebebis wvdomis unarebs.
swored

esaa

reagirebis,
nebismieri
unarebzea

cxovrebiseul

anu

moTxovnebze

garemosTan

inteleqtualuri
damokidebuli.

adaptirebis
saqmianobis

zogadi

saTanado
safuZveli.

warmateba

unarebi

am

gansxvavdeba

specialuri niWisagan, romelic Tavs iCens ama Tu im

konkretul sferoSi _ mag., maTematikaSi, musikaSi da a.S.
zogadi

unarebi,

intelqtualuri
ganzogadeba,

romlebic

vlindeba

operaciebis

abstrahireba

universaluri,

(analizi,

da

a.S.)

saxiT,

sinTezi,
adamians

TandaTan uviTardeba. am unarebs ayalibebs mecadineoba,

kiTxva,

mecnierebasa

da

kulturasTan

ziareba,

adamianebTan urTierToba. ase rom, abiturienti wlebis

ganmavlobaSi

emzadeba

am

gamocdisaTvis

saSualo

skolaSi swavlisa da sxvadasxva sferoSi cxovrebiseuli

gamocdilebis

miRebis

procesSi.

rogorc

vxedavT,

zogadi

unarebis

formireba

pirovnebaSi,

mecnieruli

TvalTaxedviT, aRzrdis ZiriTadi funqciaa.

garda am SesaZleblobebisa, adamians aqvs SeZenili
Cvevebi, Tvisebebi, zneoba, saqcieli. viwro gagebiT aRzrda
maTs sworad warmarTvasac gulisxmobs. maSasadame, viwro
gagebiT aRzrda bavSvis pirovnuli mxareebisa da qcevis
wesebis Camoyalibebis procesia. Tu viwro gagebiT aRzrda
adamianis potenciaSi arsebuli unarebis ganviTareba da
adamianis pirovnuli

mxareebis formirebaa,

maSin

savsebiT naTelia, rom am procesSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba

aqvs imas, Tu rogor warimarTeba misi ganaTleba da
swavleba, kerZod, rogori Rirebulebis mecnieruli codna
iqneba SerCeuli mozardis ganaTlebis procesSi da
swavlebis rogori meTodebi da teqnologiebi iqneba
gamoyenebuli, vinaidan, adamianis potenciaSi arsebuli
zogadi unarebis ganviTareba da msoflmxedvelobis
formireba, swored ganaTlebasa da swavlebazea
damokidebuli. ganaTlebisa da swavlebis ZiriTad
funqcias, rogorc aRvniSneT, codnis SeZena da mis
safuZvelze adamianis potenciaSi arsebuli
fiziologiuri unarebis ganviTareba warmoadgens.
maSasadame, viwro gagebiT aRzrda, faqtobrivad,
pirovnebis formirebaa, romelic ganaTlebisa da
swavlebis gziT mimdinareobs.
,,iseTi friad rTuli da yovlad Zneli saqme, rogorc
adamianis aRzrda da swavlebaa, xelidan gamouva mxolod
maT, visac asuldgmulebs gulwrfeli siyvaruli moyvasTa
mimarT. ilia WavWavaZe

amgvarad, unarebis ganviTareba mozardSi (aRzrda viwro

gagebiT) swavlebis mTeli uwyveti procesis ganmavlobaSi
mimdinareobs da igi verafriT ver miiRweva mokle droSi.
amasTan, swavleba aRmzrdelobiTi xasiaTis procesia, igi
aRmzdelobiT gavlenebs (unarebis ganviTarebas)
TavisTavSi moicavs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, swavlebis
procesSi moswavle ara mxolod codnas iZens, aramed mas
uyalibdeba unarebi, Cvevebi, Sexedulebani, uyalibdeba
msoflmxedveloba, es ki ukve misi aRzrdaa. codnis
SeZenis procesi TavisTavad iwvevs zogadi unarebis logikuri azrovnebis, analizis, sinTezis, ganzogadebis
da sxva unarebis ganviTarebas, es ki ukve aRzrdaa.
maSasadame, faqtobrivad, pedagogikuri TvalTaxedviT,
pirovnebis formirebaSi, anu aRzrdaSi,
mniSvnelovanwilad, swored zogadi unarebis formireba
moiazreba (viwro gagebiT aRzrda).
amrigad, pedagogika aris mecniereba aRzrdis Sesaxeb,
anu aRzrdis viwro gagebiT, ganaTlebis da swavlebis
Sesaxeb. e.i. aRzrda farTo gagebiT moicavs aRzrdas
viwro gagebiT, ganaTlebasa da swavlebas.

zemoTnaTqvami SeiZleba gamovsaxoT sqemis saxiT

-
- ,

maSasadame,
pedagogikis

kidev

erTxel

mecnierebis

davazustoT,

ZiriTadi

cnebebia:

rom

aRzrda

farTo gagebiT, aRzrda viwro gagebiT, ganaTleba da

swavleba.
vinaidan

am

cnebaTa

ganviTarebas

procesebi

mozardis

xels,

zogierTi

mecnieri

uwyobs

ganviTarebasac
vTvliT,

Sesabamisi

pedagogikis

ZiriTad

es

mTlad

zusti

ganviTarebis

cnebas,

sxvadasxva

mecniereba

swavlobs.

ar

cnebad

miiCnevs.

iyos,

vinaidan

unda

aspeqtiT,

aRzrdis

sxvadasxva

organizebuli

da

mizanmimarTuli procesi xels uwyobs adamianis zogadi

unarebisa

da

yovelmxriv

pirovnuli
formirebas.

mxareebis

ganviTarebas,

amUunarebis

mis

ganviTarebis

procesSi Mmaswavlebeli gansazRvravs, gegmavs ama Tu im

unaris

ganviTarebis

procesSi.

mag.,

komunikaciis,

saWiroebas

zepiri

da

damoukidebeli

azrovnebis

da

sxv.

am

aRmzrdeli,

maswavlebeli

sxvadasxva

meTodsa

da

yovel

konkretul

weriTi
da

metyvelebis,
SemoqmedebiTi

unarebis

ganviTarebisaTvis

swavlebis

procesSi

teqnologias,

arCevs

swavlebis

sxvadasxva principsa da Teorias, raTa am meTodebiT

xeli

Seuwyos

ganviTarebas.

mis

Tumca,

mier

mizandasaxuli

xazgasmiT

unda

unarebis

aRiniSnos,

rom

pedagogikis mecniereba ar swavlobs Tavad ganviTarebis

processa da mis kanonzomierebebs.
mecnierebaSi asxvaveben pirovnebis fsiqikur, fizikur da
zogad

ganviTarebas.

fsiqikuri

ganviTarebis

qveS

igulisxmeba
emociis,

rogorc

aseve

pirovnebis

unaris,

inteleqtis,

moTxovnilebebis

da

nebis,

xasiaTis

ganviTareba. es yvelaferi ki, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,

ganaTlebisa

da

swavlebis

gziT

xdeba.

fizikuri

ganviTareba aris mTeli organizmis ganviTareba (kunTebi,

moZraobis daxvewiloba da a. S.). fizikuri ganviTareba
bavSvisa
miiRweva.

da

mozardis

zogadi

fizikuri,

fizikuri

ganviTareba

zneobrivi

da

aRzrdis
es

pirovnebis

meSveobiT

aris

fsiqikuri,

sxva

Tvisebebis

ganviTareba.
aqve kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom swavlisa da aRzrdis
procesi

xels

uwyobs

adamianis

zogad

ganviTarebas,

magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom aRzrda da ganviTareba

erTi da igive cnebebia. adamianis biologiuri struqtura,
inteleqtualuri

Tu

sxva

adamianuri

SesaZleblobani,

memkvidreobiTi monacemebisagan viTardeba. memkvidreobiTi

monacemebi mxolod SesaZleblobis saxiT arseboben da
isini

SesaZlebel

saSualebiT

Zalad

swavlebisa

viTardebian.

da

ganaTlebis

maSasadame,

individis

ganviTareba aRzrdis meSveobiT xdeba. aRzrda ara Tu

xels uwyobs, aramed gansazRvravs ganviTarebas.
aRzrdis

amgvari

daxasiaTebis

Semdeg

SesaZlebelia

vimsjeloT mis arssa da kanonzomierebebze.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aRzrda Tavisi zogadi gagebiT,
arsiT, gulisxmobs socialuri gamocdilebis gadacemas.
es ki imas niSnavs, rom aRzrdis warmoSoba ukavSirdeba
adamianis,

sazogadoebis

gaCenas.

uSualod

emTxveva

mis

mier

dawyebis

process.

(am

SemTxvevaSi

adamianis

ganyenebuli
ar

gaCena

azrovnebis
vgulisxmobT

adamianis gaCenis romelime Teorias. saubaria im faqtze,

rom adamiani gamoirCeva sxva cocxali organizmebisagan
azrovnebiT, anu azrovnebaa misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli,
SesaZloa,

adamians

azrovneba

gaCenis

dRidan

aqvs,

SesaZloa Semdeg SeiZina, am konteqstSi Cven sakiTxs am

kuTxiT

ar

ganvixilavT

saSualebiT

adamianma

avt.).

ganyenebuli

winaswar

azrovnebis

gaiazra

fizikuri

gadarCenisaTvis aucilebeli xvalindeli moTxovnileba.

gaiazra

da

moifiqra

am

moTxovnilebis

dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro saSualebebi (iaraRi sakvebis

mosapoveblad,

TavdacvisaTvis

a.S.)

damzadebis

da

maTi

damzadebis
SeTviseba

da

gamoyenebis

SeuZlebeli

saWiro

saSualebebi

aucilebloba.
rTuli

xdeba

cxadia,

xasiaTis

specialuri

da
maTi

procesis

miTiTebebis,

darigebis da swavlebis (am sityvis ara pedagogikurmecnieruli,

aramed

bunebriv-xalxuri

gagebiT),

e.i.

gamocdilebis gadacemis, aRzrdis gareSe, ra Tqma unda,

misi pirvandeli gagebiT. amas emateba mSoblebis mier
SvilebisaTvis
swavleba,

im

umartivesi

romelic

yofiTi

aucilebelia

gamocdilebis

maTi

fizikuri

gadarCenisaTvis. bunebrivia, es procesebi ar gulisxmobs

aRzrdis

cnobierad

mxolod

adamianis,

gadarCenas
codnis

warmarTvas
rogorc

emsaxureba.

amgvari

biologiuri

Tumca,

gadacema,

adamianebis

unda

mier

organizmis

aRiniSnos,

gamocdilebis

da

rom

gaziarebis

Sedegad, saboloo jamSi, iwvevs codnis gaRrmavebasa da

gafarToebas, rac sazogadoebis ganviTarebis safuZvelia.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad viTardeba aRzrdac,
romelic

sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis

garkveul

etapze,

cxadia,

gacnobierebul

xasiaTs

iRebs

da

igi

sazogadoebisaTvis upirveles prioritets warmoadgens,

vinaidan

saxelmwifos

keTildReoba

swored

Zliereba
aRzrdasTan,

da

sazogadoebis

momaval

TaobasTan

mecnieruli

gagebidan,

asocirdeba.
aRzrdis

warmoSobis

aRzrdis,

rogorc

amgvari

obieqturi

procesis

xasiaTisa

da

bunebis Sesaxeb, gamomdinareobs Semdegi daskvnebi:

1.

aRzrda

sazogadoebrivi,

socialuri

xasiaTis

kategoriaa, igi arsebobs mxolod da mxolod adamianTa

sazogadoebaSi da cxovelTa samyarosaTvis igi sruliad
ucxoa.
2. aRzrdis aRmocenebasa da mis ganviTarebas gansazRvravs
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis done da moTxovnilebebi.
aRzrda yovelTvis gansazRvrulia sazogadoebis
politikur-ekonomikuri wyobiT, formaciiT.

rogoricaa

sazogadoeba, iseTia aRzrda, swored sazogadoeba

gansazRvravs aRzrdis mizans, anu rogori moqalaqe surs
mas rom gazardos, ra moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes
igi. sazogadoeba (saxelmwifo) ara mxolod gansazRvravs
aRzrdis mizans, aramed axorcielebs kidec am mizans,
vinaidan sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli organoebi
saxelmwifos struqturuli erTeulebia, swored am
organoebis meSveobiT xdeba saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo
procesebis (anu aRzrdis) regulireba da marTva. Tumca,
es imas rodi niSnavs, TiTqos aRzrda umoqmedo, pasiuri,
neitraluri iyos sazogadoebis ganviTarebis donis
mimarT. piriqiT, igi rogorc sazogadoebis sulieri

aqtivoba, aqtiuri Zalaa, romelic xels uwyobs

sazogadoebis politikur-ekonomikuri wyobis
ganmtkicebasa da ganviTarebas, moqmedebs mis xasiaTze,
ganviTarebis tempebze. aqedan naTeli xdeba aRzrdis
uaRresad aqtiuri roli sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
marTalia, rogoricaa sazogadoeba, iseTivea aRzrdac,
magram sazogadoebrivi cxovreba, Tavis did nawilSi,
Tavadaa damokidebuli aRzrdaze. adamianebma rom
icxovron, sWirdebaT cxovrebisaTvis aucilebeli
saarsebo materialuri pirobebi, romlis
dasakmayofileblad maT unda SeeZloT am pirobebis
(sacxovrebeli garemo, tansacmeli, sakvebi da a.S.) Seqmna,
unda SeeZloT saWiro NnivTebisa da sakvebis warmoeba.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, imisaTvis, rom iarsebon, da ara
mxolod iarsebon, aramed ganviTardnen, maT unda gaaCndeT
garkveuli Teoriuli codna da warmoebiTi gamocdileba.

zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom sazogadoebis arsebobisa da

ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa momavali TaobisaTvis
socialuri gamocdilebis gadacema. am codnisa da
gamocdilebis gadacemis erTaderTP gzas ki aRzrda
warmoadgens. aRzrdis meSveobiT iTvisebs momavali Taoba
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ama Tu im safexurisaTvis
Sesabamis socialur gamocdilebas, adamianuri arsebobis
am aucilebel pirobas. maSasadame, aRzrda TviT
gvevlineba aseT pirobad. swored amitomaa mecnierulad
marTebuli azri, rom aRzrdis gareSeQ Sewydeba saerTod
sazogadoebis ganviTareba. es debuleba gamarTlebas
poulobs imitomac, rom axaldabadebuli bavSvi, rogorc

socialuri arsebis nayofi, ganadgurdeba, zrdas ver

daasrulebs specialuri socialuri zrunvis, movlapatronobis, aRzrdis gareSe. amas Tu davamatebT imasac,
rom sazogadoebis ganviTareba, mecnierebisa da teqnikis
srulyofa da, saerTod, teqnikur-kulturuli progresi
bevradaa damokidebuli adamianis momzadebasa da
aRzrdaze, maSin gasagebi xdeba aRzrdis ganskuTrebuli
aqtiuri roli sazogadoebis winsvlis procesSi.
maSasadame, marTalia aRzrda, misi mizani da xasiaTi
gansazRvrulia sazogadoebis politikur-ekonomikuri
wyobiT, magram, amave dros, swored aRzrdaa is saSualeba,
romelic xels uwyobs sazogadoebis ganviTarebasa da
srulyofas, rac, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis
politikuri da, Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri donis
cvlilebaSi aisaxeba.
bazisi

ganviTarebis

yovel

etapze

warmoqmnili

warmoebiT urTierTobaTa erToblioba, romelic Seadgens

sazogadoebis
ekonomikur

ekonomikur
formacias.

struqturas,
am

sazogadoebriv-

ekonomikuri

struqturis

safuZvelze iqmneba iuridiuli da politikuri zednaSeni

(samarTlebrivi

normebi,

saxelmwifoebrivi
sazogadoebis

politikuri

organoebi),

religiuri,

Sexedulebebi,

romelsac

zneobrivi,

mohyveba

mxatvruli

da

mecnieruli Sexedulebebi, maTi Sesabamisi institutebi da

dawesebulebebi.
zednaSeni

aris

ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis,

yoveli

konkretuli

sazogadoebriv-

formaciis

Sesabamisi

ideologiuri

iuridiuli,

politikuri,

religiuri,

zneobrivi, mxatvruli da mecnieruli Sexedulebebisa da

maTi Sesatyvisi dawesebulebebis sistema.
aqvea

aRsaniSnavi

debuleba

damokidebulebis
ganapirobebs

bazisisa

Sesaxeb.

zednaSens.

da

bazisi

zednaSenis

gansazRvravs,

aRmocendeba

axali

bazisi,

aRmocendeba misi Sesabamisi zednaSenic. ispoba bazisi,

ispoba zednaSenic, magram es imas rodi niSnavs, TiTqos
zednaSeni umoqmedo, gulgrili, neitraluri iyos bazisis
mimarT. piriqiT, igi aqtiuri Zalaa, romelic xels uwyobs
bazisis

ganmtkicebasa

da

ganviTarebas.

bazisis

mier

gansazRvruli zednaSeni TviT zemoqmedebs bazisze, mis

xasiaTze, ganviTarebis tempebze .

3.

aRzrda,

rogorc

sazogadoebisaTvis
maradiuli

damaxasiaTebeli

movlenaa.

sazogadoebis

obieqturi

aRzrda

arsebobasTan

aucilebeli

yovelTvis

erTad,

procesi,

igi

da

iarsebebs

sazogadoebaSi

mudmivmoqmedi movlenaa. aRzrdis maradiuloba pirdapir

uTiTebs, rom aRzrda obieqturi xasiaTis kategoriaa.
obieqturi

is

adamianisagan,

movlena
misi

an

sagania,

nebisagan

romelic

arsebobs

damoukideblad.

mag.,

realuri samyaro, masSi moqmedi kanonebi an mimdinare

movlenebi. aRzrdac, erTi mxriv, amgvari obieqturobiT
xasiaTdeba. pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi, romelsac ar
hqonda

gaTviTcnobierebuli

aRzrdis

arseboba

da,

cxadia, misi mizani, Sinaarsi da amocanebi, aRzrda mainc

moqmedebda

TavisTavad,

adamianTa

nebisgan

damoukideblad, vinaidan adamianebi, gadarCenis mizniT,

erTmaneTsa

da

momaval

Taobas

gadascemdnen

TavianT

gamocdilebas,
gagebiT

bavSvebi

pirovnebebad

pirovnebisa

aRmzrdelebis

avt.)

gareSe.

(ara

Tanamedrove

iqceodnen

es

ki

specialuri

miuTiTebs

aRzrdis

obieqturobaze. Tumca, meore mxriv, aRzrda obieqturi

kategoriaa mxolod da mxolod sazogadoebis arsebobis
pirobebSi,

mis

gareSe

ki

aRzrda

ar

arsebobs,

igi

mxolod adamianis Tanamdevi movlenaa.Aamdenad, aRzrda

subieqturi xasiaTis kategoriacaa.
4. aRzrda cvalebadi, istoriuli xasiaTis kategoriaa.
misi

mudmivi

xasiaTi

sruliadac

ar

uTiTebs

mis

ucvlelobaze. aucilebloba da mudmivoba mxolod misi

obieqturobiT

gamoixateba.

ramdenadac

aRzrda

gansazRvrulia sazogadoebis ganviTarebis doniT, cxadia,

rom

igi

ganicdis

ganviTarebas
icvleba

da

amocanebi,

sazogadoebis
viTardeba

formebi

aRzrdis

sistematur

xasiaTiT

da

cvalebadobasa

ganviTarebis

aRzrdis
a.S.

ganirCeva

kvalobaze.

Sinaarsi,

sruliad

da

mizani

da

sxvadasxvagvari

erTmaneTisagan

dRemde

arsebuli yvela sazogadoebrivi formacia.

aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom am mxriv, aRzrda
icvleba

da

viTardeba

ara

mxolod

sazogadoebrivi

formaciis SecvliT, aramed igi ganviTarebas ganicdis

ama

Tu

im

romelime

formaciis

wiaRSic,

vinaidan

formaciebi xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi arseboben

da,

cxadia,

cnobiereba
aRzrdis
sistema,

am
da

periodSi
yofiereba,

ganviTareba
icvleba

da

formebi

viTardeba

sazogadoebrivi

rasac

uciloblad

mohyveba

Secvla.

viTardeba

aRzrdis

da

meTodebi,

organizacia,

gzebi da saSualebebi da a. S. TiToeuli formaciis

SigniT

ucvleli

rCeba

mizanmimarTuleba,

mxolod

romelic

aRzrdis

am

zogadi

sazogadoebisaTvis

Sesaferisi adamianis momzadebas gulisxmobs.

5.

aRzrda

mizanmimarTuli

amocanebsa

da

politikuri

procesia.

xasiaTs,

aRzrdis

sazogadoebis

wyobis

mizans,

ekonomikur-

Sesabamisad,

gansazRvravs

saxelmwifo. e. i. winaswar, kanonzomierad gamiznulia, Tu

saxelmwifos rogori moqalaqis aRzrda surs.
6. aRzrda, rogorc sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis obieqturi
kategoria,

klasobriv

xasiaTisaa.

aRzrdis,

sazogadoebaSi

rogorc

klasobrivi

specialuri

institutis

warmoSoba monaTmflobelur sazogadoebas ukavSirdeba,

sadac arsebobda mkafiod gamoxatuli klasebi monebisa
da

monaTmflobelebisa.

damyarebuli
uufleboa,

es

aris

sazogadoeba.
mas

mxolod

monaTmflobelTa

pirveli

cxadia,

monebis

muSaxelad,

klass

iZulebaze

iaraRad

gabatonebuli

klasi
iyeneben.

mdgomareoba

uWiravs da mxolod mas aqvs saSualeba Tavs moaxvios

Tavisi interesebi mTel sazogadoebas, mis xelSia amis
yovelgvari saSualeba, igia sakuTrebis mflobeli, risi
meoxebiTac
bunebrivia,

xelSi

uWiravs

gabatonebuli

cxovrebis

klasi

ar

sadaveebi.

daTmobs

am

mdgomareobas, igi yovelgvar Rones ixmars, gzasa da

xerxs

gamonaxavs,

raTa

SeinarCunos

es

upiratesoba.

Tumca, am sazogadoebaSi monaTmflobelebi umciresobas

warmoadgenen,
Tavisufali
umravlesobis
iZulebiT,

absolutur
mosaxleoba
gamoyeneba
mxolod

umravlesobas
warmoadgens.
da

iaraRiT

monebi

da

cxadia,

am

morCilebaSi

moyvana

SeuZlebelia.

am

sazogadoebis monapovaria is, rom man aRzrdas mianiWa

absoluturi

privilegirebuli

mdgomareoba,

vinaidan

mixvda, rom swored aRzrdaa umravlesobis morCilebaSi

moyvanis

saSualeba

umciresobis

mier.

aRzrdam

monaTmflobelTa klasisaTvis saxelmwifoebrivi xasiaTi

miiRo, rac kacobriobis udidesi monapovaria aRzrdasTan
mimarTebiT (monebs da Tavisufal mosaxleobas araviTari
saxelmwifo aRzrda ar exebaT, piriqiT, maT amis aranairi
ufleba ar aqvT. avt.).
karg adamianebad yalibdebian upiratesad varjiSiT da
ara

bunebiT......AaRzrda

gardaqmnis

adamians

da

qmnis

bunebas demokrite
aRzrdis
gamoiwvia

privilegirebul
misi

ganviTareba,

movlenad
gaCnda

gamocxadebam

skola

(2500w.

Cv.

welTaRricxvamde), gaCnda saxelmwifo saskolo sistema

(qristeSobamde XXI

saukuneebi.),

magram

aRzrda

am

periodSi uaRresad klasobrivi iyo, rac imas niSnavda,

rom aRzrdis saxelmwifo sistema mxolod gabatonebuli
klasis warmomadgenlebis aRzrdas emsaxureboda.
istoriulad

aRzrdis

klasobrivi

xasiaTi,

iSviaTi

gamonaklisebis garda, gagrZelda burJuaziul epoqamde,

vidre ar gauqmda wodebrioba da sazogadoebam adamianis
fundamentur uflebebad ar gamoacxada Tavisuflebisa da
ganaTlebis ufleba. es is periodia, roca pedagogikis
mecnierebis klasikosebis mier erTxmad iqna aRiarebuli
sayovelTao

ganaTlebis

principi,

romlis

ZiriTadi

ganacxadia, rom swavlis ufleba da SesaZlebloba unda

hqondes yvelas.
7. aRzrda organizebuli procesia.

radgan

kanonzomierad

igegmeba

aRzrdis

mizani

da

amocanebi, cxadia, aseve kanonzomierad unda igegmebodes

misi

ganmaxorcielebeli

mowesrigebuli
ojaxi,

organizaciac.

(organizaciaqmnili)

sazogadoeba.

amaTgan

garemo

wamyvani,

esaa

skola,

centraluri

adgili uWiravs skolas, radgan igi saxelmwifos mier

specialurad

Seqmnili

dawesebulebaa,

saswavlo

sadac

WeSmaritad

saaRmzrdelo
mowesrigebuli,

organizebuli garemoa (yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tavisi arsiT

skola aseTi unda iyos. avt.). maSasadame, ramdenadme mainc
aseTive

unda

iyos

institutebic,

ojaxic

raTa

isini

da

sazogadoebrivi

aRzrdis

organizacias

gageba

upirispirdeba

warmoadgendnen.
organizaciaqmnili
Tavisufali

aRzrdis

aRzrdis

Teorias,

romelic

uaryofs

yovelgvar aRmzrdelobiT da saswavlo reJims, aRzrdis

organizaciaSi
progresuli,
Teoria

moqcevas.
magram,

gamoCenili

Cveni

Tavisufali
azriT,

frangi

aRzrdis

ukiduresad

mcdari

ganmanaTleblis

da

klasikosis JanJak rusos bunebrivi aRzrdis Teoriis

araswori gagebidan amodis. rusos bunebrivi aRzrdis
Teoria gaigivebulia Tavisufali aRzrdis TeoriasTan,
rac ukiduresi Secdomaa. aq, albaT, eyrdnobian rusos
bunebrivi

aRzrdis

miznis

Tavisufali,

aqtiuri

adamianis aRzrdisaTvis saWiro centralur pedagogiur

debulebas, rom bavSvma unda gaakeTos is, rac mas surs
da iviwyeben am centraluri debulebis meore nawils,
rom bavSvs yovelTvis is unda surdes, rac aRmzrdels

surs, rom mas surdes. es ki aRzrdis organizacias

niSnavs da ara bavSvis absolutur Tavisuflebas.
8. aRzrda rTuli procesia. jer erTi, aRzrda aqtiuri
(urTierTaqtiuri) procesia, radgan bavSvi pasiurad ki ar
Rebulobs aRmzrdelobiT zegavlenebs, aramed aqtiurad
monawileobs masSi. igi aRzrdis ara mxolod obieqti,
aramed subieqticaa. bavSvi Tu aqtiuri ar iqneba, igi ver
miiRebs

aRzrdis

zegavlenebs.

ase

rom,

aRzrda

ramdenadme TviTaRzrdasac gulisxmobs. meore, yoveli

aRsazrdeli gansakuTrebuli individualobiT xasiaTdeba,
Taviseburi

monacemebi

aqvs,

romelTa

aucilebelia aRzrdis procesSi,

arTulebs

mas.

mniSvneloba

mesame,

gaTvaliswinebas,
principadaa
xSirad

rac

romelTa

Tumca,

am

rTulia,

erTi

da

ganviTareba

imave

gadamwyveti

Taviseburebis

pedagogikaSi

Zalze

sxedan

procesSi

asakobrivi

wodebuli.

gaTvaliswineba

rac, cxadia, uaRresad

aRzrdis

aqvs

gaTvaliswineba

zogadpedagogikur
principis

vinaidan
asakis

gansxvavdeba

srulad

erT

klasSi

moswavleebi,

erTmaneTisagan,

aRmzrdels ki muSaoba uxdeba erTdroulad yvelasTan.

igive

SeiZleba

iTqvas

saxelmZRvaneloze,

romelic,

cxadia, gaTvlilia konkretul asakze, magram erTi da

imave

asakis

moswavleTa

gansxvavebulia

da

es

individualuri

monacemebiT.

ganviTarebis

gansxvaveba
am

done

ganpirobebulia

xasiaTis

problemebi

maswavlebelma unda gadawyvitos individualuri midgomis

principiT, rac sagakveTilo droSi, erTdrouli muSaobis
pirobebSi, seriozul sirTules qmnis da, faqtobrivad,
xSir SemTxvevaSi,

dauZlevel saaRmzrdelo amocanas

warmoadgens.. meoTxe, aRzrdis procesSi ori komponenti

monawileobs aRsazrdeli da aRmzrdeli (cxadia, rom
aRzrda marTvadi procesia da mas warmarTavs aRmzrdeli.
avt.),

aRmzrdeli

momavliT

moqmedebs,

aRsazrdeli

ki

awmyoTi, dRevandeli dRiT cxovrobs. es ki ara mxolod

sirTules, aramed winaaRmdegobasac qmnis, rasac didma
qarTvelma
aRzrdis

fsiqologma da pedagogma
tragedia

aRmzrdelma
profesiul

unda

uwoda.

cxadia,

daareguliros,

ostatobasa

da

dimitri
es

rac

codnas

uznaZem

winaaRmdegoba
misgan

moiTxovs.

maRal

mexuTe,

aRzrdis mizani, misi cnobierad warmarTvis dRidan iyo

da aris harmoniuli pirovnebis aRzrda, rac gulisxmobs
mis fizikur da sulier, anu fizikur, gonebriv, zneobriv,
esTetikur

da

SromiT

aRzrdas.

Zneli

warmosadgenia

amaze ufro urTulesi sxva raime procesi.

dabolos,

cxadia,

dasaxasiaTeblad
SeiZleba,

magram

davkmayofildeT,

rom

aRzrdis

kidev

uamravi

amjerad
vinaidan

procesis

argumentis

mxolod
am

sirTulis
motana

zemoxsenebuliT

sakiTxze

msjeloba

dausruleblad SeiZleba da Sors wagviyvans.

aRzrda-esaa keTili Tvisebebis SeTviseba - platoni.
aRzrdis
amgvari
daxasiaTebis
CamovayaliboT misi ganmarteba.

Semdeg

SeiZleba

aRzrda aris adamianis harmoniulad formirebis, misi

gonebrivad,
Camoyalibebis

fizikurad,
da

mizanmimarTuli,

zneobrivad

SromisaTvis
kanonzomieri

da

momzadebis
procesi,

esTetikurad
socialuri,
romelic

mimdinareobs mtkiced organizebul garemoSi aRmzrdelis

xelmZRvanelobiT. Ees aris aRzrdis zogadi ganmarteba,

romelic

met-naklebad

eTanadeba

kacobriobis

ganviTarebis yvela dones, dawyebuli monaTmflobeluri

periodidan. amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom cnebaTa
ganmartebebsa da klasifikaciebs ara absoluturi, aramed
fardobiTi mniSvneloba aqvT. yoveli cneba mxolod erTi
nabijia

Semecnebis

erTad,

ama

Tu

gzaze.

im

mecnierebis

cnebis

ganviTarebasTan

mniSvneloba

ixveweba

da

zustdeba. amdenad, nebismieri ganmarteba sworia mxolod

mocemul momentisaTvis da arasruli da SemosazRvrulia
momavlTan mimarTebiT.
bolos, udavod unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom mozardis
formirebaze,

mis

ganviTarebasa

SeZenaze

gavlenas

axdens

ara

aRzrda,

romelic

ojaxsa

da

da

qcevis

mxolod

wesebis

organizebuli

saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo

dawesebulebebSi mimdinareobs, aramed mTlianad garemo,

sadac igi cxovrobs sazogadoeba, masmedia, TanatolTa
wre da a.S. am gavlenebs mozardi stiqiurad, yovelgvari
mizandasaxulobis gareSe ganicdis da Tu gavixsenebT,
rom

aRzrdis

Rebulobs

procesSi

aRmzrdelis

mozardi

meqanikurad

gavlenebs,

aramed

ki

ar

Tavadac

aqtiuria am procesSi, maSin naTeli xdeba, rom mozardi

sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis

aqtiuri

monawilea,

rac,

saboloo jamSi, seriozul kvals tovebs mis pirovnebaze.

pedagogikis

Teoria,

samwuxarod,

ver

wyvets

sazogadoebis cxovrebis organizaciis problemebs, igi

swavlobs
organizacias

aRzrdis,
ojaxSi,

ganaTlebisa

da

swavlebis

saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo

kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi.

da

roca vaswavliT, TviTonac vswavlobT seneka;

maSasadame, garemos, rogorc mozardis aRmzrdels (Tu ar
CavTvliT

skolsa

da

ojaxs,

rogorc

garemos.

avt.),

pedagogikis mecniereba ver akontrolebs. es ki seriozul

safrTxes uqmnis saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo process. swored
amitom pedagogikis mecnierebis mesveurebsa da praqtikos
aRmzrdelebs, TavianTi moRvaweobis procesSi, ara aqvT
ufleba

yuradRebis

miRma

datovon

sazogadoebrivi

cxovreba, masSi mimdinare movlenebi. vinaidan amis gareSe

isini

verafriT

urTules

ver

saqmeSi.

moipoveben

unda

warmatebas

aRiniSnos

isic,

aRzrdis

rom

aRzrda

adamianis sicocxlis bolomde mimdinareobs. adamianis

codnaCvevebiTa da unariT, qcevis wesebiT gamdidreba
dausrulebeli procesia, adamiani sicocxlis bolomde
swavlobs (Tumca, swavlis es procesi, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
ukve

aRar

saWiroebs

aRmzrdels.

is

dafuZnebulia

adamianis msoflmxedvelobaze, mis saazrovno Cvevebsa da

moTxovnilebebze, romlebic, mas Tavis droze, aRzrdis
procesiT gamoumuSavda. avt.).
swavlis

sxva

maswavlebels

formebisagan
mihyavs

Tavis

Tumca, saskolo swavla

imiT

gamoirCeva,

mier

winaswar

rom

igi

dagegmili

miznis Sesabamisad.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saskolo ganaTlebis mizans
warmoadgens ara mxolod codna-Cvevebis SeTviseba, aramed
codnis

aTvisebis

maswavlebeli
gahyveba,

aRsazrdels
procesia.

ganviTarebac,
cxovrebis

instituciuri

dasrulebadi
periodSic

unaris

swavla
swavla

aucilebelia,

bolomde
da

ki

vinaidan

vinaidan
ver

ganaTleba

zrdasrulobis
profesiuli

ganviTareba

SeuZlebelia

swavlis

gareSe,

rasac

damoukidebeli swavlis unari esaWiroeba.

garda

amisa,

sinamdvilis

yvela

mxare

garkveul

zegavlenas axdens adamianze, rac, cxadia, ukvalod ar

Caivlis.

amasTanave,

zrdasrulTa

Camoyalibeba

xdeba

yvela

yovelgvari

mizandasaxulobis

amgvari

viTarebasa

da

gareSe,

aRzrda

pirobebSi,
stiqiurad.

Aamdenad, amgvari aRzrdac eqceva mecnierebis interesis

sferoSi da Tu aqamde pedagogikis mecniereba mxolod
mozardis

aRzrdis

sakiTxebiT

ukanasknel

aTwleulSi

zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis

mecniereba

andragogika,

Semoifargleboda,

seriozulad
sakiTxebi
rogorc

da

ganixileba
Seiqmna

pedagogikis

kidec
dargi,

romelic swavlobs zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sakiTxebs.

Tumca,

unda

stiqiuri
ubralod,
naklebia,

aRiniSnos,

gavlenebis
am

saqme

adamianTan,

msoflmxedveloba,

adamianze

problemebi

SemTxvevaSi,

vinaidan

Camoyalibebul

rom

aqac

sazogadoebis
saxeze

SeSfoTebis
gvaqvs

safuZveli

zrdadasrulebul,

romelsac

cxovrebis

gvaqvs.

wesi

aqvs

sakuTari

da

arsebul

viTarebaSiOorientaciis unari.
zemoT motanili msjeloba kidev erTxel adasturebs,
rom

pedagogika

aris

mecniereba

adamianis

aRzrdis

Sesaxeb.
aRzrda, swavlasTan erTad, iqcevs saTanado yuradRebas da,
Cans, gonebrivi mxaris paralelurad aukeTesebs moswavleTa
zneobriv mxares.

aqve unda SevCerdeT socializaciis cnebaze, vinaidan

xSiria

SemTxveva,

socializaciis
ganixilaven,

rodesac

cnebebs

rac,

adamianebi

erTi

Cveni

da

azriT,

aRzrdisa

imave

da

mniSvnelobiT

seriozuli

xasiaTis

Secdomaa da bundovans xdis pedagogikis sakvlevi sagnis

sakiTxs.
adamiani socialuri arsebaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi
Tavisi cxovrebis pirvelive dReebidan CarTulia msgavs
individebTan urTierTobebSi. adamiani pirvel socialur
gamocdilebas jer kidev metyvelebis dawyebamde iRebs. am
procesebs,

garkveuli

niSniT,

SeiZleba

socializacia

vuwodoT. Tumca, es procesi sakmaod Sorsaa WeSmariti

socializaciisagan. miuxedavad imisa, rom socializaciis
termini farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sferoSi, misi
arsi dRemde ar aris erTmniSvnelovnad ganmartebuli da
gagebuli.

Tavad

termini

socialis

LlaTinuri

warmoSobisaa da sazogadoebrivs niSnavs. zogadi gagebiT

socializacia sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvisaTvis
pirovnebis momzadebis procesia. igi emyareba pirovnebis
bunebrivi monacemebis ganviTarebasa da gaTvaliswinebas.
socializaciis

Teoria

faqtorebi

qmnian

[qarTuli

sabWoTa

arkvevs,

pirovnebis

Tu

ama

enciklopedia,

ra

Tu
t.

9]

im

socialuri
Tvisebas.

socializacia

individis mier socialuri gamocdilebis gaziarebisa da

Semdgomi aqtiuri realizaciis procesi da Sedegia. es
procesi

uwyvetadaa

urTierTobebsa
maSasadame,

da

dakavSirebuli
maTs

socializacia

sazogadoebrivi

codnis,

adamianTa

erTobliv

aris

normebisa

Soris

saqmianobasTan.

adamianis
da

mier

Rirebulebebis

SeTvisebis

procesi

im

niSniT,

rom

mas

SeeZlos

sazogadoebaSi funqcionireba da, amasTanave, grZnobdes

Tavs sazogadoebis srulfasovan wevrad.
individis socializaciis procesi SeiZleba iyos rogorc
regulirebuli,

mizanmimarTuli

da

kontrolirebadi,

aseve, araregulirebadi, stiqiuri. Tumca, miuxedavad misi

amgvari

xasiaTisa,

socializacia

ar

SeiZleba

iyos

gagebuli, rogorc garegan zemoqmedebaTa martivi jami.

igi individze zemoqmedebis mTliani, erTiani procesia,
romelic

iwvevs

sazogadoebasTan.

am

individis

socializaciis

individi iZens im codnasa da

adaptacias

procesis

Sedegad

unarebs, im RirebulebaTa

sistemas, romelic im konkretuli sazogadoebis,

epoqis

maxasiaTebelia, romelSic cxovrobs igi. aqve xazgasmiT

unda aRiniSnos, rom individi ar aris socializaciis
procesis

mxolod

obieqti,

anu

Rebulobs

konkretuli

damaxasiaTebel

niSnebs,

subieqticaa,

romelic

urTierTobaTa

arsebul

cvlis,

srulyofs,

igi

pasiurad

ki

ar

sazogadoebisaTvis

aramed

igi

am

SemoqmedebiTad
sazogadoebriv

ganaviTarebs

am

procesis
moqmedebs

formebze

formebs.

da

amitom

socializaciis procesi miT ufro warmatebulia, rac

ufro

aqtiuria

individis

monawileoba

sazogadoebriv

urTierTobaTa SemoqmedebiT gardaqmnaSi, romlis drosac

icvleba

moZvelebuli

normebi,

Rirebulebebi

da

sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi axal, Tanadroul formas

Rebuloben.

am

TvalsazrisiT

SeiZleba

socializacias istoriuli xasiaTi aqvs.

iTqvas,

rom

axla SevecadoT gavarkvioT rogoria MmimarTeba aRzrdasa

da

socializacias

mniSvnelobiT,

Soris.

aRzrda

gulisxmobs

Tavisi

pirovnebis

farTo

formirebas,

axaldabadebuli bavSvis zrdadasrulebul, codniTa da

unariT SeiaraRebul adamianad Camoyalibebas, adamianad,
romelic sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevri unda iyos da
romelsac

sazogadoebis

da,

maSasadame,

sakuTari

cxovrebis gaumjobesebisa da ganviTarebis unari Seswevs.

amasTan,

aRzrda

mizanmimarTuli

Pprocesia,

romelic

mimdinareobs saaRmzrdelo instituciebSi.

aRmzrdelebi

ufro

metad

imsaxureben

pativiscemas,

vidre mSoblebi, vinaidan es ukanasknelni gvaZleven Cven

mxolod

sicocxles,

xolo

sicocxles aristotele;

pirvelni

Rirseul

am TvalsazrisiT aRzrda

moicavs socializacias, rogorc Tavis erT konkretul

aspeqts.

swored

aRzrdis

procesi,

Tavisi

mizandasaxulobiTa da regulirebiT, qmnis socializaciis

process, xels uwyobs da gegmavs mas, rTavs aRzrdis
procesis mizandasaxul aqtivobebSi.
Tumca,

ar

unda

saaRmzrdelo

dagvaviwydes,

rom

instituciebSi

oficialur

(skola,

ojaxi,

axalgazrduli organizaciebi da a.S. avt.), miuxedavad

maTi

organizebulobisa,

socializaciac

yvela

mizanmimarTul

da

aRzrda

da,

SemTxvevaSi

maSasadame,

ver

regulirebul

atarebs

xasiaTs.

am

instituciebSi mimdinare procesebis didi nawili, cxadia,

regulirebulia aRmzrdelebis mier, magram mainc rCeba
urTierTobaTa
moswavleebsa

formebi,
da

mag.,

maswavleblebs

moswavleebs
Soris,

Soris,

moswavleTa

dajgufebebs

Soris

da

sxva,

romelTa

kontrolireba

yovelTvis SesaZlebeli ver iqneba. amdenad, socialuri

gamocdileba
aRzrdis

SeiZleba

miznebTan

iyos

rogorc

TanmTxveuli,

pozitiuri,

anu

negatiuri,

anu

aseve

aRzrdis miznebis sawinaaRmdego, stiqiuri.

Mmiuxedavad

am

iTqvas,

aRzrdis

rom

adamianis

garemoebisa,

daskvnis

procesi

saxiT

gegmavs

socializacias,

am

da

SeiZleba

warmarTavs

ukanasknels

ki

individisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. amitom, skolis,

ojaxis,

yvela

socialuri

instituciis

da

mTeli

sazogadoebis Zalisxmeva da gulisyuri mimarTuli unda

iyos momavali Taobis aRzrdis procesisaken. ,,mxolod is,
visac

ZvelTan

Sexebisas

xelewifeba

axlis

aRmoCena,

Rirsia iwodebodes namdvil aRmzrdelad - konfuci.

Cven ukve viciT, rom pedagogikis, rogorc mecnierebis
xasiaTs, amocanebs, Sinaarssa da zogad Taviseburebebs
gansazRvravs

misi

sakvlevi

sagnis

aRzrdis

kanonzomierebebi da xasiaTi. SeuZlebelia pedagogika ar

iyos

imave

kanonzomierebis

kanonzomierebis
mocemuli

mqonecaa

aRzrdis

Taviseburebani

misi

mqone

mecniereba,

sagani.

amdenad,

damaxasiaTebeli

SeiZleba

zogadi

pirdapir

ra

zemoT

xasiaTis

gavavrceloT

pedagogikaze.
Tuki

aRzrda

movlenaa,
miekuTvneba

sazogadoebrivi,

maSin

pedagogika,

sazogadoebriv

sazogadoebriv

movlenas

socialuri
rogorc

mecnierebaTa

swavlobs.

mecniereba,
cikls.

aRzrda

moRvaweobis sulier sferos miekuTvneba.

xasiaTis
igi

adamianis

pedagogikac,

rogorc

mecniereba,

Teoria,

sazogadoebis

cnobierebis

garkveuli formaa, iseve rogorc yvela sxva mecniereba.

aRzrda
mizani

istoriulobiT
da

xasiaTdeba.

amocanebi,

Sesabamisad,

Sinaarsi

bunebrivia,

pedagogikac.

mas

gaaCnia

icvleba
da

formebi.

icvleba
Tavisi

aRzrdis
amis

da

viTardeba

istoria.

pedagogikis,

rogorc mecnierebis Camoyalibeba xangrZlivi istoriis

Sedegia.

mravali

saukunis

ganmavlobaSi

pedagogiuri

azri filosofiis CarCoebSi viTardeboda. pedagogika ar

iyo gamoyofili, rogorc azrovnebis calke dargi. misi
calke mecnierebad gamoyofa gviandel saukuneebs, kerZod
burJuaziul epoqas miekuTvneba.
Tavdapirvelad, damwerlobis Seqmnamde, pedagogiuri azri
viTardeboda

sxvadasxva

msjelobebSi,

xalxis

gamonaTqvamebsa

da

e.w. pedagogiur mcnebebSi. xalxuri

pedagogikis

es

sawyisebi

gadmocemulia

sxvadasxva

eTnosis zRaprebSi, TqmulebebSi, aforizmebSi, andazebSi,

gamocanebSi, sabavSvo leqsebsa da simRerebSi da, raRa
Tqma unda, iavnanebSi. SemdgomSi, damwerlobis SeqmnasTan
erTad, am gamonaTqvamebma miiRo rCevebis, rekomendaciebisa
da wesebis xasiaTi. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba gavixsenoT
andazebi

da

gamonaTqvamebi,

folkloris

pirmSoa:

swavla

gasaRebio;

swavla

codnis

bednierebisao;
umdidreao;

swavlisagan
ganaTleba

romlebic
madlis
Teslia

qarTuli

dedaa,

bedis

da

codna

gamdidreba

simdidreze

bneleTis

mociqulTa

mmusvreliao da sxva. pirveli seriozuli pedagogikuri

Sexedulebani

gamoTqmuli

sazogadoebaSi,

kerZod,

Zvel

iyo

monaTmflobelur

aRmosavleTSi,

magram

pedagogiuri azris ganviTarebam sakmaod maRal safexurs

Zvel

berZnul

Teoriis

filosofiaSi

pirveli

nimuSebi

am

miaRwia.

pedagogikuri

filosofiis

brwyinvale

warmomadgenlebis sokrates, platonis, aristoteles,

demokrites

da

sxva

moazrovneTa

SromebSia

mocemuli

swavla da drodadro naswavlis gameoreba - konfuci.

pedagogiuri Teoriis SemuSavebaSi calke unda aRiniSnos
pirveli

saukunis

kvintilianes

romaeli

damsaxureba,

moazrovnis
romelmac

mark

fabius

Tavis

cnobil

traqtatSi ,,oratoris aRzrda, faqtobrivad, pedagogikis

ZiriTadi

principebi

monaTmflobeluri

Camoayaliba.

sazogadoebis

zogadad,
filosofiaSi

mocemulia pedagogiuri Teoriis Camoyalibebis pirveli

seriozuli

cda.

axali

welTaRricxvis

pirveli

saukuneebidan saqarTvelo, ganaTlebisa da pedagogiuri

ideebis

mxriv,

adasturebs

mowinave

iseTi

poziciebzea

msoflioSi.

saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo

amas

kerebis

arseboba, rogoricaa: kolxeTis umaRlesi ritorikuli

skola-akademia III-IV saukuneebSi, ganaTlebis centrebi
aTonsa

da

bulgareTSi,
qarTveli
petriwis,

palestinaSi,
gelaTis

humanisti

petriwonis

akademia,

moazrovneebis

SavTelis,

xanZTelis,

seminaria

iyalTos
-

petre

akademia,
iberis,

mTawmindelebis,

iyalToelisa da sxvaTa moRvaweoba da Sromebi.

moindoma aSeneba monastrisa da daamtkica, romelica
gamoirCia madlman saRmrToman, adgilsa yovlad Sveniersa
da yovliTurT unikalursa, romelsa Sina viTarca meore ca
gardaarTxa
taZari
yovladwmindisa
da
ufrosaT
kurTxeulisa RvTismSobelisa... munve Semokriba kacni
patiosanni cxovrebiTa da Semkulni yovelTa saTnoebiTa ara

TvisTa samefoTa oden Sina povnilni, aramed qveyanasa kideTa,

sadaTca esma vieTme sikeTe da sisrule, sulieriTa da
sisruliTa saTnoebiTa aRsavsoba, iZia da kvalad gamoiZia,
moiyvana da daamkvidrna mas Sina... mamuli lipariteTi,
umkvdroT darComili...
pedagogiuri

Teoriis

CamoyalibebaSi

revoluciuri

mniSvneloba hqonda renesansis da Semdgom burJuaziuli

epoqis dadgomas, romelmac mTlianad uaryo feodaluri
sazogadoebis

idealebi.

mecnierebis,

xelovnebisa

da

kulturis ganviTarebam dRis wesrigSi axali adamianis

momzadeba daayena, ramac Tavisi dasabuTeba aRorZinebis
(humanizmis)

epoqis

pedagogika

feodalizmis

sqolastikuri
aRsaniSnavia

pedagogikaSi

humanizmis

klerikaluri,

dogmatur-

winaaRmdegaa

mimarTuli.

pedagogikis
humanistebis

miiRo.

vitorino

de

feltres,

rables, montenis, roterdamelis, moris, kampanelasa da

sxvaTa

pedagogiuri

ideebi,

romelTac

safuZveli

moumzades pedagogikuri mecnierebis Camoyalibebas.

qarTuli humanizmi SoTa rusTavelis vefxistyaosnis (XII
s.) saxiT gacilebiT win uswrebs evropuls. M
moaxsena: ege swavla CemTvis yovlad soflad Rirdes,
goniersa mwvrTneli uyvars, ugunursa gulsa gmirdes /rusTaveli/
SemdgomSi saqarTveloSi progresuli humanisturi ideebi
ganviTarebulia s.s. orbelianisa da d.guramiSvilis
didaqtikaSi.... Tu kacsa codna ara aqvs gastanjavs
wuTisofeli. /guramiSvili/.
magram pedagogikis, rogorc mecnierebis Camoyalibeba
uSualod ukavSirdeba gamoCenili Cexi moazrovnis ian

amos komenskis saxels. pedagogikis, rogorc

damoukidebeli mecnierebis istoria komenskisagan iwyeba.
bavSvs ucxo enaze daawyebino swavla, igivea sanam fexze
gaivlis cxenze Sesva da misi Weneba aswavlo. /komenski/
komenskis
gamoCenili

Semdeg

burJuaziuli

moazrovneebis

j.

pedagogika
lokis,

J.J.

viTardeba
rusos,

i.

pestalocis, a. distervegis, i. herbartis, k. uSinskis da

sxvaTa saxiT. bavSvma unda akeTos is, rac mas surs,
bavSvs yovelTvis is unda surdes, rac aRmzrdels surs,
rom mas surdes/ruso/. kapitalizmis ganviTarebis Semdgom
stadiebSi, XX saukunis pirveli naxevridan, tradiciuli
pedagogikis paralelurad, aRmocenda da dRis wesrigSi
dadga

iseTi

pragmatistuli

pedagogiuri
pedagogika

mimdinareobani,
(diui),

rogoricaa:

eqsperimentuli

pedagogika (holi, neimani), moqmedebis pedagogika (lai),

Sromis

skolis

pedagogika

(kirSenSteineri),

fsiqoanalizis Teoria (froidi), Tavisufali aRzrdis

pedagogika da sxva.
saqarTvelo XIX saukunis dasawyisidan (1801w.) ruseTis
saxelmwifos qveSevrdomobis qveS moeqca, ramac
sagrZnoblad Seaferxa qarTuli mecnieruli da
kulturuli azrovnebis ganviTareba. qarTvelma xalxma
rusuli carizmis winaaRmdeg uSedego brZolas Sealia
Tavisi energia. seriozuli problemebi daudga ara
mxolod qarTul pedagogiur azrovnebas, aramed qarTul
skolasac, aRarafers vityviT qarTul saskolo
saxelmZRvaneloebze. magram, XIX saukunis samociani
wlebidan, ilia WavWavaZisa da iakob gogebaSvilis
meTaurobiT iwyeba qarTuli pedagogikuri azrisa da

qarTuli skolis aRorZineba. ganuzomlad didia

qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli
sazogadoebis Rvawli am saqmeSi. qarTuli pedagogikis
ganviTarebaSi ilia WavWavaZesa da iakob gogebaSvilTan
erTad udidesi wvlili miuZRviT akaki wereTels,
dimitri yifians, ioseb mamacaSvils, luarsab bocvaZes,
gazrda

niko cxvedaZes, sergi mesxs da sxvebs.

Svilisa iseTi movaleobaa, rom sxva yvelaferi amas unda

SevwiroT. ilia

XX

saukunis

ocdaaTiani

wlebidan

msoflioSi

pedagogiuri azri orad gaiyo, sabWoTa pedagogika da

danarCeni

msoflios

sabWoTa

sivrceSi

ganviTareba

rogorebic

gruzdevi,

periodis

moeqca.

dakavSirebulia

saxelebTan,
esipovi,

pedagogika.

qarTveli

arian

babanski,

saqarTvelo,

cxadia,

sabWoTa

pedagogikis

iseTi

mecnierebis

makarenko,

skatkini

mecnierebidan

da

danilovi,
sxvebi.

aRsaniSnavia

am
g.

TavzaSvili, g. kinaZe, d. yifSiZe, d. nikolaiSvili, s.

sigua, p. janeliZe, S. sixaruliZe, k. Wkuaseli, u. obolaZe,
d. lorTqifaniZe, g. sixaruliZe, i. Wkuaseli, v. gagua da
sxvebi.
pedagogikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapi aerTianebs
integraciisa da diferenciaciis procesebs. integracia
xdeba

iseT

fsiqologia,

mecnierebebTan,
sociologia,

rogoricaa

fiziologia,

ekonomika, maTematika da sxva.

filosofia,
politologia,

droTa

ganmavlobaSi

aRzrdisa

da

swavla-ganaTlebis

Teoriisa da praqtikis farTod ganviTarebis Sedegad

moxda pedagogikis axali mimarTulebebisa da dargebis
Fformireba,

ramac

aRmocenda
romelic

pedagogikur
erTiandeba

pedagogikur
zogadi

gamoiwvia

pedagogika,

erT

saskolo

socialuri

skolis
higiena,

es

cikli,

da

qmnis

mecnierebebia:

pedagogika,

saskolo

pedagogika,

pedagogikis

specialuri

pedagogika,

SedarebiTi

pedagogika,

procesi.

mTeli

jgufSi

sistemas.

pedagogika,

koreqciuli

saerTo

skolamdeli

umaRlesi

istoria,

mecnierebaTa

mecnierebaTa

pedagogika,

diferenciaciis

asakobrivi

pedagogika,

pedagogika,

kerZo

sagnebis swavlebis meTodikebi, ganaTlebis filosofia,

ganaTlebis

sociologia

da

sxva.

sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis kvalobaze, es diferenciacia integraciis

procesi

grZeldeba

da

sazogadoebis

saWiroebebs

pasuxobs, Sesabamisad, pedagogikis mecnierebac icvleba

da viTardeba.
aseTia mokled pedagogikis mecnierebis ganviTarebis gza
da perspeqtivebi.
pedagogikis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi. meTodologia
berZnuli

sityvaa

mecnieruli
konkretulad,
kvlevis

kvlevis
ama

meTodTa

meTodologia

da,
Tu

zogadad,
meTodebis
im

moZRvrebas

Sesaxeb,

an

mecnierebaSi

erTobliobas.

moZRvrebaa

niSnavs

farTo

moRvaweobis

ufro

gamoyenebul
gagebiT

ki,

struqturis,

logikuri organizaciis, meTodebisa da xerxebis Sesaxeb.

am

gagebiT

meTodologia

yovelgvari

moRvaweobis

aucilebeli safuZvelia. esaa moZRvreba, romelic qmnis

msoflmxedvelobriv
moRvaweobisaTvis.

koncefcias

yovelgvari

mecnierebisaTvis. e.i. meTodologia

warmoadgens SexedulebaTa mTlian sistemas sinamdvilisa

da misi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
meTodologiuri sawyisebis istoria Zalian Zvelia. igi
hqondaT, magaliTad, Zvel egviptelebs geometriis saxiT.
isini Tvlidnen, rom geometria aris yvelafris axsnis
saSualeba.
Zlierad

meTodologiuri
Zvel

saberZneTSi

aristotelesTan.
logikur

aristotele

sistemas

universalur

sakiTxebi

aRiarebda

iaraRad,

damuSavda.
Tavis

kerZod,

mier

WeSmariti

rogorc

organonad. misi azriT, es

gansakuTrebiT
Seqmnil

mecnierebis

TviTon

ityoda

logikuri sistema aris

yvelafris axsnis saSualeba.

meTodologiis,

rogorc

damoukidebel

moZRvrebad

gamoyofa dakavSirebulia frensis bekonis saxelTan. man

wamoayena

idea

mecnierebaTaTvis

meTodTa

sistemis

SemuSavebis Sesaxeb da kidevac wamoiwyo aseTi sistema

mecnierebisadmi induqciuri da empiriuli midgoma.
Semdgomi
frangi

safexuri
rene

meTodologiis

meTodologiis

dekarte,
problemebi

magram
mainc

ganviTarebaSi

aris

imanuil

kantamde

Semecnebis

Teoriis

sakiTxebSi iyo CarTuli. kantma ki pirvelma daafuZna

meTodologiuri codnis gansakuTrebuli statusi, roca
ganasxvava erTmaneTisagan codnis obieqturi Sinaarsi da
forma. es xazi grZeldeba Semdeg klasikur germanul
filosofiaSi

da

umaRles

filosofiur sistemaSi aRwevs.

safexurs

hegelis

hegelis

filosofiur

warmodgenilia

sistemaSi

rogorc

meTodologia

absoluturi

ideis

(sulis)

racionaluri moRvaweoba da Semdeg misgan nawarmoebi

adamianis SemecnebiTi moRvaweoba. e.i. cxadia daskvna, rom
SemecnebiTi moRvaweoba aris yvelafris axsnis saSualeba.
magram, rac mTavaria, hegelis, da saerTod klasikuri
germanuli filosofiis, udidesi damsaxureba isaa, rom
man

dialeqtika

gamoacxada

SemecnebiT

da,

saerTod,

sulieri moRvaweobis sayovelTao meTodad. e.i. ubralod

rom

vTqvaT,

dialeqtika

universalur

saSualebad.

bunebis,

sazogadoebis

aRiara

movlenaTa

(dialeqtika

da

azrovnebis

kvlevis
moZRvreba

ganviTarebis

uzogadesi kanonebis Sesaxeb).

maSasadame,

ubralod

rom

vTqvaT,

meTodologiur

safuZvlebSi igulisxmeba sinamdvilisadmi midgomis (misi

ama Tu im movlenis SeswavlisaTvis avt.) zogadi gzebisa
da

saSualebebis

SeuZlebelia

erTianoba,

movlenis

an

misi

romelTa

gareSe

konkretuli

mxaris

mecnieruli kvleva. bunebrivia, rom yoveli mecniereba

Tavisi sagnis SeswavlisaTvis garkveul meTodologiur
safuZvlebs, xedvebs eyrdnoba da amis safuZvelze arCevs
Tavisi

sagnis

xerxebsa

kvlevisaTvis

da

saWiro

saSualebebs.

konkretul

maSasadame,

gzebs,

arsebiTi

mniSvneloba aqvs mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis swori

meTodologiuri
aramecnieruli

safuZvlis
meTodologiuri

SerCevas,

vinaidan

safuZvlis

SemTxvevaSi

araswori iqneba is gzebi da saSualebebi, romliTac

xdeba

ama

Tu

im

movlenis

kvleva

da,

Sesabamisad,

araswori iqneba is daskvnebic, romlebic am kvleviT

miiReba. e.i. SeuZlebelia mcdari iyos meTodologiuri

safuZveli da swori iyos mecnierebis mier miRebuli
daskvna. swored amitomaa rTuli mecnierebis ganviTareba.
mecnierebi sxvadasxva meTodologiiT awarmoeben ama Tu
im movlenis kvlevas da es asec unda iyos, magram maTgan,
zogi

meTodologiuri

zogi

arasworad

socialur
sakmaod

safuZveli

da

Sedegic

mecnierebebSi

gvian

iCens

arasworia.

kvlevis

xolme

sworadaa

SerCeuli,

samwuxarod,

araswori

Tavs,

mas

Sedegebi

Semdeg,

roca

sazogadoeba gamocdis ama Tu im kvlevis monapovars.

gansakuTrebiT sazianoa sazogadoebisaTvis pedagogikis
mecnierebis

araswori

pedagogikis

mecnierebas

formirebasTan

da

aq

kvlevis
saqme

Sedegebi,

aqvs

daSvebuli

vinaidan

mozardi

Taobis

Secdomebi

xSirad

gamousworebel daRs asvams mozardis pirovnebas. amitom

pedagogikis mecnierebis mkvlevari Zalze frTxilad unda
moekidos

meTodologiis

arCevasa

da

daskvnebis

gamotanas, vidre raime Teoriul mosazrebas wamoayenebs,

mravalgzis unda gadaamowmos igi. mecnier-mkvlevars unda
axsovdes isic, rom swori meTodologiuri safuZveli
arasakmarisi pirobaa swori daskvnebis misaRebad. saWiroa
misi

sworad

kulturis

momarjveba,

floba,

raTa

mecnieruli
kvlevis

Cvevebisa

Sedegi

da

WeSmaritad

mecnieruli iyos. yovel SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, rom swori

meTodologiuri safuZveli swori mecnieruli daskvnebis
miRebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens.
Tu

meTodologia,

koncefcias
mecnierebisaTvis

zogadad,

qmnis

yovelgvari
da

igi

msoflmxedvelobriv
moRvaweobisaTvis,

warmoadgens

SexedulebaTa

mTlian

sistemas

sinamdvilisa

da

misi

ganviTarebis

Sesaxeb, maSin, cxadia, rom pedagogikisa da, saerTod,

yvela mecnierebis meTodologiuri safuZveli filosofia
unda iyos. filosofiaa swored is mecniereba, romelSic
WeSmaritebis Secnobisa da samyaros ganviTarebis axsnis
uamravi

xedva

mecnierebaTa
dadgena,

ama

damokidebuli

da

mier
Tu

mimdinareoba
sakiTxebis
im

arsebobs.

gadawyveta,

movlenaTa

imaze,

Tu

konkretul
WeSmaritebis

axsna,

didad

romel

aris

filosofiur

Tvalsazriss iziarebs esa Tu is mecnieri da rogor

iyenebs am Teorias Tavisi mecnierebis kvlevis procesSi.
mainc, konkretulad rogor da raSi iyenebs pedagogika
filosofias? movitanT ramdenime magaliTs.
filosofia aRiarebs sinamdvilis movlenaTa da saganTa
Soris

sayovelTao

pedagogika
izolirebul

kavSirs.

aRzrdas

ara

movlenas,

am

kanonze

rogorc

aramed

dayrdnobiT

damoukidebel,

sxva

sazogadoebriv

movlenasTan, mag., garemosTan kavSirSi ganixilavs. e.i.

mkvlevarisaTvis ukve winaswaraa cnobili, rom aRzrda,
rogorc obieqturad arsebuli sazogadoebrivi movlena,
aucileblad kavSirSi iqneba sxva movlenebTan da amitom
misi

kanonzomierebis

sworad

gamokvleva

sxva movlenebTan kavSiris gareSe.

SeuZlebelia

roca es kavSiri

cnobilia praqtikosi aRmzrdelisTvis, cdilobs ra igi

aRmzrdelobiTi RonisZiebebis gatarebas, man aucileblad
unda gaiTvaliswinos is sxva movlenebi da faqtorebi,
romlebTanac konkretulad Sexeba aqvs mozards.
dialeqtikis
raodenobrivi

erT-erTi

kanoni

cvlilebebis

aRiarebs

TandaTanobiTi

Tvisebriv

cvlilebebSi

gadasvlas.

Tvisebrivi

cvlileba,

magram

xdeba

revoluciaa,

TandaTanobiTi
eyrdnoba

ara

raodenobrivi

ra am

pedagogiur

igi

uzogades

RonisZiebaTa

marTalia,

naxtomia,

erTbaSad,

cvlilebebis

kanons,
iseT

aramed
Sedegad.

pedagogika

mTlianobas,

eZebs

romelic

TandaTanobiTi zemoqmedebis gziT moaxdens bavSvSi, misi

aRzrdis

amocanebis

Camoyalibebas

an

Sesabamisad,
gardaqmnas.

romelime
e.i.

Tvisebis

aRmzrdelma,

maswavlebelma ukve imTaviTve icis, rom bavSvSi ama Tu im

axali qcevis an azrovnebiTi Tvisebis Camoyalibeba (mag.
wera-kiTxva, nawarmoebis ganxilva-analizi) SeiZleba ara
erTbaSad,

aramed

masSi

TandaTanobiTi

cvlilebebis

SetaniT da eZebs RonisZiebaTa mTel jaWvs, romelic

uzrunvelyofs am gziT Tvisebrivi cvlilebis moxdenas.
bavSvis adamianad Camoyalibeba swored aseT gardaqmnaTa
Sedegia.
aseve, bavSvSi umiznod Camoyalibebuli miuRebeli qcevis
normis an Tvisebis aRmofxvra SeiZleba ara erTi xelis
mosmiT, winadadebiT an gafrTxilebiT, aramed garkveuli
drois

ganmavlobaSi

TandaTanobiTi

RonisZiebebis

gatarebis gziT. aRmzrdelma an mkvlevarma winaswar icis

ra es kanoni, mas zrunva uxdeba mxolod am RonisZiebebis
SerCevisaTvis.
filosofiis
mxolod

aq

es

ori

moyvanili

kanoni,

cxadia,

ori

magaliTis

gamoiyeneba
mimarT,

ara

aramed

yvela viTarebaSi. aseulobiT magaliTis motana SeiZleba

dialeqtikis sxva kanonebis gamoyenebis Sesaxebac.

pedagogikis kvlevis meTodebi. rogorc aRvniSneT, yovel

mecnierebas kvlevis zogadi meTodologia aqvs. kvlevis
obieqtisa

da

mecniereba

meTodologiis
Tavis

kanonzomierebebs,
specialuri

Sesabamisad,

sferoSi
maTs

Semaval

amsaxvel

konkretuli

esa

da

is

movlenaTa

procesebs

gzebiTa

Tu

ikvlevs

saSualebebiT,

meTodebiT. am SemTxvevaSi meTodi movlenaTa kvlevis,

mecnieruli Semecnebis gzaa, saSualebaTa da xerxebis
sistemaa.

pedagogikis

meTodologiaze
konkretuli

mecnierebaSic,

dayrdnobiT,

meTodebi.

zogad

SerCeulia

es

meTodebia:

kvlevis
dakvirveba,

eqsperimenti upiratesad bunebrivi, anu pedagogiuri

eqsperimenti,

saskolo

dokumentaciis

Seswavla

da

saubari.
dakvirveba

niSnavs

Sesaswavl

movlenaze

(saganze)

bunebrivi, SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT dakvirvebas (am sityvis

Cveulebrivi gagebiT) da mis Sesaxeb faqtebis Segrovebas
im zomiT, rom SesaZlebeli iyos ganzogadeba, daskvnis
gamotana da kanonzomierebis dadgena. dakvirveba, sxva
meTodebTan SedarebiT, farTod gamoiyeneba pedagogikaSi.
igi

pedagogiuri

meTodia,

radgan

sakvlevi

obieqti

kvlevis

umTavresi

SesaZleblobas
Seiswavlos

da

upiratesi

aZlevs

mkvlevars

bunebriv

mdgomareobaSi,

riTac misgan miRebuli Sedegi met-naklebad realuri da

sworia.

garda

amisa,

dakvirveba

SeiZleba

Catardes

klasSi gakveTilis msvlelobisas, klasgareT skolaSi,

skolisgareT

saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo

dawesebulebaSi,

ojaxsa da sazogadoebriv wreebSi, sadac ki uxdeba yofna

bavSvs.

amasTanave,

specialist

mkvlevris

garda,

dakvirveba SeuZlia Caataros maswavlebelma an skolis

sxva

romelime

TanamSromelma,

mSobelma

da

bavSvis

megobarmac ki, cxadia, kvlevis miznis Taviseburebebis

gaTvaliswinebiT.
dakvirvebis

ori

saxe

arsebobs

TviTdakvirveba

da

sxvaTa dakvirveba, romelTa arsi naTelia da ganmartebas

ar saWiroebs. pedagogikaSi, umTavresad, sxvaTa dakvirveba
gamoiyeneba. dakvirvebis warmoeba aucileblad moiTxovs
winaswari

gegmis

Sedgenas.

Cveulebrivi

gegmisagan

ganisazRvros

kvlevis

umetes,

roca

cxovrebis

gansxvavebiT,
dasrulebis

sakvlevi

romelime

mkvlevarisaTvis
dasakvirvebeli

dakvirvebis

mxares

ucnobia,
movlena

da

ar

zusti

obieqti

gegmaSi,
SeiZleba
vada,

bavSvis

sulieri

warmoadgens,
rodis

Tan

ara

miT

radgan

aRmocendeba
erTxel,

aramed

ramdenjerme. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom dakvirvebis dros

ar xdeba movlenis xelovnurad gamowveva da mkvlevari
iZulebulia

elodos

mis

bunebrivad

aRmocenebas.

es

dakvirvebis garkveuli naklia. naklia agreTve isic, rom

dakvirveba movlenas garegnuli gamoxatviT Seiswavlis,
rac xSirad am movlenis arss ver swvdeba. amis gamo,
dakvirvebis

garda,

pedagogikaSi

sxva

meTodebic

gamoiyeneba. saerTod, unda gvaxsovdes, rom pedagogika

kategoriulad

uaryofs

ama

Tu

im

meTodTa

univesalizaciis yovelgvar cdas da, sapirispirod amisa,

meTodTa nairsaxeobis princips icavs.
dakvirvebaSi

Tavsdeba

saskolo

dokumentaciis

Seswavlisa da saubris meTodebi. saskolo dokumentaciis

Seswavlis

meTods,

vfiqrobT,

misi

saTauridan

gamomdinare,

ganmarteba

ar

esaWiroeba.

aRvniSnavT

mxolod imas, rom Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT igi Zalze

martivia, vinaidan zustad SegviZlia davgegmoT kvlevis
periodi

da,

amasTan,

adamianebTan

kvleva

urTierTobas,

subieqturobas

kvlevis

TvalsazrisiT,

am

vinaidan

es

mkvlevars

dokumentaciis

ar

aqvs

da

gamoricxavs

Tumca,

Sedegebi

sandoobis

naklebad

informacia

Semdgeneli

obieqturobisa

gulisxmobs

rac

procesSi.

kvlevis

ar

sandoa,

saswavlo

adamianebis,

maTi

keTilsindisierebis

Sesaxeb.

erTaderTi dokumenti, romelsac met-naklebad SeiZleba

daveyrdnoT

kvlevis

procesSi,

moswavlis

saSinao

davalebis rveulia, romelSic naTlad Cans saswavlo

procesis dadebiTi mxareebi da naklovanebebi.
rac Seexeba saubris meTods, unda aRvniSnoT, rom is
erTaderTi

meTodia,

SedarebiT

zustad

romlis

saSualebiTac

swvdeba

movlenis

mkvlevari

arss

da

mis

gamomwvev mizezebs. magram am meTods maswavleblebi da

mkvlevrebi SedarebiT iSviaTad mimarTaven, vinaidan igi
moiTxovs

maswavlebelsa

da

moswavles

Soris

ndobis

faqtors, rac ar aris iolad mosapovebeli.

eqsperimenti xelovnur pirobebSi mimdinareobs da niSnavs
cdis

dayenebas

saukunis

saswavlo

dasasrulsa

da

procesSi.
me20

es

meTodi

saukunis

me19

dasawyisSi

dainerga pedagogikaSi. misi CatarebisaTvis aucilebelia

eqsperimentatori,

cdis

msvlelobisaTvis

saWiro

aRWurviloba da, rac mTavaria, cdis piri. eqsperimentis

upiratesoba

isaa,

rom

misi

saSualebiT

mkvlevars

SeuZlia movlenis xelovnurad gamowveva, magram swored

es xelovnuroba warmoadgens pedagogikaSi eqsperimentis

naklsac. movlenis kvleva xdeba arabunebriv viTarebaSi,
is mowyvetilia sxva, masTan kavSirSi myof movlenebs.
amave

dros,

cdis

piri,

icis

ra,

rom

masze

axdenen

eqsperiments, veRar aris bunebriv pirobebSi da cdilobs

aCvenos kargi Sedegi. Sedegad eqsperimenti movlenas ver
swvdeba

bunebriv

mdgomareobaSi,

ris

gamoc

Seicavs

cdomilebebs da naklebad sandoa. Amitom, pedagogikaSi

xSirad

gamoiyeneba

fsiqolog

a.f.

lazurskis

mier

Semotanili bunebrivi, anu pedagogiuri eqsperimenti. misi

arsi

imaSi

mdgomareobs,

rom,

marTalia,

mkvlevari,

kvlevis gegmisa da survilis mixedviT, Tavad iwvevs

Sesaswavl movlenas, maSasadame, ayenebs cdas, magram ise,
rom

amis

Sesaxeb

pedagogiuri
swavlobs

araferi

eqsperimenti,

bunebriv

sandoobas.

icis

cdis

faqtobrivad,

mdgomareobaSi,

Tumca,

pirma.

eqsperiments

rac

e.i.

movlenas
zrdis

xSirad

mis

teqnikuri

sirTuleebi axlavs.
rogorc cnobilia, pedagogika socialuri mecnierebaa
da,

maSasadame,

misi

kvlevis

meTodebic

socialur

mecnierebaTa kvlevis meTodTa jgufidan aris SerCeuli.

am

garemoebebidan

SesaZlebelia

gamomdinare,

pedagogikuri

Tanamedrove
kvlevis

periodSi
meTodebis

sxvadasxvagvari klasifikacia. Tumca, upirvelesad mainc

unda

aRiniSnos,

rom

socialuri

kvlevis

meTodebs,

Cveulebriv, or ZiriTad jgufad yofen: raodenobriv da

Tvisebriv

kvlevis

meTodebad.

maT

saerTo

mizani

amoZravebT socialur fenomenTa gageba da axsna

Tumca, amisTvis gansxvavebul teqnikas mimarTaven, kvlevis

sxvadasxva meTodsa da tips iyeneben.
Tvisebrivi

kvlevis

meTodebi

kvlevis

iseTi

meTodebia, romlebic ZiriTadad kvlevis sawyis, ZiebiT

etapze gamoiyeneba. kvlevaSi monawile pirTa jgufi ufro
mcirea. amgvari kvlevis mizania, uzrunvelyos problemis
siRrmiseuli gageba da misi Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblebis
dadgena.
Tvisebrivi
mxriv,

kvlevis

fokus-jgufisa

meTodebs
da

mivakuTvnebT,

CaRrmavebuli

erTi

intervius

meTodebs (rodesac kvlevis mizani TvalsaCinoa avt.) da

proeqciul meTodebs (rodesac kvlevis mizani ar aris
TvalsaCino

avt.):

asociaciuri,

situaciis

dasrulebis,

situaciis agebis da eqspresiul meTodebs. respodenti

mkvlevris

mier

SezRuduli,

aranairi

piriqiT,

daxmarebiT

TvalsazrisiT

misi

problemis

SeZlebisdagvarad
aRmoaCinos.

meti

Sesabamisad,

axali

ar

aris

mizania,

respodentis

irgvliv

arsebuli

Tvisebrivi

struqturuli

maCvenebeli

TvalsazrisiT,

raodenobrivi kvleva ufro metad aris organizebuli,

vidre Tvisebrivi. Tvisebrivi kvlevis dizaini yalibdeba
da

ixveweba

Tavad

kvlevis

procesSi.

raodenobrivi

kvlevis yoveli aspeqti ki detalurad mofiqrebuli da

organizebulia.
raodenobrivi kvlevis mizania, zustad gansazRvros
sakvlevi

problemis

ukve

dadgenili

Tvisebrivi

maxasiaTeblebis raodenobrivi maCveneblebi, maT Soris

proporciuli urTierTmimarTeba da sxva.

raodenobrivi

kvlevis

meTodebi,

Tavis

mxriv,

or

jgufad iyofa. esenia kvlevis deskriptuli (dakvirveba da

gamokiTxva) da mizez-Sedegobrivi (eqsperimenti) meTodebi.
advilad warmosadgenia, rom is saSualebebi, romelTa
daxmarebiTac xorcieldeba raodenobrivi kvleva (testi,
kiTxvari, anketa), xSirad zRudavs respodents mkvlevris
mier mofiqrebuli savaraudo pasuxebiT. Tavad mkvlevari
ki

SezRudulia

ZiebiTi

imdenad,

kvlevis

ramdenadac

farglebSi

is

manipulirebs

mopovebuli

Tvisebrivi

monacemebiT.
pedagogikur

kvlevas

garkveuli

Taviseburebebi

axasiaTebs, kerZod is, rom kvlevam pedagogikaSi SeiZleba

Zalian

didi

masStabebi

miiRos,

roca

mas

mecnier-

mkvlevrebi axorcieleben, magram, meore mxriv, ar unda

dagvaviwydes,
praqtikulad

rom
uwyveti

pedagogikuri
procesia,

kvlevaA
romelsac

mudmivi,
saswavlo

procesSi Tavad maswavlebeli axorcielebs aRzrdaSi,

ganaTlebasa
Sesabamisad.
empiriul

da
am

swavlebaSi
SemTxvevaSi,

kvlevasTan,

mecnierebis

moswavleTa
saqme

romlis

ganviTareba

saWiroebebis

gvaqvs

yoveldRiur

gareSec

pedagogikis

sruliad

warmoudgeneli

iqneboda, vinaidan cnobilia, rom mecnieruli Teoriis

ganviTarebis erT-erT gzas misi praqtikasTan ukukavSiri
warmoadgens.
nebismieri saxis pedagogiuri kvlevis Catareba moiTxovs
kvlevis gegmis Sedgenas, romelic unda iTvaliswinebdes
Semdeg aspeqtebs:

1.

yoveli

kvlevis

dawyebas

win

unda

uswrebdes

dakvirvebis Temis gansazRvra da mecnieruli hipoTezis

SemuSaveba;
2. kvleva unda mimdinareobdes winaswar gansazRvruli
gegmiT, romelic unda iTvaliswinebdes kvlevis amocanas,
kvlevis

etapebs,

kvlevis

organizaciis

yvela

saWiro

pirobebis momzadebasa da gegmazomier gamoyenebas;

3.

kvleva

unda

mimdinareobdes

maqsimalurad

bunebriv

pirobebSi;
4.

kvlevis

mimdinareobis

fiqsirdebodes

procesi

maqsimaluri

da

Sedegebi

sizustiT

unda

rogorc

Canawerebis, aseve vizualuri formiT;

5. unda damuSavdes kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi
rac SeiZleba meti sizustiT, Tanadrouli statistikurmaTematikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT;
6.

mkvlevarma,

kvlevis

Sedegebze

dayrdnobiT

unda

SeimuSaos daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi, romlebic xels

Seuwyoben

pedagogikis

Teoriisa

da

praqtikis

ganviTarebas.
dabolos, pedagogikaSi kvlevis meTodebi, saSualebebi da
xerxebi
isini

urTierTisagan

urTierTs

izolirebulad

avseben

gamoyenebis

SemTxvevaSi,

swavlebis

procesebis

da,

mkvlevris

aRzrdis

ar

arseboben.

mier

sworad

ganaTlebisa

siRrmiseul

da

Semecnebas,

pedagogikuri Teoriis Semdgom ganviTarebas emsaxurebian.

pedagogikis mecnierebis wyaroebi. pedagogikis mecniereba,
romelsac

pedagogikis

zogad

Teoriasac

uwodeben,

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iqmneboda da viTardeboda. es

Teoria

mudmivad

cvladi

da

ganviTarebadia,

vinaidan

viTardeba
romelic
yvela

Tavad
yvela

da

mecnierebas

sferos

ganviTarebis

adamiani

axal

am

adamianTa

da

adamianuri

moTxovnebs

procesebs,

sazogadoeba,
cxovrebis

uyenebs.

cxadia,

mecnierebis

gansazRvravs

is

konkretuli sferoebi, e.w. wyaroebi, romlebic uSualod

zemoqmedeben ama Tu im mecnierebaze. ra unda iyos am
TvalsazrisiT

pedagogikis

mecnierebis,

pedagogikis

Teoriis Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis wyaroebi? am sakiTxze

fiqrs

bunebrivad

mivyavarT

aRzrdis

warmoSobasTan,

adamianis pirvel saaRmzrdelo nabijebTan, im konkretul

qmedebebTan, romlebic xalxur yofaSi Camoyalibda da
rasac
xalxis

xalxur pedagogikas uwodeben. cxadia, swored

naazrevi

pedagogiuri

aRzrdis

gamocdileba

sferoSi,

swored

warmoadgens

im

xalxuri
umdidres

wyaros, romelmac udidesi gavlena iqonia mecnieruli

pedagogikis

Camoyalibebaze.

tradiciebma

nel-nela

saswavlo

dawesebulebamde,

(qristeSobamde
civilizaciis

xalxuri

kacobrioba

saukune,

XXV

ganviTarebasTan

aRzrdis

miiyvana

pirvel

pirvel

skolamde

egvipte),

romelmac

erTad,

Tanamedrove

ganaTlebis sistemis saxe miiRo saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo

dawesebulebaTa farTo qseliT.
bunebrivia,

saskolo

pedagogiur

gamocdileba

seriozul

gavlenas

praqtikuli

axdens

pedagogikis

Teoriis ganviTarebaze. amasTan, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom

is urTierTkavSiri, rac arsebobs pedagogiur praqtikasa
da pedagogiur Teorias Soris, ormxrivia. erTi mxriv,
pedagogikuri
meore

mxriv,

Teoria

qmnis

pedagogiuri

pedagogiur
praqtika

praqtikas

da,

aviTarebs

da

aRrmavebs

pedagogikis Teorias. pedagogiur saqmianobas,

bunebrivia, sWirdeba garkveuli meTodologia, garkveul

mosazrebaTa

sistema,

romelTa

safuZvelzec

iqmneba

saskolo ganaTlebis esa Tu is forma.

am meTodologias, cxadia, qmnian adamianebi, moazrovneebi,
vinc

mudmivad

CarTulia

da

mudmivad

fiqrobs

am

sakiTxebze. swored maTi naazrevi qmnis aRzrdisa da

ganaTlebis

sakiTxebis

istorias

vuwodebT

aviTarebs

pedagogikis

istorias,

da

rac

rasac

Zalze

Teorias.

pedagogikis

amdidrebs

maTi

CamoTvla

da

Sors

wagviyvans, aRvniSnavT mxolod erTs, rom mas Semdeg, rac

adamianma gaacnobiera aRzrdis mniSvneloba sazogadoebis
ganviTarebisTvis,

TiTqmis

arc

erTi

filosofosi

ar

yofila, romelsac sakuTari pozicia ar daefiqsirebina

am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT. maTs ricxvs miekuTvnebian iseTi
didi moazrovneebi, rogorebic arian: sokrate, platoni,
aristotele,

kvintiliane,

konfuci,

komenski,

ruso,

pestaloci, loki, uSinski, distervegi, sulxan-saba, daviT

guramiSvili,
fSavela,

vaxtang

bocvaZe

pedagogikis

da

Teoriis

VI, gogebaSvili,
sxvebi
kidev

da

erT

WavWavaZe,

sxvebi.
wyaros,

vaJa

maSasadame,

pedagogikis

istoria warmoadgens.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, pedagogikis Teoriisa da misi
ganviTarebis
ukukavSiri,

xelSemwyob
maTi

wyaroebs

urTierTqmedeba

Soris
(da

ara

arsebobs
romelime

maTganis calmxrivi zemoqmedeba. avt.), rac xels uwyobs

orive mxaris ganviTarebas. vsZebne da ver vpove ra mjobni
am swavlacodnisa.guramiSvili
es urTierTqmedeba SeiZleba gamoisaxos sqemis saxiT:

pedagogika da sxva mecnierebebi. rogorc ukve vnaxeT,

aRzrda kacobriobisaTvis umniSvnelovanes da urTules
movlenas warmoadgens. misi upirvelesi sirTule swored
isaa,

rom

mas

saqme

aqvs

adamianTan,

rogorc

fsiqo-

fiziologiur da rogorc socialur arsebasTan. cxadia,

pedagogikis

mecniereba

damoukideblad,

sxva

mecnierebebis monapovrebis (kanonebis) gamoyenebis gareSe,

ver

moaxerxebs

am

movlenis

Seswavlasa

da

ganxorcielebas. pedagogikis meTodologiur safuZvels,

rogorc
amitom,

zemoT

aRvniSneT

bunebrivia,

filosofia

pedagogika

Tavis

warmoadgens.
Teoriul

da

praqtikul moRvaweobaSi mTlianad eyrdnoba filosofias.

pedagogiuri

saqmianobis

procesi

verafriT

ver

ganxorcieldeba fsiqologiis gareSe, kerZod, aRzrdisa

da

swavlebis

asakobrivi

procesi
da

gaTvaliswinebis
Taviseburebebis

warmoudgenelia

individualuri

gareSe,

iseTi

gaTvaliswinebis

ganviTarebis

fsiqikuri
gareSe,

mozardis
procesebis

rogorebicaa,

yuradReba, mexsiereba, azrovneba, interesi, motivacia da

sxv.,

romlebic

fsiqologiis

mecnierebis

Seswavlis

sferos warmoadgenen. maSasadame, pedagogika seriozulad

eyrdnoba

fsiqologiis

aRmzrdelobiT

procesSi

monacemebs.

saswavlo-

aucilebelia

mozardis

janmrTelobis dacva, rac imas niSnavs, rom pedagogikam

aucileblad unda gamoiyenos fiziologiisa da medicinis
monacemebi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom skolaSi
yvela

mecnierebis

mniSvnelovania
naTeli

maTi

xdeba,

swavlebis

rom

mecnierebebTanac.
pedagogikis

safuZvlebi

meTodikebis

pedagogika

aseve

kavSiri

iswavleba

Seqmna,

kavSirSia

SeiZleba

sazogadoebrivi

da
am

davasabuToT
cxovrebis

yvela

sferosTan. magram es sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom es

mecnierebebi swavloben aRzrdis process an pedagogika
swavlobs romelime maTganis kvlevis sagans. pedagogikis
mecnierebas aqvs kvlevis damoukidebeli obieqti, kerZod,
aRzrda da am fenomens igi ikvlevs da axorcielebs sxva
mecnierebebis daxmarebiT,

maTTan kavSirSi, rac kidev

erTxel miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom aRzrdis procesi ar

mimdinareobs

izolirebulad,

sxva

movlenebisagan

gancalkevebiT da igi kavSirSia rogorc sazogadoebriv

garemosTan, aseve bunebriv, genetikur monacemebTan.
pedagogika, rogorc kulturis nawili.. termini cultura
laTinuri

warmoSobisaa

ganviTarebas,

ganaTlebas

da

damuSavebas,

niSnavs

pedagogika,

movlas,
rogorc

mecniereba, rogorc codnaTa jami adamianis moRvaweobis

erTi konkretuli sferos, aRzrdis
kulturis

nawils

warmoadgens.

Sesaxeb, kacobriuli

igi

adamianuri

yofis

garkveuli sferos Seswavlas, ganviTarebas emsaxureba.

pedagogiuri kultura adamianis gaCenis dRidan iqmneba
da viTardeba. kacobriobam, uZvelesi droidan dRemde,
aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis uamravi Teoria da praqtikuli
paradigma

Seqmna,

romelTac

ara

mxolod

mecnierul-

pedagogikuri,

aramed

kulturuli

Rirebuleba

aqvT.

pedagogikis mecniereba kvlavac agrZelebs aRzrdisa da

ganaTlebis

problemebisa

da

ganviTarebis

srulyofis

gzebis Ziebas.

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

ra aris pedagogikis mecnierebis sagani;

ra aris pedagogikis ZiriTadi cnebebi;
ra aris aRzrda (farTo gagebiT);
ra aris aRzrda (viwro gagebiT);
ra aris swavleba;
ra aris ganaTleba;
ras niSnavs, rom aRzrda istoriuli xasiaTis
movlenaa;
8. ras niSnavs, rom aRzrda socialuri xasiaTis
kategoriaa;
9. ras niSnavs, rom aRzrda zednaSenuri xasiaTis
kategoriaa;
10. ras ras niSnavs, rom aRzrda mizandasaxuli
procesia;
11. ras niSnavs, rom aRzrda aucilebeli da maradiuli
movlena;
12. rogor gesmiT aRzrdis procesis sirTule;
13. kvlevis ra meTodebs iyenebs pedagogika;
14. rogor ganmartavT dakvirvebas;
15. dakvirvebis ra saxeebs icnobT;
16. rogor gansazRvravT eqsperiments;
17. rogor gesmiT socializaciiis procesi;
18. ra mimarTebaa aRzrdisa da socializaciis
procesebs Soris;
19. rogor daaxasiaTebdiT pedagogikis kavSirs sxva
mecnierebebTan.

Tavi II

pirovnebis formirebis faqtorebi

am TavSi gaecnobiT:

ra aris pirovnebis formirebis faqtorebi;

rogoria

istoriulad

azrTa

sxvaoba

am

faqtorTa

zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb;
rogoria

aRorZinebis

epoqis

ZiriTadi

Sexedulebani

pirovnebis aRzrdis Sesaxeb;

rogoria

klasikuri

pedagogikis

warmomadgenelTa

pozicia pirovnebis formirebis procesze;

ras

fiqroben

qarTveli

pedagogebi

da

sazogado

moRvaweebi pirovnebis formirebis faqtorebze;

ras niSnavs mozardis asakobrivi periodizaciis cneba;
rogoria

asakobrivi

periodizaciis

istoriuli

ganviTareba;
ra mniSvneloba aqvs asakobriv periodizacias swavla
aRzrdis procesSi;
ra aris adamianis individualuri Taviseburebani;
mniSvneloba

aqvs

individualuri

Taviseburebebis

gaTvaliswinebas swavlaaRzrdis procesSi.

pirovnebis formirebis procesi - axladdabadebuli bavSvis

zrdadasrulebul,
adamianad

codniTa

Camoyalibeba

da
-

unarebiT

SeiaraRebul

garkveuli

faqtorebis

zemoqmedebiT mimdinareobs. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra

faqtorebi gansazRvravs adamianis pirovnebad formirebas,
pedagogikis problemuri sakiTxia. am sakiTxis gadawyvetis
ragvaroba,metwilad gansazRvravs pedagogiuri moRvaweobis
da,

maSasadame,

pedagogikis,

rogorc

mecnierebis

mimarTulebis sakiTxsac. zogadad, faqtorebi, romelTa

meSveobiTac xdeba pirovnebis formireba, SeiZleba iyos

aRzrda, garemo, romelSic mozards uxdeba yofna da is

genetikuri,

memkvidreobiTi

Taviseburebani,

romlebic

axalSobils dabadebidan dahyveba. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom

garemos cnebas orgvari mniSvneloba aqvs erTia is garemo,
romelSic mozardis aRzrda organizebulad mimdinareobs,
mag., skola, ojaxi da amitom amgvari garemos zemoqmedebas
mozardze, Cveulebriv, aRzrdas vuwodebT. meore ki, is
garemoa,

romelic

mozardze

aramizanmimarTulad

araorganizebulad, stiqiurad moqmedebs. aseT

gvevlineba
saSualebebi.

sazogadoeba,
cxadia,

am

megobarTa
ukansaknelTa

wre,

da

garemod
masmediis

kontrolireba

aRzrdis miznis Sesabamisad, praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.

naTelia, rom pedagogika aRzrdis, ganaTlebisa da swavlebis
Sesaxeb sakiTxebs gadaWris imis mixedviT, Tu ra rols
akuTvnebs igiaRzrdas, garemos da memkvidreobiTobas bavSvis
pirovnebis formirebis procesSi.
pedagogikur praqtikaSic amas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs,
vinaidan aRmzrdeli da maswavlebeli TavianT muSaobas
iseTi geziT warmarTaven, rogor Tvalsazriszedac dganan
isini am problemis gadawyevtisas. igia, agreTve, muSaobaSi
maTi rwmenis gamomuSavebis umTavresi berketi. amitomaa, rom
pedagogikis istoriaSi bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyalibebis
faqtorebis

sakiTxi

yovelTvis

pirvelxarisxovan sakiTxad iTvleboda.

problemur,

pedagogikis TiTqmis yvela gamoCenili klasikosi am sakiTxs

mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs Tavis moZRvrebaSi da, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom maszed agebs Tavis pedagogikur sistemasac.
Sesabamisad, bunebrivia, rom Cvens amocanasac am sakiTxis,
kerZod,pirovnebis formirebis procesSi aRzrdis, garemosa
da memkvidreobis rolis gansazRvrawarmoadgens. es ki
aucilebad moiTxovs sakiTxis mokle istoriul mimoxilvas,
radganac pedagogikuri azrovnebis istoria am sakiTxis
irgvliv mimdinareobaTa da SexedulebaTa sxvadasxvaobiT
xasiaTdeba.
dRemde

arsebuli

mimdinareobani

da

Sexedulebani

pirovnebis formirebis faqtorebis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba Semdeg

jgufebad daiyos:

pirveli mimdinareobaTa da SexedulebaTa is jgufebi,

romlebic ugulebelyofen aRzrdis rols, araraobamde
dahyavT igi pirovnebis formirebis procesSi da yvelafris
ganmsazRvrelad
gadmocemuli

Tandayolili
monacemebi

ideebi,

an

memkvidreobiT

bavSvis

bunebrivi

TaviseburebebimiaCniaT;

meore pirvelis sruliad sawinaaRmdego, materialisturi

Semecnebis

Teoriaze

dafuZnebuli

e.w.

sufTa

dafis,

aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis Teoria;

mesame

am

ori

jgufis

meqanikurad

SemaerTebeli

da

Semarigebeli konvergenciis Teoria;

meoTxe amaTgan gansxvavebuli frangi materialistebis

Sexedulebani, romlebic am sakiTxis gadawyevtaSi sruliad

sxvagvar da Tavisebur Sexedulebebs ayenebdnen, romelTa

meoxebiT isini gamouval wreSi moeqcnen aRzrdisa da
garemos rolis sakiTxis garkvevisas;

mexuTe im klasikosTa Sexedulebani, romlebic, ase Tu ise,

samive faqtors aqceven yuradRebas da umravles SemTxvevaSi
wamyvan rols aRzrdas akuTvnebdnen.

aRzrdis rolis uarmyofeli Teoriebi or jgufad iyofa:

aRzrdis

rolis

uaryofa

idealisturi

ideologiis

safuZvelze da aRzrdis rolis uaryofa materialisturi

ideologiis safuZvleze. am Teoriebis warmomadgenelebi
amtkicebdnen, rom pirovnebis zogadi da individualuri
Tvisebebis ganviTareba ganpirobebulia misi bunebiT da
memkvidreobiT,

xolo

aRzrda

memkvidreobiT

miRebul

midrekilebaTa gamovlinebis garegani pirobaa.

idealisturi
damyvani

sawyisiT

Teoriis

aRzrdis

fesvebi

rolis

antikur

araraobamdis

filosofiaSia.

igi

Tandayolili ideebis aRiarebiT iwyeba (ix. platoni, Tavi V)

da

Semdeg

yovelTvis

sxvadasxva

formiT

gvevlineba.

Tandayolili ideebis pirveli seriozuli ganmcxadebeli

berZeni

filosofosi,

warmomadgeneli,

platoni

Tanaxmad,

adamians

romlebic

ar

saSualebiT.

obieqturi
iyo.

dabadebidan

arian

SeZenilni

gamodioda

ra

idealizmis

platonis
Tan

filosofiis

dahyveba

ideebi,

grZnobaTa

organoebis

sensualizmis

winaaRmdeg,

platoni asabuTebda, rom grZnobebi ar SeiZleba iyvnen

WeSmariti codnis wyaro, radganac isini ver scildebian
saganTa

samyaros

(ontologiur)

sazRvrebs.

WeSmariti

codnis wyaros warmoadgens ukvdavi sulis mier ideaTa

samyaros mogoneba, romelsac Wvretda igi mokvdav sxeulSi
Casaxlebamdis. maSasadame, platonis mixedviT, adamianis
pirovnebis formireba, mis mier codnaTa jamis daufleba
ganpirobebulia Tandayolili ideebiT da ara aRzrdiT. es
ideebi gansazRvraven mis Camoyalibebas. aqedan cxadia, rom
platonis mier ugulebelyofilia aRzrdis wamyvani roli da
igi raRac Tandayolili, mzamzareuli ideis mogonebis
xelSemwyob saSualebad aris gamocxadebuli.
axal filosofiaSi Tandayolili ideis Taviseburi Teoria
wamoayena

rene

dekartem,

romelic

Semdeg

ingliseli

filosofosis, jon lokis kritikis obieqti gaxda.

aRzrdis rolis uarmyofelma memkvidreobiTma Teoriam
Tavisi

dasabuTeba

gansakuTrebuli

pesimistur

siZlieriT

filosofiaSic

gamoixata

igi

miiRo.

germaneli

folosofosis Sopenhaueris mier. Sopenhaueri asabuTebs,

rom aRzrda uZluria, usargebloa, radgan memkvidreobiT
miRebuli Tvisebebi mihyvebian adamians mTeli cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi. misi azriT, aRzrdas SeuZlia ramdenamde
gaamdidros adamiani codniT, magram ar SeuZlia misi
mimarTulebis Secvla. bunebiT kargi adamiani, Sopenhaueris
mixedviT, ar SeiZleba cudi Tvisebebis matarebeli gaxdes
arawesieri magaliTebiT da cudi aRzrdiT. misi mixedviT,
aRzrda aramcTu uZluria, aramed uazrobacaa, radganac
dabadebis Semdeg bavSvSi erTbaSad iCens Tavs misi momavali
Tvisebebi

da

aRmzrdelebis

araviTar

zemoqmedebas

ar

SeuZlia Secvalos igi. xasiaTis kanonebi, Sopenhaueris

saboloo daskvniT, iseve ucvlelia, rogorc bunebisa.

amgvarad icavsigi memkvidreobis fatalistur xasiaTs.

aRzrdis rolis ugulebelyofismaterialisturi Teoriis

safuZvels
Teoria.

warmoadgens

nativizmis

e.w.

Teoriis

biologiuri

nativisturi

warmomadgenlebi

arian

g.

mendeli (18221884w.w.), germaneli fiziologi da fsiqologi

evald peringi (18341918w.w.), amerikeli sociologia da
pedagogi edvard Torndaiki (18741949w.w.) da sxv. maTi azriT,
adamianis esa Tu is fsiqologiuri funqcia Tandayolilia,
imTaviTvea mocemuli. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, axaldabadebuli
bavSvis zrdadamTavrebul adamianad Camoyalibebis procesi
ganisazRvreba

memkvidreobiT

Tandayolili

Tvisebebis

srulyofiT, romlis SesaZleblobasac TviT organizmi

atarebs garemosa da aRzrdis raime arsebiTi gavlenis
gareSe.

nativizmis

SesaZleblobani

mixedviT,

ganviTarebis

organizmis
procesSi

Tandayolili
ar

ganicdian

araviTar Tvisebriv cvlilebebs. aRzrda da garemo xels

uwyobs mxolod maT ramdenadme dasrulebuli formiT
gamomJRvanebas. rac Seexeba am gamomJRavnebuli formis
niSandobliv

Tvisebriv

mxareebs,

isini

ukve

imTaviTve

atareben mas.
sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma, vfiqrobT,

aRzrdis wminda

meqanisturi gagebaa. amitom, pedagogikaSi nativizmi mxolod

memkvidreobiTobis

ganmsazRvreli

rolis

aRiarebamde

daiyvanebada, Sesabamisad, igi memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli

TvisebebiT bavSvis bunebis gansazRvras pirvel adgilze

ayenebs.
cnobilia, rom yvela organizmi gamravlebisas Tavis
msgavs STamomavlobas iZleva. Tavisi msgavsi saxeebis
warmoebis am unars organizmisas uwodeben, swored,
memkvidreobiTobas. memkvidreobiToba (memkvidruloba)
warmoadgens cocxal organizmTa Tvisebas, SeinarCunos da
gadasces Semdeg Taobebs winaprebisagan miRebuli niSan
Tvisebebi da ganviTarebis Taviseburebani. memkvidreobiToba
ganpirobebulia ujredis materialuri struqturebis mier
memkvidruli informaciis gadacemiT Taobidan TaobaSi.
memkvidruloba unda ganvasxvavoT memkvidreobisagan, rac
warmoadgens memkvidruli informaciis gadacemas Taobidan
Taobaze. memkvidruli informaciis realizacia
ontogenezisis sxvadasxva stadiaze mimdinareobs
gansazRvrul saarsebo pirobebSi. amitom organizmis
ganviTareba damokidebulia ori faqtoris genotipisa da
garemos moqmedebaze [qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 6,
gv. 565].
maSasadame, yovel memkvidrul Tvisebas bavSvi genis
saSualebiT iRebs. geniberZnuli sityvaa da dabadebas,
gaCenas niSnavs. genetika memkvidreobiTobas gansazRvravs,
rogorc cocxali organizmis Tvisebas, romliTac igi Tavisi
cxovrebisaTvis da ganviTarebisaTvis garkveul pirobebs da
am pirobebze garkveul reagirebas moiTxovs.

memkvidreobiToba organizmis istoriuli ganviTarebis

procesSi yalibdeba.
genetika (.. - vinmesganwarmoSoba, warmoqmna)
mecniereba,romelic Seiswavlis , anu
winaprebis unars gadascen Tavisi niSan-Tvisebebi da
ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi momvdevno Taobas. am samecniero
disciplinis saxelwodeba xmarebaSi Semoitana ingliselma
naturalistma 1905 wels.
XX

saukunemde

pedagogika,

cxadia,

Sors

iyo

memkvidreobiTobis aseTi swori gagebisagan da eyrdnoboda

memkvidreobiTobis calmxriv Teorias. am safuZvelze ki
adamianis ganviTareba, misi azrovnebis Camoyalibeba mxolod
memkvidreobiTi faqtorebiT aris ganpirobebuli. am Teoriis
warmomadgenlebis mixedviT, aRzrda uZluria, radgan mas ar
SeuZlia Secvalos an gadaagvaros bavSvSi memkvidreobiT
gadmocemuli Tvisebebi. aRzrdas ar SeuZlia Secvalos
adamianis ganviTarebis mimarTuleba. aseve arafers ambobs da
TiTqmis

sruliad

ugulebelyofs

es

Teoria

garemos

rolsac.
pirovnebis formirebis procesSi memkvidreobisaTvis
gadamwyveti rolis mikuTvneba kidev ufro Zlier formebSi
iqna warmodgenili XX saukuneSi germaneli mecnierebis fric miulerisa da ernst hekelis mier Camoyalibebuli
biogenetikuri kanonis safuZvelze. es kanoni asabuTebs, rom
organizmis ganviTarebis istoria iyofa or monaTesave,
erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul Stod ontogeniad, anu
individis

ganviTarebis

istoriad

da

filogeniad,

anu

organuli

jgufis

ganviTarebis

istoriad.

ontogenia

warmoadgens mokle da swraf gameorebas /rekapitulacia/

filogeniisas,

romelic

ganpirobeulia

memkvidreobis

fiziologiuri funqciebiT da SeguebiT.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi moxda cda am kanonis pedagogikasa da
fsiqologiaSi gadatanisa da es gadatana ganxorcielda
kidevac biogenetikuri kanonis damaxinjebiT. Tumca,es kanoni
TviTonve

moicavda

biogenetikuri

ukiduresi

kanonis

xasiaTis

pedagogikaSi

Secdomebs.

gadatana

gaxda

reaqciuli Sexedulebis safuZveli, romlis mixedviTac,

fsiqikis

ganviTareba

fatalisturadaa

ganpirobebuli

memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli gansakuTrebuli unariTa da

TvisebiT,

ise

ganviTarebaze
gavlena.

rom,

sruliad

sazogadoebrivi

aqedanpedagogikaSi

uaryofilia

fsiqikis

garemos

gansazRvruli

savsebiT

umarTebulod

gamotanilia daskvna: Tu ontogenia warmoadgens mokle

gameorebas filogeniisas, maSin aRzrda da swavleba, cxadia,
iZulebulia morCilad mihyves ganviTarebis am stadiebis
cvalebadobas

da

Seeguos

maT.

faqtia,

rom

aseTi

formulirebis dros sruliad zedmetia laparaki aRzrdisa

da garemos wamyvan rolze.
aRzrdis rolis uarmyofeli, Cveni azriT, pesimisturi
da reaqciuli Teoriebi gaxda, erTi mxriv, safuZveli
pedagogikis mecnierebis uaryofisa. pedagogikis nacvlad XIX
saukunis

miwurulSi

pedagogikis

mimarTulebad Seiqmna mecniereba pedologia.

sawinaaRmdego

pedologiis

Camoyalibebis

safuZvlebi

ukavSirdeba

amerikeli stenli holis (18461924 w.w.) saxels, romelic

pirovnebis

ganviTarebis

iziarebda.
Teoria

holis

mier

efuZneboda

biogenetikur
SemuSavebuli

e.hekelis

Tvalsazriss

rekapitualiciis

mier

formulirebul

biogenetikur kanons. holi iyo amerikaSi asakobrivi da

pedagogiuri fsiqologiis fuZemdebeli.
termini pedologia berZnuli sityvebidan pais, paidos -bavSvi
da logos momdinareobs da niSnavs moZRvrebas bavSvis Sesaxeb.
es

termini

holis

mowafem,

o.

kristiansenma

SemoiRo.

pedologiur moZraobaSi gaerTianebulni iyvenen biologebi,

pedagogebi,

pediatrebi,

sociologebi,

fsiqologebi,

anTropologebi. igi bevr qveyanaSi iyo gavrcelebuli.

pedologiis evropeli warmomadgeneli edvard klaparedi
iyo. igi pedologias or nawilad Teoriul da gamoyenebiT
nawilebad

hyofda.

ontogenezis
gamoyenebiTi

Teoriuli

fundamentur
pedologia

pedologia

Seiswavlida

kanonzomierebebs,

xolo

saswavloaRmzrdelobiTi

meTodebis damuSvebisa da danergvis, fsiqikuri ganviTarebis

donis garkvevas.
SemdgomSi, XX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis 50ian
wlebamde pedologiis warmomadgeneli bevri TvalsaCino
moRvaweiyo, maT Soris - amerikeli jeims bolduini (18611934
w.w.), frangi alfred bine( 18571911w.w), germanelebi ernst
moimani (18621915 w.w.) da karl grosi (18611946 w.w.), magram
isini biogenetikur xazTan erTad, aRzrdasa da garemosac

seriozul rols aniWebdnen da, Sesabamisad, Cveni naSromis am

qveTavebSi, kerZod, aRzrdis rolis uarmyofeli Teoriebis
warmomadgenlebSi, maTi ganxilva, cxadia, mizanSewonili ar
iqneba.
rogorc

zeviT

aRvniSneT,

pedologia

bevr

qveyanaSi

gavrcelda. maT Soris - sabWoTa kavSirSic da, maSasadame,

saqarTveloSic.

pedologia

anketebisa

da

testebis

meTodebiT awarmoebda moswavleTa da maTi mSoblebis

kvlevas da miznad isaxavda daesabuTebina, rom swavlaSi
mowafeTa warumatebloba, maTi qcevis calkeuli defeqtebi
ganpirobebuliamemkvidrebiTi da socialuri faqtorebiT.
pedologebs mindobili hqondaT skolis xelmZRvanelobisa
da

moswavleTa

aRzrdis

umniSvnelovanesi

funqciebi,

dakisrebuli hqondaT klasebis dakomleqteba, saskolo

reJimis organizacia,moswavleTa warumateblobis mizezebis
gamorkveva, profesiis gansazRvra maTTvis, vinc skolas
amTavrebs da sxva. faqtobrivad, mTeli saswavlo procesis
warmarTva

skolisa

da

pedagogis

pedologizaciis

TvalsazrisiT. pedologebi usvamdnen bavSvebs SekiTxvebs

ise, rom ar iTvaliswinebdnen maTi codnis dones, garemos,
romelSic isini izrdebodnen, maTs praqtikul gamocdilebas
da am standartul, kazuistikur SekiTxvebze miRebuli
pasuxebis

mixedviT,

xuTiode

wuTis

ganmavlobaSi

gamohqondaT daskvna bavSvebis niWierebisa da uniWobis

Sesaxeb.

pedologiis Teoria da praqtika sabWoTa kavSirSi dagmes

centraluri komitetis 1936 wlis 4 ivlisis dadgenilebiT
gansaxkomis sistemaSi pedologiur damaxinjebaTa Sesaxeb.
am

dadgenilebiT

crumecnierebad

iqna

gamocxadebuli

pedologia da misi kanonebi. aRdgenil iqna pedagogika da

pedagogebi,

likvidirebuli

iqna

pedologTa

rgoli

skolebSi da aRikveTa pedologiuri saxelmZRvaneloebi.

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom pedologebi, miuxedavad maTi
radikalizmisa,
Seecadnen
roli

iyvnen

mecnierebis

pirovnebis

genetikisadmi
zogierTi

pirveli
poziciidan

formirebis

gadaWarbebuli

maTganis

ugulebelyofa,

mecnierebi,

mier

ganexilaT

procesSi,
mniSvnelobis

aRzrdis

es mecniereba

da,

romlebic
genetikis
rom

miniWeba

rolis

ara
da

savsebiT

namdvilad imsaxurebda

seriozul yuradRebas.
saqarTveloSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pedologiis mecnierebis
warmomadgeneli iyo dimitri uznaZe. man 1939 wels gamosca
wigni pedologia. igi seriozul yuradRebas uTmobda
genetikis sakiTxebs, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom d. uznaZe
aRzrdasa da garemosac mniSvnelovan rols akisrebda. igi
swored aRzrdas, saTanado zemoqmedebaTa organizacias,
aniWebda gadamwyvet rols bavSvis Sinagani monacemebis
ganviTarebisaTvis.
Tandayolili ideebiTa da memkvidreobiT adamianTa
bedis ganpirobebas mkacri protesti filosofiaSi unda
mieRo da man miiRo kidevac igi materialistur

filosofiaSi. am mxriv CvenTvis upirvelesad aRsaniSnavi da

sainteresoa ingliseli filosofosi da pedagogi jon loki.
igi pirovnebis formirebis faqtorebis gadawyvetis
empiristuli Teoriis fuZemdebelia. empiria empeiria
laTinuri sityvaa da cdas niSnavs. lokis materialisturi
Semecnebis Teoria, Tumca araTanmimdevruli, magram
bunebrivi uaryofaa Tandayolili ideebis filosofiisa [ix.

j. loki, Tavi V avt.]. misTvis pirovnebis formirebaSi

gadamwyveti roli adamianis gamocdilebas, gare samyaros
aRqmas eniWeba. lokisTvis araviTari Tandayolili idea ar
arsebobs da ararsebuli arc SeiZleba iyos raime codnis
wyaro.adamianis codnis wyaros, lokis mixedviT,
warmoadgens obieqturi samyaros zemoqmedeba adamianis
grZnobaTa organoebze. loki icavs adamianuri codnis
cdiseul, grZnobad xasiaTs. igi bavSvis suls sufTa dafas
adarebs da Semecnebis TeoriaSi materialisturi
sensualizmis warmomadgenlad gvevlineba.aRzrdis rolis
uarmyofeli Teoriebis kritikis dros, misive filosofiidan
gamomdinare, loki TviT aviTarebs ukiduresad calmxriv
Teorias. Tavisi sufTa dafis empiristuli TeoriiT, loki
aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis aRiarebamdis da memkvidreobis
rolis, rogorc pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi
garkveuli faqtoris, TiTqmis srul ugulebelyofamde
midis.lokis mixedviT, bavSvebs dabadebidan ar dahyvebaT
araviTari idea an raRac gansakuTrebuli memkvidreobiTi
Taviseburebani, romliTac isini erTmaneTisagan

principulad gansxvavdebodnen. misi azriT, yvela

axaldabadebuli bavSvi aRWurvilia iseTnairi
SesaZleblobebiT da monacemebiT, romlebic savsebiT
sakmarisia maTi pirovnebis srulfasovnad
CamoyalibebisaTvis. bavSvis sufTa goneba TandaTanobiT
ivseba warwerebiT, imis mixedviT, Tu rogor moqmdebs masze
obieqturi sinamdvile. aq bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: Tuki
obieqturi sinamdvilis, sagnebis zemoqmedeba gansazRvravs
bavSvis gonebis warwerebiT Sevsebas, e.i. mis mier codnis
SeZenas, an ufro farTod rom vTqvaT, misi pirovnebis
formirebas, maSin raRa SuaSia aRzrda? saidan gamogvyavs,
rom pirovnebis formirebis procesSi loki aRzrdas
yovlisSemZle kategoriad Tvlida? marTalia, lokis
mixedviT bavSvis grZnobaTa organoebze sinamdvilis
zemoqmedebiT ivseba misi sufTa goneba, magram am
zemoqmedebis regulatorad, zemoqmedebis odenobisa da
xasiaTis warmmarTvelad igi aRzrdas Tvlis. aRzrdazea
damokidebuli ra farglebSi, ra zomiT da rogori
TaviseburebebiT imoqmedebs obieqturi sinamdvile bavSvis
sulze. aRzrda gansazRvravs axaldabadebuli bavSvis
Camoyalibebas. cxra meaTedi im adamianebisa,wers loki,
romlebsac Cven vxvdebiT, rom warmoadgenen iseTebs,
rogoric isini arian-keTilebi an borotebi, sasargebloni an
usargebloni-maTi aRzrdis Sedegia. swored igi qmnis did
sxvaobebs adamianTa Soris. [ , ,

 , 1939 gv.72] esaa swored lokis

calmxrivoba. man aRzrda yovlisSemZled gamoacxada.
cudad aRzrdil kacSi simamace gadadis uxeSobaSi,
swavluloba- pedantizmSi, sityvamaxviloba- gauTlelobaSi,
gulTbiloba- mliqvnelobaSi. loki
mainc

sainteresoa,

lokisaTvis

memkvidreoba

mniSvneloba

adamianis

arsebobs

Tu

da

Tu

aqvs

pirovnebis

ara
ara

saerTod
mas

raime

formirebaSi.

loki

arasdros misula memkvidreobis rolis srul uaryofamde.

piriqiT, adamianTa Camoyalibeba, maT mier codnis, unarisa da
Cvevebis SeZena SeuZlebeli iqneboda maTSi dabadebiTve
arsebuli

niWierebis,

memkvidreobiT

Tvisebebis, maTi

gansakuTrebuli

memkvidreobiT

gadmocemul

gadmocemuli

konstituciis
TvisebebSia

gareSe.
swored

SesaZlebloba adamianis mier yvelafris aTvisebisa. Cven

vibadebiT

iseTi

niWierebiTa

da

ZalebiT,

romlebSic

mocemulia TiTqmis yvelafris aTvisebis SesaZlebloba da

romlebsac, yovel SemTxvevaSi, SeuZliaT wagviyvanon imaze
Sors, risi wamodgenac CvenTviTon SegviZlia: magram am
Zalebis varjiSs SeuZlia mxolod mogvces Cven unari da
daxelovneba raimeSi da wagviyvanon srulyofisaken, Soris.

[ , , , 1939
gv.131]
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rogorc zogierTi avtori
fiqrobs, rom lokis empiristuli Teoria pirovnebis
formirebis procesSi ar ayenebs aRzrdis

yovlisSemZleobas? odnavadac ara. lokis mixedviT,

adamianTa Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba mxolod da mxolod
aRzrdis Sedegia. adamianebi TavianTi memkvidreobiTi
TaviseburebebiT imdenad ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan,
rom aRzrdam ar uzrunvelyos maTi gaTanabreba. am mxriv,
maTSi TiTqmis Tanabari SesaZleblobania. memkvidreobiToba,
rogorc adamianis srulyofis aucilebeli safuZvelTagani,
adamianebSi ar warmoadgens iseT gansxvavebul
gansakuTrebulobas, romlis winaSe qeds ixrides aRzrda.
ganaTleba qmnis gansxvavebas adamianTa Soris.
/loki/
daaxloebiT aseve SeiZleba iTqvas garemos rolis
Sesaxebac bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi. loki
sakmaod

did

organizebul

rols

akuTvnebs

sazogadoebriv

garemos,

garemos.

gansakuTrebiT,

Tumca,

mis

mier

garemosadmi yuradRebis gamaxvileba odnavadac ver uaryofs

debulebas, rom loki aRzrdas yovlisSemZle kategoriad
Tvlis.

marTalia,

pirovnebis

igi

formirebis

asabuTebs
procesSi,

garemos
magram

did

rols

aRzrdasTan

SedarebiT igi imdenad daqvemdebarebulia, ramdenadac mis

gavlenas adamianze TiTqmis mTlianad warmarTavs da sZlevs
aRzrda.

saboloo

jamSi,

aRzrda

gansazRvravs

misi

moqmedebis TiTqmis yvela Sedegs. amas Tu davumatebT imasac,

rom loki, rogorc filosofosi, Zalian xSirad garemos qveS
TviT

aRzrdasac

gulisxmobs,

maSin

gasagebi

xdeba

pirovnebis

formirebis

procesSi

misi

aRzrdis

yovlisSemZleobis Teoria.
amgvarad,

TiTqmis

Tanabrad

cdebian

is

avtorebi,

romelTa mixedviT loki araviTar mniSvnelobas ar aniWebs

memkvidreobasa da garemos da amitom sruliad gverds uvlian
am mxriv lokis Sexedulebis mimoxlvas da mxolod aRzrdis
rolze laparakoben. aseve, is avtorebic, romlebic aRzrdis
gverdiT

xazgasmiT

asabuTeben

lokis

mier

pirovnebis

formirebis procesSi memkvidreobisaTvis garkveuli rolis

mikuTvnebas da ar acxadeben mas aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis
Teoriis warmomadgenlad. es ukanasknelni amis aRiarebis
safuZvlad iReben, albaT, lokis zogierT iseT gamoTqmas,
romliTac

igi

scnobs

gansakuTrebulobas

im

adamianTa
zomiT,rom

memkvidrul
adamianis

es

gansakuTrebuloba gamohyavs, erTi mxriv, misi warmatebis

sawindrad. loks marTlac aqvs amgvari gamoTqmebi, magram es
calkeuli gamoTqmebi ar SeiZleba daedos safuZvlad mTeli
misi moZRvrebis xasiaTis axnas. es moZRvreba ki mTlianad
dabejiTebiTlaparakobsaRzrdis

ganuzomlad

did

SesaZleblobebze. lokis Sexedulebani xom iyo, erTi mxriv,

im idealisturi Teoriis amosavali, romelic aRzrdas aramc
Tu pirovnebis, aramed TviT sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis
Secvlis upirveles da umTavres faqtorad acxadebda. rac
Seexeba mis zogierT SemTxveviT gamoTqmas memkvidruli
TvisebebisaTvis sakmao rolis miniWebis Sesaxeb, igi araa
tipuri

lokis

pedagogiuri

moZRvrebisaTvis
moZRvrebis

da

SeiZleba

zogierTi

lokis

aspeqtisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli

winaaRmdegobiT

aixsnas,

rac

misi

araTanmimdevruli materialisturi filosofiis Sedegia.

nativizmi

da

sawinaaRmdego

or,

empirizmi

erTmaneTTan

ukiduresad

sruliad

calmxriv

debulebas

aviTarebs. erTi yvelafers adamianis Sinagan faqtorebs,

xolo meore yvelafers garegan faqtorebs, aRzrdasa da
garemos

akuTvnebs.

cxadia,

orive

Teoria,

ukiduresad

calmxrivi da mcdaria. Sesabamisad, maT nacvlad germaneli

fsiqologis,

viliam

(18711938

Sternis

w.w.)

mier

pedagogikasa da fsiqologiaSi konvergenciis Teoria iqna

wamoyenebuli. konvergencia laTinuri sityvaa (convergere) da
qarTulad miaxloebas, Sexvedras niSnavs. empiristuli da
nativisturi Teoriebis Secdomebis daZlevis cda, orives
gamaerTianebeli sinTeturi Teoriis Seqmnisa, pirvelad
biologiur

mecnierebaSi

ganviTarebis,
gamaxvilebuli

misi
iqna

ganxorcielda

pirovnebis
yuradReba

memkvidreobiT

gadmocemul

faqtorebzec.

esaa

swored

da

adamianis

formirebisasaxsnelad
rogorc

faqtorebze,

ise

konvergenciis

Sinagan,
garegan
ZiriTadi

dedaazric.
konvergenciis Teoriis Tanaxmad, bavSvis pirovnebis
Camoyalibebas gansazRvravs rogorc Sinagani, ise garegani
faqtorebic Sinaganis gareganTan SeTanxmebis gziT. es
Teoria cdilobs Searigos nativisturi da empiristuli
Teoriebi. amis mixedviT, ganviTareba Sinagan monacemTa
garemosTan konvergenciaSi mdgomareobs. v. Sterni aRniSnavs,

rom adamianis sulieri formireba warmoadgens ar mxolod

Tandayolil TvisebaTa gamovlenasan gareSe zemoqmedebaTa
ubralod

miRebas,

aramed

Sinagan

midrekilebaTa

ganviTarebis gareSe pirobebTan konvergencias, SeTanxmebas.

Tanac, aRniSnuli konvergencia dasturdeba ara mxolod
mTeli organizmis mimarT, aramed misi calkeuli funqciebis
mimarTac. adamianis arc erTi Tviseba ar momdinareobs misi
mxolod

Sinagani

monacemebidan

an

mxolod

garemo

pirobebidan, aramed yvela misi funqcia da Tviseba Sedegia

garegani

da

Sinagani

konvergenciisa.

faqtorebis

gaerTianebis,

anu

memkvidruli Tvisebebi ver ganviTardeba

garemos moTxovnebTan aqtiuri damTxvevis (Sexvedris) gareSe

da,

piriqiT,

verc

aqtiuri

garemos

zemoqmedebiT

ganviTardeba iseTi memkvidruli Tvisebebi, romelTac ar

aqvT ganviTarebis potencia. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, bevri
mozardis potenciuri niWi ver ganviTarda imis gamo, rom ver
Sexvda

am

niWis

ganviTarebisaTvis

Sesaferis

garemo

pirobebs da piriqiT, rac ar unda Zlieri iyos garemos

zemoqmedeba, igi verafers miaRwevs, Tu mozards potenciaSi,
genetikaSi ar aqvs is niWi, romlis ganviTarebasac cdiloben.
cxadia,

am

SemTxvevaSi

organizebuli

garemo,

garemos
anu

cnebaSi

igulisxmeba

aRmzrdelebis

mier

organizaciaqmnili garemo. maSasdame, aucilebelia orive

faqtoris - Sinaganisa da gareganis damTxveva.
konvergenciis Teoria, mxolod ubralod, meqanikurad
aerTebs or ukiduresad calmxriv Teorias, aRiarebs, rom

garegani da Sinagani faqtorebi aucilebeli faqtorebia,

magram raSi mdgomareobs maTi kavSiri, rogoria maTi
urTierTzemoqmedebis sfero, romels ra roli ekuTvnis
pirovnebis formirebis procesSi, igi pasuxs ver iZleva.
TviTon Sterni nativisturi da empiristuli Teoriuli
SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom Tu ori erTimeoris
mowinaaRmdege Teoriidan TiToeuli eyrdnoba seriozul
safuZvels,

maSin

mdgomareobdes.

WeSmariteba
konvergencia,

orives
erTi

SeerTebaSi

unda

SexedviT,

swor

Tvalsazrisze dgas, magram sinamdvileSi, rogorc vnaxeT,

mxolod

ekleqtikurad

aerTianebs

nativistur

da

empiristul Teoriebs.
am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT, aqve unda aRiniSnos qarTveli
fsiqologis, dimitri uznaZis pozicia, romelic avtors
gadmocemuli aqvs naSromSi pedologia da romelsac

koincindenciis Teoria hqvia. es Teoria uznaZem v. Sternis

Teoriis sapirispirod wamoayena. d. uznaZis azriT, ori
sruliad gansxvavebuli, Sinagani da garegani movlena ver
Seqmnis iseT harmoniul kavSirs, romelic ganviTarebas
gamoiwvevs. individis yovelgvar maxasiaTebels aucileblad
Seesabameba garemoSi arsebuli Sesabamisi movlena, mag.,
Tvalis

struqturis

Sinagani

SeuZlebelia

sinaTlis

maxasiaTeblebis

gareSe,

funqciis

daxasiaTeba

(garegani)
maSasadame,

fsiqikuri

Tvalis

Sinagani

struqtura da funqcia pirdapir miuTiTebs im garegan

garemoebebze,

romelTa

gareSe

misi

ganviTareba

warmoudgenelia. aqedan gamomdinare, Sinaganis cneba ukve

Seicavs Tavis SinaarsSi imas, rasac gareganad Tvlian da,
piriqiT, gareganisa imas, rasac Sinaganad Tvlian. es imas
niSnavs, rom am cnebaTa Sinaarsis urTierTisagan gamoTiSva
sruliad

mouxerxebelia

da,

maSasadame,

Cven

winaSe

Sinaganisa da gareganis, Tandayolilisa da SeZenilis

cnebaTa

koincindenciis

erTianobis

faqti

dgas.

Tu

Sinagansa da garegans Soris aseTi erTianobaa, maSin savsebiT

naTelia, rom Sinaganis ganviTarebas xeli unda Seuwyos
aRzrdam, anu gareganis imgvarma organizaciam, romlis
saSualebiTac

SeirCeva

zemoqmedeba.

Sesabamisad,es

socialuri

wris

Sinaganze

mier

saTanado

garegani

zemoqmedeba

adamianis

modificirebul

garemoSi

mimdinareobs. aseT garemos d. uznaZe asakobriv garemos

uwodebs. e.i. asakobrivi garemo, socialurad organizebuli
garemoa da, rogorc viciT, aRzrdis procesis erTerTi
ZiriTadi
asakobrivi

maxasiaTebelia.
jgufis

amgvari

Sesatyvisi

garemo

garkveuli

fsiqofizikuri

Zalebis

Sesabamisi unda iyos. d. uznaZis azriT, erTi mxriv, bavSvis

ZalTa

ganviTareba

damokidebuli,

masze

xolo,

moqmed

meore

asakobriv

mxriv,

garemozea

piriqiT,

TviTon

asakobrivi garemos Sinaarsi bavSvis ZalTa ganviTarebis

doniT ganisazRvreba.
rogorc
procesSi

vxedavT,
aRzrdis,

d.

uznaZe
garemosa

pirovnebis
da

ganviTarebis

memkvidreobiTobis

ganxilvisas, samive faqtors udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs.

aRzrdis rolis sakiTxma Taviseburi gadawyveta miiRo

XVIII sakuneSi frangi materialistebis moZRvrebaSi. XVIII
saukunis frangulma filosofiam, am mxriv, didi nabiji
gadadga win imiT, rom mecnierulad daayena

problema

adamianisa da garemos damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb, romlis

garkveviTac SeiZleba mxolod pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi
aRzrdis rolis sakiTxis mecnierulad gadaWra. garemos
rolis amgvari xedviT, es Teoria manamde arsebul yvela
moZRvrebaze

maRla

aRzrdasTan erTad, am

dadga.

aqedan,

bunebrivia,

rom

moZRvrebam gaamaxvila yuradReba,

SeiZleba iTqvas, gadaWarbebuladac ki, garemos rolis

sakiTxze.

aq

SedarebiT

gamonakliss

helveciusi

warmoadgens, romelic aRzrdas yovlisSemZle kategoriad

Tvlis,

magram

Cven

materializmis,

visaubrebT

rogorc

mTlianad

mimdinareobis

franguli

Sesaxeb.

am

mimdinareobis irgvliv saerTo, zogadi daskvnebis gakeTeba,

cxadia, SeiZleba.
frangul

materialistur

moZRvrebaSi

mocemulia

aRzrdis rolis uarmyofeli Teoriebis kritika, riTac igi

gansakuTrebiT

zrdis

Tavis

damsaxurebas

progresuli

kacobriobis istoriisadmi. frangebi aRzrdas,pirovnebis

formirebis

procesSi,

udides

rols

moZRvrebis

mixedviT,

normaluri

akuTvneben.

adamianebi

maTi

TavianTi

bunebrivi TaviseburebebiT da niWierebiT erTmaneTisagan ar

gansxvavdebian

im

zomiT,

rom

erTi

gankuTvnili

iyos

gonebrivi muSaobisaTvis, batonobisaTvis, xolo meore

fizikuri muSaobisaTvis, monobisaTvis. adamianTa Soris

arsebuli sxvaoba maT aRzrdisa da garemos rols miaweres,
gamoacxades

ra

aRzrda,

erTi

mxriv,

yovlisSemZle

kategoriad. helveciusi amtkicebs, rom adamianebi erTnairi

unariT ibadebian da Semdgom maT Soris arsebuli sxvaoba da
uTanasworoba

mxolod

da

mxolod

aRzrdis

Sedegia,

aRzrdas SeuZlia yvelaferi. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom

aRzrdaSi helveciusi gulisxmobs ara mxolod mSoblebisa
da maswavlebelis moRvaweobas, aramed
politikur
helevciusis

wyobasac.

mTavari

mixedviT,

aris

sazogadoebriv

damrigebeli

bavSvisa,

mmarTvelobis

forma,

maswavlebelebi da moswavleebi erTnairad emorCilebian am

aRmzrdels.
cudad naswavli ufro daSorebulia sibrZnisgan, vidresruliad uswavleli.
/Jan Jak ruso/
helveciusis es gadaWarbeba Seaswora Semdgom deni didrom,
romelmac

xazi

gausva

aRzrdis

rolis

sazRvrebis

Semofargvlas da im droisaTvis ramdenime swori azri

ganaviTara: Tqven amtkicebT, mimarTavs is helveciuss, rom
aRzrdas SeuZlia yvelafris gakeTeba, umjobesia vTqvaT, rom
aRzrdis saSualebiT Zalian bevris miRweva SeiZleba.
miuxedavad progresuli Teorisaa,frangi materialistebi
gamouval wreSi moeqcnen da Tavi veRar gaarTves aRzrdisa
da garemos rols, maTi urTierTobis sakiTxs. gamodian ra
pirovnebis

Camoyalibebis

procesSi

aRzrdis

rolis

gadamwyveti mniSvnelobidan, isini askvnian, rom aRzrdis

meSveobiT SesaZlebelia adamianTa Sexedulebebis Secvla,

keTili

garemos

Seqmna

da

aseTi

mSvidobiani

gziT

sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis gadakeTebac. Tumca, meore mxriv,

isini asabuTeben, rom adamiani garemos produqtia. aqedan
bunebrivia daskvna, rom adamianTa SecvlisaTvis, wesieri
aRzrdaganaTlebis SemoRebisaTvis, aucilebelia garemos
Secvla. maSasadame, erTi mxriv, aRzrda gvevlineba garemos
Secvlis mTavar Zalad da, meore mxriv, garemos Secvlaa
aucilebeli piroba aRzrdisa da adamianis Secvlisa. aqve
unda iqnes xazgasmuli, rom frangi materialistebi adamianis
bunebriv

Taviseburebebs,

memkvidreobiT

gadmocemul

Tvisebebs, araviTar rols ar akuTvneben da am mxriv

adamianebs Tanasworad acxadeben.
pirovnebis

formirebis

faqtorebis

sakiTxis

ganxilvisas, aucilebelia SevCerdeT aRorZinebis epoqis

moazrovneebze, vinaidan swored maT moumzades safuZveli
klasikur

pedagogikas,

swored

am

epoqis

TvalsaCino

moRvaweebma daamkvidres humanizmis ideebi filosofiaSi da,

Sesabamisad, pedagogikur azrovnebaSi. renesansis klasikur
samSoblod XVXV saukuneebis centraluri da aRmosavleT
evropa iTvleba (Tumca dRes mecnierebaSi bevrs saubroben
aRmosavlur

renesanszec,

kerZod,

qarTul

renesansze,

romelic X saukunis dasasruls daiwyo SoTa rusTavelis

vefxistyaosniT, somxur (XX ss.), Cinur (VX ss). da
sxva qveynebis renesansebze.
termini

renesansi

(renessance)

franguli

sityvaa

da

aRorZinebas niSnavs. termini mecnierebaSi XV saukunidan

damkvidrda. rodesac aRorZinebaze saubroben, igulisxmeba

antikuri kulturis, antikuri Rirebulebebis aRorZineba,
romelsac

Sua

saukeneebis

religiurasketuri

msoflmxedveloba uaryofda da krZalavda. amavdroulad, am

periodSievropaSi viTardeba qalaquri kultura, Cndeba
kapitalisturi wyobilebis sawyisebi, xdeba mecnieruli
aRmoCenebi. es procesebi, bunebrivia, iwvevs axali ideebis,
axali

msoflmxedvelobis

warmoSobas,

axali

funqcia

eniWeba Tavad adamians. dRis wesrigSi dgeba aqtiuri,

TavisTavadi adamianis pirovneba, romlis ideali ukve veRar
Tavsdeba feodalurwodebrivi urTierTobebis, saeklesio
asketuri Sua saukuneebis moralis CarCoebSi. aman gamowvia
RirebulebaTa gadafaseba. axali ideologiis Semqmnelni
TavianT Teoriebs saxarebisa da bibliis interpretaciebze
amyarebdnen, romelTa mixedviT, adamiani samyaros centria
(SemdgomSi

anTropocentrizmi, berZ.,

antropos-

adamiani),

RmerTma igi yvela qmnilebis meufed da Tavis xatad da

msgavsad Seqmna. maSasadame, adamiani Semoqmedia da igi am
qveyanaSive (gansxvavebiT asketizmisagan) bednierad unda
cxovrobdes, unda Seimecnebdes da unda qmnides, unda
zrunavdes samyaroze.
am epoqis moazrovneebma italielebi p. verjerio (1350
1444 w.w.), m. vejio (14061456 w.w.), e. pikolomini (14051464
w.w.), l. bruni (13691444 w.w.); ingliselebi T. mori(14781535w.w.),
1540w.w.);

r.aSami(1515-1568w.w.);

espanelix.vivesa(1492-

frangebif.rable(1494-1553w.w.),

m.monteni(1533-

1592w.w.);

germanelebi

r.

agrikola(1443-1485w.w.),

reixlini(1455-1522w.w.);
roterdameli(1466-1536w.w.),

i.

holandielierazm
vitorinio

de

feltre(1378-

1446w.w.) zeciuri adamianis moralur ideals daupirispires

miwieri, bunebriv moTxvnilebebze kanonieri uflebis mqone,
harmoniuli adamianis kulti [qarTuli enciklopedia, t. 8,

gv. 155]. yovelive es ki araferia, Tu ara humanizmis idea,

romelic sicocxlismoyvarul, xalisian, suliTa da xorciT
Zlier adamians aRiarebs. maSasadame, humanizmi (humanuus adamianiseuli, adamianuri, ganaTlebuli) renesansis epoqis
ZiriTadi kulturulmsoflmxedvelobrivi mimarTulebaa,
romelmac Sua saukuneebis mistikurad gagebul adamianis
kults miwieri, amqveyniuri adamianis ideali daupirispira
da misTvis zrunva sayovelTao miznad gamoacxada. amasTan,
ar unda daviviwyoT, rom humanistebma TavianT moZRvrebas
safuZvlad saxareba da biblia daudes, maSasadame, maTi
amqveyniuri adamiani RvTismosavi unda yofiliyo.
adamianurobisa da kacTmoyvareobis motivebi uZvelesi
droidan iCenda Tavs yvela eris folklorul, mxatvrul
literaturul

masalaSi,

eTikurfilosofiur

koncefciebSi. humanizmi, rogorc sistemuri mimdinareoba,

warmoiSva renesansis epoqaSi da wamyvan msoflmxedvelobriv
da kulturul nakadad iqca. farTo azriT, humanizmi
istoriulad cvalebad SexedulebaTa sistemaa, romelic
ZiriTad Rirebulebad Tvlis adamianis pirovnebas, aRiarebs
mis uflebas bednierebaze, Tavisuflebaze, Tanasworobasa

da yovelgvari unaris gamovlenaze. maTi azriT, adamianis

keTildReoba

socialuri

interesebis

avkargianobis

Sefasebis sazomia, xolo Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis,

samarTlianobisa da kacTmoyvareobis principi adamianTa
Soris

urTierTobis

[qarTuli

normebia

sabWoTa

enciklopedia, t. 11. gv. 695].

aRorZinebis
aRzrdis

epoqis

sistemis

es

msoflxedva

Teoriul

imdroindel

safuZvlad

iqca.

Sua

saukuneobrivi aRzrda da swavleba atarebda religiur

dogmatur xasiaTs. skolebSi gamefebuli iyo sqolastika,
usityvo morCileba, avtoritarizmi. srulad ignorirebuli
iyo moswavlis pirovneba. aRorZinebis msoflmxedvelobis
ZiriTadi idea, rom adamiani samyaros gvirgvini da centria,
Semoqmedia da aqvs Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis ufleba,
gadatanili iqna aRzrdis sistemaSi da moswavle gamocxadda
swavlaaRzrdis

centrad,

saswavlosaaRmzrdelo
interesebis,

misi

rac

imas

procesi

gulisxmobs,

unda

individualuri

aigos
da

rom

bavSvis

asakobrivi

Taviseburebebis, misi pirovnebis pativiscemis safuZvelze

(moswavleze centrirebuli swavleba).
antikuri

aRzrdis

harmoniuli

pirovnebis

miznis

Sesabamisad, saWiroa bavSvis mravalmxrivi fizikuri,

gonebrivi, zneobrivi, esTetikuri ganviTareba. bavSvi unda
iyos ganaTlebis mizani da ara saSualeba. gamomdinare
aqedan,

humanistebis

mier

swavlaaRzrdis

procesSi

Semotanili iqna iseTi ZiriTadi principebi, rogoricaa

realuri

mecnieruli

astronomia,

codnis

bunebismcodneoba

(maTematika,

swavleba
da

sxv.),

SemoqmedebiTi

azrovnebis, samyaros Semecnebis unaris ganviTareba (m.

monteni,

f.

rable,

TvalsaCinoebiT,
damoukidebeli

vetorino

uSualo
muSaobis,

TviTmoqmedebisa

da

de

da

dakvirvebiT

swavlis

aqtiuri

feltre

sxv.),

swavleba,

unaris

ganviTareba,

azrovnebis

ganviTareba,

swavlis dawyeba mSobliur enaze, Semdgom mezobeli erebis

enebis da bolos, laTinurisa da berZnulis swavleba (m.
monteni), esTetikuri grZnobebis ganviTareba xatvis, musikisa
da Zerwvis saSualebiT da sxv.
gansakuTrebulia humanistebis wvlili zneobrivi aRzrdis
Teoriis ganviTarebaSi, romlis gareSe, maTi azriT, uazroa
nebismieri codna. zneobrivi aRzrdis umTavres saSualebad
maT religia da aRzrdis piradi magaliTi miaCndaT.
rogorc

vxedavT,

moazrovneebis)

humanistebis

moZRvrebaSi

(renesansis

dasmulia

epoqis

aRzrdisa

da

swavlebis yvela is ZiriTadi principi, romlebzec agebulia

Tanamedrove pedagogika. aRorZinebis pedagogikis ZiriTadi
ideebi

gaxda

safuZveli

klasikuri

pedagogikis

ganviTarebisa, kerZod maTi ideebi aisaxa i.a. komenskis, jon

lokis, J .J. rusos, i.pestalocis, k.uSinskis, i.gogebaSvilis
da sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRorZinebis epoqis moazrovneebis
pedagogikur ideebSi ver vxvdebiT pirovnebis formirebis
faqtorebis aRzrda, garemo, memkvidruli Tvisebebi

sakiTxis

specialur

dasmas

da

maTi

rolis

sistemur

gadawyvetas, maTi pedagogiuri naazrevi gvaZlevs safuZvels

vifiqroT, rom isini samive faqtors aRiareben da maTgan
upiratesobas aRzrdas aniWeben. amaze metyvelebs aRzrdisa
da

swavlebis

procesze

maT

mier

mowodebuli

iseTi

sakiTxebi, rogoricaa:swavlebis dawyeba mSobliur enaze,

SemoqmedebiTi

azrovnebis,

samyaros

Semecnebis

unaris

ganviTareba, TvalsaCinoebiT, uSualo dakvirvebiT swavleba,

swavlis unaris ganviTareba, swavlebis principebi, saswavlo
gegemebi, moswavlis interesebis gaTvaliswineba swavlebaSi
da sxva.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, humanistebis es ideebi daedo
safuZvlad klasikuri pedagogikis Camoyalibebas, riTac
renesansis epoqis moazrovneTa wvlili kacobriuli azris
winaSe udidesia. pirovnebis formirebis procesSi aRzrdis,
garemosa da memkvidreobis rolis sakiTxis gadawyveta
klasikosTa

naazrevSi

mocemulia

am

saxelmZRvanelos

VTavSi da amjerad aq aRar ganvixilaT. maTi moZRvrebis

Tanaxmad, pirovnebis formirebis procesSi samive faqtors
seriozuli mniSvneloba eniWeba da maTi umravlesoba wamyvan
rols aRzrdas akuTvnebs.
pirovnebis formorebis procesSi aRzrdis, garemosa da
memkvidreobis rolis ganxilvisas ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT
qarTveli moazrovneebisa da sazogado moRvaweebis,
i.gogebaSvilis, i.WavWavaZis, a.wereTlis, s.mesxis da sxvaTa
Sexedulebebs am TemasTan mimarTebiT.

maTi

pozicia,

imdroindeli

saqarTvelos

politikuri

mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT (ruseTis qveSevrdomoba),

fiqsirdeboda

mxolod

sakuTari

saxsrebiT

daarsebul

periodul gamocemebSi. imTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom

qarTveli maswavleblebi da sazogado moRvaweebi pirovnebis
formirebis procesSi samive faqtors Tanabrad aniWebdnen
mniSvnelobas,

an

zog

SemTxvevaSi,

romelime

maTganisupiratesobas usvamdnen xazs. Cven am TavSi, cxadia,

ver ganvixilavT TiToeul maTgans da vikmarebT mxolod am
zogad ganmartebas. aRar SevCerdebiT cnobili moRvaweebis iakob gogebaSvilisa da ilia WavWavaZisnaazrevze aRzrdis
sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT, vinaidan es calke ganxilvis Temaa
da

SemogTavazebT

pedagogisa

da

maTi

TanamebrZolis,

aRmzrdelis,

SesaniSnavi
ganaTlebis

Jurnal

redaqtorisa da gamomcemlis, luarsab bocvaZis pedagogiur

Sexedulebebs. am sakiTxis ganxilvamde, mizanSewonilad
migvaCnia

mkiTxveli

icnobdes

l.bocvaZis

mosazrebas

zogadad aRzrdis miznis Sesaxeb. aRzrdisa da misi miznis

Sesaxeb luarsab bocvaZe werda: mizani aRzrdisa yovelTvis
cvalebadi yofila, sxvadasxva dros igi sxvadasxva saxiT
warmogvidgeba
istoriulad
cxovrebis

Tvalwin.
yovelTvis

pirobebiT

swavla-aRzrdis

ganisazRvreba

weswyobilebiT,

mizani

sazogadoebrivi
romelic

mudam

cvalebadi iyo. rogorc ki sazogadoebrivi formebi da

pirobebi Seicvleboda, ise aRzrdis mizanic mas egueboda da
Sesaferisadac icvleboda. aRzrdis miznis cvalebadobac

cxadi iqneba CvenTvis maSin, Tu mxedvelobaSi gveqneba

sazogadoebrivi formebis cvalebadobac. yoveli faqti am
dargSi cxadad gviCvenebs, rom cvlileba da evolucia
swavla-aRzrdis

saqmeSi

wyvdiadiT

moculi

iqneba

yvelasaTvis, sanam TviT sazogadoebis cvlilebas

gamovikvlevT.

[l.

bocvaZe,

socializmi

da

ar

saxalxo

ganaTleba].
rac Seexeba pirovnebis formirebis faqtorebs, bocvaZe
sastikad ilaSqrebda nativizmis winaaRmdeg pedagogikaSi da
amtkicebda, rom yovlad SeuZlebelia bavSvis ganviTarebis
gansazRvra memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli TvisebebiT. misi
azriT, marTalia, es Tvisebebi garkveul rols TamaSoben
pirovnebis ganviTarebaSi, magram isini ar arian gadamwyvetni
am procesSi. igi usafuZvlod Tvlis bavSis niWierebis
gansazRvris cdas. Znelia ganisazRvros bavSvis niWierebis
zomiereba sazogadod. SeiZleba, rom bavSvis uniWobis mizezi
iyos bavSvis sulieri Zalis gvian gaxsna an sxva SemTxveviTi
mizezebi. [Jurnali mwyemsi, 1893, #12, gv.10].
marTalia bocvaZem uaryo memkvidreobiTi faqtorebis
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, magram

mTlianad uaryofamde ar

misula, igi mas garkveul rols aniWebs da xSirad asaxelebs

swavlaSi bavSvis CamorCenis an warmatebis meorexarisxovan
mizezTa Soris. is ar eTanxmeba empiristul Teoriasda
Secdomad Tvlis memkvidreobiTi Tvisebebis mniSvnelobis
uaryofas. misTvis ...bavSvi ar Seadgens

TABULA RAZA-s,

TeTr qaRalds, rac zogierTebs hgoniaT da romelzedac

SeiZlebodes yvelafris dawera, rac gsurT. aq didi gavlena

aqvs memkvidreobasac. [Jurnali ganaTleba, 1911w, #6, gv.

123].
marTalia,

bocvaZe

meorexarisxovan

mniSvnelobas

aniWebs memkvidreobiT gadmocemul Tvisebebs, magram, misi

azriT,

isini

aucileblad

angariSgasawevni

arian.

aRmzrdels, wers bocvaZe, xSirad aqvs saqme marTlac ara

marto

SeZenil

TvisebebTan,

aramed

memkvidreobiT

gadmocemul TvisebebTanac da amitom bavSvis suli, misi

mixedviT, ar warmoadgens TeTr qaRalds,

romelsac

araviTari kvali ar emCneva.

bocvaZem

savsebiT

formirebis

procesSi

sworad

gadaWra

memkvidreobiT

pirovnebis
gadmocemuli

Tvisebebis rolis sakiTxi, mas ar mianiWa am procesSi

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, magram es Tvisebebi gamoacxada
aRzrdis xelSemwyob faqtorebad. misi azriT, memkvidreobiT
miRebuli
Tavisebur

Tvisebebi

aRzrdisa

formaSivlindeba.

da

garemos

marTalia

zegavleniT

bocvaZem

uaryo

TABULA RAZA-s aRzrdis yovlisSeZleobis Teoria, magram

amiT igi sruliadac ar amcirebs aRzrdis rols pirovnebis
formirebis procesSi. bocvaZeaRzrdas wamyvan rols aniWebs
am

procesSi.

misi

azriT,

umTavresad

aRzrdazea

damokidebuli, Tu ganviTarebis ra gzas daadgeba bavSvi.

marTalia,
wanamZRvrebi,

bavSvSi

arsebobs

memkvidreobiT

garkveuli

bunebrivi

gadmocemuli

Tvisebebi

ganviTarebisaTvis, magram isini ar arian srulqmnilad

Camoyalibebulni,

aramed

mxolod

SesaZleblobania,

romlebic SeiZleba ganviTardnen da Camoyalibdnen (an

piriqiT) aRzrdis SemweobiT. aRzrdasa da garemoebazea
damokidebuli,

Tu

ranair

mimarTulebas

miiReben

es

memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli Tvisebebi.

bavSisagan, bocvaZis azriT, SeiZleba gamoviyvanoT
keTili an boroti adamiani imis da mixedviT, Tu rogor
aRvzrdiT mas da, amave dros, aRzrdis procesSi ramdenad
gaviTvaliswinebT mis bunebriv, memkvidreobiT gadmocemul
Tvisebebs. rogorc sanTels SegviZlia mivceT esa Tu is
forma, iseve aRzrdis SemweobiT bavSvisagan SegviZlia
gamoviyvanoT ama Tu im Tvisebis mqone adamiani. bavSvi Tavisi
cxovrebis pirvel xanebSi, gamxlval sanTels hgavs, rogorc
am sanTels SegviZlia mivceT esa Tu is saxe, forma, ise
bavSisaganac

SegviZlia

gamoviyvanoT

keTili

Tu

cudi

adamiani, imis mixedviT, Tu ragvari memkvidreobis patronia

igi. gonivruli aRzrdiT bavSvs adamianad gavzrdiT da
memkvidreobiT Tandayolils cud mxaresac SeusustebT [l.

bocvaZe, Jurnali ganaTleba 1913, #4, gv.309]. misi azriT,

aRzrdam

unda

SeZlos

bavSvSi

yvela

SesaZleblobis

keTilSobil grZnobaTa aRmoCena da xeli Seuwyos mis

ganviTarebas. SeiZleba am grZnobaTa erTi nawilis gamowveva
advilad moxerxdes da meorisa - ufro Znelad, magram
sabolood wesierad dayenebuli aRzrda amas usaTuod
SeZlebs.

rogorc

vxedavT,

bocvaZe

pirovnebis

formirebis

procesSi wamyvan rols aniWebs aRzrdas, magram, amave dros,

mis gverdiT, memkvidreobiT gadmocemul TvisebebTan erTad,
asaxelebs garemos rolsa da mniSvnelobasac. misi azriT,
udidesi mniSvneloba adamianis ganviTarebisaTvis aqvs im
garemos, romelSiac uxdeba mas cxovreba. am garemos qveS
bocvaZes

esmis

adamianis

garemomcveli

buneba

Tavisi

mravalferovanebiT.bavSvi Tavisi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi

ecnoba rogorc bunebis, aseve sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
Taviseburebebs. yovelive es gavlenas axdens masze. amitom,
bocvaZis azriT, bavSvis ganviTarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba
aqvs rogorc garemomcel bunebas, iseve sazogadoebas, wres,
romelSiac cxovrobs igi. marTalia, organizebuli aRzrdis
procesi gansazRvravs bavSvis Camoyalibebas da aRzrdazea
damokidebuli,

Tu

ranairi

Tvisebebis

mqone

adamiani

Seiqmneba igi cxovrebaSi, magram organizebuli aRzrdis

Sedegi,

misi

damokidebuli

samarTliani
sazogadoebrivi

SexedulebiT,
cxovrebis

bevradaa
pirobebze.

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis es pirobebi metad did rols

TamaSoben pirovnebis formirebis procesSi da warmoadgenen
am mTliani jaWvis erT-erT mTavar rgolTagans.
zemoTqmulidan advili dasanaxia, rom bocvaZe adamianis
ganviTarebisaTvis

xazs

usvams

aRzrdis,

garemos

da

memkvidreobis urTierTkavSirs, magram amaTgan mainc wamyvan

rols aRzrdas aniWebs.

pirovnebis formirebis sakiTxis ganasazRvrisas ar

SeiZleba arganvixiloT karl marqsisa da fridrix engelsis
Sexedulebani pirovnebis formirebis procesze. rogorc
cnobilia, karl marqsi, germaneli filosofosi, gaxldaT
socialisturi ideologiis fuZemdebeli da misi moZRvreba
sabWoTa kavSiris da misi banakis qveynebis ideologiuri
safuZveli

70

iyo

wlis

ganmavlobaSi.

sabWoTa

biurokratiuli manqana da mecniereba mis ideebs yvela

sferoSi

ganixilavda

rogorc

erTaderT

absolutur

WeSmaritebasa da mecnierul sazoms. cxadia, gansakuTrebuli

simZafriTmarqsis
mecnierebebSi
pedagogikaSi,

ideologia

da

maT

vinaidan

aisaxeboda

Soris,
swored

socialur

upirveles
aRzrda

yovlisa,

gansazRvravs

umeteswilad momavali Taobis ideologiur momzadebas.

CvenTvis, amjerad, marqsistuli Sexedulebebi sainteresoa,
rogorc

istoriuli

fragmenti

kacobriuli

azris

ganviTarebis istoriidan aRzrdasTan mimarTebiT, romelmac,

faqtobrivad,
romlisganac

gansazRvra

sabWoTa

postsabWoTa

moqalaqis

sivrce

fenomeni,

jerac

ver

gaTavisuflebula.
marqsis mier pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi aRzrdis
rols

safuZvlad

udevs

adamianisa

da

garemos

damokidebulebebis sakiTxis miseuli xedva. Cveulebriv,

marqsistul
problemis

filosofiasa
Camoyalibeba

da

pedagogikaSi

warmoebs

manamde

nebismieri
arsebuli

Teoriebis kritikis safuZvelze. marqsisa da engelsis

mixedviT, am sakiTxSi materialisturi moZRvrebis mTavari

Secdoma is iyo, rom garemosa da adamianis urTierTobis da

damokidebulebis ganxilvisas, isini adamians ganixilavdnen
rogorc aRzrdisa da garemos pasiur produqts da ar
cnobdnen adamianis aqtiur da revoluciur rols garemosa
da Tavisi sakuTari bunebis gardaqmnis procesSi. winaaRmdeg
amisa, marqsistuli pedagogika adamians ixilavs ara rogorc
garemos pasiur produqts, aramed rogorc aqtiur arsebas,
moRvawes, romelic Sromis procesSi garemosTan mimarTebiT
aqtiur zemoqmedebas axdens masze Tavisive damzadebuli
iaraRebiT, ucvlis mas saxes da am procesSi icvlis sakuTar
bunebasac.
adamianTa

ganviTareba,

maTi

pirovnebis

Camoyalibeba,

yovelTvis xdeboda da xdeba adamianTa sazogadoebriv

SromiTi moRvaweobis pirobebSi. aseTi Sromis procesSi
adamiani Seicnobs bunebas, mis kanonebs da imsaxurebs mas
Tavisi miznebisTvis. marqsi Semdegnairad axasiaTebs am
process: Sroma aris, uwinares yovlisa, procesi adamiansa
da bunebas Soris, procesi, romelSiac adamiani Tavisi
sakuTari

moqmedebiT

mosaSualeobs,

awesrigebs

da

kontrols uwevs nivTierebaTa cvlas Tavissa da bunebas

Soris. bunebis nivTierebas TviT adamiani upirispirdeba
rogorc bunebis Zala, mas moZraobaSi mohyavs Tavisi sxeulis
bunebrivi Zalebi: mklavebi da fexebi, Tavi da xeli, raTa
bunebis nivTiereba Tavisi sakuTari arsebobisaTvis formiT
miiTvisos. roca is am moZraobis saSualebiT gareSe bunebaze
zemoqmedebas axdens da cvlis mas, igi imave dros cvlis

Tavis sakuTar bunebasac. igi aviTarebs sakuTar bunebaSi

mTvlemare sxvadasxva unars da am bunebis ZalTa laR
moZraobas, Tavis sakuTar nebas umorCilebs [k. marqsi,

kapitali, t. , 1954, gv. 227].

maSasadame,

adamiani

zemoqmedebs

garemoze,

bunebaze

iaraRebis saSualebiT, cvlis mas da, amave dros, icvlis

sakuTar bunebasac. warmoebis iaraRebis cvlilebasa da
ganviTarebasTan

erTad

icvlebian

da

viTardebian

adamianebic, icvleba maTi warmoebiTi gamocdileba, maTi

Cvevebi da unari, maTi fsiqologia. amgvarad, ara mxolod
garemo

moqmedebs

axdenszemoqmedebas
maSasadame,

adamianze,

aramed

adamianic

garemoze da amiT Tavis Tavzedac.

adamianebi

ar

arian

garemos

avtomaturi

produqtebi, maTi cxovrebis pirobebis pasiuri namoqmedarni,

aramed adamianebi TavianTi SromiT xels uwyoben da qmnian am
pirobebs.

aseTia

adamianis

revoluciuri

praqtikis

marqsistuli gageba. marqsi foierbaxis Sesaxeb TezisebSi

uTiTebs, rom materializmis mTavari nakli isaa, rom igi
sagans, sinamdviles, grZnobadi gamcdilebis sferos mxolod
ganWvretis formaSi ixilavs da ara adamianis grZnobadi
moqmedebis
adamianis

formaSi,
moqmedebas

ara
ar

praqtikaSi,
ucqeris

subieqturad.

rogorc

igi

sagnobriv

moqmedebas. mesame TezisSi marqsi pirdapir wers, rom

materialisturi moZRvreba, rom adamianebi garemoebisa da
aRzrdis produqtebi arian, maSasadame, Secvlili adamianebi
sxvagvari pirobebisa da Secvlili aRzrdis produqtebi

arian, iviwyebs, rom garemoebas swored adamianebi cvlian da

rom aRmzrdeli TviT unda aRizardos. yovelTvis didi
yuradRebas vaqcevT imas, rom ar gamovides am momentebis
danawevreba. ar SeiZleba laparaki calke garemos adamianze
da

adamianis

SeiZleba

garemoze

calcalke

zemoqmedebis

erTisa

da

Sesaxeb.

meoris

aseve

ar

cvlilebebze

laparaki. es procesebi urTierTTanmTxveuli procesebia.

ara danawevrebulad, aramed garemoebaTa da adamianTa
moqmedebis

cvlilebebis

warmovidginoT

da

TanmTxeva

SeiZleba

mxolod

racionalurad

gavigoT

rogorc

revoluciuri praqtika. [k. marqsi da f. engelsi, saxalxo

ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, 1948, gv. 76].

es revoluciuri praqtika aris garemosa da adamianis
cvalebadobis da ganviTarebis ZiriTadi wyaro. aRzrda ki
araa

erTaderTi

gza

xalxis

Sesacvlelad

da

axali

wyobilebis Sesaqmenald, aramed revoluciuri praqtika aris

saSualeba garemoebis, TviT adamianis bunebis Secvlisa da
axali wyobilebis damyarebisac: am komunisturi Segnebis
masobrivi warmoSobisaTvis, ise TviT miznis misaRwevad
aucilebelia xalxis masobrivi Secvla, rac SesaZlebelia
mxolod praqtikul moZraobaSi, revoluciaSi; amgvarad,
revolucia aucilebelia ara marto imisaTvis, rom araviTari
sxva

saSualebiT

ar

SeiZleba

gabatonebuli

klasis

Camogdeba, aramed imisaTvisac, rom Camomgdeb klass mxolod

revoluciaSi SeuZlia CamoiSoros mTeli Zveli sibilwe da
SeiZinos axali sazogadoebis Seqmnis unari [k. marqsi da f.

engelsi, saxalxo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, 1948, gv. 77].

revoluciuri praqtikiT damyarebul sazogadoebriv

wyobaSi

aRzrda

Camoyalibebis

wamyvan

rols

procesSi.

asrulebs

maszea

srulfasovani

moqalaqis

momzadebis

Camoyalibeba.

aRzrdas

udidesi

pirovnebis

damokidebuli
amocana,

mniSvneloba

bavSvis
aqvs

sazogadoebis momavlisaTvis, misi ganviTarebisaTvis. marqsi

wers: rogorc ar unda iyos, muSaTa klasis ufro Segnebul
nawils

kargad

esmis,

rom

misi

klasis,

maSasadame

kacobriobis momavali, damokidebulia mozardi Taobis

aRzrdaze (k. marqsi, instruqcia droebiTi centraluri
sabWos delegatebs). aq ukve naTladaa xazgasmuli ama Tu im
sazogadoebriv wyobaSi aRzrdis wamyvani roli mTeli
sazogadoebis momavlisaTvis da, maSasadame, cxadia, misi
yoveli

wevris CamoyalibebisTvisac. ar unda daviviwyoT,

rom aRzrdis xasiaTi TviTaa ganpirobebuli sazogadoebrivi

wyobiT, warmoebiTi urTierTobiT, romlis wevri pirovnebis
formirebasac gansazRvravs, ZiriTadad, aRzrda. aRzrdis
xasiaTis ganmapirobebeli es sazogadoebrivi wyoba aZlevs
mas adamianis ganviTarebisaTvis wamyvani Zalis Tvisebebs,
rac

uzrunvelyofs

Camoyalibebas
Sesabamisad.

swored

aRzrdis
warmoebas,

adamianis

Sinaarsisa
romelsac

da

pirovnebis
mimarTulebis

marTavs

mTeli

sazogadoeba gegmobrivad da sazogadoebrivi interesiT, miT

umetes dasWirdeba yovelmxriv ganviTarebuli niWis mqone
adamianebi, romelTac eqnebaT unari warmoebis sistemaSi
orientirebisa, Sromis danawileba, romelic ukveSeryeuli
manqanis mier erTs glexad aqcevs, meores meCeqmed, mesames ki

fabrikis muSad da meoTxes birJis spekulantad, srulebiT

gaqreba. aRzrda axalgazrdebs miscems saSualebas, swrafad
ecnobodnen warmoebis mTel sistemas, is miscems maT nebas,
morigeobiT gadadiodnen warmoebis erTi dargidan meoreze
sazogadoebis

moTxovnilebebis

an

maTisakuTar

midrekilebebis mixedviT. amgvarad, aRzrda gaaTavisuflebs

maT im calmxrivobisagan, romliskenac amJamad

TiToeuls

aiZulebsSromis Tanamedrove danawileba [k.marqsi da f.

engelsi, saxalxo gaanTebis Sesaxeb, 1948, gv. 129]. am

citataSi Cans rogorc sazogadoebis roli, ise ama Tu im
sazogadoebriv

formaciaSi

aRzrdis

wamyvani

roli

pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi.

aRiarebs ra marqsistuli filsofia aRzrdis wamyvan
rols, igi ar uaryofs amave dros memkvidreobiTobasac.
marqsi da engelsi, maTi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ar uaryofen,
erTi mxriv, adamianSi arsebul bunebriv Zalebs, sasicocxlo
Zalebs, rom es Zalebi maTSi arseboben midrekilebaTa da
niWierebaTa saxiT, rom adamianebi warmoadgenen moRvawe
bunebriv arsebebs. magram es Zalebi, weren marqsi da
engelsi arseboben adamianebSi Canasaxebisa da unaris,
instiqtebis saxiT. aRzrdas ar SeuZlia angariSi ar gauwios
adamianTa bunebriv sxvadasxvaobas, grZnobaTa organoebis
Taviseburebas da sxv. marqsistuli pedagogikis mixedviT,
aRzrdas ar SeuZlia yvelafris gakeTeba. im bavSvisagan,
romelic bunebisagan araa dajildoebuli kargi smeniT, ar
aRizrdeba kargi musikosi. am Tvisebebs ver miscems aRzrda

da maswavlebeli. yovelgvari cda aseTi bavSvisagan kargi

musikosis

miRebisa

marcxiT

damTavrdeba,

magram

es

sruliadac ar amcirebs aRzrdis wamyvan rols. aRzrdis

Sedegad aseTi bavSvisagan kargi Tu ara, rigiTi musikosi
mainc gamova, am dros sxva bunebrivi niWierebani SeiZleba
sruliad

Cakvdes

masSi.

aRzrdis

Sedegad

yalibdeba

emociebi, Sexedulebebi, msoflmxedveloba, zneoba, Cvevebi

da sxva.
sazogadoebrivi

garemo

gansazRvravs,

gamoricxavs

memkvidreobas

memkvidreoba

moqmedebs

adamianis

Camoyalibebis

procesze,

magram

sazogadoebrivi

garemosa

adamianis

da

ara

magram

ar

formirebaSi.

ganviTarebisa

da

ganmsazRvrelad.

aRzrdis

zegavleniT,

memkvidreoba iRebs gamovlinebis Tavisebur formas. adamiani,

marTalia, ibadeba monacemebiT da wanamZRvrebiT, magram es
ukanaskneli ar arissrulqmnili, is ar aris Camoyalibebuli
unari, idea, Sexeduleba an xasiaTi, aramed aris ganviTarebis
potenciuri

SesaZlebloba,

wanamZRvrebi

mxolod.

gamomdinare aqedan, marqsistuli pedagogika bavSvs ar Tvlis

sufTa dafad, romelzedac yvelafris dawera SeiZleba da
akritikebs empiristul Teorias.
amrigad, marqsistuli pedagogika asabuTebs pirovnebis
formirebis porcesSi aRzrdis wamyvan rols ise, rom mis
gverdiT xazs usvams garemos maorganizebel rols da
garkveul mniSvnelobas aniWebs adamianis memkvidreobiT da
bunebriv Taviseburebebs.

moswavlis asakobrivi Taviseburebani

mozardis ganviTarebis asakobrivi periodizacia

mozardis asakobrivi Taviseburebebis Seswavlas safuZvlad
udevs misi ganviTarebis periodizacia, anu mozardis asakis
periodebad dayofa. qarTveli fsiqologis, dimitri uznaZis
(1886 1950 w.w.) azriT, periodizaciis mTavari mizani
mozardis cxovrebis im drois monakveTebis dawesebaSi
mdgomareobs, romelnic, miuxedavad maTi xangrZlivobisa,
ganviTarebis mimdinareobis calke erTeulebs, mis calke
safexurebs warmoadgenen.
ganviTarebis periodizaciis safuZvlad sxvadasxva avtori
sxvadasxva faqtors miiCnevs. zogadad, es faqtorebi
SeiZleba sam jgufad daiyos:

pirveli jgufis warmomadgenlebis mixedviT, mozardis

ganviTarebas gansazRvravs biologiur momwifebasTan
dakavSirebuli Tandayolili faqtorebi - biogenetikuri

Tvalsazrisi;
meore jgufis warmomadgenlebis mixedviT, ganviTarebas
gansazRvravs socialuri faqtorebi, mag., garemo da aRzrda -

sociogenetikuri Tavlsazrisi;
mesame jgufis warmomadgenlebi ganviTarebas ukavSireben
socialurisa da biologiuris erTiani zemoqmedebis
faqtors - interaqciuli Tvalsazrisi.
pirveli jgufis warmomadgenlebisaTvis ganviTarebis
safuZveli garkveul biologiur niSanSia, mag., fizikuri

organizmis zrdis periodebi (Straci), kbilebis amosvlisa

da mocvlis niSani (blonski). meore jgufis
warmomadgenelTaTvis ganviTarebis safuZveli mxolod
socialuri garemoa, magram isini naklebad azusteben am
socialuri garemos zemoqmedebis pirobebs. mesame jgufis
warmomadgenelTaTvis ganviTarebis safuZvels bavSvisa da
garemos damokidebuleba warmoadgens (lev vigotski).
d. uznaZis azriT, vigotskis Teoria, TiTqos, ufro misaRebia,
magram garemosTan bavSvis damokidebulebis periodul
Secvlas, garemos Seswavla esaWiroeba. amasTan, garemo
imTaviTve mzamzareuli saxiT aris mocemuli. igi araviTar
angariSs ar uwevs TviTon bavSvs. aseTi garemo ki, d. uznaZis
azriT, SeuZlebelia bavSvis ganviTarebis faqtorad
CaiTvalos.
gansxvavebiT am mecnierebisagan, Tavad d. uznaZe mozardis
ganviTarebis periodebad dayofas socialuri garemosa da
biologiuri wanamRvrebis mTlianobas udebs safuZvlad.
sakiTxis ganxilvis procesSi igi iwyebs asakobrivi garemos
cnebis dazustebas. cocxali organizmis Sinagani
SesaZleblobani mxolod Sesatyvisi gare pirobebis niadagze
pouloben realizacias. bavSvi dabadebisTanave cxovrebas
iwyebs ara fizikur, realurad arsebul garemoSi, aramed
adamianis mier organizebul socialur garemoSi. adamianebi,
bunebrivia, garemos organizebas bavSvis asakis Sesabamisad
axdenen. maSasadame, bavSvis organizmze gamRizianeblis
saxiT moqmedebs sacialuri wris mier gansazRvruli da

saxeSecvlili fizikuri sinamdvile, romelic xels uwyobs

mis ganviTarebas.
ganviTarebis ganmapirobebeli faqtori swored bavSvis

bunebrivi asakobrivi monacemebisa da maTi Sesatyvisi

socialuri garemos urTierTzemoqmedebis procesia, uznaZis
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, bavSvis ganviTareba mxolod
Sinaganisa da gareganis arsebiTi koincidenciis niadagzea
SesaZlebeli. ganviTareba maSinaa SesaZlebelia, Tu garemos
zemoqmedeba mxolod cocxali organizmis Sinagan ZalTa
ganviTarebis mocemul dones Seesatyviseba.
maSasadame, asakobrivi garemos saTanado asakis Sinagan
SesaZleblobaTa done gansazRvravs. erTi mxriv, bavSvis
ZalTa ganviTareba masze moqmed asakobriv garemozea
damokidebuli, xolo, meore mxriv, piriqiT, TviTon
asakobrivi garemos Sinaarsi bavSvis ZalTa ganviTarebis
doniT ganisazRvreba [d. uznaZe, bavSvis fsiqologia, 2003,

gv. 3536].
ramdenadac TiToeul asaks garkveuli specifikuri
Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs, cxadia, asakobrivi garemoc
amdenad garkveuli da specifikuri unda iyos. gamomdinare
aqedan, d. uznaZe, asakobriv periodizacias, ama Tu im
periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli asakobrivi garemos
Taviseburebebs udebs safuZvlad. Sesabamisad, gamohyofs
dedis muclis, axalSobilobis, dedis ZuZus, adreuli
bavSvobis xanas, skolis winare periods, pirvel, saSualo da
ufros saskolo periods.

Tavdapirvelad,

istoriul

konteqstSi

asakobrivi

garemos SemuSavebis procesi, adamianis mier stiqiurad,

mecnierulad

dasabuTebuli

organizaciis

gareSe

mimdinareobda.
kacobriobis
periodizacia

istoriaSi

antikuri

pirveli

periodis

didma

asakobrivi
moazrovnem,

aristotelem warmoadgina: 1) dabadebidan 7 wlamde; 2) 7

wlidan sqesobrivi momwifebis dawyebamde, 14 wlamde; 3) 14
wlidan 21 wlamde. aristotele asakobriv ganviTarebas
safuZvlad bunebrivi ganviTarebis princips udebda.
SemdgomSi,
periodizacia

mozardis
ekuTvnis

ganviTarebis
Cex

pedagogs,

mniSvnelovani
pedagogikis

mecnierebis fuZemdebel ian amos komenskis (15921670 w.w.).

komenskim mozardis ganviTarebaSi 4 safexuri gamohyo:
1) dabadebidan 6 wlamde - bavSvoba, dedobrivi skolis
periodi;
2) 6 wlidan 12 wlamde - yrmoba, mSobliuri enis anu
dawyebiTi skolis periodi;
3) 12 wlidan 18 wlamde - siWabuke, yrmoba, laTinuri enis
anu gimnaziis periodi;
4) 18 wlidan 24 wlamde - mowifuloba, akademiebisa da
mogzaurobis periodi.
komenskim asakobriv ganviTarebas safuZvlad daudo
bunebisSesabamisobis principi, adamiani aRiara bunebis
movlenad da misi ganviTarebis periodebi dRisa da wlis
periodebis analogiad miiCnia. bavSvoba miemsgavsa dilasa da

gazafxuls,

axalgazrdoba

SuadResa

da

zafxuls,

mowifuloba saRamosa da Semodgomas, sibere Ramesa da

zamTars. [g. TavziSvili, rCeuli pedagogiuri Txzulebani,

198, t. ].
savsebiT originaluri asakobrivi periodizacia mogvca
frangma ganmanaTlebelma JanJak rusom (17121778 w.w.). man
asakobriv periodizacias ganviTarebis Sinagani procesi
(biogenetikuri Teoria) daudo safuZvlad. igi Tvlida, rom
ganviTarebis procesi Sinaganad aris gansazRvruli bunebis
mier. aRzrda unda Seesabamebodes am unarebs. amis mixedviT
zrdis sxvadasxva stadiaze sxvadasxva unari viTardeba. amis
mixedviT, rusom ganviTarebis 4 stadia gamohyo:
1)

Cviloba,

dabadebidan

wlamde

fizikuri

ganviTarebis periodi;
2) bavSvoba, 2 wlidan 12 wlamde - Sinagan grZnobaTa
ganviTarebis periodi;
3) gviani bavSvoba, 12 wlidan 15 wlamde - gonebrivi
ganviTarebis periodi;
4) mozardoba, 15 wlidan 25 wlamde -

zneobrivi, anu

vnebebisa da qariSxlebisperiodi.
iseTi sistema, romelic SeuZlebels xdis pedagogikis
ZiriTadi wesis Sesrulebas: aswavle ise, rom savsebiT
gasagebi

iyos,

uaryofs,

Zirs

uTxris

yovelgvar

pedagogikas. i.gogebaSvili
bavSvis

gonebrivi

ganviTarebis

periodi

daudo

asakobriv periodizacias safuZvlad germanelma mecnierma,

pedagogikisa da fsiqologiis mecnierebebis seriozulma

mkvlevarma iohan herbartma (177618414 w.w.). man gamohyo
Semdegi periodebi: 1) dabadebidan 3 wlamde;
2) 4 wlidan 8 wlamde;
3) 8 wlidan 15 wlamde;
4) 15 wlis Semdgom ganviTarebis dasasrulamde.
sazogadod bavSvis Cvil da sust gonebas erTsa da imave
dros mxolod erTi siZnelis atana SeuZlian. Tu mas erTad
daawyebineb ors an sams saqmesa, advilaT SeiZleba mas goneba
Cawydes da daumaxinjdes. amitom pedagogikaSi arsebobs erTi
kanoni, romelic amgvarad gamoixateba: erTbaSad bavSvs
mieces marto erTi siZnele.i.gogebaSvili
qarTveli

mecnieris, pedagogikis

istorikosisa

da

Teoriis mkvlevaris, giorgi TavziSvilis cnobiT, bavSvis

ganviTarebis

asakobrivi

periodizacia

saqarTveloSi

pirvelad sulxansaba orbelians (16581725 w.w.) moucia.

sulxansabam

mozardis

ganviTareba

Semdeg

periodebad

dahyo:
1) Cviloba, dabadebidan 5 wlamde;
2) usuaroba, 5 wlidan 10 wlamde;
3) ninveloba, 10 wlidan 15 wlamde;
4) yrmoba, 15 wlidan 20 wlamde.
zrdasrulTa asakebad sulxansabas miaCnia: Wabuki, 20-30 ww.,
sruli, 3050 ww., Semdeg moxucebuli, beri, mixrwnili
(mxcovani).

samwuxarod, ar aris cnobili ris safuZvelze axdens

sulxansaba periodizacias. g. TavziSvilis azriT, is
bavSvis

asakobrivi

ganviTarebis

periodebs

ukavSirebs

swavlaganaTlebis im safexurebs, romlebic misi drois

saqarTveloSi iyo cnobili, kerZod, xuT wlamde - swavlebis
wina periodi, xuTidanaTamdedabaliganaTleba, aTidan
TxuTmetamdesaSualo

ganaTleba,

TxuTmetidan

ocamde

maRali ganaTleba.
XX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukuneSi bavSvis
ganviTarebis

asakobrivi

periodizaciebi

TandaTanobiT

seriozul Teoriul da eqsperimentul safuZvlebs emyareba.

am periodizaciebis avtorTa CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans.
TiToeuli maTgani emyareba Cven mier zemoT warmodgenil
TeoriaTagan romelimes. davasaxelebT ramdenime maTgans: k.
haTCinsoni (biofsiqikuri ganviTareba), arnold gezeli
(18801961

w.w.),

(biofsiqikuri

edvard

klaparedi

(18731940

ww.)

(18841939

w.w.),

ganviTareba), p. blonski

vigotski (18961934 w.w.) (bavSvis da garemos damokidebulba)

da sxva.
rogorc vxedavT, mozardis ganviTarebis asakobrivi
periodizacia sakmaod rTuli da mravalkomponentiani Temaa.
misi

warmodgena

gaTvaliswinebis

calmxrivad,
gareSe,

mravali

SeuZlebelia.

faqtoris
Tanamedrove

mecniereba, eqsperimentuli kvlevis ganviTarebis pirobebSi,

mudmivad azustebs da akonkretebs bavSvis ganviTarebis
faqtorebis urTules sakiTxebs.

Cven

zemoT

ukve

ganvixileT

qarTveli

mecnieris,

dimitri uznaZis savsebiT originaluri Teoria ganviTarebis

asakobrivi periodizaciis Sesaxeb. amjerad SemogTavazebT
kidev

erTi

qarTveli

saqarTveloSi
Salva

mecnieris,

pedagogiuri

fsiqologiis

(1914-1980w.w.)

CxartiSvilis

SeiZleba

iTqvas,

damfuZneblis,

mier

damuSavebul

moswavlis asakobriv da individualur Taviseburebebs,

vinaidan

migvaCnia,

warmodgenili

rom

mas

TiToeuli

aRmzrdelobiTi

yvelaze

farTod

asakisaTvisis

RonisZiebani,

romlebic

aqvs

pedagogiurxels

uwyoben

mozardis normaluri ganviTarebis process.

ganviTarebis

asakobrivi

fazebi

da

swavlebis

pedagogiuri safexurebi

es qveTavi motanilia saxelmZRvanelodan -pedagogika,

1969w. Tbilisi.

adamianis cxovrebis mTeli gza SeiZleba davyoT sam

ZiriTad periodad. es periodebia mozardoba, mowifuloba da
moxucebuloba. pirveli periodi moicavs cxovrebis wlebs,
romelTa ganmavlobaSi adamiani zrdisa da ganviTarebis
procesebSi imyofeba. mis dasawyisSi axalSobili bavSvi
dgas,

xolo

boloSi

sakmaod

momwifebuli

da

Camoyalibebuli pirovnebaa. mowifuloba daaxloebiT 21

wlidan 50 wlamde grZeldeba. misi Tavi da bolo ise mkacrad
ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, rogorc mozardobisa da
moxucebulobis pirveli da ukanaskneli fazebi.
pedagogikas, mis Teorias da praqtikas, adamianTan saqme
aqvs pirvel rigSi, misi fsiqo-fizikuri ganviTarebisa da
socialuri formirebis procesSi. igi, cdilobs, mecnierul
safuZvelze agebuli saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo SemoqmedebaTa
gziT es procesi daiqvemdebaros da winaswar gansazRvruli
miznis Sesabamisad warmarTos. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
dRevandel pirobebSi mozardis ganviTareba, ZiriTadad
swavla-aRzrdas mihyavs.
Cven amJamad mozardis xanis mxolod im monakveTis
asakobrivi Taviseburebani gvainteresebs, romlebic skolis
sazRvrebSi Tavsdeba.
swavlebis safexurebi mozardis sulieri ganviTarebis
umniSvnelovanes

asakobriv

asakobriv

fazebTan

aris

Sefardebuli, magram isini yvela punqtSi erTmaneTs mainc ar

emTxveva. dawyebiTi skolis zeda sazRvarTan axlos, 1112
wlebSi, mTavrdeba bavSvobisa da mozrdilobis periodi
iwyeba. saSualo skolis zeda klasebSi Tavis dasasruls
aRwevs mozrdilobis xana da mozardi Wabukobis periodSi
Sedis. dawyebiT skolaSi swavlis manZilze modis bavSvobis
ori periodi saSualo da ufrosi anu gviani bavSvobis
periodebi.

mozrdilobis

xana,

romelsac

gardamaval

periodsac uwodeben, Tavis mxriv or periodad anu xanad

winapubertatad da pubertatad iyofa.
asakobrivi
gamoiyofa

ganviTarebis
metnaklebi

damaxasiaTebeli

safexurebi

erTmaneTisgan

sicxadiT,

fsiqofizikuri

asakisaTvis
TaviseburebebiT,

romelnic, pirvel rigSi, mozardis garesinamdvilesTan

damokidebulebaSi qcevaSi iCens Tavs. amitom mozardis
asakobrivi
SeniSnul

ganviTarebis

periodebis

mniSvnelovan

dadgena

cvlilebaTa

qcevaSi

safuZvelze

xdeba.mozardi ganviTarebis erTi ZiriTadi periodidan

meore ZiriTad periodSi gadasvlas maSin axdens, roca igi
axali misTvis aqamde ucxo qcevis aqtebis ganviTarebas
iwyebs. ganviTarebis im fazebidan, romlebic saskolo
swavlebis periodze modis, yvelaze mkveTrad mozrdiloba
anu gardamavali xana gamoeyofa wina asaks bavSvobas. misi
zeda sazRvari ase cxadi ar aris, mozrdili mokle droSi
momxdari mZafri cvlilebebis gziT ar gadadis WabukobaSi.
ganviTarebis
qronologiur

fazebi

asakSi

ar

yvela

mozrdilTan

mimdinareobs.

amitom

erT
qvemoT

moyvanili qronologiuri dayofa SemTxvevaTa meti raode

nobis

niadagzea

nawarmoebi.

ris

gamoc

mas

mxolod

saorientacio mniSvneloba SeiZleba mivceT. misgan zeviT an

qveviT gadaxras, erTi wlis farglebSi mainc, xSirad
SeiZleba

SevxvdeT.

zogierTi

asakis

xangrZlivobaze

cxovrebis pirobebi da klimatic mniSvnelovan gavlenas

axdens. didi qalaqebis mozardebi ufro adre toveben

bavSvobas da gadadian mozrdilobis asakSi. vidre ganapira

raionebis soflis mcxovrebni. am mxriv qalebsa da vaJebs
Sorisac TvalsaCino gansxvavebaa. bavSvobis periodidan
gasvlis Semdeg qalebi yovelTvis win uswreben vaJebs: erTi
wliT an wlinaxevriT maTze adre iwyeben da amTavreben
yovel momdevno asaks.
zemoaRniSnul

garemoebaTa

gamo

erTsa

da

imave

saswavlo klasSi xSirad gvxvdebian mozardebi, romelnic

asakobrivi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva periodSi imyofebian. es
garemoeba yovelTvis unda axsovdes maswavlebels, radgan
xSirad yoveli asaki Tavisebur midgomas moiTxovs.
roca mozardis ama Tu im asakis xasiaTis Sesaxeb
vlaparakobT, pirvel rigSi, mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT
misi

fizikuri,

inteleqtualuri

da

volituri

Taviseburebani, romelnic am asakisTvis specifikuri qcevis

ragvarobas

gansazRvraven.

socialuri

ganviTarebac

volitur sferoSi momxdari cvlilebebis saxiT iCens Tavs.

radgan

mis

Sesabamisad

icvleba

qcevis

motivebi

da

miswrafebis sagani: erTic da meorec sul ufro met saocar

Sinaarss Rebulobs.

cxrili I

asakobrivi
fazebi

ganviTarebis

qronologiur
i asaki

saswavlo klasebi

qalebi

vaJebi

vaJebisTvi
qalebisTvis

saSualo

79

7-9

I daII

I da IIIII ,

bavSvobis

9 - 11

9-12

III da V

IV da V

mozrdilo momwifebiswin 11 13

12-14

V da VI

VI da VII

bis

14-16

VII

bavSvobis

are

13 - 15

(winarepubert

da VIII da IX

VIII

ati)
momwifebis
(pubertati)
Wabukobis
aRvniSnavT,

15 - 20
rom

im

IX da X

16-21

periodisaTvis,

rodesac

S.CxartiSviliam naSroms werda, swavlis dawyebis asaki 6-7

weli iyo da saSualo skolaSi swavlebis xangrZlivoba 10
wels Seadgenda.
pedagogikis mecnierebaSi miRebulia mozardobis xanis
Semdegi periodizacia : I sabavSvo bagis asaki (dabadebidan 3
wlamde); II sabavSvo baRis asaki ( 3 wlidan 6 wlamde); III
umcrosi saskolo asaki (6 wlidan 1011 wlamde);

IV

saSualo saskolo asaki (11 wlidan 1415 wlamde);

ufrosi saskolo asaki (15 wlidan 1718 wlamde); da VI

umaRlesi skolis asaki (1718 wlidan 2223 wlamde).

1. bavSvobis periodi
es is periodia, romelic ZiriTadad moicavs asaks
dabadebidan 1112 wlamde. am periodidan saskolo

pedagogikisaTvis gansakuTrebiT dawyebiTi skolis asakia

saintereso. mis pirvel etapze bavSvisaTvis gansakuTrebiT
damaxasiaTebelia swavlisTvis momwifeba da yvela im unarCvevebis im donemde ganviTareba, rac aucilebelia
Tanamimdevruli swavlisa da codna-Cvevebis saTanado
moculobiT dauflebisaTvis. mecnierebam da xangrZlivma
pedagogiurma gamocdilebam daamtkica, rom 6 wlis asakSi
bavSvi ukve mzadaa swavlisaTvis da aqedan iwyeba saskolo
asaki.
bavSvma Tavdapirvelad Tavis dedaenazed unda gaixsnas
goneba da ucxo enis swavlas mxolod maSin mihyos xeli, roca
Tavis dedaenazed sakmaod gawvrTnili iqneba./ilia/
gviani

bavSvobis

periods,

romelic

Cveulebriv

swavlebis mesame da meoTxe wlebze modis, bednieri bavSvobis

periods uwodeben. am saxelwodebas igi imsaxurebs imis gamo,
rom bavSvi Tavis garemosTan kargad Seguebulia da misi
cxovreba

yovelgvari

iZulebis

gareSe,

didi

Sinagani

harmoniiTa da xalisiT mimdinareobs. misTvis jer sruliad

ucxoa

sulieri

romlebic

tkivilebi

da

Sinagani

konfliqtebi,

zogjer socialur urTierTobaSi wamoWril

siZneleebs mosdevs Sedegad.

aTi wlis mozardi jer kidev namdvili bavSvia, misi
bavSvoba naTlad Cans rogorc sxeulis agebulebasa da saxis
gamometyvelebaSi, ise sulier ganwyobilebaSi, mosazrebebsa
da miswrafebebSi, sxvebTan tolebTan da ufrosebTan misi
damokidebuleba, misi qcevis Sinaarsi da manerebi mTlianad

bavSvuria. igi ukritikod aRiarebs ufrosebis avtoritets

da maT yvela brZanebasa da gankargulebas samarTlianad
Tvlis.

amitom

es

asaki

saaRmzrdelo

muSaobas

raime

siZneles ar uqmnis, Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi sasacilo

energiisa

da

Sepirobebul

aqtivobis
celqobas,

Seukavebeli
romelic

moTxovnilebiT

Cevulebriv

wminda

gulubryvilo xasiaTs atarebs.

miuxedavad amisa, xalisiT savse, tkbili, gulubryvilo
da udardeli bavSvoba Tavis dasasruls uaxlovdeba da
male Sinagani gardaqmnebiT garTulebul, xolo ufro gvian

sazogadoebrivi

movaleobebis

SegnebiTa

da

pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT gamsWvalul cxovrebas uTmobs

adgils.
mainc

ra

fizikuri

da

sulieri

TaviseburebebiT

xasiaTdeba 10-11 wlis mozardi? harmoniuloba fizikur

ganviTarebaSic iCens Tavs. sxeulis agebulebaSi daculia
sruli simetria: mTeli organizmi da calke kidurebi
erTmaneTTan proporciul mimarTebaSi viTardebian.

Tavs

iCens didi sasicocxlo energia, romelic gamoixateba

moZraobis, aqtivobis Zlieri tendenciiT. amitom am asakis
bavSvebi yvela saxis aqtivobaSi, Tu es ukanaskneli
SesaZleblobebs

Seesatyviseba,

did

xalissa

maT
da

kmayofilebas pouloben. isini TamaSSic sixaruls ganicdian

da swavlaSic bednierad grZnoben Tavs. moZraobis Zlieri
tendencia xSirad iqceva gakveTilze celqobisa da wesrigis
msubuqi

darRvevis

mizezad,

rasac

maswavleblebi

gansakuTrebuli didi simkacriT ar unda moekidon. bavSvs

gakveTilzedac

unda

mieces

am

tendenciiT

Seqmnili

daZabulobisagan gaTavisuflebis xanmokle SesaZlebloba,

raTa man Semdeg mecadineobaSi gulisyuriT CarTva SeZlos.
1011 wlis bavSvebi

amayoben im didi da jansaRi

sasicocxlo energiiT, romelsac TavianT TavSi grZnoben.

isini xSirad ejibrebian erTmaneTs sirbilSi, xtomaSi,
WidaobaSi. amave mizezis gamo gansakuTrebiT izidavs maT
fizkulturis gakveTilebi da itacebT ambebi sportisa da
fizikurad

Zlieri

pirebis

warmatebaTa

Sesaxeb.

maTi

moZraobebic wina asakis bavSvis moZraobebTan SedarebiT

sakmaod daxvewili da zustia.
miuxedavad

zemoaRniSnulisa,

10-11

wlis

mozardi

fizikuradac bavSvia. wina asakTan SedarebiT ZvalkunTovani

sistema sakmaod gamagrebulia, magram masSi jer kidev bevria
xrtilovani
ZiriTadad

qsovilebi.
mxolod

12

majis

gaZvlovanebis

wlisTvis

procesi

mTavrdeba.

gul-

sisxlZarRvovani sistemac ar aris sakmaod ganviTarebuli,

ris

gamoc

SeuZlebelia

misi

fizikuri

ZalisxmeviT

gadatvirTva. tvinis masis zrda da funqciuri ganviTareba

isev grZeldeba, gansakuTrebiT CamorCeba misi Semakavebeli
SesaZleblobani.
III IVklasis moswavleTa inteleqtualuri
SesaZleblobanic sakmaod ganviTarebulia, raSic
gansakuTrebuli roli saskolo swavlebas miuZRvis. magram
azrovneba jer isev mainc konkretul-sagnobriv xasiaTs

atarebs da azrovnebiT operaciebs mxolod TvalsaCino

masalaze awarmoebs, rasac angariSi unda gaewios swavlebis
procesSi. TvalsaCinoeba gamoyenebuli unda iqnes yvelgan
movlenaTa mniSvnelobisa da urTierTmimarTebis axsnisa da
gagebis saqmeSi. mozardi mxolod axla iwyebs da
maswavleblis daxmarebiT axerxebs TvalsaCinod
warmosadgen movlenaTa zogadi da specifikuri niSnebiT
definicias. mxolod is, visac ZvelTan Sexebisas xelewifeba
axlis aRmoCena, Rirsia iwodebodes namdvil
maswavlebelad. /konfuci/
mas

umuSavdeba

realisturi

garemosamyarosadmi

ganwyobileba,

ris

gamoc

erTgvari

fantaziasa

da

sinamdviles mkveTrad mijnavs erTmaneTisagan da iswrafvis

gaecnos xedvisa da Sexebis formaSi mocemul obieqtur
movlenebs.

es

garemoeba

qmnis

bunebismetyvelebis

swavlebisaTvis xelsayrel fsiqologiur pirobebs. amasTan

erTad, ganviTarebas iwyebs kauzaluri azrovneba, romelic
bunebis

movlenaTa

mizezobrivi

urTierTobis

wvdomis

SesaZleblobas iZleva. magram yvelaferi es mainc Sorsaa

namdvili

logikuri

ganviTarebisTvis,

rac

azrovnebisagan
momdevno

asakis

da

misi

funqcias

warmoadgens, mxolod xelsayrel niadags qmnis.

meTerTmete

wels

ganviTarebas

damokidebuleba rogorc sakuTari

iwyebs

kritikuli

Tavisadmi, ise sxva

pirebisadmi. magram konkretul-sagnobrivi azrovneba aqac

zedapirulad aRqmuli movlenebis SefasebiT kmayofildeba
da mozards SesaZleblobas ar aZlevs xasiaTis ZiriTad

Sinagan Taviseburebebs miswvdes. am asakis mozardebi TavianT

Tavsac da sxvebsac, pirvel rigSi, fizikuri monacemebis
mixedviT

afaseben.

vaJebi

fizikur

Zalas,

sxeulis

moqnilobas, moZraobis siswrafesa da sizustes Tvlian

pirvelxarisxovan Tvisebad, xolo gogonebi silamazisa da
qcevis manerebis mixedviT msjeloben erTmaneTze. gonebriv
monacemebs, romlebic saswavlo warmatebaSi iCens Tavs,
jerjerobiT, meorexarisxovani mniSvneloba eZleva. III IV
klasSi

maswavlebelTa

xasiaTis

Sinagani,

ZiriTadi

Taviseburebanic miuwvdomeli rCeba. TviT moswavleebsac

ZiriTadi

sxeulisagebulebisa

monacemebis

mixedviT

sportisadmi
Rirebuleba

afaseben.

damokidebulebas
eZleva.

da

qcevis

sportul
aqac

moswavleebi,

garegani
unarsa

da

gansakuTrebuli
ra

Tqma

unda,

maswavlebelTa Sinagan bunebas, misi xasiaTis sikeTes,

saqmisadmi

siyvarulsa

da

pativiscemas,

mis

mSobliur

siTbosa da TanagrZnobasac ganicdian uSualod, magram maT

jer kidev ar SeuZliaT es Tvisebebi calke gamoyon da
sagangebo msjelobis da Sefasebis sagnad aqcion.
fizikuri energiis moWarbeba da jansaRi sicocxlis
SegrZneba

gviani

bavSvobis

asakis

mozards

mxiarul

ganwyobilebas uqmnis da xalisians, celqsa da mousvenars

xdis. es garemoeba, im iumoris grZnobasTan erTad, romelic
am asakSi iCens Tavs, xSirad iqceva fizikuri naklis mqone
adamianebis rogorc mozardis, ise zrdadasrulebulis,
Seubralebeli dacinvis safuZvlad. igi xSirad, sxva iseTi,

bavSvurad

suleluri,

qcevis

mizezic

xdeba,

romelic

yovelgvari ganzraxvis gareSe did usiamovnebas ayenebs

vinmes. aRmzrdelma aseTi SemTxvevebi unda gamoiyenos
imisaTvis,

rom

rogorme

mozards

sxvisi

sulieri

mdgomareoba daanaxos da misdami TanagrZnoba ganuviTaros.

am

mimarTulebiT,

mocemuli

SemTxvevis

Sesatyvisad

mofiqrebuli, Tbili da mgrZnobiare saubari gacilebiT met

efeqts iZleva, vidre sasjelis romelime zoma.
III IV klaselebs gansakuTrebiT didi moTxovnileba
aqvT

TamaSze,

radgan

mecadineobis

procesSi

maTi

gaZlierebuli funqciuri Zalebis mxolod erTi nawili

gamoiyeneba.

amitom

TamaSiaucilebeli

xdeba

mozardis

srulyofili ganviTarebisTvis. skolam imdeni davaleba

unda

misces

moswavles

saxlSi

Sesasruleblad,

rom

TamaSisTvis saWiro dro darCes. magram mocemuli davaleba

maswavlebelma moswavles yovelTvis unda mosTxovos da
Seumowmos,

raTa

igi

sistematur

Sromas

SeaCvios

da

keTilsindisieri gaxados.
I II moswavleTa yuradRebas TviTon swavlis procesi
da skolis garegani mowyobiloba ipyrobs, maSin roca III IV
klaselebTan izrdeba interesi skolis sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis,

moswavleebisa

kultmasobrivi
xarisxis

mimarTulebiT.

damokidebulebas
muSaobas,

muSaobis,

swavlebis
bavSvebi

amxanagebTan,

biblioTekas,

da

maswavleblebis,
organizaciisa
aRweren

TavianT

kabinetebs,

da

TavianT

sazogadoebriv
maswavlebelTan

damokidebulebas,

maTTvis

gansakuTrebiT

saintereso

gakveTilebs da a.S.
erTi sityviT, III IV

klasebis moswavleebi ukve

Sezrdili arian saskolo cxovrebasTan, romelic maT

Tavisken izidavs da did kmayofilebas aniWebs.

2. mozrdilobis asakis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani

mozrdilobis
radgan

igi

bavSvobis

mdgomareobaSi
daaxloebiT

asaks gardamaval

mdgomareobidan

gadasvlis

1112

asaksac

periodad

wlidan

iwyeba,

mowifulobis

iTvleba.
1516

uwodeben,

es

asaki

mTavrdeba

da

saSualo skolis V VIII klasebs moicavs. 1516 wlamde

mozardi mxolod sqesobriv momwifebas aswrebs. fizikuri,
gonebrivi da socialuri momwifebis procesebi Wabukobis
mTel manZilze grZeldeba da ZiriTadad am asakTan erTad
mTavrdeba. amitom saxelwodeba gardamavali momwifebis
mxolod

erT

TvalsazrisiT,

aspeqtze

miuTiTebs.

gansakuTrebiT

sxva

aspeqtebis

socialuri

momwifebis

TvalsazrisiT, Wabukobac gardamavali asakis erT fazad

damTavrebul fazad
fizikuri

da

unda iqnes miCneuli. pirovnebis

sulieri

srulyofis

procesi

Semdegac

grZeldeba erTxans, magram arsebiTad igi mainc WabukobaSi

mTavrdeba.
S. biuleri momwifebis periods damTavrebulad Tvlis,
rogorc ki sqesobrivi aparati mova funqcionirebisTvis mza
mdgomareobaSi. es mosazreba SeiZleba sworad CavTvaloT

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momwifebis cnebaSi sqesobrivi

srulyofis
sqesobrivi

biologiur process vigulisxmebT. individis

momwifeba

socialuradac

srulebiT

momwifda

ar

niSnavs,

rogorc

rom

pirovneba

igi
da

sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevri gaxda. mozardi, ufro

xSirad gogona, am mxriv zogjer adre, 1011 welSi, amTavrebs
momwifebas,

magram

ganviTarebis

rogorc

mxriv,

igi

socialuri,

am

ise

drosiTvis

gonebrivi

isev

bavSvs

warmoadgens. amitom, roca mozardis momwifebis Sesaxeb

vlaparakobT,

saWiroa

mivuTiToT,

ra

aspeqtebi

gvaqvs

mxedvelobaSi yovel konkretul momentSi.

sqesobrivi

momwifebis

procesi

Zlier

zegavlenas

axdens mozardis sulieri cxovrebis mimdinareobaze, mis

sulier ganwyobilebasa da interesebze, masTan dakavSirebiT
zogi iseTi miswrafeba Cndeba, romelic sqesobrivi movlenis
saxiT ar ganicdeba. magram mozardis sulier cxovrebaSi
TvalsaCino adgils ikavebs, amitom mozardis asakis yvela
Taviseburebas ver gavigebT, Tu misi sqesobrivi momwifebis
procesi ar miviReT mxedvelobaSi.
mozardis inteleqtualuri da socialur-volituri
ganviTareba sqesobrivi momwifebis procesTan dakavSirebiT
arc iwyeba da arc mTavrdeba. mas Tavisi sakuTari, am
biologiur kanonzomierebaze dauyvaneli mimdinareobis gza
aqvs. miuxedavad amisa, es gza mainc Tavisebur saxes iRebs im
monakveTSi, romelSic mas sqesobrivi momwifebis procesi
erTvis

da

mihyveba.

es

Tavisebureba

inteleqtualuri

ganviTarebis tempis aCqarebaSic iCens Tavs da socialur

volituri momwifebis saqmis garTulebaSic mJRavndeba.
SevCerdeT

am

asakis

zog

ufro

damaxasiaTebel

Taviseburebaze:
a)

sqesobrivi

kanonzomierebis

momwifebis

mixedviT

procesi

mimdinareobs,

biologiuri
magram

masze

zegavlenas axdens gareSe faqtorebic, gansakuTrebiT kvebis

xasiaTi,

klimati

da

temperatura,

meti

mniSvneloba

ukanasknelT aqvT. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ekvadorTan

axlo mdebare tropikuli qveynebis mcxovreblebSi, zomieri
sartylis mcxovreblebTan SedarebiT, 12 wliT adre iwyeba
da mTavrdeba es procesi.
sqesobrivi
dakavSirebuli

momwifebis
yvela

mimdinareoba

movlena,

sqesobrivi

da

masTan

jirkvlebis

funqcionirebazea damokidebuli. am jirkvals ori sadinari

igi Sinagani da garegani sekreciis saxiT or funqcias
asrulebs.

garegani

emsaxureba,

xolo

sekrecia
Sinagani

organizmis

sekreciis

gamravlebas

homonebi

Tavisi

specifikuri qimiuri SedgenilobiT sqesobriv momwifebas

iwvevs da yvela kerZo SemTxvevaSi gamravlebisTvis saWiro
aqtivobis

moTxovnilebas

aRZravs,

moqmedebis

ganwyobis

aRmocenebasac

uzrunvelyofs.

hormonebi,

gadadian

ra

mTel

sisxlSi,

riTac

Sesatyvisi
es

organizmze

araCveulebrivad Zlier zemoqmedebas axdenen. mis aseT

gavlenas nervuli sistemac ganicdis. igi Sinagani sekreciis
jirkvalTa

sistemaSic

iwvevs

SesamCnev

cvlilebebs:

zogierTi jirkvlis muSaobas asustebs, zogierTisas kidev

aZlierebs.

pirveladi da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis

ganviTareba

mTlianad

am

jirkvlebis

funqciebzea

damokidebuli. mdedrobiTi sqesis cxovels rom mamrobiTi

sasqeso jirkvlebi gadavunergoT da mamrobiTi sqesis
cxovels mdedrobiTis, TiToeuli maTgani Tavis pirvandel
saxes Seicvlis da sawinaaRmdego sqesis niSnebs SeiZens:
bevri mxriv, dedali mamals daemsgavseba da mamali dedals,
ara marto garegnulad, aramed qcevis xasiaTis mixedviTac.
sqesobrivi momwifebis dasawyisSi, sanam jer kidev
bavSvuri organizmi da misi nervuli sistema sqesobrivi
jirkvlebis

hormonebiT

gadamuSavebasa

da

am

Sezavebuli
ukanaskneli

sakvebis
gziT

miReba

gamowveul

cvlilebebs SeeCveodes, individSi iqmneba uCveulo, SemdegSi

ganumeorebeli,
romelic

sxeulebrivi

gardamavali

da

asakis

sulieri
pirveli

mdgomareoba,
fazisTvis

damaxasiaTebel movlenebSi iCens Tavs. mozardi ganicdis

erTgvar

Sinagan

agznebulebas,

ukmayofilebas,

mousvenrobas, fizikuri da sulieri Zalebis moqanculobas,

rac mis qcevaSi, garesinamdvilesTan mis urTierTobaSi
Taviseburad gamovlindeba. amasTan, sasicocxlo energiis
meti nawili momwifebis procesze ixarjeba, ris gamoc Tavs
iCens

sisxlnakleboba

da

Zlierdeba

daRlilobisken

midrekileba.
aRniSnul garemoebaTa gamo mozrdilis qceva bavSvis
qcevisgan TvalsaCinod gansxvavebuli da emociuri formiT
mimdinareobs: masSi xSirad igrZnoba ukmayofileba da

gulcivoba, uxeSoba da jiutoba, rac sruliad ucxo ar aris

wina asakis bavSvisaTvis. am TaviseburebaTa gamo S. biuleri
sqesobrivi momwifebis pirvel fazas negatiuri fazis
saxelwodebiT aRniSnavs, xolo meore fazas, romelSic
gabatonebul
emociuri

mdgomareobas

ganwyobilebebi

dadebiTi

ikaveben,

mimarTulebis

pozitiur

fazas

uwodebs. saerTo monacemebis mixedviT negatiuri faza,

normaluri

ganviTarebis

SemTxvevaSi,

yvelaze

ufro

gamokveTil saxes gogonebTan 1213, xolo vaJebTan 1415

wlebSi aRwevs. am asakSi mozrdilebi, rogorc es maTi
dRiurebidanac

Cans,

TavianTi

zogierTi

moqmedebis

uazrobasa da usafuZvlobas, amCneven TavianTi uxeSobis,

gulcivobis, jiutobis uadgilobas da cdiloben gaxdnen
ufro sxvanairebi, ufro ukeTesebi, magram Sinagan impulsebs,
romelnic maT aqeTken ubiZgeben, ver imorCileben, amitom
maTSi sakuTari Zalebisadmi rwmenac Sesustebulia.
am

fazaSi

sqesobrivad

gogonebi

Zalian

garyvnili elementebis

advilad

eqcevian

gavlenaSi, zogjer

iwyeben naadrev sqesobriv cxovrebas, saiTkenac maT erTgvar

biZgs aZlevs akrZalulisadmi cnobismoyvareobac, rac am
asaks

gansakuTrebiT

axasiaTebs.

amas

sxva

avtorebic

adastureben, amitom am mimarTulebiT didi yuradReba da

zrunvaa saWiro, gansakuTrebiT skola-internatebsa da iseT
dawesebulebebSi, sadac gardamavali asakis gogonebs erTad
uxdebaT cxovreba. erT gogonas, romelic vinmes zegavleniT
swor gzas ascda sxvebic advilad SeuZlia gaiyolios.

b)

mozrdilis

erTgvari

saerTo

Crdili

emociur

sakuTari

ganwyobilebaSi

sxeulis

Taviseburi

konstruqciis gancdasac Seaqvs. momwifebis pirveli niSnebis

gamoCenasTan

erTad

agebulebaSi,

irRveva

romelic

damaxasiTebeli,

da

proporciuloba

gviani

mozardi

sxeulis

bavSvobisTvis

swrafad

iwyebs

iyo
zrdas

simaRleSi; magram jer mxolod kidurebi izrdeba, xolo

TviTon sxeuli isev winandel zomebs inarCunebs. es iwvevs
sxeulis

agebulebaSi

pubertatelis
aZlierebs

proporciis

disharmonias

Tavis

urTierTmimarTebis

nawilebis
darRveva,

darRvevas,

uwodeben.
sidideTa
rac

saxes

rasac

disharmonias
normaluri
arasasiamovno

gamometyvelebas aZlevs. radgan cxviris, nikapis da yurebis

zrdas aqvs adgili, saxis nakvTebi uxeSi, mouqneli Cans,
sxeulis moZraobebic kargavs elastikurobas, sizustes;
bavSvebi ufro uxeSi, aCqarebuli da nervuli xdebian.
sakuTari sxeulis aseTi Taviseburebani, roca yuradRebas
Tavisken iqceven, mozardSi iwvevs ukmayofilebas, rasac
zogjer, samwuxarod, windauxedavi sayvedurebiT, dacinviTa
da SeniSvnebiT, gansakuTrebiT aZliereben ufrosebi. aseTi
ram ufro maSin xdeba, roca mozardi, imis gamo, rom sakuTari
moZraobebs Tavisuflad ver flobs, raimes wamoedeba, gatexs
an gaafuWebs. igi xedavs, rom cdebis miuxedavad, ufro
daxvewili da faqizi moZraobebi ar gamoudis, ris gamoc
ganwyobileba ufuWdeba, anCxlobs, brazobs da rogorc
Tavisi Tavis, ise sxvebis ukmayofilo rCeba, asakisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli aweuli gaRizianebadoba Zalas matebs mis

aseT ganwyobilebas.
mozardi zemoaRniSnul movlenebs ise mtkivneulad ar
ganicdida, Tu mas ecodineboda rom yvelaferi es gardamaval
movlenas warmoadgens da asakTan erTad gaivlis. ufrosebma,
mSoblebma da maswavleblebma mas es unda auxsnan da
sayvedurebis,
moekidon.

dacinvis

isini

yovelgvari

maT

nacvlad

moZraobaTa

sayvedurebisa

da

meti

TanagrZnobiT

damuSaveba

gakilvis

daxvewaSi

gareSe

unda

moexmaron. am mxriv meti yuradReba marTebT maswavleblebs,

romelnic Sromis swavlebas xelmZRvaneloben.
12 wlidan SesamCnevad viTardeba da magrdeba kunTebi,
magram

gardamaval

asakSi

izrdeba

mxolod

kunTebis

boWkoebis sisqe-diametri, ise rom kunTebis agebuleba

umniSvnelod icvleba. kunTebis ganviTarebas Tan mosdevs
sakuTari

Zalebis

cnobiereba

da

xSirad

metismetad

gadafaseba. es iwvevs sakuTar SesaZleblobaTa gazviadebul

warmodgenas, rac zogjer sakmaod didi usiamovnebis mizezi
xdeba.
mozrdilobis
naxevarSi,

asakSi,

mozardis

gansakuTrebiT

ZvalkunTovani

mis

sistema

meore
imdenad

momagrebulia, rom SeiZleba igi CarTul iqnes SromiTs

saqmianobaSi, magram, ra Tqma unda, amisTvis aucilebelia
winaswar

gaviTvaliswinoT

yvela

is

fsiqo-fizikuri

Tavisebureba, romelic am asaks axasiaTebs. pirvelyovlisa,

mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is garemoeba, rom mozardi

cnobil garemoebaTa gamo advilad iRleba da SeuZlebelia

misi Zalebis dauzogavad gamoyeneba.
mozrdilis guli ufro swrafi tempiT izrdeba, vidre
mTeli sxeulis masa. gulis kunTebis moculoba mozrdilis
asakSi ormagdeba, maSin roca mTeli sxeulis masa 1,5jer
matulobs. arteriebis diametrebis zrda CamorCeba gulis
kunTebis zrdas, sisxlZarRvebis sanaTurebi (diametris
sidide,

romelic

sisxlis

gamtarianobas

gansazRvravs)

gulis moculobasTan SedarebiT mcire xdeba. amasTan,

gaZlierebul funqcionirebas iwyebs farisebri jirkvali,
ris gamoc izrdeba sisxlis wneva da guls metad daZabul
mdgomareobaSi uxdeba muSaoba.
sisxlZarRvTa sanaTurebis siviwrove aferxebs sisxlis
sakmao raodenobiT mimoqcevas da tvini ver Rebulobs sakmao
raodenobis sisxls, rac iwvevs misi muSaobis unaris
daqveiTebas,

mozardis

advilad

daRlisa

da

da

sizarmacisken midrekilebas, xSirad aqvs adgili pulsaciis

Sesustebas.

amitom

gardamaval

asakSi

mozards

unda

avaridoT metismeti datvirTva da daRla, rac emociebiT

mdidar moqmedebaSi mis mier subieqturad arc ki ganicdeba,
magram obieqturad uaryofiT Sedegebs mainc iZleva. ase
mosdis mas, magaliTad, TamaSSi, laSqrobaSi da iseTi
wignebis kiTxvaSi, romelic gansakuTrebiT itacebs, aseT
SemTxvevaSi mozardis garegani gamometyveleba icvleba,
SesamCnevi xdeba tuCebisa da xelebis galurjeba an kidev
saxis Zlieri gawiTleba an gafiTreba. gulis muSaobaSi Tavs

iCens ariTmia, gulis friadi, rac janmrTelobas sakmaod

did safrTxes uqmnis.
mozardi

am

asakSi

aucileblad

unda

SevaCvioT

siaruls, mecadineobisa da muSaobis dros swor da Rrma

sunTqvas,

radgan

mozrdilis

organizmi

gaZlierebuli

zrdisa da niTierebaTa cvlis gacxovelebis gamo Jangbadis

gacilebiT

met

raodenobas

moiTxovs,

vidre

zrdadasrulebulis organizmi.
mozrdilis Tavis tvini rogorc moculobis, ise wonis
mixedviT

zrdadasrulebulisas

uaxlovdeba.

amitom

am

mimarTulebiT raime SesamCnev cvlilebebs ar ganicdis.

magram funqciurad jer araa dasrulebuli. man ganviTarebis
kidev sakmaod grZeli gza unda ganvlos imisTvis, rom yvela
mxriT momwifdes da srulyofili funqciuri struqtura
miiRos.

mozrdilobis

asakSi

didi

intensivobiT

mimdinareobs im nervuli gzebis ganviTareba, romelnic Tavis

tvinis calke nawilakebs erT mTlian sistemaSi aerTianeben.
funqciur formirebas ganicdis Tavis tvinis specifikuri
adamianuri areebi, gansakuTrebiT Sublis, safeTqlisa da
Txemis nawilebi. izrdeba Tavis tvinis qerqis kontroli
qerqqveSa

areebze.

romelnic

instiqtur

da

emociur

moZraobebs ganageben.
ZiriTadad qerqul procesebi agznebisa da Sekavebis
procesebi

ar

aris

gawonasworebuli.

pirveli

mniSvnelovnad sWarbobs meores, ris gamoc myari da mudmivi

SekavebiTi

reaqciebis

gamomuSaveba

Zneldeba.

agznebis

procesebi xSirad iseTi ZaliT mimdinareobs, rom mozards

Zala ar hyofnis Seakavos isini maSinac ki, roca aSkarad
xedavs,

rom

maT

niadagze

mizanSeuwoneli

moqmedeba

viTardeba. agznebis procesebi erTbaSad aRmocendeba da

didi energiiT viTardeba, magram swrafad cxreba. zogjer
mozardi TavSekavebis did SesaZleblobasac amJRavnebs,
magram aseT qcevas adgili mxolod maSin aqvs, roca
TavSekavebas misi romelime ZiriTadi tendenciis realizacia
moiTxovs.
swavlisa

da

cxovrebis

is

pirobebi,

romlebSic

mozardi dawyebiTi skolis damTavrebis Semdeg gadadis did

moTxovnebs

uyenebs

gavleniT,

axali

nervul

sistemas,

am

moTxovnaTa

sacxovrebo-saswavlo

pirobebis

zegavleniT mimdinareobs mozrdilis nervuli sistemis

formireba da im zemoaRniSnul naklovanebaTa daZleva,
romelTac mis moqmedebaSi aqvs adgili.
g) mozrdilis emociuri cxovrebac Taviseburi xdeba,
aRgznebisa

da

gaRizianebadobis

aweuli

done,

rac

gardamavali asakisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, yvelaze met

gavlenas sulieri

cxovrebis emociur mxareze axdens.

zegavlena, pirvel rigSi, emociur movlenaTa mimdinareobis

dinamikaSi iCens Tavs: es movlenebi mozardSi advilad,
sruliad umniSvnelo sababis niadagzedac Cndeba da didi
ZaliTa

da

sicxoveliT

mimdinareobs,

mozardis

yvela

moqmedeba, Sinagani iqneba igi Tu garegani, grZnobebis Zlieri

sicxoveliTaa gamTbari. sixaruli, mwuxareba, aRSfoTeba,

mrisxaneba masSi swrafad warmoiqmneba da xSirad mTel

cnobierebas ipyrobs.
saskolo

warmatebis

Sefaseba

da

ufrosebis

gamoyenebuli saaRmzrdelo RonisZiebaSi

mier

waqezeba da

sasjeli 1315 wlis mozardSi gacilebiT ufro mkveTrad

gamoxatul afeqtur reaqciebs iwvevs, vidre sxva romelime
asakis mozardSi. gansakuTrebiT did aRSfoTebas ginicdis
mozardi, roca xedavs an hgonia, rom ufrosebi, romelnic
misis aRzrdis saqmes ganageben, mas usamarTlod eqcevian:
arasworad afaseben mis codnasa da saqciels, usafuZvlod
SeaqvT eWvi misi pirovnebis zneobriv siwmindeSi an kidev iseT
sasjels adeben, romelic TviTon mas daumsaxureblad
eCveneba.

aseT

ganwyobileba

SemTxvevaSi
Cveulebrivze

mozards
metad

saerTo

negatiuri

uviTaredeba

da

igi

tlanqi, uxeSi, jiuti, Jiniani xdeba ufrosebis mimarT.

xSirad ufrosebi mozardis afeqtur reaqiebze afeqturi
reaqciebiTve upasuxeben, rasac saaRmzrdelo muSaobaSi
didi ziani Seaqvs. roca mozrdili afeqtur an saerTod
emociurad agznebul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, aRmzrdeli
mas didi moTminebiTa da simSvidiT unda Sexvdes, rom masze
dadebiTi

zemoqmedeba

moaxdinos. aRmzrdelis

nervuli

gaRizianeba, misi sianCxle da xmaaweuli laparaki kidev

ufro aRizianebs mozards da maT urTierTobas iseT xasiaTs
aZlevs,

romelic

sruliad

uvargisia

pedagogiuri

muSaobisaTvis.
mozrdilTa

umravlesobisaTis

damaxasiaTebelia

emociur ganwyobilebaTa swrafi cvla: erTi ukiduresobidan

meore ukiduresobaSi moulodneli gadasvla. gardamavali

asakis vaJi an gogona, romelic rame (SeiZleba umniSvnelo)
SemTxvevis gamo mTeli Tavisi arsebiT xarobs, xalisobs,
erTbaSad, moulodnelad, ubralo sababis gamo, sruliad
sawinaaRmdego emociur mdgomareobaSi gadadis, metismetad
ganawyenebuli,
gabrazebuli

damwuxrebuli,
xdeba,

imis

Seuracxyofili

mixedviT,

Tu

ra

iyo

an
misi

ganwyobilebis Secvlis sababi, magram imisTvisac mcire

mizezia saWiro, rom igi isev kmayofili da mxiaruli gaxdes.
mozrdili aqtivobaSic amJRavnebs am Taviseburebas:
erT SemTxvevaSi igi didi xalisiT, energiiTa da gatacebiT
moqmedebs,
yovelgvar

meore

SemTxvevaSi

interess

kargavs

ki
da

igive

moqmedebisadmi

Tavis

TavSi

misi

gagrZelebisaTvis saWiro Zalas veRar poulobs.

gardamavali

asakis

bolos

aseTi

kontrastulad

cvalebadi emociuri ganwyobilebis adgils ufro myari da

pozitiuri xaiaTis emociuri ganwyobilebebi ikaveben.
mozrdilis

emociur

cxovrebaSi

ganviTarebis

TvalsazrisiT, ufro mniSvnelovani arsebiTi xasiaTis sxva

cvlilebebic xdeba. es cvilebebi Sinaarseuli xasiaTisaa. im
biologiuri, inteleqtualuri da volituri gardaqmnebis
safuZvelze, romelTac momwifebis periodSi aqvs adgili,
mozrdilSi sruliad axali, wina asakisTvis yovelmxriv
ucxo

grZnobebi,

emociebi

iCens

Tavs.

mSoblebic

da

maswavleblebic unda iyvnen am cvlilebis kursSi, rom maT

gardamavali asakis yvela Taviseburebis gaTvaliswineba da

mozrdilis

emociuri

aRzrdis

swori

xelmZRvaneloba

SeZlon.
SevCerdeT

am

mimarTulebiT

momxdar,

asakis

Taviseburebis gagebisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovan zogierT

cvlilebaze.
mozrdilis sulier cxovrebaSi sakmaod mZlavr nakadad
iWreba emociuri gancdebi, romelnic dasabams sqesobrivi
momwifebis procesSi iReben. es gancdebi, pirvelad mxolod
axla iCens Tavs da gardamavali asakis mozardis fsiqikaze
Tavisebur daRs asvams.
bavSvi sqesobrivi momwifebis dasawyisamde sqesobrivi
cxovrebisadmi iseTive cnobismoyvareobas iCens, rogorc
yvela sxva movlenisadmi. igi mis namdvil bunebas, mis azrs,
mis mniSvnelobas ver swvdeba da arc raime cnobier aRZvras
da miswrafebas grZnobs am mimarTulebiT. sxvebis sqesobrivi
cxovrebis

farulad

TvalTvali, rasac bavSvi

xSirad

awarmoebs, masSi ar iwvevs sqesobriv aRtyinebasa da emociur

aRZvras. ukansaknelTa gamowveva SeuZlia am mimarTulebiT
naxulisa da gagonilis mogonebas, mas Semdeg, roca bavSvi
sqesobrivi momwifebis periodSi gadava.
gardamaval asakSi mdgomareoba arsebiTad icvleba.
mozardSi
procesTan

pirvelad

iCens

dakavSirebuli,

Tavs

uSualod

metad

Tu

momwifebis
naklebad

gacnobierebuli emociuri xasiaTis gancdebi, romelnic mis

mTlian fsiqikur struqturaSi sakmaod TvalsaCino adgils
ikaveben.

gardamaval

asakSi

didi

gardatexa

xdeba

inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis gzaze: Tavs iCens azrovnebis

axali,

ufro

maRali

formebi

da

mimarTulebani,

momwifebiswinare asakidan mozardi swrafi tempiT iwyebs

gadasvlis

TvalsaCino,

konkretuli

azrovnebidan

abstraqtul ganyenebul azrovnebaze. igi asakis winsvlasTan

erTad, sul ufro advilad axerxebs iseTi Sinaarsebisa da
obieqtebis

wvdomas,

romelnic

moklebulni

arian

TvalsaCino xasiaTs da grZnobad WvretaSi aRqmisa da

warmodgenis formebSi uSualod ar gveZlevian. misTvis
axla pirvelad xdeba gasagebi mimarTulebebi, romelnic ara
TvalsaCinod micemul obieqtebs Soris arseboben.
es garemoeba ariTmetikis swavlebidan algebrisa da
geometriis

swavlebaze

gadasvlis

did

SesaZleblobas

iZleva da im fizikur da qimiur movlenaTa SecnobisaTvis

saWiro fsiqologiur pirobebs qmnis, romelnic TavianTi
bunebis

gamo

miuwvdomelni

grZnobis
xdebian.

organoebisaTvis
sazogadoebrivi

saerTod
cxovrebis

movlenebis istoriuli, literaturuli da enobrivi

movlenebis ganzogadoebul cnebaTa formaSi asaxvac
mxolod am asakidan xdeba SesaZlebeli, radgan movlenaTa
arsebiTi

mxare,

saerTod,

mxolod

TvalsaCinoebidan

gamocalkevebul ganmazogadebel azris formaSi Seicnoba.

ganyenebas,

abstraqcias

pirveli

saskolo

asakis

bavSvebic mimarTaven, magram ganviTarebis am safexurze igi

maRal logikur operacias ar warmodgens. cxraaTi wlis

mozardi

advilad

sinamdvilis

axerxebs

rTuli

aRqmuli

Sinaarsidan

an

erTi

warmodgenili
an

ramdenime

TvalsaCino aRqmadi an warmodenadi niSani gamoyos da

sagangebo yuradRebisa da msjelobis sagnad aqcios. magram
aseTi abstraqciis gziT gamoyofili da ganyenebuli movlena
Tavis bunebiT iseTive TvalsaCino da konkretulia, rogoric
sinamdvilis mTeli is grZnobadi monakveTi, romlisganac igi
iqna gamocalkevebuli. amitom aseT abstraqcias TvalsaCino,
konkretuli

mocemulobidan

ar

gavyavarT.

igi

Tavis

operacias aRqmisa da warmodgenis sferoSi awarmoebs ise,

rom am sferos farglebSi rCeba.
gardamavali

asakidan

abstraqcia

sul

sxva

mimarTulebas iRebs. igi iqceva im ZiriTad operaciad,

romelic logikuri bunebis cnebaTa SemuSavebisaTvis xdeba
aucilebeli. mas grZnobadi samyarodan gadavyavarT azrebis
samyaroSi, im azrebis samyaroSi, romlebic obieqturad
mocemuli

sinamdvilis

movlenaTa

calkeuli

klasebis

saerTo da arsebiT Tvisebebsa da kanonzomierebebs asaxaven.

abstraqcia aq TvaliT danaxuli, grZnobadad mocemuli,
sinamdvilidan

gonebiT

miwvdomilis

ganyenebas

axdens.

zedapirul grZnobad niSnebs gverdiT tovebs, xolo gonebiT

miwvdomils, azrs, romelic mocemuli movlenis arsebiT
mxares asaxavs, xelSi iWers da moxmarebisaTvis awvdis
Semdgom operaciebs, romlebmac dasrulebuli logikuri
bunebis mqone cnebebi unda SeimuSavon. aseTi abstraqcia imave
dros ganzogadebacaa, radgan misi proeqti yovelTvis

zogadi mniSvnelobis matarebelia da mocemuli klasis

movlenaTa yvela egzemplars erTnairad asaxvs. mxolod
amgvari

abstraqciis

mozardi

wertilis,

gziTaa

SesaZlebeli,

xazisa

da

magaliTad,

sibrtyis

specifikur

Taviseburebebs miswvdes da es movlenebi erTmaneTisagan

arsebiTad

ganasxvavos.

manam,

sanam

moswavles

aseTi

logikuri abstraqciis unari SeumuSavdebodes, es sami

movlena misTvis mxolod formiTa da sididiT gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan, radgan yoveli xiluli aRqmuli da
warmodgenili

wertili,

mZime

xazi

da

sibrtye

organzomilebiania da amdenad sibrtyis sxvadasxva formis,

sididis monakveTebs warmoadgenen. mxolod mozrdilobis
asakidan

SeiZleba

imis

gaazreba,

rom

sibrtyes

ori

ganzomileba aqvs, xazs erTi, xolo wertili moklebulia

yovlegvar

sivrciTs

ukanasknelis,

xazisa

SeuZlebelia.

ganzomilebas.

amitom

da

grZnobadi

wertilis,

analogiur

am

movlenaTa

ori
aRqma

gagebis

SesaZleblobaTa momwifebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs

maTematikis mecnierebaTa safuZvlebis Seswavlis saqmeSi.
meore

mxriv,

am

gansakuTrebiT

mecnierebaTa

uwyobs

xels

safuZvlebis
azrovnebis

Seswavla

am

formis

ganviTarebas.
zemoaRniSnuli garemoeba specifikur amocanas ayenebs
V-VII

klasebis

maswavlebelTa

winaSe.

am

klasebis

moswavleTa azrovneba arsebiTad axla iwyebs aRqmisa da

warmodgenis

grZnobadi

Sinaarsebis

tyveobidan

ganTavisuflebas da abstraqciis logikuri operaciebis

warmoebas, rac jerjerobiT yovelTvis warmatebiT ver

xorcieldeba.

amitom

igi

xSirad

isev

TvalsaCinoebas

ubrundeba. amis gamo Sesaswavli movlenis namdvili azri mas

Semecnebis gareT rCeba. amas Sedegad mosdevs V-VII klasebis
moswavleTa

saswavlo

warmatebis

erTgvari

daqveiTeba,

rasac sagrZnoblad uwyobs xels asakis meore Tavisebureba

daRlilobisa da sizarmacisken midrekileba. amiT aixsenaba
is garemoeba, rom momwifebiswinare asakSi inteleqtualur
ganviTarebas saswavlo warmatebis zrdis nacvlad misi
daqveiTeba mosdevs Sedegad.
am siZnelidan moswavleTa gamoyvanas maswavlebeli
mxolod maSin SeZlebs, Tu igi kvaldakval mihyveba maTi
azrovnebis muSaobas da yovelTvis igrZnobs, sad da ra
xasiaTis daxmarebis gaweva sWirdeba maT. igi xSirad unda
amowmebdes, moswavle marTla azrovnebs, Tu gazepirebuli
sityvebiT laparakobs, ganyenebul da zogadi mniSvnelobis
azrebs miwvda, Tu mis nacvlad warmodgenis xatebi gaiCina da
isev aRqmadi sinamdvilis sferoSi darCa. maswavlebeli,
romelic ase adevnebs Tvalyurs moswavleTa azrovnebis
muSaobas,

mocemuli

momentisaTvis

saWiro

meTodur

ganviTarebas

iwyebs

RonisZiebas yovelTvis advilad ipovis.

mozrdilobis

asakSi

damoukidebeli, kritikuri azrovneba. mozrdili cdilobs

iqonios

sakuTari

azrebi

da

Sexedulebebi,

gamoTqvas

sakuTari msjelobebi da moZebnos sakuTari argumentebi im

pirTa

Sexedulebebis,

msjelobisa

da

argumentebis

sawinaaRmdegodac ki, romlebic aqamde misTvis umaRles

avtoritetebs

warmoadgenen.

igi

kritikulad

ekideba

ufrosebis, mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis mosazrebebs,

wakiTxul wignebSi ganviTarebul Sexedulebebs da xSirad
hgonia, rom maTSi Secdomebi da umarTebulo azrebia. roca
igi zogjer Secdomebs marTlac poulobs da amas sxvebic
aRiareben,

gnsakuTrebul

kmayofilebas

ganicdis

da

kritikul azrovnebas ufro meti SeupovrobiT aviTarebs.

magram
azrovneba

mozrdilis

damoukidebeli

momwifebiswinare

da

periodSi

kritikuli

mainc,

araa

srulyofili da metwilad moklebulia saWiro logikur

safuZvelsa

da

argumentacias.

azrovnebis

aseT

mimarTulebas aZlierebs am asakisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli,

jiutobisa

da

negativizmis

safuZvelSi

arsebuli

ufrosebisadmi bavSvuri morCilebisagan ganTavisuflebisa

da damoukideblobisaken mimarTuli tendencia.
damoukidebeli da kritikuli azrovneba pirovnebis
maRal inteleqtualur Tvisebas warmoadgens. maswavlebelma
xeli unda Seuwyos mis ganviTarebas. xSirad ufrosebi,
aRmzrdelebic ki abuCad igdeben da dacinvis sagnad aqceven
mozardis mier ama Tu im debulebis kritikuli poziciebidan
damoukidebeli ganxilvis cdebs, romlebic pirvel xanebSi
mainc, xSirad metismetad zerele da usafuZvlo Cans. aseTi
moqmedeba ufrosebis mxridan CanasaxSive axSobs am Zvirfas
Tvisebas da inteleqtualuri aRzrdis saqmes did zians
ayenebs. mozards frTxilad unda vuCvenoT Secdomebi,
romelTac msjelobaSi uSvebs da mivuTiTod swor gzaze ise,

rom misi pirovneba Seuracxyofili ar darCes. meore mxriv,

mas zomierebis grZnobac unda ganuviTarod, rom kritikulma
gamwyobilebam
ukanaskneli

masSi

jansaRi

garemoeba

saxe

usaTuod

ar

unda

dakargos.
iqnes

es

miRebuli

mxedvelobaSi imis gamo, rom gardamaval asakSi mozardis

azrovneba

Sinasamyarosken

axdens

Semobrunebas

da

dakvirvebis,msjelobisa da Sefasebis sagnad, sakuTarTan

erTad, irgvliv myofi adamianebis, maT Soris mSoblebisa da
maswavleblebis sulier, zneobriv Tvisebebsac aqcevs.
amave asakSi iRviZebs azrovnebis axali mimarTuleba,
romelsac

garkveuli

azriT

msoflmxedvelobrivi

an

filosofiuri mimarTuleba SieiZleba vuwodoT. bavSvobis

asakSi,

mozardi

kmayofildeboda

sinamvilis

calke

monakveTis, calkeuli sagnebisa da movlenebis garSemo

mopovebuli codniT, romelic mis cnobierebaSi calcalke,
erTmaneTTan

SeukavSirebeli

fragmentebis

saxiT

iyo

warmodgenili. axla, gardamaval periodSi, pirvelad Cndeba

movlenaTa
suraTis

urTierTkavSirebisa
Seqmnis

da

moTxovnileba.

samyaros
mozrdili

mTliani
iwyebs

Taviseburad fiqrs qveynierebis dasabamsa da dasasrulze,

samyaros usazRvrobaze, sicocxlis azrze, sikvdilze da
saerTod

iseT

problemebze,

romelTac

filosofiurs

uwodeben. marTalia, misi fiqrebi da Ziebani am mimarTulebiT

pirvel xanebSi subieqturi miswrafebebiTa da grZnobebiTaa
aRZruli, gamsWvaluli, ris gamoc erTgvar mistikur xasiaTs
atarebs, magram momdevno wlebSi, swavlebis zegavleniT

TandaTanobiT Tavisufldeba subieqturi momentebisagan da

marqsistuli

msoflmxedvelobisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel

formas iRebs.
azrovnebis am Taviseburebebis gamo iq, sadac swavla
aRzrdis

saqme

saTanado

simaRleze

araa

dayenebuli,

mozrdili Tu igi Sesafer garemoSi moxvda, advilad iRebs

rwmenas

samyaros

RvTaebrivi

warmoSibisa

da

sulis

ukvdavebis Sesaxeb da Sedis ama Tu im religiur seqtaSi,

romlis moTxovnebsac igi guldasmiT icavs da asrulebs,
amitom skola gardamavali asakis moswavleebs am sakiTxSic
meti sifrTxiliT unda moekidos.
gardamaval asakSi mozardis sulier cxovrebaSi xdeba
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani gardatexa, romelic gadamwyvet
zegavlenas axdens misi pirovnebis Sedgom ganviTarebaze.
cxovrebis

am

periodis

dasawyisamde

bavSvis

mTeli

yuradReba garesinamdvilis movlenebiskenaa mimarTuli da

amitom pirovnebis Sinagani sulieri mxareebi iSviaTad
xdeba

misi

ganviTarebis

sagani.

mozrdilobis

asakSi

mdgomareoba arsebiTad icvleba. axla individi im emociuri,

inteleqtualuri da volituri cvlilebebis safuZvelze,
romlebic socialuri cxovrebis zegavleniT mimdinareobs
da droSi sqesobrivi momwifebis process mosdevs Tan,
erTbaSad axdens Semobrunebas Sinagani samyarosken da
dakvirvebis, msjelobisa da Sefasebis sagnad pirovnebis
Taviseburebebs xdis. pirvelad igi sxva adamianebis fsiqikur
bunebas ukavSirdeba, afasebs, magram Semdeg yuradReba
TavisTavze gadmoaqvs da sagangebod swavlobs ra sakuTar

fsiqikur Tvisebebs, sakuTari pirovnebis fsiqologiuri

Semadgenlobis RirebulebaTa TvalsazrisiT gadasinjvas
iwyebs. mozrdilobis asakis dasawyiSi bavSvi dakvirvebebsa
da

SefasebebSi

subieqtri

momentebi

Warbobs,

magram

asakobrivi periodis bolosaTvis isini sakmaod obieqtur

xasiaTs Rebuloben. jer dakvirvebis sagnad ufro martivi da
zedapirulad mocemuli movlenebi iqceva, magram Semdeg
yuradReba gadadis iseTi rTuli struqturis Tvisebazedac,
rogorsac warmoadgens xasiaTi. ukanasknelis namdvili
bunebis wvdomas mozardi gardamaval asakSi mainc iSviaTad
axerxebs da igi, Cveulebriv, cxovrebis momdevno periodis
amocanad rCeba.
azrovnebis

sakuTari

Tavisken

mimarTvada

TviTdakvirvebisa da TviTTaviseburebis aqtebis warmoeba

mozardis socialur volituri momwifebis dasawyisze
miuTiTebs da pirvels rigSi, masSi pirovnuli Tvisebebis
ganviTarebis

saqmes

esmaxureba.

TviTdakvirveba,

TviTSefaseba da TviTkritika TviTaRzrdsaTvis saWiro

fsiqologiur pirobebs qmnis da mozards am mimarTulebiT
aqtivobis did SesaZleblobas aZlevs, Tu amaSi mas skola da
ojaxic uwevs xelmZRvaelobas.
sakuTari

fsiqikuri

Tvisebebis

gacnobierebisa

da

obieqturi Sefasebis saqmeSi mozards did daxmarebas uwevs

ufrosebis SeniSvnebi, Sefasebebi, romlebic misi qcevis ama
Tu im Sinagan mxares exeba. aseT daxmarebas gansakuTrebiT
moiTxoven

V-VII

klasebis

moswavleebi,

romelTac

TviTcnobierebisa da TviTSefasebis moTxovnileba didi

aqvT, magram SesaZleblobani codna, gamocdileba da

dakvirvebis

unari

jer

kidev

sakmaod

ar

aqvT

ganviTarebuli ar hyofniT.
mozardis azrovnebis im nakads, romelic sxvisi an
sakuTari pirovnebis sulier TvisebaTa gacnobierebasa da
Sefasebas

isaxavs

miznad,

gansazRvruli

azriT,

fsiqologiur eTikuri azrovneba SeiZleba vuwodoT da

ganvasxvavoT azrovnebis im nakadisagan, romelic miimarTeba
ra

mSvenieri,

diadi

da

amaRlebuli

movlenebisaken,

esTetikuri azrovnebis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba.

azrovnebis es ukanaskneli mimarTulebac gardamaval
asakSi iCens Tavs da viTardeba ra esTetikur grZnobasa da
gemovnebasTan erTad, sakmaod SesamCnev aRorZinebas aRwevs.
mozardis msjeloba, romelic xelovnebis nawarmoebebs
exeba,

met

SemTxvevaSi

maRali

esTetikuri

obieqtebis

adekvatur Sefasebas ver axdens da subieqturi xasiaTis

Secdomebidan araa Tavisufali. xSirad igi wina planze
wamoswevs nawarmoebis iseT mxares, romelic mis ZiriTad
esTetikur Rirebulebas ar Seicavs. magram esTetikuri
azrovnebis ganviTarebis saqme mainc dawyebulia da axla
saTanado garemo da maswavlebelia saWiro imisaTvis, rom igi
swrafi nabijebiT wavides win. am ukanasknelisaTvis, pirvel
rigSi, aucilebelia esTetikuri gemovnebis gamomuSaveba,
radgan

esTetikuri

dafuZnebuli.

msjeloba

faqtiurad

maszea

aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom mozardi am periodSi

pirvelad grZnobs bunebasTan urTierTobas da eZleva mis
amaRlebul da gamafaqizebel zemoqmedebas. mas SeuZlia
mTeli saaTebi dahyos bunebaSi ganmartoebiT da misi lamazi,
diadi,

amaRlebuli

peizaJebis

zegavleniT

aRZrul

keTilSobilur tkbobas mieces. amitom mas gansakuTrebiT

itacebs bunebaSi laSqroba, eqskursiebi da turistuli
mogzaurobani, bunebisa da xelovnebis mSvenierebis gancda
nanaxisa da gagonilis sxvebisaTvis gaziarebisa da sxvebTan
erTad

Sefasebis

wyurvils

iwvevs,

rac

esTetikur

msjelobaTa warmoebisaTvis saWiro impulss iZleva da mis

ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.
gardamavali
volituri

asakis

procesebi

ZiriTad

Taviseburebas

tendenciebi,

is

interesebi,

moTxovnilebebi da miswrafebani gansazRvraven, romlebic

mozardSi momwifebis dasawyisTan dakavSirebiT iCens Tavs.
azrovnebis is mimarTulebanic, romlebzedac zemoT gvqonda
laparaki, am periodSi aRmocenebuli Semecnebis Taviseburi
interesebiT aris Sepirobebuli. is ZiriTadi gardatexa,
romelic qcevis mimarTulebasa da xasiaTSi vlindeba,
arsebiTad damokidebulia am asakis volitur Tvisebebze. es
ukanaskneli qmnis aRzrdis saqmeSi im siZneleebsac, romelic
gardamavali asakisaTvis specifikur movlenad iTvleba.
zogierTi moTxovnilebisa da interesis Sesaxeb Cven
asakis emociuri da inteleqtualuri bunebis daxasiaTebis
dros mogvixda laparaki da amitom maTze aq ganmeorebiT
aRar

SevCerdebiT.

ganvixilavT

mxolod

im

xasiaTis

cvlilebebs,

romelTac

aRzrdis

TvalsazrisiT

meti

mniSvneloba aqvs.
pirvel rigSi, unda davasaxeloT bavSvobis datovebisa
da mowifulobaSi gadasvlis fsiqologiuri tendencia,
romelic

mravali,

erTimeoresagan

mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavebuli saxiT iCens Tavs, magram yvelaze mkveTrad

mainc

ufrosebisadmi

bavSvuri

morCilebis

winaaRmdeg

ajanyebisa da sruli damoukideblobis, Tavisuflebis

mopovebisaken mimarTuli miswrafebis saxiT mJRavndeba. am
tendenciis

momzadebaSi

monawileobas

iRebs

yvel

is

biologiuri, fizikuri da sulieri xasiaTis cvlileba,

romelTac momwifebiswinare asakSi winapubertetSi aqvs
adgili. am cvlilebebSi mozardi, grZnobs ra fsiqofizikuri
Zalebis erTbaSad mozRvavebasa da simwifis moaxloebas.
fsiqologiurad didi manZiliT uswrebs win namdvil asaks da
TavisTavs ufro momwifebulad da srulyofilad ganicdis,
vidre amas faqtiurad aqvs adgili. amitom igi ufrosebisagan
iseT moqcevas, rogorsac misi namdvili asaki da fsiqo
fizikuri SesaZleblobani moiTxoven, erTgvar damcirebad
da Seuracxyofad Tvlis. meore mxriv, xSirad TviTon
aRmzrdelebic, mSoblebica da maswavleblebic angariSs ar
uweven im did fizkur da sulier gardatexas, romelsac
gardamavali

asakis

pirvel

fazaSi

aqvs

adgili

da

mozardTan damokidebulebaSi arsebiTad arafers cvlian:

mozrdil winapubertetulsac iseve uyureben da eqcevian,
rogoc mas bavSvobis asakSi uyurebdnen da eqceodnen. roca

ufrosebis aseT saqciels mozrdili winaaRmdegobas uwevs

ufrosebi zogjer administraciuli wesiT, diqtatoruli
zemoqmedebis gziT cdiloben aiZulon igi isev winandel
bavSvur mdgomareobas daubrundes. aseT viTarebaSi mozardi
marTla iwyebs ajanyebas im ufrosebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic
mas aqamde xelSeuxebel avtoritetebad miaCnda. amiT ukve
irRveva

normaluri

damokidebuleba,

romelsac

manamde

aRmzrdelsa da aRsazrdels Soris qonda adgili da

mozrdilis

aRzrdis

saqme

sagrZnoblad

garTulebul

siZneleebSi eqceva.
amgvarad, gardamaval asakSi, xSirad, aRmzrdelsa da
aRsazrdels Soris arsebul urTierTobas amwvavebs da
mtkivneuls xdis is garemoeba, rom, erTi mxriT, mozardi
Tavis Zalebs metismetad gadaWarbebiT afasebs da gacilebiT
met

uflebebs,

Tavisuflebasa

da

damoukideblobas

moiTxovs, vidre es mas faqtiurad SeiZleba mieces, xolo

meore mxriT, ufrosebi mis Zalebs metismetad amcireben da
mozards Tavisuflebas, damoukideblobas imdensac ki ar
aZleven, rac mas misi fsiqofizikuri mdgomareobis mixedviT
ekuTvnis, aseT SemTxvevaSi mozardi, gardamavali asakis
pirvel fazaSi mainc, roca agznebisa da gaRizianebadobis
done maRla aris aweuli, mkveTrad cvlis ganwyobilebas da
ufrosebTan mimarTebaSi gansakuTrebiT uxeSi, jiuti da
Jiniani xdeba.ar SeiZleba skolam da ojaxma mozards,
romlis

asaki

1314

wlebTanaa

axlos,

imdeni

damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba mianiWon, ramdensac igi

moiTxovs, aseTi ram, umetes SemTxvevaSi, misi aRzrdis saqmes

daRupvis piramde miiyvanda. amitom uxeSobas, jiutobasa da
Jinianobas mozardi maSinac amJRavnebs, roca mas ise eqcevian,
rogorc mis asaks Seefereba. magram es movlenebi uaRresad
Serbilebuli
mozardTan

saxiT

iCens

Tavs

damokidebuleba

iq,

swor

sadac

ufrosebis

pedagogiur

taqtzea

dafuZvnebuli.
gardamaval asakSi mozardi, jer kidev araa Sinaganad
momwifebuli

imisaTvis,

damaxasiaTebeli
damoukideblad

rom

zrdadamTavrebulisTvis

srulfasovani
ganaxorcielos

qcevis
da

aqtebi

sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebisTvis saWiro gzebi TviTonve ipovos. amitom igi

xSirad saxifaTo biliks mihyveba da cdilobs iseTi ram
gaakeTos,

romelSic

Tavs

ise

ganicdis

TiTqos

zrdadasrulebaSi gadadga fexi. amasTan erTad, xSirad

trabaxobs iseTi TavgadasavliT, romelsac saerTod ar
hqonia adgili mis cxovrebaSi. gogonebi zogjer erTmaneTs
damajereblad

uyvebian

TavianT

Tavze

ambebs

vaJTan

sasiyvarulo urTierTobis Sesaxeb, romelsac TviTonve

Txzaven,

rom

warmosaxvaSi

mainc

ganicadon

TavianTi

srulyofileba.
mozardi iq, sadac aRmzrdelobisagan misi ZiriTad
tendenciebis Sesatyvis sulier sazrdos ver Rebulobs da
Tavisi uxeiro, asakisaTvis naadrevi da gaumarTlebeli
moqmedebis gamo mxardaWeris nacvlad wyromas imsaxurebs,
iseT wres eZebs, romelic mis midrekilebebs TanagrZnobiT

Sexvdeba

da

misi

Tavisufali

gaSlis

fsiqologiur

situacias Seuqmnis. amitom igi yovelTvis im adaminebs rodi

ukavSirdeba, romlebic mas naklovan da sust mxareebze
miuTiTeben da cxovrebis swori gzisken mimarTaven. igi ufro
imaTken iltvis da ixreba vinc mas damoukideblobisa da
Tavisuflebis

mopovebisaTvis

brZolaSi

aqezebs,

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT

sulelur moqmedebas uwonebs da iseT qcevaSi TanaugrZnobs,
romelSic mas zrdadamTavrebulis mdgomareobaSi yofnis
iluziebi

uCndeba

da

kmayofilebas

ganicdis.

amitom

gardamavali asakis mozardi advilad SeiZleba swor gzas

ascdes, Tu misi ganviTareba pedagogiurad gamarTlebuli
aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebiT ar mimdinareobs.
gardamavali asakis mozardi aRmzrdelis mier naCveneb
gzas rom umtkivneulod gahyves, amisaTvis aucilebelia
aRmzrdelma

angariSi

Tavisuflebisa

da

gauwios

mis

ZirTad

damoukideblobisaken

tendencias,
miswrafebis

safuZvelSi arsebul tendencias. man saaRmzrdelo muSaoba

am tendenciaze unda daafuZvnos, mozards agrZnobinos rom
mas ise aRar uyurebs, rogorc bavSvs, mis pirovnebas angariSs
uwevs, mis Seuracxyofas, damcirebas, iqac ki, sadac amis
sababi arsebobs, erideba da saaRmzrdelo RonisZiebebs
masTan

SeTanxmebiT

isaxavs

da

axorcielebs.

aseT

SemTxvevaSi mozrdili gacilebiT ufro advilad mihyveba

aRmzrdels, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, roca mis daqvemdebarebas
diqtatoruli brZanebisa da gankargulebebis eniT cdilobs.
aRzrdis

saqmis

mtkice

da

ganuxreli

xelmZRvaneloba

srulebiT ar moiTxovs aRmzrdelis mkacri diqtatoris

formaSi

Sesvlas,

maswavlebels

rogorc

hgonia,

es

piriqiT,

zogierT
aseT

mSobelsa

rames

da

aRzrdis

saqmisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT gardmaval asakSi didi zianis

motana SeuZlia. Tbil megobrul urTierTobaSi mozards ise
vakeTebinoT is, rac Cven gvinda da aRzrdis amocanebs
Seesatyviseba, rom TviTon darwmunebuli iyos, moqmedebs
yovelgvari garegani iZulebis gareSe, Tavisuflad da
damoukideblad.
gardamaval asakSi, gansakuTrebiT mis meore fazaSi,
Tavs iCens da Semdeg sul ufro Zlierdeba kidec aRzrdis
TvalsazrisiT

gadamwyveti

mniSvnelobis

mqone

erTi

tendencia, romlis realizacia mozardis Tavisuflebisa da

damoukideblobisken miswrafebasac aZlevs sazrdos da
sazogadoebrivad
saqmesac

Rirebuli

emaxureba.

pirovnebis

mxedvelobaSi

gvaqvs

Camoyalibebis
is

tendencia,

romelic mozards moraluri Rirebulebisken mimarTavs da

Sinaganad aiZulebs zneobrivi normebi SeiTvisos da maRali
idealebi iqonios. es tendencia adamianis TanSobil bunebriv
struqturaSi araa mocemuli. igi masSi sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis

zegavleniT

aRmocendeba

da

Tavis

saTaves

adamianur kulturaSi iRebs. mozardi, romelic zneobriv

idealebs

etaneba

daeqvemdebaros,

da

Tavis

cdilobs
Tavs

moralur

bavSvuri

normebs

mdgomareobidan

uzomod amaRlebuladac ganicdis da ufrosebisganac srul

damoukideblobasa
moraluri

da

aRzrdis

Tavisuflebasac
saqme

bavSvobis

grZnobs.

amitom

datovebisa

da

zrdadamTavrebulis
tendenciazedac

mdgomareobaSi

SeiZleba

gadasvlis

davafuZnoT,

bunebriv

ramdenadac

es

tendencia mozardis moralur nabijebSic poulobs Tavis

realizacias. mozardi uaRresad kmayofili rCeba, roca igi
Sinagani

impulsebis

Sekavebasa

da

sazogadoebrivi

TvalsazrisiT Rirebuli saqmis gakeTebas axerxebs.

zneobrivi
idealebisken

normebis

praqtikuli

miswrafeba

did

SeTviseba

winaaRmdegobas

maRali
awydeba

mozrdilis fsiqofizikuri bunebidan momdinare impulsebis

saxiT,

riTac

winaaRmdegoba

gansakuTrebiT
xSirad

mdidaria

asakisTvis

es

asaki.

es

damaxasiaTebeli

konfliqtebis safuZveli xdeba. wesieri aRzrdis pirobebSi

mozardi cdilobs maRali Rirebulebis miznebs mihyves da
sakuTari pirovnebis sazogadoebrivi fasi awios. magram
Sinagani impulsebi mas sxva mimarTulebiT ubiZgebs da
xSirad igi Tavis TavSi Zalas ver poulobs imisaTvis, rom
maT

mier Seqmnili dabrkoleba gadalaxos da dasaxul

mizans miaRwios. mozrdili, ufro metad, cxovrebis meore

fazaSi grZnobs, rom nebisyofa ar yofnis da xSirad TviTon
hkidebs xels sakuTari nebisyofis aRzrdis saqmes, raSic mas
skolamac

da

ojaxmac

didi

daxmareba

unda

gauwion.gardamavali asakis pirvel fazaSi winapubertetSi

mozardis

idealebiTvalsaCino

xasiaTs

atareben

da

romelime konkretuli individis saxiT arian warmodgenili.

mozards surs gaxdes iseTi, rogoricaa romelime misi
megobari, ojaxis wevri, naTesavi, mezobeli, wakiTxuli
wignis gmiri an kidev sxva romelime cnobili pirovneba. am

asakis

mozardi

xSirad

erTdroulad

sul

sxvadasxva

bunebisa da saqmianobis ramdenime pirovnebaSi xedavs Tavis

idealebs. erTisa mas gambedaoba da vaJkacoba moswons,
meorisa sportuli niWi da warmateba itacebs, xolo mesames
pativiscema da Sromismoyvareoba izidavs. 1112 wlis vaJebis
idealebs

Soris

karg

fexburTelobas

gansakuTrebiT

sapatio adgili ukavia. Cvens SekiTxvaze ra urCevnia gaxdes:

saxelganTqmuli maswavlebeli, cnobili mecnieri Tu iseTi
fexburTeli, rogoric mixeil mesxi da slava metrevelia, 12
13 wlis vaJebis metma nawilma sruliad uyoymanod mesxisa da
metrevelis mdgomareoba irCia.
gardamavali asakis meore fazaSi, pubertetSi calkeul
pirobebSi gamosaxuli aseTi idealebis gverdiT Tavs iCens
konkretuli individebidan gancalkevebuli, ganyenebuli da
ganzogadebuli idealebi, rac abstraqtuli azrovneebis
ganviTarebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. mozardi, xSirad, Tavis
ideals, romlis Sinaarssac maRali pirovnuli Tvisebebi
Seadgens, sityvierad gansazRvravs ise, rom vinmeze ar
miuTiTebs. magram aseTi ram mainc SedarebiT ufro iSviaTad
iCens Tavs. mozardisaTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenad igi
mxolod Wabukobis asakSi iqceva.
mozrdilobis asakSi arsebiTad mTavrdeba sqesobrivi
momwifebis

biologiuri

procesi,

magram

socialur

volituri momwifebis dasasruli am asakidan jer kidev

Sorsaa.

socialurvolituri

sazogadoebis

materilur,

momwifeba
moralur

gulisxmobs
da

sulier

kulturasTan Sezrdas, am kulturis normebis mixedviT

damoukidebeli moqmedebisaTvis mzadyofnas, amitom igi
mozardobis

mTel

xangrZlivoba
sazogadoebis

periods

moicavs.

mniSvnelovnadaa
kulturuli

am

periodis

damokidebuli

cxovrebis

doneze,

im

romlis

sruluflebiani wevric Semdeg mozardi TviTon unda gaxdes.

primitiul sazogadoebaSi, romelic axla sul ufro iSviaTi
xdeba, socialuri momwifeba daaxloebiT emTxveva mozardis
biologiur seqsualur momwifebas, romelic saTanado
fizikur

srulyofasac

gulisxmobs.

amiT

aixsneba

is

garemoeba rom primitiuli kulturis xalxebs, bevrgan

mozardi fizikursqesobriv momwifebis dasrulebisTanave
oficialurad

momwifebis dResaswaulebis ceremoniebiT

SehyavT seqsualuri cxovrebis sferoSi. Cveni kulturis

pirobebSi, fizikursqesobriv momwifebasa da socialur
volitur srulyofas Soris xuTieqvsi weli maincaa.
gardamaval

asakSi

xSirad

mozardi

metismetad

impulsur arsebad gvevlineba, magram amis mizezi aris ara

nebisyofis

daqveiTeba,

aramed

impulsebis

swrafi

aRorZineba, rac asakis TaviseburebebiTaa Sepirobebuli.

gardamaval xanaSi nebisyofis ganviTarebis saqme sakmaod
swrafi nabijebiT midis win, magram Sinagani impulsebi
(gansakuTrebiT am asakis pirvel fazaSi), romelnic maRali
miznebis

ganxorcielebis

saqmes

eRobebian

win,

ufro

SesamCnevad mZlavroben, ris gamoc maTi daqvemdebareba

xSirad imaze ufro mtkice nebisyofas moiTxovs, vidre es

mozrdils aqvs.
mozrdilis

nebisyofa,

rom

bavSvis

nebisyofasTan

SedarebiT sagrZnoblad maRla dgas, amas yvelaze metad maTi

qcevis motivebis urTierTSedareba mowmobs. gardamavali
asakis

manZilze

sul

ufro

mcirdeba

subieqturi

grZnobiseuli motivebis xvedriTi wona da mis nacvlad

izrdeba

iseTi

motivebi,

romlebic

sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis moTxovnaTa niadagze aRmocendeba da garkveul

obieqtur Rirebulebebs asaxavs.
gardamavali asakis bolos mozardi aRar aris is, rac am
asakis dasawyisSi iyo. am xnis manZilze igi SesamCnevad
icvleba

rogorc

fizikuri

agebulebis,

ise

sulieri

SesaZleblobebis mxriv. axla kidurebisa da sxeulis sxva

nawilebis sidideTa Soris proporciuli mimarTeba TiTqmis
aRdgenilia. iSviaTad iCens Tavs negatiuri reaqciebi da
ganwyobilebani. agznebisa da gaRizianebadobis maRali done,
romelic am asakis pirveli fazisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli,
sagrZnoblad

daqveiTebulia.

jiutoba

da

Jinianobac

mniSvnelovnad Senelebulia da mozardi isev cnobs da

mihyveba

avtoritets,

romelic

misi

moraluri

da

inteleqtualuri upiratesobis niadagze iqna aRiarebuli am

xnis manZilze. nebisyofac ise momagrebulia. rom mozardi
SedarebiT advilad axerxebs gaumarTlebeli impulsebis
Sekavebasa da Tavisi Tavis marTvas, ris gamoc SesaZlebeli
xdeba mas amieridan imaze gacilebiT meti Tavisufleba da
damoukidebloba mieces, vidre momwifebis winaperiodSi

eZleoda, amisTvis saWiro pirobas inteleqtis ganviTarebis

miRweuli donec qmnis: mozardi axla gacilebiT advilad
erkveva movlenaTa mimdinareobaSi, vidre am asakis dasawyisSi
axerxebda. mas adamianuri urTierTobanic ufro sworad
esmis

da

sazogadoebrivi

valdebulebisa

da

pasuxismgeblobis Segnebac sakmaod win aqvs wamoweuli.

asakis

bolosTvis

TviTkritikis

unaric

sakmaod

ganviTarebulia, rac mozards did SesaZleblobas aZlevs

TviTaRzrdis saqmes Caudges saTaveSi.magram, raTqma unda,
gardamavali

asakis

bolosac

araa

mozrdili

fsiqologiurad da socialurad ise momwifebuli, rom mas

sruli Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba mieces da raime
seriozuli sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeloba daekisros. mas
amisTvis jer arc codnaCveva da gamocdileba hyofnis da
arc nebisyofa. magram TviTon axlac ver axerxebs yovelTvis
Tavisi Zalebis adeqvatur Sefasebas da xSirad iseTi
ramisken

miuwevs

guli,

rac

mis

SesaZleblobas

mniSvnelovnad aRemateba. amis gamo igi zogjer uaRresad

saxifaTo mdgomareobaSi igdebs Tavs.
iq, sadac aRzrda Tavidanve swor gzaze iyo dayenebuli,
gardamavali asakis bolosTvis ojaxsa da skolas mozardis
pirovnebis formirebis saqmeSi yvelaze mTavari siZneleebi
ukve gadalaxuli aqvT da moepovebaT mtkice safuZveli
imisTvis, rom momdevni wlebSi aRmzrdelobiTi muSaoba
sruliad umtkivneulod da didi nayofierebiT warmarTon.
3. Wabukoba.

Wabukobis asaki 1516 wlidan iwyeba da daaxloebiT 20

21 wlamde grZeldeba. am asakze modis qalebisaTvis ori,
xolo

vaJebisaTvis

erTi

ukanaskneli

saswavlo

weli.

qaliSvilebTan 15sa da 16 wlebs Soris, xolo vaJebTan 16sa

da 17 wlebs Soris aris mokle, momwifebis Semdgomi agznebis
faza,

romelic

pirvelma

axalgazrdobis

krizisis

xasiaTdeba

erTgvari

daZabulobiTa

da

a.

buzemanma

aRwera

da

saxelwodebiT

aRniSna.

igi

aweuli

aRgznebadobiT,

motoruli

emociuri

mousvenrobiT,

riTac

momwifebiswinare asaks winapubertets gvagonebs. mozardis

nebismieri

yuradRebis

koncentraciis

unari

qveiTdeba,

saskolo swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli interesebis xarjze

izrdeba

skolis

gareT

mimdinare

movlenebisadmi

miswrafebebi da SesamCnevi xdeba rogorc sportul, ise

gonebriv warmatebaTa Semcireba.magram aseTi mdgomareoba
didxans ar grZeldeba, male dgeba sicocxlis xalisiTa da
maRali idealebiT aRvsili Wabukobis dReebi, rac momavals
mimzidvel ferebSi saxavs da mozardSi didi, naTeli
cxovrebis molodins aRviZebs.
am asakSi fizikuri ganviTarebis mimarTulebiTac xdeba
Taviseburi

cvlilebebi,

sxeuli

proporciulad viTardeba, ris

Tanabarzomierad,

gamoc sxeulis agebuleba

ufro da ufro harmoniuli xdeba. qaliSvilebi 16-17 wlebSi,

xolo vaJebi 18-19 wlebSi iReben TavianTi sqesisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel tipiur gamosaxulebas qalebs ubrundebaT
gardamavali periodis pirvel fazaSi dakarguli moZraobis

sinarnare da graciozuloba, xolo vaJebis moqmedebaSi

tlanqi da uxeSi moZraobebi TandaTan qreba. orive sqesis
saxec ufro moZravi, faqizi da gamometyveli xdeba. magram
fizikuri ganviTareba am asakSi mTlianad mainc ar mTavrdeba.
simaRleSi zrda da fizikuri ZalRonis mateba Wabukobis
sazRvrebs iqiTac sakmaod didxans grZeldeba.
fsiqologiuri
msoflmxedvelobis

TvalsazrisiT
Camoyalibebis,

Wabukoba
xasiaTis

aris
ZiriTad

TaviseburebaTa formirebis, TviTcnobierebis sabolood

ganviTarebisa da qcevis ZiriTadi principebis dadgenis
periodi. Cveulebriv, cxovrebis amave periodSi warmoebs
mTeli sacxovrebo mimarTulebis gansazRvra -

profesiis

SerCeva da daufleba.
adrindeli Wabukoba warmoadgens

didi da daZabuli

inteleqtualuri Sromis swavlis periods. saSualo

skolebis ukanaskneli klasis moswavleebi xSirad skolaSi
da skolis gareT mecadineobas 1011 saaTs andomeben.
samuSao saaTebis ricxvi kidev ufro izrdeba gamocdebis
wina periodebSi da TviTon gamocdebisaTvis gankuTvnil
dReebSi. es imas niSnavs, rom mozardi axla Segnebulad
emzadeba momavali cxovrebisaTvis da TiTqmis mTel energias
am samzadisisaTvis saWiro aqtivobas axmars. iq, sadac
aRzrdis saqme Tavidanve swori gziT midioda, mozards aseTi
cxovrebisaTvis saWiro fizikuri Zalac aqvs da sulieri
simtkicec moepoveba. igi axla wina asakTan SedarebiT
gacilebiT ufro Rrmad ganicdis codnis safuZvliani
aTvisebisa

da

skolis

warmatebiT

damTavrebis

sazogadoebriv

Rirebulebas

da

im

valdebulebebs,

romlebic am mimarTulebiT dgeba mis winaSe.

mozardi Wabukobis asakSi iwyebs pirvelad namdvil
mecnierul

problemur

azrovnebas,

ris

gamoc

xdeba

saswavlo sagnisadmi interesis gadazrda mecnierebisadmi

interesSi.

yoveldRiuri

sistematiuri

mecadineoba,

gansakuTrebiT iseT sagnebSi, rogoric maTematikuri da

sabunebismetyvelo

disciplinebia,

saSualo

skolaSi

azrovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro yvela pirobas qmnis.

misi

SemweobiT

araTvalsaCinoabstraqtuli

azrovneba

adreuli Wabukobis asakSi aRwevs individis bunebrivi

SesaZleblobiT gansazRvrul simaRles. amave periodSi
sruldeba agreTve xatovani saxeebSi gaSlili azrovnebis
ganviTarebis procesic. 1617 wlidan gansakuTrebiT swrafi
tempiT ganicdis aRmavlobas daskvniTi azrovnebis unari,
rasac gadamwyveti mniSveloba aqvs logikuri azrovnebis
sabolood gamarTvisa da im movlenebis SemecnebisaTvis,
romlebic

uSualo

dakvirvebisaTvis

yovelTvis

miuwvdomeli rCeba.
qaliSvilebisa da Wabukebis azrovneba mozrdilebis
azrovnebisagan
TanmimdevrobiTa

gansxvavdeba
da

safuZvlianobiT.

organizebulobiT,
maTi

azrovnebis

organizebuloba, upirveles yovlisa, gamoixateba unariT,

romliTac isini saswavlo sagnis calke danayofebs codnis
erT mTlian mwyobr sistemaSi aerTianeben, ufro zogadi da
kerZo

danayofebis

urTierT

mimarTebas

swvdebian

faqtebisa da cnebebis swor klasifikacias awarmoeben.

da

adamiani arc erT asakSi araa Sinaganad ise Zlier

mimarTuli
bavSvi

momavlisaken,

arsebiTad

warsuliT.

rogorc

awmyoTi

mozrdilisa

Wabukobis

cxovrobs,
da

periodSi.

xolo

moxuci

momwifebulis

fsiqika,

miuxedavad imisa, rom msubuq fantazias Tu seriozul

fiqrebs xSirad gadahyavs isini momavalSi, sxvadasxvanairad,
magram ZiriTadad mainc, awmyoTia dakavebuli. sul sxva
mdgomareoba aqvT Wabukebsa da qaliSvilebs, romlebic ukve
emzadebian

Tavisuflebisa

da

damoukideblobis

aqamde

nanatr samyaroSi gadasafrenad. maT win, axlo momavalSi

aqvT yvelaferi, rac cxovrebas, TviTon maTive azriT, azrsa
da Rirebulebas aZlevs. iq egulebaT maT patiosani da
Tavdadebuli
sayovelTaod
cxovrebis

SemoqmedebiTi
aRiarebuli

gzaze

Sromis

dideba

mopovebuli

da

safuZvelze
sazogadoebrivi

TvalsaCino

warmatebebi,

gulwrfeli siyvarulis uzado nayofi da maRali ojaxuri

sitkbo, bedniereba. damoukidebeli cxovrebis gzaze gasvlis
didi

wyurvili

warmosaxvas

da

cxovelmyofeli

Wabuki

qaliSvilebisa

vaJebisyoveldRiuricxovrebis
xdis.moswavleebisaTvis,romlebic
asakSi

fantazia

Sedian,damaxasiaTebeli

aseT
da

Cveulebriv

movlenad

adreuli

Wabukobis

xdeba

maRali

SemarTeba

daromantikuli ganwyobileba. maRali SemarTeba gamoixateba

miswrafebaSidaisaxos didi miznebi da survilSimTlianad
mieces am miznebis ganxorcielebis saqmes.magram es jer kidev
ar

niSnavs

aseTi

miznebis

marTla

dasaxvas

da

maTi

ganxorcielebis amocanebisadmi sakuTari Zalebis realur

daqvemdebarebas. jerjerobiT es TiTqmis mxolod cxoveli

survilia,romelic

mozardis

ganwyobilebasedeba
ganwyobilebad

romantikul

safuZvlad.

gulisxmoben

aq

romantikul

mzadyofnas

grZnobiT

Seferadebuli ocnebisaTvis,roca mTeli Zalebi mimarTuli

iqneba romelime sasaxelo saqmis Sesrulebisaken. aseTi
romantika

axalgazrdas

mdgomareobaSi,aniWebs

ayenebs

cxovrebis

fxizel

xaliss

da

uzrdis

moTxovnebs sakuTari Tavis mimarT. magram masSi arsebobs

cxovrebisagan mowyvetili ocnebebisadmi SeCvevis safrTxe,
rac Tavidan unda iqnes acilebuli, rom axalgazrdaSi
praqtikuli moqmedebis unari ar daqveiTdes.
Wabukobis sawyis etapze imdenad ganviTarebuliaSenis
umaRles doneze Secnobis unari,rom mozardi axla advilad
axerxebs sxvis sulSi Caxedvas,sxvebis gancdebis gagebas,rac
safuZvlad

edeba

faqiz

socialur

damokidebulebaTa

ganviTarebas: Wabukebi da qaliSvilebi adamianebs,romlebic

raime

garemoebis

ganicdian,Rrma

gamo

mZime

TanagrZnobiT

sulier

ekidebian

tkivilebs

da

TavianTi

SesaZleblobis mixedviT uangaro daxmarebas uweven. amave

niadagze ufro maRal safuZvelze adis megobroba, viTardeba
altruistuli tendeciebi da izrdeba konkretul socialur
usamarTlobaTa winaamRdeg brZolisaken miswrafeba.
nebisyofis
kulturasTan

ganviTarebisa

Sezrdis

da

sazogadoebriv

TvalsazrisiT

gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba aqvs imas,rom Wabukebi TviTonve cdiloben

garesinamdvilis

movlenaTa

momenturi

zemoqmedebis

tyveobidan ganTavisufldnen da TavianTi qcevis miznebi iseT

movlenebs daukavSiron, romelnic obieqtur Rirebulebas
atareben da sazogadoebriv kulturas erTvian.
Wabukebsa
swavlebis

da

qaliSvilebs

saSualo

manZilze,gansakuTrebiT

klasSi,gadasawyveti

aqvT

skolaSi

damamTavrebel

uaRresad

mniSvnelovani

problemaprofesiis arCevis problema.am problemis ase Tu

ise gadawyvetam unda gansazRvros mTeli maTi Semdgomi
cxovrebis

gza

da

sazogadoebrivi

mniSvnelobis

unari,romelsac maTi yvela fsiqofizikuri SesaZlebloba

unda moxmardes. profesiis Sesaxeb xSirad mozrdilebic
fiqroben,magram maTi arCevani am mimarTulebiT zerelea da
im

motivebs

ar

iTvaliswinebs,romelTa

safuZvelzedac

Semdeg marTla mouxdebaT profesiis SerCeva.amitom isini

sruliad

ubralo

SemTxvevis

profesiaze,romelic
sxva,mniSvnelovnad

aqamde

gamo

moswondaT

gansxvavebul

uars

amboben

da

irCeven

specialobas

,romelic

Tavis mxriv,male sxva profesiiT SeiZleba Seicvalos.

Wabukobis

asakSi

profesiis

SerCeva

uaxloes

amocanaTa rigSi dgeba: damamTavrebeli klasis moswavleebs

TviTon

cxovreba

aiZulebs

seriozulad

moekidnon

am

saqmes.Tu mozrdili profesiis SerCevis dros ufro xSirad

TviTon profesiis ama Tu im garegani TaviseburebiTaa
gatacebuli da sakuTar SesaZleblobas angariSs ar uwevs,
Wabuki, umetes SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari SesaZleblobisa da
profesiis sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT
irCevs specialobas. am mxriv masze did zegavlenas axdens im

pirTa rCevadarigeba,vinc mas maRal avtoritetad miaCnia.

iq,sadac

skola

moswavles

sakuTar

SesaZleblobaTa

Semecnebis saqmeSi saTanado daxmarebas uwevs,moswavle

advilad irCevs profesias,romelSic mas meti warmatebiT
SeuZlia imuSaos. magram,profesiis SerCevis saqmeSi WabukTa
SesaZleblobani metismetad ar unda gadavafasoT. xSirad
iseTi SemTxvevebic gvxvdeba, roca damamTavrebeli klasis
moswavle am sakiTxs Tavis winaSe seriozulad ar ayenebs da
safuZvliani awondawonvis saqmed ar xdis. zogi ise airCevs
ama

Tu

im

profesias,rom

SesaZleblobebs

masTan

saerTod

ar

mimarTebaSi

iTvaliswinebs;

sakuTar
profesia

moswons,magram imaze, rom Tu ris gakeTeba SeuZlia mas am

mimarTulebiT, ar fiqrobs.iseTi moswavleebic gvxvdebian,
romlebic saSualo skolas ise amTavreben, rom ara aqvT
gadawyvetili cxovrebis romel gzas daadgnen,da elodebian
SemTxvevas,romelic
mimarTulebiT

maT

ubiZgebs.

erT

romelime

aRniSnul

garkveul

garemoebaTa

gamo

Wabukebsa da qaliSvilebs didi daxmareba sWirdebaT, raTa

gadawyviton sakiTxi, Tu saiT unda gaagrZelon TavianTi
cxovrebis gza. pirvel rigSi skolam unda izrunos imisTvis,
rom

moswavle

garkveuli

profesiuli

orientaciiT

gascildes mis sazRvrebs. esaa wminda movaleoba skolisa,

romelic

mozards

aTi

wlis

manZilze

amzadebs

cxovrebisaTvis. es dro sruliad sakmarisia imisaTvis,rom

naTeli

gaxdes

skolisTvisac

da

moswavlisTvisac,

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis romel dargSi CarTos moswavlem

Tavisi Zalebi, rom rogorc qveyanas,ise Tavis Tavs meti

warmateba da kmayofileba moutanos.

mozardis individualuri Taviseburebani aRzrdisa da

ganviTarebis procesSi

moswavlis individualuri Taviseburebani, romlebic

aadvileben an abrkoleben misi sasurveli mimarTulebiT
aRzrdisa da ganviTarebis saqmes, SeiZleba davyoT or
jgufad. erT jgufs TanaSobili monacemebi apirobeben,
xolo meore jgufs cxovrebis gzaze SeZenili Tvisebebi
qmnian.
aRzrdisa

da

ganviTarebis

urTierTbis

sakiTxis

garkvevisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs mozardis

im

individualur

Taviseburebebs,romlebic

TanSobil

monacemebzea dafuZnebuli. maTgan SeiZleba gamovyoT sami

jgufis movlenebi,romlebic did rols asruleben aRzrdisa
da ganviTarebis procesSi. esenia: niWiereba, aqtivobis
bunebrivi done

da

agznebisa da Sekavebis

TanSobili

midrekilebani.
1. niWi aris bunebriv monacemTa erTianoba, romelic ama
Tu im moqmedebis aTvisebasa da SesrulebaSi iCens Tavs. rac
ufro

advilad,swrafad,

srulyofilad

iTvisebs

da

axorcielebs individi mocemul moqmedebas, miT ufro didi

niWi

moepoveba

mas

am

moqmedebis

mimarTulebiT.

niWi

mocemulia Canasaxis formaSi SesaZleblobis saxiT. realur

Zalad igi iqceva Sesatyvisi codnaCvevis miRebis procesSi,

am codna Cvevis miRebisaTvis saWiro aqtivobis meSveobiT.

marto niWi verafers ver gaakeTebs, Tu igi saTanado wvrTnisa
da varjiSis gziT ar ganviTarda. maTematikis genialuri
niWic rom hqondes kacs, seriozuli maTematikuri amocanis
winaSe absoluturad uZluri aRmoCndeba, Tu winaswar
saTanado codnaCvevas araa dafuZvnebuli. didniWs
saqmis

realur

wvrTna

SesaZleblobad

xdis

didi

da

codna,

da varjiSi. am ukanasknelTa gareSe igi unayofo

Tesls emsgavseba.
niWi

Sedgeba

unarebisagan.

unarebi

garkveuli

moqmedebis niWad Sesatyvis aqtivobaSi organizdeba da

viTardeba. Semecnebis niWi, romelic swavlaSi gadamwyvet
rols asrulebs, gagebis, dakvirvebis, analizis. sinTezis,
ganyenebisa da ganzogadebis unarTa erTianobas warmoadgens.
adamianis

inteleqtualur

SesaZleblobaTa

ganviTareba,

pirvel rigSi, am unarTa ganviTarebas gulisxmobs.

ra aris niWi, Tu kaci xels ar Seuwyobs da Sromas
moerideba? marTalia, marto SromiT, Tu sul uniWoa
adamiani, bevrs verafers gaarigebs, magram patara niWis
patrons ki SeuZlia swavliT gaadidos es uniWi da
anayofieros.
niWs zrda, wvrTna, gaxsna da gaSla unda.

ganasxvaveben zogad da specialur niWs. zogad niWSi

gulisxmoben

gonierebas,

rac

zemoT

dasaxelebul

inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebTan erTad damaxsovrebisa

da warmodgenis unarebsac moicavs. niWierebis am saxes

zogads imitom uwodeben, rom igi adamianis yvela moqmedebaSi
monawileobs.

mis

gareSe

specialuri

niWi,

ra

didi

monacemebic unda hqondeT maT, rame TvalsaCino Rirebulebas

ver Seqmnis.
specialuri niWi ewodeba unarTa iseT erTobliobas,
romelic mxolod erTi garkveuli mimarTulebiT aqtivobas
edeba

safuZvlad

da

mis

warmatebiT

gaxorcielebas

uzrunvelyofs. aseTia, magaliTad, xatvis, musikis, poeturi

Semoqmedebis da sasceno gardasaxvis niWi. maTi moqmedebis
areebi viwrod aris SemosazRvruli, magram isini zogierT
sxva saxis aqtivobaze mainc axdenen gavlenas. magaliTad,
musikaluri smena, rac musikaluri niWis ZiriTad unars
warmoadgens, ucxo enaze zepiri metyvelebis srulyofilad
dauflebis saqmesac uwyobs xels. igi swrafad swvdeba am
enis specifikur aqcentuaciasa da tonalobas da moswavles
swori gamoTqmis dauflebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.
niWTa Soris yvelaze mTavaria inteleqti, radgan misi
monawileobis gareSe SeuZlebelia raime seriozuli saqmis
gakeTeba.

am

niWis

mixedviT

adamianebi

TvalsaCinod

gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. gansxvaveba ZiriTadad Tavs

iCens

niWierebis

xarisxSi,

rac

SeiZleba

gaizomos

specialurad Sedgenili amocanebis saSualebiT. adamiani,

romelsac inteleqti SesamCnevad aklia, araa normaluri,
maSin, roca specialuri niWis uqonlobas pirovneba normis
sazRvrebidan ar gahyavs. inteleqtualuri niWis xarisxis

mixedviT adamianTa mTeli masa iyofa sam jgufad. ZiriTadi

jgufi, romelSic adamianTa

udidesi nawilia moqceuli,

Tavsdeba normis SigniT. adamianTa umniSvnelo nawili eqceva

normis qveviT, xolo mxolod erTeulebs aqvT bedniereba
normis

zeviT

iyvnen.

normis

zeviT,talantobisa

da

geniosobis saxiT, niWierebis ori umaRlesi safexuria, xolo

normis qveviT, debilobis, inbecilobisa da idiotizmis
saxiT,

sami

dabali

safexuri

gamoiyofa.

idioti

inteleqtualuri niWis udables safexurze imyofebaxolo

geniosi

mis

umaRles

safexurze

dgas. is

adamianebic,

romlebic Tavisi niWis mixedviT normis SigniT Tavsdebian,

TvalsaCinod gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. zogi maTgani
debils uaxlovdeba, zogi kidev talants. ZiriTadi masa ki
maT Soris moqceul safexurze Tavsdeba.
inbecili da miT umetes, idioti, skolaSi swavlas ver
axerxebs. maTi gonebrivi sisuste indenad aSkarad Cans, rom
isini arc ki SehyavT skolaSi. normalur bavSvTa Soris,
gansakuTrebiT pirvel klasebSi zogjer debilsac vxvdebiT,
magram isic mihyveba normalur skolaSi aRebul swavlis
etaps, ris gamoc male an sul tovebs saswavlebels an kidev,
sadac amis SesaZlebloba arsebobs, gadadis debilebisaTvis
specialurad Seqmnil skolaSi.
Cveulebriv, skolebSi swavloben inteleqtualur
SesaZleblobaTa mixedviT normaluri bavSvebi, romelTa
Soris Zalian iSviaTad, magram mainc, SeiZleba talanti da
geniosic iyos, magram isini saSualo skolis sazRvrebSi

Zneli SesamCnevni arian, radgan skolaSi maRal akademiur

warmatebas saSualo niWis moswavlec miaRwevs, Tu igi
Tavidanve did sibejiTes gamoiCens.
axalgazrda norCgrZnobas eWirveba varjiSoba misTana
sagnebze, romelic mis axlos, mis garSemo aris, romelsac
kargad icnobs da romelzedac TviTonac SeuZlia sja.Tavi2
inteleqtualurma aRzrdam mosawavleTa bunebrivi
inteleqtualuri monacemebis maqsimaluri ganviTareba unda
uzrunvelyos.

maswavlebelma

rom

inteleqtualuri

ganviTarebis

saqmes

warmatebiT

uxelmZRvanelos,

aucilebelia

man

moswavleTa

individualuri

inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobani gamoarkvios da yovel

maTgans davalebis Sesruleba maTTvis
niWisa

da unaris

maqsimalur

damaxasiaTebeli

doneze mosTxovos. erTi

moswavlis codna SeiZleba damakmayofilebelze Sefasdes

da es iyos am moswavlis didi warmatebis maCvenebeli, maSin
roca meore moswavlem SeiZleba maRali Sefaseba miiRos,
magram misi pasuxi mainc ar iyos iseTi,rogoric mis niWsa da
unars Seefereba. amitom am ukanasknels kidev ufro meti unda
moeTxovos, rom igi Tavis SesaZleblobis Sesatyvisad
ganviTardes.
sakmaod
romelime

xSiria

SemTxveva,

saqmianobisaTvis

roca

mozards

erTi

saWiroSesaZleblobani

aqvs

ufro Warbad mocemuli da misi niWierebis saerTo profils

igi gansazRvravs, magram amis Sesaxeb TviTon araferi ar
icis.

aseTi

procesSi,

SesaZleblobani

raTa

mozardis

unda

gamoirkves

profesiuli

aRzrdis

ganviTareba

im

mimarTulebiT warimarTos, romliskenac igi bunebrivadaa

miwodebuli.
2.

aqtivobis

bunebrivi

funqcionirebis
yoveldRiur

done

tendenciis

moqmedebaSi

poulobs

ewodeba

sidides, romelic
Tavis

realizacis.

aqtivoba adamianis bunebrivi Tvisebaa, ris gamoc mas ar

SeuZlia

xangrZlivad

iyos

umoZraod,

mosvenebul

mdgomareobaSi, fizikuri da sulieri moqmedebis gareSe,

aqtivobaze mas iseTive gadaudebeli moTxovnileba aqvs,
rogorckvebaze, magram yvela adamians, ise rogorc sakvebi
ar hyofnis erTnairi moculobisa, erTnairi raodenobis
aqtivobac ar akmayofilebs. erTi da imave asakis erTnairad
janmrTeli adamianebi rom SevadaroT am mxriv erTmaneTs, maT
Soris TvalsaCino gansxvavebas vnaxavT:erTi adamiani dRe
Ramis

ganmalobaSi

sul

ramdenime

saaTis

aqtivobiT

kmayofildeba da danarCen dros msubuq garTobasa da

mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi yofnas arCevs, maSin roca meores,
Zilis saaTebis garda, unda mudam energiul aqtivobaSi iyos
da rame akeTos; umoqmedod yofna misTvis erTgvar sasjels
warmoadgens.pirveli SeiZleba meoreze fizikurad ufro
Zlieri da Ronieri iyos, rac imas niSnavs, rom aqtivobis
bunebrivi

done

ZalRonis

sidideze

arsebiTad

araa

damokidebuli.
aqtivobis dabali done, pirvel rigSi, sizarmacis
saxiT

iCens

Tavs

da

pirovnebis

cxovrebis

mTel

mimdinareobas Tavisebur daRs asvams. dakvirveba gviCvenebs,

rom yvela pirovnebas moqmedebis yvela sferoSi aqtivobis

erTnairi done ar aqvs. umetes SemTxvevaSi, vxvdebiT iseT
adamianebs,

romelTac

praqtikuli

moqmedebis

sferoSi

aqtivobis done didi aqvT,magram wminda innteleqtualuri

anu Teoriuli aqtivobis tendencia susti aqvT, didxans ar
hyofniT

da

amitom

xangrZlivi

gonebrivi

muSaoba

uZneldebaT.aseTi pirebi praqtikuli moqmedebis sferoSi

energiulebi

arian.

magram

inteleqtualurmuaSaobaSi,

kerZod, swavlis saqmeSi, sizarmaces iCenen. SedarebiT ufro

naklebad, magram mainc iseT pirebsac vxvdebiT, romelTac
inteleqtualuri aqtivobis done maRali aqvT da amitom
gonebrivi muSaobas Tavis Tavze Zaldautaneblad gacilebiT
ufro didxans da didi xalisiT awarmoeben, vidre praqtikul
saqmianobas.

maRal

inteleqtualur

SesaZleblobas

yovelTvis axlavs Tan inteleqtualuri aqtivobis maRali

bunebrivi done, ris gamoc swavlaSi zarmacebs niWiT sakmaod
dajildoebul moswavleTa Sorisac xvdebiT.
inteleqtualuri

aqtivobis

maRal

dones

didi

mniSvneloba aqvs swavlisa da gonebriv SesaZleblobaTa

ganviTarebis saqmisaTvis. amitom iq, sadac igi araa maRali
bunebrivad,

xelovnurad

unda

iqnes

aweuli

garegani

stimulebis zemoqmedebis gziT. aseTi stimulebi, pirvel

rigSi,

SeiZleba

iyos

movlenebi,

romlebic

mozardSi

Teoriul interes aRviveben, movaleobis Segnebas aviTareben

da

codnis

nergaven.

obieqturi

Rirebulebisadmi

pitiviscemas

3. yvela mozardi aRmzrdelobiT zemoqmedebas, rasac

garkveuli mimarTulebiT ganviTareba unda mohyves Sedegad,
erTnairad ar Rebulobs. zogi sakmaod advilad mihyveba
aRmzrdelis mier miTiTebul gzas da Tavis Tavze didi
Zaldatanebis

gareSe

axerxebs

zurgi

Seaqcios

iseT

movlenebs, romlebic mas am gzidan gadasvlisaken ubiZgebs.

zogs ki iseTi movlenebi ubiZgebs Tavisken, romlebTanac
urTierToba

masSi

aRzrdis

miznebis

sawinaaRmdego

Tvisebebs aviTarebs. sakmarisia erTma, magaliTad, Tambaqo an

magari

sasmeli

ramdenimejerme

gasinjos

an

kide

ramdenimejerme miiRos monawileoba mRelvarebiT savse,

azartuli xasiaTis moqmedebaSi da igi ise Rrmad Cajdes mis
bunebaSi, rom Semdeg mas veRar moscildes, Tu saqmeSi sxvebi
droze ar Caerivnen. meoris buneba aseT rames Znelad
iTvisebs an kidev saerTod ar Rebulobs maSinac ki, roca igi
SemTxvevaTa gamo socialurad arajansaR jgufSi xvdeba da
am

ukanasknelis

cdilobs.

zegavleniT

mozardis

amgvari

maT

SeCvevas

individualuri

sagangebod
Tvisebebi

arsebiTadaa damokidebuli nervuli sistemis im tipologiur

Taviseburebebze,

romlebic

pirvelad

fiziologma

i.

pavlovma daadgina.
i. pavlovma ZiriTadi nervuli procesebis aRznebisa
da Sekavebis Zalis, wonasworobisa da Zvradobis mixedviT
daadgina nervuli sitemis oTxi ZiriTadi tipi, romlebic,
misive azriT,

pirovnebis temperamentul Taviseburebebs

edeba safuZvlad da adamianebs TvalsaCinod ganaxvavebs

erTmaneTisgan. esenia:1.Zlieri, gawonasworebuli, Zvradi,

swrafad moZravi tipi (sangvinikuri temperamenti); 2. Zlieri,

gawonasworebuli, naklebad moZravi, mSvidi da mZime tipi
(flegmatikuri

3.Zlieri

temperamenti);

gauwonasworebeli,

TavSeukavebeli

tipi

agznebis,
(qolerikuli

temperamenti) da 4. susti agznebisa da susti Sekavebis,

inertuli tipi (melanqolikuri tipi). i. pavlovis moZRvrebis
mixedviT

nervuli

sistemis

es

tipebi

TanSobilia

da

cxovrebis pirobebis zegavleniT umniSvnelod icvleba.

saswavlosaaRmzrdelo muSaoba, romelic mozardis
pirovnebis garkveuli mimarTulebiT ganviTarebas isaxavs
miznad,

mozardis

nervuli

sistemis

am

ZiriTad

individualur Taviseburebebs unda daefuZnos, rom igi

nayofierad warimarTos. sxvadasxva tipis nervuli sistemis,
sxvadasxva temperamentis mozardebi calkeul SemTxvevaSi
sul sxvanair pedagogiur midgomas moiTxoven imisaTvis, rom
erTnaeiri warmatebiT aRizardon. saaRmzrdelo RonisZieba,
romelic flegmatikTan dadebiT Sedegs iZleva, qolerikis
mimarT SeiZleba zogjer saziano aRmoCndes.
Tu yvelafers, rac zemoT iTqva, gaviTvaliswinebT,
cxadi gaxdeba, rom mozardisagan srulyofili adamianis
ganviTarebis procesis marTva arsebiTad ekisreba aRzrdas,
romelic mizans warmatebiT mxolod maSin miaRwevs, roca igi
Tavis moqmedebaSi aRzrdis sazogadoebriv amocanebTan
erTad,

mozardis

asakobriv

da

individualur

Taviseburebebsac safuZvlianad gaiTvaliswinebs.

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1. ra faqtorebi moqmedeben pirovnebis formirebaze?
2. romel jgufebad SeiZleba daiyos dRemde arsebuli
Teoriebi pirovnebis formirebis faqtorebis Sesaxeb?
3. ra roli eniWeba aRzrdas pirovnebis formirebis
procesSi empiristuli Teoriis mixedviT?
4. rogor moiazreba aRzrdis, garemosa da
memkvidreobis faqtorebis zemoqmedeba pirovnebis
formirebaze frangi materialistebis moZRvrebis
mixedviT?
5. romelia aRzrdis rolis uarmyofeli Teoriebi?
6. ra roli eniWeba aRzrdas platonis azriT?
7. ra roli eniWeba aRzrdas aristoteles azriT?
8. ra roli eniWeba aRzrdas jon lokis TvalsazrisiT?
9. ras uwodebs jon loki tabula raza-s?
10. ra roli eniWeba aRzrdas komenskis azriT?
11. ra roli eniWeba aRzrdas pirovnebis formirebis
procesSi biologiuri nativisturi Teoriis
mixedviT?
12. ra roli eniWeba aRzrdas pirovnebis formirebis
procesSi pedagogikis klasikosebis azriT?
13. rogoria asakobrivi periodizaciis mokle istoriuli
mimoxilva?
14. ra faqtorebis safuZvelze xdeba asakobrivi
periodizacia pedagogikaSi?
15. romelia mozardobis periodis Sida asakobrivi
fazebi?
16. romel periods uwodeben bednieri bavSvobis asaks
da ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba igi?
17. rogor aisaxeba fiziologiuri cvlilebebi
mozrdilis emociur ganwyobaze?
18. rogorifizikuri cvlilebebi mimdinareobs
mozrdilobis periodSi?
19. azrovnebis rogori formebis Camoyalibeba
mimdinareobs gardamaval asakSi?
20. ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba Wabukobis asaki?
21. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs adamianis individualur
Taviseburebebs?
22. ra aris inteleqti?
23. ra aris aqtivobis bunebrivi done?
24. ra aris temperamenti?

Tavi III aRzrdis mizani da amocanebi

... .
, ,
, ,
, , ,
.
; ,
.
- ,
,
.
II

am TavSi Tqven gaecnobiT:

rodis aRmocenda istoriulad aRzrdis miznis
problemapedagogiur azrovnebaSi;
ra aris aRzrdis mizani;
ras niSnavs harmoniuli aRzrda;
ra aris sulieri aRzrda; ra aris fizikuri aRzrda;
ra aris gonebrivi aRzrda; ra aris zneobrivi aRzrda; ra
aris esTetikuri aRzrda;
rogoria mimarTeba harmoniuli aRzrdis Semadgenel nawilebs
Soris.
roca sakiTxi dgeba ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi formaciis aRzrdis
miznisa da amocanebis garkvevis Sesaxeb, pirvel yovlisa unda
ganisazRvros, zogadad, aRzrdis mizani da amocanebi, misi
Sinaarsi da mimarTuleba.
aRzrda, rogorc socialuri instituti, kacobriobis
ganviTarebis adreul etapze ar SeiniSneba. am periodSi igi

Semoifargleboda mxolod socialuri gamocdilebis gadacemiT

momavali Taobisadmi praqtikuli saqmianobis procesSi.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze, kerZod
monaTmflobeluri periodis dasawyisSi, aRzrda gamoeyo
aRsazrdelis bunebrivad mimdinare socializaciis procesebs da
Camoyalibda, rogorc sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos
gansakuTrebuli funqcia, socialuri instituti.
aRzrdas, rogorc socialur instituts, sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi eniWeba gansazRvruli funqciebi, erTi mxriv,
gacnobierebuli da formulirebuli, meore mxriv, latenturi,
gaucnobierebeli, araformulirebuli.
saubari aRzrdis funqciebze, gacnobierebul aRzrdaze,
bunebrivia, niSnavs sazogadoebis mier aRzrdis miznis sakiTxis
dasmas, anu sazogadoeba acnobierebs, Tu rogori adamianis
formireba surs mas. yoveli sazogadoeba aRzrdis winaSe
gansakuTrebul mizans ayenebs, im mizans, romelic pasuxobs mis
kulturul, ekonomikur da politikur ganviTarebis dones.
aRzrdis erTiani mizani srulad SeiZleba gamoixatos mxolod
erTi sityviT - zneobrioba - herbarti,
aRzrdis miznis idea antikur berZnul azrovnebaSi iRebs
saTaves. ufro metic, am ideis gacnobierebul, sistemuri saxiT
gaweril formas, pirvelad antikur saberZneTSi vxvdebiT. es iyo
berZnebis erT-erTi udidesi damsaxurebaTagani sxva
damasaxurebaTa Soris, rac maT miuZRviT kacobriuli azris
winaSe. aTenisa da spartis aRzrdis sistemebis safuZvelze, im
drois udidesma folosofosebma da pedagogebma, platonma da
aristotelem, Camoayalibes harmoniuli aRzrdis idea, romelic
adamianis sulisa da sxeulis Tanabarwonad ganviTarebas
gulisxmobda. platonma da aristotelem, adamianuri sulis
samgvari saxis (grZnobiTi, nebiTi, gonivruli - platoni;
mcenareuli, cxoveluri, gonivruli - aristotele) aRiarebidan
uSualod gamoiyvanes aRzrdis sami Semadgeneli nawili fizikuri, gonebrivi, zneobrivi da maTi Sexameba harmoniulad
Camoyalibebuli pirovnebis momzadebis aucilebel pirobad cnes.
maT moZRvebaSi vrcladaa agreTve msjeloba esTetikuri aRzrdis
Sesaxebac. ase rom, platoni da aristotele harmoniul aRzrdaSi
mis oTx Semadgenel nawils - fizikuri, gonebrivi, zneobrivi,
esTetikuri - gulisxmoben.

revoluciuri mniSvnelobis mqone am daskvnamde isini, rogorc

ukve aRvniSneT, erTi mxriv, aTinuri da spartanuli
saxelmwifoebrivi saskolo praqtikis, xolo meore mxriv,
sakuTari filosofiuri xedvisa da saaRmzrdelo praqtikis
ganzogadebiT mividnen. Tu maTi moZRvrebis mixedviT aRzrdis
oTx Semadgenel nawils sulieri da fizikuri aRzrdis Sinaarsis
mixedviT Sesabamis adgils mivakuTvnebT, naTeli gaxdeba, rom
sulieri aRzrdis qveS maT mier moiazreba (da dRemde moiazreba)
gonebrivi, zneobrivi da esTetikuri aRzrda, xolo sxeulis
aRzrdis qveS - fizikuri aRzrda. amrigad, aRzrdis, rogorc
socialuri institutis mizans, antikur epoqaSi warmoadgenda
mozardis fizikuri, zneobrivi, gonebrivi da esTetikuri
aRzrda, rasac, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, harmoniuli aRzrda
ewodeboda.
am periodidan moyolebuli dRemde (da albaT momavalSic avt.),
aRzrdis mizans harmoniuli pirovnebis aRzrda warmoadgens. es
aris aRzrdis zogadi mizani, romlis am formiT gansazRvra
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebidanaa amozrdili da
misi arsebobis logikuri Sedegia,rasac adasturebs is garemoeba,
rom dRemde, sazogadoebaSi Tanacxovrebisa da arsebobisaTvis
aucilebeli kompetenciebisa da moTxovnebis mixedviT, am mizans
cvlileba ar ganucdia.
marTalia, aRzrdis zogadi mizani -harmoniuli pirovnebis
aRzrda, Tavisi formiT yvela drosa da epoqaSi ucvlelia, magram
cxadia, rom misi Sinaarsi, anu codnaTa is jami, romelic
moiazreba am miznis TiToeuli Semadgeneli nawilis mimarT,
aucileblad icvleba da ganisazRvreba ama Tu im sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis kulturuli, misi civilizaciis donis Sesabamisad.
amasTan, gansakuTrebiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom jer kidev antikuri
saberZneTidan, spartasa da aTinadan moyolebuli, aRzrdis
miznis Sinaarsi ganisazRvreboda im politikuri
mizandasaxulobiTa da mimarTulebiT, rogoric iyo qveynis
politikur - ekonomikuri wyoba. amis sailustraciod sakmarisia
gavixsenoT aristoteles azri, rom yvelaze mTavari im
RonisZiebaTa Soris, romlebic xels uwyoben saxelmwifoebrivi
wyobilebis dacvasa da SenarCunebas es aris mozardi Taobis
aRzrda saTanado saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis suliskveTebiT.

maSasadame, aRzrdis mizani da amocanebi, sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis yvela etapze, ganisazRvreboda da ganisazRvreba am
sazogadoebis ekonomikur - politikuri wyobiT. aRzrdis
miznisa da amocanebis sworad gageba, yovel konkretul
SemTxvevasa da mimarTebaSi, am mecnieruli debulebidanaa
SesaZlebeli.
aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis sazogadoebis ekonomikurpolitikuri wyobiT ganpirobeba logikuri daskvnaa aRzrdis,
rogorc zednaSenuri movlenis gagebidan gamomdinare. aRzrda,
rogorc obieqturi sazogadoebrivi kategoria, iseTivea,
rogoricaa sazogadoeba. igi yovelTvis ganpirobebulia
sazogadoebis ekonomikuri wyobis SinaarsiT, ganviTarebis
doniTa da misi politikuri mrwamsiT da, raRa Tqma unda, am
CarCoebSia moTavsebuli aRzrdis mizani da amocanebic.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan aSkaraa, Tuki aRzrdis mizansa da
amocanebs gansazRvravs sazogadoebrivi wyoba, xolo
sazogadoebis ganviTareba, iseve rogorc materialuri
samayarosi, obieqtur kanonzomierebas emorCileba, maSin
aRzrdis mizani da misi amocanebic obieqturi xasiaTisaa. amitom
aRzrdis miznis mecnierulad gansazRvrisaTvis aucilebelia
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonzomierebebis sworad
Secnoba.
amasTvanave, kidev erTxel unda aRvniSnoT, rom erTi
sazogadoebrivi formaciis meoreTi Secvla, rac revoluciis
Sedegia, iwvevs aRzrdis miznis principul, revoluciuri
xasiaTis Secvlas. sxvadasxvagvarad SeuZlebelic aris, radgan
axali sazogadoebrivi wyoba, romelsac Seesabameba aRzrdis
axali, Zvelisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli mizani, principulad
gansxvavebulia Zveli sazogadoebrivi wyobisagan da
revoluciuri gadatrialebis Sedegia.
aqedanve aSkaraa, rom ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi formaciisaTvis
aRzrdis mxolod erTi, misTvis Sesabamisi garkveuli aRzrdis
mizania damaxasiaTebeli da am sazogadoebrivi formaciis
CarCoebSi igi ucvlelia. amitom ukiduresi xasiaTis Secdomaa,
roca zogjer msjeloben sazogadoebriv wyobaSi aRzrdis
miznebis Seesaxeb. sazogadoebriv wyobaSi aRzrdis mxolod da
mxolod erTi mizani dgas da igi Seicvleba mxolod da mxolod
am formaciis SecvlasTan erTd. amitom kacobriobis formaciebis

Sesabamisad istoria erTmaneTisgan principulad gansxvavebul

aRzrdis xuT mizans icnobs.
sxvagvarad dgas sakiTxi aRzrdis Sinaarsisa da amocanebis
gagebisas. marTalia, rogorc aRzrdis mizani, iseve misi Sinaarsi
da amocanebic sazogadoebis ekonomikur-politikuri wyobiTaa
ganpirobebuli da yovelTvis mas Seesabameba, magram igi
cvlilebas mxolod sazogadoebrivi wyobis Secvlis gamo rodi
ganicdis. aRzrdis Sinaarsisa da amocanebis sazogadoebis
SecvlasTan erTad cvalebadoba aSkaraa da Cven amis Sesaxeb
xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT. magram saqme imaSia, rom aRzrdis Sinaarsi
da amocanebi cvalebadobas ganicdian ara mxolod
sazogadoebrivi ekonomikuri formaciis Secvlis gamo, aramed
TviT am formaciis SigniTac, Tumca es cvalebadoba principul
xasiaTs ar atarebs.
aRzrdis mizniTaa Tavis mxirv ganpirobebuli Sinaarsi da
amocanebi. isini uSualod mozardi Taobis aRzrdis miznis
ganxorcielebas emsaxurebian da bunebrivia, aRzrdis miznis
gadawyveta miT ufro warmatebuli iqneba, ramdenadac Rrma da
moqnili, cxovrebiseuli yoveldRiuri Zvrebi iqneba aRzrdis
Sinaarsi da amocanebi, misi meTodebi da xerxebi, swored
yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli Zvrebi, iqneba ekonomikurpolitikuri Tu kulturuli da mecnierul-teqnikuri xasiaTisa,
iwveven aRzrdis Sinaarsisa da amocanebis cvalebadobas, im dros
roca TviTon aRzrdis mizani ucvleli rCeba. amis naTeli
magaliTia mTeli msofliosa, da maT Soris saqarTvelosTvis
aRzrdis Sinaarsisa da amocanebis, cvlileba ukanaskneli ori
aTeuli wlis manZilze, roca sul ufro da ufro mzardi
globalizaciis procesi da, Sesabamisad swrafad cvladi
sabazro ekonomika, sruliad gansxvavebul moTxovnebs uyenebs
ganaTlebis process da aucileblobiT moiTxovs aRzrdis Tu
swavlebis Sinaarsis, meTodebisa da xerxebs cvlilebis sakiTxs.
zemoT naTqvamidan bunebrivia daskvna, rom aRzrdis mizani da
amocanebi ganicdis cvalebadobasa da ganviTarebas sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis Sesabamisad. yovel sazogadoebriv formaciaSi am
sazogadoebis Sesabamisi aRzrdis mizani iyo wamoyenebuli,
magram sazogadoebrivi formaciis SecvlasTan erTad es mizanic
icvleba. erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli aRzrdis mizani

iyo wamoyenebuli pirvelyofil, monaTmflobelur, feodalur,

buJuaziul, socialistur da Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi.
pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi, marTalia gaucnobiereblad,
magram mainc warmoebda aRzrda, romlis saSualebiTac momavali
TaobisaTvis unda eswavlebinaT sakvebis mopoveba da nadirisagan
Tavdacva. aRzrdas ar hqonda specializirebuli funqcia. am
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis gvian etapze, Temuri wyobilebis
periodSi, Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawilebis pirobebSi,
aRzrdis amocanas Seadgenda Temis saqmianobis Seswavla, Temis
sakuTrebisa da Rirsebis dacva(sabrZolo xelovneba, anu
samxedro aRzrda), Temis wesebis Sesruleba da dovlaTis
dagrovebaze zrunva. SemdgomSi, didi raodenobiT dovlaTis
dagrovebam gvarebis xelSi gamoiwvia gvaris interesebis
gamokveTa kerZo interesebSi, da aRzrdam, rogorc zednaSenma,
miiRo kerZo xasiaTi.
monaTmflobelobis periodSi, gansxvavebiT
pirvelyofilurisagan, aRzrda iRebs specializebul funqcias,
igi gacnobierebul xasiaTs atarebs da misi mizania sazogadoebis
privilegirebuli fenis, kerZod, monaTmflobelis
aRzrda(monebisaTvis saxelmwifoebrivi aRzrda ar arsebobs
avt.), oRond saxelmwifos politikuri saWiroebis niSniT. am
TvalsazrisiT sruliad gansxvavebuli aRzrdis sistemis
magaliTebi mogvces Zveli egviptis, indoeTis, CineTis, israelis,
SuamdinareTis, spartisa da aTinas saxelmwifoebma.
aRzrdis miznis gansxvavebuli modelebi gaiara Zvelma romma
miwaTmoqmedi meomris aRzrdidan, romelic icavda Tavis SromiT
nakveTs sagvarovno romSi, orator-patricis aRzrdamde
respublikur romSi, da bolos, marTlqveSevrdomi masis da
imperiis erTgul moxeleTa momzadebis saxiT saimperio romSi,
rasac aRzrdis Semdeg instituciur erTeulebamde mivyavarT ojaxuri aRzrdidan kerZo skolisaken da am ukanasknelidan
mTavrobis biurokratiuli skolisaken.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aRzrdis kerZo xasiaTma
, misma privilegirebulobam
gamoiwvia Tavad aRzrdis sistemebis ganviTareba. aRzrdam
miiRo saxelmwifoebrivi xasiaTi, rac imas niSnavs, rom
saxelmwifo pasuxismgeblobas iRebs sakuTari
mosaxleobis(monaTmflobelTa Svilebis) aRzrdaze, gaCnda
skola, saxelmwifoebrivi saskolo sistema ( qristeSobamde

XXV ), aRzrdis arsi da problemebi im periodSi moRvawe

udidesi moazrovneebis TvalTaxedvaSi moeqca, ramac
aRzrdis mniSvneloba sazogadoebaSi umaRles doneze aiyvana.
romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg, V saukunidan XIV saukunemde,
egreT wodebul Sua saukuneebSi, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
yvela sfero moicva religiam, socialur-politikur
viTarebaSi saxelmwifos gverdiT gaCnda meore mmarTveli
organizacia eklesia, da, bunebrivia, gamomdinare aqedan,
aRzrdamac religiuri xasiaTi miiRo. oficialuri
saganmanaTleblo instituciis saxiT gaCnda samonasto,
sakrebulo da, mogvianebiT, samrevlo skolebi.
Suasaukuneebis ganaTleba mxolod religiuri iyo da,
Sesabamisad, aRzrdis mizans religiis usityvod morCili,
araSemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis, Semsrulebeli da araSemoqmedi,
uiniciativo pirovnebis aRzrda iyo.
eklesiuri aRzrdis gverdiT, daqvemdebarebulad, magram mainc
arsebobs saero interesebi, romlebmac realizacia saojaxo
raindul aRzrdaSi miiRo da Svidi rainduli siqvelis saxiT
Camoyalibda.swored es iyo is marcvali, romelic ganviTarda
Semdgom saukuneebSi.
Sua saukuneebis aRzrdis sistemis yvelaze didi nakli isaa,
rom aRzrdam dakarga klasobrivi, privilegirebuli xasiaTi
saxelmwifoebrioba - da miiRo wodebrivi, karCaketili forma,
ramac Seaferxa misi ganviTareba.
Sua saukuneebs Semdgom saukuneebSi mohyva aRorZinebisa da
burJuaziuli epoqebi, romelTa aRzrdis sistemebzec ufro
vrclad SevCerdebiT.
aRorZinebis epoqis moazrovneebma,(italielebi p. verjerio
(13501444 ww.), m. vejio (14061456 ww.), e. pikolomini (14051464 ww.),
l. bruni (13691444 ww.); ingliselebi T. mori(1478-1535),
r.aSami(1515-1568); espanelix.vivesa(1492-1540); frangebi
f.rable(1494-1553), m.monteni(1533-1592); germanelebi r.
agrikola(1443-1485), i. reixlini(1455-1522); holandieli erazm
roterdameli(1466-15360, vitorinio de feltre(1378-1446) )
Suasaukuneebis zeciuri adamianis moralur ideals
daupirispires miwieri, bunebriv moTxvnilebebze kanonieri
uflebis mqone religiuri adamiani, harmoniuli adamianis kulti

da wamoayenes humanizmis idea, romelic sicocxlismoyvarul,

xalisian, suliTa da xorciT Zlier adamians aRiarebs.
aRorZinebis epoqis es msoflxedva gadatanili iqna imdroindel
saswavlosaaRmzrdelo sistemaSi da, Sesabamisad, aRzrdis
miznis antikur harmoniul formaSi, aRorZinebis epoqam Cado
Tavisufali, aqtiuri pirovnebis formirebis Sinaarsi,
pirovnebisa, romelic samyaros gvirgvini da centria, Semoqmedia
da aqvs Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis ufleba. moswavle
gamocxadda swavlaaRzrdis centrad, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom
saswavlosaaRmzrdelo procesi unda aigos bavSvis interesebis,
misi individualuri da asakobrivi Taviseburebebis, misi
pirovnebis pativiscemis safuZvelze (moswavleze centrirebuli,
Tanamedrove terminiT, moswavleze orintirebuli swavleba).
aRzrdis miznis istoriuli aspeqtiT ganxilvisas, aseve ver
auvliT gverds burJuaziuli epoqis aRzrdis mizans. am epoqis
pedagogiurma azrovnebam, antikuri periodis harmoniuli
aRzrdis oTx Semadgenel nawils, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
ganviTarebis kvalobaze, daumata mexuTe nawili - SromiTi
aRzrda, rac wingadagmuli udidesi nabiji iyo harmoniuli
aRzrdis ideis dasrulebisaTvis. am epoqis progresuli
pedagogikuri azorovnebis romel warmomadgenelsac ar unda
mimarToT, es iqneba komenski, pestaloci, ruso, furie Tu oueni yvelani mtkiced dganan am poziciaze da pedagogiuri sferodan
aRrmaveben mas. harmoniuli aRzrdis sinonimad, SemoRebuli iqna
termini yovelmxirivi aRzrda, da raRa Tqma unda, Seicvala da
gaRrmavda misi Sinaarsi, moergo burJuaziuli sazogadoebis
moTxovnebsa da saWiroebebs. amave dros, burJuaziuli
sazogadoebis gansakuTrebul monapovrad unda CaiTvalos
aRzrdisa da ganTlebis sayovelTao principis aRiareba, rac imas
niSnavs, rom ganaTlebis ufleba unda hqondes yvelas da
saxelmwifo unda zrunavdes yvela moqalaqis ganaTlebaze
Tanabrad, ganurCevlad warmomavlobisa, sqesisa da erovnebisa.
mogvianebiT, burJuaziuli sazogadoebisave monapovaria
savaldebulo ganaTlebis principis aRiareba, riTac saxelmwifo
ara mxolod ganaTlebis uflebas aZlevs yvela moqalaqes, aramed
avaldebulebs, da maSasadame, ufinansebs garkveul safexuramde
swavlas.

da bolos, burJuaziuli sazogadoebis damsaxurebaa klasikuri

pedagogikis Teoriis Camoyalibeba da pedagogikis mecnierul
doneze ayvana, rac manamde arsebuli pedagogikuri Teoriebisa da
praqtikis ganzogadebis, da amasTanave, aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis
mimarT momavlis perspeqtivaSi ganxilvis Sedegia.
pedagogikis mecnierebis Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba didi Cexi
moazrovnisa da moRvawis ian amos komenskis saxels, magram mis
gverdiT, pedagogikis mecnierebis CamoyalibebaSi udidesi
wvlili Seitanes im periodis iseTma cnobilma moazrovneebma,
rogorebic arian j.loki, Jan-Jak ruso, i. pestaloci, i.herbarti,
f.frebeli, a. distervegi da sxv.
periodidan moyolebuli dRemde, harmoniuli
aRzrdis qveS moiazreba pirovnebis gonebrivi, zneobrivi,
esTetikuri, fizikuri da SromiTi aRzrda.
.bavSvs gulSi gamoukvanZeT misis patara samSoblo, misi ena, gza
mieciT, rom aramc Tu marto Seiswavlos, aramed Seiyvaros kidec
igi. igrZnos misi gansxvavebuli Tviseba, gansxvavebuli xasiaTi.
/disetervegi/
mas Semdeg, rac adamianma gaacnobiera sakuTari pasuxismgebloba
momavali Taobis aRzrdis winaSe, aRzrdis miznis sakiTxi, anu,
rogori adamianis formireba surs saxelmwifos ama Tu im epoqaSi,
Zalze mniSvnelovan da aqtualur sakiTxad iTvleba. adamianuri
goneba da fiqri ar cxreba am problemis mogvarebis procesSi,
sazogadoebebisa da saxelmwifoebis yuradReba mudmivad
mimarTulia am urTulesi sakiTxis gansazRvrisa da mogvarebis
procesisaken, vinaidan yvelasaTvis dResaviT naTelia, rom
kacobriobis momavals swored momavali Taobis ragvaroba
gansazRvravs. aqve unda ganvmartoT, rom Tanamedrove msoflioSi
termin aRzrdis miznis nacvlad, damkvidrda termini
ganaTlebis mizani. es garemoeba, vfiqrobT, aixsneba im faqtiT,
rom, roca ganaTleba masobriv xasiaTs atarebs, roca
kacobriobam aRiara ganaTlebis sayovelTaoba da
savaldebuloba, roca civilizaciis ganviTareba adamians
arsebobisaTvis seriozul moTxovnebs uyenebs da minimaluri
ganaTleba adamianisagan moiTxovs unrebisa da kompetenciebis
sakmaod farTo CamonaTvals, bunebrivia, dgeba sakiTxi
saxelmwifoebis mxridan ganaTlebis mizanze aqcentis gakeTebisa.
sakiTxis amgvarad dasmas, faqtobrivad, gansazRvravs is faqti,
rom Tanamedrove msoflio mobiluri da globaluria, ramac

gamoiwvia erTiani saganmanaTleblo sivrceebis Seqmna da

principSi, erTgvarovani unarebisa da kompetenciebis saWiroeba
ama Tu im qveynis moqalaqeTaTvis. rasakvirvelia, TiToeuli
qveynisaTvis ganaTlebis Sedegs am qveynis kulturuli,
politikuri da ekonomikuri saWiroebebi gansazRvraven, magram
erTiani globaluri moTxovnebisagan verc erTi qveyana ver
Tavisufldeba. maSasadame, ganaTlebis masobriv xasiaTs,
SeiZleba iTqvas, ewireba aRzrdis mizani, vinaidan mecnierulad
dasabuTebulia, rom miuxedavd imisa, rom swored ganaTlebisa da
swavlebis procesi uyalibebs adamians ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi
arsebobisaTvis saWiro unarebs, Cvevebsa da kompetenciebs,
pirovnebis formirebis procesis, aRzrdis mxolod ganaTlebamde
dayvana, akninebs aRzrdis Sinaarssa da mniSvnelobas. ganaTleba,
iseve rogorc swavleba, aRzrdis gzas da saSualebas
warmoadgens. kacobriobis mizani momavali Taobis aRzrda unda
iyos, romlis miRwevis erT-erT, da ara erTaderT, gzas (Tumca
mniSvnelovans) warmoadgens ganaTleba. swored aRzrdis miznis
Sesabamisad ganisazRvreba, mas eqvemdebareba ganaTlebis
Sinaarsi, iseve rogorc swavlebis meTodologia da saswavlo
procesis sxva komponentebic.
eris dacema da gaTaxsireba maSin iwyeba, roca eri, Tavis
saubedurod, sakuTar istorias iviwyebs /ilia/.
maSasadame, aRzrdis mizani pirovnebis formirebis procesSi
arsobrivi mniSvnelobis, filosofiuri kategoriis
mniSvnelobis mqonea da igi verafriT Seicvleba mxolod
ganaTlebis mizniT.
sayuradeboa is faqti, rom 2006 wels evrokavSiris mier
SemuSavebul dokumentSi saganmanaTleblo politikis miznis
Sesaxeb, kompetenciaTa Soris mniSvneloani adgili ukavia
damokidebulebebis kompetencias, romelic kvalifikaciis
erovnul CarCoSi Rirebulebebis saxeliTaa Setanili. es faqti
TavisTavad imaze migvaniSnebs, rom Tanamedrove evropuli
sazogadoeba yuradRebas amaxvilebs aRzrdis fenomenze da
cdilobs, ganaTlebis aRmzrdelobiT mniSvnelobas gausvas xazi.
Tumca, samwuxarod, es erTi konkretuli nabiji sakiTxis
arsobriv cvlilebaze ar miuTiTebs.
roca xazs vusvamT aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis, misi
Sinaarsis ekonomikuri wyobiT ganpirobebas, ar unda

daviviwoT saerTod aRzrdis da kerZod misi Sinaarsisa da

amocanebis pedagogiuri mxare. saqme imaSia, rom es
pedagogiuri mxare gvikarnaxebs konkretul pirobebSi
aRzrdis Sinaarsis gansazRvrisas angariSi gavuwioT da
gaviTvaliswinoT baSvisa da mozardis asakobrivi da
individualuri Taviseburebani, skolis materialurteqnikuri baza da maswavleblebisa da aRmzrdelis
momzadebis done.zogs hgonia, rom mamulis siyvarulis
grZnoba dedis muclidan dahyveba yovel axladSobils da mis
aRzrdaze zrunva saWiro araao, magram es marTla ase rodia...
patriotobasazogadoebam da calke pirma unda danergon,
aRzardon da daayenon jerovan simaRlezed i.gogobaSvili,
rCeuli pedagogiuri Txzulebani, 1977, gv.107
harmoniuli aRzrdis Semadgeneli nawilebis, gonebrivi,
zneobrivi, fizikuri, esTetikuri da SromiTi aRzrdis miznisa da
amocanebis, Sinaarsebisa da meTodebis gagebaSi pedagogikuri
azrovnebis istoriis manZilze arsebobda da arsebobs
gansxvavebuli koncefciebi, es gansxvaveba meTodologiuri
poziciebis gansxvavebulobis Sedegia. amjerad SevecdebiT
warmovadginoT TiToeuli maTgani Tanamedrove pedagogikuri
mecnierebis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare.

gonebrivi aRzrda bavSvsa da mozardSi SemoqmedebiTi

azrovnebis Camoyalibebisa da mis niadagze rac SeiZleba meti
mecnieruli codnis mopovebisa da mis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis
unaris formirebis kanonzomieri, mizandasaxuli, organizebuli
procesia, romelic mimdinareobs organizebul garemoSi
aRmzrdelis, anu maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT.
gonebrivi aRzrd SeuZlebelia sinamdvilis Secnoba da
misi adamianTa sasargeblod gardaqmna - gamoyeneba (rac zogadad
aRzrdis da mTeli sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis mizania
swavla yovlis sagnisa imisTana gzazed unda iyos dayenebuli
yovels pedagogiurad mowyobils skolaSi, rom avarjiSos,
ganamtkicos da gaaZlieros ara erTi romelime gamartivebuli
niWi, aramed sxva niWica da daexmaros mTelis gonebis winsvlasa,
ganviTrebasa.
aqedan gamomdinare gonebrivi aRzrdis mizani zogadad Segnebuli
da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebiTi moRvaweobisaTvis momzadebaa.

es mizani uaRresad mravalmxriv da farTo Sinaars moicavs, rac

konkretizirdeba gonebrivi aRzrdis amocanebSi. Tavidanve unda
aRvniSnoT, rom es amocanebi erTmnaneTTan aucilebel kavSirSi
myofi, urTierTganmapirobebelni da, amdenad, mTlianobiTi
xasiaTisa arian.
gonebrivi aRzrdis erT erT amocanas warmoadgens
bavSvisa da mozardis kacobriuli azris mier dagrovebuli
mecnieruli codnis ZiriTadi safuZlebiT SeiaraReba. codnis
es
jami
saswavlo
gegmebSi,
programebSi
da
saxelmZRvaneloebSia
asaxuli.
am
umniSvnelovanesi
dokumentebis Sedgenis erT- erT principad miRebulia, rom
mozardis saskolo swavlebis periodSi mivawodoT misi
asakisaTvis dasaZlevi rac SeiZleba meti faqtiuri
mecnieruli
codna.
skoladamTavrebuli
axalgazrda
mecnierebisa ganviTarebis Tanamedrove donis Sesabamisi
codnis safuZvlebiT unda iyos SeiaraRebuli.
ymawvili unda swavlobdes sacnoblad Tavisadao:
vin aris, sidam mosula, sad aris, wava sadao.
/guramiSvili/
gonebrivi aRzrdis Semdgomi amocanaa ganyenebuli da
SemoqmedebiTi
azrovnebis
unaris,
SemecnebiTi
Zalebis
Camoyalibeba- ganviTareba. , logikuri azrovnebis
unaris gareSe, cxadia, SeuZlebeli iqneba saerTod mecnieruli
codnis SeTviseba da miTumetes, rTul mecnierul kombinaciebSi
garkveva, daskvnebisa da ganzogadoebebis Teoremebis, wesebisa da
kanonebis

arsis

wvdoma.

ganyenebuli

azrovnebis

unaris

ganviTarebis done, did nawilSi gansazRvravs mecnieruli

codnis SeTvisebis moculobas da misi gagebis siRrmis
koeficientsac. aseve mniSvnelovania kritikuli azrovnebis,
codnaSi arsebiTi da meorexarisxovani sakiTxebis gamoyofis
unaris formireba.

civilizaciis Tanamedrove doneze, codnis didi raodenobiT

dagrovebis pirobebSi, SeuZlebelia aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis
amocanad, swavlebis sxvadasxva safexurze, swavlis Sedegis
saxiT daisaxos mTeli am codnis aTviseba da kritikuli gaazreba.
amdenad, gamomdinare Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo sferos

saWiroebebidan,

gonebrivi

aRzrdis

upirveles

amocanas

moswavleTaTvis zogadi unarebis ganviTareba warmoadgens,

romelic ZiriTadad verbaluri da raodenobrivi azrovnebis
saxiT SeiZleba warmovidginoT. ganviTarebuli aqvs ra adamians
saTanado doneze es unarebi, igi advilad moaxerxebs ama Tu im
sakiTxisa da Temis daswavlasa da gacnobierebas. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, gonebrivi aRzrdis amocana codnis SeZenis unaris
formireba, swavlis swavlaa.

marTalia,

moswavlis

mier

codnis

SeTvisebis

maswavlebeli xelmZRvanelobs, magram swavlebis

process
erT-erT

amocanas, codnis damoukideblad SeTvisebis unaris Camoyalibeba

warmoadgens,

rac

gadawyvetili

unda

SeTvisebis

unaris

swavlebis
iyos.

dasrulebisaTvis

swored

Camoyalibebaa,

codnis

ZiriTadad

damoukideblad

pedagogikis

Tanaxmad,

gonebrivi aRzrdis amocanaTagania. fuWi iqneba skolis muSaoba,

Tu misgan gamosul axalgazrdas cxovrebisagan wamoyenebul
saWiroebaTa Sesabamisad ar SeeZleba codnis damoukideblad
SeTviseba. skola xom ver miscems yvela im codnas, rac mas
cxovrebaSi dasWirdeba. garda amisa, cxovrebis, mecnierebisa da
teqnikis ganviTareba misgan xom aucileblad moiTxovs axali
mecnieruli aRmoCenebis dauflebas. SromiTi praqtikuli
saqmianobac wamoWris mis winaSe codnis gaRrmavebis da arsebuli
SromiTi tradiciebis gaumjobesebis gadaudebel amocanebs.
yovelive es SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu axlagazrdas ara aqvs, codnis
damoukideblad mopovebis unar-Cvevebi.
gonebrivi aRzrdis amocanas gonebrivi Sromis kulturis
danergva warmoadgens. ZvelTaganve cnobilia, rom gonebrivi
Sroma uaRresad did kulturas moiTxovs. am mxriv kacobriobas
sakmao monapovrebi gaaCnia. pedagogikaSi am monapovrebis
kritikulad aTvisebis safuZvelze SemuSavebulia gonebrivi
Sromis kulturis umaRlesi normebi. adamiani ueWvelad unda
idges am kulturis simaRleze. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mokle
droSi iqneba mosalodneli marcxi. sxvaze rom araferi vTqvaT,
gamoifiteba adamianis energia da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis

unari. gonebrivi Sromis kulturaze bevradaa damokidebuli rac

SeiZleba mokle droSi da naklebi energiis gaRebiT codnis
Segnebulad da SemoqmedebiTad SeTviseba. adamianis azrma da
janma rom sijansaRe SeinarCunos, igi unda icavdes Sromis
normebs, mis reJims, unda SeeZlos SromiTi saaxeebis
gegmazomieri monacvleoba, Sromisa da dasvenebis Sexameba, unda
flobdes sxvadasxvagvari literaturuli wyaroebis damuSavebis
pedagogiurad racionalur meTodebs da sxva.
gonebrivi aRzrdis am amocanebis urTierTkavSiri,
mecnierul-pedagogiur principebze dayrdnobiT, TandaTanobiT
yalibdeba msoflmxedveloba, romelic Tavis mxriv
gansazRvravs adamianis mier codnis gamoyenebis, praqtikul
SromiTi saqmianobis, da saerTod mTeli misi moRvaweobis
mimarTulebas. marTalia, adamianis zneobrivi, esTetikuri Tu
SromiTi moRvaweobis mimarTulebas msoflmxedveloba
gansazRvravs, magram mis CamoyalibebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
mecnierul codnas eniWeba. da amdenad,
gonebrivi aRzrdis amocana warmoa.
msoflmxedveloba, ubralod rom vTqvaT, aris sinamdvilis
Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa mwyobri sistema, romelic gansazRvravs
sinamdvilisadmi adamianis, an adamianTa jgufis midgomis da misi
moRvaweobis mimarTulebas. amitom msoflmxedvelobis aRzrda ara
mxolod pedagogiuri, aramed uaRresad didi saxelmwifoebrivi da
politikuri mniSvnelobis saqmea. msoflmxedvelobis formirebaSi
ZiriTad rols asrulebs filosofiuri, mecnieruli, politikuri,
zneobrivi da esTetikuri Sexedulebani. aqedan gasagebia is
udidesi yuradReba, romelic pedagogikaSi eTmoba
msoflmxedvelobis aRzradas da misi mecnierul-pedagogiurad
gamarTuli saSualebebis gamoZebnas.
dabolos, gonebrivi aRzrdis amocanebs Soris mainc
gansakuTrebuli da sruliad Taviseburi adgili uWiravs
, praqtikaSi
gamoyenebis unaris Camoyalibebas. am amocanis mniSvnelobaze
saubris gagrZeleba sruliad zedmetia, radgan, ubralod rom
vTqvaT, araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs adamianis mecnierul,
moralur da esTetikur codnas, Tu igi praqtikaSi ar gamoiyeneba.

codnis Sinaarsis da Segnebulobis maCvenebeli mxolod da

mxolod pirveli moTxovnilebisTanave misi praqtikaSi
gamoyenebaa. amdenad, gonebrivi aRzrdis mizniT gaweuli mTeli
muSaoba unayofo darCeba, Tu ar iqna Camoyalibebuli codnis
praqtikaSi gamoyenebis unari.
swavlaganaTleba, eris gabednierebis, keTildReobis burjia.
fizikuri aRzrda fizikuri aRzrda bavSvsa da mozardSi jansaRi
organizmis Camoyalibebis kanonzomieri, mizandasaxuli,
organizebuli procesia, romelic mimdinareobs organizebul
garemoSi aRmzrdelis xelmZRvanelobiT.
fizikuri aRzrdac harmoniuli aRzrdis aucilebeli
Semadgeneli nawilia, radgan jansaRi organizmis gareSe
SeuZlebelia sinamdvilis Semecnebisa da gardaqmnisaTvis saWiro
codnis (saerTod sulieri SesaZleblobebis) praqtikaSi
gamoyeneba, misi realizacia.
aqedan gamomdinare fizikuri aRzrdis mizani aris jansaRi
organizmis momzadeba im mizniT, rom adamians SeeZlos
kanonzomieri fizikuri da gonebrivi Sroma da sakuTari
sulieri simdidris praqtikulad gamoyeneba ise, rom ziani ar
moutanos Tavis janmrTelobas da sicocxlis xangrZlivobas.
Tavisi mizniT, fizikuri aRzrda pirdapir kavSirSia aRzrdis
sxva Semadgenel nawilebTan. igi ara mxolod kavSirSia, aramed
ramdenadme ganapirobebs kidec gonebrivi, esTetikuri Tu
SromiTi aRzrdis warmatebebs.
fizikuri aRzrdis miznidan gamomdinare, pedagogikis qarTul
saxelmnZRvaneloSi, gansazRvrulia fizikuri aRzrdis
amocanebi - mozardis organizmis normaluri ganviTareba, iseTi
fizikuri moZraobiTi Tvisebebis Camoyalibeba, rogoricaa
siswrafe, moqniloba, ritmuloba, koordinacia, gamZleoba, Zala,
tanis axovneba, morfologiuri da funqcionaluri Tvisebebis
ganviTareba, kunTebisa da Zvlovani sistemis ganmtkiceba,
nervuli sistemis muSaobis Tvisebrivi gaaqtiveba, moZraobis
swrafi aRqmis, obieqtaciis, drosa da sivrceSi swori da swrafi
orientirebis, sakuTari Zalebisadmi mtkice rwmenis, nebisyofisa
da xasiaTis da sxva. fizikuri Tvisebebis ganmtkicebaganviTareba. fizikuri aRzrdis amocanebis es mravalmxrivoba
moiTxovs fizikuri aRzrdis Sinaarsis, principebis,
organizaciuli formebisa da meTodebis mravalferovnebas da
maT mTlian sistemaSi moyvanas. fizikuri aRzrdis am miznisa da

amocanebis miRweva SesaZlebelia mkafiod gansazRvruli

saSualebebis erTianobiTa da dacviT. am saSualebaTagan
aRsaniSnavia - jansaRi kveba, higienuri normebis dacva, sufTa
haeri, zomieri fizikuri aqtivoba, sportul-gamajansaxebeli
varjiSebi. yovelive amas, cxovrebis jansaRi wesi hqvia da
Sesabamisad, ojaxisa da skolis upirvrlesi amocanaa, rom
aRzrdis procesSi mozards Seuqmnan janmrTeli saaRmzrdelo
garemo. da bolos, fizikur aRzrdas gansakuTrebuli adgili
uWiravs aRzrdis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris, vinaidan
janmrTelobis gareSe Zneli warmosadgenia aRzrdis sxva
Semadgeneli nawilebis srulfasovnad ganxorcieleba.
moraluri aRzrda. morali sazogadoebrivi cnobierebisa da
sulieri kulturis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi formaa. igi
aregulirebs adamianTa urTierTobebsa da qcevas da efuZneba
Tavisuflebisa da nebayoflobiTobis princips. sityva moralimoralis- laTinuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs zneobas, zneCveulebebs.
viT usaWurvlod mamaci omSigan gulad lomobdes,
egre Wkviani uwvrTneli ver mixvdes, rasac ndomobdes.
/guramiSvili/

morali sazogadoebrivi, socialuri xasiaTis kategoriaa, igi ar

arsebobs adamianis gareSe. am TvalsazrisiT yovel
sazogadoebaSi misi ganviTarebis donis Sesabamisi morali
moqmedebs. amitom istoriulad, erTmaneTisagan principulad
gansxvavebul sazogadoebriv formaciebSi, sruliad
gansaxvavebuli moraluri normebi moqmedebda.
morali anu zneoba aris adamianTa qcevis wesebis normaTa
erToblioba, SemuSavebuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ama Tu im
safexurze, romelic awesrigebs adamianebs Soris da adamianis
sazogadoebasTan damokidebulebas. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom am
termins xSirad iyeneben adamianis zneobriobis maxasiaTeblad,
rac ase ar aris. aucilebelia gaimijnos terminebi - morali da
moraluri(zneobrivi). moralis cnebiT eTikaSi,moralis Sesaxeb
filosofiuri mecnierebaSi, (laT. ethica - wes-Cveuleba, xasiaTi)
aRiniSneba sazogadoebis mier SemuSavebuli qcevis wesebisa da
normebis sistema, romelTa dacvis moTxovnas sazogadoeba

uyenebs adamians. xolo zneobrioba ki warmoadgens adamianis

moraluri Segnebis, moraluri SegrZnebebisa da moraluri qcevis
erTobliobas, romelic dakavSirebulia moraluri normebisa da
moTxovnebis dacvasTan. es gansxvaveba Zalze mniSvnelovania
pedagogikisaTvis, da kerZod, zneobrivi aRzrdis
ganmartebisaTvis.
aqedan gamomdinare,zneobrivi aRzrda aris adamianis pirovnebad
formirebis erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi pedagogiuri procesi da
emsaxureba mozardis mier sazogadoebis mier dadgenili
normebisa da wesebis aTvisebas da dacvas. moraluri anu
zneobrivi aRzrda aris mizanmimarTuli, kanonzomieri, rTuli
procesi bavSvsa da mozardSi zneobrivi qcevis wesebis
Camoyalibebisa, romelic mimdinareobs organizebul garemoSi
maswavleblis, aRmzrdelis xelmZRvanelobiT.
bunebrivad dgeba kiTxva, Tu ra aris zneobrivi qceva. eTikaSi
ganixileba ori ZiriTadi zneobrivi kategoria - sikeTe da
boroteba. zneobrivad iwodeba is qceva, romelic mimarTulia
sikeTis qmnisken.( cxadia, aq ver SevudgebiT Tavad sikeTis cnebis
garkvevas). amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom sikeTe SeiZleba
SedegiTac gaizomos, magram pirovnebis qmedeba, Sedegis
miuxedavad, Tavad am qcevis motivis mixedviT, ar iyos zneobrivi.
zneobrivia mxolod da mxolod is qceva, romelic uangaroa,
mimarTulia sxvisaken da ara sakuTari Tavisaken,sxvis da ara
sakuTari Tavis sakeTildReod. maSasadame, zneobrivi aRzrda
gulisxmobs mozardSi iseTi pirovnuli Tvisebebisa da
msoflmxedvelobis formirebas, rom igi Tavisi cxovrebis wesiT
mimrTuli iyos sxva adamianis, moyvasis uangaro daxmarebisa da
mxardaWerisaken. M
moraluri aRzrdis amgvari gagebidan uSualod
gamomdinareobs moraluri aRzrdis mizanic. Mmoraluri
aRzrdis mizans warmoadgens moraluri Segnebis, moraluri
grZnobebisa da moraluri Cvevebis (qcevebis) mTlianobaSi
Camoyalibeba-ganviTareba.
moraluri aRzrdis mizani moraluri qcevis wesebiT mozardis
SeiaraRebaa. moraluri qcevis realizacias, bunebrivia,
ganapirobebs moraluri Segneba da moraluri grZnoba. swored am
sami komponentis, moraluri Segnebis, moraluri grZnobis da
moraluri Cvevebis (qcevis) erTianobaSi CamoyalibebaganviTareba warmoadgens moraluri aRzrdis mizans.

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom aRzrdis mizani da amocanebi ganicdis

cvalebadobasa da ganviTarebas sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
Sesabamisad. bunebrivia, cvlilebas ganicdis aRzrdis erT-erTi
Semadgeneli nawilis, moraluri aRzrdis mizani da amocanebic.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom iseve rogorc ar icvleba aRzrdis
zogadi mizani- harmoniuli pirovnebis formireba, ar icvleba
arc moraluri aRzrdis zogadi mizani - moraluri qcevis
wesebiT mozardis SeiaraReba. orive SemTxvevaSi icvleba
aRzrdis Sinaarsi, rac ganpirobebulia sazogadoebis
kulturul-politikuri donis cvlilebiT. swored am
TvalsazrisiT unda ganvixiloT moraluri aRzrdis mizani.
oraluri aRzrdis miznidan uSualod gamomdinareobs
moraluri aRzrdis Sinaarsi, romlis cnebis gageba pedagogikaSi
emTxveva zneobrivi aRzrdis amocanebis gagebas.
...mamuliSvilni TavisTavad rodi Cndebian, bunebiT rodi
ibadebian. imaT danergva unda Sesabamis niadagzed, eWirvebaT
gamozrda, damTavreba, ganmtkiceba - ni.gogebaSvili;
moraluri aRzrdis ZiriTadi amocanebia: siyvarulis,
patiosnebis, samarTlianobis, Srmomismoyvareobis,
mSvidobismyofelobis, patriotizmisa da internacionalizmis,
humanizmis, sxvisi Rirsebis pativiscemis,nebisyofis, amxanagobisa
da megobrobis, vaJkacobisa da gmirobis, erovnuli siamayis da
piradi Rirsebis, ubraloebis, Tavmdablobisa da principulobis,
yovelgvari sikeTisa da Rirseuli Tvisebebis aRzrda
mozardebSi. zneobrivi aRzrdis am amocanebis warmatebiT
ganxorcielebisaTvis aRzrdis TeoriaSi SemuSavebulia meTodTa
mTeli sistema,(darwmuneba, miCveva, Seqeba, dasja, da sxv.) rac
Cinebulad uzrunvelyofs zneobrivad srulqmnili pirovnebis
momzadebas. maTgan gansakuTrebiT unda gamoiyos aRmzrdelis mSoblis, maswavleblis - piradi magaliTi, wigniereba da
religiuri ganaTleba.
Mmoraluri Segneba moralis erT-erTi arsebiTi Semadgeneli
elementia, romelic zneobriv grZnobasa da moqmedebasTan erTad
qmnis zneobriv fenomens da zneobis cnebas. zneobrivi Segneba
gulisxmobs im zneobrivi normebis codnas, romliTac
xelmZRvaneloben adamianebi mocemul istoriul da kultirul
konteqstSi. igi warmoadgens moralis idealur, subieqtur
mxares. sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis obieqturi kanonebi

moralSi Rebuloben gamoxatulebas im moTxovnaTa

erTobliobis saxiT, romelTac sazogadoeba uyenebs adamians,
mis qcevas. samarTlebrivi kanonebisagan gansxvavebiT,
moraluri moTxovnebi uSualod masobrivi Segnebis nayofia.
SemdgomSi xdeba moralur SegnebaSi maTi formireba
dauwerel kanonebad, arapirovnul valdebulebebad, romelnic
Tanabrad vrceldeba yvela adamianze. isini asaxaven
sazogadoebriv nebasa da socialur-istoriul aucileblobas.
Mmoraluri Segnebis es Tavisebureba Zvelad zneobrivi
moTxovnebis warmomavlobis da bunebis mraval miTologiur
da idealistur axsna-ganmartebas warmoSobda. eTika maT
ganixilavda, rogorc RvTis nebas, brZanebas, praqtikuli
gonis apriorul kanons (kanti), sufTa me-s sindisis
brZanebas (fixte), zneobrivi grZnobis gamoxatulebas da a.S.
maSasadame, moraluri Segneba gulisxmobs moralis arsis,
moraluri Rirsebis gageba- gacnobierebas, imis codnas, Tu ra
evaleba pirovnebas, ra aris kargi da ra _ miuRebeli.
Mmoraluri Segnebis Camoyalibeba mozardSi skolis, ojaxis
da skolis gareSe dawesebulebebis meSveobiT xdeba.
CveulebiT raica saqme sWirdes, keTili Tu boroti, zne igi ars
sulxan-saba orbeliani.
Mmoralur grZnobaTa aRzrda gulisxmobs moraluri
principebisadmi, qcevisadmi dadebiTi damokidebulebebis
Camoyalibebas. saWiroa ara marto moralis Sinaarsis, misi
principebis codna, aramed maTi Sinagani gancda. mozards
adreuli asakidanve, ufrosebis magaliTebisa da sworad
SerCeuli sabavSvo literaturis meSveobiT, unda gauCndes
gancda TanagrZnobisa, daxmarebisa, sikeTis qmnisa. zneobrivi
qceva nebelobiTi procesia da misi aRsrulebisTvis
aucilebelia sxvisi tkivilisa da sixarulis Sinagani
grZnoba, Sinagani gancda da am gancdis safuZvelze qmedeba.
sxvagvarad, am motivis gareSe, Tanadgomas ar SeiZleba ewodos
zneobrivi saqcieli. zneobrivi qceva sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara
pirovnebis Sinagani kategoriuli imperativi, Sinagani
pozicia, romlis mamoZravebeli Zalaa sikeTe da Tanadgoma,
survili cxovrebis yvela sferoSi gamarTlebuli
moqmedebisa.
moralur grZnobaTa aRzrda mozardSi ojaxidan iwyeba da
Semdgom srulyofas mis ganviTarebasTan erTad skolisa da
sazogadoebis meSveobiT aRwevs.

...spetaki zne saZirkvelia xalxis arsebobisa, simtkicisa,

keTildReobisa da warmatebisa i.gogebaSvili
Mmoraluri Cvevebi (qcevebi) yalibdeba Sesabamis qcevaTa
mravalgzis gameorebis Sedegad. Aadamians saWiroa hqondes
ara mxolod moraluri Segneba da grZnobebi, aramed am
Segnebisa da grZnobebis Sesabamisi qcevis unaric. Ees
unaric yalibdeba TandaTanobiT, adamianebTan
urTierTobebis procesSi, risi magaliTic mozardma
mSoblebis, maswavleblebis, megobrebis da sazogadoebis
sxva wevrebisagan unda aiRos.
mozardis zneobrivi Camoyalibeba skolis, ojaxisa da skolis
gareSe dawesebulebebis meSveobiT xdeba. am procesSi arsebiTia
pirovnebis inteleqtualuri, emociuri da nebelobiTi
ganviTarebis erTianoba. swored am pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
ganviTareba qmnis adamianSi potencias, rom Tavisi cxovrebis
manZilze, sazogadoebrivi moralis cvlilebis kvalobaze,
airCios swori orientacia da SeinarCunos arsebiTi moraluri
faseulobebi.
dabolos, adamianis zneobrivi ganviTareba da srulyofa
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze warmoebs, magram moraluri
saxis ZiriTadi maxasiaTblebi yalibdeba bavSvobis,
mozardobisa da Wabukobis asakSi. SemdgomSi mimdinareobs
ara imdenad axali zneobrivi Tvisebebis SeZena, ramdenadac
ukve mopovebuli zneobrivi normebis srulyofa an
uaryofiTi mxareebis gamosworeba. amis gamo zneobriv
ganviTarebaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba TviTaRzrdas an
aRzrdis xarvezebis gamosworebas.
ori ram avsebs suls mudam axali da miT ufro Zlieri
gakvirvebiT da mokrZalebiT, rac ufro xSirad da
dabejiTebiT vazrovneb maTze, esenia: varskvlaviani ca
Cems zemoT da moraluri kanoni CemSi. (kanti.
praqtikuli gonebis kritika);
jerovnul ,patriotul grZnobas sagangebo zrunva, movla,
yuris gdeba esaWiroeba. igi iseTi nazia, rogorc kaklis xe,
iseTi Rrma, rogorc am kaklis xis fesvebi, iseTi maRali,
rogorc misi wvero, iseTi ganieri, rogorc misi totebi da
ise nayofieri, rogorc am kaklis xis kokrebii.gogobaSvili,
rCeuli pedagogiuri Txzulebani, 1977, gv.108

visa hqvian patrioti?svams kiTxvas i.gogebaSvili da

pasuxobs: mas, visac sicocxlis umTavres sagnad gauxdia
mSobliuri qveynis bedniereba, vinc Tav-gamodebulad da
Seupovrad ebrZvis dauRalavad yovels dabrkolebas,
romelic mis samSoblo qveyanas warmatebis gzazed
gadaRobebia, visac mTlad dakargulad miaCnia yoveli wami,
romelic ar mouxmarnia mamulis zrunvisaTvis, visac edagvis
guli mamulis tanjviTa, uxaris misi lxeniTa, vinc bednieria
misi bednierebiT, ubeduria misi ubedurebiT, da vinc mzad
aris RimiliT Seswiros mas Tavisi
sicocxlekokrebii.gogobaSvili, rCeuli pedagogiuri
Txzulebani, 1977, gv.108

esTetikuri aRzrda. esTetikuri aRzrdisa da amocanebis, iseve

rogorc mTeli misi Sinaarsis, gansazRvris meTodologiur
dasayrdens esTetika warmoadgens. esTetika (berZnuli aisthetikosgrZnobadi) filosofiis dargia, romelic arkvevs xelovnebisa da
mSvenierebis bunebas, Rirebulebasa da sazriss. rogorc
mecniereba ki esTetika aris mecniereba adamianis mier
sinamdvilis esTetikurad aTvisebis kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb.
esTetikis am gagebidan gamomdinare, esTetikuri aRzrda aris
pirovnebis esTetikuri gemovnebisa da idealebis Camoyalibebis
sistema, sinamdvilis esTetikuri aRqmisa da mxatvruli
Semoqmedebis unaris gamomuSavebis mizanmimarTuli,
kanonzomieri procesi, romelic mimdinareobs organizebul
garemoSi. amitom igi yovelmxriv ganviTarebuli adamianis
aRzrdis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia. esTetikuri aRzrdis
gareSe SeuZlebelia srulfasovani pirovnebis momzadeba,
romelsac SeeZleba sinamdvilis sworad Semecneba da misi
gamoyeneba-gardaqmna adamianisa da sazogadoebis sakeTildReod.
esTetikurad Camouyalibebuli pirovnebisaTvis ki SeuZlebelia
sinamdvilis srulad aRqma da gageba, misi Semecneba, amitomaa
swored igi yovelmxrivi aRzrdis aucilebeli Semadgeneli
nawili.
esTetikuri aRzrdis mizania sinamdvilis - bunebis,
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, socialuri urTierTobis,

azrovnebis, xelovnebis mravalferovani dargebis mSvenieri

mxareebis danaxvisa da gancdis da maTi gagebis unaris
Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba bavSvebsa da mozardebSi, sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, esTetikuri kulturis Camoyalibeba.
esTetikuri aRrzdis mizani Tavis ganvrcobas konkretul
amocanebSi poulobs. esTetikuri aRzrdis amocanebia:
esTetikuri Segnebis formireba - mxatvruli
ganswavluloba, movlenebis da faqtebis , adamianuri
cxovrebis da mTlianad samyaros esTetikuri aRqma,
warsulis kulturuli memkvidreobis aTviseba da
Sedareba Tanamedrove miRwevebTan;
esTetikuri gZnobebis formireba - emociur
mgrZnobelobiTi gamoZaxili mSveniersa da maxinjze,
amaRlebulsa da mdabiurze da a.S. amasTanave, sakuTari
grZnobebis marTvis unari;
esTetikuri qcevisa da moqmedebis unarCvevebi sazogadoebri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi esTetikurad
moqmedebis unari.
xelovnebis nawarmoebebis gancdisa da gagebis unaris
Camoyalibeba, bunebis mSvenierebis SegrZneba,
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mSvenieri mxareebis danaxva,
Sromis esTetikis aRqma da esTetikuri qcevisa da
moqmedebis unarCvevebi;
aRsaniSnavia, rom esTetikuri aRzrdis amocanebi da saSulebebi
xSirad emTxvevian erTmaneTs. magaliTad, esTetikuri aRzrdis
erT-erT saukeTeso saSualebas xelovnebis dargebi - kino,
dramatuli Teatri, opera, musikaluri nawarmoebebi, saxviTi
xelovneba da sxva warmoadgens. yvelaferi es xels uwyobs
esTetikuri gemovnebisa da mxatvrul-SemecnebiTi unaris
Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebas. magram xelovnebis nawarmoebebis
gancdisa da gagebis unaris Camoyalibeba esTetikuri aRzrdis
amocanaTagania.
aq xazi unda gavusvaT erT garemoebas, xSirad SeiZleba
movisminoT TiTqos sinamdvilis mSvenier mxareebs adamiani
mxolod ganicdis da rac Seexeba mis gagebas, es TiTqos
mSvenierebis farglebs gareTaa. esTetikuris amgvarad gageba,
yovel SemTxvevaSi pedagogiuri poziciidan mainc, calmxrivia.
erTia ganicdide da emociur siamovnebas ggvrides xelovnebis esa
Tu is dargi, magaliTad, beThovenis mexuTe simfonia, magram am

gancdis sisrulisaTvis aucilebelia misi Sinaarsis gageba,

romlis elementebis konstruqcia da mxatvrobis mxatvruli?
done hqmnis silamazes.
igive iTqmis mxatvrul literaturazedac. mxatvruli
literatura xels uwyobs esTetikuri gemovnebis, mSvenierebis
gancdisa da gagebis unaris Camoyalibebas, magram mxatvruli
literaturis amgvarad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis formireba,
Tavis mxriv, esTetikuri aRzrdis amocanaa.
daaxloebiT igive iTqmis garemomcveli garemos, piradi
higienis Tu Sromis procesis Sesaxeb, rogorc esTetikuri
aRzrdis saSualebebze, bunebis umSvenieresi mxareebis
SegrZnebis, misi gagebis da mxatvrul saxeebSi warmodgenis
unaris Camoyalibeba esTetikuri aRzrdis amocanaa, magram
amave dros TviT bunebis es mSvenieri mxareebi gvevlinebian
misive danaxvisa da gagebis saukeTeso saSualebad.
WeSmariti cxovreba ar arsebobs xelovnebis gareSe- evripide
zomiereba namdvili RmerTia, da vinc mas miagno, am qveynadac
cxonebulia- m.javaxiSvili

SromiTi aRzrda.
Sroma adamianis Segnebuli, mizanmimarTuli saqmianobaa
sakuTari materialuri da sulieri moTxovnilebis
dasakmayofileblad. igi adamianis cxovrebis aucilebeli
pirobaa, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis safuZvelia. Sromis
saSualebiT Seqmna adamianma is sulieri da materialuri
kultura, romlis gareSe Tanamedrove cxovreba
warmoudgenlad migvaCnia. swored amitom, pedagogikis,
rogorc aRzrdis mecnierebis promlematikaSi, pirovnebis
Sromisadmi damokidebulebis, SromiTi Cvevebis
gamomuSavebis sakiTxebi, seriozul yuradRebas ipyrobs.
rogorc am Tavis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, pirovnebis SromiTi
momzadebis sakiTxis dasma burJuaziul pedagogikaSi moxda.
misi progresuli warmomadgenlebi, ruso,oueni, pestaloci,
komenski, distervegi, uSinski, gogebaSvili da sxvebi
xazgasmiT miuTiTebdnen Sromis udides aRmzrdelobiT
mniSvnelobaze pirovnebis formirebis procesSi da
gvTavazobdnen swavlebisa da Sromis SeerTebis sxvadsxva

nimuSs. am periodidan moyolebuli, pirovnebis harmoniuli

aRzrdis ideas, calke komponentad daemata SromiTi aRzrda.
SromiTi aRzrdisadmi amgvari yuradRebis mipyrobas
udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda pedagogikuri azrovnebis
istoriaSi. miT ufro, rom aRzrdis verc erTi Semadgeneli
nawili, iqneba is gonebrivi Tu zneobrivi, esTetikuri Tu
fizikuri, ver ganxorcieldeba mozardis SromiTi aqtivobis
gareSe. da rac ufro mTavaria, adamianis Tavad Sromisadmi
damokidebuleba da SromiTi movaleoba, misi erT-erTi
zneobrivi maxasiaTebelia, rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom
pirovnebis zneobrivi aRzrda verafriT ver ganxorcieldeba
SromiTi Cvevebis gamomuSavebis, SromiTi movaleobis
aRzrdis gareSe. am TvalsazrisiT, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom SromiTi aRzrda, misi Sedegis arsidan
gamomdinare,zneobriv aRzrdaSi Tavsdeba. SromiTi aRzrdis
calke gamoyofa, albaT, im faqtoriTaa gamarTlebuli, rom
misi racionaluri warmarTva iseve saWiroebs im specialuri
miznisa da amocanebis, ganxorcielebis gzebisa da meTodebis
Seswavlas, rogorc harmoniuli aRzrdis romelime sxva
Semadgeneli nawili. amasTan, gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos,
rom, Tu harmoniuli aRzrdis sxva Semadgeneli nawilebis
diferenciacia SesaZlebelia fizikuri da sulieri aRzrdis
niSnis mixedviT, SromiTi aRzrdis mkveTrad mikuTvneba
romelime maTganisaTvis SeuZlebelia, radgan SromiTi
aRzrda gulisxmobs adamianSi gonebrivi da fizikuri
SromiTi Cvevebis formirebas, aseve Sromis esTetikis
gancdas, da Sromis movaleobis Segnebas (zneobrivi aRzrda).
maSasadame, sruliad naTelia, rom Sroma adamianisaTvis
gansakuTrebuli fenomenia da igi specialur Seswavlas
saWiroebs.
SromiTi aRzrda warmoadgens adamianis SromiTi
saqmianobisaTvis momzadebis mizanmimarTul, kanonzomer
process, romelic mimdinareobs organizebul garemoSi.
SromiTi aRzrda miznad isaxavs Sromismoyvareobis
grZnobis, fizikuri da gonebrivi SromiTi saqmianobisaTvis
mzadyofnis Cvevebis formirebas, SromisaTvis praqtikul da
fsiqologiur momzadebas.
bavSvis SromiTi aRzrda ojaxidan iwyeba, magram Sroma
bavSvisaTvis sistematur da savaldebulo xasiaTs saskolo

asakidan iRebs. swavla moswavlis Sromis ZiriTadi saxea.

swored amitom SromiTi aRzrda moswavleTa swavla aRzrdis mTliani procesis ganuyofeli nawilia da,
zogadad, am procesis kanonzomierebiT aris ganpirobebuli.
swavlis procesSi moswavles uxdeba sxvadasxva saxis
davalebis Sesruleba, disciplinis dacva, sistematiuri,
yoveldRiuri muSaoba, rac misTvis gansakuTrebul
sirTules warmoadgens. swavla TamaSi rodia, aramed
seriozuli Sromaa, da es Sroma bavSvs unda Seuyvardes ambobs k.d. uSinski. fizikuri da gonebrivi SromiTi Cvevebis
formireba warmatebiT maSin mimdinareobs, roca SromiTi
saqmianoba Tavisi SinaarsiT swavlebas ukavSirdeba. amitom
moswavleTa SromiTi aRzrdis ZiriTadi pirobas
warmoadgens maTi mravalmxrivi SromiTi saqmianobis
daqvemdebareba saswavlo- saaRmzrdelo procesis
amocanebTan. swored es igulisxmeba swavlisa da Sromis
SeerTebis zogadpedagogikur safuZvelSi. gamomdinare
aqedan, SromiTi aRzrdis ZiriTadi amocanebia : Sromis
rolisa da mniSvnelobis gacnobiereba mozardi Taobis mier;
SromisaTvis mozardis fsiqologiuri momzadeba; sxvadasxva
asakis Sesabamisi Sromis saxeebis mizanmimarTuli SerCeva
gonebrivi da fizikuri Sromis unaris gasaviTareblad;
Sromisadmi dadebiTi damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba;
sxvadasxva saswavlo ciklis (humanitaruli,
sabunebismetyvelo, samxedro-fizkulturuli) sagnebis
mixedviT mozardis SromiTi saqmianobis gansazRvra da
ganxorcieleba yovelgvari SromiTi unar-Cvevebis
formirebisaTvis; specialuri SromiTi disciplinis
SemoReba; SromiTi kulturis ganviTareba da sxv.
rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, Sroma bavSvisaTvis ojaxSi iwyeba,
rodesac igi TamaSobs. mas TamaSis procesSi uxdeba
sxvadasxva saTamaSos awyoba, saTamaSoebis movla, Senaxva da
SekeTeba. amave dros ojaxidanve iwyeba bavSvis CarTva
sayofacxovrebo SromaSi, rodesac mas ufrosebi avaleben
martiv, misTvis dasaZlev qmedebebs. SemdgomSi, swavlis
dawyebasTan erTad, SromiTi valdebulebebis wre
farTovdeba da bavSvisagan seriozul Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.
imisaTvis, rom Sromam TandaTanobiT miiRos nebayoflobiTi
xasiaTi da ar gaxdes bavSvisaTvis iZuleba, profesor

s.siguas azriT, saWiroa mozardis Sromis procesSi daculi

iqnes Semdegi ZiriTadi pedagogiuri principebi :
Sroma Tavisi xasiaTiT, SinaarsiT, xangrZliobiTa da
sirTuliT unda Seesabamebodes bavSvis asakobriv
Taviseburebebsa da mis SesaZleblobis dones, Sroma ar
unda iyos mZime da momqancveli;
Sroma, romelsac bavSvi eweva, mravalmxrivi da
mravalferovani unda iyos. amave dros mtkiced unda
iqnas daculi Tanamimdevroba da Sromis sxvadasxva
saxis iseTi monacvleoba, romelic emyareba advilidan
ufro rTulze gadasvlis wess;
Sroma-saqmianobas sistematiuri xasiaTi unda hqondes;
bavSvi yoveldRe unda eweodes gansazRvruli saxis
Sromas. Sromis unarisa da Cvevebis gamomuSaveba, Sromis
Cvevebad qceva mxolod sistematiuri varjiSis gziT
SeiZleba;
Sromas SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTi unda hqondes. bavSvs
iseTi SromiTi davaleba unda eZleodes, romelic
moiTxovs teqnikuri da organizaciuli sakiTxebis
gadawyvetas, Teoriuli codnis praqtikulad
gamoyenebas;
SromaSi mtkiced unda iqnes daculi Segnebulobis
principi im mxrivac, rom bavSvs unda esmodes, ra
mniSvneloba aqvs mis Sromas sazogadoebisaTvis, misi
megobrebisaTvis, piradad misTvis. bavSvi unda xedavdes
Tavisi Sromis nayofs da mis gamoyenebas;
SromaSi bavSvs xelmZRvaneloba da daxmareba unda
gaewios; farTod unda iqnes gamoyenebuli waxalisebis
da, agreTve, saWiroebis mixedviT, iZulebis zomebi.
bunebrivia, am pedagogiuri moTxovnebis dacva aRzrdis
procesSi aRmzrdelebis mxridan seriozul codnasa da
gamocdilebas moiTxovs. swored amitom, am saqmes skola,
ojaxi da sazogadoeba erToblivi ZalisxmeviT unda
axorcielebdes.

dasasrul, unda aRvniSnoT, rom harmoniuli aRzrdis yvela

Semdgenel nawils, gonebrivs, zneobrivs, esTetikurs,
fizikurs da SromiTs Tanabari mniSvneloba aqvs pirovnebis
ganviTarebisaTvis da arc erTi maTganis upiratesobaze
saubari ar SeiZleba. amasTan, harmoniuli aRzrdis
Semadgeneli nawilebis -gonebrivi, zneobrivi, esTetikuri,
fizikuri da SromiTi aRzrda - ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia
izolorebulad, maTi erTmaneTTan kavSiris gareSe. isini
araTu ar arseboben erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad, aramed
erT mTlianobas qmnian pirovnebis harmoniuli aRzrdis
procesSi. TiToeuli Semadgeneli nawili emsaxureba ara
mxolod adamianis romelime specifikuri mxaris
ganviTarebas, aramed mTliani pirovnebis Camoyalibebas, misi
yvela Zalisa da SesaZleblobaTa yovelmxriv ganviTarebas.

;
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;

Tavi IV. ganaTlebis sistema

am TavSi Tqven gaecnobiT:

ra aris ganaTlebis sistema;
romeli dawesebulebebisagan Sedgeba ganaTlebis
sistema;
rogoria ganaTlebis sistemis warmoSobis istoria;
romel principebzea agebuli saqarTvelos ganaTlebis
sistema;
ras niSnavs ganaTlebis sisitemis sayovelTao xasiaTi;
ras niSnavs ganaTlebis sistemis savaldebulo xasiaTi;
ras niSnavs ganaTlebis sistemis saxelmwifoebrivi
xasiaTi;
romeli dokomentebiT regulirdeba ganaTlebis sistema;
ra principebzea agebuli saqarTvelos ganaTlebis
sistema.
mozardi Taobis aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis gadaWra
SeuZlebelia garkveuli organizaciis gareSe. organizaciis
aucilebloba TviT aRzrdis bunebidan gamomdinareobs.

ganaTlebis
sistema,
zogadad,
aseT
organizacias
warmoadgens.
sxvadsxva tipis saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis
damoukideblad arseboba jer kidev ar niSnavs ama Tu im
qveyanaSi ganaTlebis sistemis arsebobas.
skolis pirvel dasaxelebas qristesSobamde XXV
saukuneSi vxvdebiT Zvel egvipteSi, magram ganaTlebis
sistemebi mTel msoflioSi gvian, XVIII-XIX saukuneebis
mijnaze Seiqmna. ganaTlebis sistemis
arsebobisaTvis
saWiroa swavlebis sxvadasxva safexurisa da tipis farTo
saskolo qseli, maT Soris garkveuli struqturuli da
Sinaarsobrivi urTierToba, xelmZRvaneli organoebis wyoba
da sxva. aqedan, cxadia, msoflios qveynebis ganaTlebis
sistemaTa
istoriis
sxvadasxvagvaroba
rogorc
xangrZlivobis, ise Tvisebrivi mxariTac.

ganaTlebis sistema aris saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo

dawesebulebaTa erTianoba, agebuli saxelmwifos mier
dadgenil garkveul principebze.
maSasadame, ganaTlebis sistemis xasiaTs, nebismier
qveyanaSi, gansazRvravs ZiriTadad is principebi, romelsac
igi efuZneba. es principebi ki, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvrulia
saxelmwifos politikuri kursiT ganaTlebis dargSi.
yvela qveyanaSi saxelmwifo Tavis politikas aRzrdis
dargSi saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebebis meSveobiT
axorcielebs da, amdenad, ganaTlebis sistemas, mis yvela
rgols politikis beWedi azis. ganaTlebis sistema ara
ubralod politikuri xasiaTisaa, aramed igi saxelmwifos
politikis nawilia. ganaTlebis sistemis xasiaTi da

mimarTuleba
ganpirobebulia
miznebiTa da amocanebiT.

saxelmwifos

saerTo

cxadia isic, rom ganaTlebis sistemis mizani da

mimarTuleba, misi Sinaarsi da ganviTarebis done, saboloo
jamSi, sazogadoebis politikur-ekonomikuri wyobiTaa
gansazRvruli. rogoricaa sazogadoeba, iseTivea misi
ganaTlebis sistema. ganaTlebis sistema, rogorc saswavlosaaRmzrdelo dawesebulebaTa erToblioba, yovelTvis
Seesabameba sazogadoebis ekonomikur-politikur wyobas,
Tumca, ganviTarebis donis mixedviT garkveul etapze
SeiZleba ramdenadme CamorCebodes mas.

marTalia,
ganaTlebis
sistema
gansazRvrulia
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis doniT, misi politikur ekonomikuri wyobiT, magram igi, amave dros, uaRresad
aqtiuri Zalaa, xels uwyobs sazogadoebis ekonomikuri
wyobis ganviTarebas, mecnierebisa da teqnikis progress.
ganaTlebis sistemis bunebis am mokle da zogadi
daxasiaTebidan aSkaraa daskvna, rom msoflioSi moqmedebda
da moqmedebs erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli
sistemebi. erTi da imave formaciis qveynebSic ki, ganaTlebis
sistemebi
Tumca
ara
principulad,
magram
mainc
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifoSi
sxvadasxvagvaria
ganaTlebis
sistemaSi
moqceuli
dawesebulebebis struqtura, Sinaarsi da organizaciuli
formebic ki.
saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis kerebi uZvelesi droidan
arsebobda. Cvenamde moRweuli Zveli berZeni istorikosebisa
da
geografebis
Canawerebi
mowmobs,
rom
antikur
saqarTveloSi iyo ayvavebuli qalaqebi SesaniSnavi
sazogadoebrivi SenobebiT,
gimnasionebiT. antikuri
gimnasionis memkvidred SeiZleba CaiTvalos kolxeTis
umaRlesi ritorikuli skola III - IV saukuneSi. qristianobis
saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebas (326w) mohyva skolebis
eklesiebTan gaxsna, ramac kidev ufro Seuwyo xeli qveyanaSi
ganaTlebis
ganviTarebas.
Tumca,
ucxo
dampyrobTa
Semosevebma da, gansakuTrebiT ki, arabTa batonobam didi
xniT SeaCera qveynis ganviTareba.
qarTuli kulturis aRorZineba da ganviTareba kvlav
iwyeba IX-X-XI saukuneebSi, jer grigol xanZTelis cnobili
saganmanaTleblo moRvaweobiT tao - klarjeTSi da, Semdgom,
qveynis gareT, aTonisa da petriwonis monastrebSi, qarTveli
moRvaweebis
ioane
xursiZis(mTawmindeli),
eqvTime
mTawmindelis(aToneli), grigol bakurianis Zis da sxva
ganswavluli qarTvelebis dauRalavi RvawliTa da SromiT.
swored am viTarebam moumzada safuZveli
qarTuli
kulturis iseTi umniSvnelovanesi kerebis aRmocenebas
saqarTveloSi, rogorebic iyo gelaTisa da iyalTos
akademiebi XII saukuneSi. magram, XIII saukunidan moyolebuli,
jer monRolTa batonobam, xolo Semdeg iranisa da

osmaleTis Semosevebma daaqveiTes da dasces kultura da

ganaTleba saqarTveloSi.
XVII saukunis II naxevridan Seiqmna erTgvari pirobebi
saqarTvelos
politikuri
da
kulturuli
gamococxlebisaTvis. qarTveli mefeebis arCilis, vaxtang
VI-isa da erekle II-is mizanmimarTuli moRvaweobis Sedegad ,
XVIII saukuneSi saxalxo ganaTlebis saqme xelisuflebis
mzrunvelobis sagnad iqca, ramac saTanado Sedegi gamoiRo 1755 wels gaixsna Tbilisis seminaria, xolo 1782 welsTelavis seminaria. ucxouri enebidan iTargmna da Seiqmna
qarTuli originaluri saxelmZRvaneloebi im periodisaTvis
arsebul mecnierebaTa yvela dargSi. Tamamad SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom es seminariebi, da gansakuTrebiT Telavis
seminaria,
Tavisi
swavlebis
SinaarsiTa
da
mizandasaxulobiT warmoadgenda universitetis tipis
pirvel qarTul saswavlebels saqarTveloSi. (qarTuli
sabWoTa enciklopedia, tomi-saqarTvelo).
ra Tqma unda, skolebis arseboba aramc da aramc ar
niSnavs ganaTlebis sistemis arsebobas, ganaTlebas,
Tavisuflad
SeiZleba
ewodos
ganaTlebis sistemis
wanamZRvrebi saqarTveloSi, da rom ara sazogadoebis
civilizaciis im donis istoriul-logikuri aucilebloba,
romelmac warmoSva mTel msoflioSi ganaTlebis sistemebis,
rogorc sazogadoebrivi instituciebis arseboba, Tamamad
SeiZleboda gveTqva, rom saqarTveloSi, ganaTlebasTan
mimarTebiT, uZvelesi droidan iyo saxelmwifoebrivi
azrovneba.
saxalxo ganaTlebis Semdgomi srulyofis Sesaxeb
naTel warmodgenas iZleva ioane bagrationis mier qarTlkaxeTis samefos saxelmwifoebrivi reformebis mizniT
Sedgenili proeqti sjuldeba, anu ivane batoniSvilis
winadadeba giorgi XIII-isadmi mirTmeuli 1799 welsa.
reformis RonisZiebaTa Soris sjuldeba mniSvnelovan
adgils uTmobs ganaTlebis dargs. sjuldebis mixedviT,
ganaTlebis dargis
xelmZRvaneloba saxelmwifoebrivi
mniSvnelobis saqmea. amitom igi saxelmwifom unda aiRos
Tavis xelSi da Seqmnas administraciuli dawesebuleba,
rogorc
saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis
aparati:
iyos
ganaTlebis moxele ese igi skolebisa, sxva saswavlebisa da

stambebis saqmeSi da amasTan hyandnen xelqveiTni. es,

faqtobrivad, ganaTlebis iuridiuli uwyebaa Tavisi
mmarTveliTa
da
xelqveiTebiT,
romlebmac
unda
uxelmZRvanelon
ganaTlebis
saqmes
saxelmwifoSi.
sjuldebaSi, amave dros, gamijnulia sasuliero da saero
ganaTleba da saero ganaTlebisaTvis gawerilia konkretul,
sxvadasxva rangis skolaTa qseli, swavlebis Sesabamisi
mizniTa da SinaarsiT. sjuldebaSi xazgasmiTaa naTqvami,
rom skolis maswavleblebs jamagirs saxelmwifo unda
uxdides. (o.qinqlaZe, qarTuli demokratiuli pedagogikis
Camoyalibeba, 1980). yovelive es ki araferia, Tu ara
ganaTlebis sistema.
rogorc vxedavT, saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc mTel
msoflioSi, misi saganmanaTleblo kulturuli istoriis
logikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad, momwifda azri da Seiqmna
realuri modeli saxalxo ganaTlebis sistemisa, magram am
ideas ganxorcieleba ar ewera, vinaidan 1801 wels qarTl
kaxeTis samefo ruseTs SeuerTda da ruseTis xelisufleba,
bunebrivia, ar dauSvebda kontrolis meqanizmebis xelidan
gaSvebas iseT mniSvnelovan sferoSi, rogoric ganaTlebaa.
Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis sistemis Seqmna XIX
saukunis dasawyisSi
ruseTis ganaTlebis sistemis
SeqmnasTan identificirdeba.
aqve ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli
sazogadoeba arasdros Serigebia rusifikatorul reJims
ganaTlebis dargSi. qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebis,
dimitri yifianis, iakob gogebaSvilis, ilia WavWavaZis, ioseb
mamacaSvilis, sergi mesxis da sxvaTa TaosnobiT, ruseTis
xelisuflebis seriozuli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, 1879
wels saqarTveloSi dafuZnda qarTvelTa Soris werakiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba,, romelmac, Tamamad
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
ruseTis
ganaTlebis
sistemis
paralelurad, faqtobrivad itvirTa ganaTlebis dargSi
qarTuli saxelmwifo politikis gatarebis, qarTuli
ganaTlebis sistemis roli, da unda iTqvas, rom am
sazogadoebis yvela wevris( rac, albaT, mTel qarTul
inteligencias moicavs avt. ) racionaluri, mizanmimarTuli
da uangaro moRvaweobis Sedegad man STamomavlobas Seunaxa
qarTuli ena, qarTuli damwerloba da mTeli qarTuli

kultura. amdenad, am organizacias, romelic 47 wlis

ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobda qarTuli ganaTlebis saqmes,
Tamamad SeiZleba ewodos ganaTlebis sistema. igi
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdegac ,
1927 wlis CaTvliT, funqcionirebda.
saqarTveloSi moqmedi Tanamedrove ganaTlebis sistema
sami ZiriTadi tipis dawesebulebisagan Sedgeba, pirveli skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebani- sabavSvo baRebi da
baRebi; meore - yvela tipis skola, es iqneba dawyebiTi,
arasruli saSualo Tu saSualo zogadsaganmanaTleblo,
sxvadasxva tipis profesiuli Tu umaRlesi skola; mesame skolis gareSe saswavlo - saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebani moswavleTa saxlebi, sabavSvo universitetebi, moswavleTa
SemoqmedebiTi wreebi, sabavSvo Teatrebi Tu biblioTekebi da
a.S. am dawesebulebaTa erTianoba, dafuZnebuli garkveul
principze, rogorc ukve aRvniSnavdiT, qmnis swored
ganaTlebis sistemas.
skolamdel ganaTleba saqarTveloSi gulisxmobs 2
dan 5 wlamde bavSvis aRzrdas. igi amJamad regulirdeba
ganaTlebis saministros mier SemuSavebuli skolamdeli
ganaTlebis standartiT.
zogadi ganaTleba saqarTveloSi sam safexurs moicavs:
dawyebiTi skola - I-VI klasebi, sabazo skola - VII-IX
klasebi, saSualo skola - X-XII klasebi da regulirdeba
saqarTvelos kanoniT zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb.

profesiuli

ganaTleba

saqarTveloSi

xuT

safexurs

moicavs. I, II, da III safexuri erTiandeba sxvadasxva donis

profesiul kolejebSi da iq swavlis ufleba aqvT sabazo
skolis kursdamTavrebulebs (9 klasi), Tumca SeuZlia
nebismieri asakisa da ganaTlebis mqone pirsac. Semdegi ori
safexuri(IV, V), SedarebiT maRali donea da iq swavlis
ufleba aqvT mxolod sruli saSualo ganaTlebis mqone

pirebs. igi regulirdeba saqarTvelos kanoniT profesiuli

ganaTlebis Sesaxeb.

umaRlesi ganaTleba saqarTveloSi evropuli sivrcis

Sesabamisad

aris

struqturirebuli

da

regulirdeba

saqarTvelos kanoniT umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. erTian

politikas

umaRlesi

ganaTlebis

ganaTlebis

saministro.

sferoSi

saqarTveloSi

atarebs
umaRlesi

dawesebulebebi sami saxisaa:

koleji

umaRlesi

saganmanaTleblo

dawesebuleba,

romelic axorcielebs akademiuri umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mxolod

pirveli

safexuris

bakalavriatis

saganmanaTleblo programas 240 krediti;

saswavlo

universiteti

umaRlesi

saganmanaTleblo

dawesebuleba, romelic axorcielebs pirveli(240 krediti)

da meore (120 krediti) safexuris umaRles saganmanaTleblo
programas/programebs (garda doqtoranturisa);
kvleviTi

universiteti

umaRlesi

saganmanaTleblo

dawesebuleba, romelic axorcielebs samive safexuris

bakalavriati, magistratura doqtorantura 180 krediti
umaRles saganmanaTleblo programas/programebs );
axla ki, zogadad da sqematurad CamovTvaloT is
principebi, romlebzec agebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebis
sistema. ganaTlebis sistemis principebi uSualod unda
gamomdinareobs
im
samarTlebrivi
aqtebisa
da
regulaciebisagan, romliTac gansazRvrulia adamianis
ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi.
1. saqarTvelos
ganaTlebis
sistema
agebulia
sayovelTao
da,
gansazRvrul
farglebSi,
savaldebulo swavlebis principze.

sayovelTao swavlebis aRiareba burJuaziuli

sazogadoebis monapovaria da igi kanoniT daculia
Tanamedrove msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi.
sayovelTao swavleba gulisxmobs yvela moqalaqis
swavlis Tanabar uflebasa
da SesaZleblobas
sxvadasxva tipis skolaSi.
savaldebulo swavleba gulisxmobs garkveuli
saskolo ganaTlebis aucileblad, savaldebulo
wesiT miRebas. es principi saqarTveloSi kanoniT
ganxorcielebulia sabazo, cxrawliani skolis
farglebSi. saxelmwifo da ojaxi kanonis winaSe
pasuxismgebelia zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis
sabazo safexuridan (I IX klasi)
moswavlis
ganTesvis
SemTxvevaSi.
cxrawliani
ganaTleba
uklebliv unda miiRos yvelam;
2. saqarTvelos
ganaTlebis
sistema
agebulia
saxelmwifoebriobis principze, es niSnavs, rom
skolas aarsebs, afinansebs da ganagebs saxelmwifo.
igi

uzrunvelyofs

dawesebulebebis

saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo

sworad

dagegmvasa,

am

dawesebulebebis programul mTlianobas, maTi

marTvis
da
xelmZRvanelobis
centralizebul
sistemas da sxva.
saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs zogadsaganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebaTa srul dafinansebas. Tumca, unda
aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi sajaro
skolis garda arsebobs kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli
pirebi,
romlebic
aseve
axorcieleben
zogadsaganmanaTleblo
swavlebas
da
aqvT
damoukidebeli
safinanso
politika.
amasTan,
saxelmwifo
iRebs
valdebulebas
vauCeris
gansazRvruli
odenobiT
daafinansos
is
moswavleebi, romlebic kerZo skolis moswavleebi
arian.
umaRlesi skolis pirveli da meore safexuri
saxelmwifos
mier
finansdeba
kanoniT
gansazRvruli wesiT.
3. skolis saxelmwifoebrioba SesaZlebels xdis, rom
ganaTlebis sistema erTiani iyos. swored erTianobaa

am sistemis

ZiriTadi principi. erTianoba ki imas

niSnavs, rom mTel Cvens qveyanaSi swavleba warmoebs

erTnairi
erovnuli
saswavlo
gegmiTa
da
programebiT. mcireodeni gansxvaveba SeiZleba
arsebobdes ama Tu im skolis saswavlo gegmaSi,
romelic regulirdeba erovnuli saswavlo gegmis
mier mowodebuli wesiT.
es principi uzrunvelyofs klasidan klasSi, skolis
erTi tipidan meoreSi, soflidan qalaqSi, an, piriqiT,
yovelgvari gamocdis an specialuri gasaubrebis
gareSe
Sesabamis
klasSi
swavlis
pirdapir
gagrZelebas.
4. saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo politika icavs
ganaTlebaze
erovnebaTa
sruli
Tanasworuflebianobis
princips.
ganaTlebaze
erovnebaTa
Tanasworuflebianoba
saqarTvelos
konstituciiTaa gansazRvruli. am mxriv yoveli eri
absoluturad
SeuzRudavia.
ufro
metic,
saxelmwifos koncefcia erovnuli umciresobebis
integraciisa Tanamedrove sociumSi gulisxmobs
maTTvis gansakuTrebuli programebis Seqmnisa da
ganxorcielebis
pirobebs
saxelmwifo
enis
Seswavlis politikis konteqsSi.
5. saqarTveloSi sajaro skolebSi swavlebas saero
xasiaTi aqvs, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi Tavisufalia
religiuri swavlebisagan.
Tumca arsebobs kerZo tipis saero religiuri
skolebi, sadac, garda erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT
gaTvaliswinebuli
savaldebulo
da
arCeviTi
sagnebisa, iswavleba religiuri xasiaTis sagnebic.
6. saqarTvelos
ganaTlebis
sistemaSi
daculia
mSobliur enaze swavlebis principi, rac imas niSnavs,
rom
saqarTveloSi
mcxovreb
yvela
eTnikur
umciresobis moqalaqes saxelmwifo uqmnis mSobliur
enaze swavlebis pirobebs. amave dros mSobliuri ena

da literatura centraluri saswavlo sagania da mas

saaTebis yvelaze meti raodenoba aqvs daTmobili.
esaa is ZiriTadi principebi, romlebzedac agebulia
saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistema.
dabolos, Tanamedrove qarTuli saganmanaTleblo sistema
jer kidev reformirebis procesSia da mizanmimarTulia
msoflio saganmanaTleblo sivrcesTan integraciisaken.

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1. ra aris ganaTlebis sistema;
2. romeli dawesebulebebisagan Sedgeba ganaTlebis
sistema;
3. rogoria saqarTveloSi saSualo skolis
struqtura;
4. ramden safexuriania saqarTveloSi umaRlesi
skola da rogoria kreditebis ganawileba
safexurebis mixedviT;
5. ras niSnavs ganaTlebis sistemis
saxelmwifoebrivi xasiaTi;
6. ras niSnavs ganaTlebis sistemis sayovelTao
xasiaTi;
7. ras niSnavs savaldebulo ganaTlebis principi;
8. rogoria saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemis
warmoSobis istoriuli aspeqtebi.

Tavi V pedagogikis zogadi safuZvlebis moZRvrebis Camoyalibebis

istoriis ZiriTadi momentebi
platoni

antikuri saberZneTis filosofiuri azris sidiade, romelSic

sakmaod didi adgili pedagogikur Sexedulebebs uWiravs, ganapiroba
monaTmflobeluri sazogadoebis ekonomikuri da politikuri cxovrebis
mTelma sistemam.
saerTod monaTmflobeluri sazogadoebis, da kerZod, saberZneTis
aRzrdis sistemis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSnebi Taviseburad isaxeba
platonis (aristokles), aristoteles, demokrites da sxva gamoCenili
moazrovneebis pedagogikur SexedulebebSi. es niSnebia umTavresad:
saxelmwifos mier aRzrdisadmi, rogorc klasobriv dayofaze
dafuZnebuli iZulebis aparatisadmi udidesi yuradRebis gamaxvileba, da
maSasadame, aRzrdis klasobriv-saxelmwifoebrivi xasiaTi, aRzrdis,
rogorc umravlesobis morCilebaSi moyvanis umtkivneulo da saukeTeso
saSualebis Secnoba, saxelmwifoebrivi saaRmzrdelo da saskolo
sistemis Seqmna, aRzrdisa da swavlebis dakanonebuli aucileblobis
aRiareba, aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis saxelmwifoebrivi
winaswargansazRvruloba, harmoniulad Camoyalibebuli adamianis
(gonebrivad, fizikurad, zneobrivad, esTetikurad) momzadebis ideis
wamoyeneba, aRzrdis saerTo sistemis simkacre, (bunebrivia saSulebaTa
mTeli arsenalisac), rig SemTxvevebSi qal-vaJTa Tanabari aRzrda
(gonebrivi ganaTlebis gamoklebiT), oratoris momzadeba, mtkice
xasiaTis, amtanianobis, qveynisa da saqmisadmi Tavdadebis aRzrda da sxv.
bunebrivia, saWirod ar vTvliT imis xazgasmas, rom aRzrdis es sistema
mxolod da mxolod monaTmflobelTa kuTvnilebaa. esaa ZiriTadi foni,
ramac gansazRvra aTenur monaTmflobelur respublikaSi genialur
moazrovneTa mimarTuleba mecnierebis mraval dargSi, da cxadia,
pedagogikur SexedulebebSic.
Zveli saberZneTis gamoCenil filosofoss, obieqturi idealizmis
fuZemdebels, platons (427-348w.w.) gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs
sakacobrio azrovnebis istoriaSi. platonis filosofiur moZRvrebaSi
sakmao TaviseburebiTaa gadawyvetili mecnieruli azrovnebisaTvis
saintereso mravali sakiTxi. platonis moZRrebis uaRresad mdidar
problematikaSi imdenad uxvadaa warmodgenili misi Sexedulebani
mozardi Taobis aRzrdis Sesaxeb, rom pedagogikuri Teoriis
Camoyalibebis dasawyisi, ufro sworad am Teoriis pirveli mniSvnelovani
monacemebi, swored mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. amitom pedagogikis
istoria gverds ver auvlis platons da igi misi Seswavlis erT-erT
obieqts warmoadgens.
platoni Tavisi filosofiuri xasiTis naSromebSi, umTavresad

"saxelmwifosa" da "kanonebSi", specialurad msjelobs pedagogikis

uaRresad mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze. igi cdilobs gaarkvios aRzrdis
arsis, rolisa da mniSvnelobis sakiTxi, misi saxelmwifoebrivi xasiaTi,
gavlena saxelmwifoebriv wyobaze, misi mizani da amocanebi, aRzrdis
Semadgeneli nawilebi - gonebrivi, zneobrivi, esTetikuri, samxedrofizikuri aRzrdis saSualebebi da sxv.
aRzrdis am zogadi sakiTxebis gverdiT, platoni Cerdeba swavlebis
konkretul sakiTxebzec, kerZod, igi mimoixilavs swavlebis Sinaarsis,
saskolo sistemisa da, rig SemTxvevaSi, swavla-aRzrdis meTodikur
sakiTxebsac. platoni imdenadaa dainteresebuli swavla-aRzrdis
sakiTxebiT, rom pedagogikis istorikosis rolsac ki asrulebs. igi
sakmaod vrclad da naTlad aRgviwers aTenuri aRzrdis sistemas.
platonis mier aRzrdis sakiTxebiT agrerigad daintereseba
nawilobriv ganpirobebulia misi cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis ramdenadme
pedagogiuri xasiaTiTa da mimarTulebiT; platons, monaTmflobeluri
aristokratiis ideologs, imdroindeli aTenis mdidari da cnobili
gvaris STamomavals, cxra wlis ganmavlobaSi sokratis mowafes,
SesaZlebloba hqonda im droisaTvis Rrma ganaTleba mieRo. Tavisi
maswavleblis sikvdilis Semdeg platoni bevrs mogzaurobs. samxreT
italiasa da siciliaSi yofnis periodSi igi urTierTobas amyarebs
piTagorelebTan, ramac didi gavlena iqonia mis Semdgom pedagogiur
moRvaweobaze. rogorc cnobilia, mogzaurobidan dabrunebis Semdeg,
platoni aTenSi aarsebs skolas, romelmac akademiis saxelwodeba miiRo.
am akademiaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, Cveulebriv saswavlo tipis
dawesebulebaSi, 30 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi eweoda pedagogiur
moRvaweobas platoni. umTavresad am periodSi ayalibebs igi Tavis
pedagogikur Sexedulebebs, romlis amosavals misive filosofiuri
sistema warmoadgens.
platonis filosofia obieqturi idealizmia. am filosofiis
mixedviT pirveladi da WeSmaritia ideaTa samyaro, xolo meoradi, misi
aCrdili da misgan nawarmoebia nivTebis anu grZnobadi samyaro. platonis
TvalsazrsiT, ideaTa samyaros WeSmariteba mis mudmivobasa da
ucvlelobaSi, droisa da sivrcisagan damoukideblobaSi mdgomareobs,
maSin roca grZnobadi samyaro, grZnobadi nivTebi araa myari da ucvleli,
piriqiT, ganicdis sistematur cvalebadobas. swored amitom, adamianis
garemomcveli samyaro mxolod susti gamosaxuleba da aCrdilia ideaTa
samyarosi.
am filosofiur safuZvelzea agebuli platonis Semecnebis Teoriac,
romlis ZiriTadi arsi amqveyniuri samyaros, e.i. nivTTa samyaros rogorc

Semecnebis wyaros uaryofaSi mdgomareobs. aqedan bunebrivia, rom

platonisaTvis, rogorc Semecnebis wyaro, gamoricxulia grZobadi
organoebic. misTvis adamianis codnis ucilobel safuZvels
Tandayolili ideebi warmoadgens. adamianis suli, sanam igi sxeulSi
Casaxldeba, Wvrets ideaTa samyaros, mas aqvs namdvili codna, magram
orgamizmSi Casaxlebisas kargavs, iviwyebs xolme mas da SemdgomSi ideebis
aCrdilebze - amqveyniur nivTebze dakvirvebis saSualebiT TandaTanobiT
igonebs da aRadgens namdvil codnas. maSasadame, Semecnebis saboloo
mizani mogonebis gziT ideaTa samyarosTan miaxloebaSi mdgomareobs.
swored am poziciebidanaa, rom platoni adamianis sulis sam nawils
asaxelebs - gonivruls, nebiTs da grZnobads. gonivrul suls Seesabameba
sibrZne, nebiTs - vaJkacoba, xolo grZnobads - zomiereba. sulisa da
sikeTis am sam saxes ufardebs platoni adamianTa raRac sam ucvlel da
myar jgufs - filosofosebs, romelTa movaleobaa mmarTveloba, meomrebs,
romelTa movaleobaa dacva, da xelosnebsa da vaWrebs. platonis
Semecnebis Teoriidan gamomdinare, es triada sabolood Semdeg saxes
Rebulobs: gonivruli - sibrZne - filosofosi - mmarTveli, nebiTi vaJkacoba - meomari - dacva, grZnoba - zomiereba - xelosnebi da vaWrebi xelosnoba da vaWroba.
platonis socialur-politikur SexedulebebSi aSkaradaa
gamokveTili demokratizmis, kerZod, aTenuri demokratizmis Rrma
siZulvili. am SemTxvevaSi igi Tavisdroindeli konservatoruli
aristokratiis tipuri warmomadgenelia. platoni umorCilebs ra
yvelafers gonebis sferos, mis dros arsebuli saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis
nacvlad, idealuri saxelmwifos Seqmnis Tavis gegmas ayenebs. platonis
idealur saxelmwifoSi gamarTlebuli da TiTqos dasabuTebulia
specialuri saqmianobiT sazogadoebis mudmiv jgufebad dayofa, romelTa
Soris TvalSeuvlebi kedlebia gavlebuli. masSi adamianebi samudamod
arian ganwiruli ama Tu im saqmianobisaTvis: erTni - gonebrvi
moRvaweobisaTvis, meoreni - fizikuri SromisaTvis, da a.S.
idealistur filosofiur sistemazea agebuli da dafuZnebuli misi
pedagogikuri Sexedulebanic, romelSic platoniseburi filosofiis
sistemis simwyobre TiTqmis mTlianadaa SenarCunebuli. platonis
pedagogikuri Sexedulebebis idealisturi bunebis miuxedavad,
filosofiur sistemasTan yoveli pedagogiuri sakiTxisa da debulebis
Segueba swored pedagogiuri Teoriis xasiaTs aZlevs mas. platonis
pedagogikur Sexedulebebs, sakmaod didi istoriul-SemecnebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvT.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom marTalia platoni pedagogikuri

Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebisas uSualod Tavisi filosofiuri

sistemidan gamodis, magram amave dros uxvad sargeblobs piradi
praqtikuli gamocdilebiTac da, rac mTavaria, farTod iyenebs aTenuri da
spartuli aRzrdis sistemas. es erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli
aRzrdis sistemebi ki Tavisi droisaTvis metad mdidari bunebisani iyvnen
da TiToeuli maTganis dadebiTi mxareebis gaTvaliswineba saukeTeso
niadags uqmnida platons mwyobri da antikuri saukuneebisaTvis uaRresad
mniSvnelovani pedagogikuri debulebebis wamoyenebisa da
dasabuTebisaTvis.
platoni SesaniSnavad iyenebs aTenuri aRzrdis sistemis iseT
mxareebs, rogoricaa harmoniuli (gonebrivi, zneobrivi, esTetikuri,
fizikuri) aRzrda, saskolo sistema, asakobrivi dayofa (garkveul
farglebSi), swavlebis Sinaarsi da sxv. xolo spartanuli sistemidan aRzrdisa da saerTod saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebebis uaRresad
saxelmwifoebriv xasiaTs, gamZleobis, amtanianobisa da vaJkacobis
aRzrdas, maSasadame, fizikuri aRzrdis rig saSualebebsac da a.S.
aTenuri da spartanuli aRzrdis am mniSvnelovani mxareebisa da
sakuTari praqtikul-pedagogiuri gamocdilebis misive Teoriulfilosofiuri safuZvlebidan ganzogadeba, sayuradRebos da sakmaod
mecnieruls xdis platonis calkeul pedagogikur Sexedulebebs.
pirveli sakiTxi, romelzec pedagogikuri Sexedulebebis
mimoxilvisas unda SevCerdeT, exeba mis mier aRzrdis procesis bunebis
gagebas. unda aRiniSnos, rom aRzrdis Sesaxeb filosofiur naSromebSi
gadmocemul SexedulebebSi (platons swavla-aRzrdis Sesaxeb raime
specialuri naSromi ar dauweria) igi specialurad ar Cerdeba am sakiTxze,
magram misi pedagogikuri Sexedulebebis dakvirvebiT Seswavla sruliad
naTel suraTs gvaZlevs aRzrdis platoniseburi gagebis Sesaxeb. jer
erTi, cxadi xdeba, rom platonisaTvis aRzrda sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis
movlenaa, rom igi aRzrdaSi bavSvze zemoqmedebas gulisxmobs. Cven ar
SevudgebiT platonis moZRvrebaSi socialuri da biolgiuri problemebis
ganxilvas da mxolod davaskvniT, rom TiTqmis yovelTvis, roca igi
aRzrdis Sesaxeb msjelobs, mxolod bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyalibeba aqvs
mxedvelobaSi, rac safuZvels gviqmnis vifiqroT, rom platonisaTvis
aRzrda sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis movlenaa. Cven arc imis ganxilva
migvaCnia saWirod, Tu rogor esmis platons sazogadoebrivi movlenis
arsi.
garda amisa, platonis moZRvrebidan kidev ufro TvalnaTliv
gamomdinareobs, rom aRzrda mas warmodgenili aqvs rogorc
organizebuli, ufro metic, mtkiced organizebuli procesi. amas

asabuTebs isic, rom mozardis pirovnebis CamoyalibebisaTvis platons

surs Seqmnas aRzrdis mTeli organizacia, mozardis momzadebis mTeli
saskolo sistema. qvemoT calke gveqneba farTo msjeloba platonis
saskolo sistemis, am sistemis TiToeuli rgolis amocanebisa da maTi
ganxorcilebis saSualebebis Sesaxeb da, vfiqrobT, isic sakmarisi iqneba
Cveni debulebis naTelsayofad, Tumca bevri sxva azris motanac
SeiZleboda.
amasTanave, odnav daeWvebasac ar iwvevs azri, rom platonisaTvis
aRzrda mizandasaxul process warmoadgens. platoni xom Tavis
moZRvrebaSi gamokveTilad ayenebs aRzrdis mizans,romelic Tavisebur
gamosaxvas poulobs saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebebis TiToeul
rgolSi. igi, wamoayenebs ra aRzrdis saboloo mizans, amave dros iZleva
garkveuli etapisaTvis am miznisadmi daqvemdebarebul amocanebs. e.i. mis
moZRvrebaSi cal-calkea gansazRvruli saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo sistemis
yoveli rgolis amocana, romelTa ganxorcielebiTac srulyofas
poulobs aRzrdis saboloo mizani. aseTi mtkice logikuri kavSiris
Semdeg platonis mier bunebrivia aRzrdis, rogorc mizandasaxuli
procesis gageba.
da bolos, platonis moZRvrebaSi aRzrda warmodgenilia rogorc
aucilebeli xasiaTis matarebeli movlena, rom aRzrda-ganaTlebis miReba
aucileblia bavSvisaTvis, raTa igi moqalaqed iqces. marTalia swavlaaRzrdis aucilebloba mxolod adamianTa garkveul jgufze vrceldeba,
magram platonis mier Camoyalibebuli mTeli aRzrdis sistema mxolod da
mxolod monaTmflobelebis kuTvnilebaa da ara sxva romelime klasisa.
amitom monaTmflobelTa Svilebis mxriv swavla-aRzrdis miRebis
aucileblobis wamoyeneba saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom platonis
mixedviT aRzrda sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel aucilebel
movlenas warmoadgens.
platonis filosofiuri sistemidan gamomdinare uSualod misi
koncefcia aRzrdis rolis sakiTxze.
cnobilia, rom aRzrdis rolis araraobamde damyvani Teoriis
fesvebi antikur filosfiaSia. igi Tandayolili ideebis aRiarebiT iwyeba
da Semdeg mudam sxvadasxva formiT gvevlineba. Tandayolili ideebis
pirveli seriozuli mqadagebeli ki platoni iyo.
platonis filosofiis Tanaxmad, adamians dabadebidan dahyveba
(ufro sworad, dabadebisas Causaxldeba) ideebi, romlebic ar aris
SeZenili grZnobaTa organoebis saSualebiT. adamianma TviTonac ar icis,
ise moaqvs Tavis amqveyniur cxovrebaSi im saganTa saxeebi, is ideebi,
romelTac ukvdavi suli Wvretda mis dabadebamde. adamians Semdeg, Tavisi

amqveyniuri arsebobis procesSi, SeuZlia moigonos es saxeebi da ideebi.

rogorc aRvniSneT, gamodioda ra sensualizmis winaaRmdeg, platoni
asabuTebda, rom grZnobebi ar SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti codnis wyaro,
radganac isini ver scildebian movlenaTa samyaros sazRvrebs. WeSmariti
codnis wyaros warmoadgens ukvdavi sulis mier ideaTa samyaros mogoneba,
romelsac Wvretda igi mokvdav sxeulSi Casaxlebamde.
maSasadame, platonis Sexedulebebis mixedeviT, adamianis pirovnebis
formireba, mis mier codnaTa jamis daufleba ganpirobebulia
Tandayolili ideebiT. es ideebi gansazRvravs mis Camoyalibebas. aqedan
cxadia, rom platonis filosofiis mixedviT ugulebelyofilia aRzrdis
wamyvani roli da igi raRac Tandayolili, mzamzareuli ideebis
xelSemwyob saSualebad aris gamocxadebuli.
platonis azriT, adamianebi dabadebidanve gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisagan maTive memkvidreobis wyalobiT, romlis ganmapirobebeli
RvTaebrivi sawyisia. adamianebi, wers igi Tavis "saxelmwifoSi", marTalia
Zmebi arian, magram isini ar arian Tanabari unariT aRWurvili. imdenad
didia sxvaoba maT SesaZleblobebSi, rom es sxvaoba apirobebs maT
sxvadasxva saqmianobaSi monawileobas. "erTni dabadebulni arian
mmarTvelobisaTvis, meoreni - daxmarebisaTvis, xolo sxvebi miwaTmoqmedebisa da xelosnobisaTvis". [, . III, 1863, . 143.]
adamianTa mier memkvidreobiT miRebuli sxvadasxvagavri monacemebi
gansazRvravs maT mowodebas da adgils sazogadoebaSi. am memkvidreobiT
miRebuli Taviseburebebis gardaqmna ar SeuZlia aRzrdas. es monacemebi
RmerTis naboZaria imTaviTve da aRzrdis gziT misi ramdenadme gaZliereba
SeiZleba mxolod. amitomaa, rom ama Tu im adamianis daniSnuleba da
adgili sazogadoebaSi misi dabadebidanvea gansazRvruli. "RmerTi
Semoqmedia da Tqven Soris, romlebsac aqvT ufrosobis unari, dabadebisas
oqro Seuria, ris gamoc isini Zalian Zvirfasni arian, sxvebs - maT
TanaSemweebs - vercxli, xolo miwaTmoqmedebs da sxva xelosnebs - rkina da
spilenZi" [iqve, gv. 193].
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom platonis moZRvrebis Tanaxmad,
Tandayolili monacemebiT principulad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan
ara mxolod adamianTa gamokveTili jgufebi, aramed es sxvaoba arsebobs
TiToeuli jgufis adamianTa Sorisac.
ufro metic, niWierTa am zogadi kategoriis bavSvebSi platoni
bunebrivi TaviseburebebiT (rogorc viciT es Taviseburebebi RmerTis
naboZaria) dabadebidanve ganasaxvavebs maT metad viwro specialuri
midrekilebiTac. ase magaliTad, platonis azriT, imTaviTve ibadebian
bavSvebi maTematikis an sxva romelime saswavlo sagnis gansakuTrebuli

niWierebiT da aseTad ver aqcevs maT aRzrda. amaze metyvelebs platonis

azri, rom "... bunebiT maTematikuri niWiT dajildovebuli adamianebi
yoveli mecnierebis advilad amTviseblebi arian" [
, 1935, . 31. ]. dabolos, adamianSi Tandayolili monacemebis
arsebobis platoniseburi gagebis damagvirgvinebelia misi Semdegi azri:
"... garda amisa, es saukeTeso Semowmebaa - dialeqtikuria Tu ara adamiani
Tavisi bunebiT. is visac SeuZlia, ase ganixilos mecnierebani, garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT dialqtikuria, visac ar SeuZlia - aradialeqtikuri"
[ , 1935, . 39].
aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad arabunebrivad gvevlineba zogierTi
cnobili mkvlevaris (mag. g. Jurakovskis) mtkiceba platonis moZRvrebaSi
aRzrdis wamyvani rolis aRiarebis Sesaxeb. ufro metic, Jurakovski Tavis
naSromSi [" , rus. gv. 17] saubrobs ra platonis
moZRvrebaSi aRzrdis wamyvani rolis Sesaxeb, saWirod Tvlis,
specialurad aRniSnos, rom am moZRvrebaSi aRzrda ar aris
gamocxadebuli yovlisSemZle kategoriad. es, cxadia, ukiduresi
gadaWarbebaa.
roca platonis filosofiuri sistemidan gamomdinare, aRzrdis
wamyvani rolis uaryofas vasabuTebT, es sulac ar niSnavs platonis
rogorc moazrovnis mier aRzrdis rolis mTlian ugulebelyofas.
piriqiT, platoni Tavisi calkeuli msjelobebis dros araerTgzis
miuTiTebs bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi aRzrdis did rolze,
Tumca amiT gverds uvlis Tavis filosofiur mrwamss. sxvagvarad
SeuZlebelic aris. istoria xom mravlad icnobs iseT moazrovneebs,
romlebic uaryofen obieqturi realobis, fizikuri sinamdvilis WeSmarit
arsebobas da yovelgvar arsebuls SegrZnebaTa kompleqsad, kombinaciebad
acxadeben. aseTi ukiduresoba mravalia. magram ar aris moazrovne,
romelic Tavisi subieqturi msjelobis dros mTlianad uaryofdes
aRzrdas, ar aRiarebdes mis metnakleb mniSvnelobas, Tumca maTi Teoriul
moZRvrebaTa sistemidan aRzrdis rolis uaryofis Sesaxeb daskvnis
gamotana SeiZleba mxolod.
Tu aseTi TvalTaxedviT mivudgebiT platons, vnaxavT, rom mis
msjelobebSi aRzrdas sakmao roli aqvs miniWebuli bavSvis pirovnebis
CamoyalibebaSi. roca platoni axladdabadebuli bavSvis
zrdadamTavrebul pirovnebad Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb msjelobs Tavis
"kanonebSi", bavSvs sanTels adarebs da gamoTqvams azrs, rom "Cvili bavSvi
unda iZerwebodes zustad iseve, rogorc sanTlisagan" [ ,.
XIV , "", 1923, . 5.]. maSasadame, rogorc sanTels SeuZlia misces
adamianma esa Tu is forma, aseve aRmzrdelze, anu aRzrdazea

damokidebuli bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyalibeba. es xom tipuri magaliTia

aRzdisaTvis didi rolis mikuTvnebis Sesaxeb. aRzrdis aseT rolze
SesaniSnavad msjelobs platoni agreTve "saxelmwifoSi", sadac
gamoTqvams azrs, rom aRzrda-ganaTlebiT xdeba adamiani unariani ama Tu
im saqmisaTvis (es xom platonis filosofiis pirdapir sawinaaRmdegoa). "...
Cven gSobeT Tqven ... raTa beladebi da mefeebi yofiliyaviT, rogorc
piradad Tqveni TavisaTvis, aseve mTeli qalaqisaTvis; Tqven mogeciT Cven
saukeTeso da srulyofili aRzrda da gagxadeT unariani erTisa da
meorisTvisac" [, .,. III, . 361-362].
garda amisa, aRzdisaTvis didi mniSvnelobis miniWebaze metyvelebs
isic, rom platoni aRzrdas saxelmwifoebrivi xasiaTis kategoriad
Tvlis. platoni swored is moazrovnea, romelmac pedagogikuri
azrovnebis istoriaSi pirvelad gausva xazi aRzrdis uaRresad
politikur xasiaTs, rac mis udides minaxvedrad unda CaiTvalos. igi
xSirad asabuTebs aRzrdis metad Zlier gavlenas saxelmwifo wyobaze,
saxelmwifoSi moqmed kanonTa xasiaTze da ayenebs moTxovnas aRzrdis
saxelmwifo wyobasTan Seguebis Sesaxeb.
aRzrdis uaRresad saxelmwifoebriv xasiaTze miuTiTebs platonis
is msjeloba, sadac igi asabuTebs aRzrda-ganaTlebis miRebis
aucileblobas yvelas mier, mSoblebis survilisagan damoukideblad,
radganac, misi azriT, "bavSvebi ufro metad saxelmwifos ekuTvnian, vidre
TavianT mSoblebs" ( , . XI, . 24, ).
zemoTqmulidan marTebulad migvaCnia daskvna, rom platonis
filosofiuri sistema pirdapiri uaryofaa aRzrdis wamyvani rolisa da
mzamzareulad mocemuli ideebis mogonebisa da mxolod aRdgenis raRac
xelSewmyob saSualebadaa gamocxadebuli, riTac pedagogiuri gagebiT,
TiTqmis araraobamdea dayvanili aRzrdis wamyvani roli. magram platoni
aRzrdis sakiTxebze msjelobis dros xSirad scildeba Tavisi
filosofiis ZiriTad mimarTulebas da axladdabadebuli bavSvis
zrdadasrulebul adamianidan CamoyalibebaSi aRzrdas sakmaod solidur
mniSvnelobas akuTvnebs, magram, saerTod, pedagogikur TeoriaSi platoni
ganxiluli unda iqnes rogorc aRzrdis wamyvani rolis uarmyofeli
moazrovne.
platonis moZRvrebaSi aRzrdis rolis sakiTxis, an saerTod misi
pedagogikuri Sexedulebebis ganxilvisas CvenSi arsebuli pedagogikis Tu
pedagogikis istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi da specialuri literaturis
nawili mniSvnelovnad scodavs. maTi umravlesoba an mTlianad gverds
uvlis platonis mier aRzrdis rolis garkvevas, riTac Cqmalavs platonis
damsaxurebas am saqmeSi, an piriqiT, gadaWarbebulad afasebs mis
Sexedulebebs aRzrdis rolis Sesaxeb.

platonis pedagogikur SexedulebebSi Taviseburadaa gadawyvetili

aRzrdis miznis sakiTxi. mis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom aRzrdis mizans,
misive filosofiuri mrwamsidan gamomdinare, uSualod gansazRvravs
"idealuri saxelmwifoTi". platonis moZRvrebSi aRzrdis mizani TiTqmis
mTlianad emTxveva saxelmwifos da kerZod "idealuri saxelmwifos"
mizans. masTan mtkice kavSirSia platonis Semecnebis Teoria, romlis
mixedviTac Semecnebis mizani ideebis samyarosTan miaxloebaSi
mdgomareobs. rogorc cnobilia, usasrulod mraval ideaTa saTaveSi
platoni sikeTis ideas aTavsebs. ai, swored am sikeTis ideisadmi
miaxloeba warmoadgens "idealuri saxelmwifos" mizans, romlis
ganxorcielebaSic platoni mniSvnelovan adgils aRzrdas aniWebs da,
bunebrivia, igive mizans ayenebs aRzrdis winaSe. platonis SexedulebebSi
naTlad Cans, rom aRzrdis gareSe "bevri daakldeba adamians, raTa
RvTaebrivi gamxdariyo!" [ , . 41]. platonis es gamoTqma
savsebiT gasagebia, radgan, misi azriT, umaRles sikeTes RmerTi
warmoadgens.
kidev ufro gamokveTilad ayalibebs platoni aRzrdis mizans
"saxelmwifoSi", sadac wers: "ganvixiloT axla, rogor Cndebian aseTi
adamianebi da rogor SeiZleba gamoviyvanoT isini cxovrebis gzaze ... es,
cxadia, moxdeba ara CxirkedelaobiT, aramed sulis maradiulobisaken
warmarTviT, e.i. arsamde amaRlebiT, romelsac Cven vuwodebT WeSmarit
filosofias" [, ., . III, . 363-364].
platonis mier aRzrdis miznis amgvar gagebas kidev ufro amdidrebs
misi ganxorcielebisaTvis dasaxuli aRzrdis zogadi amocanebi. mis mier
wamoyenebuli aRzrdis amocanebi afarToebs aRzrdis miznis Sinaarss da
naTelyofs mis yvela mxares. aq gansakuTrebiT unda gaesvas xazi im
garemoebas, rom platonis pedagogikur SexedulebebSi erTmaneTs emTxveva
aRzrdis zogadi amocanebi da misi Semadgeneli nawilebi. platonis
pedagogikur SexedulebebSi aRzrdis TiToeuli Semadgeneli nawilis
ganxorcieleba aris aRzrdis miznis warmatebiT gadawyvetis aucilebeli
piroba, amitom igi sakmao yuradRebas amaxvilebs aRzrdis Semadgeneli
nawilebis daxasiaTebaze da maTi ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro konkretul
saSualebebze.
metad didia platonis damsaxureba pedagogikuri azrovnebis winaSe
aRzrdis Semadgeneli nawilebis wamoyenebisa da dasabuTebis saqmeSi.
winaswar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis mier wamoyenebuli aRzrdis
Semadgeneli nawilebi mxolod im droisaTvis rodi asaxavda
srulyofilad aRzrdis Sinaarss; masze Sors sakmao xnis ganmavlobaSi ar
wasula sakacobrio azri, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT SromiTi, da

kerZod, fizikuri SromiTi aRzrdis gamoricxvas platonis mier, rac

savsebiT gamarTlebuli iyo misi rogorc aristokratiis warmomadgenlis
ideologiiT. aRzrdis Semadgeneli nawilebis gansazRvrisas platonis
pedagogikur naazrevSi uxvadaa gamoyenebuli aTenuri aRzrdis
praqtikuli gamocdileba, romelic TiTqmis umaRles formas
warmoadgenda antikuri sazogadoebis praqtikaSi. magram igi marto
aTenuri da spartanuli aRzrdis praqtikiT ar kmayofildeba da mas
amdidrebs sakuTari pedagogiuri gamocdilebisa da alRos wyalobiT.
garda imisa, rom platoni Teoriul safuZvlebs uZebnis aRzrdis
Semadgenel nawilebs, igi ufro gamokveTili da srulyofili saxiT
warmoadgens mas, vidre amas spartanuli da aTenuri aRzrdis sistemaSi
hqonda adgili.
platonis pedagogikur SexedulebebSi srulyofili pirovnebis
aRzrdis aucilebel Semadgenel nawilebad gamocxadebuli da
daxasiaTebulia bavSvis gonebrivi, zneobrivi, esTetikuri da fizikuri
anu samxedro-fizikuri aRzrda. Zneli saTqmelia, Tu rogor esmis
platons aRzrdis am calkeul Semadgenel nawilebs Soris arsebuli
aucilebeli kavSiri, magram faqtia, rom am oTxi Semadgeneli nawilis
dasaxelebiT da TiToeuli maTganis miznisa da saSualebebis gansazRvriT
(unda gvaxsovdes, rom aRzrdis am Semadgeneli nawilebis ganxorcielebiT
SeiZleba mxolod aRzrdis miznis gadawyveta) platonis moZRvrebaSi
harmoniuli aRzrdis ideaa wamoyenebuli, romlis qveS mas adamianis
sxeulisa da sulis Tanabari ganviTareba esmis. igi imowmebs aTenuri
aRzrdis praqtikas da wers: "rogori iqneba es aRzrda? Znelia moiZebnos
xangrZlivi cdis gziT mikvleulze ukeTesi, es xom sxeulisaTvis
gimnastikaa, sulisaTvis ki musika" [
, , "o" "ao", 1916 . 3.].
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom sxeulisa da sulis Tanabrad ganviTareba
platonis mier mxolod zogadi formiT ki araa gagebuli, aramed misi
konkretuli saxiTaa warmodgenili, ise rom sxeulisa da sulis
ganviTarebaSi bavSvis gonebrivi, zneobrivi, esTetikri da fizikuri
srulyofaa nagulisxmevi. aqedan, bunebrivia daskvna, rom pedagikuri
azrovnebis istoriaSi pirvelad platonis filosofiaSi vxvdebiT
harmoniulad Camoyalibebuli adamianis aRzrdis ideis seriozul
Teoriul dasabuTebas, rac sakmaod didi monapovari iyo pedagogikuri
TeoriisaTvis. es daskvna kidev ufro cxadi xdeba, Tu cal-calke
gavicnobT platonis Sexedulebebs gonebrivi, zneobrivi, esTetikuri da
fizikuri aRzrdis Sesaxeb.
amasTan ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT harmoniuli aRzrdis Sesaxeb

platonis moZRvrebis Zalze seriozuli nakli, rac SromiTi aRzrdis

srul ugulebelyofaSi mdgomareobs. platonis mier SromiTi aRzrdis es
sruli ugulebelyofa fizikuri Sromisadmi misi damokidebulebis
Sedegia. fizikuri Sromisadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxSi platoni
aristokrati reaqcioneris tipuri gansaxierebaa. misi mTeli moZRvreba
fizikuri Sromisadmi zizRiTaa gamsWvaluli. fizikuri Sroma mas
adamianis sulieri mxareebis damaxinjebad miaCnia. fizikuri Sroma, misi
azriT, ukargavs adamians Semecnebis unars, ideaTa samyarosTan
miaxloebis yovelgvar saSualebas. amitomaa, rom platoni gamoricxavs
aRzrdis mTeli sistemidan (misi aRzrdis sistema xom mxolod
privilegirebul fenebs gulsixmobs da ara xelosnebsa da monebs) SromiT
aRzrdas.
platonis pedagogikuri moZRvrebis niSandobliv mxares warmoadgens
aRzrdis procesSi bavSvis asakobrivi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebis
aucileblobis aRiareba, Tumca mas specialurad ar moucia bavSvis
asakobrivi periodizacia da misi Teoriuli dasabuTeba, rac Semdgom misma
mowafem aristotelem mogvca. am mxriv yuradRebas imsaxurebs Tundac
platonis azri aRzrdis procesSi sqesobrivi Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswinebis Sesaxeb. "unda ganisazRvros sagaloblebis xasiaTi,
romliTac gansxvavdeba vaJTa sagaloblebi qalTa sagaloblebisagan.
aucilebelia SerCeul iqnes maTTvis Sesaferisi harmonia da riTmi.
rogorc vaJTa, ise qalTa sqess unda mivawodoT is nawarmoebebi, romlebic
moicavs orive am elements, e.i. harmonias da ritms. magram, amasTan, qalebs
unda mivawodoT is, rac Seesabameba maT sqesobriv gansakuTrebulobas; es
ki gamosarkvevia" [ ,. XIV , .22].
platonis pedagogikuri Sexedulebebis umniSvnelovanes mxares isic
warmoadgens, rom bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyalibeba, misi swavla-aRzrdis
miznisa da amocanebis ganxorcieleba mas SesaZleblad miaCnia mxolod
sistematizirebuli da organizebuli saxelmwifoebrivi saswavlosaaRmzrdelo dawesebulebebis meSveobiT. platons Tavis moZRvrebaSi
mocemuli aqvs asakobrivi dayofis principze dafuZnebuli mTeli
saskolo sistema. marTalia platonis es saskolo sistema araa mis mier
Seqmnili - igi sargeblobs misdroindeli aTenuri da spartanuli
saskolo sistemiT, magram orive am sistemis dadebiTi mxaris
gaTvaliwineba da sinTezis saxiT erTi mTliani formiT mocemac ki misi
udidesi damsaxurebaa. amasTan, Tu imasac aRvniSnavT, rom platonis mier
warmodgenili saskolo sistema moicavs bevr axals, romelsac ar icnobda
aTenuri da spartanuli aRzrdis saskolo praqtika, maSin gasgebi xdeba
platonis damsaxureba pedagogikuri azrovnebis winaSe. amasac rom Tavi

davaneboT, platoni pirveli iyo, romelmac scada saxelmwifoebrivi

saskolo sistemis aucileblobis Teoriuli dasabuTeba da aago kidec es
sistema(Tumca isargebla spartanuli da aTenuri aRzrdis sistemiT)
TiToeuli rgolis swavlebisa da aRzrdis Sinaarsis gansazRvriT.
faqtia, praqtikaSi rom ar hqonoda adgili saskolo sistemis raRacnair
formebs da cxovrebiT ar yofiliyo wamoyenebuli misi aucilebloba,
platoni ver mividoda mtkiced organizebuli saskolo sistemis
dasabuTebamde, magram es odnavadac ar amcirebs mis damsaxurebas.
sxva rom araferi vTqvaT, isic sakmaria, rom sakacobrio azrovnebis
istoriaSi platonma pirvelma wamoayena skolamdeli sazogadoebrivi
aRzrdis idea (sabavSvo baRi). maSasadame, platonis saxelmwifoebrivi
saswavlo-saRmzrdelo sistemis meore rgols (pirveli sabavSvo bagaa,
dabadebidan 3 wlamde) warmoadgens sabavSvo baRi 3-6 wlis asakis
bavSvisaTvis. platoni, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aqcevs ra gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas am asakis bavSvTa aRzrdas, iZleva mosazrebebs sabavSvo baRis
organizaciis, Sinaarsisa da principebis Sesaxeb. igi mas iseve
savaldebulod Tvlis, rogorc saskolo sistemis sxva romelime rgols.
platonis mier mocemuli sabavSvo baRis Semdgomi saxelmwifoebrivi
saskolo sistema aseTnairia: 7-12 wlis asakis bavSvisaTvis - skola, sadac
swavloben kiTxvas, weras, angariSs, musikasa da simReras, e.i. platonis
pirveli safexuris skola, winaaRmdeg spartanulisa da msgavsad
aTenurisa, umTavresad gonebrivi ganaTlebis skolas warmoadgens. am
skolas mosdevs 12-(15)16 wlis asakis bavSvTaTvis umTavresad fizikuri
aRzrdis skola-palestra (xuTWidelis skola). palestris Semdeg, 2-3
wlis ganmavlobaSi yvela agrZelebs swavlas gonebrivi ganaTlebisaTvis
da umTavresad praqtikuli mizniT swavloben ariTmetikas, geometriasa da
astronomias. 18-20 wlis asakSi isini gadian egreT wodebul efebTa jgufs,
sadac ukve warmoebs saboloo wrToba samxedro-gimnastikur
varjiSobebSi. amiT faqtobrivad mTavrdeba platonis saskolo sistema,
radgan Semdeg mxolod gansakuTrebuli gonebrivi unaris mqone
axalgazrdebi agrZeleben swavlas, danarCenebi ki (didi umravlesoba)
xdebian meomrebi. ganyenebuli azrovnebis unariT dajildoebuli
axalgazrdebi 30 wlamde agrZeleben seriozul mecadineobas
ariTmetikaSi, geometriaSi, astronomiaSi, musikis TeoriaSi da, rac
mTavaria, filosofiaSi, mxolod ukve ara praqtikuli, aramed Teoriuli
mizniT. kidev ufro gansakuTrebuli niWis mqoneni agrZeleben
mecadineobas filosofiaSi 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi da xvdebian mmarTvelfilosofosebi.
platonis Sexedulebebis umniSvnelovanes mxares, garkveuli

gagebiT, warmoadgens swavla-aRzrdis sayovelTao-savaldebulo

xasiaTis aRiareba. platons miaCnia, rom bavSvis srulfasovan moqalaqed
Camoyalibeba SesaZlebelia mxolod swavla-aRzrdis gziT da swored
amitom ayenebs mis savaldebulo xasiaTs. Cven aq erTi wuTiTac ar
viviwyebT, rom platoni monaTmflobeluri aristokratiis
warmomadgenelia, misi aRzrdis sistema mxolod privilegirebul
klasebze vrceldeba da ar gulisxmobs, cxadia, xalxTa farTo masebs.
cxadia, platoni ar cnobs swavlebis sayovelTao xasiaTs im gagebiT,
rogorc es Cven gvesmis. amas asabuTebs platonis Semdegi sityvebi:
yovelive amis (igulisxmeba saswavlo sagnebi) SeswavlisaTvis mecadineoba
saWiroa ara adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis, aramed mxolod
umciresobisaTvis.
magram es mainc ar ukargavs did mniSvnelobas swavla-aRzrdis
savaldebulo xasiaTis platoniseul gagebas. saqme isaa, rom swavla
savaldebulod miaCnia mas im klasis warmomadgenelTaTvis, viszec misi
sistema vrceldeba, e.i. igi principSi cnobs swavla-aRzrdis
savaldebulo xasiaTs. Cven mxolod am mxaris Sefasebaze gvaqvs saubari:
"am saswavlebelSi daqiravebuli maswavlebelebi ... moswavleebs
aswavlian samxedro mecnierebebs da muzur xelovnebas. amasTanave,
mxolod is ki ar ivlis saswavlebelSi, vis mamasac es surs Tu ar surs,
aramed, rogorc ityvian xolme, moxucmac da bavSvmac
SesaZleblobisdagvarad aucileblad unda miiRos ganaTleba: radgan
bavSvebi ufro metad saxelwifos ekuTvnian, vidre Tavis mSoblebs
[ ,. XIV , .24].
aqve unda gaesvas xazi platonis im udides damsaxurebasac, rom man
wamoayena qal-vaJTa Tanabari aRzrdis idea. platonisaTvis saxelmwifos
marTvis saqmeSi ar aris iseTi specialoba, romelic ekuTvnis mxolod
qals, an mxolod mamakacs, am mxriv niWi da unari Tanabradaa ganawilebuli
or sqess Soris da yvela saqmianoba bunebiT misawvdomia qalisaTvisac da
mamakacisaTvisac. amis Semdeg gasakviri aRar aris, rom platoni qal-vaJTa
Tanabar aRzrdas aRiarebs. platoni iqve ganagrZnobs, rom "Cemi es kanoni
erTnairadaa gankuTvnili rogorc qalebisaTvis, aseve mamakacebisaTvis. me
odnavadac ar SemiZlia vamtkico, rom aseve unda iyos cxenosnobasa da
gimnastikur xelovnebaSi. gana es mxolod mamakacebs SeeferebaT da qalebs
ara?"1 [ ,. XIV , .24].
sabolood, aRvniSnavT, ra platonis zogadpedagogikuri
Sexedulebebis arsitokratiul mimarTulebas, da saerTod, am
Sexedulebis idealistur filosofiur safuZvlebze agebas, amave dros
xazs vusvamT, mis did damsaxurebas sakacobrio pedagogikuri azrovnebis

istoriaSi. platonma pirvelma gausva xazi aRzrdas, rogorc

sazogadoebrivi, saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri da aucilebeli xasiaTis
kategorias, mis mizandasaxul da mtkiced organizebul bunebas.
sagulisxmoa, rom platoni aRzrdis mizans da amocanebs sazogadoebis
interesebs umorCilebs. platonma pirvelma wamoayena da Teoriulad
daasabuTa harmoniuli aRzrdis idea. farTod ganszRvra aRzrdis
TiToeuli Semadgeneli nawilis Sinaarsi da misi ganxorcielebis
saSualebani, mogvca saskolo sistemis sakmaod mwyobri agebuleba da
swavlebis farTo Sinaarsi, gansazRvra yoveli saswavlo sagnis
mniSvneloba da amocanebi. platonis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli
skolamdeli sazogadoebrivi aRzrdis ideis wamoyeneba, sabavSvo baRis
asakis bavSvebisaTvis TamaSobebisa da saTxrobi masalebisaTvis didi
mniSvnelobis mikuTvneba, maTi SerCevisadmi yuradRebis gamaxvileba da
sxv. platoni pirveli moazrovnea, agreTve, romelmac aRiara qal-vaJTa
cal-calke, magram Tanabari aRzrda da swavlebis savaldebulo xasiaTi.
aristotele
Zveli saberZneTis udidesma moazrovnem, antikuri monaTmflobeluri
sazogadoebis ideologma, gamoCenilma filosofosma aristotelem (384322w.w.) filosofiuri ganaTleba miiRo platonis akademiaSi. igi misi
mowafe iyo 20 wlis manZilze. Semdgom aTenSi, aristotelem, TviTonve
daaarsa filosofiuri skola likelis taZris maxloblad, ris gamoc mas
ewoda "likei" ("licei"), romelmac ramdenime saukune iarseba. saWiroa imis
aRniSvnac, rom igi iyo aleqsandre makedonelis specialurad mowveuli
aRmzrdeli.
absoluturi sisworiTaa xazgasmuli pedagogiur enciklopediaSi,
rom aristoteles moZRvreba moicavs imdroindeli codnis yevla sferos:
filosofias, logikas, fsiqologias, bunebismetyvelebas, istorias,
politikas, eTikas, esTetikas, romelTa mniSvnelovan problemebze
gaSlilia msjeloba mis SromebSi - metafizika, organoni, fizika,
politika, eTika, poetika, traqtati sulis Sesaxeb. am problemaTa
gaSuqebis done srul uflebas aZelvda fridrix engelss, rom
aristoteles uwodos antikuri qveynebis hegeli, romelmac
dialeqtikuri azrovnebis arsebiTi formebic gamoikvlia.
aristoteles pedagogikuri xasiaTis specialuri naSromi ar
dauweria, magram am sferoSi misi Sexedulebani mravladaa mocemuli aq
CamoTvlil sxvadasxva xasiaTis SromebSi. maTSi mokled, magram im

droisaTvis sakmaod maRal donezea gacemuli pasuxi pedagogikis

safuZvlebis rig sakiTxebze, rac efuZneba umTavresad mis
msoflmxedvelobriv, da kerZod, filosofiur koncefcias.
aristoteles filosofia maRla mdgomia platonis filosofiaze,
Tundac imitom, rom safuZvlianad Searyia idealizmi, rom araferi vTqvaT
dialeqtikur tendenciebze. magram aqve isic unda vTqvaT, rom mas ar
axasiaTebs platoniseburi mkacri da mwyobri sistema, piriqiT,
aristoteles moZRvrebaSi mravladaa urTierTsawinaaRmdego poziciebi
da calkeuli mosazrebani.
uaRresad Rirebulia aristoteles cda, rom dasZlios samyaros
gaorebis platoniseuli idealisturi (dualisturi) pozicia.
aristotele ideaTa da movlenaTa (nivTTa) gaorebuli samyaros nacvlad,
mis mTlianobas aRiarebs. misTvis ar arsebobs calke idea da calke nivTi,
aramed isini Sinaarsisa da formis mTlianobas warmoadgenen. nivTiereba
nivTad mxolod formis meoxebiT iqceva. amas Tu davumatebT garegani
samyaros realobad aRiarebas aristoteles mier, maSin naTeli xdeba
uaRresad Rirebuli misi materialisuri da dialeqtikuri pozicia (aqve
xazs vusvamT idealistur da metafizikur momentebs mis moZRvrebaSi avt. ).
Sinaarsisa da formis urTierTkavSiris aRiarebasTan erTd, igi samyaros
Sinagan ganviTarebasac aRiarebs. es ki mwvervalia antikuri filosofiisa.
aqedan savsebiT gasagebia Semecnebis TeoriaSi aristoteles
materialisturi mimarTuleba. platonis sawinaRmdegod, Cveni samyaros
realobad aRiareba saSualebas aZlevs aristoteles codnis (Semecnebis)
wyarod grZnobadi organoebi, SegrZnebebi miiCnios. grZnobadi organoebiT
miRebuli STabeWdilebani, misi azriT, WeSmaritia (sworia). magram
codnaSi uzustobis (Secdomebis) arseboba faqtia. maS, saidan modis igi?
amas aristotele ganyenebul azrovnebas abralebs, romelmac swored ver
gaigo, sistemaSi ver moiyvana da ver ganazogada SegrZnebaSi mocemuli
WeSmariti STabeWdilebani. swored aqedan amodis aristotele, rogorc
Semdgom vnaxavT, azrovnebiTi moqmedebis (SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis)
aRzrdis aucileblobis aRiarebisas.
aristoteles moZRvrebaSi pirdapiri pasuxi araa gacemuli aRzrdis
arsis gagebaze, magram aRzrdis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul mosazrebebidan
aSkarad gamomdinareobs es gageba, jer erTi, igi pirdapir gamoTqvams
Tavis interess aRzrdis bunebis (arsis) gagebis Sesaxeb, roca wers: ar
unda darCes yuradRebis gareSe isic, Tu ras warmoadgens Tavis mxriv
aRzrda da rogor unda iyos igi organizebuli [sazRvargareTis

pedagogikis istoriis qrestomaTia, politika. wigni VIII, gv. 34-35, moskovi,

1981, rus. enaze].

aRzrdis Sesaxeb aristoteles Sexedulebis gacnoba aSkarad

gvarwmunebs, rom mas aRzrda esmis rogorc sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis
kategoria (aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom aristotele yovelTvis ver asxvavebs
socialurs da biologiurs).
amasTanave, gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia is faqti, rom igi savsebiT
marTebulad miiCnevs aRzrdas aucilebel da maradiul kategoriad.
magram, kidev ufro metadaa xazgasmuli is faqti, rom igi aRzrdis
erTgvarovnebas da sayovelTaoobas aRiarebs. es misi udidesi
damsaxurebaa. amas unda davumatoT isic, rom misTvis aRzrda
saxelmwifoebrivi (politikuri) xasiaTis kategoriaa. amis
damadastureblad sakmarisi iqneba movitanoT erTi citata: radgan yvela
saxelmwifo erT mTlian mizans isaxavs cxadia, rom yvela moqalaqe
erTnairad unda izrdebodes da misadmi (aRzrdisadmi) mzrunveloba ara
kerZo iniciativis, aramed saxelmwifoebrivi unda iyos ... yoveli
saxelmwifo wyobisaTvis Sesabamisi aRzrda aucileblobaa

[sazRvargareTis pedagogikis istoriis qrestomaTia, politika. wigni VIII,

gv. 34, moskovi, 1981, rus. enaze]. amasTanave, roca aristotelesTan aRzris
rolisa da miznis sakiTxebs SevexebiT naTeli Seiqmneba, rom misTvis
aRzrda bavSvis harmoniulad Camoyalibebis procesia. aseT gagebasTan
sadavo araferi SeiZleba gvqondes.
sanam pirovnebis formirebis porcesSi konkretulad aRzrdis rolis
sakiTxs ganvixilavT, manamde aRzrdis rogorc sazogadoebrivi da
saxelmwifoebrivi kategoriis zogadi mniSvnelobis gamomxatveli
mosazrebani unda movitanoT, rac winaswar fons Seqmnis sakiTxis
ganxilvisaTvis. yvela (Tandayolili) niWiereba (midrekileba), wers
aristotele, imTaviTve saWiroebs aRzrdas ... eWvs ar iwvevs, rom
kanonmdebeli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas unda iCendes axalgazrdobis
aRzrdisadmi, radgan im saxelmwifoebSi, romlebSic igi
ugulebelyofilia, TviT saxelmwifo wyoba zaraldeba [sazRvargareTis

pedagogikis istoriis qrestomaTia, politika. wigni VIII, gv. 34, moskovi,

1981 (rus. enaze].
samyaros ganviTarebis Sesaxeb Tavis ideas icavs aristotele
cocxali organizmis, adamianis mimarTac. igi xazgasmiT miuTiTebs, rom
axladdabadebul bavSvSi aris realuri SesaZleblobani, rom misgan
srulfasovani adamiani Camoyalibdes. magram es mxolod SesaZleblobania,
Tanac Canasaxovani saxiT. adamianad gadaqcevis bavSvis es unari imdenad
sustia, rom igi realizacias ver miiRebs specialuri RonisZiebis aRzrdis gareSe. maSasadame, aRzrdaa bavSvis adamianad gadaqcevis
saSualeba. bavSvSi mocemulia bunebisagan ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba da

is xorciledeba aRzrdiT [e. n. medinski, pedagogikis istoria, gv. 46,

Tbilisi, 1940]. aRzrdis rolis amaze metad keTilSobilurad warmodgena
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, magram saubedurod, igi bolomde SenarCunebuli
araa mis moZRvrebaSi.
bavSvis adamianad CamoyalibebaSi aRzrdis wamyvani roli vrceldeba
sazogadoebis mimarTac, riTac igi kidev ufro soliduri ZaliT
warmogvidgeba.
aristotelesTvis aRzrda aris, ara mxolo bavSvis adamianad
gadaqcevis saSualeba, aramed amave dros, saxelmwifo wyobis
ganmtkicebis saSualebac. cnobilia, rom mas saxelmwifo wyobis
Zlierebis faqtorad aseTive gonivruli kanonebi miaCnia. magram am
kanonebs adamianebi qmnian da maT rom Seqmnan aseTi kanonebi, isini
amisaTvis momzadebulni, aRzrdilni unda iyvnen. amasTanave, saxelmwifos
Zlierebis SenarCunebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis ar kmara gonivruli
kanonebi, aramed aucilebeli da ufro mTavaria am kanonebis dacva, misi
Sesruleba da realizacia. esec mxolod adamianTa funqciaa da es rom maT
SeZlon, aucilebelia isini amisaTvis momzadebulni, aRzrdilni iyvnen.
mxolod am SeTxvevaSi moitanen kanonebi sargeblobas. araviTar
sargeblobas ar moitans yvelaze ufro gonivruli kanonebi, Tu
moqalaqeebi ar iqnebian SeCveulni saxelmwifoebriv wesrigs, Tu isini ar
iqnebian misi suliskveTebiT aRzrdilni [e. n. medinski, pedagogikis
istoria, gv. 37, Tbilisi, 1940].
meti dasabuTeba aRaraa saWiro bavSvis pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi da
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aRzrdisaTvis aristoteles mier wamyvani
rolis mikuTvnebis naTelsayofad. agrerigad iCina Tavi pedagogikur
TeoriaSi aristoteles msoflmxedvelobrivi koncefciis misi
maswavleblis, platonis koncefciisadmi dapirispirebam.
aristoteles msoflmxedvelobis ormagi da winaaRmdegorbivi buneba
am sakiTxTan mimarTebiTac iCens Tavs da igi aRzrdis rolis Tavis am
pozicias zurgs Seaqcevs, da faqtiurad, aRzrdis rolis uaryofamde miva.
roca am rols memkvidreobis dakanonebulad mdgrad da gadaulaxav,
gadamwyvet faqtorad gamoacxadebs. aq igi ukve platonis poziciis
morCili xdeba.
Zalian mokled rom CamovayaliboT aristoteles mosazreba igi
Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba: iseve rogorc nivTierebebSi araa
erTgvarovani SesaZleblobani nivTad gadaqcevisa, bavSvebSic adamianad
Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobanic sruliad gansxvavebulia. rig
SemTxvevebSi es gansxvaveba principuli xaisaTisaa. araprincipuli, magram
Cveulebrivi gansxvaveba ki TiTqmis sayovelTao xasiaTisaa. bavSvebs

dabadebisas memkvidreobiT Tan dahyvebaT garkveuli Taviseburebani

(SesaZleblobani) da swored amazea damokidebuli maTi adamianad
Camoyalibeba. erTni morCilebisaTvis, meoreni batonobisaTvis,
mmarTvelobisaTvis ibadebian. monis Tvisebas, magaliTad, ar warmoadgens
gansja da azrovneba. magram visi kuTvnilebacaa gansja-azrovneba,
imaTTanac igi sxvadasxva xarisxisaa da yvelaferi es, iseve rogorc
platonTan, aristoteles mixedviTac, RvTaebiT (RmerTiT) ganpirobebuli
memkvidreobis naboZaria. zedmetia, am mosazrebis aramecnierulobis
dasabuTeba, miTumetes Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisaTvis.
aristoteles moZRvrebaSi aRzrdis miznis da amocanebis problema
misive msoflmxedvelobriv koncefciidan gamomdinarea gadawyvetili.
pedagogikuri problemebiT dainteresebuli aristotele icnobs mis
Tanamedrove da adreul Sexedulebebs am sakiTxze da ukmayofilebas
gamoTqvams azrTa sxvadasxvaobis gamo. gaurkvevlia isic, wers igi, Tu
aRzrdis procesSi ras mieqces upiratesi yuradReba - inteleqtualuri
SesaZleblobebis Tu zneobrivi Tvisebebis ganviTarebas ... sruliad
gaurkvevelia ganvaviTaroT bavSvebSi maTi is sulieri Tvisebani,
romlebic ar gamoadgebaT TavianT praqtikul cxovrebaSi, Tu isini.
romlebic sikeTes gulisxmoben, da bolos, Tu isini, rasac mivyavarT
umaRles ganyenebul azrovnebamde. arc amaSia erTsulovneba, Tu ras
mivyavarT sikeTisaken [sazRvaragreTis pedagogikis istoriis
qrestomaTia, gv. 34, 1981].
TviTon aristotele, cdilobs aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis
problema daukavSiros adamianis cxovrebis daniSnulebas. cnoblia, rom
adamianiseuli cxovrebis wamyvan miznad ki igi netarebis naxvas, netarebas
gulisxmobs. magram ra aris netareba, raSi mdgomareobs misi arsi?
cnobilia isic, rom am arss aristotele qmedianobaSi (moqmedebaSi) xedavs.
maSasadame, qmedianoba-moRvaweoba, qmediTi adamianis momzadeba aris am
mxriv aRzrdis mizani. magram qmedianobis romeli saxea umaRlesi? aq
pasuxi naTelia, rom aristotelesaTvis umaRles sikeTes azrovnebiTi
qmedianoba warmoadgens. amgvari qmedianoba-moRvaweoba aniWebs adamians
WeSmarit netarebas. bolos da bolos sikeTe xom moqmedebis
ganxorcielebis unaria aristotelesaTvis, romelic Tavis WeSmarit
realizacias (ganxorcielebas) maSin poulobs, roca moqmedeba gonebas
emorCileba.
maSasadame, am mimarTebaSi aristotele aRzrdis miznad azrovnebiTi
qmedianobis Camoyalibebas aRiarebs, magram amiT yvelaferi ar mTavrdeba.
swored aqedan igi aRzrdis saboloo miznad sulis umaRlesi mxarebis gonivrulis da cxoveluris ganviTareba-Camoyalibebas cnobs, romlis

ganxorcielebisaTvis sulis mxareebis bunebrivi kavSiridan gamomdinare

bavSvis gonebrivi, fizikuri, zneobrivi da esTetikuri SesaZleblobebis
srulyofilad formireba, anu harmoniulad Camoyalibebaa
gamocxadebuli.
harmoniulad ganviTarebuli adamianis momzadebis aRzrdis miznad
gamocxadebis idea aristoteles (arc platonis) originaluri minaxvedri
araa. misken iswrafoda aTinuri saskolo praqtika, romelSic aRzrdis
ideali kalokagagatiis (yovelmxriv ganviTarebuli) cnebiT
aRiniSneboda. samagierod aristoteles damsaxurebaa aRzrdis am oTx
Semadgenel nawils (gonebrivi, fizikuri, zneobrivi, esTetikuri) Soris
mtkice kavSiris cnoba da mxolod da mxolod am kavSiris safuZvelze
harmoniuli (rac Tavisi droisaTvis yovelmxrivis Tanabaria) aRzrdis
ganxorcielba.
aRzrdis miznis - harmoniulad Camoyalibebuli adamianis momzadebis
konkretuli Sinaarsi, dainteresebuli mkiTxvelTaTvis, sruliad naTeli
gaxdeba gonebrivi, zneobrivi, fizikuri da esTetikuri aRzrdis (calcalke) Sesaxeb aristoteles Sexedulebebis gacnobiT. aRzrdis es
Semadgeneli nawilebi, iseve rogorc platonTan, aristotelesTan,
emTxveva aRzrdis amocanebs.
pedagogikis zogadi safuZvlebis sakiTxTagan uaRresad
sayuradReboa aristoteles mier bavSvis asakobrivi Taviseburebebisadmi
yuradRebis gamaxvileba. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom man pedagogikis
istoriaSi pirvelma mogvca asakobrivi periodizacia. es misi udides
damsaxurebaa pedagogikis azrisa da praqtikis winaSe, Tumca es
periodizacia mecnierulad, cxadia, gaumarTavia. im dros SeuZlebelic
iyo bavSvis mecnieruli asakobrivi periodizaciis dadgena, radgan ar iyo
Camoyalibebuli amisaTvis aucileblad saWiro codna fsiqologiasa da
fiziologiaSi. magram vimeorebT, rom aseTi periodizaciis mocemis cdac
udides miRwevad unda CaiTvalos, radgan, sxvaze rom araferi vTqavT,
aqedan mieca dasabami am umniSvnelovanesi problemis mecnierulad
gadawyevtas, rac erTi mxriv Sedegi iyo pedagogikis klasikosTa
moZRvrebaSi misi pirvel planze wamowevisa da Taviseburad gaSuqebisa.
aristotele bavSvis asaks sam periodad yofs: pirveli - dabadebidan Svid
wlamde, meore - Svididan 14-15 wlamde, sqesobrivi momwifebis dawyebamde
da mesame - 14-15 wlidan 21 wlamde, srulwlovnebamde. es periodizacia ar
eTanxmeba arc spartanul da arc aTenur saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo
praqtikas da gamourkvelia saidan moaqvs igi aristoteles. TviTonac ar
iZleva amis specialur dasabuTebas.

rac Seexeba saskolo sistemis sakiTxs, aristoteles raime

gansakuTrebuli ar moucia, Tumc mis Sesaxeb srulad aqvs gamoTqmuli
Sexedulebani, romlebSic Cans arsebuli gamocdilebisa da Teoriuli
monacemebis codna. mis mier mocemuli saskolo sistema emsgavseba aTinur
sistemas, magram misi igiveobiTi ar aris. niSandoblivia, rom aristotele
saskolo saxelmwifoebrivi sistemis xangrZlivobas (iseve rogorc
aTenSi) asakobrivi periodizaciis Sesabamisad 20-21 wlamde gansazRvravs.
aristoteles arc saskolo swavlebis Sinaarsis gansazRvrisas
moucia raime gansakuTrebuli, misi epoqisagan gansxvavebuli.
ian amos komenski
gsurdes aswavlo vines ucxo ena, sanam dedaenas SeiTvisebdes, es
udris imas,
rom vinmes surdes aswavlos Tavis Svils cxenosnoba, sanam siaruls
iswavlides

Kkomenskis biografia jer kidev bolomde

araa Seswavlili, radgan misi pedagogikuri
moZRvreba, saukuneebis manZilze moklebuli iyo
Seswavlis istoriul pirobebs, gansakuTrebulad
Tavis samSobloSi, sadac yovelgvari Cexuri
nadgurdeboda
kaTolikuri
eklesiisa
da
germanel
dampyrobelTa
mier.
garda
amisa,
komenski sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
cxovrobda: poloneTSi, ungreTSi, SveicariaSi,
germaniaSi da holandiaSi, rasac ar SeiZleba
uaryofiTi gavlena ar moexdina biografiis
srulyofilad Seswavlaze.
dadgenilia, rom komenski daibada 1592 wlis
28 marts. misi dabadebis dRe 1957 wlidan
CexoslovakiaSi
maswavlebelTa
dReTaa
gamocxadebuli.
Mmisi dabadebis adgilad nivnice unda
CaiTvalos, Tumca am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. marTalia, komenski xSirad
wers, rom daibada uherski-brodelze, magram amas
akeTebda imis gamo, rom sazRvargareT, nivnice

ucnobi
iyo,
xolo
uherski-brodeli-metad
cnobili.
Kkomenskis mama, martini, bohemis ZmaTa
sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevri iyo. igi Tavisi
droisTvis sakmaod ganaTlebuli kaci gaxldaT,
zedmiwevniT icoda biblia da xalxSi did
saganmanaTleblo
muSaobas
eweoda.
aqedan
gamomdinare, martini didad zrunavda imisTvis,
rom Tavisi Svilebi ganaTlebul adamianebad
aRezarda. Cven ar viciT, swavlobda Tu ara mamis
sicocxleSi komenski skolaSi, magram eWvs
gareSea mas mSoblebi ZmaTa skolaSi Seiyvandnen,
romelic im droisTvis sakmaod saxelmoxveWili
iyo,
Tumca
aseT
skolebSi
sqolastikurdogmatikuri swavleba mimdinareobda. cnobilia,
Tu rogor Seafasa komenskim am skolebis
muSaoba. is skolaSi gatarebul wlebs dakargul
drod Tvlida, amitom man jer kidev skolaSi
gadawyvita, rom momavalSi xalxis swavlaganaTleba gaeumjobesebina. SemdgomSi am ideis
ganxorcielebas Sealia mTeli Tavisi cxovreba
da energia.
Kkomenskis
pedagogikuri
ideebi
warmoadgens
fuZemdeblur
debulebebs
misi
pedagogikuri moZRvrebisa.
gamoCenili Cexi pedagogi, pedagogikis klasikosi, pedagogikis
rogorc mecnierebis fuZemdebeli da ubadlo didaqtikosi ian amos
komenski (1590-1670) progresuldemokratiuli pedagogikuri moZraobis
lideria.
komenskis kalams 300ze meti pedagogiuri xasiaTis naSromi ekuTvnis,
romelTagan centraluri
didi didaqtikaa. igia pirveli saskolo
saxelmZRvaneloebis grZnobadi samyaro suraTebSi, enaTa Ria karebi
avtori da mravali progresuli pedagogikurdidaqtikuri debulebebis
wamomyenebeli. misma sidiadem ganapiroba swored msoflio komenologiis
uaRresad farTo masStabi.
ian amos komenskis
xSirad uwodeben
pedagogikis niutons, pedagogikis koperniks, pedagogikis kolumbs,
pedagogikis mamas, xalxTa maswavlebels . . .
komenskis udidesi
damsaxureba kacobriobis winaSe is aris, rom man demokratizmisa da
humanizms poziciebidan mogvca dromoWmuli Suasaukoneobrivi dogmatur
sqolastikuri aRzrdis mTeli sistemis Rrma da dasabuTebuli kritika.

amasTanave, man Seicno axali klasis burJuaziis Zala da perspeqtiva da

Seqmna kidevac am klasis interesebis ramdenime Sesabamisi pedagogiuri
moZRvreba. [d.o. lorTqifaniZe, ian amos komenski, gv.5, Tbilisi, 1964]
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom me17 saukuneSi, roca cxovrobda da
moRvaweobda komenski, evropaSi daiwyo kapitalisturi era. kapitalizmi
saSinlad utevs da TandaTanobiT angrevs feodalizmis CarCoebs.
warmoebaSi kapitalisturi wesebis danergva iwvevs mis manqanur
ganviTarebas, mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis ganviTarebas, sarkinigzo qselisa
da qalaqebis zrdas, rac Tavis mxriv sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
mniSvnelovan Zvrebs axdens yvela sferoSi. warmoebis es Sinaarsi ver
iTmens mmarTvelobis feodalur formebs da epoqis
ekonomika
winaaRmdegobaSi gaixlarTa, ormagi bunebis gaxda. magram progresuli da
perspeqtiuli, cxadia buJuaziuli tendenciebia.
ekonomikis es ormagoba, rogorc wesi, aisaxa ideologiaSic. erTi
mxriv, uCveulod viTardeba materializmi, xolo meore mxriv poziciebs
inarCunebs religia. amitomaa, rom am epoqis didi materialistebis
filosofiaSi Riadaa datovebuli karebi RmerTisaTvis.
epoqis
am
Taviseburma
ormagobam
gansazRvra
komenskis
msoflmxedveloba, romelsac efuZvneba misi pedagogiuri moZRvreba.
komenskis msoflmxedvelobis amosavali qristianuli religiaa, esaa
misi ZiriTadi xazi. Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze igi iyo Cex ZmaTa
sazogadoebis wevri da xelmZRvaneli da arasdros gauxdia episkoposis
toga. komenski marTalia cnobs samyaros realobas, magram mis gamCenad da
masSi wesrigis damdgenad RmerTi miaCnia.
meore xazi bunebisa da sazogadoebrivi movlenebis axsnaSi
realisturi tendeciaa. komenskis materializmi gansakuTrebiT mis
SemecnebiT poziciaSi iCens Tavs, romelic Tavisuflad SeiZleba iTqvas,
materialisturi sensualizmia. mas realuri codnis wyarod buneba
(samyaro) miaCnia. igi sinamdles Semecnebis SesaZleblobas aRiarebs am
sinamdvilis adamianis grZnobaTa organoebze zemoqmedebis gziT. am
materialistur pozicias, Tumc araTanmimdevrul, igi brwyinvaled
gamoxatavs did didaqtikaSi materialisturi Semecnebis Teoriis
cnobili debulebiT

gonebaSi araferia iseTi, rac pirvelad

SegrZnebebSi ar yofila. am debulebas komenski srulad Semdegnaerad
gaSlis: Semecnebis dasawyisi yovelTvis da aucileblad SegrZnebebidan
gamomdinareobs (radgan gonebaSi araferia iseTi, rac pirvelad
SegrZnebebSi ar yofiliyos). amitom swavleba unda iwyebodes ara
sityvieri ganmartebiT sagnebis Sesaxeb, aramed TviT sagnebze realuri

dakvirvebiT, mxolod mas Semdeg, rac TviT sagans gavecaniT, SeiZleba mis
Sesaxeb laparaki, rom ufro farTod avxsnaT igi. [i.a. komenski, r.C.ped.
Txz. t1. gv.219220, Tbilisi, 1949]. am msoflmxedvelobazea dafuZnebuli
komenskis pedgogiuri Sexedulebani saerTod, da kerZod, Sexedulebani
pedagogikis zogadi safuZvlebis ZiriTad problemebze.
komenskis pedagogikur moZRvrebaSi, romelic ZiriTadad did
didaqtikaSia warmodgenili, pirveladaa mocemuli pedagogikis rogorc
Teoriis gagebis cda. ufro metic, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi pedagogikis
ganmartebasac ki iZleva, roca pirdapir wers, iwyebs ra Tavis genialur
naSroms: didi didaqtika, romelic Seicavs yvelasTvis yvelafris
swavlebis universalur xelovnebas. [i.a. komenski, r.C.ped. Txz. t1. gv.1] es
gageba, Tavis droisaTvis, sworad unda miviCnioT, Tuki mxedvelobaSi
miviRebT, rom komenski pedagogikisa da didaqtikis principul
gansxvavebulobas ver xedavs da did didaqtikaSi igi pedagogikasac
gulisxmobs, Tumca sxva adgilas wers: didaqtika aris swavlebis Teoria.
[i.a. komenski, r.C.ped. Txz. t.1. gv.3.] albaT igi did didaqtikasa da
didaqtikas erTnieri SinaarsiTa da gamoTqmiT ar xmarobs.
pedagogikis komenskiseul gagebas arc is amcirebs, rom igi mas
universalur xelovnebas uwodebs. xom cxadia, rom XVII saukunisaTvis
mecnierebisa da xelovnebis gagebebs Soris zRvari dadebuli ar iyo. aq Tu
imasac davamatebT, rom aRzrdisa da swavlebaganaTlebis terminebs
komenski xSirad erTmniSvnelobiT xmarobs, rom misTvis adamianad gaxdoma
SeuZlebelia ganaTlebis gareSe, maSin naTelia mis mier mocemuli
ganmartebis WeSmariteba (Tavis droisTvis). es komenskis didi
damsaxurebaa.
ian amos komenskis pedagogiur moZRvrebaSi soliduri adgili aqvs
daTmobili aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis problemas. es problema,
principSi, marTalia burJuaziis interesebis Sesabamisad aris gadaWrili,
magram msoflmxedvelobis ormagobidan gamomdinare,
komenskiseuli
aRzrdis mizanic ormagi bunebisaa.
aRzrdis miznis pansofosis momzadebis gagebisaTvis komenski
fons Tavisi ukvdavi naSromis dasawyisSive qmnis: didi didaqtika,
romelic Seicavs yvelasTvis yvelafris swavlebis xelovnebas, anu,
WeSmariti da saukeTeso saSualeba, Tu rogor SevqmnaT yoveli
qristianuli saxelmwifos yovel TemSi, qalaqsa da sofelSi iseTi
skolebi, romlebSic orive sqesis mTel axalgazrdobas, yovelgvari
gamonaklisis gareSe, sadac ar unda iyos, SeeZleba iswavlos mecnierebani,
miaRwios zneobriv warmatebas, SeiTvisos RvTisniereba, yovelive is, rac

saWiroa, rogorc amqveyniuri, ise momavali cxovrebisaTvis. [i.a. komenski,

rC. ped. Txz. t.1., didi didaqtika, gv. 1, 1949]

komenskis pansofoss adamians sami mizani aqvs. igi unda iyos: 1.
yvelafris momwesrigebeli Tavisi gonebiT, 2. Tavis Tavis batoni, 3.
siamovneba RvTisa. aqedan naTelia, rom igi unda iyos: I. gonivruli
qmnileba, II. sxva qmnilebaTa meufe,
III. qmnileba, romelic aris
gansaxiereba da siamovneba Tavis Semoqmedisa. es sami mxare ise mWidrodaa
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, rom maTi gaTiSva SeuZlebelia, radgan
safuZveli rogorc axlandeli, ise momavali cxovrebisa maTzea
damyarebuli. [i.a. komenski, rC. ped. Txz. t.1., didi didaqtika, gv. 41, 1949].
sruliad naTelia, rom komenski, rogorc Rrmadmorwmune adamiani da
religiuri piri, am citatiT axmovanebs Semoqmedis mier adamianis Seqmnis
ideas da adamianisadmi wayenebul moTxovnebs, da maSasadame, komenskis
aRzrdis mizanic, adamianis RvTiuri daniSnulebis miRwevaa, misTvis im
formisa da Sinaarsis micemaa, rac adamians RmerTma misca misi gaCenis
dRidan. komenski calke qveTavebad iZleva adamianis TiToeuli am
daniSnulebis daxasiaTebas, saidanac naTelia, rom burJuaziuli epoqis
interesebis Sesabamisad aRzrdis miznad igi yovelmxriv Camoyalibebuli
pirovnebis momzadebas acxadebs. komenskisaTvis goniereba niSnavs iyo
yvelafris mkvlevari, saxelmdebeli da aRmricxveli (uflis mier
adamianisaTvis uflebis miniWeba), qmnilebaTa meufe niSnavs daalago
yvela sagani maTi daniSnulebis mixedviT da gamoiyeno isini
saWiroebisaTvis (aq aSkarad Cans garkveuli fizikuri mdgomareobis
aucilebloba) da bolos, iyo gansaxiereba RvTisa, es niSnavs imas, rom
cocxlad ganaxorcielo srulyofa Seni pirvelxatisa. [i.a. komenski, rC.

ped. Txz. t.1., didi didaqtika, gv. 42, 1949]

sabolood, rogoria pansofosis brZeni adamianis Sinaarsi? Tavi
rom davaneboT sxva mxareebs, man unda icodes yvelaferi yvelafris
Sesaxeb, e.i. ganswavluli pirovneba. mainc ras niSnavs yvelafris codna
yvelafris Sesaxeb? es aris codna realuri samyarosa da codna RmerTis
Sesaxeb (religiuri ganaTleba da zneoba). magram, amiT ar mTavrdeba
yvelaferi, pansofosi iseTi universaluri pirovnebaa, romelic amave
dros, am erTimeoris sawinaaRmdego mxareebs erTmaneTTan aTavsebs.
imdroisaTvis aRzrdis miznis amgvari maRali doniT gansazRvris
miuxedavad, komenskis msoflmxedvelobis winaaRmdegobrivma ormagma
bunebam gansazRvra aRzrdis miznis ormagobac.
ian amos komenskis zogad pedagogiur memkvidreobaSi uaRresad farTo
da sayuradRebo adgili eWira bavSvis pirovnebis formirebaSi, mis

adamianad gadaqcevaSi aRzrdis rolis problemas. Tavidanve rom

ganvsazRvroT am problemis gadaWraSi misi pozicia zogadad, zogadive
debulebiT mkafiod unda vTqvaT, rom aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis
ganxorcielebis, e.i. bavSvis yovelmxriv Camoyalibebis erTaderT gzas
komenskisaTvis aRzrdaganaTleba warmoadgens. komenski aRzrdis udidesi
rolisadmi uaRresad didi rwmeniT SeiaraRebuli pedagogia da misTvis
bavSvis adamianad Camoyalibeba mxolod da mxolod aRzrdis meSveobiTaa
SasaZlebeli. aq igi TiTqos gadaWarbebiT afasebs aRzrdis rols
(aRzrdisTvis yovlisSemZleobis mikuTvnebis faqtebs sxva SemTxvevebSic
vnaxavT), magram rogorc qvemoTac davrwmundebiT, igi aRzrdis wamyvani
rolis gverdiT scnobs memkvidreobisa da garemos sakmao rolsac, riTac
formalurad absoliturad sworad Wris pedagogikuri Teoriis da
praqtikis am umniSvnelovanes problemas.
problemis garkvevisaTvis Tavidanve saWiro fonis Sesaqmnelad
mizanSewonilad migvaCnia movitanoT sakmaod vrceli amonaweri didi
didaqtikidan. Tumca nayofis momtan xes (vaSlis, msxlis, leRvis xes,
vazs) SeuZlia TavisTavad gaizardos, igi mainc gareuli iqneba da gareul
nayofs gamoiRebs, xolo saamo da tkbili xili, rom mogces, gamocdilma
mebaRem unda dargos, morwyos, gasxlas; aseve adamianic, Tumca TavisTavad
gaizrdeba da miiRebs adamianis saxes (rogorc yoveli cxoveli Rebulobs
mis Sesafer saxes) , magram gonier suldgmulad, Wkvian, patiosan da
RvTismorwmune adamianad gaxdoma mas ar SeuZlia, Tu winaswar ar
daunerges lerwmebi sibrZnisa, zneobisa da RvTismoSiSobisa
(e.i.
aRzrdis gareSe). [i.a. komenski, rC. ped. Txz. t.1., didi didaqtika, gv. 66,

1949]
komenskis bavSis adamianad gadaqcevaSi wamyvani rolis mikuTvnebis
gamoxatvisTvis mravali gamonaTqvami aqvs Tavis SromebSi: nuravin
ifiqrebs, rom is iyos WeSmariti adamiani, visac naswavli ar aqvs adamianis
rolis Sesruleba, adamiani rom adamianad gaxdes, man unda miiRos
ganaTleba, adamianisgan aRzrdis gareSe sxva ar gamova ra, garda
mxecisa, adamiani aRzrdis gareSe an cru aRzrdiT yvelaze mZvinvare
cxovelia, rogoric ki SeiZleba dedamiwis zurgze iyos da sxva.
komenski imdenad gamsWvalulia aRzrdisaTvis ganuzomlad didi
rolis mikuTvnebiT, rom zogjer aWarbebs da mas yovlisSemZleobis Zalas
aniWebs, e.i. pirovnebis formirebis erTaderT faqtorad aRiarebs.
cnobilia misi gamoTqma, rom yvela bavSvisgan SeiZleba aRizardos
adamiani. mis moZRvrebaSi amis dasasabuTeblad motanilia cnobili
magaliTi sarkisa da dafis Sesaxeb. ai isic: ar arsebobs iseTi WuWyiani

sarke, romelic sagnis raimegvar gamosaxulebas ar gvaZlevdes. Tu mas es

ar SeuZlia, maSin igi sarkec aRar yofila. asevea bavSvic, yvela maTgani
raimegvarad iRebs aRzrdis zegavlenebs. Tu es ar SeuZlia, maSin cxadia,
igi ar yofila normaluri bavSvi. magram komenski aq ar Cerdeba da
agrZelebs: xolo Tu sarkes gavasufTavebT (wesrigSi moviyvanT), maSin igi
mis win dayenebul sagans zustad da sworad asaxavs. asevea bavSic. Tavidan
SeiZleba yvelaze erTnairad ver moqmedebs aRzrda, magram TviT aRzrdazea
damokidebuli bavSvebis SesaZleblobebis gaTanabreba da maSin isini
srulad miiReben aRzrdis yovelgvar zegavlenebs. e.i. rasac mivcemT
aRzrdis gziT yvelafers SeiTviseben, da maSasadame, aRzrdazea mxolod
da mxolod damokidebuli bavSvis adamianad gadaqceva. tipuri magaliTia
aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis aRiarebisa. kidev ufro TvalnaTelia dafis
magaliTi: ar arsebobs iseTi xorkliani dafa, romelzec rame warweris
gakeTeba ar SeiZlebodes. maSin igi dafac ar iqneba. magram Tu am dafas
gavaSalaSinebT da wesrigSi moviyvanT masze daiwereba yvelaferi is,
rasac davwerT. asevea bavSvic.
aqedan araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba daskvnis gamotana, rogorc
pedagogikis zogierT saxelmZRvaneloSi da sxva SromebSicaa gagebuli,
rom komenski aRzrdas Tvlis yovlisSemZle kategoriad da sruliad
ugulebelyofs sxva faqtorebis mniSvnelobas. es am SromebSi daSvebuli
ukiduresi Secdomaa.
sinamdvileSi aRzrdis ganuzomlad didi rolis aRiarebis gverdiT,
komenski cnobs (rom araferi vTqvaT garemoze) memkvidreobis, bavSvis
Taviseburebebis sakmao rolsac. amis damadasturebelia Tundac komenskis
moZRvreba bavSis Sesaxeb, romelSic igi bavSvTa erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebul eqvs kategorias CamoTvlis maTi memkvidruli da bunebrivi
Taviseburebebis mixedviT: 1. gonebamaxvili, codnis moyvaruli, damyoli, 2.
gonebamaxvili, codnis moyvaruli, jiuti, 3. gonebamaxvili, zarmaci da
jiuti, 4. aragonebamaxvili, magram codnis moyvaruli da damyoli, 5.
aragonebamaxvili, codnis moyvaruli da jiuti da 6. aragonebamaxvili,
zarmaci da jiuti. aqedan naTelia Cveulebrivi logikuri daskvna, rom
SeuZlebelia pirveli da meeqvse kategoriis bavSvebisgan erTnairi
aRzrdis sistemaSi Tanabari adamianebi momzaddnen. marTalia, yvela
bavSvisgan aRizrdeba moqalaqe, magram moqalaqeTa Soris Sinaarseuli
gansxvavebuloba ucilebeli faqtia.
bavSvis pirovnebis formirebis procesSi aseTivea da kidev ufro meti
rols akuTvnebs komenski garemos, da miTumetes organizebul garemos.

rom araferi vTqvaT gareSe bunebis (rogorc garemos) did rolze,

rac Tundac iqidan sabuTdeba, rom yoveli pedagogikuri debulebis
sisworis dasasabuTeblad komenskis magaliTebi gareSe bunebidan moaqvs
(rac misi meqanisturi Sexedulebebis Sedegia), imowmebs da analogiebs
akeTebs maTTan, komenskim pirvelma mogvca mecnierulad dasabuTebuli da
gamarTuli moZRvreba bavSvis asakobrivi Taviseburebebze dafuZvnebuli,
sistemaSi moyvanili mwyobri saskolo sistemis Sesaxeb. skola da saskolo
sistema ki sxva araferia, Tu ara organizebuli garemo. xolo rac Seexeba
skolis rols bavSvis adamianad CamoyalibebaSi, komenski mas iseTi
mecnieruli sizustiT gansazRvarvs, rom mTlianad eTanxmeba Tanamedrove
pedagogikur Teorias. skola misTvis bavSvis aRzrdaganaTlebis wamyvani,
centraluri dawesebulebaa. igi adamianobis saxelosnoa.
amgvarad, bavSvis pirovnebis formebSi, komenski, aRzrdis wamyvani
rolis gverdiT, aRiarebs garemosa da memkvidreobis, bunebrivi
Taviseburebebis sakmao rolsac, riTac, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, iseve
rogorc zogierTi mis Semdgomi
moazrovneebi Tu pedagogikuri
mimdinareobani, formalurad swor Tvalsazriss anviTareben. maTTvis
ucnobia am swori poziciis mecnieruli arsi, arc dausvamT (vidre frangi
materialistebi) da arc SeeZloT gadaeWraT adamianisa da garemos
damokidebulebis urTulesi problema, ris gareSec SeuZlebelia
aRzrdis, garemosa da memkvidreobis rolis mecnieruli amoxsna.
pedagogikis zogadi safuZvlebis sakiTxTa nomenklaturidan
yuradsaRebia komenskis mosazreba bavSvTa asakobrivi periodizaciisa da
masze dafuZnebuli saxalxo ganaTlebis sistemis Sesaxeb.
saaRmzrdelosaganmanaTleblo asaks komenski oTx ZiriTad
periodad yofs da TiToeul asaks Sesabamis skolis tips ufardebs. igi
wers: aRmavali asakis wlebi oTx sxvadasxva safexurad unda davyoT. es
safexurebia: bavSvoba, yrmoba, siymawvile, mowifuloba. TiToeul
safexurs unda mivuCinoT erTi eqvswledi da misi Sesaferi skola, ise rom,
I. bavSvobis skola iyos dedobrivi skola; II. siyrmis skola iyos
elementaruli skola, anu dedaenis sazogadoebrivi skola; III. siymawvilis
skola unda iyos laTinuri skola anu gimnazia; IV. mowifulobis skola
unda iyos akademia da mogzaurobani. [i.a. komenski, rC. ped. Txz. t.1. gv. 304-

305, 1949]
marTalia, komenskis es asakobrivi periodizacia da masTan
Sesabamisebuli saxalxo ganaTlebis sistema aramecnierulia, magram
saxalxo ganaTlebis sistemis demokratizmis poziciidan igi umaRlesi
etapia wina saukuneebis pedagogikuri azrovnebis istoriisa.

jer erTi, komenskim pirvelma wamoayena da daasabuTa saxalxo

ganaTlebis sistemis (skolis) sayovelTao xasiaTi, rom misiT Tanabrad
unda sargeblobdes ganurCevlad yvela. aqve xazi unda gaesvas mis
moTxovnas qalvaJTa Tanabari swavlebis Sesaxeb da saxalxo ganaTlebis
sistemis humanurobas. cxadia, yvela es debuleba bunebrivi uayrofaa
Suasaukuneobrivi feodaluri skolisa, romelic ganvlili hqonda TviTon
komenskis. komenskis moZRvrebaSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mocemulia
Suasaukuneobrivi skolis yoveli mxaris kritika da Tamamad SeiZeba iTqvas
rom, mTlianadaa dagmobili igi, umTavresad, mecnierulpedagogikur
principebze dayrdnobiT. es komenskis rogorc pedagogis udidesi
damsaxurebaa kacobriuli pedagogikuri azrovnebisa da saxalxo skolis
winaSe. es upirveles yovlisa, misi praqtikul pedagogikuri gamocdilebis,
ganaTlebisa da alRos Sedegia, Torem, Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiT igi
udides xarks uxdida feodalizms.
ukve aRvniSneT da kidev vimeorebT, rom komenskim bolomde
mecnierulad gadaWra skolis roli aRzrdaganaTlebis saqmeSi da igi
adamianobis saxelosnod gamoacxada. aqedanaa, rom man SesaniSnavad,
aRzrdis miznidan gamomdinare, gansazRvra skolis mizanic, codnis
micemis dargSi yovlisSemcveli codnis micema, rac konkretulad
gonebis, zneobisa da nebisyofis ganviTarebiT gamoisaxeba.
komeskis saskolo sistemis mecnieruldemokratiuli bunebis
ZiriTadi gamomxatvelia isic, rom man, pirvelma kacobriobis istoriaSi,
wamoayena mSobliur enaze swavlebis
principi (elementaruli
skolisaTvis). es humanuri, erovnuldemokratiuli skolis gamarjvebis
dasawyisi iyo, ramac SemdgomSi ganviTarebis xangrZlivi gza ganvlo da
dResac, globalizaciis umwvavesi Semotevis pirobebSi agrZelebs
brZolas am mimarTulebiT.
saxalxo ganaTlebis sistemis komenskiseuli moZRvrebis mecnierul
xasiaTis damadasturebeli isicaa, rom man gansazRvra am sistemis
Sesabamisi swavlebis Sinaarsi yoveli skolisaTvis. komenskis swavlebis
Sinaarsi principulad ver gascda Suasaukuneebis farglebs, magram mainc
metad Rirebulia swavlebis Sinaarsis gansazRvris TviT faqti.
da bolos, komenskis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli (am sistemis
garkveuli skolisaTvis) pirveli saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis Sedgena,
rac nimuSi gaxda Semdgomi mecnierulpedagogikuri principebze agebuli
saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmnisa.

jon loki
,,cudad aRzrdil kacSi simamace gadadis uxeSobaSi, swavlulobapedantizmSi,
sityvamaxviloba- gauTlelobaSi, gulTbiloba- mliqvnelobaSi
ganaTleba qmnis gansxvavebas adamianTa Soris.

j. loki iuristis ojaxSi daibada. oqsfordis

universitetSi bunebismetyvelebas da medicinas
swavlobda. filosofosebidan masze yvelaze
didi gavlena dekartim moaxdina; magram Tvlida,
rom am frangma moazrovnem principulad mcdari
moZRvreba

Seqmna.

amitom

Tanamedroveebi

miznad

misi

gaeTavisuflebina.

am

daisaxa

gavlenisagan
miznisaTvis

igi

gulmodgined swavlobs u. okamis (1300-1350)

skolis nominalistur logikas. misi koncefcia
yalibdeba,

rogorc

zomieri

nominalizmi,

(nominalizmi doqtrinaa, romlis mixedviTac,

universaluri

cnebebi

ara

mxolod

individebisgan Semdgar realobaSi, aramed Cvens

gonebaSic ar arseboben anu konceptualizmi,
romelic zogadis arsebobas mxolod adamianis
gonebaSi miiCnevs SesaZleblad.
1667-1675 wlebSi loki gavlenian lord
Sefstberis ojaxSia, rogorc eqimi, bavSvebis
aRmzrdeli da megobari. igi iziarebs Sefstberis

beds. igulisxmeba inglisidan misi gandevna,

dabruneba da aRzeveba. am didkacis SviliSvili,
cnobili

ganmanaTlebeli,

esTetikosi

anton

Sefstberi (1667-1709), romelsac kanti did pativs

scemda, lokis aRzrdili iyo. lokis megobrebad
iTvlebodnen klinikuri medicinis fuZemdebeli
T. sidenhemi, qimiaSi eqsperimentuli meTodis
Semtani r. boili da i. niutoni. j. loki da i.
niutoni,

sayovelTao

aRiarebiT,

inglisis

siamayed miiCneodnen.
inglisel pedagogs, filosofoss, metarialisturi sensualizmis
fuZemdebelsa da Semecnebis Teoriis, rogorc specialuri dargis
dammuSavebels axal filosofiaSi, inglisis 1688 wlis diadi
burJuaziuli, kompromisuli revoluciis Svilsa da ideologs jon
loks (1632-1704) gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs kacobriobis istoriaSi
saerTod, da kerZod, pedagogikuri azrovnebis istoriaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev ian amos komenskim sastikad
gaakritika feodaluri skola da Seqmna pedagogika, romelic ramdenadme
Seesabameboda momavali burJuaziuli klasis interesebs, faqtobrivad,
jon loki aris axali burJuaziuli pedagogikis damwyebi da misi empiriul
fsiqologiaze damfuZnebeli.
lokis mTavarma Sromebma:
cda adamianis gonebis Seaxeb
(filosofiaSi), azrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb da gonebis aRzrdis Sesaxeb
(pedagogikaSi) didi gavlena moaxdina XVII, XVIII da XIX saukuneebis
filosofiur da pedagogikur azrovnebaze.
lokis pedagogikuri moZRvreba uSualod gamomdinareobs misi
msoflmxedvelobidan filosofiuri da socialurpolitikuri
Sexedulebebidan. es moZRvreba imdroindeli inglisis revoluciur
kompromisuli da burJuaziulliberaluri situaciis msgavsad ormagi da
zog SemTxvevaSi, winaaRmdegobrivi bunebisaa.
filosofiaSi loki araTanmimdevruli materialistia, rogorc
ontologiis, ise gnoseologiis TvalsazrisiT. igi aRiarebs samyaros
oboeqtur arsebobas Tavisi materialuri ganzomilebebiT. esaa lokis

filosofiis ZiriTadi xazi, ris gamoc mas inglisuri materializmis erT

erT mamamTavrad aRiareben, oRond, aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom saganTa
pirvelad
da
meored
Tvisebebze
msjelobis
dros
subieqtur
idealizmamdec midis.
Semecnebis TeoriaSi loki kategoriulad uaryofs Tandayolil
ideebs, misi dasabuTebis yvela formas antikur Tu axal filosofiaSi da
ayenebs (faqtobrivad imeorebs) sufTa dafis cnobil formulas, romlis
mixedviTac Semecnebis wyaro adamianis grZnobaTa organoze obieqturi
sinamdvilis zemoqmedebaa. lokisTvis codna cdiseulia. esaa swored misi
materialisturi sensualizmi. igi dabejiTebiT icavs debulebas
SeuZlebelia gonebaSi iseTi rame moxdes, rac SegrZnebaSi ar yofila.
lokis es materializmi ara marto, aradialeqtikuri, aramed
metafizikuric kia Tavisi arsiT. lokisTvis sruliad ucxoa moZraobis
formebi da TviT samyaros moZraobis ubralod aRiarebac ki. lokisaTvis
moZraoba obieqturi sinamdvilisTvis Tandayolili Tviseba ar aris da mas
Semoqmeds RmerTs miawers. lokis materialistur filosofiaSi (iseve
rogorc bevrs sxva materialistur filosofiaSic) kari Riaa datovebuli
TeologiisTvisac.
loki tipobrivi warmomadgenelia XVII saukunis burJuaziisa. jon
loki iyo Svili 1688 wlis klasTa kompromisisa, igi iyo warmomadgeneli
yvela saxis burJuaziisa: mrewvelebisa - muSaTa klasisa da Raribebis
winaaRmdeg, vaWrebisa - Zveli juris mevaxSeebis winaaRmdeg, safinanso
aristokratebisa - saxelmwifos mevaleebis winaaRmdeg, romelic erT
sagangebo SromaSi imasac ki amtkicebda, burJuaziuli goneba adamianis
normalur gonebas warmoadgenso (k.marqsi, e.medinski, pedagogikis
istoria,1940, gv.138). jon lokis Sexedulebebi sazogadoebis, kerZod,
saxelmwifos warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb winaaRmdegobrivi
bunebisaa, magram burJuaziis aRmavlobis xanaSi uaRresad dasafasebeli
iyo mefis xelisuflebis RvTaebrivi warmoSobisa da kanonierebis
aRiarebis winaaRmdeg misi galaSqreba. traqtatSi mTavrobis Sesaxeb igi
asabuTebs, rom feodaluri xelisufleba Seqmnilia adamianTa mier da unda
daangrion TviTon adamianebmao.
XVII saukunis inglisSi arsebuli situaciis burJuaziuli,
kompromisulliberaluri da winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTiT ganpirobebul
lokis aseTive bunebis msoflmxedvelobaSi mTavari da wamyvani, cxadia,
materialisturprogresuli
mimarTulebaa,
riTac
sazogadod
xasiaTdeboda imdroindeli inglisuri burJuaziuli tendenciebi,
miuxedavad maTi bolomde arademokratiulobisa da araxalxurobisa.

am msoflmxedvelobazea agebuli lokis pedagogikuri moZRvreba da

amdenad gasagebi unda iyos Tavisi droisTvis misi progresuloba ormagi
da winaaRmdegobrivi bunebis, araxalxurobis miuxedavad.
jon lokis pedagogikur moZRvrebaSi pirovnebis formirebis
procesSi aRzrdis rolis problemas farTo adgili uWiravs.
rogorc cnobilia, aRzrdis rolis uarmyofeli Teoriebi, romlebic
bavSvis ganviTarebas fatalisturad gansazRvarven Tandayolili ideebiT,
memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli an bunebrivi TaviseburebebiT, ukiduresad
calmxrivi da reaqciuli Teoriebia.
Tu erTi gaCenilia gonebrivi
muSaobisa da meore fizikurisTvis, es, am Teoriis mixedviT Sedegi ki
araa sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ama Tu im fenisa da misi warmomadgenlebis
Sesabamisi adgilisa sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi,
aramed, es adgili, Tandayolili memkvidreobiTi Tvisebebis gamo
imTaviTve, dabadebisTanavea gansazRvruli.
Tandayolili TvisebebiTa da memkvidreobiT adamianTa bedis
ganpirobebis ideis mkacri kritika filosofiaSi unda momxdariyo.
marTlac, am Tvalsazriss aumxedrdnen materialisturi filosofiis
warmomadgenelni. am mxriv, upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia da
sainteresoa jon lokis mosazrebani. filosofiaSi igi bekonisa da hobsis
xazis gamgrZelebelia. misi materialisturi Semecnebis Teoria, Tumca
araTanmimdevrulia, mainc bunebrivi uaryofaa Tandayolili ideebis
filosofia. lokis azriT, araviTari Tandayolili idea ar arsebobs da
ararsebuli arc SeiZleba rame codnis wyaro gaxdes. igi sastikad
akritikebs moZRvrebas Tandayolili ideebis Sesaxeb da icavs adamianuri
codnis cdiseul, grZnobad xasiaTs. ideebi da principebi, miuTiTebs
loki, Tandayolili rodia, maT mxolod iZenen. igi bavSvis suls adarebs
tabula rasa s, sufTa dafas.
lokis udidesi damsaxureba is aris, rom man, am TvalsazrisiT,
ulmobeli kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatara da gaanadgura aRzrdis rolis
uarmyofeli Teoriebi. magram aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom maTi kritikis dros,
Tavisive filosofiidan gamomdinare, igi TviT aviTarebs ukiduresad
calmxriv Teorias. sufTa dafis empiristuli TeoriiT loki aRzrdis
yovlisSemZleobis aRiarebamde midis da TiTqmis sruliad ugulebleyofs
memkvidreobis rols pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi. lokis mixedviT,
axaldabadebuli bavSvis suli sufTa dafaa. igi iseTive sufTaa, rogorc
dawerili dafa. maSasadame, mas ar dahyveba araviTari idea an raRac
gansakuTrebuli memkvidreobiTi Taviseburebani, romlebiTac bavSvebi
erTmaneTisagan principulad gansxvavdebian. Tu axaldabadebulebs
yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, mcire safuZveli gveqneba vifiqroT, rom maT

qveyanaze Tan moaqvT bevri idea. garda SimSilis, wyurvilis, siTbosi da

zogierTi gancdis bundovani ideebisa, romlebsac dedis saSoSi ganicdian,
maT ar aqvT raime ideis sul mcire niSanic ki[ ,

. 1898, .60]
lokis mixedviT, yvela axaldabadebuli bavSvi aRWurvilia iseTi
SesaZleblobebiTa da monacemebiT, rac savsebiT sakmarisia maTi
pirovnebis
srulfasovani
CamoyalibebisTvis.
bavSvis
goneba
TandaTanobiT ivseba warwerebiT imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor moqmedebs
masze obieqturi sinamdvile.
aq bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: Tuki obieqturi sinamdvilis, sagnebisa
da movlenebis zemoqmedeba gansazRvravs bavSvis gonebis warwerbiT
Sevsebas, e.i. mis mier codnis SeZenas, misi pirovnebis formirebas, maSin
raRa SuaSia aRzrda? saidan gamogvyavs, rom pirovnebis formirebis
procesSi loki aRzrdas yovlisSemZle kategoriad Tvlis? Tanamedrove
pedagogikis saxelmZRvaneloebi da mecnieruli literatura ratomRac
gverds uvlian sakiTxis ase dayenebas da pirdapir mohyavT adgilebi lokis
moZRvrebidan aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis dasasabuTeblad.
Cven vfiqrobT, rom, marTalia lokis mixedviT, bavSvis sufTa goneba
mis grZnobaTa organoebze sinamdvilis (garemos) zemoqmedebiT ivseba,
magram am zemoqmedebis regulatorad, zemoqmedebis odenobisa da xasiaTis
warmmarTvelad igi aRzrdas Tvlis. aRzrdazea damokidebuli, ra
farglebSi, ra zomiT da TaviseburebebiT imoqmedebs obieqturi
sinamdvile bavSvis sulze. aRzrda gansazRvravs axaldabadebuli bavSvis
pirovnebis Camoyalibebas. cxra meaTedi adamianebisa, romelTac Cven
vxvdebiT, miuTiTebs loki keTili an boroti, sasargeblo an usargeblo
aRzrdis wyalobiT gaxdnen. adamianTa Soris arsebuli sxvaoba mxolod da
mxolod aRzrdis Sedegia.
cxadia sufTa dafaze dawerilis xarisxi da odenoba, lokis
mixedviT, damwerzea damokidebuli e.i. bavSvis mier SeZenili codnisa da
Tvisebebis xarisxi da odenoba, misi pirovnebis Camoyalibeba
damokidebulia aRmzrdelze. swored esaa lokis calmxrivoba. igi meore
ukiduresobaSi vardeba. man aRzrda yovlisSemZled gamoacxada, rac
cxadia, swori araa.
mainc sainteresoa, saerTod, aRiarebs Tu ara loki memkvidreobis
ideas da aqvs Tu ara mas raime mniSvneloba adamianis pirovnebis
formirebaSi? pedagogikisa da pedagogikis istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebis
umravlesobaSi an uaryofiTadaa gacemuli pasuxi am kiTxvaze
da
laparakia mxolod aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobaze, an aRzrdis rolze

saerTod. lokis SexedulebaTa dasabuTebisas gverdi aqvs avlili mis

Tvalsazriss memkvidreobis Sesaxeb, anda avtorebi lokis mier
memkvidreobis uaryofaze msjeloben. es ki mZime Secdomaa, loki arasodes
ar misula memkvidreobis srul uaryofamde, piriqiT, misi azriT, adamianis
memkvidreoba aris aucilebeli safuZveli da saSualeba misi pirovnebis
srulyofisa.
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rogorc zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom
lokis empiristuri Teoria ar ayenebs pirovnebis formirebis procesSi
aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis ideas da adamianTa Soris arsebul sxvaobas
aRzrdis gverdiT maTi memkvidruli Tvisebebis TaviseburebebiTac xsnis?
odnavadac ara. lokis mixedviT, adamianTa Soris arsebuli sxvaoba
mxolod da mxolod aRzrdis Sedegia da aq memkvidreobas TiTqmis
araviTari roli ar miekuTvneba. bavSvebi memkvidreobiTi TaviseburebebiT
imdenad ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, rom aRzrdam ver uzrunvelyos
maTi gaTanabreba. am mxriv maTSi TiTqmis Tanabari SesaZleblobania.
memkvidreoba, rogorc adamianis srulyofis aucilebeli safuZvelTagani,
adamianTa saerTo damaxasiaTebeli niSania da amdenad, adamianebi ar
warmoadgenen iseT gansxvavebul gansakuTrebulobebs, romelTa winaSe
qeds ixrides aRzrda.
daaxloebiT igive SeiZleba iTqvas garemos rolis Sesaxebac bavSvis
pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi. loki sakmaod did rols akuTvnebs garemos,
gansakuTrebiT ki organizebul sazogadoebriv garemos. naSromSi
azrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb igi adamianis mier codnisa da zneobrivi
normebis SeTvisebaSi garemos mniSvnelobas rom asabuTebs, amis
damadasturebeli garkveul faqtebsac gvawvdis. bolos wers: me
vlaparakob amas mxolod im mizniT, rom gaCvenoT, ra didi mniSvneloba
aqvs, Cemi azriT, sazogadoebas Tqveni SvilisaTvis misi cxovrebis yvela
sferoSi da amis gamo ra guldasmiT unda avwondavwonoT da
gaviTvaliswinoT es faqtori, romelic masze axdens ufro Zier
zegavlenas, vidre yvelaferi sxva, risi gakeTebac Tqven SegiZliaT. [

, , . ., 1939,.176].
lokis mier garemosaTvis aseTi rolis miniWeba swored imis
safuZvelia, rom igi metad fxizlad da mzrunvelobiT udgeba
aRsazrdelis, momavali jentlmenis, Sesaferis garemoSi moqcevas da am
mimarTulebiT skolis uaryofamdec ki midis. loki winaaRmdegia bavSvis
skolaSi mibarebisa, radgan am skolaSi igi xedavs cudad aRzrdili,
yovelgvari mdgomareobis biwieri biWebis Wrel brboebs, romlebiTac
Cveulebriv, savsea es saswavleblebi. yovelive amis gamo, gacilebiT

ukeTesad moiqcevian mSoblebi, Tu isini SeZleben saxlSi miiwvion

TavianTi bavSvisTvis aRmzrdeli. Sinaur viTarebaSi aRmzrdeli ukeT
SeZlebs daauflos vaJi moxdenil manerebs, Caunergos mas ufro
momwifebuli zraxvebi, ukeTilSobilesi azrebi, miswrafeba da Semecneba
sikeTisa, Rirsebisa da Tavazianobisadmi, agreTve misces mas yovelgvari
codnis didi maragi da adre aRZras masSi darbaiseli adamianis sulieri
simwife, vidre es SesaZlebelia romelime mravlricxovan skolaSi.

[medinski, pedagogikis istoria, 1940, gv. 144]

lokis mier sazogadoebrivi garemosadmi yuradRebis aseTnairad
gamaxvileba odnavadac ver uaryofs debulebas, rom igi aRzrdas
yovlisSemZle kategoriad Tvlis. marTalia, loki asabuTebs garemos did
rols pirovnebis formirebis procesSi, magram aRzrdasaTan SedarebiT
igi imdenad daqvemdebarebulad warmoudgenia, rom mis gavlenas adamianze
TiTqmis mTlianad warmarTavs da sZlevs aRzrda.
amgvarad, TiTqmis erTnairad cdebian is avtorebi, romlebic
fiqroben, rom loki araviTar mniSvnelobas ar aniWebs memkvidreobasa da
garemos da amitom sruliad uvlian gverds am mxriv misi Sexedulebis
mimoxilvas, da isinic, romlebic xazgasmiT asabuTeben pirovnebis
formirebis procesSi lokis mier aRzrdis gverdiT memkvidreobisaTvis
garkveuli rolis mikuTvnebas da ar acxadeben mas aRzrdis
yovlisSemZleobis Teoriis warmomadgenlad. es ukanasknelni aRniSnuli
mosazrebis safuZvlad, albaT lokis zogierT iseT gamonaTqvams iReben,
romelTac igi cnobs adamianis memkvidrul gansakuTrebulobas imdenad,
rom es gansakuTrebuloba gamoyavs misi warmatebis sawindrad. loks
marTla aqvs aseTi gamonaTqvamebi. magram es calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi ar
SeiZleba daedos safuZvlad mTeli misi moZRvrebis xasiaTis axsnas.
mTlianad ki es moZRvreba dabejiTebiT metyvelebs aRzrdis ganuzomlad
did SesaZleblobebze.
miuxedavaT calmxrivobisa, lokis es moZRvreba Tavisi droisaTvis
uaRresad progresuli iyo. lokis SexedulebaTa progresulobis
damadasturebelia Tundac is, rom es Sexedulebebi mimarTulia aRzrdis
rolis uarmyofeli reaqciuli Teoriebis winaaRmdeg. loki adamianTa
Soris arsebul sxvaobas aRzrdiT, cxovrebis oficialuri pirobebiT
xsnis.
lokis pedagogikuri moZRvreba ara mxolod Tanatolia Tavisi
epoqisa burJuaziuli eris dasawyisisa, aramed ramdenadme uswrebs kidec
mas, amis dasturia Tundac mis mier aRzrdis miznis gansazRvra
jentlmenis, tipuri burJuaziuli saqmosnis momzadebiT.

vin aris lokis mixedviT jentlmeni, romlis Sinaarsis

gamosaxatavad igi xmarobs agreTve pirveli saukunis romaeli poet
satirikosis decim iunius iuvenalis gamonaTqvams: jansaR sxeulSi
jansaRi sulia. es aris tipuri burJua, pirovneba, romelsac SeuZlia
Tavisi saqmeebis gonivrulad da momgebianad warmarTva, anu, dRevandeli
gamoTqmiT saqmosani.
maSasadame,
lokis mier aRzrdis miznad
wamoyenebulia saqmosnis momzadeba. am ideam saukuneebs gauZlo.
kapitalistur samyaroSic mTeli sigrZesiganiT dgas saqmosnis
momzadebis amocana.
garda amisa,
aRzrdis miznis lakonurad
gamosaxatavad loki mesame gamoTqmasac xmarobs qvelmoqmedis
momzadeba. am sam termins igi Tanabari mniSvnelobiT iyenebs. arc erT
maTgans mniSvneloba ar daukargavs dResac.
qvelmoqmeds,
jentlmens,
anu saqmosans,
Tavisi saqmeebis
gonivrulad da momgebianad mwarmoebel pirovnebas,
unda hqondes
janmrTeli da lamazi sxeuli, sasiamovno da moqnili manerebi, realuri
codnoT SeiaraRebuli JansaRi azrovneba, axasiaTebdes Tavazianoba,
samarTlianoba, patiosneba, moxerxebuloba, mxneoba, sakuTari emociebisa
da grZnobebis damorCilebis unari, windaxeduloba, gonivruloba da sxva.
bunebrivia, rom loks yvela am Tvisebis Sinaarsi axali burJuaziis
poziciebidan esmis da es sxva araferia, Tu ara yovelmxriv gavniTarebuli
pirovnebis momzadeba tipuri burJuaziuli poziciebidan gagebuli.
yovelmxriv ganviTarebuli pirovnebis gagebis TvalsazrisiT loki maRla
dgas mis winandel pedagogebze.
lokis dualizmis maCvenebelia isic, rom amgvari saqmosani, saero
pirovneba, amave dros religiuri, RvTismorwmune da misi Tayvanismcemelic
unda iyos. esaa, lokis gagebiT, pirvnebis maRaleTikuri saxe.
aRzrdis aseTi miznidan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, loki farTod
aSuqebs fizikuri, zneobrivi, esTetikuri da gonebrivi aRzrdis Zireul
problemebs, romlebic saerTod burJuaziuli aRzrdis sistemis tipuri
centraluri amocanebia. rac Seexeba SromiTi aRzrdis damoukidebeli
amocanis wamoyenebas, es cota Semdgomi periodis kuTvnilebaa. marTalia
aRzrdis Semadgeneli nawilebis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas am
naSromis farglebSi ar vaxdenT, magram am SemTxvevaSic ki aucilebelia
oriode sityvis Tqma fizikur aRzrdaze.
jansaR sxeulSi jansaRi sulia am debulebidan gamomdinare,
loki Tavis moZRvrebas fizikuri aRzrdiT iwyebs.
pedagogikuri azrovnebis istoriaSi lokma pirvelma mogvca
dasrulebuli da dasabuTebuli fizikuri aRzrdis Teoria. igi am Teoriis

fuZemdebelia. lokis ZiriTadma debulebebma didi zegavlena moaxdina

Semdgom epoqasa da mis warmomadgenlebze. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom am
gavlenis Sedegad Camoyalibda JanJak rusos Sexedulebani fizikuri
aRzrdis Sesaxeb (saerTod rusos moZRvreba mis gavlenas ganicdis).
fizikuri aRzrdis miznis lokiseuli gageba sayuradReboa
dReisaTvisac. es mizani principulad gansxvavdeba Semdgom epoqebze
gavlenis mqone spartanuli aRzrdis sistemisgan. lokis mixedviT
fizikuri aRzrdis mizania jansaRi organizmis momzadeba imisaTvis, raTa
adamians SeeZlos srulad gamoiyenos Tavisi sulieri SesaZleblobani da
amiT ziani ar miadges mis janmrTelobas, ar klebulobdes misi
sicocxlisunarianoba da xangrZlivoba. aRzrdis es mizani arasodes
dakargavs mniSvnelobas.

besarion belinski
fizikuri aRzrda zneobriv aRzrdasTan harmoniulad
mimdinareobs. sxeulis janmrTelobisa da simagris ganviTarebas
Seefardeba gonebrivi unarianobis ganviTareba da codnis SeZena.
besarion grigolis Ze sevaborgi (18111848)rusi literatori, kritikosi, filosofosi,
publicisti. daibada eqimis ojaxSi. swavlobda
jer Cembaris samazro saswavlebelSi, Semdeg
penzis gimnaziaSi. 1829 wels Caabara moskovis
universitetis
sityvierebis
mimarTulebaze.
studentobis dros dawera da studentur wreebSi
kiTxulobda batonyobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
dramas dimitri kalinini, risTvisac 1832 wels
universitetidan garicxes. meTaurobda yvelaze
mowinave da niWier mweralTa wres. man pirvelma

SeniSna damwyebi mwerlebis - nekrasovis,

gonCarovis, dostoevskisa da sxvaTa niWi da
mfarvelobda maT. igi iyo organizatori da
sulisCamdgmeli
naturaluri
skolisa.
belinskim pirvelad aRniSna saqqarTvelos,
kavkaiis
roli
da
mnSvneloba
rusuli
mwerlobisaTvis - saocaria, kavkasias TiTqos
wilad xvda yofiliyo Cveni poeturi talantebis
akvani,
maTi
muzebis
STamagonebeli
da
gamomwrTvneli, maTi poeturi samSoblo.
gamoCenili rusi kritikosi da filosofosi besarion grigolis Ze
belinski (1811-1848w.w.) Tavisi drois mowinave moazrovnea. misma
mravalmxrivma moZRvrebam didi roli iTamaSa rusuli demokratiuli
azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi. gercenTan erTad belinski samarTlianad
iTvleba rusuli demokratiuli pedagogikis fuZemdeblad.
belinskis msoflmxedvelobis gansazRvraSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
mis filosofias eniWeba. is, rogorc filosofosimaterialisti,
erTbaSad ar Camoyalibebula; man filosofiaSi metad rTuli gza ganvlo.
Tavisi moRvaweobis pirveli periodSi belinski mTlianad idealisturi
filosofiis poziciebze idga. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirvel xanebSi eziara
hegelis filosofiis rogorc reaqciulidealistur, aseve revoluciur
mxares. gansakuTrebiT gaitaca hegelis filosofiis dialeqtikurma
meTodma. igi male Zlevs hegelis filosofiis idealistur mxares da
yalibdeba
rogorc
materialisti.
40iani
wlebidan
belinski
Tanmimdevrulad icavs materialisturi filosofiis principebs da
damajereblad asabuTebs mis ZiriTad debulebebs. igi iZleva germanuli
idealisturi filosofiis mecnierul kritikas, dascinis misticizms,
materializmis poziciebidan amxels idealizmis ukuRmarT mxareebs.
materialistad Camoyalibebis Semdeg belinski kidev ufro Rrmad da
mecnierulad asabuTebs Tavis dialeqtikur Sexedulebebs, sZlevs
foierbaxis materializmis mWermetyvelebiT xasiaTs. amdenad, belinskis
filosofias erTerTi mowinave adgili uWiravs marqsamdeli filosofiis
istoriaSi.
belinskis filosofiuri Sexedulebebis safuZvlad udevs mis
pedagogikur moZRvrebas. swored es gansazRvravs belinskis pedagogikur
SexedulebaTa uaRresad progresul xasiaTs. rusi revolucioner
demokratebisa da maT Soris belinskis revoluciurpedagogiuri ideebi
marqsamdeli pedagogiuri azrovnebis mwvervals warmoadgens.

am donidanaa gadawyvetili belinskis moZRvrebaSi aRzrdis arsis

gagebis sakiTxi. upirveles yovlisa xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom
misTvis aRzrda wminda sazogadoebrivi procesia, swored rom
sazogadoebrivisocialuri movlenaa da ara biologiuri. mxecis lekvis
mxecad gadaqcevisTvis araa saWiro araviTari aRzrda, amas ar moiTxovs
misi buneba. samagierod aRzrdas aucileblobiT moiTxovs adamianuri
buneba, igi wminda adamianuri movlenaa. cxoveli, xvadi da Zu lomis lekvi,
lomad iqceva ise, rom TviTon mas amisTvis araviTari mondomeba, aRzrda
ar Wirdeba. magram adamiani, romelic daibada ara lomad an vefxvad, aramed
swored adamianad am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT, SeiZleba gaxdes,
(aRzrdis gareSe) mgelic, saxedaric da rac gnebavT, mxolod ara adamiani.

[b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.41]

rogorc vxedavT aq sworadaa gagebuli aRzrdis socialuri buneba,
Tumc belinskis ar esmis, rom bavSvi, rogorc socialuri organizmis
nayofi, specialuri socialuri zrunvis (aRzrdis) gareSe ver gaxdeba
verc mgeli, verc saxedari, radgan fizikurad ganadgurdeba ubralod.
belinskis mier aRzrdis bunebis sworad gagebaze miuTiTebs isic, rom
igi mas gagebuli aqvs rogorc mxolod da mxolod Segnebuli, gaazrebuli
da winaswar gamiznuli procesi. aRzrda adamianuri, Segnebuli da
gamiznuli procesia, wers belinski. aRzrdad ar SeiZleba miviCnioT
RvTis anabrad mitovebuli aRzrda, aRzrda bunebrivi, aRzrda am sityvis
ara gadataniTi, aramed etimologiuri mniSvnelobiT, e.i. kveba, mdabiuri,
meSCanuri aRzrda. [b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.41]
da bolos, amas Tu imasac davumatebT, rom belinskisaTvis aRzrda
bavSvis pirovnebis yovelmxriv Camoyalibebis procesia, maSin gasagebia mis
mier aRzrdis arsis gagebis is maRali done, romelzedac zemoT
mivuTiTeT.
cxovrebis Rrmad gagebis gziT gadawyvita belinskim aRzrdis rolis
sakiTxi bavSvis pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi.
belinski aRzrdas udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs. misi azriT, aRzrda
aris yvelgan, is Cans yvelaferSi, igi wyvets adamianis beds. gonivruli
aRzrda bunebiT borotsac gardaqmnis an nakleb borotad, an keTiladac ki,
igi ramdenadme anviTarebs sruliad moClungebul niWierebas da
SeZlebisdamixedviT adamianur saxes aZlevs yvelaze organuli da
wvrilmani bunebis adamians. [b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.41]
b. g. belinski xazgasmiT miuTiTebs, rom Cven gvxvdeba gonebrivad
CamorCenili da zneobrivad dacemuli adamianebi, mizezi ara maT bunebaSi,
aramed maT aRzrdaSi unda veZeboT. aqedan SesaniSnavad daaskvnis igi:

yvelasTvis Tanabari, normaluri aRzrda rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo,

bunebisgan nawyeni adamianebis ricxvi ise Semoifargleboda, rom misgan
namdvilad nawyeni adamianebi pirdapir kunstkameris spirtian qilebSi
moTavsdebodnen da amitom aRzrda, umravlesobis mimarT, kidev ufro met
niSvnelobas iZens: is yvelaferia sicocxleca da sikvdilic, xsnac da
daRupvac [b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.43] . belinski winaaRmdegia im
idealisturi Teoriebisa, romlebic adamianis ganviTarebas, am
ganviTarebis beds, winaswarve gansazRvraven Tandayolili ideebiT, an
memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli faqtorebiT.
aniWebs ra aRzrdas aseT did mniSvnelobas, belinski mainc ar Tvlis
mas yovlisSemZled. misi azriT, bavSvis suli ar aris sufTa, dauwereli
dafa, romelzedac SeiZleba yvelafris dawera. rogorc es loks miaCnda.
bavSvis gonebaze dawerilis xarisxi da raodenoba marto damwerze,
aRmzrdelze ki ar aris damokidebuli, aramed TviT bavSvis gonebazec.
aRzrdas SeuZlia gaakeTos Zalian bevri, magram es bevric ar aris
gansazRvruli.
bavSvis
Camoyalibeba
nawilobriv
damokidebulia
memkvidreobiT miRebul Tvisebebze, mis individualur da bunebric
Taviseburebebze, agreTve garemoze, cxovrebis pirobebze. Cveulebriv
fiqroben, rom Cvili bavSvis suli TeTri dafaa, romelzedac SeiZleba
davweroT rac gnebavT . . . Tu Cvili bavSvis suli marTlac TeTri dafaa,
maSin asoebis Tviseba da azri, romelTac am dafaze cxovreba wers,
damokidebulia ara marto damwerze da sawer iaraRze, aramd sakuTriv am
dafis Tvisebazec. [b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.910]
pirovnebis formirebis procesSi aRzrdis garemosa da memkvidreobis
rolis Sesaxeb belinski Tavis azrs Semdgenairad ayalibebs: ara! Cvili
bavSvis suli TeTri dafa ki ar aris, aramed isaa xe marcvalSi, adamiani
SesaZleblobaSi! . . . diax, Cvili bavSvi norCi, mkrTalmomwvano kvirtia,
romelic Zlivs gafurCqvnilia; aRmzrdeli ki mebaRea, romelic am kvirts
uvlis. damyniT SeiZleba gareuli tyis pantavaSlis xec aiZuloT mJave da
patara vaSlis nacvlad mogvces baRis gemrieli da didi vaSli; magram
yovegvari ostatoba, romelic muxas aiZulebs vaSli, xolo vaSlis xes
aiZulebs rko gamoisxas, amao iqneba da ai esaa, umTavresad aRzrdis
Secdoma. iviwyeben bunebas, romelic bavSvs aZlevs midrekidebebsa da
unars, gansazRvravs mis mniSvnelobas cxovrebaSi; fiqroben ki oRond xe
arsebobdes da mas vaiZulebT yovelgvari nayofi gamoisxas, Tundac
sazamTro kaklis nacvlad, mebaRisaTvis arsebobs wesebi, riTac is
aucileblad sargeblobs xeebis movlisas. is exmaureba ara marto

TiToeuli mcenaris individualur bunebas, aramed wlis drosac, amindsac,

niadagis Tvisebebsac. [b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.10]
amgvarad, pirovnebis formirebis procesSi belinski aRzrdas
akuTvnebs wamyvan rols, magram ar Tvlis mas yovlisSemZled, ramdenadac
did adgils uTmobs memkvidreobasa da garemos mniSvnelobasac.
belinski gansakuTrebuli gulisyuriT ekideba aRzrdis miznis
sworad gagebis sakiTxs da sakmao warmatebasad aRwevs. aRzrdis miznis
belinskiseuli gageba TandaTanobiT yalibdeboda misi filosofiuri
Sexedulebebis ganviTarebisa da srulyofis Sesabamisad, Tu pirvel
xanebSi aRzrdis miznis gageba idealistur samoselSi iyo gaxveuli, axla
es gageba mTlianad Seicala da igi moqmedi, moRvawe adamianis aRzrdaSi
gamosaxa. gansakuTrebiT xazgasasmelia, rom belinskim calmxrivi da
viwro profesionaluri aRzrdis nacvlad wamoayena yovelmxrivi aRzrdis
idea. misi azriT, aRzrdis ZiriTad mizans yovemxriv Camoyalibebuli
pirovnebis aRzrda unda Seadgendes. aRzrdis iaraRi da Suamavali unda
iyos siyvaruli. xolo mizani adamianoba . . . pirveldawyebiTi aRzrda ki
bavSvSi unda xedavdes ara moxeles, ara poets, ara xelosans, aramed
adamians, romelic Semdeg gaxdeba erTi an meore, magram darCeba adamianad.

[b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.45]

roca
belinskis
mTeli
moZRvrebas
gavecnobiT,
naTlad
davrwmundebiT, rom yovelmxriv aRzrdaSi igi gulisxmobs zneobriv,
gonebriv, esTetikur da fizikur aRzrdas, maSasadame, yovelmxriv
ganviTarebuli adamianis saxiT, is gulisxmobs adamianis gonebriv,
zneobriv, esTetikur da fizikur srulyofas, calcalke ganixilavs
aRzrdis mxareebs da Taviseburad ayalibebs maT.
rogor esmis belinskis adamianoba? Cven ara gvaqvs konkretuli
miTiTeba aRzrdis am mxareebis Sesaxeb, magram igi mainc gvaZlevs
adamianobis cnebis farTo gagebas, romelSic naTlad Cans adamianis
bunebis mravalmxriv Camoyalibebis aucilebloba. adamianobad Cven
vgulisxmobT sulis im saerTo elementebis cocxal SeerTebas erT
pirovnebaSi, romelnic Tanabrad esaWiroeba yvela adamians, ganurCevlad
erovnebisa, wodebisa, qonebisa, asakisa da yovelgvari mdgomareobisa, im
saerTo elementebis SeerTebas, romelnic unda Seadgendnen mis Sinagan
cxovrebas; mis uZvirfases saunjes da uromlisodac is adamianad ar
CaiTvleba. [b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.45]
aseTi adamianis aRzrdis saSualebad belinski Tvlis mis sulierad
da fizikurad wrTobas. miaCnia ra SesaZleblad, aRzrdis oTx Semadgenel
nawils gamoyofs: zneobrivs, esTetikurs, gonebrivs da
fizikurs.

belinski SesaniSnavad xedavs agreTve aRzrdis am mxareebs Soris arsebul

aucilebel kavSirs, rom adamianis sulierad da fizikurad Camoyalibeba
harmoniulad mimdinareobs. Segnebuli aRzrdis procesSi, uTiTebs
belinski, yvelafers yuradReba eqceva, arc erTi mxare daviwyebuli ar
aris. aseTi aRzrdis dros bavSvi Wams Tavis droze da zomieradac,
sadilobamde dadis saseirnod, zomierad celqobs, varjiSobs lamaz
iaraRebze, saaTobiT swavlobs, daniSnul droze dgeba da wveba. belinski
moiTxovs aRzrdis am TiToeuli mxaris droul da Sinaarsobriv
ganxorcielebas. igi miuTiTebs, rom aRzrdam unda uzrunvelyos bavSvSi
azrovnebis unaris ganviTareba. mTavari swored esaa bavSvi Tavisi
codnis safuZvelze unda msjelobdes; igi mxolod imas unda asabuTebes,
rac man namdvilad icis, radgan saZagelia bavSvi rezoniori, romelic
msjelobs da romelsac jer kidev ar SeuZlia iazrovnos. rezonioroba
bavSvebSi ubedurebaa da mis ganviTarebas araTu xeli unda SevuwyoT,
aramed CanasaxSive unda CavaxSoT. is aSrobs bavSvebSi cxovrebis,
siyvarulisa da saTnoebis wyaros. is bavSvebs aqcevs axalgazrda
moxucebad, oCofexebze ayenebs maT. [b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.12-13]
belinski moiTxovs, rom aRzrda miznad isaxavdes bavSvebis bunebriv
ganviTarebas, maTi qcevis wesebis Tanadroul Camoyalibebas. igi
winaaRmdegia yovelgvari xelovnebisa da sagangebo qcevisa, rac esoden
damaxasiaTebelia misdroindeli aRzrdis sistemisaTvis. dae, bavSvma
ieSmakos da icelqos, oRonT misi eSmakoba da celqoba mavne nu iqneba da
fizikuri da zneobrivi cinizmis niSnebs ar atarebdes: dae, bavSvi iyos
daufiqrebeli, windauxedavi, oRond nu iqneba yeyeCi da gonebaClungi;
uZraoba da usicocxloba yvelaferze uaresia. magram bavSvi, romelic
msjelobs, bavSvi keTilgonieri, bavSvi rezoniori, bavSvi, romelic
yovelTvis frTxilia, arasdros ar celqobs, yvelas mimarT alersiania,
Tavaziani da windaxedulia, da yvelaferi es angariSiT xdeba, maSin vai
Tqven, Tu aseTad Tqven aqcieT . . . [b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.17-18]
belinski
aRzrdis
mizanSi
aucileblad
gulisxmobs
Tavisuflebisadmi mswrafveli da batonymuri wyobilebis winaaRmdeg
energiulad mebrZoli pirovnebis aRzrdas. belinskis mixedviT
TavisuflebisaTvis brZola adamianis Tanmxlebi Tvisebaa.
belinskis mixedviT, aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis ganxorcieleba
xalxurobis poziciebidan unda xdebodes, radgan xalxuroba aRzrdis
safuZvelia.
xalxurobaSi belinski uaRresad farTo Sinaarsis
gulisxmobs da aseve gansazRvravs aRzrdis xalxurobasac. ruseTSi
belinski erTerTi pirvelTagania, romelmac Teoriulad daasabuTa

xalxuroba da igi sakmaod farTo SinaarsiT warmoidgina. belinskis

moZRvrebam Seqmna safuZveli imisa, rom aRzrdaSi xalxurobis idea
umaRles safuZvelze gadawyvetiliyo ruseTSi, kerZod, k. d. uSinskis
memkvidreobaSi.
upirveles
yovlisa,
aRzrdis
xalxurobisTvis
belinskis
aucileblad miaCnda damoukidebeli, nacionaluri ganaTlebisa da
aRzrdis sistemis Seqmna. aRzrdis mizani gadauwyveteli darCeba, sanam
xalxi sxvisi mimbaZveli iqneba. xalxi, romelic ZaldatanebiT SeuyvaniaT
misTvis ucxo sferoSi, waagavs Seborkil adamians, romelsac SoltiT
aiZuleben gaiqces. yovel xalxs SeuZlia meorisagan gadaiRos, magram igi
usaTuod sakuTari geniis daRs asvams am gadmoRebuls. [b.g. belinski, rC.

ped. Txz. gv.4-7]

amasTan erTad belinskis aRzrdis xalxurobis idea gulisxmobs
swavlaganaTlebas mSobliur enaze, axalgazrdobis momzadebas xalxis
interesebis Sesabamisad, sayovelTao swavlaganaTlebas da am
safuZvelze maRali zogadsakacobrio zneobis aRzrdas, xalxuroba,
belnskis mixedviT, marTalia, zogadkacobriuli zneobis Seqmnis
uZiriTadesi gzaa, magram igi amave dros aucileblad gulisxmobs
nacionalur momentsac, radgan, rogorc belinski ambobs, is, vinc ar
ekuTvnis Tavis mamuls, ar ekuTvnis kacobriobas.
belinskis mier wamoyenebul aRzrdis mizanSi yovelmxriv
Camoyalibebuli
adamianis
aRzrdaSi
xalxurobis
principidan
gamomdinare, mTavari adgili adamianisa da adamianobis problemas uWiravs.
uaRresi humanizmiTaa gaJRenTili belinskis debuleba, rom
moqmedebis yvela sferoSi, sazogadoebrivi ierarqiis kibis yovel
safexurze adamianis mTavari amocanaa iyos adamiani.[b.g. belinski, rC. ped.
Txz. gv.43] . belinskis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom misi moZRvrebis
Tanaxmad, aRzrdis Sinaarsis umTavres ganmsazRvrels, mis sulsa da guls
adamianis mier adamianisadmi pativiscemis grZnobis aRzrda warmoadgens,
radgan adamianis saxelisadmi pativiscema, adamianisadmi usazRvro
siyvaruli, mxolod imitom rom igi adamiania, ganurCevlad misi
pirovnebisa da erovnebisa, sarwmunoebisa an wodebisa, Tundac misi piradi
Rirsebisa an uRirsobisa, erTi sityviT, usazRvro siyvaruli da usazRvro
pativiscema kacobriul adamianurobisadmi unda warmoadgendes adamianis
stiqias, haersa da sicocxles. [b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz. gv.61-62].
SezRudulobis miuxedavad, rac naTelia, mainc metad Rirebulia
belinskis es humanizmi.

konstantine uSinski
aRzrdam, Tu mas surs adamianis bedniereba,
unda aRzardos is ara bednierebisaTvis, aramed moamzados is
SromisaTvis.
konstantine dimitris Ze uSinski (18231870w.w.)
rusi pedagog-demokrati,
mecnieruli pedagogikis fuZemdebeli
ruseTSi. 1844 wels daamTavra moskovis
universitetis iuridiuli fakulteti,
sadac
datoves
saprofesoro
momzadebisTvis, xolo
1846 wels
daniSnes
profesoris
movaleobis
Semsruleblad
iaroslavlis
demidovis iuridiul liceumSi, iqve
daiwyo
samecniero
kvleviTi
moRvaweoba. 1855 wlidan moRvaweobda
gatCinis obolTa institutSi, 1862-67
wlebSi imyofeboda sazRvargareT,
sadac swavlobda saskolo saqmes.

pedagogikis klasikoss, humanistsa da demokrats, mravali

pedagogikuri naSromisa da saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis (bavSvis
samyaro, mSobliuri ena) avtors konstantine uSinskis seriozuli
adgili uWiravs progresuldemokratiuli pedagogiuri azrovnebis
istoriaSi.
uSinskis demokratiuli, socialpolitikuri da filosofiuri
koncefcia gansazRvruli iyo idealizmidan materializmisken svlis
geziT. Zireuli sakiTxebis gagebaSi, igi principSi, materialistur
poziciebze dgas. es msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia udevs safuZvlad mis
mecnieruldemokratiul pedagogikas.
pedagogiuri azrovnebis arc erT
klasikoss,
sisrulis
TvalsazrisiT ise ar daumuSavebia pedagogika, rogorc es k. uSinskim
SeZlo. man mogvca Tavisi droisTvis dasrulebuli moZRvreba
pedagogikis oTxive dargis (pedagogikis zogadi safuZvlebi, didaqtika,
aRzrdis Teoria, skolaTmcodneoba) Sesaxeb TiToeulis problemaTa
saWiro nomenklaturis warmodgeniT.
amis damadasturebelia Tundac k. uSinskis moZRvreba pedagogikis,
rogorc mecnierebis zogadi safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. am moZRvrebaSi,
mecnierebis mecxramete saukuneseuli ganviTarebis Sesabamisad, maRal
donezea gadawyvetili iseTi problemuri sakiTxebi, rogoricaa:
pedagogikis, rogorc mecnierebis gageba da maSasadame misi sakvlevi
obieqtis sagnis dadgena, filosofiis safuZvelze agebuli
pedagogikis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis mecnierebis buneba,
romelic eyrdnoba pedagogiuri praqtikis ganzogadebas, pedagogikis
rogorc damoukidebeli mecnierebis Sinaarsi, amocanebi da misi kavSiri
sxva mecnierebebTan am amocanebis gadawyvetisaTvis, pedagogikis
mniSvneloba aRzrdaganaTlebis sakacobrio saqmeSi da xalxis
cxovrebaSi, misi ganviTarebis gzebi. man gaformebuli saxiT
Camoayaliba pedagogikis, rogorc mecnierebis zogadi safuZvlebi,
riTac yvelaze maRla dgas pedagogiuri azris istoriaSi.
pirvel rigSi yuradsaRebia uSinskis mier pedagogikis ganmarteba.
misTvis pedagogika aRzrdis Teoriaa. zogierTi mecnierebis
Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, romlebic aviTareben azrs, rom
pedagogika mxolod gamoyenebiTi mecnierebaa, rom mas Tavisi
damoukidebeli kanonebi da kvlevis meTodebi ar gaaCnia, uSinski Rrmad
asabuTebda
pedagogikis,
rogorc
Teoriis,
mecnierebis
damoukideblobas.
amave dros, uSinski xSirad ganmartavda pedagogikas rogorc
xelovnebas. magram saqme isaa, rom am SemTxvevaSi uSinskis mxedvelobaSi
262

hqonda praqtikuli pedagogiuri moRvaweoba da didad afasebda am

moRvaweobaSi pedagogikuri Teoriis SemoqmedebiTad gamoyenebas, rac
marTlac garkveul xelovnebas moiTxovda.
pedagogikis, rogorc aRzrdis Teoriis gagebidan uSualod
gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom uSinski pedagogikis sagnad miiCnevda
aRzrdas. amasve adasturebs misi ubadlo naSromis adamiani rogorc
aRzrdis sagani saTauric. aRzrda uSisnkisTvis ZiriTadi
pedagogikuri kategoriaa. uSinskis am bolomde marTebul azrs
adasturebs mis mier aRzrdis arsis sworad gageba.
ra aris aRzrda uSinskis mixedviT?
misi pedagogikuri
moZRvrebidan aSkarad gamomdinareobs, rom aRzrdis cnebaSi uSinskis
esmis bavSvis yovelmxrivi formirebis rTuli da mizanmimarTuli
procesi, misi gonebrivad, fizikurad, zneobrivad da esTetikurad
Camoyalibeba da SromisTvis momzadeba. Tu imasac davumatebT, rom
uSinskis mixedviT, aRzrdas, rogorc mizanmimarTul process
warmarTavs da xelmZRvanelobs aRmzrdelmaswavlebeli, rom am gziT
xdeba aRzrdis Segnebuli realizacia, maSin naTeli xdeba uSinskis mier
aRzrdis, rogorc socialuri kategoriis arsis mecnieruli gageba.
uSinskis aRzrda esmis, rogorc mizandasaxuli, organizebuli
procesi, romelsac bavSvis asakobrivi Taviseburebebis Sesabamisad
warmarTavs maswavlebeli. es gageba upirispirdeba Tavisufali aRzrdis
pedocentrul Teorias.
cnobilia, rom Tavisufali aRzrdis Teoria saerTod, kerZod ki
rusuli Tavisufali aRzrdis Teoria JanJak rusos bunebrivi aRzrdis
Teoriis ukiduresad calmxrivi gagebis nayofs warmoadgenda.
uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo uSinskis galaSqreba, rusos bunebrivi
aRzrdis Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebis winaaRmdeg Tavisufali aRzrdis
Teoriis kritikis mizniT. rusosebri aRzdisagan ara Tu araviTari
saswauli ar gamova, wers uSinski, aramed araferi gamova, garda
mxecisa, romlis aRzrdac ukve ar gvgonia SesaZlebeli iyos. uSinskis
devizi iyo aRzrda ara winaswarganuzraxveli, aramed mizanmimarTuli
da organizebuli, bavSvis bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
uSinskis azriT, aRzrdas Tavisi obieqturi kanonebi aqvs,
romlebiTac gamoirCeva sxva socialuri procesebisgan. aRzrdis
procesis sworad warmarTvisTvis aucilebelia am kanonebis migneba, rac
pedagogikis amocanas warmoadgens. swored am kanonebis dauflebiT unda
unaTebdes pedagogika gzas maswavlebels, raTa man SeZlos praqtikul
moRvaweobaSi maTi momarjveba, SemoqmedebiTad gamoyeneba. aqedan
naTelia, isic, rom pedagogikis amocanas Seadgens adamianis, rogorc
263

aRzrdis obieqtis Seswavla. k. uSinskis pedagogika warmodgenili

hqonda, rogorc yvelaze farTo, rTuli, yvelaze maRali da yvelaze
saWiro xelovneba yvela xelovnebidan.
k. uSinskis pedagogikis ZiriTad amocanad aRzrdis obieqturi
kanonebis gaxsna da aRzrdis procesSi adamianis Seswavla miaCnia. misi
azriT, uamisod SeuZlebelia adamianis yovelmxrivi aRzrda. Tu
pedagogikas surs adamiani yovelmxriv aRzardos, man is uwinares
yovlisa aseve yovelmxriv unda gaicnos.
k. uSinskis did damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos pedagogikis
damyareba pedagogiur praqtikaze. k. uSinskis azriT, pedagogiur
praqtikaze dayrdnobisa da misgan amosvlis gareSe pedagogika mowydeba
Tavis namdvil sagans, iqneba zerele da receptuli xasiaTis. amitom
pedagogika pedagogiuri praqtikis mecnierul ganzogadebas unda
efuZnebodes, masze Sendebodes. faqtebis mecnieruli ganzogadeba mas
miaCnda pedagogikis rogorc mecnierebis agebisa da srulqmnis
uZiriTades gzad.
pedagogikis socialuri xasiaTis dasabuTebis gverdiT uSinskis
did damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos pedagogikis, rogorc mecnierebis
Sinaarsis maRal doneze gansazRvra, pedagogikis kursis ageba da sxva
mecnierebebTan misi kavSiris dadgena.
k. uSinski pedagogikas ZiriTadad or nawilad yofs. pirvel nawils
uwodebs zogad pedagogikas, xolo meores didaqtikas. aqve unda
aRiniSnos, rom mas mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia aRzrdis Teoriis
sakiTxebi. misi Sromebis analizi gvarwmunebs, rom pedagogikis kursSi
igi aTavsebs pedagogikis zogad safuZvlebs, didaqtikas, aRzrdis
Teoriisa da skolaTmcodneobis TiTqmis yvela Zireul problemas.
aqedan gamomdinareobs prof. d. lorTqifaniZis daskvna, rom
pedagogikis klasikosebidan aravis ar moucia pedagogikis kursis iseTi
mecnierulad dasabuTebuli da realuri sistema, ise ar ganusazRvravs
misi amocanebi da Sinaarsi xalxis interesebis Sesabamisad da bavSvis
pirovnebisadmi pativiscemiT, rogorc es uSinskim gaakeTa. [d.

lorTqifaniZe, k. d. uSinskis pedagogiuri moZRvreba, gv. 146, 1955 w.]

aseve sworad aqvs uSinskis warmodgenili pedagogikis kavSiri sxva
mecnierebebTan. igi marTebulad miiCnevs, rom pedagogika ar SeiZleba
iyos namdvili mecniereba, Tu kavSiri ar eqna sxva mecnierebebTan,
romelTa monacemebis gamoyenebac aucilebelia misTvis. aseT
mecnierebad uSinski pirvel yovlisa fsiqologias miiCnevs da moiTxovs,
rom pedagogika eyrdnobodes fsiqologiis mecnierulad Semowmebul
monacemebs, mtkice kavSirSi iyos masTan, Tumca winaaRmdegia
264

pedagogikisa da fsiqologiis SeerTebisa. uSinskis mixedviT,

pedagogikas kavSiri unda hqondes adamianis anatomiasTan da
fiziologiasTan.
uSinskis moZRvreba pedagogikis zogadi safuZvlebis Sesaxeb
mecnierul da progresul xasiaTs iZens pedagogiuri mecnierebis
xalxurobis poziciebze agebiT. uaRresad keTilSobiluria uSinskis
ganzraxva, rom TviTmyofi rusuli pedagogika, rusi xalxis ekonomikur,
sazogadoebrivpolitikur
da
kulturulsaganmanaTleblo
interesebs Seufardos.
uSinskis esmis, rom rogorc pedagogikis mecnieruli kursis agebis,
ise
praqtikuli
pedagogikuri
moRvaweobis
mimarTulebis
gansazRvrisaTvis TiTqmis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba pirovnebis
formirebis procesSi aRzrdis, garemosa da memkvidreobis rolis
problemis gadaWras. mis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom man es problema
Tavisi droisTvis maRal mecnierul doneze gadawyvita. uSinski icnobs
am problemis irgvliv Camoyalibebul, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul
mimdinareobebs. man dasZlia TiToeuli maTganis ukiduresobani da swor
poziciaze dadga. marTalia, es pozicia manamdec iyo SemuSavebuli,
magram uSinskis damsaxureba swored mis mxardaWerasa da Taviseburi
saxiT dasabuTebaSi mdgomareobs. amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda
imdroindeli ruseTis sinamdvileSi.
aRzrdis rolis problemis gadaWraSi uSinskis pozicia mecnierul
da progresul mimarTulebas ukve imiT Rebulobs, rom igi ilaSqrebs, e.
w. nativisturi Teoriis winaaRmdeg, romelic aramecnieruli da
reaqciuli iyo Tavisi SedegiT.
uSinski ar uaryofs saerTod memkvidruli Taviseburebebis
Tandayolilobis SesaZleblobas, magram gmobs misTvis gadamwyveti
mniSvnelobis miniWebas, uSinskis azriT, axlad dabadebul bavSvebs ar
axasiaTebT iseTi gansakuTrebuli gansxvavebuloba, rom maTma
Tandayolilma Tvisebebma gansazRvros pirovnebis Camoyalibeba.
amasTanave, uSinskis azriT, bavSvi ar aris sufTa dafa, am sityvis
absolituri
mniSvnelobiT,
uSinski
aRiarebs
bavSvebis
gansxvavebulobas
memkvidruli
da
individualuri
bunebrivi
Taviseburebebis
mixedviT.
igi
miiCnevs,
rom
adamianis
CamoyalibebisaTvis garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs memkvidreobiT SeZenil
niSnebs da nervuli sistemis Taviseburebas, magram mTavari es ar aris.
marTalia, bavSvi tabula razaa garkveul farglebSi, magram ukve TviT
tabulis Tvisebazea damokidebuli metnaklebi sicxade da simtkice
imisa, rac masze daiwereba. maSasadame, sufTa dafaze dawerilis
xarisxi da odenoba damokidebulia ara marto damwerze, aramed dafis
265

Tvisebebzec. aqedan cxadia, rom bavSvis adamianad CamoyalibebaSi

yvelaferi aRzrdaze ki ar aris damokidebuli, aramed garkveul rols
asrulebs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebanic, Tumca am procesSi
aRzrda
gadamwyveti
mniSvnelobisaa.
am
konteqstSi
savsebiT
gamarTlebulia uSinskis mtkiceba, rom adamiani adamianad iqceva
aRzrdis saSualebiT, xolo aRzrdis centralur dawesebulebas skola
warmoadgens. igi, misi azriT, mtkiced organizebuli garemoa. uSinskis
SesaniSnavad esmis gare samyaros gavlena bavSvis ganviTarebaze, amitom
igi
garemos
did
mniSvnelobas
aniWebs
bavSvis
pirovnebis
CamoyalibebaSi.
uSinskis
pedagogiur
moZRvrebaSi
aseve
maRal
donezea
gadawyvetili aRzrdis miznisa da amocanebis sakiTxi. uSinskis
SesaniSnavad esmis, rom aRzrdis miznidan gamomdinareobs uSualod
aRzrdis
konkretuli
amocanebi.
amitom
igi
gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebs aRzrdis miznis naTlad gansazRvras xalxis
cxovrebis interesebis Sesabamisad. aRzrdis miznis winaswar Segneba
da misgan mizandasaxuli amocanebis gamoyvana zustad efardeba uSinskis
mier aRzrdis, rogorc obieqturi, socialuri, mizanmimarTuli da
organizebuli procesis gagebas.
uSinskis mTel pedagogikur moZRvrebas naTlad gasdevs
yovelmxriv Camoyalibebuli, gonebrivad, fizikurad, zneobrivad da
esTetikurad
srulyofili,
Sromis
meoxebiT,
Sromisa
da
cxovrebisaTvis momzadebuli mTliani pirovnebis aRzrdis miznad
warmodgena. uSinski aRiarebs aRzrdis calkeuli nawilebis Soris
kavSiris aucileblobas. misi azriT, gonebrivi, zneobrivi, esTetikuri,
fizikuri da SromiTi aRzrda erTmaneTTan mtkice kavSirSia da
erTmaneTs ganapirobebs.
bunebrivia, rom yovelmxriv Camoyalibebuli, cxovrebisaTvis
momzadebuli mSromeli pirovnebis aRzrdis miznis wamoyenebiT, uSinski
sastikad ilaSqrebs imdroindel ruseTSi gavrcelebuli franguli
brwyinvalebis egreT wodebuli garegnuli aRzrdis antixalxuri
aristokratiuli tendenciis winaaRmdeg. am galaSqrebiT igi pirdapir
ukavSirdeba rus revolucionerdemokratebs, kerZod, belinskis da misi
Sexedulebebis damcvelgamgrZeleblad gvevlineba.
uSinski amxels aristokratiul ruseTSi gavrcelebul azrs, rom
kargad aRzrdil kacs eZaxian imas, visac SeuZlia kargad gaikeTos
halstuxi, modurad eWiros Tavi, ilaybos ucxo enebze, Tavi moawonos
qalebs, Tayvani sces Zliers, cxviri maRla awios.. . qaliSvils unda
SeeZlos sxvaTa Tvalis axveva, Zneli aris saxeldaxelo da
266

gulagdebuli Tavis dakvra, gulubryvilobis SeerTeba civ gonebasTan .

. .da misi aRzrdis mTavari mizania sarfiani saqmros xelSi Cagdeba. [k.d.

uSinski, rC. ped. Txz.,t 1, gv. 20, 1948]

sruliad aSkaraa uSinskis am sityvebis Tanaziaroba belinskis
cnobil sityvebTan, roca es ukanaskneli ruseTis aristokratiul
wreebSi gamefebuli amgvari aRzrdis tendenciebs da mis Sedegebs
amxelda. ruseTis axalgazrdoba, wers belinski, iZens moCvenebiT,
wesier Tvisebebs da amis nacvlad maxinjdeba sulierad. erTi SexedviT
isini zrdilni, kulturulni da ganaTlebulni gveCvenebian, magram es
mxolod garegnulad, SinaarsiT es axalgazrdebi sruliad ususurni da
RaribRatakni arian. yvela isini Wkvianebic arian da sulelebic,
swavlulebica da uvicnic. . . saucxoo axalgazrda adamianebi! mere da ra
Tavisuflad da rogori daudevrobiT baasoben isini frangulad, da ra
Cinebulad ar SeuZliaT ori rusuli frazis dakavSireba, maTSi
pedantizmis aCrdilic ki ar Cans . [b.g. belinski, rC. ped. Txz. t1, gv. 26-

27, 1948]
uSinskis aRzrdis uZiriTades amocanad miaCnda adamianis
momzadeba cxovrebisTvis. cxovrebisaTvis momzadeba uSinskis iseT
zogad xasiaTis
amocanad miaCnia, romelic TviTon moiTxovs
konkretuli amocanebis gadawyvetas. igi uSinskis ramdenadme aRzrdis
miznis donemde ahyavs.
uSinskis azriT, harmoniulad Camoyalibebuli mTliani pirovnebis
aRzrdisaTvis aucilebelia aRzrdis amocanebis mtkice erTianoba.
swored aq xdeba TviTon uSinskis pedagogikis myari sistemis saboloo
srulyofa. am sistemiT igi adis umaRles safexurze pedagogikaSi.
magram, imisTvis, rom aRzrdis am amocanebs erTiani xasiaTi mivceT da
maTi
warmatebiT
ganxorcielebis
safuZvelze
yovelmxriv
ganviTarebuli, mTliani pirovnebis momzadebas mivaRwioT, saWiroa
amocanebis es erTianoba emyarebodes aRzrdis miznidan gamoyvanil
aRzrdis erTian princips. uSinskisaTvis aseTi principia xalxurobis
principi aRzrdaSi. visia? uSinskis pedagogiuri moZRvrebis suli da
gulia xalxurobis principi, romelic upirveles yovlisa misi
sazogadoebrivpolitikuri koncefciidan gamomdinareobs. uSinskis
moZRvrebaSi xalxurobis principi gadawyvetilia iseT maRal doneze,
romelsac klasikuri pedagogikis verc erTi moZRvreba ver Seswvda.
xalxurobis principis cnebaSi konstantine uSinskis esmoda
xalxis miswrafeba Tavisi erovnuli saxis SenarCunebisa da
gamtkicebisaken da xalxis sazogadoebrivekonomikuri cxovrebis
ganviTarebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba. swored amitom werda igi, rom xalxi
267

xalxurobis gareSe usulo sxeulia, romelsac isRa darCenia, rom Tavis

Tavze gamoscados gaxrwnis kanonis moqmedeba da gaqres sxva sxeulSi,
romelsac SenarCunebuli aqvs Tavisi TviTmyofadoba. raoden
progresuli da misaRebia es dRevandeli xalxisTvis, miT umetes,
mcirericxovani erebisTvis.
uSinskis azriT, xalxuroba xalxis sazogadoebrivekonomikuri
cxovrebis istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegia, radganac swored
istoriul ganviTarebaSi Seicnobs xalxi Tavis meobas, xalxurobas.
k. uSinskis pedagogiur sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili daeTmo
moZRvrebas skolis Sesaxeb, romelic man xalxurobis ideidan
gamomdinare gadaWra. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom skolis Sesaxeb uSinskim
originaluri da progresuldemokratiuli xasiaTis dasrulebuli
moZRvreba mogvca.
rogorc
ukve
aRvniSneT,
Tavisufali
aRzrdis
Teoriis
sawinaaRmdegod,
uSinskis
aRzrda
gagebuli
hqonda,
rogorc
sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis mizanmimarTuli da organizebuli procesi.
aqedan gamomdinare, savsebiT kanonzomieria uSinskis moZRvrebis
logika, rom, radganac adamiani sazogadoebrivi arsebaa da aRzrdac
socialuri xasiaTis kategoriaa, aRzrda unda warmoebdes mxolod da
mxolod sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebSi. aseT dawesebulebas ki skola
warmoadgens. saxalxo skolis gareSe bavSvi ise izrdeba, daberdeba da
mokvdeba, rom SeiZleba verc adamiani gaxdes da verc sasargeblo
moqalaqe. sruliad aSkaraa am poziciis dapirispirebuloba ruseTSi
gavrcelebuli Tavisufali aRzrdis Teoriisadmi.
amis Semdeg gasagebia uSinskis mier imdroindeli
rusuli
feodalurburJuaziuli skolis safuZvliani kritika. uSinskis
moZRvrebaSi mkacradaa gakritikebuli mefisdroindeli ruseTis
skolis TiTqmis yvela ubani. kargad xedavda, rom skola emsaxureboda
ara xalxs, aramed gabatonebul klasis interesebs, amitom man Zveli
skola uvargis dawesebulebad gamoacxada da daayena misi swor
mecnierulpedagogiur principebze agebis sakiTxi, manve mogvca axali
skolis monaxazi.
k. uSinskis azriT, skolis muSaoba xalxis sazogadoebriv
ekonomikuri interesebidan unda gamomdinareobdes, am interesebs
emsaxurebodes. uSinskis sjera skolis didi gavlena sazogadoebis
ekonomikur da kulturul progresze. aqve isic unda SevniSnoT, rom
uSinski kargad ver erkveoda sazogadoebis ekonomikurpolitikuri
mdgomareobisa da skolis urTierTobaSi, imaSi, rom es mdgomareoba
gansazRvarvda skolis xasiaTsa da muSaobas.
268

uSinskis mravali progresul Sexedulebas Soris erTerTi

yvelaze
mniSvnelovania
sayovelTaosavaldebulo
dawyebiTi
swavlebis SemoRebis saWiroebis aRiareba. uSinski moiTxovda saskolo
qselis farTod gaSlas, raTa yvelas hqonda ganaTlebis miRebis
SesaZlebloba.
uSinski ayenebda saero skolis moTxovnas. misi azriT, swored ara
religiur, aramed saero sawyisebze agebul skolas SeuZlia emsaxuros
xalxis interesebs, moamzados bavSvebi cxovrebisaTvis.
uSinskis azriT, skola unda aZlevdes bavSvs sinamdvilis realur
codnas, uviTarebdes azrovnebis unars, skolaSi mSobliur enas unda
eWiros centraluri adgili; skolam unda uzrunvelyos
maRali
moraluri Tvisebebis mqone xalxisTvis Tavdadebuli patriotis
momzadeba; skolis saqmes unda xelmZRvanelobdes TviTon xalxi da sxva.
am sakiTxebis mecnieruli poziciebidan gaSuqebisas uSinski akritikebda
mefis ruseTis saganmanaTleblo politikas, riTac kidev ufro
dasrulebul, progresul demokratiul xasiaTs aZlevda skolis da
saerTod saskolo sistemis Sesaxeb Tavis moZRvrebas. uSinskis
moZRvrebaSi gansakuTrebiT dasabuTebulia am sakiTxSi qalisa da
mamakacis sruli Tanasworobis aRiareba. kerZod, igi moiTxovda, rom
skolis
kari
Tanabrad
yofiliyo
gaRebuli
orive
sqesis
warmomadgenlebisaTvis.

269