()

. ,
f ( x) = x 2 x + 1


( ) f(x)
L o x e , x a,

lim f ( x) = L
(1)
xa

L f (x) x f (x)
L x . (1)
f (x) L x a.

f(x) L x
x = a.


x
, .
x a
a
.
:

f ( x=
)

lim+

x 0

x
x

x 1, x > 0
=
x 1, x < 0
=1

lim

x 0

x
x

= 1

 ( )
f(x) L o x e , x > ,

lim f ( x) = L
(3)
xa+

L f (x) x L
f (x) x = .
a f(x) L o x e
, x < ,
(4)
lim f ( x) = L
xa

L f (x) x L
f (x) x = .
, :
f (x) L x a+
f (x) L x a.



, f(x)
. f(x)
L o x.
lim f ( x) .
xa

, f(x)
L o x+ x .
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) .
xa+

xa

1. ( )
f (x)
, ..,
lim
=
f ( x) L a
lim
=
f ( x) lim
=
f ( x) L
xa

xa+

xa

 1. ,
x = a, .
.
x a, x = a.

lim f ( x) = 1

lim+ f ( x) = 3
xa

xa

, x a
x = a .

 2. ,
x = a, .
. x a,
x = a.

lim f ( x) = 2

lim+ f ( x) = 2
xa

xa

x a

lim f ( x) = 2
xa



.
.
lim

x 0

1
=
x

lim+

x 0

1
= +
x

(+) (+) = 0

+
,

.

. ,

 ( )
1. f(x) x
( )
lim f ( x) = +

xa

(.. lim+ f ( x) = + )
xa

2. f(x) x
( )
lim f ( x) =

xa

(.. lim+ f (=
x) )
xa

3. +
lim f ( x) = +
xa

lim f ( x) =
xa

 3.


1. x = a
f (x),
lim f ( x) = +

xa

lim f ( x) =

xa

lim f ( x) = +

xa+

lim f ( x) = .

xa+

lim

x 0

1
=
x

lim+

x 0

1
= +
x

x = 0
f.

lim f ( x) =

xa

lim f ( x) =

xa+

x = a
f.


( )
f(x) L x
,
=
lim f ( x) L
x +

f ( x) L x +

f(x) L x
,
1
1
lim
0

lim
=
=
=
lim f ( x) L x +
f ( x) L x
x 0
x
x
x

1
=0
x + x
lim

1
=0
x x
lim

f y = L
x , f
y = L x .
.
=
lim f ( x) L=
lim f ( x) L
x +

y = L
f.


( )
1. f (x) x
( ),
lim f ( x) = +

x +

..

lim f ( x) = +

2. f (x) x
( ),
lim f ( x) =

x +

..

lim f ( x) =

f (x) = sin x. x + x
, f(x) ,
f(x) 1 1
. ,
x+ x
. ,
".

x + x .


1. k .
() lim k = k
xa

() lim x = a
xa

1
=
x 0 x

() lim

() lim

x 0+

1
= +
x

 2. , =
lim f ( x) L=
lim g ( x) L2
1
xa

xa

() lim[ f ( x) + g ( x)] =
lim f ( x) + lim g ( x) =+
L1 L2
xa

xa

xa

lim f ( x) lim g ( x) =
L1 L2
() lim[ f ( x) g ( x)] =
xa

xa

xa

() lim[ f ( x) g ( x)] =
lim f ( x) lim g ( x) =
L1 L2
xa

xa

xa

f ( x) L
f ( x) lim
xa
() lim
= = 1,
xa g ( x)
lim g ( x) L2

L2 0

xa

n f ( x)
() lim
=
xa

lim f ( x)
=

xa

L1 ,

L1 0, ao n

, xa xa+ .


) ) 2
.
3. f1, f2, , fn, xa,
i ) lim[ f1 ( x) + f 2 ( x) + + f =
lim f1 ( x) + lim f 2 ( x) + + lim f n ( x)
n ( x )]
xa

xa

x a

xa

ii ) lim[ f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) f n ( x)] = [lim f1 ( x)][lim f 2 ( x)][lim f n ( x)]

xa

xa

xa

xa


1.
lim x n = a n
xa

lim x = lim x x x = lim x lim x lim x = lim x

xa
xa
xa
xa
xa
xa

2.

lim(cf ( x)) = c lim f ( x)

xa

xa

lim(cf ( x)) =
lim c lim f ( x) =
c lim f ( x)
xa

xa

xa

xa

= an

:
lim[ f ( x) g ( x) + 2h( x=
)] lim f ( x) lim g ( x) + 2 lim h( x)
xa

xa

xa

xa

lim[ f ( x) g ( x) h( x=
)] lim f ( x) lim g ( x) lim h( x), 3 =
n 3
xa

xa

xa

xa

lim[ f ( x)]3 = [lim f ( x)]3 f=

( x) g=
( x) h( x)
xa

xa

lim[ f ( x)]n = [lim f ( x)]n 3 n

xa

xa

f ( x)

.
.

lim( x 2 4 x + 3)
x 5

lim( x 2 4 x + =
3) lim x 2 lim 4 x + lim 3
x 5

x 5

x 5

x 5

2 (), ()

= lim x 2 4 lim x + lim 3

= 52 4 5 + 3 = 8

x 5

x 5

x 5

 4.

p ( x) = c0 + c1 x + c2 x 2 + + cn x n
,

lim p ( x) = p (a )
xa

.
n
lim p (=
x) lim(c0 + c1 x + c2 x 2 + + cn x=
)
xa

xa

= lim c0 + lim(c1 x) + lim(c2 x 2 ) + + lim(cn x n=

)
xa

xa

xa

xa

= c0 + c1 lim x + c2 lim x 2 + + cn lim x n =

xa

xa

xa

= c0 + c1a + c2 a 2 + + cn a n = p (a )

 5.

f ( x) =

p( x)
q( x)

- , .
() q(a) 0, lim f ( x) = f (a)
xa

f ( x) .
() q(a) = 0 p(a) 0, lim
xa

=
lim p ( x) p=
(a ), lim q ( x) q (a ) . q(a) 0,
.
xa
xa

p( x) p(a)
p ( x) lim
xa
=
= == f (a ).
lim
f ( x) lim
xa
x a q( x)
lim q( x) q(a)
xa

q(a) = 0 p(a) 0, x a,
p(x) q(x) ( , 0)
( +) ( ),
p(x) q(x). , lim f ( x) .
xa

p( x)

A q(a) = 0, p(a) 0 f ( x) =
, xa
q( x)
3 :
1. , +.
2. +.
3. .

.
2 x
x 4+ ( x 4)( x + 2)

) lim

2 x

( x 4)( x + 2)

) xlim
4

) lim
x4

2 x
( x 4)( x + 2)

 0/0
p(x)/q(x) e - p(a) = 0 = q(a),
x a, ..,
x a. ,
x a, .
.
x2 6 x + 9
) lim
x 3
( x 3)

2x + 8
x 4 x 2 + x 12

) lim

. ) x 3.
x2 6 x + 9
( x 3) 2
= lim
= lim( x 3)
= 0
lim
3
3
x 3
x

( x 3)
( x 3)
) x + 4.
2x + 8
2( x + 4)
2
2
=
lim
=
lim
=

x 4 x 2 + x 12
x 4 ( x + 4)( x 3)
x 4 x 3
7
lim

lim
x 1

x 1
x 1

. 0/0.

x 1
x 1
x +1
( x 1)( x + 1)
lim = lim

=
= lim
lim

x 1
x
1
x
1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1 x +1

x=
+1 2


,

.
.

1
x < 2
x+2,

f ( x=
) x 2 5, 2 < x 3.

x>3
x + 13,

:
) lim f ( x)
x 2

) lim f ( x)
x 0

) lim f ( x)
x 3

. ()

.

x. ,
x 2 o ,
f ( x) =

1
x+2

x 2 o ,
f ( x=
) x2 5

,
lim f ( x) = lim

x 2

x 2

1
=
x+2

lim+ f ( x) =lim+ ( x 2 5) =
( 2) 2 5 =1

x 2

x 2

lim f ( x) .
x 2

. () x = 0 e
f (x) = x2 5

.
lim( x 2 5) =02 5 =5
x 0

. () f(x)
lim f ( x) = lim ( x 2 5) =(3) 2 5 =4

x 3

x 3

lim+ f (=
x) lim+ x + 13
= lim+ 3 + 13
= 4

x 3

x 3

x 3

lim f ( x) = 4
x 3