Basic Aircom 2

TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
MC LC
MC LC .............................................................................................................................................. 1
Phn 1: GII THIU CC H THNG CELL ............................................................................ 5
1.1 Gii thiu ................................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 Mng v tuyn cell .................................................................................................................. 5
1.3 H thng cell th h th nht ................................................................................................. 5
1.4 H thng cell th h th hai.................................................................................................... 6
1.5 S pht trin ca GSM v cc c tnh................................................................................. 7
1.6 S phn b thu bao trong cc h thng cell ........................................................................ 8
1.7 Cc c tnh ca mng 2.5G .................................................................................................. 8
Phn 2: TNG QUAN V KIN TRC MNG............................................................................ 9
2.1 Cc s nhn dng trong mng GSM ..................................................................................... 9
2.1.1
IMEI-International Mobile Equipment Identity.......................................................... 9
2.1.2
IMSI-International Mobile Subscriber Identity .......................................................... 9
2.1.3
TMSI-Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity .......................................................... 10
2.1.4
LAI-Location Area Identity ......................................................................................... 10
2.1.5
MSISDN-Mobile Station ISDN Number ..................................................................... 10
2.1.6
MSRN-Mobile Station Roaming Number ................................................................... 11
2.1.7
CI-Cell Identifier ........................................................................................................... 11
2.1.8
BSIC-Base Station Identity Code ................................................................................ 11
2.1.9
CGI-Cell Global Identity .............................................................................................. 11
2.2 Tng quan kin trc mng ................................................................................................... 12
2.2.1
MS-Mobile Station ........................................................................................................ 12
2.2.2
BSS-Base Station Subsystem ........................................................................................ 13
2.2.2.1 BTS-Base Transceiver ........................................................................................ 13
2.2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.2.2.2
BSC-Base Station Controller ............................................................................. 13
2.2.2.3
Topo mng BSS................................................................................................... 13
NSS-Network Switching Subsystem ............................................................................ 14

2.2.3.1 MSC-Mobile Switching Centre ......................................................................... 15
2.2.3.2
VLR-Visitor Location Register ......................................................................... 15
2.2.3.3
HLR-Home Location Register ........................................................................... 16
2.2.3.4
AUC-Authentication Centre .............................................................................. 16
2.2.3.5
GMSC-Gateway Mobile Switching Centre ...................................................... 16
2.2.3.6
EIR-Equipment Identity Register ..................................................................... 17
Giao din A .................................................................................................................... 17

Giao din Abis ............................................................................................................... 17
Giao din B .................................................................................................................... 17
Giao din C .................................................................................................................... 18
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

2.3.5
Giao din D .................................................................................................................... 18
2.3.6
Giao din E .................................................................................................................... 18
2.3.7
Giao din F..................................................................................................................... 18
2.3.8
Giao din G y l giao din gia cc VLR. Khi 1 MS di chuyn t vng phc v ca
VLR ny sang vng phc v ca VLR khc th tc cp nht v tr s xy ra. Th tc ny nhm ly
li thng s IMSI v cc thng s nhn thc t VLR c .................................................................... 18
2.3.9
Giao din Um ................................................................................................................. 18
2.3.10 Giao din H .................................................................................................................... 19
Phn 3: GIAO DIN V TUYN ..................................................................................................... 20
3.1 Gii thiu ............................................................................................................................... 20
3.2 Cp pht ph tn trong GSM .............................................................................................. 20
3.2.1
Ph trong thng tin di ng ......................................................................................... 20
3.2.2
Ph GSM c bn ........................................................................................................... 20
3.2.3
Ph E-GSM (Extended-GSM)...................................................................................... 21
3.2.4
Ph DCS 1800 ................................................................................................................ 22
3.2.5
Ph PCS-1900 ................................................................................................................ 23
3.2.6
Ph GSM -450 ............................................................................................................... 24
3.3 K thut a truy cp trong GSM ........................................................................................ 25
3.3.1
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA) ............................................................. 25
3.3.2
a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) ........................................................ 25
3.4 Cc knh trong giao din v tuyn ...................................................................................... 26
3.4.1
Knh lu lng (TCH) ................................................................................................. 27
3.4.2
Cc knh qung b (BCH) ........................................................................................... 28
3.4.3
Knh iu khin chung (CCCH).................................................................................. 28
3.4.4
Knh iu khin dnh ring (DCCH) ......................................................................... 29
3.5 Cu trc khung, a khung ................................................................................................... 29
3.5.1
Khi nim a khung...................................................................................................... 29
3.5.2
a khung knh lu lng (TCH) ................................................................................ 29
3.5.2.1 Thi gian ca mt a khung TCH .................................................................... 29
3.5.3
3.5.2.2
Chc nng SACCH trong a khung TCH: ...................................................... 30
3.5.2.3
Chc nng knh Idle trong a khung TCH. .................................................... 30
3.5.2.4
Chc nng FACCH trong a khung TCH ....................................................... 30
a khung knh iu khn............................................................................................. 30

3.5.3.1 Sng mang BCCH............................................................................................... 30
3.5.3.2
Cu trc a khung knh iu khin.................................................................. 30
3.5.3.3 a khung knh iu khin kt hp v khng kt hp (combined v noncombined)............................................................................................................................ 31

3.5.4
Phn bc cu trc a khung trong GSM .................................................................... 32

3.5.4.1 Siu khung (superframe) ................................................................................... 32
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

3.5.4.2
Siu siu khung ................................................................................................... 32
Phn 4: CC NGHI THC TRONG GSM ...................................................................................... 33

4.1 Gii thiu ............................................................................................................................... 33
4.2 M hnh OSI 7 lp................................................................................................................. 33
4.3 Khi qut v cc nghi thc GSM ......................................................................................... 34
4.3.1
Lp 1: ............................................................................................................................. 34
4.3.2
Lp 2 s dng nghi thc LAPDm, bao gm cc chc nng:..................................... 35
4.3.3
Lp 3: ............................................................................................................................. 35
4.4 Nghi thc truyn ................................................................................................................... 35
4.5 Nghi thc bo hiu GSM ...................................................................................................... 37
4.6 Nghi thc trn giao din Um ................................................................................................ 38
4.7 Nghi thc trn giao din Abis .............................................................................................. 39
4.8 Nghi thc trn giao din A ................................................................................................... 39
Phn 5: M HA THOI V KNH .............................................................................................. 41
5.1 Gii thiu ............................................................................................................................... 41
5.2 K thut m ho thoi .......................................................................................................... 41
5.3 K thut m ho knh .......................................................................................................... 43
5.3.1
Backward error correction .......................................................................................... 44
5.3.2
Forward error correction ............................................................................................. 44
5.3.3
M ha khi (block channel coding)............................................................................ 45
5.3.4
M ha chp (convolutional channel coding) ............................................................. 45
5.4 M knh ................................................................................................................................. 46
5.5 Ghp xen ................................................................................................................................ 46
5.5.1
Nguyn l ghp xen ....................................................................................................... 46
5.5.2
Ghp xen khi ................................................................................................................ 47
5.5.3
Thc hin ghp xen trong GSM................................................................................... 48
5.5.4
Ghp cm v tuyn............................................................................................................. 48
5.5.4.1 Nguyn l ghp cm v tuyn ............................................................................ 48
5.5.4.2
Cc loi cm d liu (data burst) ...................................................................... 49
Phn 6: Qun l di ng MM ............................................................................................................. 52

6.1 Gii thiu ............................................................................................................................... 52
6.2 Cc qu trnh qun l di ng (MM) .................................................................................. 52
6.2.1
MM common procedures ............................................................................................. 52
6.2.2
MM-specific procedures ............................................................................................... 52
6.2.3
Qu trnh qun l kt ni MM ..................................................................................... 53
6.3 Cc trng thi di ng .......................................................................................................... 53
6.3.1
MS tt my (turn off) .................................................................................................... 53
6.3.2
MS m my trong ch idle ...................................................................................... 53
6.3.3
MS m my trong ch dedicated ............................................................................ 53
6.4 IMSI attach / detach ............................................................................................................. 53
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

6.4.1
Trnh t kt ni mng ................................................................................................... 53
6.4.2
IMSI attach .................................................................................................................... 54
6.4.3
IMSI detach ................................................................................................................... 55
6.5 Cp nht v tr ....................................................................................................................... 56
6.5.1
Cc ty chn cp nht v tr ......................................................................................... 56
6.5.2
GSM location areas ....................................................................................................... 57
6.5.3
Cc iu kin cp nht v tr ........................................................................................ 57
6.6 Roaming ................................................................................................................................. 58
PHN 7: QUN L TI NGUYN V TUYN ............................................................................ 59
7.1 Gii thiu ............................................................................................................................... 59
7.2 Thit lp kt ni ti nguyn v tuyn .................................................................................. 59
7.3 Selection cell v reselection cell............................................................................................ 60
7.3.1
Th tc selection cell ..................................................................................................... 60
7.3.2
Reselection cell............................................................................................................... 61
7.4 Chuyn giao ........................................................................................................................... 62
7.4.1
Cc nguyn nhn chuyn giao: .................................................................................... 62
7.4.2
Qu trnh chuyn giao .................................................................................................. 63
Phn 8: Qun l cuc gi .................................................................................................................... 64
8.1 Gii thiu ............................................................................................................................... 64
8.2 Mobile original call ............................................................................................................... 64
8.3 Mobile terminal call .............................................................................................................. 65
8.4 Call routing example ............................................................................................................. 67
8.4.1
nh tuyn cuc gi trong ni PLMN ......................................................................... 67
8.4.2
nh tuyn cuc gi gia cc PLMN ........................................................................... 67
8.5 Trit ting vng (Echo cancelling) ....................................................................................... 68
Phn 9: GSM SECURITY ............................................................................................................... 69
9.1 Mc ch ca bo mt mng ................................................................................................ 69
9.2 Bo v nhn dng ngi dng.............................................................................................. 69
9.3 Nhn thc............................................................................................................................... 69
9.4 Bo v thng tin ngi dng ................................................................................................ 70
9.5 Bo v thng tin bo hiu ..................................................................................................... 73
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
Phn 1:
GII THIU CC H THNG CELL
1.1 Gii thiu

Phn ny gii thiu cc c tnh ca cc h thng cell th h u, th h th hai. Ni dung phn
ny bao gm:
Mng v tuyn cell
Cc c tnh ca cc h thng cell th h u
Cc c tnh ca cc h thng cell th h th hai v cc h thng phi GSM
Cc h thng cell trn th gii v s phn b thu bao
1.2 Mng v tuyn cell

Cc c tnh ca mng v tuyn di ng
Mng v tuyn di ng hnh thnh theo cu trc t bo nn cn c tn gi l mng v tuyn
cell. Mi cell l vng ph ca 1 anten. V th hnh dng ca cell ph thuc vo kiu anten v
cng sut pht ca tng trm gc. Dng anten thng s dng l anten v hng pht ng
hng v anten c hng tp trung cng sut pht theo hng nht nh
S lng tn s trong mng l hu hn. Do , s dng hiu qu ti nguyn v tuyn ta cn
s dng li tn s cc BTS khc nhau
Tnh di ng gia cc cell thc hin c nh vo chuyn giao (gii thiu c th chng 8).
Hnh 1.1-Mc thi gian ra i ca cc th h mng
1.3 H thng cell th h th nht

Cc c tnh ca h thng cell th h th nht:
Gii thiu rng ri u nm 1980
S dng k thut iu ch tng t
Dng kiu a truy xut phn chia theo tn s
Ch dng cho thai
Khng c kh nng roaming vi mng ngoi
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Khng an ton trn giao din v tuyn
Cc chun mng th h th nht
AMPS (Analogue Advanced Mobile Phone System): theo chun Bc M dng bng tn
800Mhz.
TACS (Total Access Communications System): chun Hoa K da trn AMPS dng bng tn
900Mhz.
NMT(Nordic Mobile Telephony System): theo chun Bc u dng bng tn 450Mhz v
900Mhz.
C-450: theo chun c dng bng tn 450Mhz
JTACS: theo chun Nht dng bng tn 900Mhz
Quy hach cell cho mng th h th nht
Macrocellular: t v tr cao cho vng ph ln, anten trn mi nh
Hach nh tn s: i vi cc mng s cell nhiu hn s tn s th cn phi hach nh cho tn
s
Cell kch thc ln, vng ph 30km
Chuyn giao cng: Mi MS ti 1 thi im ch c kt ni ti duy nht 1 cell
Cell c hnh dng lc gic
Hnh 1.2- S phn b tn s gia cc cell trong mng v tuyn cell.
1.4 H thng cell th h th hai

Cc c tnh h thng cell th h th hai
Gii thiu rng khp trong nhng nm 1990
Dng iu ch s
Dng nhiu k thut a truy cp khc nhau
S dng ph v tuyn hiu qu hn
Truyn thai v d liu chuyn mch mch tc thp
C kh nng roaming quc t
An tan trn giao din v tuyn
Tng thch vi ISDN
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Trong khi nhng h thng th h u dng kin trc cell v ti s dng li tn s th cc h thng
s vn pht trin quan dim ny v dng thm cc thng s cell a lp (cc microcell v
macrocell). Ti s dng tn s cht hn do nhiu trong truyn dn s gim.
Cc c tnh ca mng CDMAOne
Nhng mng u tin nm 1996
Bt ngun t giao din v tuyn Qualcomm IS-95
a truy cp phn chia theo m
Mng li ANSI-41
Tc chip l 1.2288Mcps
Cc c tnh D-AMPS/PDC
TDMA(D-AMPS)
PDC
Dng TDMA/FDMA
Dng TDMA/FDMA
Phn ln c dng Bc v Nam M
Phn ln c dng chu
Hach nh ging mng GSM
Hach nh ging mng GSM
Mng core ANSI-41
1.5 S pht trin ca GSM v cc c tnh

Cu trc cell
Mc ch ca h thng cu trc cell l s dng tn s sn c mt cch hiu qu
Cu trc cell cho php ti s dng tn s trong mng
Vic hach nh thng s ti s dng tn s l phn chnh ca thit k h thng
Hach nh GSM
Cc thng s chnh cn quan tm khi hach nh mng
Vng ph
Dung lng
Cht lng
Cc thng s ty chn yu cu khi hach nh mng
Cu trc cell phn bc(macrocell/microcell)
Nhy tn
Truyn khng lin tc
iu khin cng sut
Phn tch dung lng thu bao: dung lng gii hn bi s TRX
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

1.6 S phn b thu bao trong cc h thng cell
Hnh 1.3-S phn b thu bao ng vi cc th h mng di ng
Hnh 1.4-S phn b thu bao di ng trn th gii
1.7 Cc c tnh ca mng 2.5G
iu ch s
Thai v d liu chuyn mch mch tc va
K thut roaming 2G
An tan trn giao din v tuyn
Da trn cc chun u th tn ti trong mng 2G nh GSM v CDMAOne
Tc d liu c tng cao
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
Phn 2:
TNG QUAN V KIN TRC MNG
2.1
Cc s nhn dng trong mng GSM
2.1.1 IMEI-International Mobile Equipment Identity
IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) l s nhn dng thit b di ng quc t, dng
phn bit tng my TD. Khng th c hai TD cng mang mt s IMEI. Thng thng,
s IMEI do mt s t chc cung cp cho nh sn xut TD. IMEI c lu trong AuC, my,
EIR. EIR dng s ny nhn dng thit b di ng bi ly cp v ngn cm truy cp vo mng
S IMEI lun gm 15 ch s theo dng:
TAC(Type Approval Code) c 6 ch s 2 ch s u cho bit t chc no cung cp

s IMEI cho nh sn xut TD. Bn ch s k tip c gi l Mobile Equipment Type
Identifier, dng nhn dng dng (model) TD
FAC (Final Assembly Code) dng xc nh xut x ca sn phm
SNR (Serial Number) s xri ca sn phm
Spare cho s dng trong tng lai
V d: Nu IMEI l 350893-30-952659-2 :s u 35 cho bit do t chc BABT cp, c sn
xut ti Hn Quc(30).
2.1.2 IMSI-International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IMSI l s nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t dng phn bit cc thu bao di ng tan
cu. N c dng cho bo hiu trong mng, c lu trong SIM, HLR v VLR ang phc v
S IMSI lun gm 3 phn:
MCC(Mobile Country Code): M nc di ng(Vit Nam l 452)

MNC(Mobile Network Code): M nh cung cp mng di ng(Viettel l 04)
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
MSIN(Mobile Station Identification Number): s nhn dng thu bao di ng
2.1.3 TMSI-Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

TMSI l s nhn din thu bao di ng tm thi. S ny c gi tr trong tng LA, c cp
mi cho MS mi khi thc hin IMSI attach, hay khi cp nht v tr do MS chuyn sang LAI khc.
S ny c s dng tm gi MS trn giao din v tuyn, c thay i sau tng cuc gi hay
theo chu k trnh cho MS b theo di bng cch nghe ln tn hiu gi trn ng v tuyn. Ch
khi khng th gi c bng TMSI th mng mi tm gi MS bng IMSI. TMSI c lu trong
VLR v trong SIM. TMSI bao gm 4 octet. Mi nh iu hnh mng c th chn cu trc TMSI
2.1.4 LAI-Location Area Identity

Mng PLMN s c chia thnh nhiu vng nh gi l LA(Location area). Mi vng nh ny
s c 1 s nhn dng v s ny gi l LAI. LAI c broadcast u n bi cc BTS trn knh
BCCH. Cng dng ca LAI l dng tm gi v cp nht v tr cho thu bao
Cu trc nh sau:
LAC(Location Area Code):16 bit cho php 65536 vng nh c xc nh trong 1

PLMN
2.1.5 MSISDN-Mobile Station ISDN Number

y l s thc ca 1 thu bao khi lin lc vi thu bao ta s gi s ny .MSISDN l s m t
thu bao di ng trong mng PSTN. Khi 1 my c nh gi cho 1 my di ng trong bo hiu vi
tng i c nh th a ch ca my b gi chnh l s MSISDN v tng i c nh s cn c vo
s iu khin kt ni ti mng di ng(GMSC-HLR) ca my b gi.
Cu trc nh sau :
CC(Country Code) : M nc
NDC(National Destination Code):M mng
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
SN(Subscriber Number): S thu bao
VD:84 98 8000345
2.1.6 MSRN-Mobile Station Roaming Number
MSRN l 1 s tm thi c cp bi VLR c dng nh tuyn cuc gi gia 2 thu bao
thuc 2 mng khc nhau(GMSC-MSC) hay 2 thu bao thuc 2 MSC khc nhau
Cu trc gm 3 phn:
2.1.7 CI-Cell Identifier

CI l s nhn dng cell dng nhn dng cc cell khc nhau trong 1 mng PLMN
2.1.8 BSIC-Base Station Identity Code

BSIC l m dng phn bit cc cell khc nhau khi cc cell ny c cng tn s BCCH. Hai
cell c tn s BCCH ging nhau th BISC phi khc nhau
Cu trc nh sau:
NCC(Network Color Code) 3 bit tng ng t 0 n 7

BCC(Base Station Color Code) 3 bit tng ng t 0 n 7
2.1.9 CGI-Cell Global Identity

CGI c dng nhn dng cc cell ring bit ton cu. Nhn dng cell thc hin bng cch
cng CI vi LAC. CI c chiu di ti a l 16 bit.
CGI bao gm:
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

2.2 Tng quan kin trc mng
Switching System
SS
AUC
VLR
Other
networks
HLR
GMSC
EIR
MSC
Base Station System BSS

BSC
NMC and OMC
Signaling transmission
BTS
Call connections and

signaling transmission
MS
9804649
Mng GSM hnh thnh t 3 phn:

Mobile Station (MS)
Base Station Sub-system (BSS) : Gm 1 BSC v nhiu BTS
Network and Switching Sub-system (NSS) : gm MSC v VLR, HLR, EIR, AUC
2.2.1 MS-Mobile Station

MS l thit b thu pht c nhn do ngi ng k thu bao trc tip s dng bao gm:
Thit b di ng : ME Mobile equipment.
Module nhn dng thu bao: SIM Subscriber Identity Module.
SIM lu gi thng tin v thu bao, mng bao gm:
S IMSI, kha nhn thc, thut tan kim tra nhn thc, bo mt
TMSI, LAI, danh sch cc tn s c dng cho vic chn cell
Module nh s danh b, tin nhn
ME c phn bit bi s IMEI
Cn c vo cng sut pht ti a ca MS m ta phn MS thnh cc lp nh sau:
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Power
GSM 900
DCS 1 800
class Nominal Maximum
Nominal
output
Maximum output
power
power
1
-- ---1 W (30 dBm)
2
8 W (39 dBm)
0.25 W (24 dBm)
5 W (37 dBm)
4 W (36 dBm)
2 W (33 dBm)
5
0.8 W (29 dBm)
Lu : cng sut ng ra danh nh thp nht i vi tt c cc class ca GSM 900 l
5dBm v GSM 1800 l 0 dBm
Nhng thit b di ng u cui dng trong mng GSM thng l class 3 v 4 i vi bng tn
900 , class 1 v 2 i vi bng tn 1800(DCS). Nhng class khc dng cho nhng thit b lp t
c nh hay lp trn xe
2.2.2 BSS-Base Station Subsystem

2.2.2.1 BTS-Base Transceiver
BTS gm c
Cc TRX c chc nng pht v nhn tn hiu
Cc thit b iu khin v x l tn hiu
Cc cp feeder v anten
Hin nay 1 BTS gm c 3 anten t theo 3 hng khc nhau. Mi anten to ra mt
vng ph sng nh gi l cell. Nhiu cell to thnh 1 LA. Ty theo lai thit b BTS m
cho php 1 cell c th c ti a bao nhiu TRX
Chc nng ca BTS l to ra vng hat ng cho MS
2.2.2.2 BSC-Base Station Controller

BSC thc hin cc chc nng chnh sau:
Cp pht knh v tuyn
Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
Duy tr cuc gi nh gim st cht lng, iu khin cng sut pht ca MS
hay BTS, iu khin chuyn giao
iu khin 1 hay nhiu BTS
2.2.2.3 Topo mng BSS

Gm cc topo sau:
Dng chui(Chain): chi ph r, d thc hin nhng nu lin kt b h s tc
ng n nhiu BTS
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
Dng vng(Ring): an tan nh bo v nu lin kt h nhng kh hn cho

vic m rng
Dng sao(star): y l cu hnh ph bin cho nhng h thng GSM u tin.

Chi ph t v mi BTS u c lin kt ring vi BSC, 1 lin kt b h khng
tc ng n BTS khc
Cc BTS c lin kt n BSC theo 1 trong nhng topo chun. Cc lin kt vt l c

th l vi ba, cp quang hay ng.
2.2.3 NSS-Network Switching Subsystem

NSS gm cc thnh phn sau:
Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Authentication Centre (AuC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
Gateway MSC (GMSC)
Nhng thnh phn ny c kt ni bng mng SS7
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
2.2.3.1 MSC-Mobile Switching Centre

Mt MSC l 1 tng i thc hin chc nng:
Chuyn mch, iu khin v ghi li cuc gi
Giao din vi PSTN, ISDN, PSPDN
Qun l tnh di ng
Qun l 1 phn ti nguyn v tuyn nh handover gia cc BSC
Thng tin tnh cc
Mt MSC qun l nhiu BSC nn vng qun l ca MSC l tan b vng ph ca cc
BTS thuc quyn qun l ca cc BSC
2.2.3.2 VLR-Visitor Location Register

VLR l 1 c s d liu phc v cho cc thu bao m hin thi ang nm trong vng
phc v ca 1 MSC. Mi MSC trong mng s kt hp vi 1 VLR nhng 1 VLR c th
phc v nhiu MSC. Nhng hin nay th mi VLR c tch hp trong 1 MSC. Mt MS
di chuyn trong vng phc v ca 1 MSC c iu khin bi VLR kt hp vi MSC .
Thng tin trn VLR cp nht t ng
Khi di chuyn sang vng mi, MS thc hin cp nht v tr. Nu vng mi ny cn
trong phm vi qun l ca MSC-VLR c th ch cn cp nht s LAI mi (v tr mi) ca
MS trn VLR. Nu v tr mi thuc phm vi qun l ca 1 MSC-VLR khc th VLR mi
phi ly thng tin ca MS t HLR v HLR cng s yu cu VLR c xa thng tin v MS.
Sau VLR mi mi cp nht s LAI ca MS. Do VLR ch lu thng tin tm v s b
mt khi MS di chuyn sang vng mi hay MS ri mng qu lu
Thng tin lu trong VLR bao gm:
IMSI
MSISDN
MSRN
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
TMSI
LAI
Nhng thng s dch v cng thm
Trng thi ca thu bao(tt, bt..)
2.2.3.3 HLR-Home Location Register

HLR l 1 c s d liu m nhim vic qun l cc thu bao di ng. Mt mng
PLMN c th c 1 hay nhiu HLR ty thuc vo s lng thu bao di ng, dung lng
ca thit b v s t chc ca mng
Thng tin lu trong HLR gm:
IMSI
MSISDN
a ch MSC-VLR
Cc dch v cng thm
MSRN
Thng tin thu bao
Nhng gii hn dch v
Cng vi AuC, HLR kim tra tnh hp l ca thu bao
Lu : VLR cho bit MS thuc LAI no nhng HLR ch cho bit MS thuc vng qun
l ca MSC-VLR no
2.2.3.4 AUC-Authentication Centre

AuC c kt hp vi HLR, cha kha nhn thc ca cc thu bao ng k trong
HLR
Kha ny c dng to ra:
D liu c dng nhn thc 1 MS c quyn truy nhp vo mng hay
khng
Mt kha c dng mt m thng tin trn ng v tuyn gia MS v
mng
Nhng th tc c dng cho nhn thc v m ha s c miu t y hn
chng bo mt trong GSM
2.2.3.5 GMSC-Gateway Mobile Switching Centre

GMSC l 1 thit b nh tuyn lu lng trong 1 mng di ng n ch n
GMSC truy cp HLR ca mng tm xem thu bao di ng c gi thuc MSCVLR no
Mt MSC ring bit c th ng vai tr nh 1 GMSC
Nh iu hnh mng c th dng 1 hay nhiu GMSC
GMSC nh tuyn cuc gi gia cc MSC hay gia MSC vi mng ngai
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2.2.3.6 EIR-Equipment Identity Register
EIR l 1 c s d liu lu tr cc s IMEI. Trong c 3 danh sch:
Danh sch trng l nhng s IMEI c php kt ni vi mng
Danh sch xm l nhng s IMEI ca ME c quyn s dng dch v mng
nhng di tm gim st ca mng
Danh sch en l nhng s IMEI ca cc ME b nh cp hay l 1 ME khng
c ng dng trong mng GSM. Nhng u cui ny s khng c
php kt ni vo mng
ME c th c phn lai thuc danh sch trng, en hay xm cho bit trng thi ca
MS
y l 1 thit b ty chn. N c th c dng bi nh iu hnh mng iu khin
truy nhp n mng cho php, gim st hay ngn cm (i vi thit b b nh cp) kt
ni mng.
2.3
Cc giao din trong mng GSM
2.3.1 Giao din A

y l
quan n:
giao din gia MSC v BSS ca n. Giao din ny c dng mang thng tin lin
Qun l BSS
X l cuc gi
Qun l tnh di ng
2.3.2 Giao din Abis

y l giao din gia BSC v BTS h tr nhng dch v cung cp cho thu bao. Giao din
ny cng cho php iu khin thit b v tuyn v cp pht tn s v tuyn trong BTS.
2.3.3 Giao din B

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y l giao din gia MSC v VLR. Dng trong cc trng hp sau:
Bt c khi no MSC cn d liu lin quan n 1 MS ang nm trong vng phc v ca
n, n s truy vn VLR
Khi 1 MS thc hin 1 th tc cp nht v tr vi 1 MSC, MSC s nhc nh VLR ca n
lu gi thng tin lin quan
Khi 1 thu bao kch hat 1 dch v cng thm c bit no hay b sung 1 vi d liu
v 1 dch v, MSC s yu cu (thng qua VLR) HLR lu gi cc thng tin b sung ny v
HLR cp nht cho VLR nu c yu cu
2.3.4 Giao din C

y l giao din gia MSC v HLR. GMSC phi truy vn HLR ly thng tin nh tuyn cho 1
cuc gi hay 1 tin nhn n thu bao
2.3.5 Giao din D

y l giao din gia VLR v HLR. Giao din ny c dng trao i d liu lin quan
n v tr thu bao v qun l thu bao. Dch v chnh ca 1 thu bao di ng l thit lp hay
nhn cuc gi trong 1 mng. h tr dch v ny, cc thanh ghi v tr phi trao i d liu vi
nhau
Khi MS di chuyn sang MSC khc, VLR thng bo cho HLR bit v tr ca MS v cung cp
cho n (khi thit lp cuc gi) s roaming ca MS . HLR gi cho VLR tt c thng tin h tr
dch v ca MS . HLR sau yu cu VLR c hy b thng tin v tr ca MS
Vic trao i thng tin c th xy ra khi:
MS yu cu 1 dch v c th no
MS mun thay i vi thng tin thu bao
Mt thng tin ca thu bao c b sung bi cc phng tin qun tr
2.3.6
Giao din E
y l giao din gia cc MSC. Khi 1 MS di chuyn t 1 MSC ti 1 MSC khc trong 1 cuc gi.
Mt th tc chuyn giao phi c thc hin dy tr cuc gi. V mc ch cc MSC phi
trao i d liu khi to 1 knh MSC mi v gii phng knh MSC c
Sau khi chuyn giao thnh cng cc MSC s trao i thng tin truyn bo hiu giao din A
nu cn thit. Khi 1 tin nhn c truyn gia MS v trung tm dch v nhn tin (Short Message
Service Centre-SC), giao din ny c dng truyn bn tin gia MSC phc v MS v MSC
ni vi trung tm dch v nhn tin
2.3.7 Giao din F

y l giao din c dng gia MSC v EIR trao i d liu, EIR c th xc nh tnh
trng MS thng qua s IMEI
2.3.8
Giao din G
y l giao din gia cc VLR. Khi 1 MS di chuyn t vng phc v ca VLR ny sang vng phc
v ca VLR khc th tc cp nht v tr s xy ra. Th tc ny nhm ly li thng s IMSI v cc
thng s nhn thc t VLR c
2.3.9 Giao din Um

y l giao din gia MS v BSS
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

2.3.10 Giao din H
y l giao din gia HLR v AuC. Khi HLR nhn 1 yu cu cung cp d liu cho nhn thc v
mt m cho 1 MS, HLR khng gi d liu yu cu, HLR s yu cu d liu t AuC. Giao thc ny
c dng truyn d liu trn giao din ny
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
Phn 3: GIAO DIN V TUYN

3.1 Gii thiu
Giao din v tuyn l giao din gia u cui di ng (MS) v trm thu pht gc
(BTS) m n c truy nhp.
3.2 Cp pht ph tn trong GSM
3.2.1 Ph trong thng tin di ng
Ph v tuyn l mt ti nguyn gii hn
Cc di tn ang s dng trong thng tin di ng
Ton b ph v tuyn c chia thnh cc bng tn nh VHF, UHFbng tn

UHF c s dng trong thng tin di ng.
Cp pht tn s
Cc yu t chn bng tn s dng:
V tr
Mc cng sut
Loi iu ch
Bng thng
Cc t chc qui nh v cp pht tn s trn th gii:
ITU (International Telecomunication Union)
ESTI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)
RA (Radiocommunications Agency) ti Hoa k
Chi ph chnh ban u cho cc nh khai thc mng l tm c licence s dng mt
phn bng tn v tuyn. Phng php cp pht bng tn hot ng khc nhau trong cc
nc, nhng c th c u gi hoc chn trc tip nh hot ng bi t chc chnh
ph.
3.2.2 Ph GSM c bn
Ph P-GSM (Primary GSM)
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
GSM s dng phn chia tn s song cng (FDD), mi knh ng ln v xung

hot ng mt tn s khc nhau. Do , c 2 bng tn c cp cho GSM, cch
nhau 20MHz.
Bng tn u tin c cp trong GSM (P-GSM):
Bng tn 890MHz n 915MHz cho ng ln (uplink) t MS n BTS
Bng tn 935MHz n 960MHz cho ng xung (downlink) t BTS n MS
Mi bng tn c chia thnh mt s sng mang, mi sng mang c bng thng
200KHz. Do c 125 sng mang cho mi bng tn ln, xung. Trong , mt knh
c dng nh knh bo v, iu ny lm gim s knh cn 124 knh.
Hai tn s n nh cho mi cp knh cch nhau 45MHz.
Mi cp tn s c nhn dng bi mt s ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency
Channel)
Tnh ton tn s knh ng ln v xung:
Cc tn s uplink: Ful (n) = 890 MHz + (0,2 MHz) n
Cc tn s downlink: Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 45 MHz
n = ARFCN vi 1 n 124
3.2.3 Ph E-GSM (Extended-GSM)
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

E-GSM cp thm 10MHz ca bng thng ti u cui ca bng tn ng ln v
xung. Cc bng tn nh sau:
ng uplink: 880MHz n 915MHz
ng downlink: 925MHz n 960MHz
Kt qu:
Thm 50 cp sng mang (cc knh 10MHz/200KHz)
Gim khong cch bng thng gia bng tn ng ln v ng xung t 20MHz
xung 10MHz.
Tng kch thc bng tn ng ln v xung t 25MHz ln 35MHz
Cp dy sng mang tn s v tuyn mi t 975-1023.
Sng mang tn s v tuyn 0 trong P-GSM chuyn t bng bo v thnh mt sng
mang tn s v tuyn c gi tr.
Cc knh tn s v tuyn ng ln v xung trong E-GSM c tnh nh sau:
Cc tn s uplink: Ful (n) = 890 MHz + (0,2 MHz) n
(0<=n<=124)
Ful(n)=890MHz+(0,2MHz) (n 1024)
(975<=n<=1023)
3.2.4 Ph DCS 1800
H thng thng tin s (DCS) -1800 gii thiu dy ph 1800MHz cho GSM. c
tnh ca cc tn s v tuyn trong dy ny, tiu biu l DCS-1800 c dng cho cc
microcell c vng ph nh hn cc macrocell GSM-900 ang tn ti. Mi cp tn s
ng ln v xung cch nhau 95MHz v khong cch gia 2 bng l 20MHz:
Bng tn uplink: 1710MHz n 1785MHz
Bng tn downlink: 1805MHz n 1880MHz
Mi bng c chia thnh cc sng mang 200KHz. Nh vy, c 374 sng mang
trong mi bng tn ng ln v xung. S knh trong dy 512-885 (ARFCNs).
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Cp knh n nh c sp xp 2 tn s cch nhau 95MHz.
Cc tn s knh ng ln v xung trong DCS-1800 c tnh nh sau:
Cc tn s uplink: Ful (n) = 1710.2 MHz + (0,2 MHz) (n 512)
(512<=n<=885)
S dng bng tn 1800MHz ti UK
Vic phn b cc tn s ti UK hin ti ca cc nh khai thc l:
Biu ph ny cho thy cch phn b bng tn 1800MHz gia cc nh khai thc
ti UK.
3.2.5 Ph PCS-1900
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

H thng thng tin ring (PCS)-1900MHz c dng ti USA v Trung M
cung cp dch v tng t nh GSM. Bng tn 1900MHz c chn ti USA v thiu
bng tn 1800. Mi di tn ng ln v xung l 60MHz, khong cch gia 2 di tn
l 20MHz.
Bng tn uplink: 1850MHz n 1910MHz
Bng tn downlink: 1930MHz n 1990MHz
Mi bng c chia thnh cc sng mang 200KHz, do , c 299 sng mang trong
mi bng ng ln v xung. S knh trong di 512-810 (ARFCNs)
Cp knh n nh c sp xp 2 tn s cch nhau 80MHz.
Cc tn s knh ng ln v xung trong DCS-1900 c tnh nh sau:
Cc tn s uplink: Ful (n) = 1850.2 MHz + (0,2 MHz) (n 512)
(512<=n<=810)
3.2.6 Ph GSM -450
GSM-450 chun c pht trin t mt nghin cu nh gi chun s thay th
ton b h thng NMT-450 tng t. Thun li ca bng tn 450MHz so vi bng tn
GSM ang tn ti (900/1800/1900) l tng vng ph trn cell v s lng trm t hn
trong cng mt khu vc trin khai so vi thit lp trn 3 bng tn . N cng cung cp
thm dung lng.
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

3.3 K thut a truy cp trong GSM
Mc ch: cho php nhiu user chia s ti nguyn ca giao din v tuyn trong mt
cell.
Cc phng php:
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access): a truy nhp phn chia tn s
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access): a truy nhp phn chia thi gian
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access): a truy nhp phn chia theo m
K thut a truy nhp cho php s dng hiu qu hn ph v tuyn. Cc h thng
th h th nht ch s dng FDMA, s dng hon ton mt sng mang v tuyn n
nh cho mt ngi dng qua cuc gi. iu ny lm gim hiu sut s dng ph.
3.3.1 a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA)
Chia ph tn s c sn thnh cc knh, mi knh s dng hon ton mt bng thng

Vic phn chia knh t c bi cc b lc:
Tnh chn lc tt
Cc bng bo v gia cc knh
Mi user truy nhp vo mng trn 1 tn s khc nhau.
Ch mt ngi dng trn knh tn s ti mt thi im
Hn ch:
Dung lng khng cao do ti nguyn bng thng hn ch
Nhiu xuyn knh cao
3.3.2 a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA)
Truy nhp vo ph c gii hn trong cc khe thi gian
Mi user c cp pht ph trong sut mt khe thi gian
Cc khe thi gian c lp li trong cc khung.
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
TDMA c php s dng trong cc h thng s nh GSM m cc lung d liu c

th c chia thnh cc cm v c n nh vo mt khe thi gian.
3.3.3 K thut a truy nhp s dng trong GSM
GSM s dng kt hp c 2 k thut a truy nhp FDMA v TDMA trn giao din
v tuyn: FDMA cung cp cc sng mang v TDMA chia s truy cp vo cc
sng mang.
3.4 Cc knh trong giao din v tuyn

GSM nh ngha 2 loi knh c bn:
Knh vt l:
Trong thng tin di ng, bng thng ca h thng c chia thnh cc bng tn nh, mi
bng tn ny c gi l 1 knh tn s.
Mi knh tn s c phn chia thnh 8 khe thi gian
Mi khe thi gian (TS) c gi l knh vt l.
Mt nhm 8 khe thi gian trn mt sng mang c xem nh mt khung TDMA
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
Mt cm d liu (data burst) (chu k 0.577ms hay 156.25 bit) c truyn trn mt knh
vt l.
Knh lun l (knh logic)
Ty vo ni dung thng tin c truyn trn cc knh vt l m c chia thnh cc knh
logic khc nhau.
Mt knh vt l c th h tr mt hay nhiu cc knh logic
Hai loi knh logic c nh ngha: knh lu lng v knh iu khin
Mi knh c chia thnh cc knh ph nh sau:
3.4.1 Knh lu lng (TCH)

Mt knh vt l (mt khe thi gian) c th h tr:
1 TCH/F (Full rate) hay 2 TCH/H (Half rate)
TCH/F: mang thng tin tc 13Kbps voice hay 9.6Kbps data, c cp pht
hon ton knh vt l trn mt khe thi gian trong khung TDMA.
TCH/H: mang thng tin tc 6.5Kbps voice hay 4.8Kbps data, 2 knh lu
lng c n nh trn 1 knh vt l n.
ng b ng ln/xung
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

MS pht cm tr 3 khe thi gian sau cm t BTS. Tr ny cho php:
S dng cng s khe thi gian cho trong khung TDMA cho c ng ln v
xung.
Cho php thi gian tr (TA) m c th gim tr 3 khe thi gian.
Cung cp thi gian cho MS chuyn gia cc ch thu v pht
3.4.2 Cc knh qung b (BCH)
Tt c cc knh thuc knh BCH (knh tn s iu khin) ch c s dng cho
ng xung v c cp pht trn khe thi gian 0 (TS0). Cc knh BCH gm:
Knh hiu chnh tn s FCCH (Frequency control channel) gi n MS 1 cm tt
c cc bit 0 hot ng nh mt mo u v cho php MS hiu chnh tn s
ng xung v ng b thi gian.
Knh ng b SCH (Synchronisation channel) cho php ng b s khung TDMA
bng vic gi gi tr tuyt i ca s khung (FN) cng vi m nhn dng trm gc
BSIC.
Knh iu khin qung b BCCH (Broadcast control channel) gi thng tin ring
ca mng nh cc bn tin qun l ti nguyn v tuyn v iu khin, nhn dng
khu vc v tr (LAI), cng sut pht ti a cho php truy cp vo cell
Knh qung b (BCH): pht qung b thng tin chung trn c s mt knh cho
mt BTS.
3.4.3 Knh iu khin chung (CCCH)
CCCH cha tt c cc knh ng xung im n a im (BTS n vi MS) v
knh truy cp ngu nhin ng ln (RACH):
Knh truy cp ngu nhin RACH (Random Access Channel): c pht bi MS
yu cu ti nguyn trong mng, v d nh l mt knh SDCCH cho vic thit
lp cuc gi.
Knh chp nhn truy cp AGCH (Access Grant Channel) c dng cp pht
mt knh dnh ring SDCCH cho mt MS.
Knh tm gi PCH (Paging channel) gi bn tin tm gi thng tin cho MS v
mt cuc gi.
Knh qung b cell CBCH (Cell Broadcast Channel) pht qung b cc bn tin
SMS.
Knh NCH c dng cho cc dch v thoi nh dch v VBS (voice broadcast
service) hay VGCS (voice group calling service).
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3.4.4 Knh iu khin dnh ring (DCCH)
DCCH bao gm cc knh iu khin hai hng (ln/xung)
Knh iu khin dnh ring SDCCH (Standalone Dedicated Channel) c dng
thit lp cuc gi, cp nhp v tr v SMS.
Knh iu khin lin kt chm SACCH (Slow Associated Control Channel) s
dng cho c ng ln gi cc bn tin o v ng xung gi cc lnh iu
khin cng sut v cc lnh chuyn giao cuc gi.
Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH (Fast Associated Control Channel) c
dng (khi cn) cho bo hiu cuc gi, ch yu cho vic pht cc bn tin chuyn
giao v nhn bit khi mt TCH c n nh.
3.5 Cu trc khung, a khung

3.5.1 Khi nim a khung
a khung c dng m t s lp li cc TS, c pht lin tc trn mt knh
vt l.
3.5.2 a khung knh lu lng (TCH)
Khi mt user c n nh mt TS trong mt khung TDMA cho mt cuc gi,
thng thng user dnh ring TS (lu lng ton tc) trong sut cuc gi. V vy,
user pht mt cm d liu trn 1 TS ca khung TDMA. Tuy nhin sau 12 cm c
gi, 1 cm knh logic SACCH c chn vo v sau 12 cm lu lng c gi tip
th mt cm ri (idle burst) c chn. iu ny c lp li lin tc c sau 26 cm
n khi kt thc cuc gi. S lp li 26 cm knh lu lng c xem l a khung
knh lu lng. C th:
a khung TCH bao gm 26 TS

a khung TCH nh x cc knh logic sau: TCH, SACCH, FACCH
Ngoi cc TS TCH va SACCH, knh lu lng cng mang thng tin FACCH.
FACCH l knh logic duy nht khng dnh ring TS truyn dn. FACCH nh cp TS
ca TCH khi c yu cu.
3.5.2.1 Thi gian ca mt a khung TCH
Mt a khung l s thit lp lin tc ca cng mt TS trong khung TDMA.
Chu k khung TDMA l 4.615ms, do , thi gian cho 1 a khung c tnh l:
chiu di ca a khung (cc TS) x 4.615ms.
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3.5.2.2 Chc nng SACCH trong a khung TCH:
Trong sut mt cuc gi MS lin tc gim st mc cng sut t cc cell
neighbor. Vic gim st c thc hin trong cc khong gia thi gian n nh
TS. Sut mi a khung knh lu lng, c mt cm SACCH ng ln c
dng gi bo co kt qu o v cell phc v hin ti.
BTS dng cm SACCH ng xung gi lnh iu khin cng sut v cc
bo hiu iu khin cuc gi khc cho MS
3.5.2.3 Chc nng knh Idle trong a khung TCH.
TS Idle (TS 25 trong a khung) xy ra khi MS hot ng ch half rate
TCH/H, 2 MS chia s a khung. Khi slot 25 s l mt cm SACCH th hai
thit lp report n trm gc.
Trong sut mt cuc gi MS lin tc gim st mc cng sut t cc cell
neighbor. Vic gim st c thc hin trong cc khong gia thi gian n nh
TS. Sut mi a khung knh lu lng, c mt cm SACCH ng ln c
dng gi bo co kt qu o v cell phc v hin ti.
BTS dng cm SACCH ng xung gi lnh iu khin cng sut v cc
bo hiu iu khin cuc gi khc cho MS
3.5.2.4 Chc nng FACCH trong a khung TCH
FACCH c dng yu cu truy nhp ngay khi c bn tin lnh chuyn giao
t trm gc. Khi cn, FACCH dng mt cm TCH v thit lp c nh cp
trong cm thng bo n khng l cm knh lu lng.
3.5.3 a khung knh iu khn
3.5.3.1 Sng mang BCCH
Mt cell c th c nhiu sng mang (nhiu tn s) nhng phi c t nht mt
TS ca mt trong cc sng mang dnh cho chc nng iu khin. Knh iu
khin vt l ny vn chuyn mt s cc knh bo hiu logic trn TS0. Quan trng
nht ca cc knh bo hiu logic ny l knh BCCH v n mang thng tin cu
hnh mng. V l do ny m sng mang cha knh logic BCCH c xem nh
sng mang BCCH
3.5.3.2 Cu trc a khung knh iu khin
a khung knh iu khin ghp cc knh logic bo hiu vo mt knh vt l
n.
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Cc knh logic truyn thng tin iu khin c t chc lp li mi 51 TS0

trong lin tc 51 khung TDMA.
3.5.3.3 a khung knh iu khin kt hp v khng kt hp (combined v
non-combined)
Knh CCCH l cc block bo hiu (mi 4 TS) c n nh cc knh bo hiu
dnh ring ty thuc vo dung lng bo hiu yu cu. Bao gm s n nh:
SDCCH, SACCH, AGCH v PCH.
Khi cc yu cu dung lng bo hiu c tnh ton, c th dung lng trn
mt knh iu khin n c sn khng , trong trng hp ny thm knh vt l
n nh cho bo hiu.
Khi a khung knh bo hiu vt l yu cu n nh sng mang BCCH dng TS
2, 4 hay 6 (ngoi TS0). Ghp knh bo hiu c sp xp trong c hai nh dng
kt hp (combined) v khng kt hp (non-combined). Cu trc ca ghp knh
bo hiu c th thay i ty thuc vo dung lng bo hiu yu cu.
Cu hnh ghp knh bo hiu
Trong a khung khng kt hp, c th dnh 7 trong 9 blocks cho AGCH.
Trong a khung kt hp, c th dnh 2 trong 3 blocks cho AGCH.
S blocks CCCH dnh ring cho AGCH c ch nh trong bn tin thng tin
h thng m MS c trn BCCH.
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3.5.4 Phn bc cu trc a khung trong GSM
Cp bc khung (Frame)
3.5.4.1 Siu khung (superframe)

Mc ch c bn ca lp siu khung l cung cp mt im m ti a
khung knh lu lng v a khung knh iu khin c ng b. V vy, 51 a
khung TCH ca 26 khung c nhm ln nhau v 25 a khung CC ca 51 khung
c nhm. Trong c hai trng hp, thi gian ca 1 siu khung l 26x51
frame=6.12s.
3.5.4.2 Siu siu khung
Knh ng b (SCH) pht s khung (FN) TDMA m cho php mt MS ng
b vi trm gc ti mc khung TDMA. FN l mt s 22 bit m c reset sau
mi siu siu khung (sau 2048x26x51=2715648 frame TDMA).
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Phn 4: CC NGHI THC TRONG GSM

4.1 Gii thiu
Bt c khi no cc h thng trao i thng tin vi nhau u phi s dng nghi thc.
Nghi thc l tp hp cc nh ngha v tha thun trao i thng tin.
4.2 M hnh OSI 7 lp
M hnh OSI 7 lp xc nh nhiu chc nng phc v cho thit lp v phc v
thng tin gia cc im cui trong mng. 7 lp c th chia thnh hai khi chc nng
chung:
Cc lp chc nng ng dng: lp 4-7 trong m hnh OSI v lin quan ti cc
chc nng end-to-end gia hai hay nhiu user ngoi vi mng.
Cc lp chc nng mng: lp 1-3 trong m hnh OSI bao gm chc nng vn
chuyn d liu trong mng.
Hnh 4.1: M hnh OSI

Chc nng ca tng khi trong m hnh OSI:
Application layer: cung cp dch v h tr cho cc ng dng ca user v

iu khin thng tin gia cc ng dng. Chc nng ca lp 7 c th l file
transfer, x l bn tin, vn hnh v bo dng,..
Presentation layer: xc nh cch trnh by, chuyn i cu trc d liu ca

ng dng sang dng cu trc chung cn thit cho vic lin lc gia cc ng
dng. Lp 6 bao gm chc nng nn, mt m d liu.
Session layer: thit lp kt ni gia cc lp presentation cc h thng khc

nhau. N cng iu khin kt ni, ng b, gii phng kt ni. N cho php
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

lp presentation xc nh cc checkpoint bt u truyn li khi d liu b
gin on.
Transport layer: bo m cho cht lng d liu c truyn khng c li theo

th t v khng mt mt, ngt qung hoc d tha. iu khin dng t ngun
ti ch. Lp transport ti u thng tin d liu bng cch ghp hay chia cc
dng d liu trc khi n mng. (TCP, UDP)
Network layer: chc nng c bn ca lp mng l cung cp knh thng tin

xuyn sut gia cc lp transport ca cc h thng khc nhau. Ngha l, lp
ng dng yu cu cp pht knh m khng cn quan tm n li v mng v
y l nhim v ca cc lp di. Lp mng thit lp, bo tr v gii phng kt
ni gia cc node mng v x l a ch v nh tuyn cc mch.
Data link layer: truyn dn mt cch tin cy (error-free) d liu lp mng

thng qua mt lin kt n (point to point), pht hin li ng truyn, sa li,
iu khin lung v truyn li, ng b cho mc vt l, nhi bit cho cc chui
c s bit 1 nhiu hn 5.
Physical layer cung cp cc ti nguyn c, in, chc nng, th tc kch

hot, bo tr, kha cc mch vt l dng cho vic truyn bit gia cc data link
layer. Lp vt l c chc nng chuyn d liu thnh cc dng tn hiu tng
thch vi mi trng truyn.
4.3 Khi qut v cc nghi thc GSM

Mng GSM c nhiu nghi thc khc nhau iu khin lung d liu v bo hiu
gia cc phn t trong mng. V GSM l mng vn chuyn nn n ch yu gm 3 lp.
Ni dung chng ny ch yu phn tch cc nghi thc s dng trong GSM t lp 1 ti
lp 3.
4.3.1 Lp 1:
Lp vt l bao gm cc chc nng cn thit truyn cc dng bit qua mi
trng vt l. N cung cp dch v vn chuyn cho cc knh GSM logic, bao gm
cc dch v:
Kh nng truy nhp (GSM 0408): Cc knh logic c ghp knh trn cc
knh vt l. Cc knh vt l l nhng n v c sp xp theo thi gian
trong mi trng v tuyn. Trong , mt s c dng cho s dng
chung nh t hp CCCH v BCCH, s khc dng kt ni vi MS (cc
knh vt l c n nh).
Pht hin li: t sa li (forward error correction) hay yu cu truyn li
(backward error correction) thc hin lp 1. Cc khung li s khng
c chuyn ti lp 2.
M ha d liu
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

4.3.2 Lp 2 s dng nghi thc LAPDm, bao gm cc chc nng:
Truyn khng kt ni trn cc knh bo hiu im n im hay im n
a im.
Thit lp v gii phng cc kt ni lp 2 trn cc knh bo hiu im ti
im.
Truyn hng kt ni, bm m cho vic truyn theo th t, pht hin v
sa li.
4.3.3 Lp 3:
Lp 3 bao gm cc phn lp iu khin cc knh bo hiu (BCH, CCCH v
DCCH):
Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn (Radio Resource Management - RR): lp qun
l RR c chc nng thit lp v gii phng cc kt ni gia MS v MSC
trong sut mt cuc gi, v duy tr kt ni khi MS di chuyn. RR thc
hin cc chc nng: la chn cell, handover, cp pht v gii phng cc
knh point-to-point, gim st v chuyn tip ca cc kt ni v tuyn, gii
thiu mt m (cc loi c th s dng), thay i c ch truyn.
Qun l di ng (Mobility management - MM) thc hin cc chc nng cn
thit cho di ng nh: nhn thc, cp pht li TMSI, qun l v tr thu
bao.
Qun l kt ni (connection management - CM) dng set-up, duy tr v
gii phng cc kt ni cuc gi, bao gm ba nhm nh:
iu khin cuc gi: qun l cc kt ni cuc gi
H tr dch v gia tng
H tr dch v tin nhn (SMS-short message service)
C BTS v BSC u khng c c bn tin CM v MM. Cc bn tin ny c
trao i gia MS v MSC theo nghi thc DTAP (Direct Transfer Application Part)
trn giao din A.
Cc bn tin RR c nh x vo BSSAP (Base Station System Application
Part) trao i vi MS.
4.4 Nghi thc truyn

Nghi thc truyn lin quan ti vic vn chuyn v mt vt l d liu th trong mng
GSM v cc nghi thc khc lin quan n chc nng ny.
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
Hnh 4.2: Nghi thc truyn trong GSM

mc truyn dn, lp vt l cung cp cc knh tc 13kbps. Tuy nhin, thch
ng vi cc nhc im ca giao din v tuyn, pht hin v t sa li c thc hin
da vo cc mo u (overhead).
Thm vo , lp truyn dn iu khin cc qu trnh m ha v truy nhp
FDMA/TDMA trn giao din v tuyn.
Ti mt s giai on, cc knh 13kbps c chuyn thnh 64kbps vn chuyn
qua mng PSTN. Chc nng ny c thc hin bi phn t mng TRAU (Transcoder
and Rate Adaption Unit).
Chc nng chnh ca TRAU l chuyn cc knh thoi 16 kbps thnh cc knh PCM
64 kbps trn ng ln v ngc li ng xung. Chc nng ny cn thit v MSC
ch c th chuyn mch mc knh 64 Kbps.
Hnh 4.3: Cu hnh TRAU.

Do , khi thc hin cuc gi gia hai MS, knh khi u phi chuyn t 16 Kbps
thnh 64 Kbps, chuyn mch bi MSC v sau chuyn li thnh 16 Kbps truyn
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

ti MS ch. Vic chuyn i tc c thc hin da theo lut A. V mt k thut
TRAU c th t BTS, BSC hay MSC nn c th ci t nhiu cu hnh khc nhau.
Nu TRAU c ci t BTS, mi knh GSM 16 Kbps s c nh x thnh cc
knh PCM 64 Kbps. Do , cu hnh ny gy lng ph 75% bng thng truyn dn trn
giao din Abis v A.
Tuy nhin, nu TRAU c t MSC th b ghp 4 knh 16Kbps thnh knh
PCM 64Kbps c th c t ti BTS. Vi cu hnh ny, vic chuyn i 16kbps sang
64kbps ch cn thit khi n MSC, do , hiu sut s dng truyn dn t gi tr ti
a bng cch tng s knh trn mt PCM 2048 t 30 ln 120 knh.
Bng cch tp trung chc nng TRAU MSC, s lng TRAU trong mng s gim
ng k.
G.703: TRAU chuyn cc knh GSM thnh ISDN knh D theo khuyn ngh ca
G.703. G.703 ch r cc c tnh vt l, in ca cc giao din theo mc tc bit
(G.702). Cc giao din c nh ngha cc tnh cht, c im u vo, u ra, kt
ni cho gia cc im, lut m ha,
4.5 Nghi thc bo hiu GSM
Hnh 4.4: Nghi thc bo hiu

Bo hiu trong GSM gm c cc nghi thc:
Nghi thc lp 1:
TDMA a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian
G.703 cu trc khung PCM (ITU)
MTP message transfer part
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Nghi thc lp 2
LAPDm nghi thc truy nhp di ng knh D
LAPDm nghi thc truy nhp knh D
Nghi thc lp 3
RR qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
MM qun l di ng
CM qun l kt ni
BTSM qun l BTS
BSSMAP BSS management application part
DTAP Direct transfer application part
Hnh 4.5: Danh mc cc ti liu tham kho cho tng nghi thc.
4.6
Nghi thc trn giao din Um

Giao din Um kt ni MS v mng c nh nh BTS.
Lp 1:
Mi trng vt l lp 1 l ng v tuyn UHF c iu ch GMSK.
Cu trc truyn da vo cu hnh knh D ISDN 16Kbps, s dng phng php
truy nhp TDMA. Lp 1 bao gm chc nng:
-
Sp xp cc knh logic trn cc knh vt l.
M ha knh pht hin li (CRC) v t sa li (FEC)
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

-
Mt m ha.
Chn cell ch idle.
Thit lp knh dnh ring.
o cng tn hiu ca knh dnh ring v cng tn hiu ca

cc cell neighbor.
Timing advance
Lp 2:
Lp 2 dng nghi thc LAPDm, phin bn chnh sa t nghi thc ISDN
LAPD ca mng c nh. LAPD v LAPDm khc nhau ch chc nng pht
hin v sa li trn giao din Um c thc hin lp1. Cc khung trn LAPD
c th di hn nhiu so vi khung LAPDm v cc khung LAPDm phi va vi
cc burst.
Lp 3: cc bn tin bo hiu lp 3 thc hin mt trong 3 chc nng: qun l
iu khin cuc gi, qun l di ng, qun l ti nguyn v tuyn.
4.7 Nghi thc trn giao din Abis
Giao din Abis kt ni gia BTS v BSC trong khi BSS. Mi trng vt l trn
giao din ny c th l cp ng, cp quang hay vi ba.
Lp 1: cu trc ng truyn vt l da vo cu hnh knh D ISDN 16kbps. 4
knh D c ghp knh trn mt knh B ISDN v sau ghp knh trn ng
E1 2048 Kbps (32 knh 64 Kbps).
Lp 2: nghi thc lp lin kt d liu giao din Abis da vo nghi thc truy nhp
kt ni knh D (LAPD). LAPD hot ng tng t nh LAPDm nhng cc chc
nng pht hin v sa li c thc hin lp ny.
Lp 3 s dng nghi thc qun l BTS (BTSM). Hu ht cc bn tin RR u
truyn thng qua BTS n BSC v ngc li. Ch c mt s thng tin RR m
BTS cn dch nh thng tin truy nhp ngu nhin ca MS, bt u ciphering v
tm gi. BTSM bao gm cc chc nng x l bn tin v qun l BTS.
4.8 Nghi thc trn giao din A
Giao din A gia BSC v MSC c xem nh mt phn ca mng li GSM. Khc
vi cc giao din Um v Abis, giao din A hot ng theo chun bo hiu SS7. Cc
nghi thc trn giao din ny c ch r trong lot ti liu 08 ca ETSI.
Lp 1: giao din vt l ca cc link bo hiu (64kbps) (MTP1).
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

MTP: bao gm cc chc nng bo m truyn bo hiu mt cch tin cy trn
mi link bo hiu (MTP2) v iu khin nh tuyn cc bn tin bo hiu, iu
khin mng bo hiu (MTP3).
Lp 3: lp 3 s dng nhiu nghi thc cho nhiu chc nng khc nhau nh qun
l kt ni (CM), qun l di ng (MM). Bo hiu gia BSC v MSC dng
BSSAP. BSSAP c chia thnh BSSMAP v DTAP. Ngoi ra, cc bn tin lp
3 c vn chuyn qua SCCP.
DTAP dng vn chuyn cc bn tin gia MS v MSC nh CC v MM.
Ti giao din A, cc bn tin ny truyn c t MSC bng DTAP theo ch
hng kt ni, chuyn tip qua BSS trn giao din Abis n MS, BTS
khng cn dch bn tin.
BSSMAP l nghi thc dng cho qun tr ti nguyn v tuyn. Tuy nhin, mt
s chc nng cn c s tham gia ca MSC nh mt s trng hp handover,
gii phng kt ni hay gii phng knh. Cc hot ng ny c bt u v
iu khin bi MSC.
SCCP: cc transaction bo hiu gia MSC v MS (CM v MM) cn phi

thit lp v nhn bit cc kt ni logic ring bit.
MTP v SCCP tng ng n lp 3 trong m hnh OSI.
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
Phn 5: M HA THOI V KNH

5.1 Gii thiu
Hai qu trnh m ha c s dng trong h thng GSM. Qu trnh u tin c
dng chuyn tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s. V qu trnh m ha th hai l
nn v bo v thng tin d liu truyn trn giao din v tuyn.
5.2 K thut m ho thoi

Qui trnh m ha thoi v knh trong GSM
Thoi cha nhiu thng tin hn vn bn phin dch li t vic ni. Chng ta c
th nhn ra ngi ni, v nhn bit nhiu thng tin khng c ni thnh m thoi
Mi khi trong qui trnh lin quan cc phng php x l thng tin thai khc
nhau m bo cht lng tn hiu to li tt nht trong bng tn nh nht.
ng truyn GSM s dng kiu iu ch s - thoi phi c chuyn thnh cc
s nh phn.
Lu m ha n gin nht l iu ch xung m (PCM)
Chu k ly mu 125s.
Ly mu vi tn s 8KHz v dng 8 bit m ha tn hiu nn tc d liu yu
cu 64Kbps.
Tc ny qu cao cho bng thng c sn trn cc knh v tuyn
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

S m ha thoi
Giai on u ca m ha thoi l chuyn ting ni c pht bi micro xem

nh tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s tng ng.
GSM thc hin chuyn i A/D bng vic ly mu tn hiu thoi tng t mi
125ms hay 8000 mu/s. Mi mu c lng t thnh mt trong 8192 mc in p.
Mi mc ny c biu din bi m nh phn 13bit (213). V vy, mi giy c
8000x13bit mu tn hiu tng t c to ra, do , tc d liu th l 104Kbps.
Lung bit th ny c chia thnh cc block 20ms a vo b Vocoder RPELTP (vocoder regular pulse excitation-Long time prediction). Sau , mi block
c x l ring l.
B Vocoder chia mi block d liu 20ms thnh 3 phn:
D liu m ha d on tuyn tnh thi gian ngn (LPC)
D liu d on tuyn tnh thi gian di (LTP).
D liu kch thch xung u (RPE)
Speech digitization
Dng sng ca LTP v LPC c m ha nh thng tin tn s v bin ca cc
block 36 bit, trong khi RPE c m ha block 188 bit m bo c tnh m
thoi c to li ng.
Tc d liu 13Kbps ph hp cho bng thng ng truyn trn giao din v
tuyn. V vy, mi 20ms block d liu 2080 bit a vo u vo ca b vocoder to
ra on d liu 260 bit mi 20ms u ra. V vy, mt t l nn xp x 10:1 t
c m khng gim cht lng thoi c ch.
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
S m ha thoi RPE-LTP n gin
5.3 K thut m ho knh

S m ha knh trong GSM
M sa li
to li thng tin thoi, b gii m cn t l bit li khng qu 0.1%.
Cc knh v tuyn c t l li 1% hay nhiu hn th cn sa li.
M ha knh gip sa li
Hai phng php sa li:
Backward error correction (BEC)
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Forward error correction (FEC)
5.3.1 Backward error correction
Trong BEC, gi s rng nu cc bit kim tra c truyn mt cch chnh xc th
cc bit d liu cng chnh xc. Nu cc bit kim tra khng n nh mong mun, h
thng yu cu truyn li.
Yu cu truyn li t ng (ARQ) khng thch hp cho thoi v thai yu cu thi
gian thc.
Cc block c kim tra ti u cui bng vic so snh FCS/BCS, nu pht hin
li yu cu b pht truyn li khi d liu.
BEC dng m ha khi.
BEC thch hp cho truyn d liu khng thch hp cho truyn thai.
5.3.2 Forward error correction
Vic m ha s thm cc bit m cho php d liu gc c to li vi mt s
nh cc li ngu nhin.
FEC khng dng c ch pht li nn ph hp cho truyn thai
FEC thng c s dng trong m ha chp
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

5.3.3 M ha khi (block channel coding)
Block d liu hin hnh (c truyn) c dng to mt m. M ny c
gi i cng vi cc bit d liu gc.
5.3.4 M ha chp (convolutional channel coding)

B m chp c m t bi t l ca cc bit thng tin ng vo trn cc bt m
ha ng ra m c to bi cc b cng tr qua qu trnh kt hp d liu t cc
thanh ghi dch.
T l m m t s bit d trong d liu c m ha
T l m truyn gp hai ln s bit d liu tht
Tc d liu c chia i
V d, mt b m ha to 2 bit ng ra cho mi bit thng tin u vo s dng mt
thanh ghi 5 bit c xem nh mt b m ha t l m vi mt tr l 5.
Nu t l li cao, m chp c th lm tng cc li
M chp hiu qu hn m khi, m chp gim t l li bng vic tng cc bit
truyn.
M chp
B m ha trn gm 4 bit thng tin trn lung bit vo cc thanh ghi v a ra 2 a

thc:
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Cng modulo 2 ca d4+d3+1 cho ra bit G0
Cng modulo 2 ca d4+d3+d1+1 cho ra bit G
2 bit ny c a n ng ra. Cc bit c lu trong cc thanh ghi c chuyn
n thay th ngay v bit thng tin k tip c a vo. Qu trnh trn c lp li.
Kt qu 2 bit c to ra cho mi bit thng tin c a vo b m ha. Cc bit
ny khng l d liu gc nhng gn ging d liu gc. V vy, m chp khng th
pht hin li, n gin n to li d liu bng vic dng cc thng tin c lu trong
cc bit truyn.
5.4 M knh
GSM dng kt hp 2 phng php m khi v m chp. u tin, cc bit thng tin
c m khi, to ra cc khi thng tin, mi khi lin kt vi BCS (block check
sequence). Tt c cc bit m khi (gm c BCS) c chuyn qua b m chp
a ra cc bit m cui cng.
M knh TCH/F trong GSM
L do cho vic kt hp m l v m ha chp pha sau s pht hin v sa tt c

cc li. Tuy nhin, nu d liu b h hng nng, m khi s b qua d liu v yu
cu pht li khi d liu b hng.
S m ha trong GSM c m t nh s kt hp v phn chia d liu thnh 3
class u tin tu thuc vo s quan trng ca d liu vi t tnh thoi. Khi n
cung cp cc mc m ha khc nhau. M cui cng l s kt hp 3 class trn
truyn.
B m kt hp m t r tc dng trong GSM. Mc ch ca vic thm 4 bit ui
trong s trn l m bo cc thanh ghi trong b m ha c kch (flushed) sau
mi khi 260 bit c m ha.
5.5 Ghp xen

5.5.1 Nguyn l ghp xen
Hiu qu ca m chp da vo gi nh rng cc li c phn b ngu nhin.
Tuy nhin, ng truyn v tuyn xu hng thin v tn s - ph thuc loi cm
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

li c bn do fading. Do vy, m chp khng th b s lng ln cc li lin tc trn
mt knh tn s n.
5.5.2 Ghp xen khi
khc phc iu ny, cc burst d liu khng c gi theo th t m c

ghp xen d liu gia cc TS trong mt a khung.
Ghp xen c a ra sau m sa li v c khi phc li trc khi gii m. V
vy, cc li c phn b ngu nhin.
Ghp xen v cc nh hng ca burst nhiu
Trong v d trn 8 block d liu cho mi knh (3 knh) c truyn lin tc. Nu
mt nhiu cm xy ra trong ng truyn lin tc (khng ghp xen), 6 block d liu
b nh hng, 1 block trn knh 1 v 5 block trn knh 2. iu ny c th khng nh
hng n d liu trn knh 1 nhng nh hng n knh 2.
Nu cc block d liu trn cc knh c ghp xen, 6 block vn b nh hng
nhng ch 2 block trn mi knh nh hng. V vy cm nhiu c gim.
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Ghp xen
Ngoi ra, tnh nng ca cc thut ton sa li hiu qu nht khi cc li c ngu
nhin. V vy, kh nng sa tt c cc li c phn b trn mi knh s cao hn so
vi kh nng sa tt c cc li tp trung trn 1 knh trong trng hp khng ghp
xen.
5.5.3 Thc hin ghp xen trong GSM
GSM thc hin ghp xen gim nh hng ca nhiu cm trn giao din v
tuyn. Ghp xen xy ra sau khi m ha knh nhng trc khi chuyn cc lung bit
m ha vo cc cm d liu.
Mc ghp xen dng trong GSM ph thuc vo lu lng sng mang. Khi
block 456 bit d liu c truyn qua:
8 TS cho thoi full rate
4 TS cho hu ht cc knh iu khin
19 TS cho truyn d liu
Mi TS tng ng vi mt cm d liu trn giao din v tuyn.
5.5.4 Ghp cm v tuyn
5.5.4.1 Nguyn l ghp cm v tuyn
D liu c truyn thnh cc block trn giao din v tuyn. Mi block c
xem nh 1 cm. 1 cm p ng 1 TS trong 1 khung TDMA 8 TS.
Ty thuc vo chc nng ca cm, GSM nh ngha mt s loi cm. Tuy
nhin, tt c u c kch thc 156.25 bit trong khong thi gian 0.577ms
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Tuy nhin, tn ti khong bo v trn mi cm cung cp mt b m
trong TS. V vy, kch thc cm thng l kch thc ca phn thng tin trong
cm. V d, 1 cm bnh thng normal burst 156.25 bit c khong bo v
8.25 bit, v vy kch thc cm thng tin l 148 bit.
Bit trong mi cm c nh s t 0-156, bit cui cng nh s 156. Bit 0
lun c truyn u tin.
5.5.4.2 Cc loi cm d liu (data burst)
Khong thi gian truyn 156.25 bit ca mt TS c th t chc cc loi burst
d liu khc nhau.
GSM nh ngha 5 loi cm gm:

Cm bnh thng (normal burst)
Cm ng b (Synchronisation burst)
Cm hu chnh tn s (Frequency correction burst)
Cm truy nhp (Access burst)
Cm gi (Dummy burst)
Normal burst
Normal burst l loi burst ph bin nht v c dng thng xuyn mang d
liu ngi dng nh thoi qua knh lu lng (TCH) v cho cc knh iu khin
khc ngoi cc knh FCCH, SCH, RACH. Kch thc burst thng tin l 148bit (8.25
bit bo v). Cm bao gm cc thnh phn:
Block data: burst bao gm 2 block data 57 bit (2x57). Cc block ny (k c cc bit
nh cp) c m ha
Tail Bit: burst bao gm 2 block tail bit 3 bit (2x3). Cc block ny lun thit lp
0,0,0. Mc ch l h tr cc b cn bng xc nh u/cui mu bit.
Training bit: Mi burst cha chui hng dn 26 bit. Chui ny c dng bi b
cn bng b vo thi gian thay i trn knh.
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Stealing flag bit : Mi burst cha 2 bit nh cp, mi bit lin kt vi mi block
thoi/d liu. 1 stealing bit c thit lp ln 1 khi block d liu m n lin kt b
FACCH nh cp s dng.
Guard period: 8.25 bit bo v khng mang thng tin, cho php khong thi gian
trng gia cc TS lin tc ngn nhiu gia cc TS. Khong bo v cng cho
php thi gian b pht dch ln hay dch xung.
Frequency correction burst
Frequency correction burst c dng ng b tn s ca MS. Tt c cc bit

bng 0 tng ng mt sng mang cha iu ch vi mt tn s la chn ring.
Lp li ca 1 burst c xem nh knh hiu chnh tn s (FCCH). Kch thc burst
thng tin 148bit. Chc nng cc tail bit v guard period nh trong normal burst.
Synchronisation Burst
Synchronisation burst c dng ng b thi gian ca MS vi BTS. C bn

n khc vi normal burst: synchronisation burst c chui hng dn c m rng
n 64 bit v kch thc block d liu gim. Lp li ca 1 burst c xem nh knh
ng b (SCH). Kch thc burst thng tin 148 bit. 1 burst ng b bao gm cc
thnh phn:
Block data: Burst bao gm 2 block data 39 bit m ha. Cc block ny mang
thng tin v s khung TDMA v m nhn dng trm gc (BSIC). N c qung
b cng vi burst hiu chnh tn s. S khung (FN) c mt m thnh mu 19 bit
ch ra chnh xc 1 khung trong siu siu khung v c lp li mi 2,715,648
khung . S khung c dng bi MS xc nh loi knh logic pht trn knh
iu khin, TS0. BSIC cng c dng bi MS kim tra nhn dng MS khi
thc hin o cng sut.
Training bit: chui training bit m rng n 64 bit c dng cho php khong
thi gian ng b gia MS v BTS.
Cc tail bit v guard bit chc nng tng t nh trong normal burst.
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Dummy burst
nh dng ca dummy burst ging nh normal burst. Tuy nhin n khng mang
thng tin. N thng c pht bi BTS trn cc TS ca sng mang BCH khi khng
c thng tin no khc c gi cc cell neighbor vn thc hn o cng sut.
Access burst
Access Burst c dng truy nhp vo mng, ch dng cho ng uplink. N

cng c dng yu cu ti nguyn t cc cell mi trong chuyn giao. Kch
thc burst thng tin ca burst truy nhp ngn 88 bit. Cc thnh phn ca burst truy
nhp:
Block data: Burst bao gm 1 block d liu 36 bit. Block ny cha thng tin yu
cu ti nguyn mng ca MS.
Tail Bit: Burst bao gm 1 block 3 bit ui bnh thng v block 8 bit ui m
rng.
Training bit: mi burst cha mt chui hng dn m rng 41 bit cho php b cn
bng cung cp thi gian cn chnh. Chui ny c dng ng b gia MS
v BTS. BTS pht hin chui truy nhp 41 bit v tnh gi tr timing advance sau
c pht n MS.
Guard period: khong bo v c m rng n 68.25 bit v khi MS mi kt ni
vo mng n khng c thng tin v timing advance. Khong bo v ny cho php
timing advance ti a ban u (gi tr timing advance max cn 64 bit) n khi MS
c thng tin v mc timing advance chnh xc.
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
Phn 6: Qun l di ng MM
6.1 Gii thiu
MM (mobility management) l phn lp trong nghi thc bo hiu gia MS v
MSC. Cc thng tin MM c trung chuyn thng qua BSS. MM thc hin cc chc
nng iu khin cn thit cho thu bao di ng: nhn thc, cp pht TMSI, qun l v
tr thu bao,..
6.2 Cc qu trnh qun l di ng (MM)
6.2.1 MM common procedures
MM common procedure cung cp cc thng tin nhn dng thu bao. Qu trnh
MM thng thng c th bt u khi cc kt ni v ti nguyn v tuyn (RR)
tn ti. Nhm common procedure li c th chia thnh 2 nhm:
Qu trnh do MS khi ng
Qu trnh do mng khi ng
Cc qu trnh MM do mng:
Qu trnh cp pht li TMSI: cung cp s nhn dng tm thi nhm bo mt
cc thng tin nhn dng v v tr ca thu bao. Mng thc hin qu trnh
ny khi MS thay i LA, cp nht v tr theo nh k.
Qu trnh nhn thc (authentication): mng kim tra tnh hp l ca thu
bao v cung cp cc thng s cho php MS tnh li ciphering key mi.
Qu trnh nhn dng (identification): yu cu MS cung cp thng tin nhn
dng cho mng nh IMSI, IMEI,
Qu trnh abort: mng hy cc kt ni MM hoc ang thit lp. Qu
trnh abort ch thc thi c khi kt ni MM ang thit lp hay thit
lp, khng thc thi c trong qu trnh MM specific hay IMSI detach.
Qu trnh IMSI detach (ri mng) l qu trnh MM thng thng do MS khi
ng tt my. Qu trnh IMSI detach khng th khi ng c khi qu trnh MM
specific ang chy. Qu trnh ny c th hon li cho n khi MM specific kt thc
nu khng th IMSI detach b b qua.
6.2.2 MM-specific procedures
Qu trnh MM-specific h tr cho tnh di ng ca thu bao, v d nh cung cp
cho mng v v tr hin ti ca thu bao. Mt qu trnh MM-specific khng th bt
u khi mt qu trnh MM-specific ang thc hin hay mt MM connection ang
tn ti. Trong qu trnh MM specific, nu CM entity yu cu kt ni MM th yu
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

cu ny s b t chi hoc ch cho n khi qu trnh MM specific kt thc. Cc
qu trnh trong nhm ny gm c:
Qu trnh cp nht v tr bnh thng
Qu trnh cp nht v tr theo chu k
Qu trnh IMSI nhp mng
6.2.3 Qu trnh qun l kt ni MM
Qu trnh qun l kt ni MM cho php thit lp, duy tr, gii phng kt ni
MM gia MS v MSC, gip cho cc entity ca lp CM (call management) bn trn
trao i thng tin ln nhau. Khi nhn c yu cu kt ni MM t CM entity, phn
lp MM gi yu cu thit lp kt ni RR ti phn lp RR. Khi kt ni RR thit
lp, mng c th bt u qu trnh MM common nh nhn thc, cp pht li
TMSI. Kt ni MM ch c thit lp khi khng c qu trnh MM-specific no
ang chy. Nhiu kt ni MM c th tn ti cng mt thi im.
6.3 Cc trng thi di ng
Thu bao di ng c th c mt trong ba trng thi MS tt my, m my trong ch
idle, m my trong ch dedicated.
6.3.1
MS tt my (turn off)
Trong trng hp ny mng khng th lin lc c vi MS do MS ra ngoi

ngoi vng ph sng trong thi gian di, MS tt my hay SIM b rt ra khi
my. Trong tt c trng hp ny, MS khng th tr li cc bn tin tm gi
(paging) v khng th cp nht v tr theo chu k. Mng xem nh thu bao ri
mng (IMSI detached)
6.3.2
MS m my trong ch idle
Trong ch idle, MS camp-on, ng b, v sn sng thc hin hay nhn

cuc gi. MS c th nhn cc bn tin tm gi v thc hin cp nht v tr theo chu
k, la chn li cell khi MS di chuyn trong mng.
6.3.3
MS m my trong ch dedicated
MS tham gia vo cc qu trnh trao i thng tin nh thoi hay d liu.

6.4 IMSI attach / detach
6.4.1 Trnh t kt ni mng
Khi MS m my trong vng ph sng, n s qut tt c cc tn s c cp
pht trong di. MS o mc cng sut ca cc tn s v sp xp chng theo th t.
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

MS chn v lng nghe trong s cc tn s sng mang mnh nht ly thng
tin v FCCH. Qu trnh ny nhm ng b tn s vi BTS pht.
Sau khi ng b tn s, MS lng nghe trn SCH ly thng tin tin v ng b
khung. Knh SCH cha thng tin v s khung v BSIC.
Sau khi ng b khung, MS bt u c v gii m cc thng tin khc trn
BCCH: danh sch cc cell k cn (LAC+CI), mc cng sut nhn thp nht, LAI,
tn s BCCH ca cc cell xung quanh.
MS tip tc gim st knh PCH nhn yu cu tm gi cho cc cuc gi n,
gi cp nht v tr nh k, ghi li mc tn hiu ca cc cell k cn.
Nu khng tm thy FCCH hay SCH, MS s chn li sng mang RF cao nht
tip theo t danh sch v lp li qu trnh.
Hnh 6.1: Trnh t MS kt ni mng.

6.4.2 IMSI attach
IMSI attach thng bo cho mng MS bt ngun (power-on). IMSI attach
l mt phn ca qu trnh cp nht v tr. Gi s IMSI nhp mng vo LA c. Qu
trnh IMSI attach din ra theo th t:
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
Hnh 6.2: IMSI attach

(1) MS camp-on vo cell phc v tt nht. MS gi yu cu cp pht
SDCCH ti BSS trn RACH. BSS tr li bng bn tin Immediate
Assignment trn AGCH bao gm thng tin v knh SDCCH.
(2) MS gi bn tin IMSI attach trn knh SDCCH ti MSC thng qua
BSS
(3) MSC chuyn IMSI attach ti VLR. VLR xa c IMSI detach v
khi phc trng thi bnh thng cho MS. Thng tin v IMSI ri mng
cng c cp nht trn HLR (ty chn).
Nu MS bt ngun LA mi th qu trnh bo mt c tin hnh
nh nhn thc, kim tra IMEI trn EIR.
(4) VLR cp TMSI cho MS. VLR gi bn tin phc p IMSI
acknowledge ti MSC.
(5) MSC chuyn bn tin ti MS thng qua BSS. MS c nhp mng.
(6) MSC gi clear command cho MS trn knh SDCCH gii phng
cc ti nguyn dng trong qu trnh IMSI attach.
6.4.3 IMSI detach
MS dng qu trnh IMSI detach khi thu bao tt my. Thu bao s c nh
du unreachable trn VLR v h thng s khng tm gi thu bao ny na.
Thng tin h thng qung b trong cell thng bo cho MS bit qu trnh IMSI
attach / detach c cn thc hin hay khng.
Cc trng hp IMSI detach
Tng minh: MS thng bo IMSI detach
Khng tng minh: sau mt khong thi gian xc nh, MSC khng lin
lc c vi MS, MSC xem nh MS ri mng.
Qu trnh IMSI detach tng minh:
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
Hnh 6.3: IMSI detach

(1) Khi MS ang tt my, MS gi bn tin channel Request trn knh
RACH ti BSS yu cu cp knh SDCCH. BSS n nh knh SDCCH,
thng bo ti MS trn knh AGCH.
(2) MS gi bn tin IMSI Detach Indication trn knh SDCCH ti BSS v
BSS chuyn bn tin ny ti MSC thng bo MS chuyn sang ch
detach.
(3) MSC gi bn tin Detach IMSI n VLR. VLR bt c IMSI detach v
t chi tt c cc cuc gi ti MS.
VLR thng bo s thay i ti HLR (ty chn).
VLR thng bo cho MSC bng bn tin Acknowledge IMSI
Detachment. MSC khng thng bo cho MS v khi ny c th MS
ri mng.
MSC gi clear Command ti BSS gii phng knh SDCCH.
Qu trnh kt thc khi BSS gii phng ti nguyn v gi Clear
complete ti MSC.
6.5 Cp nht v tr
6.5.1 Cc ty chn cp nht v tr
bo m cho vic nh tuyn cc cuc gi n ng MS, mng cn phi
bit v tr ca MS chnh xc ti mc cell. Cc phng php:
Cp nht v tr mi khi thay i cell
Mi khi di chuyn sang vng phc v ca cell khc, MS gi cp
nht v tr cho mng. Thun li ca phng php ny l khng cn
phi xc nh v tr cell ca MS mi khi c cuc gi n. tuy nhin,
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

phng php ny li lm tng ti bo hiu trong mng mt cch ng
k.
Tm gi tt c cc cell
Mi khi c cuc gi n, mng s tm gi trn tt c cc cell xc
nh cell phc v ca MS. Phng php ny khng cn phi cp nht
v tr lu li v tr hin ti ca MS nhng li lm tng ti bo hiu
trong mng.
Chia mng thnh cc vng tm gi nh hn
Mi khi di chuyn ti mt vng tm gi mi, MS thng bo cho
mng v s nhn dng ca vng ny. Khi c cuc gi n MS, mng
ch gi bn tin tm gi n cc cell trong vng tm gi hin ti. Phng
php ny kt hp u im ca hai phng php trn lm gim ng k
dung lng bo hiu trong mng.
6.5.2 GSM location areas
Trong mng GSM, mt vng tm gi nh c gi l mt location area, mi
vng bao gm nhiu cell. Tt c cc cell trong cng mt LA c iu khin bi
mt MSC. Mi LA c mt s nhn dng duy nht LAI (Location Area Identifier)
6.5.3 Cc iu kin cp nht v tr
Cp nht v tr xy ra khi tha mt trong cc iu kin sau:
Thay i LA
Cp nht theo chu k
MS bt my (IMSI attach)
Mi khi vo mt LA mi, MS thc hin cp nht v tr. Nu MS khng di
chuyn th khng xy ra qu trnh cp nht LA. Do nu sau mt khong thi
gian m khng c hot ng no xy ra th MS s cp nht v tr theo chu k c
n nh bi nh khai thc mng. Sau mt s chu k, VLR khng nhn c cp
nht v tr t MS, VLR s xem nh thu bao ri mng (forced IMSI detach)
Mi khi IMSI attach xy ra, thng tin cp nht v tr c gi v VLR. Nu MS
nhp mng vo VLR c th khng cn phi cp nht li v tr. Nu MS nhp mng
vo VLR mi th qu trnh cp nht v tr phi thc hin. Trong trng hp ny
VLR phi gi cho HLR mi cc thng tin c lin quan ti LAI mi ca MS.
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

6.6 Roaming
Roaming l kh nng MS di chuyn t PLMN ny sang PLMN khc m khng lm
gin on dch v. thc hin dch v ny, cc mng PLMN phi c tha thun
roaming vi nhau.
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
PHN 7: QUN L TI NGUYN V TUYN

7.1 Gii thiu
Th tc qun l ti nguyn v tuyn (RR) bao gm cc chc nng lin quan n
qun l ti nguyn truyn dn nh cc knh vt l, cc kt ni lin kt d liu trn cc
knh iu khin. N ch tn ti gia MS v BSS.
Mc ch ca cc th tc qun l RR l thit lp, duy tr v gii phng cc kt
ni RR cho php giao tip im im gia mng v MS. Th tc RR bao gm
cc th tc chn cell/chn li cell v th tc chuyn giao. Tuy nhin, cc th tc qun
l RR cng bao gm thu 1 chiu thng tin t BCCH v CCCH khi khng c kt ni ti
nguyn v tuyn c thit lp. iu ny cho php chn cell/chn li cell t ng
7.2 Thit lp kt ni ti nguyn v tuyn

Mobile initiated RR connection setup.
Network - initiated RR connection setup.
Gii phng kt ni RR
c bt u ch bi mng
Cc l do bao gm:
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Kt thc mt cuc gi
Qu nhiu li
Chuyn knh v cuc gi u tin cao hn
MS ch cho 1 khang thi gian ngn v tr li trng thi ri
7.3 Selection cell v reselection cell

Khi bt my, MS o mc cng sut thu nh k trn mi tn s sng mang BCCH
ca tt c cc cell trong di. T cc ln o nh k ny MS tnh ton gi tr mc thu
trn mi cell, c lu trong tham s RXLEV(n) (n: s cell neighbor).
Da vo cc gi tr c tnh ny, MS selection cell kt ni n. Qu trnh kt
ni ny xem xt cell camping-on.
Khi 1 MS bt vo 1 cell, n lin tc o sng mang BCCH ca cc cell neighbor
tm cell tt hn.
Gi tr OFFSET (tr) ngn chn vic reselection cell khng cn thit khu vc bin
cell
7.3.1
Th tc selection cell
Khi MS bt ngun, MS bt u o mc tn hiu thu c t tt c cc cell trong
dy
MS tnh ton mc cng sut thu trung bnh t mi cell v c lu trong tham
s RXLEV(n)
MS tnh ton tham s C1 cho mi cell da vo RXLEV(n) v cc tham s dnh
ring
C1 (n)=RXLEV(n)-RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN-MAX(0,MS_TXPWR_MAX-P)
RXLEV(n): mc cng sut BCCH thu trung bnh t cell n
RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN: mc cng sut thu nh nht m MS thu c truy
nhp vo h thng.
MS_TXPWR_MAX: mc cng sut pht ln nht ca MS cho php truy cp
vo mng.
P: mc cng sut pht ln nht c th t c ca MS do nh sn xut qui
nh.
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

MS so snh mc thu cc cell da vo gi tr C1 v bt vo cell c gi tr C1
cao nht.
7.3.2
Reselection cell
MS trong GSM phase 1
i vi GSM phase 1, chn li cell c thc hin bng cch so snh C1 cell
hin hnh vi C1 c o trn cc cell neighbor.
Gia cc cell trong cng LAC
C1(new)> C1 (old)
(trong khong hn 5s)
Gia cc cell bin LAC
C1(new)> C1 (old) + OFFSET (trong khong hn 5s)
MS trong GSM phase 2
GSM phase 2 s dng c 2 tham s C1 v C2 trong th tc cell reselection.
Mc ch:
Ngn chn li cell nhiu ln cho cc MS ang di chuyn nhanh
m bo MS truy cp vo cell thnh cng nht.
C2 c tnh:
C2=C1+OFFSET (TEMPORARY_OFFSET x H(PENALTY_TIME T)
ti u chn li cell, tham s chn li cell c th c broadcast trn BCCH
ca mi cell. Qu trnh chn li cell da vo cc tham s ny (pht trn BCCH)
tnh ton tham s C2.
Cc tham s c dng tnh C2:
C2=C1+CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET (TEMPORARY_OFFSET x H(PENALTY_TIME
T)
Vi PENALTY_TIME <> 11111

C2 = C1- CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
Vi PENALTY_TIME = 11111
V H(x)=0 khi x<0
{x= PENALTY_TIME T}
H(x)=1 khi x>0
CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
Tham s chn ny l mt offset m hoc dng trn mi cell khuyn khch
hoc khng khuyn khch MS chn li cell
PENALTY_TIME
Khi MS t cell vo danh sch sng mang mnh nht (neighbor list), n bt u
b m m kt thc sau PENALTY_TIME. B m ny s c reset khi cell ra
khi danh sch. Sut thi gian PENALTY_TIME ca b nh thi, C2 c cho
gi tr offset m, iu ny c khuynh hng ngn MS ang di chuyn nhanh khi
chn cell.
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

TEMPORARY_OFFSET
y l gi tr offset trong cng thc tnh C2. C th l gi tr 0 v cng c th l
gi tr dng c a vo.
7.4 Chuyn giao

Chuyn giao l qu trnh thay i knh v tuyn ang s dng sang 1 knh v
tuyn khc khi MS ang ch dedicate. Knh v tuyn ny c th trong cng 1
cell hoc gia cc cell khc nhau.
Cc loi chuyn giao khc nhau trong h thng GSM:
Internal handover
Gia cc knh (cc TS) trong cng cell
Gia cc cell trong cng BSS (chuyn giao trong cng BSC)
External handover
Cc cell trong cc BSS khc nhau (khc BSC) nhng c iu khin ca cng
MSC
Cc cell c iu khin bi cc MSC khc nhau
Cc chuyn giao trong GSM l chuyn giao cng, MS ch giao tip vi mt cell
ti 1 thi im.
Trong mng GSM, cc kt ni v tuyn c th khng c cp c nh sut mt
cuc gi. Chuyn giao s chuyn cuc gi ang din ra sang mt kt ni v tuyn
khc.
Chuyn giao intra-BSS c xem nh internal handover v ch lin quan n 1
BSC. tit kim bng thng, chng c qun l bi BSC khng lin quan n
MSC, ngoi tr thng bo khi hon thnh chuyn giao.
Chuyn giao Inter-BSS (c hai intra hay inter MSC) c xem nh external
handover v c qun l bi cc MSC lin quan. iu quan trng trong GSM l
MSC gc vn chu trch nhim cho hu ht cc chc nng lin quan n cuc gi,
ngoi tr cc chuyn giao inter-BSC tip sau c iu khin bi MSC mi.
7.4.1
Cc nguyn nhn chuyn giao:
Chuyn giao c th c bt u bi MS hoc MSC (phng din cn bng ti
lu lng).
Quyt nh chuyn giao da vo cc tham s sau (theo th t u tin):
Cht lng tn hiu UL/DL
Cng tn hiu thu UL/DL
Nhiu
d tr cng sut (power budget)
Khong cch gia MS v BTS
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Mi tham s c mt nh ngha v ngng hot ng v quyt nh chuyn giao
da vo 1 hay kt hp ca cc tham s ny.
7.4.2
Qu trnh chuyn giao
Trong ch dedicated, MS lin tc gim st cht lng tn hiu thu (BER) v

cng tn hiu (dBm) ca knh lu lng c cp pht trong cell serving.
ng thi, cng gim st cng tn hiu ca tt c cc cell neighbor. Thng tin
ny c report n BSC serving thng qua BTS.
Cc quyt nh chuyn giao c thc hin bi mng da vo kt qu o ca
MS v BTS
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
Phn 8: Qun l cuc gi

8.1 Gii thiu
Chng ny bao gm cc qu trnh thit lp kt ni cho mt cuc gi gia cc thu
bao v nh tuyn cc lu lng. Ni dung chng cng nu cc khi nim cn thit
cho vic trit ting vng (echo canceller).
MS c th tham gia vo mt trong hai loi cuc gi:
Cuc gi kt thc ti u cui di ng (MTC) l cuc gi c nhn bi MS, xut
pht t MS (PLMN) khc hay t mng PSTN.
Cuc gi bt u t thu bao di ng (MOC) l cuc gi xut pht t mt MS
trong PLMN.
8.2 Mobile original call
Gi s MS ang lng nghe thng tin h thng trong cell v MS ng k vo
MSC/VLR ca cell ny. Khi MS yu cu truy nhp mng thc hin cuc gi. Qu
trnh din ra nh sau:
Hnh 8.1: mobile original call

(1)
a) MS dng RACH yu cn n nh knh SDCCH.

b) Thng tin v knh n nh c truyn cho MS trn AGCH
(2)
MS thng bo l n mun setup mt cuc gi. VLR phn tch IMSI v nh

du MS bn.
(3)
Qu trnh nhn thc c th c thc hin (ty chn). Khi ng qu trnh

m ha (ty chn).
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

(4)
MSC nhn bn tin setup t MS. Thng tin bao gm: loi dch v m MS
mun s dng, s b gi. MSC kim tra xem MS c b chn chiu gi ra hay
khng. Nh khai thc mng hay MS u c kh nng chn cui gi. Nu MS
khng b chn, qu trnh setup tip tc.
(5)
Link gia MSC v BSC c kt ni, mt PCM timeslot b chim gi. MSC
yu cu BSC cp pht knh TCH. Nu cn knh TCH ri, BSC BSC cp
knh v yu cu BTS kch hot knh. Sau khi kch hot thnh cng, BTS
thng bo cho BSC. BSC ra lnh cho MS chuyn sang knh TCH. Qu trnh
cp pht knh hon tt, BSC thng bo cho MSC. MSC phn tch s v thit
lp kt ni ti thu bao b gi.
(6)
Bn tin alert thng bo cho MS bit ringing tone c to u bn kia.

Tng i bn B to ra ringing tone v gi n MS ch gi thng qua MSC.
Ringing tone c gi qua ng v tuyn ti MS ch khng c to ra
MS.
8.3 Mobile terminal call

Cuc gi kt thc ti u cui di ng pha tp hn cuc gi bt u thu bao di
ng do pha ch gi khng bit v tr ca pha b gi.
Hnh 8.2: mobile terminal call.

(1) Trong trng hp gi t PSTN sang di ng, tng i c nh phn tch
MSISDN v xc nh cuc gi thu bao di ng.
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

(2) Tng i transit nh tuyn cuc gi ti GMSC.
(3) Sau khi phn tch s MSISDN ca MS b gi, GMSC tm c HLR m thu
bao ng k. GMSC truy vn HLR bit MSC/VLR m MS b gi ang tm
tr. T MSISDN, HLR tm ra IMSI, cc thng tin ca thu bao, a ch ca
VLR.
(4) HLR yu cu VLR cp s roaming (MSRN).
(5) HLR chuyn s MSRN ti GMSC.
(6) 6.a Vi s roaming, GMSC c th nh tuyn cuc gi n ng MSC.
6.b Cuc gi c chuyn ti MSC.
Nu h thng h tr tnh nng call drop back, GMSC chuyn cuc gi
v node trc v gii phng kt ni bc (2) v 6.a.
(7) MSC hi VLR thng tin v v tr v trng thi (reachable, unreachable) ca
thu bao. Nu trng thi ca thu bao l reachable, cuc gi c cho php
MSC. MSC gi yu cu tm gi ti tt c BSS thuc LA mi nht c ghi
nhn ca MS.
Trong h thng GSM, thng tin v cell phc v ca MS c th lu MSC
hay BSC.
MSC gi thng tin nhn dng LA v MS ti BSC.
(8) BSC phn pht bn tin tm gi n cc BTS trong LA.
(9) BTS tm gi thu bao bng TIMSI hoc IMSI.
Khi nhn c bn tin tm gi, MS yu cu cp pht knh SDCCH. MSC
thc hin nhn thc v m ha. MSC cng c th gi thng tin cho MS v
dch v c yu cu: thoi, data, fax.
BSC yu cu BTS kch hot knh TCH v gii phng kt ni SDCCH. MS
gi bn tin alert thng bo n ang chung. MSC to ringing tone
cho thu ch gi. Khi thu bao nhc my, MS gi bn tin connect. Mng
hon tt kt ni v gi connect ack cho MS. Knh lu lng song cng
c m.
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

8.4 Call routing example
8.4.1 nh tuyn cuc gi trong ni PLMN
Hnh 8.3: nh tuyn cuc gi trong ni PLMN

Khi MS1 gi MS2 trong cng PLMN, MS1 phi thc hin qu trnh MOC vi
MSC ca n (HMSC).
HMSC phi xc nh v tr ca MS2 nh tuyn cuc gi chnh xc. Do
khng th nh tuyn da vo s c quay (MSISDN ca MS2), HMSC phi hi
thng tin v MSRN ca MS2.
MSRN c cp pht bi VLR m MS2 ng k. Trong v d ny, VLR ca
MS2 l VVLR (Visited VLR). Tuy nhin, HMSC khng th truy vn trc tip
VVLR v HMSC khng bit MS2 ng k vo VLR no. Do , MSC dng
MSISDN ca MS2 hi HLR v thng tin nh tuyn. HLR truy vn VVLR
ly MSRN v gi li cho HMSC. Sau khi c MSRN, HMSC nh tuyn cuc gi
ti VMSC.
VMSC thc hin qu trnh tm gi khi u MTC cho MS2.
8.4.2 nh tuyn cuc gi gia cc PLMN
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Hnh 8.4: nh tuyn cuc gi gia cc PLMN
Nu MS1 gi MS2 ngoi PLMN, s c quay MSISDN khng bao gm thng
tin v v tr ca MS2. Trc tin, cuc gi c nh tuyn ti GMSC ca
HPLMN.
GMSC nhn bit NDC (national destination code) ca PLMN ch (VPLMN)
da vo s MSISDN nn chuyn cuc gi ti GMSC ca VPLMN.
GMSC ca VPLMN nh tuyn da vo MSRN. Qu trnh truy vn MSRN
cng tng t nh trng hp cng PLMN, trong , GMSC ng vai tr ging
nh HMSC.
8.5 Trit ting vng (Echo cancelling)
Hnh 8.5: Echo canceller

Echo l hin tng nghe li chnh ging ni ca mnh lp li khi ni vo in thoi.
Hin tng tr trong mng PLMN do m ha v gii m thoi, x l tn hiu gy ra
ting vng. Ting vng ny khng nghim trng khi m thoi gia cc MS.
Tuy nhin, khi kt ni vi thu bao PSTN, tn hiu phi qua b chuyn i hybrid 4
dy sang 2 dy. Mt phn nng lng t pha nhn quay li pha pht nn thoi c
truyn ngc li pha MS. Hin tng ny thu bao c nh khng cm nhn c
nhng to ra ting vng c tr khong 180ms cho MS.
gim hin tng ny, b trit ting vng c t giao tip gia MSC v
PSTN. B trit ting vng chun c th lm gim tr xung 80ms, v thu bao di
ng khng cm nhn c.
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM
Phn 9:
GSM SECURITY
9.1 Mc ch ca bo mt mng
Chng li nhng truy cp khng cho php (Nhn thc khi truy cp mng)
Bo v s nhn dng ngi dng (dng TMSI gip bo mt IMSI)
Bo v thng tin ngi dng (dng mt m)
Bo v thng tin bo hiu trong mng
Cc chc nng bo v trn l bt buc i vi MS v mng. Tuy nhin chc nng
mt m c th tt. Nhng chc nng bo v ny c thit k bo v ch mng
GSM
9.2 Bo v nhn dng ngi dng

Chc nng bo v nhn dng ngi dng nhm m bo s IMSI khng b ly cp.
Chc nng ny nhm chng li vic theo di v tr ca thu bao bng cch lng nghe
cc bo hiu trao i trn ng v tuyn. IMSI c bo v bng cch dng s thay
th TMSI
9.3 Nhn thc

Nhn thc l qu trnh xem xt 1 MS c quyn truy nhp vo mng hay khng.
Mc ch nhm chng li nhng truy nhp khng c cho php ng thi ngn chng
nhng k xm nhp khng hp php
Ba thng tin yu cu trong tin trnh nhn thc:
Kha nhn thc Ki: c lu trong SIM v trong AuC
RAND: l s ngu nhin c to bi AuC
SRES: m ny c to ra trong AuC bng cch kt hp kha Ki v RAND
dng thut ton A3
MSC yu cu AuC to ra 3 s thng tin bo mt l RAND,SRES v kha Kc. Ba
thng tin ny s c gi ti VLR qun l MS . Mi khi nhn thc c yu cu 1
b 3 thng tin trn c dng
Ch :Kha Kc c dng cho mt m hn l nhn thc
Nu tt c cc b 3 trong VLR c dng, MSC yu cu 1 lat mi t HLR/AuC
bng 1 bn tin gi thng tin nhn thc Send Authentication Info. HLR/AuC p ng
vi bn tin Send Authentication Info Ack
Nhn thc thc hin khi:
C s thay i d liu thu bao ti HLR hay VLR nh cp nht v tr m c thay
i d liu trong VLR,ng k mng hay xa b 1 dch v cng thm
Khi kch hat hay gii kch hat 1 dch v cng thm
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Ln u tin truy cp mng sau khi khi ng li MSC/VLR
Chui kha mt m khng khp nhau
Nu 1 yu cu truy nhp gi n mng,th tc nhn thc thu bao tht bi v s
tht bi ny khng do s c mng th truy cp ca MS ti mng b t chi
Tin trnh nhn thc:

Bc 1: Thu bao yu truy cp mng bng cch gi IMSI/TMSI ti MSC
Bc 2: Nu VLR khng c b ba thng tin hp l th MSC yu cu b 3 mi
t AuC. Sau , MSC gi RAND ti MS dng bn tin Authentication and
Ciphering Request
Bc 3: MS dng Ki ca n v RAND va nhn t MSC,MS to SRES v gi
cho MSC dng bn tin Authentication and Ciphering Response
Bc 4: MSC so snh SRES ca n vi SRES nhn t MS. Nu chng ging
nhau, MS nhn thc thnh cng v c php truy cp mng
9.4 Bo v thng tin ngi dng
Mc ch ca chc nng bo v thng tin ngi dng l bo mt thng tin ca mi
c nhn
Mt m s c ng dng cho tt c cc truyn thng c thoi hay khng thoi.
Mc d gii thut chun A5 thng c trin khai, nhng MS v c s h tng mng
c th dng nhiu hn 1 gii thut. Trong trng hp ny, c s h tng mng chu
trch nhim quyt nh nn dng gii thut no (bao gm kh nng khng dng mt
m trong trng hp s bo mt khng c ng dng)
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Khi mt m c yu cu, cc tn hiu MS ti mng ch ra cc gii thut no trong
7 gii thut mt m m n h tr. Mng phc v sau chn 1 trong nhng gii thut
ny v bo cho MS bit.
Chui s kha mt m(Ciphering Key Sequence Number-CKSN)
m cho php mt m bt u trn kt ni v tuyn m khng nhn thc cc
chui s kha mt m c dng. Chui ny lu trong VLR cng vi Kc. MSC/VLR
gi bn tin AUTHENTICATION REQUEST cha chui s ny, cng vi RAND ti
MS
Khi MS nhn bn tin nhn thc n tnh SRES v Kc, lu Kc cng vi CKSN trong
SIM. Ln sau khi MS mun truy cp h thng, n gi CKSN trong bn tin SERVICE
REQUEST tin hnh tin trnh mt m m khng cn nhn thc
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Th tc mt m chung
Bc 1-Xc nh thut ton A5

Gi s nhn thc xy ra, khi 1 MS mun thit lp 1 kt ni c mt m ti
mng, tht ton A5 c thng thuyt u tin trn knh DCCH theo nhng quyn
u tin sau:
1. Nu 1 MS v mng c thut ton A5 khng cng cc phin bn v mng hay MS
khng sn sng dng 1 kt ni khng c mt m th kt ni c gii phng
2. Nu MS v mng c t nht 1 phin bn ca thut ton A5 chung th mng chn
1 trong nhng phin bn c th cp nhn c 2 bn dng trn kt ni
3. Nu MS v mng c thut ton A5 khng cng phin bn v mng sn sng
dng 1 kt ni khng cn mt m th 1 kt ni khng mt m c thit lp
Bc 2-Tao kha Kc
Dng kha Ki,(duy nht vi mi MS) v RAND c to bi AuC, Kc c to ti
c MS v AuC. Kha Kc AuC c truyn ti MSC/VLR vi RAND v SRES
Bc 3-Chuyn sang ch mt m
D liu c mt m c to ra bng cch truyn kha Kc v ton b d liu
ngi dng vo thut ton A5 c lu trong c MS v BSS(hnh trn). S chuyn
tip t ch khng mt m sang ch mt m tin hnh nh sau:
Gii mt m bt u trong BSS,ni y s gi bn tin Star Ciphier ti MS
Khi bn tin ny c nhn ng, bt u mt m v gii m trn MS
Mt m trn pha BSS bt u ngay khi ng b t c v 1 MS chuyn
sang ch mt m to ra khung hay 1 bn tin c gii m ng ti BSS
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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Nhng yu cu chuyn giao
Khi chuyn giao xy ra, thng tin cn thit (v d kha Kc, d liu khi u)
c chuyn t BSS c sang BSS mi v th tc ng b c bt u li. Kha Kc
khng thay i khi chuyn giao
9.5 Bo v thng tin bo hiu
Mt m thng tin bo hiu cung cp s bo mt i vi cc nhn dng ngi dng
trn giao din v tuyn
Mt m c dng trn cc trng ca cc bn tin bo hiu c trao i gia MS
v cc BTS. Cc yu t thng tin bo hiu sau lin quan n ngi dng c bo v
bt c khi no c dng sau khi thit lp kt ni ban u:
IMEI
IMSI
S thu bao gi
S thu bao b goi
Ch rng nhng thng tin bo hiu(loi bn tin,cc nhn dng MS IMSI,TMSI)
khng c bo v khi khi to kt ni
Khng cung cp mt m t u cui n u cui
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73

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TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

BSC-Base Station Controller ............................................................................. 13

Topo mng BSS................................................................................................... 13

NSS-Network Switching Subsystem ............................................................................ 14

VLR-Visitor Location Register ......................................................................... 15

HLR-Home Location Register ........................................................................... 16

AUC-Authentication Centre .............................................................................. 16

GMSC-Gateway Mobile Switching Centre ...................................................... 16

EIR-Equipment Identity Register ..................................................................... 17

Giao din A .................................................................................................................... 17

TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Chc nng SACCH trong a khung TCH: ...................................................... 30

Chc nng knh Idle trong a khung TCH. .................................................... 30

Chc nng FACCH trong a khung TCH ....................................................... 30

a khung knh iu khn............................................................................................. 30

Cu trc a khung knh iu khin.................................................................. 30

3.5.3.3 a khung knh iu khin kt hp v khng kt hp (combined v noncombined)............................................................................................................................ 31

Phn bc cu trc a khung trong GSM .................................................................... 32

TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Siu siu khung ................................................................................................... 32

Phn 4: CC NGHI THC TRONG GSM ...................................................................................... 33

Cc loi cm d liu (data burst) ...................................................................... 49

Phn 6: Qun l di ng MM ............................................................................................................. 52

TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

GII THIU CC H THNG CELL

1.1 Gii thiu

1.2 Mng v tuyn cell

Hnh 1.1-Mc thi gian ra i ca cc th h mng

1.3 H thng cell th h th nht

TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Hnh 1.2- S phn b tn s gia cc cell trong mng v tuyn cell.

1.4 H thng cell th h th hai

TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Phn ln c dng Bc v Nam M

Phn ln c dng chu

Hach nh ging mng GSM

Hach nh ging mng GSM

Mng core ANSI-41

1.5 S pht trin ca GSM v cc c tnh

TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Hnh 1.3-S phn b thu bao ng vi cc th h mng di ng

Hnh 1.4-S phn b thu bao di ng trn th gii

1.7 Cc c tnh ca mng 2.5G

TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

TNG QUAN V KIN TRC MNG

TAC(Type Approval Code) c 6 ch s 2 ch s u cho bit t chc no cung cp

2.1.2 IMSI-International Mobile Subscriber Identity

MCC(Mobile Country Code): M nc di ng(Vit Nam l 452)

TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

MSIN(Mobile Station Identification Number): s nhn dng thu bao di ng

2.1.3 TMSI-Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

2.1.4 LAI-Location Area Identity

LAC(Location Area Code):16 bit cho php 65536 vng nh c xc nh trong 1

2.1.5 MSISDN-Mobile Station ISDN Number

TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

SN(Subscriber Number): S thu bao

2.1.7 CI-Cell Identifier

2.1.8 BSIC-Base Station Identity Code

NCC(Network Color Code) 3 bit tng ng t 0 n 7

2.1.9 CGI-Cell Global Identity

TNG QUAN H THNG GSM

Base Station System BSS

NMC and OMC