A-Tx /M-W-B - Nâ: Hmcni

1201
hmcnI
|Volume 26 |Issue: 20 |31 August 2016 |
atbm:
a-c-W-p-cp-n-s a-t\m-lmcnX 09
Ih-tmdn/knZv C_vdm-loap Jeoep_p-Jm-cn
Po-hO-hn amp-t]m-b
\o-e-c-Xv-\w
12
teJ-\w/ A-ao A-en lw-k
]m-ew \--s- Im-ew \n-an-w
ImWm]pdw
16
A-`n-ap-Jw: tUm. k-{_n-\ em-bv/

\q-dp-o ap-kvX^ \q-dm-\n
Ad_v \m-nse Zu-d-Xp an-bmlv 19

bm{X/ Sn Sn C-^m\n
C--y P-\-m-b- h-y-h-k-vY B-i-b-X-e-f-n-se t]-m-c-m---sf t{]-m-k-m-l-n--n--p--p.

B-i-b-k-w-L--\- B-tc-m-K-y-I-c-a-m-b
c-m-j-v{S-o-b I-o-g-vh-g--a-m-W-v. t\-m-_-k--m-\
tP-X-m-h-p-w h-n-i-z-{]-i-k-vX k-m---n-I I-m-c-y-h-n-ZK-v-[-\-p-a-m-b A-a-r-X-y-m-sk \--p-sS k-a-q-l-s
"k-w-h-m-Z-m-X-vI C--y' F--v h-n-ti-j-n--n--p-X-v C-u k-z-`-m-h-K-p-W-s a-p-\-n---n-b-m-W-v. h-n`-n- k-w-k-vI-m-c- k-t-f-n--p- A-]-q--h
C-S-a-m-W-v C--y \-m-K-c-n-I-X. A-X-n-\-n--v h-y-X-nN-e-n--v ta-[-m-h-n--w D-d--n--m-t\-m F-X-n-c-m-f-n-sb
a-p-J-m-a-p-J-w t\-c-n-S-m-t\-m G-sX--n-e-p-w h-n-`-m-K-w
A-h-n-th-I-w I-m-W-n--p-t-m-g-m-W-v ^-m-j-n-k-w D-Sse-S-p--p--X-p-w I-e-m-]- P-\-n--p--X-p-w.
B F-kv F-kn-t\m-Sv
A-tX \m-W-b-n
Kp-l-bn F-{X-Imew?
22
k-mcw/ k-Po _p-Jmcn
a-p-dw X
km-tlm-Z-cy-n-s a-[p-c-Im-ew
24
]T\w/ k-n-Zv an-Jv-ZmZv
\fw _ocm kmln_ns

]mphgnI
27
kwkvImcw/ Aivd^v kJm^n ]pv
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30
Ihn-X/ ap-_-n ap-lZv
`m-c-Xn-bm k-h-I-em-im-e-bn
hn-Zq-c-hn-Zym-`ym-kw
31
I-cn-b Iyqkv/ dk
imlnZv
ap-kvenw-I-fn-se `q-]-Shpw
`q-]-S--fn-se ap-kvenw-Ifpw
34
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atbm; knZv C_vdmloapJeo A_pJmcn FgpXpp
www.risalaonline.com email: risalaweekly@risalaonline.com
31 BKkv-v 2016 $10.00
hmcnI
hmb-\-m-cp-sS hoWw
hm-I
38
41
c-n-k-m-e-b-n-t-e--v A-b--p- c-N-\-I {-]-k-n--o-I-c-n--p--p-s---n-, 20 Z-n-h-k--n-\-I-w h-n-h-c-a-d-n-b-n-p-w. {-]-k-n--o-I-c-n--m- c-N-\-I X-n-c-n--b--p--X-. c-N-\-I k-w-_--n- h-n-h-c- t-^-m-W-ne-q-s-S e-`-n--p--X-p-a-. c-n-k-m-e-b-n-s-e h-y-X-y-k-vX ]-w--n-I-f-n-t-e--v(k-K-t-h-Z-n-, H-m--p-]--n...-)- c-N-\I A-b--p-t--m I-h-d-p-I-f-p-s-S ]-p-d--v A-X-m-X-v ]-w--n-I-f-p-s-S t-]-c-v F-g-p-X-p-I. C s-a-b-n-e-n-e-m-W-v
A-b--p--s-X--n k-_-vP-I-vS-v t-I-m-f--n ]-w--n-b-p-s-S t-]-c-v I-m-W-n--p-I.
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atcn amXrIbntem?
kaqlnSbnse Bib hn\nabns ]mew hoWpt]mbXns\ Ipdnv
- - tUm. k{_o\ embv
dPn. Hm-ôkv. pUv sk, tIm-gn-tm-Sv673004 t^m: 0495 2720436

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Csabn risalaweekly@risalaonline.com
|]n-j hq A-p-d-lvam ss^-kn |am-t\-Pnw-Kv F-Un- Fkv. i-d-^po

|No-^v F-Un- am-fn-tb- kp-sseam k-Jm-^n |F-Un- Sn.sI. A-en-A-ivd-^v
|P\-d am-t\-P keow A-tm-W |AUv-an-\n-kv-t{S- a-kq k-Jm-^n ]q-m
|k-p-te-j am-t\-P sI.]n. \nkm |I-h & teHu-v cnkme
ImWm-]pdw
imlnZv
B F-kv F-kn-t\m-Sv
A-tX \m-W-b-n
C--y P-\-m-b- h-y-h-k-vY B-i-b-X-e--f-n-se t]-m-c-m---sf t{]-m-k-m-l-n-n--p--p. B-i-b-k-w-L--\- B-tc-m-K-y-I-c-a-m-b c-m-j-v{S-o-b I-o-g-vh-g--a-m-W-v.
t\-m-_-k--m-\ tP-X-m-h-p-w h-n-i-z-{]-i-k-vX k-m---n-I I-m-c-y-h-n-Z-K-v[-\-p-a-m-b
A-a-r-X-y-m-sk \--p-sS k-a-q-l-s "k-w-h-m-Z-m-X-vI C--y' F--v h-n-ti-j-n--n-p--X-v C-u k-z-`-m-h-K-p-W-s a-p-\-n---n-b-m-W-v. h-n-`-n- k-w-k-vI-m-c-
k-t-f-n--p- A-]-q--h C-S-a-m-W-v C--y \-m-K-c-n-I-X. A-X-n-\-n--v h-y-X-n-N-e-n--v
ta-[-m-h-n--w D-d--n--m-t\-m F-X-n-c-m-f-n-sb a-p-J-m-a-p-J-w t\-c-n-S-m-t\-m G-sX--n-e-p-w
h-n-`-m-K-w A-h-n-th-I-w I-m-W-n--p-t-m-g-m-W-v ^-m-j-n-k-w D-S-se-S-p--p--X-p-w I-e-m-] P-\-n--p--X-p-w.
sdm
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I-m-e-L---n-s-e
N-c-n-{-X-I-m-c--m-c-n
a-p-\-n-c-b-n \-n--p--, a-t-X-X-c h-n-N-m-c[-m-c-b-p-s-S D-d- h-I-vX-m-h-m-W-v. B-.F-k-v.Fk-v {-]-X-n-\-n-[-m-\-w s-N--p- l-n--p-X-z ^-m-j-nk-s- B-i-b-X-e--n ^-e-{-]-Z-a-m-b-n
t-\-c-n-S-p- Y-m--d-p-s-S G--h-p-a-h-k-m-\-a-m-b-n
{-]-k-n--o-I-c-n- s-N-d-n-s-b-m-c-p ]-p-k-v X-I-w
l-n--p-X-z-h-m-Z-n-I-s-f F-c-n-s-]-m-c-n s-I-m--n--nc-n--p--p. C--y t-Z-i-o-b-X-s-b a-t-X-X-c-`-qa-n-I-b-n \-n--p-s-I-m--v ]-c-m-h---\-w s-N-p- I-r-X-n (On Nationalism) a--a--n s-N--v
X-d--X-v s-I-m--m-W-v {-K-\-v Y-I-m-c-n--v F-X-n-
s-c c-q--a-m-b h-n-a--i-\-h-p-a-m-b-n k-w-L-v ]c-n-h-m- t-\-X-r-X-z-w c-w-K--p-h--X-v. Y-m--s-db-p-w C--^-m l-_-o-_-n-s-\-b-p-w t-]-m-e-p-
s-s-[-j-W-n-I {-]-X-n-`-I-s-f l-n--p-X-z-h-m-Z-n-I
h--m-s-X `-b-s--S-p--p. I-m-c-W-w-, X-
s-I--n-s--m--n-b s-s-l--h t-a-[-m-h-n-X-z--ns--d-b-p-w a-l--z--n-s--d-b-p-w a-n-Y-y-I-f-p-s-S
A-S-n--d-b-m-W-v C-h- I-p--n-b-n-f--p-s-X--v C-h- X-n-c-n--d-n-b-p--p--v. C--y
t-Z-i-o-b-X F--m-W-v? I-]-S t-Z-i-o-b-X-b-p-s-S
e--W--s-f--m-W-v? B-c-m-W-n-h-n-s-S t-Z-ik-v-t-\-l-n-? B-c-m-W-v t-Z-i-t-{-Z-m-l-n-? G-X-v h-n-[-n-e-p- t-Z-i-o-b-X-b-m-W-v \-a-p--`-n-I-m-a-y-w-?
"`-m-c-X-v a-m-X-m I-o-' P-b-v h-n-f-n--n-s---n c-m-P-y-
Hcp B F-kv F-kv dq-v amv
2016 BKkvv 31
B F-kv F-kn-t\m-Sv A-tX \m-W-b-n
k-v-t-\-l-w A-]-q--W-a-m-h-p-t-a-m-? ]-m-I-n-k-vX-m-s-\ N-o-

h-n-f-n--n-s---n \--p-s-S t-Z-i-k-vt-\-l-w t-N-m-Z-y-w s-N-s--S-m-t-a-m-? X-p-S--n-b h---a-m-\-I-m-e C--y-\-hk-v-Y-b-n A-t--b--w {-]-k-I-vX-a-m-b t-N-m-Z-y---v
C-u I-r-X-n D--c-w t-X-S-p--p--v. A-k--n-K-v[-a-m-b N-n-e
\-n-K-a-\--f-n-t-e--p-w X-n-c-n--d-n-h-p-I-f-n-t-e--p-w h-m-b\--m-s-c B-\-b-n--p- A-h-c-p-s-S k-w-h-m-Z-\-c-o-X-n
B-I--j-I-h-p-w {-K-m-l-y-h-p-a-m-W-v. s-s-{-]-a-d-n h-n-Z-y-m--Y-nI--v t-]-m-e-p-w a-\--n-e-m-h-p- h-n-[-w t-Z-i-o-b-X-s-b
I-p-d-n--v A-h- a-p-t--m--v s-h--p- h-m-b-\-b-p-s-S I-mX C-X-m-W-v: t-Z-i-o-b-X F--X-v H-c-m P-o-h-n--p-
k-a-q-l-s- b-Y-m-h-n-[-n a-\--n-e-m--p--X-p-w B k-a-ql--n-s-e H-c-w-K-s-a- \-n-e-b-n h-y-I-v X-n-b-p-s-S k-zX-z-s- I-s---e-p-a-m-W-v. A-X--m-s-X-, s-I-m-S-n-h-o-i-p-t-X-m a-p-{-Z-m-h-m-I-y-w a-p-g--p--t-X-m "`-m-c-X-v a-m-X-m I-o
P-b-v -'-F--v h-n-f-n--m--h-s-c i-n--n--p--t-X-m A-.
\-t-c-{--t-a-m-U-n U-l-n-b-n A-h-t-c-m-[-n-X-\-m-b t-ij-w k-w-L-v ]-c-n-h-m-c-w F-S-p--p-]-b--p- X-o-{-h-h-e-
tI-c-f--n-se a-tX-X-c-X-z-s tZ-i-o-b-\-n-h-N-\-w sI-m--v A-f--p-X-n--s-S-p--m

k-m-[-y-a-s--v {]-X-n-tc-m-[-I--a-tk-\--m-
a-\--n-e-m--W-w. ssI-h-c-p- H-m-tc-m A-h-kc-h-p-w a-p-X-se-S-p--v tI-c-f-s a-s-m-c-p
I-i-va-o-c-m--p-I-b-m-W-v k-w-L-v]-c-n-h-m-d-n-s-d
e--y-w. {]-tI-m-]-\-w A-h---v C--\-w \I-p-I-tb-b-p--q. _-p--n-]-q--h-w P-\-m-b--m[-n-I-m-c-w h-n-\-n-tb-m-K-n--p--X-v I-o-g-S--e-.
ssI-b-q--v sI-m--v `-q-c-n-]---n-\-p-w \-y-q\-]---n-\-p-w `-m-K-t[-b-w X-o-c-p-a-m-\-n--msa--v B-sc--n-e-p-w I-c-p-X-p--p-s--n
A-h- h-n--n-I-f-p-sS k-z-]-v\--n-e-m-W-v.
Fkv Un ]n sF dmen
X-p-]- {-]-N-m-c-W--s-f-b-p-w B-i-b-k-w-t-h-Z-\--s-fb-p-w \-J-i-n-J-m--w F-X-n---p- s-d-m-a-o-e-m Y-m--d-p-s-S

K-c-n-a-t-b-d-n-b \-n-i-vN-b- l-n--p-X-z-h-n-N-m-c-[-m-c-s-b
\-n--Z-m--n-W-y-w B-{-I-a-n--p--p--v. s-I-m-t---n-S--v
s-I-m--p F--X-n-s--d s-X-f-n-h-m-W-v B-.F-k-v.F-k-v
P-n-l-z-b-m-b "H-m--K-s-s-\-k--' N-c-n-{-X-I-m-c-n-s--X-n-s-c
I-h- k-v-t--m-d-n-b-n-e-q-s-S \-S--p- {-]-X-y-m-{-I-a-W-w.
t-Z-i-o-b-X c--p-X-c-a-p-s-- (a-t-X-X-c t-Z-i-o-b-X-b-p-w
h--K-o-b-t-Z-i-o-b-X-b-p-w -) k-n--m--s- I-f-n-b-m--p-
t-e-J-I h--y-h-t-b-m-[-n-I-b-m-b N-c-n-{-X-I-m-c-n-s-b ]-c-nN-b-s--S-p--m D-]-t-b-m-K-n--p- `-m-j X-s- G-s-d
\-n-e-h-m-c-w s-I--X-m-W-v. C--y P-\-m-b- h-y-h-k-vY
B-i-b-X-e--f-n-s-e t-]-m-c-m---s-f t-{-]-m-k-m-l-n-n--p--p. B-i-b-k-w-L--\- B-t-c-m-K-y-I-c-a-m-b
c-m-j-v{-S-o-b I-o-g-vh-g--a-m-W-v. t-\-m-_-k--m-\ t-P-X-mh-p-w h-n-i-z-{-]-i-k-vX k-m---n-I I-m-c-y-h-n-Z-K-v[-\-p-a-m-
b A-a-r-X-y-m-s-k \--p-s-S k-a-q-l-s-

"k-w-h-m-Z-m-X-vI C--y-' (Argumentative Indian-)
F--v h-n-t-i-j-n--n--p--X-v C-u k-z-`-m-h-K-pW-s- a-p-\-n---n-b-m-W-v. h-n-`-n- k-wk-v-I-m-c- k-t--f-n--p- A-]-q--h CS-a-m-W-v C--y \-m-K-c-n-I-X. A-X-n-\-n--v
h-y-X-n-N-e-n--v t-a-[-m-h-n--w D-d--n--m-t-\-m
F-X-n-c-m-f-n-s-b a-p-J-m-a-p-J-w t-\-c-nS-m-t-\-m G-s-X--n-e-p-w h-n-`-m-K-w Ah-n-t-h-I-w I-m-W-n--p-t--m-g-m-W-v
^-m-j-n-k-w D-S-s-e-S-p--p--X-p-w
I- e - m - ] - P- \ - n - - p - - X - p - w .
A--c-w I-e-m-]- P-\-m-b-
h-n-c-p--h-p-w a-\-p-j-y-X-z-l-o-\-h-pa-m-W-v. A-S-n--m X-n-c-n--S-n--p-w
F- - v B- t - { - I - m - i - n - - p - - X - v AAa-Xy sk
2016 BKkvv 31
a-m---n-s\ t\-c-n-S-m ]-g-b F.U-n.F-^-pI-m- X-o-- I-h-N-w A--c-m--Y--n

{]--p-_-v[-X k-r-j-vS-n--p. ]-n-c-n-a-p-d-p---ns-d a-p-a-p-\-b-n k-a-q-Z-m-b--sf Z-n-h-k-tf-m-f-w \-n-d-p--n F--X--m-sX C-u a-m---v
sI-m-t-m {]-X-n-tc-m-[ {i-a--sI-m-t-m
h- K-p-W-h-p-w B--s--n-e-p-w I-n--n-tb-m F-
tN-m-Z-y--n-\-p {]-k-I-vX-n-b-p--v.
]-c-n-j-v I-r-X-c-p-s-S `-m-j-b-m-W-v -,
I-m--m-f---n-s--d s-s-i-e-n-b-mW-v. \-n-b-a-w s-s-I-b-n-s-e-S-p--p-
{-]-X-y-b-i-m-k-v {-X-s--b-p-w I-q--mb-v-a-I-s-f-b-p-w \-n-b-a-a-m--K--n-e-qs-S-b-m-W-v t-\-c-n-t-S--X-v. A-s--n C-h-n-s-S c-I-vX--p-g H-g-p-Ip-w.
B- .F- k - v . F- k - n - s - \ B- .F- sdm-ao-em Ym
k-v.F-k-n-s--d s-s-i-e-n s-I-m--v
A- ` - n - a - p - J - o - I - c - n - - m B- s - c - - n e-p-w a-p-t--m--v h--m-, A-s---n G-s-X--ne-p-w k-w-L-S-\ ]--X-n-I-f-m-h-n-j-v I-c-n--m
k-a-m-[-m-\-I-m-w--n-I--p-w P-\-m-[-n-]-X-y-h-mZ-n-I--p-w A-X-w-K-o-I-c-n--m k-m-[-y-a-.
I-m-c-W-w-, H-m-t-c-m X---h-p-w A-h-I-m-i-h-m-Zh-p-w I-m-b-n-I-a-m-b-n s-X-c-p-h-n-s-h--v t-\-c-n-S-m
sdm-ao-em Ym--dn-s ]p-kv-XIw:

Hm \m-j-Wenkw.
2016 BKkvv 31
X-p-S--n-b-m A-X-v {-]-i-v \- ]-c-n-l-c-n--p-I-b-

s-N--p-I; a-d-n--v, ]-p-X-n-b {-]-i-v\--f-p-w X----f-p-w
h-f---p-w F--v a-m-{-X-a--, t-N-m-c--m-e-p-I \-o-f-m-\-p-w
I-_-\-v[- I-p--p-I-q-S-m-\-p-w C-S-w \-I-p-I-b-p-w s-N-p-w.
G--p-a-p--e-n-s--d
a-t--c-n a-m-X-r-Ih- - K - o - b ^- m - j - n - k - s - F- - s - \ t- \ - c - n - S - W - w
F--X-n-s-\ I-p-d-n--v i-m-l-n-Z-v C-t--m N-n--n--m I-mc-W-w B-K-k-v-v 21\-p a-t--c-n-b-n \-S- k-v-t-^-m-S-\
h-o-c-y-a-p- H-c-p k-w-`-h-s- I-p-d-n--p- N-n--I-f-m-W-v.
t-I-c-f--n-\-n--v 21b-p-h-m- F-h-n-S-p-t--t--m
A-{-]-X-y--a-m-b-X-v a-p-X C--m--n-s-e k-w-L-v ]-c-nh-m-c-w a-p-k-ve-n-w k-v-Y-m-]-\--s-f e--y-a-n--v I-p-{-]-N-mc-W-w \-S--n-s--m--n-c-n--b-m-W-v. B-k-q-{-X-n-X-a-m-b
H-c-p t-Z-i-o-b A-P--b-p-s-S `-m-K-a-m-W-n-s-X--v I-m-W-m
_-p--n-s-s-h-`-h-s-a-m--p-w B-h-i-y-a-n-. 1925 c-q-]-oI-r-X-a-m-b-X-v s-X-m--v t-I-c-f-w B-.F-k-v.F-k-n-s--d
k-z-]-v \-`-q-a-n-b-m-W-v. A-X-n-\-p I-m-c-W-w-, 45i-X-a-m-\-w
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I-e-p-j-n-X-a-m--n. a-t--c-n-b-n-s-e s-N-c-W-n--v k-a-o-]-w

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P-m-X-n--X-o-X-a-m-b-n X--f-p-s-S I-p-S--o-g-n A-W-n-\-n-c-p-I F- ]--X-n h-n-P-b-n--W-s-a--n h--K-o-b-Xb-p-s-S t-X-m-X-v I-q--n--q--n s-I-m-S-p-t---X-p--v. A-X-n-\-p
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e--y--n-t-e--p- I-p-d-p--p-h-g-n.
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B e--y-w a-p--n-s-h--m-W-v X-n-t-c-m-[-m-\-I-Y-I-f-p-s-S
X-p-S---b-m-b-n a-X-w-a-m---n-\-p {-]-X-y--t-a-m ]-t-c-m-t-a-m B-b-n k-l-m-b-n--p--p-s-h--v A-h- {-]-N-c-n-n--p- k-v-Y-m-]-\--f-p-s-S ]-c-n-k-c-w k-w-L--j-`-c-nX-a-m--m h-g-n-I I-s---p--X-v. {-]-t-Z-i--p-I-m-
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A-[-n-I-m-c--n-s-d h-g-n-b-n G--h-p-w h-e-n-b

X-S--w tI-c-f--n-s-d a-tX-X-c a-\--m-W-v.
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F- ]--X-n h-n-P-b-n--W-sa--n h--K-ob-X-b-p-sS tX-m-X-v I-q--n--q--n sI-m-S-p-t-X-p--v. A-X-n-\-p h-K-o-b-X-b-p-sS I-p-sd
k-p---a-m----p-I-f-p-w, k-m-[-n--p-sa--n
tj-m--n--v a-m-f-p-I-f-p-w B-c-w-`-n-t--X-p-v. I---c- {]-N-c-n--n--p l-n--p-ka-m-P--n-s-d l-r-Z-b-m--c--sf a-e-o-a-ks-S-p-I F--X-m-W-v e--y--n-te--p-
I-p-d-p--p-h-g-n.
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B- { - I - a - W - - f - n - \ - n - - v k- a - p - Z - m - b - s -
c--n--m R--f-p--v F- ]-t-c-m--kt--i--n-e-q-s-S-b-p- C-u C-d--n--p-d--m-S-v
_-p--n-i-q-\-y-X-b-p-t-S-X-m-W-v. C--s-\ l-n-p-X-z-s-b t-\-c-n-S-m-\-m-W-v ]-c-n-]-m-S-n-s-b--n
s- X - c - p - h - n - \ - n - - v k- w - L - - j - w H- g - n -
\-n-a-n-j- D--m-h-p-t-a-m-? k-a-p-Z-m-b--ns- {-]-X-n-t-c-m-[-w G-s--S-p--m t-]-m--p-e-
{-^-d-p-I-m-t-c-m-S-p-w F-k-v.U-n.]-n.s-F--mt-c-m-S-p-w B-c-m-W-v B-h-i-y-s---X-v? A-h---v
A-X-n-\-p I-g-n-b-p-s-a--v B-c-m-W-n-h-n-s-S h-n-i-zk-n--p--X-v? k-a-m-[-m-\--n ]-q--W-a-m-b-n
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{-]-h---n--m X-p-S--n-b-n--v ]-X-n--m--v
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k-z-m-k-vY-y-h-p-w k-a-m-[-m-\-h-p-w s-I-S-p--n-bX--m-s-X. {-]-h-m-N-I-s--d t-]-c-n H-c-[-y-m-]I-s- s-s-I-]--n s-h--n-a-m--n-b-X-v F-{-X I-pS-p-w-_--s-f I--o- I-p-S-n--n--p-?
t-I-c-f--n-s-e a-p-k-ve-n-w k-a-q-l-w
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C--q-- X-I---p-X-c-n--W-a-m-n-b-X-v ? B-.F-k-v.F-k-n-s--d
s-s-I-b-n-t-e--v a-p-k-v e-n-w-k-a-q-lC^m l-_o_v
2016 BKkvv 31
B-.F-k-v.F-k-n-s-d B-{I-a-W--f-n-\-n-v k-a-p-Z-m-b-s c--n--m R--f-p--v

F- ]-tc-m--k-t-i--n-e-q-sS-b-p- C-u
C-d--n--p-d--m-S-v _-p--n-i-q-\-y-X-b-p-tS-X-m-W-v.
k-a-p-Z-m-b--n-s {]-X-n-tc-m-[-w G-s-S-p--m
t]-m--p-e- {^-d-p-I-m-tc-m-S-p-w F-k-v.U-n.]-n.
sF--m-tc-m-S-p-w B-c-m-W-v B-h-i-y-s--X-v?
{]-h-m-N-I-s-d t]-c-n H-c-[-y-m-]-I-s ssI]--n sh--n-a-m--n-b-X-v F-{X I-p-S-p-w-_--sf
I--o- I-p-S-n--n--p-? tI-c-f--n-se a-p-k-ve-n-w
k-a-q-l-w \-q--m--p-I-f-m-b-n t\-S-n-sb-S-p-
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C-X-n-\-I-w sI-m--p-sI-m-S-p--p-?
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s-s-h-I-m-c-n-I-X-b-p-s-S I-p-X-n--p-d-t-dn
k-a-p-Z-m-b--n-s--d t-\-X-r-I-S-n--m
]-n-S-n-s--S-p--m-s-a--v I-c-p-X-p--h---v
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{-i-a-n--p-t--m-g-m-W-v k-a-q-l-w h-f-c-p--X-v.
G-s-X--n-e-p-s-a-m-c-p a-p-k-v e-n-w k-v-Y-m-]-\-n-\-p t-\-s-c h--K-o-b-i-I-v X-n-I t-]-mc-S-n--p-h-c-p-t--m-, \-n-b-a-h-m-g-v N-b-n
h-n-i-z-k-n--p--h- s-N-t---X-v A-h-s-c
t-\-c-n-S-m `-c-W-I-q-S--n-s--d k-l-mb-w t-X-S-p-I-b-m-W-v. s-]-m-X-p-k-a-q-l-s-
A-{-I-a-I-m-c-n-I-s--X-n-s-c D-W---p-Ib-p-w B-k-p-c-X-b-p-s-S I-S--p-I-b--s-
t- \ - c - n - S - m a- t - X - X - c - h - n - i - z - m - k - n - I - f - p - s - S
I-q--m-b-va c-p-]-s--S-p--p-I-b-p-a-m-W-v. P-\-m-
2016 BKkvv 31
b- a-m--K--n h-n-i-z-k-n--p--X-v s-I-m--m-W-s--m

F--m ]--m-b--v X-e--n-e-p-w A-k-w--n X-e--ne-p-s-a-m-s- A-[-n-I-m-c-w I-m-w--n--v s-X-c-s--S-p--p-If-n I--s-I--n C-d--p--X-p-w X--f-p-s-S "i-I-vX-n-b-p-w-'
"k-z-m-[-o-\-h-p-w-' s-X-f-n-b-n--p-s-I-m--n-c-n--p--X-p-w. C-u
D-Z-y-a--f-n t-I-m-S-n-I a-p-S--n-b-n--p-w s-N-d-n-s-b-m-c-p
t-a-h-n-e-m-k-w t-]-m-e-p-w D-p--m--m I-g-n-b-m--h--,
{-]-X-n-t-c-m-[--n-s--d I-h-N-w X-o---m ]-p-d-s--S-p-w
a-p--v B-t-e-m-N-n-t---X-v, X--f-p-s-S k-m--n-[-y-s-
A-s---n i-I-v X-n-s-b A-w-K-o-I-c-n--p--h- k-a-pZ-m-b--n X-s- F-{-X-i-X-a-m-\-w D--v F--m-W-v.
s-X-c-s--S-p--p-I-f-n "t-\-m--'-t-b-m-S-v t-]-m-e-p-w t-X-m--v
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I-b-hp-am-bn hm ]n-f-n \n-p- A-\- k-ap-{Zw. C-p-d-v I-Ip-fn-atb-Ip- e-Kq-Wp-I. I--ep-I I-s-p-I-fn X-n--I-p. A--s\
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t-I-c-f-t--m-S-v h-f-s-c-t-b-s-d k-m-a-y-X-I
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t-]-c-p-I-q-S-n-b-p--v. I-m-c-W-w a-t-l-m F- h-e-n-b
Z-z-o-]-n-\-p-w ]-a-k-n(Petite terre-) F- s-I-m--p Z-z-o]-n-\-p-w C-S-b-n N-n-X-d-n-I-n-S--p- s-N-d-p Z-z-o-]-p-k-a-ql-a-m-W-v a-t-b-m-. s-h-d-p-w 374 N-X-p-c-{-i I-n-t-e-m-a-o-
a-m-{-X-a-m-W-v a-t-b-m--b-p-s-S `-q-h-n-k-vX-r-X-n. {-]-I-r-X-n-b-p-
s-S k- a-t-\-m-l-m-c-n-X-b-p-w C-u s-I-m--p `-q-{-]-t-Zi--n-\-v A--m-l-p I-\-n--p \-I-n-b-n-c-n--p--p

F--v t-X-m--n-t-]-m-I-p-w. s-X--p-w h-m-g-b-p-w I--b-p-w
a-g-b-p-w a-m-a-e-I-f-p-w \-n-d- Z-r-i-y-`-w-K-n-b-m-W-v
a-t-b-m--s-b R-m t-I-c-f-t--m-S-v k-m-a-y-s-]-S-p--m\-p- I-m-c-W-w. A--a-n--m I-S-e-n-s- \-n-d- \-oe-n-a-b-n ]--s--m--v. B-I-m-i--n-s--b-p-w I-S-e-ns--b-p-w F--m a-t-\-m-l-m-c-n-X-b-p-w D--n-s-e-m-f-n--n--v
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]-p \-n-c-I \-n-d- a-e \-n-c-I. a-t-b-m--b-p-s-S
h-n-a-m-\ I-m-g-v -s-b \-a-p--v C--s-\ h-n-h-c-n--m-w.
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F- A-d-_-n ]-Z--n \-n--m-W-v a-t-b-m- F-
{-^--v `-m-j-y-w c-q-]-s--S-p--X-v. t-]-c-n-s-e a-c-W-w
2016 BKkvv 31
atbm: a-c-W-p-cp-n-s a-t\m-lmcnX
h-n-I-c-p-s-S t-]-S-n k-z-]-v \-a-m-I-p--X-v A--s-\-b-m-W-v.

a-t-b-m--b-n \-n--v s-I-m-t-a-m-d-k-n-t-e--v ]-d--p-t--m
kz-lm-_m--fp-sS Im-e-p X-s C-kvC-u I-s-I--p-I h-f-s-c A-S-p--p I--p. H-c-p B-I-nem-sa-n-b Cu sIm-p B-{^n- \m-Sps-S-I-v c-q-]-I-]-\ s-N-b-vX h-r--m-I-r-X-n-b-n-e-p- a-X-ne-n-s-\ t-]-m-s-e t-X-m--n--p A-h.
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C-h-I-fn ]-e-Xpw A-\yw-\n-p-t]m-bn.
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p- k-a-b-m-Wv A-h Cu kw-kv-Im-c- A-`-b-m--n-I-f-p-s-S h-c-h-v K-W-y-a-m-b-n h-[-n--p. I-S
a-m-K-a-p- C-u h-c-h-v ]-e-t--m-g-p-w a-t-b-m--b-n-s-e A-X-ns ]-I-m {i-an-p--Xv.
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J-_-d-n-S-a-m-W-v.
t-]-c-n a-m-{-X-w H-X-p--p--X-m-b-n-c-p--n-.
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b-n t-I--p--X-v. ]-m-cok-n a-A-vZ-n b-m-{-X-m k-w-L--n]-q-h-o-I B \-m-S-n-\-v A--s-\ t-]-c-p h-n\-v k-z-o-I-c-W-s-a-m-c-p--n-b, a-t-b-m--b-n I-p-S-p-w-_-t-h-c-p-If-n--X-v. a-t-b-m---v N-p--p-w I-S-e-n ]-X-p--n
f-p- a-p-l-vb-n--o P-a-e-p-s-s--e-n a-t-b-m--b-n-s-e P-o-h-n-X
I-n-S--p- I-s---p-I A-{-X-s-]---v
c-o-X-n-I-s-f ]--n h-n-i-Z-o-I-c-n--p. `-q-c-n-]--h-p-w a-p-k-ve-n-w-IB-c-p-t-S-b-p-w {-i--b-n ]-X-n-b-p-I-b-n-. B
f-p- a-t-b-m--b-n-s-e P-\- k-p--o B-i-b-[-m-c-b-n-e-pI-s---p-I---p-d--v \-n-e-b-n--m I-b-h-c-m-W-v. ]-m-c--c-y a-p-k-ve-n-w s-s-]-X-r-I--s-f-b-p-w k-wh-p-a-m-b-n h-m ]-n-f--n \-n--p- A-\-
k-v--m-c--s-f-b-p-w t-N--p-]-n-S-n- a-t-b-m--b-n-s-e P-o-h-n-X
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s-X-f-n--p-w I-s---p-I. I-s---p-II-p-d-n--v ]d t-i-j-w A-S-p--h-j-w k-m-[-n--p-s-a--n
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\-n-_--a-m-b-p-w ]-s--S-p-W-s-a--v ]-d--p.
t-h-W-w a-t-b-m--b-p-s-S A-X-n--n-I-S--m.
F-t--m-s-g--n-e-p-w a-t-b-m--b-n k--i-\-w \-S--W-w
F--m h-g-n-b-d-n-b-m- b-m-{-X--m-c-p-w I-F--p I-c-p-X-n-b-n-c-p-s---n-e-p-w s-s-h-k-\-n-b-w D-Z-vL-m-S-\
h-S k-w-L-h-p-w i-{-X-p h-y-q-l-h-p-w C-u k-w-ck-w-K-a-a-S--a-p- X-n-c--n- ]-c-n-]-m-S-n-I--n-S-b-n B
-W I-h-m-S-w I-S--m H-c-p-t-]-m-s-e {-]-b-mh-j-w \-S--p-s-a--v \-n-\--n-c-p--n-. F--m-, A-X-n-\-nk- s - - - p . I- - e - p - I I- s - - - p - I - f - n
S--v a-t-b-m--b-n d-P-_-v s-^--n-\-v t-\-X-r-X-z-w \-I-p-
X--n--I--p. A--s-\ C-u b-m-{-X-I-f-{-Xa-p-X-J--q {-]-[-m-\ `-m-c-h-m-l-n b-p-\-q-k-v a-p-J--n-d-p-w
b-p-w B \-m-S-n-\-v "a-c-W X-p-c-p--v' F- \-m-a-w
k-w-L-h-p-w F-s- ]-c-n-]-m-S-n-b-n-t-e--v -W-n--p s-I-m--v
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a-A-vZ-n-\-n-s-e--n. a-t-b-m--b-n-s-e N-n-t-d-m--n ]--W--n-s-
h-n-[ k--m-l--f-p--m-b-n--p-w a--p-a-et-a-b l-\-o-a C-_-vd-m-l-n-a-n-s- H-u-t-Z-y-m-K-n-I -W-h-p-a-mb-n X--n--I- s-s-S--m-\-n--n-s- Z-p-c-
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{-X-I F-{-X-a-m-{-X-w `-o-X-n-X-a-m-b-n-c-n--p-s-a--v
t-]-m--n-t--c-n-b-n-s-e {-^--v F-w-_-k-n-b-n \-n--v s-]-s---v
t-_-m-[-y-s--S-p-t---X-n-. ]-p-c-m-X-\ I-m-e-w
h-n-k e-`-n--p. C--y-b-n \-n--v a-t-b-m--b-n-t-e--p- t-h-y-ma-p-X-t-e X-n-c--p-f-f k-a-p-{-Z-]-m-X-b-m-b-n-c-p-
a-b-m-{-X-b-p-w I-p-d--v N-p--n--n-c-n- a-m-K-a-m-W-v. a-p-w-s-s-_C--y a-l-m-k-a-p-{-Z--n-s-e C-u `-m-K-w \-mb-n-e-q-s-S-t-b-m K-^-v c-m-P-y- a-m-K-t-a-m t-h-W-w b-m-{-X
10
2016 BKkvv 31
atbm: a-c-W-p-cp-n-s a-t\m-lmcnX
X-n-c-n--m. Z-p-s-s-_-b-n-\n-v s-I-\-n-b X-e--m-\a-m-b s-\-b-vt-d-m-_-n h-g-n-b-m-b-n-c-p--p a-t-b-m--b-n-t-e--p b-m-{-X. G-I-t-Z-i-w F-g-p-a-W-n--q-d-n-e-[-n-I-w \-o-
b-m-{-X A-h-k-m-\-n--X-v a-t-b-m--b-n-s-e s-N-d-p-Z-z-o-]-m-b
]-a-m-k-n-b-n-s-e k-u-k-n C \-m-j-W F-b-t-]-m-n-e-m-W-v. H-c--w I-S-e-n-t-e--v X--n \-n--p- h-n-a-m\--m-h-f--n-t-e--v e-m-p s-N--p- h-n-a-m-\- IS-e-n-t-e--v ]-X-n--p-I-b-m-t-W-m F--v t-X-m--n-t-]-m-I-p-w.
B-k-v t-{-S-e-n-b-b-n-s-e k-n-U-v \-n-b-n-s-e-b-p-w k-n-w-K-]-q-c-ns-e-b-p-w h-n-a-m-\--m-h-f--f-m-W-v C-X-p-t-]-m-s-e F-\-n--v
A-\-p-`-h-s---n--p--X-v. F-b-t-]-m--n-s-e F-a-n-t-{-K-j
s-N--n-w-K-v h-f-s-c I-i-\-a-m-W-v. ]-e Z-c-n-{-Z c-m-j-v{-S-f-n \-n--p-w s-a--s-- P-o-h-n-X-a-m-{-K-l-n--v I-c-h-g-n-b-p-w
I-S a-m-K-h-p-w a-t-b-m--b-n-s-e--m {-i-a-n--p--hc-p-s-S F--w Z-n-\-w {-]-X-n h-[-n--p--X-n-\-m X-s-
b-m-s-X-m-c-p h-n--ph-o-g-v-b-p-a-n--m- s-N--n-w-K-m-b-n-c-p--p.
a-p-X-J--q `-m-c-h-m-l-n-I F-b-t-]-m--n h-e-n-b
k-z-o-I-c-W-s-a-m-c-p--n-b-n-c-p--p. R---v a-p-t- A-h-ns-S-s-b--n-b ]-m-c-o-k-v {-K-m-v a-k-vP-n-Z-v C-a-m-w A-_-vZ-p
a-p-X-z-e-n-_-v P--m-\-n-b-p-w A-h-s--m--w D--m-b-n-c-p--p.
]-a-k-n-b-n \-n--v {-]-[-m-\ Z-z-o-]-m-b a-a-u-Z-p-k-p-h-n-t-e-p- b-m-{-X N--m-S-w h-g-n-b-m-b-n-c-p--p. l-_-d-n
a-X-h-n-Z-y-m-Y-n-I-f-S--w \-q-d-p-I-W--n-\-m-f-p-I R-s-f I-m--n-c-n--p--p--m-b-n-c-p--p. A-h-n-S-p--v d-P-_-v
s-^--n-s- D-Z-vL-m-S-\-t-h-Z-n-b-m-b N-n-t-d-m--n-t-e--v FI-t-Z-i-w a-q--v a-W-n--q t-\-c-s- b-m-{-X-b-p--v.
s-I-m-t-a-m-d-k-v
a-t-b-m--s-b ]-m-c-a-i-n--p-t--m s-I-m-t-a-m-d-k-n-s-\
]dbm-s-X h-. B-d-m-w \-q--m--n-s-e--n-b A-d-_-n-If-m-W-v s-I-m-t-a-m-d-k-n-s-e B-Z-y--m F--m-W-v ]-d-b-s-]S-p--X-v. {-]-h-m-N-I I-m-e--v X-s- s-I-m-t-a-m-d-k-n-s-e
P-\- C-k-ve-m-a-n-s-\ ]T-n--m t-h--n H-c-p Z-q-X-s-\
a--b-n-t-e--v h-n--n-c-p--p. F--m A-t--l-w a--b-n
F--n-b-t--m-t-g--v A-i-vd-^-p J-J-v(k-) C-l-t-e-mI-t--m-S-v h-n-S t-N-m-Z-n--n-c-p--p. k-z-l-m-_-m--f-n \-n--v
C-k-ve-m-a-n-s-\ ]T-n--X-n-\-v t-i-j-w A-t--l-w \-m--n-t-e--v
X-n-c-n--p C-k-v e-m-a-n-I {-]-N-m-c-W-w B-c-w-`-n--p F--mW-v J-y-m-X-n. ]-n-I-m-e--v \-n-c-h-[-n c-m-j-v {-S--f-p-s-S
A-[-n-I-m-c--n-\-v I-o-g-n h- s-I-m-t-a-m-d-k-v 1843e-m-W-v

{-^-m-k-n-s- A-[-o-\-X-b-n h-c-p--s-X--v ]-d--p-ht--m. {-K-m-v s-I-m-t-a-m-, a-t-l-m-e-n-, A-P-p-h-m a-t-b-m-b-S--a-p- Z-z-o-]-v k-a-q-l--f-m-b-n-c-p--p N-c-n-{-X--n-s-e
s-I-m-t-a-m-d-k-v.1975 {-^-m-k-n \-n--v ]-c-a-m-[-n-I-m-c-w
t-\-S-n-b a--p Z-z-o-]-p-I-m a-t-b-m- C--p-w s-I-m-t-a-m-d-k-ns- `-m-K-a-m-s-W--v h-n-i-z-k-n--p--h-c-m-W-v. a-t-b-m--bS--a-p- s-I-m-t-a-m-d-k-n-s- `-q h-n-k-vX-r-X-n 640 N-X-p-c{-i I-n-t-e-m-a-o--d-m-W-v. 79-,8000 B-b-n-c-p--p A--s-
s-I-m-t-a-m-d-k-n-s- P-\-k-w-J-y. C-X-n 212645 t-]-c-m-W-v
C-t--m a-t-b-m--b-n A-[-n-h-k-n--p--X-v. C-h-c-n 97
i-X-a-m-\-w t-]-c-p-w C-k-ve-m-a-n-I h-n-i-z-m-k-{-]-I-m-c-w P-o-h-nX-w {-I-a-s--S-p--n-b-h-c-m-W-v. a-t-b-m- {-^-m-k-n-s-\-m--w
\-n--t-W-m? ]-c-a-m-[-n-I-m-c c-m-j-v{-S-a-m-I-t-W-m? F-X-n-s- A-S-n--m-\--n A-h-k-m-\-a-m-b-n P-\-l-n-X
]-c-n-t-i-m-[-\ \-S--X-v 2009 a-m--n-e-m-b-n-c-p--p. ]-c-nt-i-m-[-\-b-n 95 i-X-a-m-\--n-e-[-n-I-t-]-c-p-w {-^-m-k-ns-\-m--w \-n--p--X-n-t-\-m-S-v t-b-m-P-n--p. a-p--v 1975
s-I-m-t-a-m-d-k-p-w a--p Z-z-o-]-p-I-f-p-w {-^-k-n \-n--v ]-c-a-m[-n-I-m-c-w t-\-S-n t-]-m-b-X-n-\-p t-i-j-a-p- C-h-n-S--f-n-s-e
c-m-j-v {-S-o-b-, k-m---n-I \-n-e-h-m-c-w I-m-W-n--p--X-v
A--p-w C--p-w a-t-b-m--b-p-s-S X-o-c-p-a-m-\-w i-c-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-p F--m-W-v. c--p-e---n-e-[-n-I-w h-c-p- P-\-k-wJ-y--v ]-p-d-s-a 45000-n ]-c-w A-\-[-n-I-r-X I-p-S-n-t-b--m t-h-s-d-b-p-a-p-s---m-W-v A-\-u-t-Z-y-m-K-n-I I-W--v.
s-s-]-X-r-I-w
k-z-l-m-_-m--f-p-s-S I-m-e--p X-s- C-k-v e-m-s-a-n-b C-u s-I-m--p B-{-^-n- \-m-S-p-I-f-n ]-m-c-c-y
C-k-ve-m-a-n-I B-N-m-c- h-f-s-c A-[-n-I-w t-h-c-q--n-b-nc-p--p. F--m B-[-p-\-n-I k-w-k-v -m-c--f-p-s-S-b-p-w
I-p-S-n-t-b---m-c-p-s-S-b-p-w I-S--ph-c-h-v I-m-c-W-w C-h-If-n ]-e-X-p-w A-\-y-w-\-n--p-t-]-m-b-n. a-A-vZ-n-\-n-s-e--n-b
a-t-b-m- {-]-X-n-\-n-[-n-I a-A-vZ-n ]--n--v k-v--q-f-S-a-p- -m-]-\--f-n-s-e a-X `-u-X-n-I-k-a-\-z-b h-nZ-y-m-`-y-m-k c-o-X-n-I A-S-p--d-n--t--m h--m-s-X
B-cy-sp. {-]-t-X-y-I-n--v a-Z-v d-k-m k-w-h-n-[-m-\-w.
t-I-c-f--n-s-e ]-p-X-n-b-I-m-e c--n-X-m- a-Z-vd-k-I-s-f
c--m-w I--p s-I-m--v h-n-e-b-n-c-p--p- k-a-b--m-W-v
A-h C-u k-w-k-vI-m-c-s- ]-I--m {-i-a-n--p--X-v.
X- k--i-n- -e--f-n t-I-c-f--n-\-p ]-p-d-s-a
b-a-\-n-s-e l-f-d-a-u--n-e-m-W-v t-I-c-f--n-e-n--v \-n-e\-n--p--X-v t-]-m-s-e C-k-ve-m-a-n-I-m-N-m-c--f-p-w a-X-]
T-\--f-p-w k-w-k-vI-m-c--f-p-w b-Y-m-h-n-[-n \-n-e-\-n--p-s-X--p-w A-h ]dp. a-p--v a-t-b-m--b-n-e-p--m-b-nc-p- ]-m-c--c-y k-w-k-vI-m-c--f-p-w C-k-ve-m-a-n-I B-N-m-c-f-p-w X-n-c-n--p s-I-m--p-h-t-c--X-n-s- B-h-i-y-I-X-s-b
I-p-d-n--p-w A-h ]-d--p. a-A-vZ-n-\-n \-S--n-e-m--p-
h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k c-o-X-n-s-b I-p-d-n--p-w k-n-e-_-k-n-s-\ I-p-d-n-p-w ]T-\-w \-S--n-b {-]-[-n-\-n-[-n k-w-L-w a-t-b-m--b-n
C-X-v \-S--n-e-m--p-w F- X-o-c-p-a-m-\--n-e-m-W-v X-n-c-n--pt-]-m-b-X-v.
$
2016 BKkvv 31
11
teJ\w
Aao A-en lw-k
Po-hO-hn am-p-t]m-b
\o-e-c-Xv-\w
hn-I-k-\w F- Hm-a-\-w \n-d- kv-Xp-Xn-tbm-sS B-\-bn--s-Sp-
]p-Xp-Im-e B-n-I `q-an-sb F--s\-bm-Wv \ndhpw \ocpw h-n-b Xo-bp-bm-n-o-p--Xv ?
R-m \-n--n-\-n--p-w
I-p-g-n-s--S-p--p--X-v
s-]-s---v h-f-c-p-a-m-d-m-I-s-
\-n-s- t-N-X-\-s-b-t-b-m
l-r-Z-b-s--t-b-m s-X-m-S-m
F-\-n--v I-g-n-b-m-X-n-c-n--s-
A-Y-h-t-h-Z--n `-q-a-n-k-q---ns-e C-u h-c-n-I ]-c-n--n-X-n-b-p-s-S D-Z-m-
t-_-m-[-a-m-W-v ]--p-s-h--p--X-v. F--m
]-p-X-n-b I-m-e--v ]-c-n--n-X-n-b-p-w h-n-I-k\-h-p-w X--n t-L-m-c-a-m-b G--p-a-p--e-m-W-v
\-S--p--X-v. "H-m-t-c-m X-e-a-p-d-b-p-w X--v e-`-n- P-e-, h-m-b-p-, a--v k---p-I
12
2016 BKkvv 31
a-e-n-\-a-m-I-m-s-X k-w-c--n--m _-m-[-y-c-m-W-v ' F- b-p-s-\-k-v t-I-m(UNESCO)

d-n-t-b-m-s-U-m P-\-o-s-d-m D--t-I-m-S-n {-]-t-a-b-w
h-g-n-b-m-[-m-c-a-m-h-p-I-b-m-W-n-t--m. I-t--m-f
X-m-]-c-y--n-e-[-n-j-vT-n-X-a-m-b h-n-I-k-\-n-s- h-m--p-a-m-X-r-I-I B-h-m-k-h-y-h-n-X-n-b-p-s-S t-i-m-j-W--n-\-p-w {-]-I-r-X-n
h-n-`-h--f-p-s-S \-m-i--n-\-p-a-m-W-v h-g-n-s-h-p--X-v. a--n-t-\-m-S-v C-g-t-N--v P-o-h-n-X-w
I-c-p--n-S-n--n- a-\-p-j-y-h-w-i-w B _--w
A-d-p--p-a-m--n-b-t--m-g-m-W-v ]-c-n--n-X-n-b-p-w
h-n-I-k-\ k-z-]-v\--f-p-w C-c-p-{-[-p-h--f-n-t-e-v A-I-e-m X-p-S--n-b-X-v.
Po-hO-hn am-p-t]m-b \o-e-c-Xv-\w
\-o-e-n-a t-N-m- `-q-a-n

"i-q-\-y-m-I-m-i--n s-h--n--n-f--p- H-c-p s-I-m-p \-o-e-c-X-v \-w- A-X-m-W-v `-q-a-n-' 1971 A-t--m-t-f-m
14 _-l-n-c-m-I-m-i-s---n-b F-U-vK-m a-n- ]-d-X-m-W-n-X-v. F--m \-m-e-v Z-i-m----n--p-d-w
\-o-e-n-a-b-m- s-h--n--n-f--p- C-u s-s-h-c---n-\-v
]-I-c-w I-d-p- t-a-L- \-n-d--v P-o-h-O-h-n X-s-
\--s-- H-c-p `-q-a-n-b-m-W-v C-t--m \--p-s-S a-p--n-e-p-X-v.
t-e-m-I P-\-k-w-J-y-b-n s-h-d-p-w A--v i-X-a-m-\-w
a-m-{-X-w h-c-p- a-p-X-e-m-f-n- c-m-{-- A-h-c-p-s-S h-nh-c--n-s- l-p--n-e-m-W-v B-s-I D-u--P--n-s--b-p-w
h-n-`-h--f-p-s-S-b-p-w 80 i-X-a-m-\-w D-]-t-b-m-K-n--v X-o-p--X-v. k-- c-m-P-y--f-n-s-e C-c-p-]-X-v i-X-a-m-\-w
P-\--f-p-w Z-c-n-{-Z c-m-P-y--f-n-s-e _-l-p-`-q-c-n-]--w
P-\--f-p-w X--n-e-p- h-n-I-k-\--n-s- A--c-w 80:1
F- t-X-m-X-n-e-m-W-v. C-u I-W--v X-s- h-n-I-k-\-h-p-w
]-c-n--n-X-n \-m-i-h-p-w X--n F-{-X-t--m-f-w _--s--p-I-n-S--p--p F--v t-_-m-[-y-s--S-p--p--p--v.
B-Z-n-I-m-e-w a-p-X N-p--p-]-m-S-n-t-\-m-S-n-W--n-b-m-W-v
a-\-p-j-y P-o-h-n--n--p--X-v. ]-p-c-m-X-\ t-d-m-a-m-k-m-{-a-mP-y--n \-n-e-h-n-e-p--m-b-n-c-p- "Doctrine of the Public
Trust' {-]-a-m-W-w h-m-b-p-, P-e-w-, h-\-w X-p-S--n-b {-]-I-r-X-n
h-n-`-h--f-n-e-p- k-z-I-m-c-y D-S-a--X-s-b \-n-c-m-I-c-n-p--X-m-W-v. F U-n A--m-w \-q--m--n-s-e "b-h-I-r-k-va-r-X-n' a-c-w a-p-d-n--p-a-m--p--X-n-s-\ IT-n-\-a-m-b-n
A-]-e-]-n--p--p--v. I-u-S-n-e-y-s- A--i-m-k-v {-X-n-e-p-w A-t-i-m-I-s- i-n-e-m-e-n-J-n-X--f-n-e-p-w {-]-I-rX-n k-w-c--W--n-s- A-a-q-e-y-a-m-b \-n-t-Z-i-
I-m-W-m-w. s-s-_-_-n-f-p-w J-p-B-\-p-w K-o-X-b-p-a-S--p-
a-X-{-K---f-n-e-p-w {-]-I-r-X-n P-o-h-\--n-s- ]-mT-
B-Z-c-]-q-h-w t-c-J-s--S-p--n-b-n--p--v.
\-q--m--n-s- D--c-m---n-e-p--m-b h-y-h-k-mb-n-I h-n--h-h-p-w i-m-k-v {-X--k-m-t--X-n-I-X-b-p-s-S A`-q-X-]-q-h-a-m-b h-f--b-p-a-m-W-v I-t--m-f X-m-]-c-ys--b-p-w a-\-p-j-y-s- B--n-s-b-b-p-w H-c-p a-X-a-m--n
a-m--n-b-X-v.
"iq-\ym-Im-i-n sh-n-n-f-p- H-cp

sIm-p \o-e-c-Xv-\w- A-Xm-Wv `q-an' 1971
A-tm-tfm 14 _-ln-cm-Im-i-s-n-b
F-Uv-Km an- ]-d--Xm-Wn-Xv. F-m
\m-ev Z-im---n-p-dw \o-en-a-bm-
sh-n-n-f-p- Cu ssh-c--n-\v ]-I-cw
I-dp- ta-L- \n-d-v Po-h-O-hn
X-s \--s- H-cp `q-an-bm-Wv C-tm
\-p-sS ap-n-ep--Xv.
h-n-I-k-\-w h-n-
"b-m-{--n-I-]-c-n-j-vI-m-c-l-p--m-c
{- ` - m - - n - s - e k- z - c - w t- N - - e - n b-m-s-X' F--v S-m--m H-m-b-n a-n--ns- A-c-n-I-n-e-n-c-p--v s-s-h-t-e-m--n--n
]-m-S-n-b-X-v X-n-a-n-c-w _-m-[-n- h-n-I-k-\
t-]--q--p-I-s-f {-I-q-i-n--p-s-I-m--pX-s--b-m-h-W-w. e-m-t-`--b-n-e-p-w k-m--n-I t-\---f-n-e-p-w a-m-{-X-a-q--n-b
Z-o-L-h-o--W-a-n--m- ]-c-n-j-vI-m-c
t-`-m-j-v-m-W-p C--v \-m-w ]-c-n--n-X-nb-p-s-S t-\--v I-m-W-p--X-v.
a- \ - p - j - y - t - { - ] - c - n - X - a - m - b I- m - e - m - h -m h-y-X-n-b-m-\-w k-r--n--p- \-m-e-v
{-]-[-m-\ {-]-i-v\--s-f K-m-U-n-b(The
guardian) I-m-e-m-h--m ]T-\- w N-q--n-m-W-n--p--p--v. `-q-a-n-b-p-s-S s-s-P-ha--e--n-s- A-k--p-e-n-X-m-h--,
a--n-s- L-S-\-b-n h-c-p- a-m--w-,
t-^-m-k-v ^-d-k-v , s-s-\-{-S-P F--n-h
D-b- t-X-m-X-n k-a-p-{-Z--n-t-e--v
H-g-p-I-n-s-b--p--p X-p-S--n-b-h-b-mW-h. A-h-k-m-\ A-d-p-]-X-v h-j-s-
I-m-e-m-h--m h-y-X-n-b-m-\-w-, I-g-n-
10-,000 h-j-s- I-m-e-m-h--m-h-y-X-nb-m-\--n-s- t-X-m-X-n-s-\ a-d-n-I-S--p
F- d-n-t--m--p-I B-i--b-p--m- p - - p . 1950 a- p - X P- \ - k - w - J - y - m
h--\-h-v G-g-p-w D-u-t-P-m-]-t-b-m-K-w
A--p-w c-m-k-h-f--f-p-s-S-b-p-w I-o-S-\-mi-n-\-n-I-f-p-s-S-b-p-w D-]-t-b-m-K-w F--p-w
a-S--v h--n--p F- h-k-vX-p-X-b-p-w
t-]-S-n-s--S-p--p--p. C-s-X-m-s- s-h--v
t-\-m--p-t--m A-[-n-I-w s-s-h-I-m-s-X-s- `-q-a-n-b-n a-\-p-j-y-h-m-k-w Ak-m-[-y-a-m-t-b--m-w.
21-m-w \-q--m--v I- G--h-p-w IS- p - s- h - - p - h - n - f - n - b - m - W - v i- p - - P - e
2016 BKkvv 31
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A-h-km-\ A-dp-]-Xv h-j-s Im-emh-m hy-Xn-bm-\w, I-gn- 10,000 hj-s Im-em-h-m-hy-Xn-bm-\-n-s

tXm-Xn-s\ a-dn-I-S-p F- dn-tm-p-I
B-i--bp-m-p-p. 1950 ap-X P-\kw-Jym h--\-hv G-gpw Du-tPm-]-tbm-Kw
A-pw cm-k-h-f--fp-sS-bpw Io-S-\m-in-\nI-fp-sS-bpw D-]-tbm-Kw F-pw a-S-v h-np F- h-kv-Xp-X-bpw t]-Sn-s-Sp-p-p.
C-sXm-s sh-v t\m-p-tm A-[n-Iw
ssh-Im-sX--s `q-an-bn a-\p-jy-hm-kw
A-km-[y-am-tb-mw.
Z-u-e-`-y-w. C-\-n-s-b-m-c-p t-e-m-I-a-l-mb-p--w A-X-v s-h---n-\-p t-h--nb-m-h-p-s-a--X-v H-c-p A-X-n-i-t-b-m--nb-m-b-n-t--m--n-b-n-c-p--p \-a-p--v. B

I-m-e-w a-d--p. h-n-h-n-[ c-m-P-y--f-n
s- h - - - n - s - t- ] - c - n - e - p - s- s - h c- w X- p - S - - n - - g - n - - p . t- e - m - I - s -
A--n-s-e-m--v a-\-p-j-y i-p--P-e-w
I-n--m--n-S--f-n-e-m-W-v P-o-h-n--p--X-v.
a--n- \-m-j-W I--\-n-I-f-p-s-S P-eN-q-j-W-w D- P-e-t-{-k-m-X-k-p-I I-qS-n h--n--p-I-b-m-W-v. `-q-a-n--v X-m--m-\-mh-m- B--n-s-b h-n-I-k-\-s-a-
H-m-a-\--w \-n-d- h-m--p-s-I-m--v
a-d--p-]-n-S-n--p-I-b-m-W-v C-u I--\-n-If-p-w A-X-m-X-v k--m-c-p-I-f-p-w.
h- n - I - k - \ - - n - s - a- l - m k- v - X - w `- - s - f - t- ] - c - n `- q - X - e - - n
D- b - - p - \ - n - - p - ^- m - - d - n ]- p I--p-g-e-p-I-f-p-w \-n-c--n-e-q-s-S ]-d- p - h- m - l - \ - - f - p - w I- m - _
s-s-U-H-m-I-v s-s-k-U-v(Co2)-, I-m-_
t-a-m-t-W-m-I-vs-s-k-U-v(Co) A-S--a-p-
h-n-j-h-m-X-I--f-m-W-v ]-p-d-w-X--p--
14
2016 BKkvv 31
X-v. C-X-v B-X-y--n-I-a-m-b-n B-t-K-m-f-X-m-]-\--n-\-v hg-n-s-h--p-I-b-p-w k-k-y-t-k-z-Z-\-s-(Transpiration) {-]-X-nI-q-e-a-m-b-n _-m-[-n--p-I-b-p-w s-N--p--p. a--p-I-m-e-w
I-p-d-b-p--X-p-w a--p-c-p-I-e-n-s- t-X-m-X-v I-q-S-p--X-p-w
D-j-vW-I-m-e--v P-e-e-`-y-X I-p-d-b-p--X-p-w C-u {-]-X-n`-m-k--n-s- A-\--c-^-e--f-m-W-v. a--p-a-e-I-f-p-w
k-a-p-{-Z-l-n-a-m-\-n-I-f-p-w A-a-n-X-a-m-b-n D-c-p-I-p--X-n-e-q-s-S
k-a-p-{-Z--n-s- P-e-\-n-c--v D-b-c-p-w. C-X-v X-o-c-t-Z-i-s-
i-p--P-e e-`-y-X-s-b X-m-d-p-a-m-d-m--p-s-a--v a-m-{-X-a--,
\-Z-n-I-f-n e-h-W-m-w-i-w I-q-S-m-\-p-w h-g-n-s-h--p-w. A-X-pa--, I-m-e-m-h--m h-y-X-n-b-m-\-w a--n-s- C-u--s-b-p-w P-e-\-n-c--n-s-\-b-p-w(Watertable) {-]-X-n-I-q-e-a-m-b-n _-m[-n--p-I-b-p-w s-N--p-w.
C--y-b-p-w
a--p h-n-I-k-z-c c-m-P-y--f-p-w
1976 t-`-Z-K-X-n s-N-b-vX C--y `-c-W-L-S-\-b-ps-S A-\-p-t-O-Z-w 48(A) {-]-k-vX-m-h-n--p--X-v c-m-P-y-s-
]-c-n--n-X-n-b-p-s-S D--a-\--n-\-p-w h-\--f-p-s-S-b-p-w h\-y-P-o-h-n-I-f-p-s-S-b-p-w k-w-c--W--n-\-p-w K-h-s-a-v
X-e--n C-S-s-]-S-e-p-I t-h-W-s-a--m-W-v. F--m
C-u {-]-a-m-W-w {-]-m-t-b-m-K-n-I X-e--n \-S--m-b-t-Xb-n-.
A-t-a-c-n- _-l-p-c-m-{- I-p--I-b-m-b b-q-W-nb I-m-s-s-_-U-v h-n--n- 1984s-e t-`-m--m Z-p-c--w
D-W--m- a-p-d-n-h-m-b-n C-t--m-g-p-w c-m-P-y--n-s- a-p-X-pI--v ]-g-p--v \-o-d-n \-n--p--p. h-m-X-I-Z-p-c--h-p-w
F-t-U-m-k-^-m I-q---p-c-p-X-n-b-p-s-a--m-w h-y-m-hk-m-b-n-I a-p-t----n-s- X-n- ^-e--f-m-b-n c-m-P-ys- \-S-p--n. F--n--p-w c-m-P-y--v I-p--I-I-f-p-s-S
I-t----n--v H-c-p I-p-d-h-p-a-p--m-b-n-. F--m c-mP-y--v C-u I-t----n-s-\-X-n-s-c P-m-{-K-X-b-p--m-t-b-m?
A-X-p-a-p--m-b-n-.
Z-p-c---f-p-s-S a-s--m-c-p a-p-J-a-m-W-v h-y-m-h-k-m-b-n-I
A-h-i-n-- k-r--n--p- a-e-n-\-o-I-c-W `-o-j-W-n.
C--y-b-n-e-n-X-v k--o-W-a-m-b-n-s--m--n-c-n--p-I-b-m-W-v.
C--m-c-y--n t-e-m-I--p-X-s- a-q--m-a-X-m-W-v C--y.
c-m-P-y-s- 3119 \-K-c--f-n 209 C-S--f-n a-m-{-X-t-a
P-e-i-p--o-I-c-W a-m-K- D--q. H-c-p h-j-w 1000
a-n-e-y S L-c a-m-e-n-\-y-a-m-W-v C--y \-K-c-
]-p-d---p--X-v. \-q-t-d-m-f-w \-K-c- a-m-e-n-\-y-w t-\-c-n-v t-Z-i-o-b \-Z-n-b-m-b K-w-K-b-n-t-e--v s-I-m--p-X--p--p.
A--a-m-b h-n-I-k-\--n-s- A-\-n-h-m-c-y-a-m-b Z-p-c-a-m-W-v c-m-P-y-t-a--p-h-m--p--X-v.
A-X-n-c-p-I-f-n--m- B-t-K-m-f {-K-m-a--n-s- s-I-S-pX-n-I a-q--m-w t-e-m-I-c-m-P-y--f-m-W-v I-q-S-p-X-e-m-b-p-w
G--p-h-m--n-s--m--n-c-n--p--X-v. h-y-m-h-k-m-b-n-I a-me-n-\-y- C-u c-m-P-y--f-n I-p--p-I-q-S-n-s--m--nc-n--p-I-b-m-W-v. {-]-X-n-h-j-w 25 Z-i-e--w t-U-m-f
-e-h-m-S-I s-I-m-S-p--m-W-v H-c-p A-t-a-c-n- I-p-I k-n-b-d-m-e-n-t-b-m-W-n c-m-k-h-n-k-P-y- k-q-n--p--X-v. P--m s-s-a-{-I-t-\-j-y-b-n-e-p-w A-t-a-c-n-
s-l-b-vX-n-b-n-e-p-w ]-y-q-t--m-d-n--b-n-e-p-s-a--m-w \-i-o-I-c-W

t-i-j-n-b-p- a-m-e-n-\-y- I-p-g-n--p-a-q-S-p-I-b-m-W-v. a-p-Xe-m-f-n- c-m-{---f-n-s-e A-]-m-b-I-c-a-m-b h-y-h-k-m-b-nI i-m-e-I-f-p-w B-W-t-h-m-P \-n-e-b--f-p-w h-n-I-k-z-c-A-h-n-I-k-n-X c-m-P-y--f-n-t-e--v h-n-I-k-\--p-X-n--v
F- \-n-e-b-n B-\-b-n--s--S-p--X-p-w t-e-m-I-a-n-\-nb-p-w X-n-c-n--d-n--n--n--m- s-I-m-S-p-w N-X-n-b-m-W-v.
X-n-c-n--p-t-h-W-w
`-q-a-n-s-b
{-]-I-r-X-n--v -X-t-a--n--p- h-n-I-k-\ k-]- X-n-c-p--m-\-p- ]-p-X-n-b-I-m-e {-i-a- i-pt-`-m-Z--a-m-W-v. A--m-c-m-{- X-e--n C-u h-n-j-b-n \-n-b-a-]-c-a-m-b B-Z-y a-p-t---w 1991s-e UNFCC
k-t--f-\-a-m-b-n-c-p--p. A-X-p-t-]-m-s-e 1997s-e t-I-y-m-t--m
t-I-m-^-d-k-p-w C-u \-o---n-s-e H-c-p \-m-g-n-I--m-W-v. I-m-_ s-s-U-H-m-I-vs-s-k-U-v ]-p-d-w X--e-n
h-n-I-k-n-X--h-n-I-k-z-c A--c-w C--m-X-m--p-I-, I-m_ \-n-I-p-X-n N-p-a--p-I( Carbon Taxation), P-e-\-b(Water Policies) X-p-S--n-b-h C-h-b-n-s-e {-i-t--b X-oc-p-a-m-\--f-m-b-n-c-p--p. t-I-y-m-t--m t-{-]-m-t--m-t-I-m-f-n-s-e
Clean Develpment Mechanism-h-p-w UNFCCb-n-s-e A-\-p-t--Z-w
45 X-p-S--n-b-h C-u D-Z-y-a--n-s-e h-e-n-b h-n-P-b--f-mW-v. t-I-m--t-l-K-, h-n-b- k-t--f-\--, 2014s-e
`-u-a D--t-I-m-S-n X-p-S--n-b k-a-o-]-I-m-e \-o-- Bi-m-h-l-w X-s-.
2011 C--y \-K-c--f-n B-c-w-`-n- a-m-e-n-\-y-f-n-\-n--v D-u-t-P-m-X-v ]-m-Z-\-w F- B-i-b-w h-n-h-I-c-a-m-b N-p-h-S-p-s-h--m-b-n-c-p--p. P--a-\-n-, P--m-,
k-z-n--v k-e-m-U-v F--o c-m-P-y- \-S--n-e-m--n
h-n-P-b-n--X-m-W-n-X-v. a-l-m-c-m-{--b-n-s-e ]-q-s-W-b-n
\-S--n-e-m--n-b L-c-a-m-e-n-\-y--f-p-s-S k-z-I-m-c-y-hI-c-W-h-p-w K-p-W-]-mT-a-m-W-v. C-X-p-I-q-S-m-s-X I-W-n-I
P-e-t-k-N-\-w(Drip Irrigation), l-c-n-X i-n-]-h-n-Z-y(Green
Architecture) F--n-h-s-b--m-w h-y-m-]-I-a-m-t-h--X-p--v. `-qa-n-s-b X-n-c-n--p-]-n-S-n--m \-n-W-m-b-I-a-m-b-p-w k-w-L-S-nX-a-m-b {-i-a- A-\-n-h-m-c-y-a-m-b-n-c-n--p--p. s-s-P-h I-r-j-n-b-p-s-S k-m-[-y-X-I t-X-S-p-I-b-p-w I-r-j-n-b-n-S--f-p-w
N-X-p--p-I-f-p-w I-p-f--f-p-w \-n-I--p--X-v A-h-k-m-\-n--n-p-I-b-p-w t-h-W-w. k-z-m--e-m-`--n-\-n--v D-S-s-e-S-p-p- h-n-I-k-\ {-]-h-W-X-I A-h-k-m-\-n--n--W-w.
X--f-p-s-S `-q-a-n h-m--m-\-m-i-n--p-s---v ]-d-
Zp-c---fp-sS a-sm-cp ap-J-am-Wv hym-hkm-bn-I A-h-in-- kr-n-p- a-en\o-I-c-W ò-j-Wn. C-y-bn-en-Xv k-o-W-ambn-sm-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. C-m-cy-n
tem-I-p-X-s aq-m-a-Xm-Wv C-y. cmPy-s 3119 \-K-c--fn 209 C-S--fn
am-{X-ta P-e-ip-o-I-c-W am-K- D-q.
H-cp h-jw 1000 an-ey S L-c am-en-\yam-Wv C-y \-K-c- ]p-d--p--Xv.
\q-tdm-fw \-K-c- am-en-\yw t\-cn-v tZ-io-b
\-Zn-bm-b Kw-K-bn-te-v sIm-p-X-p-p.
A--am-b hn-I-k-\-n-s A-\n-hm-cy-amb Zp-c--am-Wv cm-Py-ta-p-hm-p--Xv.
A-t-a-c-n- {-]-k-n-U-n-t-\-m-S-v s-d-U-v C--yk-n-s- k-n-b-m--n a-q- t-N-m-Z-n--p: "F-s-\-b-m-W-v B-I-m-i-h-p-w `-q-a-n-b-p-w h-n--m-\-mh-p-I? I-m--n-s- s-s-N-X-\-y-h-p-w P-e--n-s-
Z-o-]-v X-n-b-p-w \--p-t-S-X-s---n ]-n-s--s-b-s-\ \-a-p--h-s-b h-m--m-\-p-w h-n--m-\-pa-m-h-p-w?-' C-u h-m--p-I-f-m-W-v h-c-p-w I-m-e--v
I-q-S-p-X i--a-m-b-n \-m-w t-N-m-Z-n-t---X-v. $
2016 BKkvv 31
15
A-`n-ap-Jw/ aqv
tUm. k-{_n-\ em-bv/ \q-dp-o apkvX^ \q-dm-\n
]mew \--s-
Im-ew \n-anw
a-X-h-n--m-\-s-b-p-w, B-[-p-\-n-I h-n--m-\-s-b-p-w th--n-c-n--p \-n--n-bX-m-W-v sI-m-tf-m-W-n-b h-n--m-\-o-b--f-p-sS A-S-n--m-\ {]-i-v\-w. c--p tN-c-nb-n-e-m-b h-n--m-\ a--e-w ]-c-k-v]-c-w _--w -m-]-n--m-sX I-m-e--tf-m-f-w
`-n--n--v \-n--p. b-q-td-m tI-{-o-I-r-X A-d-n-h-[-n-I-m-c-w s]-m-X-p t_-m-[--n-s a-p-J-y-[-mc-sb \-n-W-b-n--t-m C-k-ve-m-a-n-I h-n--m-\-w k-z-m-`-m-h-n-I-a-m-b-p-w a-m--n-\-n-s--p. C-u a-m--n-\-n- H-g-n-h-m--n c--v h-n--m-\-o-b--f-n-e-p-a-p- ss[-j-W-nI h-n-\-n-a-b-w A-`-w-K-p-c-w X-p-S-tc--X-p--v. (A`n-ap-J-n-s A-hkm-\ `mKw)
hn
-h-n-[ i-m-k-v {-X-, k-m-l-n-X-y-, X-X-zN-n--m h-n-j-b--f-n A-h-K-ml-a-p- _-l-p-a-p-J ]--n-X--mc-m-b-n-c-p--p C-k-ve-m-a-n-I \-m-K-c-n-I-X-b-p-s-S K-X-n
\-n-W-b-n--n-c-p--X-v. A--e-q-k-n-b-b-n-s-e-b-p-w-,
k-a-J--n-s-e-b-p-w D-e-a-m N-c-n-{-X--n A--c-w
]--n-X ]-m-c--c-y-s- I-m-W-m I-g-n-b-p--p-v. F--n--p-w F--p-s-I-m--m-W-v C-k-v e-m-a-n-I
t-e-m-I-h-p-w s-s-[-j-W-n-I ]-m-c--c-y-h-p-w s-]-m-X-p-a-e--n-s- a-p-J-y-[-m-c-m s-s-h--m-\-n-I h-n-\-na-b--n-\-n--v A-{-]-X-y--a-m-b-n?
A--e-q-k-n-b-b-n-s-e-b-p-w-, k-a-J--n-s-e-b-p-w
a-p-k-ve-n-w \-m-K-c-n-I-X-b-p-s-S h-n-]-m-S-\--n-s- a-p-J-y
I-m-c-W-w s-s-[-j-W-n-I t-a-J-e-b-n-s-e a-p-k-v e-n-w-If-p-s-S ]-n-t--m--m-h- X-s--b-m-b-n-c-p--p. H-c-p
I-m-c-y-w \- a-\--n-e-m-t---X-v , X-n-c-p-{-]-h-m-NI-c-p-s-S(k-) h-n-t-b-m-K-w I-g-n--v \-q-d-v h-j--n-\-p
X-m-s-g-b-p- I-m-e-b-f-h-n-e-m-W-v a-p-k-ve-n-w \-m-K-c-n-IX A--e-q-k-n-b-, s-s-N-\-, C--y X-p-S--n-b t-e-m-I-n-s- h-n-h-n-[ Z-n-i-I-f-n k---a-m-b \-m-K-c-n-IX--v X-p-S--w I-p-d-n--X-v. ]-t- I-m-e-m--c--n
\-a-p--X-v \-n-t--j-w \--s---p. A--e-q-k-n-b F-
A-X-n-k---a-m-b \-m-K-c-n-I-X-b-p-s-S X-I---v
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A-I--p-X-s--b-p- `-n--n--m-b-n-c-p--p. A-e-q-k-n-b-b-p-s-S ]-X-\-w \- h-m-b-n--v h-n-i-z-k-n--v
D-d--n--X-p-t-]-m-s-e 1492 {-K-m-\-U s-^-U-n-\-m-v
c-m-P-m-h-v I-o-g-S--n-s--m--p- c-m-{--o-b I-m-c-W-w
s-I-m--p-a-m-{-X-a-. A-X-n-e-p-]-c-n \-n-c-h-[-n {-K--i-Ie--f-p-s-S \-i-o-I-c-W-w-, ]--n-X--m-t-c-m-S-v N-n-e
\-S--n-b X-p-d- I-e-l-w X-p-S--n-b I-m-c-W--
16
2016 BKkvv 31
s-I-m--p-I-q-S-n-b-m-W-v.
A--e-q-k-n-b-b-p-s-S ]-X-\-w a-p-k-v e-n-w s-s-[-jW-n-I-X-b-p-s-S B-[-p-\-n-I X-I--b-p-s-S X-p-S--w I-pd-n--p F--v ]-d-b-m-w-, A-X-s---n N-p-c-p--n-b-X-v b-qt-d-m--n-s-e C-k-ve-m-a-n-s-\-s-b--n-e-p-w A--e-q-k-n-b
]-X-\-w k-m-c-a-m-b-n _-m-[-n--n--p--v. _-m-K-vZ-m-Z-v I-o-g-S-n-b X-m--m-c-n-I-f-p-s-S I-n-c-m-X h-m-g-vN-b-n \-n-ch-[-n s-s-[-j-W-n-I t-i-j-n--p-I-f-m-b ]-p-k-vX-I-
A--n--n-c-b-m--s---p.
a-p-k-v e-n-w t-e-m-I--n-s- X-I--t-b-m-s-S-m--w
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B-[-p-\-n-I N-n--m-[-m-c-b-p-s-S h-f- X-p-S--n-b
L-S-I- a-p-k-v e-n-w t-e-m-I--v ]-p-X-n-b _-Z
i--n-I-f-m-b-n D--p-h--p. G-I-t-Z-i-w c--p \-q-m--n-t-e-s-d b-q-t-d-m-]-y A-[-n-\-n-t-h-i-w a-p-k-ve-n-w
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X--f-p-s-S k---a-m-b \-m-K-c-n-I X-p-S--I-s-f
X-p-S--p-a-m--n-, b-q-t-d-m--t-I-{--o-I-r-X -m-\-h-e-b-w
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]mew \--s- Im-ew \n-a nw
b-n-c-p- ]-m-e-w \--s--S-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-vX-p.

a-X-h-n--m-\-s--b-p-w-, B-[-p-\-n-I h-n--m-\s--b-p-w t-h--n-c-n--p \-n--n-b-X-m-W-v s-I-m-t-f-mW-n-b h-n--m-\-o-b--f-p-s-S A-S-n--m-\ {-]-i-v \-w.
c--p t-N-c-n-b-n-e-m-b h-n--m-\ a--e-w ]-c-k-v ]-c-w
_--w -m-]-n--m-s-X I-m-e--t-f-m-f-w `-n--n--v \-n--p.
b-q-t-d-m t-I-{--o-I-r-X A-d-n-h-[-n-I-m-c-w s-]-m-X-p t-_-m-[-n-s- a-p-J-y-[-m-c-s-b \-n-W-b-n--t--m C-k-ve-m-a-n-I
h-n--m-\-w k-z-m-`-m-h-n-I-a-m-b-p-w a-m--n-\-n--s---p. C-u
a-m--n-\-n- H-g-n-h-m--n c--v h-n--m-\-o-b--f-n-e-pa-p- s-s-[-j-W-n-I h-n-\-n-a-b-w A-`-w-K-p-c-w X-p-S-t-c-X-p--v. A--s-\-b-m-h-p-t--m a-p-k-ve-n-w t-e-m-I--n-\-v
\--s-- \-m-K-c-n-I ]-p-j-vI-e-X X-n-c-n--p-s-I-m--p-h-c-m
k-m-[-n--p-w. B-[-p-\-n-I h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k--n-\-v {-]-m-a-p-J-y-w
\-I-p- I-p-S-p-w-_- a-X-h-n--m-\-w ]T-n--m-\-p-w
a--s-f k-a-m-\-a-m-b-n \-n-_--n--W-w F--X-v F-s-
H-c-p K-u-c-h-]-c-a-m-b A-t-]--b-m-W-v.
C-k-ve-m-a-n-I s-s-h--m-\-n-I ]-m-c--c-y--n A\-]-a-m-b ]--p-h-l-n- {-]-t-Z-i-a-m-W-v Z--n-t-W-j-y.
\-n--f-p-s-S K-t-h-j-W--n A--m-a-m C-J-v_-m-e-n-s-
X-X-z-N-n--b-p-w \-t-h-m--m-\-h-p-s-a--m-w I-S--p-h-c-p-p-a-p--v. k-h-n-t-i-j-a-m-b C-u s-s-h--m-\-n-I h-y-m]-v-X-n-s-b \-n- F--s-\-b-m-W-v t-\-m--n--m-W-p-X-v?
A--m-a-m C-I-v_-m-e-n-s- c--v ]-p-k-vX-I- R-m
C--m-e-n-b-\-n-t-e--v h-n-h--\-w s-N-b-vX-n--p--v. C-t--m-]-m-I-v N-c-n-{-X--n-e-p-w s-N-d-n-b ]T-\- \-S--n-b-n-p--v. C-u h-n-j-b--n B-g--n-e-p- H-c-p ]T-\-w
\-S--n-b-n--n-s---n-e-p-w s-N-d-n-b ]-c-n-N-b- a-p-\-n--n R-m C-u t-N-m-Z-y-s- t-\-c-n-S-m-w.
C--y-b-n-s-e a-e-_-m {-]-h-n-i-y-b-n-t-e--m-W-v C-k-v
e-m-w B-Z-y-a-m-b-n I-S--p-h-c-p--X-v. I-m-e-m--c-w h-n-h-n-[
C-k-ve-m-a-n-I t-e-m-I--v \-n--p- k-q-^-n-I-f-p-w D--t-c-y-b-n-t-e--v I-p-S-n-t-b-d-n. k-l-n-j-vW-p-X-b-p-w k-a-m-[-m-\h-p-w _-l-p-k-z-c-X-b-p-a-p- H-c-p k-w-k-vI-r-X-n C--y-b-n
c-q-]-s--S-m {-]-[-m-\ I-m-c-W-w k-q-^-n-I-f-p-s-S B-g--ne-p- k-z-m-[-o-\-a-m-W-v. c--m-a-X-m-b-n \-n-c-h-[-n a-p-k-ve-n-w
`-c-W-I-q-S- G-I-t-Z-i-w H-]-X-v \-q--m--p-I-t-f-m-f-w
`-c-W-w \-S--n. C--y _-l-p-k-w-k-vI-r-X-a-m-b H-c-p `-q-a-nI-b-m-b-n c-q-]-m--c-w {-]-m-]-n--m k-a-m-[-m-\ I-m-w--nI-f-m-b `-c-W-I-q-S--f-p-s-S-b-p-w ]--v F-S-p--p-]-d-t-b-X-m-W-v.
C-k-v e-m-a-n-I h-n--m-\-o-b--n-s- k-z-m-[-o-\-w Ck-v-e-m-t-a-X-c N-n--m-[-m-c-b-n-e-p-w K-W-y-a-m-b k-z-m-[-o-\-w
s-N-e-p--n-b-n--p--v. B-[-p-\-n-I l-n--p \-t-h-m--m-\--ns- ]-n-X-m-h-m-b c-m-P-m-d-m-w t-a-m-l d-m-b-n-b-p-s-S X-p-l-v^X-p-a-p--l-n-Z-q G-I-X-z-s---p-d-n--p- t-]-j-y
{-K--a-m-W-v. A-d-_-n-b-n-e-m-W-v A-X-n-s- B-a-p-J-w F-g-pX-n-b-n--p--X-v. k-q-^-n-I C--y k-w-k-vI-r-X-n-s-b Ds-I-m--p-w C-k-ve-m-t-a-X-c N-n--m-K-X-n-I C-k-ve-m-a-n-s-e
B--o-b-X k-z-o-I-c-n--p-w D--m-b-n-c-p- s-I-m-S-p-
A-S-p--I-m-e--m-b-n {]-tX-y-I-n--p-w C--y-b-n

\-p-c--p-s]-m--p- h-K-o-b h-n-tZ-z-j--v I-q-S-p-X {I-n-b-m--I-a-a-m-b ]-c-n-l-m-c-w
X-p-d- k-w-h-m-Z---p- th-Z-n X-p-d--p-X-n-e-q-sS k-m-[-y-a-m-I-p-w. a-p-k-ve-n-w- ]--n-X--m
k-w-k-vI-r-X ssh--m-\-n-I-X-b-n h-y-q-]-n t\-S-n ssl--h k-w-k-vI-r-X-n-b-n-te--p-w
ssl--h ]--n-X--m a-p-k-ve-n-w h-n--m-\-w
t\-S-n C-k-ve-m-a-n-I k-w-k-vI-m-c--n-te--p-w
k-u-l-r-Z--n-s ]-p-X-n-b ]-m-e- ]-W-n-tb-X-p--v
h-m-- k-{--Z-m-b-a-m-W-v Z--n-t-W-j-y-b-p-s-S k--
\-m-K-c-n-I h-n-t-i-j--n-s- A-S-n--d ]-m-I-n-b-X-v.
A-S-p--I-m-e--m-b-n {-]-t-X-y-I-n--p-w C--y-b-n
\-p-c--p-s-]-m--p- h-K-o-b h-n-t-Z-z-j---v I-q-S-pX {-I-n-b-m--I-a-a-m-b ]-c-n-l-m-c-w X-p-d- k-w-h-m-Z--p- t-h-Z-n X-p-d--p--X-n-e-q-s-S k-m-[-y-a-m-I-p-w.
a-p-k-ve-n-w- ]--n-X--m k-w-k-vI-r-X s-s-h--m-\-n-I-Xb-n h-y-q-]--n t-\-S-n s-s-l--h k-w-k-vI-r-X-n-b-n-t-e-p-w s-s-l--h ]--n-X--m a-p-k-v e-n-w h-n--m-\-w
t-\-S-n C-k-v e-m-a-n-I k-w-k-v I-m-c--n-t-e--p-w k-u-l-r-Z-n-s- ]-p-X-n-b ]-m-e- ]-W-n-t-b--X-p--v. c--p-t-]
--p-a-n-S-b-n B-i-b s-s-I-a-m---f-p-s-S X-n-t-c-m-[-m-\-a-mW-v h--a-m-\ Z--n-t-W-j-y h-K-o-b-X-b-p-s-S h-n-j-w
h-a-n--p- h-n--p-I h-f--p-h-c-m I-m-c-W-w.
A--e-q-k-n-b-, t-]-j-y-, C-d-m-J-v F--n-h-n-S--f-n
h-k-n--n-c-p- a-p-k-ve-n-w ]--n-X--m-, {-]-t-X-y-I-n--p-w C_-v-\-p-l-k-w-, A--_-n-d-q-\-n-, A--i-l-d-k-vX-m-\-n X-p-S-n-b-h- s-s-l--h k-w-k-vI-m-c-s--b-p-w a-X-s--b-p-w
I-p-d-n--v ]T-\-w \-S--n-b-n-c-p--p. C--v C-h-n-s-S B-s-c--ne-p-w A--s-\ s-N--p--p-t--m?
l-n--p a-p-k-ve-n-w h-K-o-b-X-b-p-s-S a-q-e-I-m-c-W-a-m-b-n
R-m a-\--n-e-m--p--X-v C-c-p h-n-`-m-K--f-p-w X--f-p-s-S
k-m-w-k-vI-m-c-n-I- a-X h-n-`-n--X-I C-c-p t-N-c-n-b-n-t-e-v a-m--n-s-h--X-m-W-v. k-q-^-n-I-f-p-w-, k--w-\-y-m-k-n-a-m-c-p-w
]-c-k-v]-c-w k-l-I-c-W--n-s- `-m-j k-w-k-m-c-n--n-c-p-
H-c-p t-Z-i--v C-X-v k-w-`-h-n--m-\-n-S-b-m-b I-m-c-W-w s-I-mt-f-m-W-n-b-e-n-k--n-s- k-z-m-[-o-\-a-m-W-v. X-o-{-h-a-m-b h-wi-o-b-X-b-p-w h-K-o-b-X-b-p-w h-n-f--p- s-I-m-t-f-m-W-n-b-
-A--n-t-e--v \--p-s-S N-c-n-{-X-w a-m--n F-g-p-X-s---t--m
l-n--p--a-p-k-v e-n-w h-n-`-m-K- ]-c-k-v ]-c-w A-\-y-c-m-b-ns--m--n-c-p--p.
k--n-Z-v A--m A--m-k-v c-n-k-vh-n-b-p-s-S c--v h-m-e-y-f-p- H-c-p {-K--w C-u-b-n-s-S ]-p-d--n-d--n-b-n-c-p--p.
Z--n-t-W-j-y-b-n-s-e B-Z-y-I-m-e k-q-^-n-I a-p-X h-a-m-\ I-m-e-w h-s-c-b-p--h-c-p-s-S {-l-k-z-a-m-b N-c-n-{-X-w
]-d-b-p- ]-p-k-v X-I--n C--y k-w-k-I-r-X-n-b-n
2016 BKkvv 31
17
]mew \--s- Im-ew \n-a nw
k-q-^-n-I h-l-n- A-\-]-a-m-b ]--n-s-\ I-r-X-y-a-m-b

h-c--p-I-m--p--p--v. k-q-^-n h-n--m-\-o-b--n-s-e a-m-
]-o-k-m-b I-i-v ^-p-a-l-v P-q-_-n-s- c-N-b-n-X-m-h-v A
l-p-P-vh-n-c-n-s-b-t--m-e-p--h(e-m-t-l-m-) Z--n-t-W-j-y-m-W-v. A-t--l--n-\-p-t-i-j-w h- s-s-i-J-v A-l-va-Z-v
k-l-n--n-, i-m-l-v h-e-n-b-p--m-l-v Z-l-v e-h-n X-p-S--n-b
k-q-^-n -m-\-n-I i-c-o-A--n A-[-n-j-vT-n-X-a-m-b
H-c-p k-u--c-y C-k-ve-m-a-n-s- \-n-a-n-X-n-b-n \-n-W-m-b-I
]--p-h-l-n--h-c-m-b-n-c-p--p.
A- - m - a - m C- J - v _ - m A- e - n - K - V - v {- ] - - m - \ - - n s- ]-n-X-m-h-m-b k k--n-Z-v A-l-v a-Z-v J-m-, N-n-d-m-K-v
A-e-n-, C-J-v _-m-e-n-s- k-a-I-m-e-n-I-\-m-b J-p-B
]-c-n-`-m-j-I b-q-k-p-^-v A-e-n X-p-S--n-b-h s-I-m-t-f-mW-n-b A-X-n-{-]-k-c--n-s- I-m-e-L---n b-q-t-d-m
t-I-{--o-I-r-X s-s-h--m-\-n-I-X-s-b C-k-ve-m-a-n-I X-X-zN-n--s-I-m--v A-X-n-P-b-n--m {-i-a-n--h-c-m-W-v. A--m-a-m
C-I-v_-m-e-n--v a-X-a-o-a-m-w-k-b-n t-]-m-e-p-w A-h-K-m-l-a-p-m-b-n-c-p--p. ]-S-n--m-d h-n--m-\-w X-e--v a--mb-n-t--m-b-h--n-S-b-n C-J-v_-m-e-n-s--b-p-w k-a-m-[-m-\
N-n--m-K-X-n--m-c-p-s-S-b-p-w {-]-h--\- h-e-n-b a-m- D--m--n-b-n--p--v. ]-t--, A-h--p t-i-j-w
A--c-w ]--X-n-I F-{-X-t--m-f-w a-p-t--m--v t-]-m-b-n?
C-k-ve-m-a-n-\-p-w B-[-p-\-n-I-X--p-w C-S-b-n ]-m-e-w ]-W-nb-m-\-p- s-s-h--m-\-n-I k-w-c-w-`- ]-n--o-S-v D--mt-b-m? C- F--p-X-s--b-m-W-v i-c-n.
B-t-K-m-f s-]-m-X-p `-m-j-b-m-b-n ]-c-n-K-W-n--s--S-p-
B-w-K-t-e-b `-m-j-b-n Z--n-t-W-j-y a-p-k-ve-n-w-I-f-p-s-S
k-m-l-n-X-y c-N-\-I-f-p-w I-p-d-h-m-W-v. A-X-n-k---a-m-b
\-m-K-c-n-I ]-m-c--c-y-w-, [-m-j-W-n-I s-s-]-X-r-I-w X-p-S-n-b k-h-n-t-i-j-a-m-b k-m-l-N-c-y--n P-o-h-n--p-
a-p-k-ve-n-w-I--n-S-b-n B-w-K-t-e-b k-m-l-n-X-y--n-s-b-p-w a-m-[-y-a C-S-]-m-S-p-I-f-p-s-S-b-p-w {-i- K-u-c-h-a-m-b-n ]-c-nK-W-n-t---X-p--v.
s-I-m-t-f-m-W-n-b-e-m-\--c-w A-d-n-h-n-\-p-t-a ]-S-n-m-d-n-s- h-y--a-m-b B-[-n-]-X-y-w D--m-b-n. I-n-g-n-\-n--p- B-i-b s-s-h-]-p-e-y-a-p- -m-\-h-y-m]-m-c-w-, b-p--n t-I-{--o-I-r-X-a-m-b ]-S-n--m-d-n-t-e--v
I-q-S-v a-m--n-b-t--m k-w-`-h-n- A-]-N-b- F-s--ms--b-m-W-v?
X-o--p-w t-]-m-k-v -v -s-I-m-t-f-m-W-n-b-e-m-b-n-s--m-n-c-n--p--p F--v ]-d-b-p- A-]-t-I-m-f-\-o-I-r-X t-e-mI--m-W-v \- P-o-h-\-n--p--X-v F--v A-h-I-m-is--S-p--p. ]-t--, A-d-n-h-n-\-v t-a-e-p- ]-S-n--m-d-n-s-
\nkm-ap-o Hu-en-bbpsS ZK
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2016 BKkvv 31
A-[-n-I-m-c--n a-m--w k-w-`-h-n--n--p-t--m? A-d-n-h-n-s-

s- s - I - a - m - - - n - \ - v C- t - - m - g - p - w \- m - w D- ] - t - b - m - K - n - - p -
C-s-\--p-w t-k-m-j-y-a-o-U-n-b-, b-q-S-y-q-_-v , K-q-K-n
X-p-S--n-b-h ]-S-n--m-d-n-s- D-]-I-c-W-a-m-W-v F--v
a-m-{-X-a--, A-h D-]-m-Z-n--n--p- h-n--m-\-o-b-a-mW-v A-X-n-e-q-s-S k-w-t-{-]-j-W-w s-N--s--S-p--X-v. \-n-X-y
P-o-h-n-X--n-s-e s-N-d-n-b H-m-^-o-k-v t-P-m-e-n-I--p-h-s-c
]-S-n--m-d-p-w-, A-t-a-c-n--b-p-w \-n-a-n- -m-\-k-m-k-v
{-X--n-s- D-]--s--b-m-W-v A-h-e-w-_-n--p--X-v.
t-^-k-v _- p--v t-]-m-s-e-b-p- k-m-a-q-l-y a-m-[-y-a-
]-S-n--m-d-n-s- P-n-t-b-m--s-]-m-f-n--n- s-l-P-n-a-W-n-s-b
t-N-m-Z-y-w s-N-b-vX-v \-n-j-v{-]-`-a-m--p- C-S-s-]-S-e-p-I--v
t-h-Z-n-s-b-m-c-p--n-b-n-c-n--p--p. ]-t--, \-n- t-\-m--q.
^-e-k-v X-o-\-n-s-\-b-p-w a--p-w s-I-m-t-f-m-W-n-b h-n-c-p-
k-a-c--s-f-b-p-w F-{-X t-_-m-[-]-q-h-a-m-W-v A-h a-d-p-]-n-S-n--m {-i-a-n-- p--X-v. k-m-a-q-l-y a-m-[-y-a-
A-c-n-I-p-h-X-v I-c-n--s--S-p- I-o-g-m-f-c-p-s-S k-z-c--s-f
s-]-m-X-p-a--e--n-t-e--v F--n--p--p-s---n-e-p-w
]-S-n--m-d-n-s- A-d-n-h-[-n-I-m-c-s- t-N-m-Z-y-w s-N--m
a-m-{-X-w A--c-w C-S-s-]-S-e-p-I--v k-m-[-n--n--n-.
[-\-m--I-h-p-w {-]-X-o--m-h-l-h-p-a-m-b a-s--m-c-p I-mc-y-w I-n-g--n \-n--v ]-S-n--m-d-n-t-e--p-w X-n-c-n--p-a-p-
I-p-S-n-t-b-- k-m-a-q-l-y k--]--f-n h-e-n-b
a-m-- k-r--n--p--p--v. B-i-b-h-p-w A--h-p-a-p I-n-g--n-s- B--o-b-X-b-p-w a-X-t-_-m-[-h-p-w k-w-k-v
I-m-c-h-p-w I-e-b-p-w h-c- b-q-t-d-m t-I-{--o-I-r-X b-p--n
t-_-m-[-s- ]-e-b-n-S--p-w ]-I-c-w s-h--p--p--v. c-m{--o-b-]-c-a-m-b C-S-s-]-S-e-p-I-f-p-w ]-S-n--m-d-n-\-p-w I-n-g-n-\-p-a-n-S-b-n I-p-S-p--m-b-n I-n-S--n-c-p- -t-_-m-[--n
A-b-h-p-h-c-p--n-b-n--p--v.
D-Z-m-l-c-W--n-\-v C--y-b-p-w b-p F-k-p-w X--n-e-p-
]-e c-m-P-y-m--c \-b-X-{- _-- C-c-p c-m-{--t--p-a-p- B-i-b--`-u-X-n-I s-s-I-a-m----v \-n-Z-m-\-a-mb-n--p--v. t-_-m-f-n-h-p-U-v, B-b-p-t-h-Z X-p-S--n-b C--y
k-z-`-m-h-h-p-w ]-m-c--c-y-h-p-a-p- s-s-i-e-n-I-f-p-w c-o-X-n-i-mk-v-{-X-h-p-w ]-S-n--m-d-n-t-e--v F--n--p-S--n.
C-k-v e-m-a-n-s-\--p-d-n--p- {-K---, h-y-X-y-k-v
X b-q-t-d-m-]-y `-m-j-I-f-n ]-p-d--n-d--p- h-n-i-p-
J-p-B h-n-h-c-W- F--n-h--v b-q-t-d-m-]-y P-\X--n-S-b-n h k-z-o-I-m-c-y-X e-`-n--p--p--v F--X-v
{-i-t--b-a-m-W-v. b-q-t-d-m--n-s-e ]-p-X-n-b a-p-k-ve-n-w X-e-a-p-d
k-z--w a-X--n I-q-S-p-X A-d-n-h-v k--m-Z-n--m {-ia-n--p-I-b-p-w A-X-p-h-g-n a-t-X-X-c k-a-q-l-t--m-S-v C-S-s-]S-m {-i-a-n--p--X-v {-]-X-o--m-h-l-a-m-W-v.
R-m N-n--n--p--X-v , a-p-k-v e-n-w t-e-m-I--n-s-
s-s-[-j-W-n-I-a-m-b X-n-c-n--p-h-c-h-n-\-v, B-[-y-m--n-I-a-m-b
h-n-I-m-k--n-\-v \- N-c-n-{-X-w h-g-n-X-n-c-n-b-p- A-hk-c--f-n-t-e--v H-c-n--I-q-S-n X-n-c-n--v \-S-t--X-p-s---m-W-v. A-t-X-m-s-S-m--w-, k-m-h-e-u-I-n-I-h-p-w
k-m--P-\-o-\-h-p-a-m-b H-c-p a-X--n-s- A--k--s-b
I-m-e-m-\-p-k-r-X-w ]-p-X-n-b ]-c-n-t-{-]--y--s-f c-q-]-s--S-p-n ]-p-\-c-p--c-n-t---X-p-a-p--v.
$
bm{X
Sn Sn C-^m\n
Ad_v \m-nse
Zu-d-Xp an-bmlv
_m-p hn-fn--tm A-_q B-C-Zn-\pw B-a---pw- Iq-sS Rm-\pw
]-f-fn-bn-te-p t]m-bn. A-h-s-mw hp-fq D-m-bn-cp-p. Rm Zu-d-Xp-
an-bm-ln I-b-dn. hr-n-bn kq-n- iu-Nm-e-b--fpw hp-fq sN-m-\p-f-f
C-S--fpw. sN-fn-b-S-bm-f--tfm I-dp-n-cp- H-gp-p Nm-ep-I-tfm Im-Wm\n-. an-X-hy-b-n-s Zu-d-Xp an-bm-lp-I Fs \m-n-]p-d-s lu-fn
I-c-bn-te-v h-en-p sIm-p h-p.
-s- I--n-{-]-h-m-k I-m-e--v a-c-p-`-q-a-nb-n s-]-b-v X B-Z-y-a-g- FSp-p-]-dbm-\pv.. A-]-m--v s-a-d-n \-n--v
]-p-d--n-d--p-t--m a-g-b-p-s-S e--W-s-a-m--p-wI--n-c-p--n-. P-a-m-A--v \-n-k-v I-m-c-w I-g-n--v
]-f-f-n-b-n \-n--n-d--p-t--m a-g-N-m--n--p-S--n.
C-S-n-b-p-w a-n--p-w I-m--p-a-m-b-n A-X-p -I-\--p. t-]-S-n
A-I--p I-S--X-p-w "k-p-_-v l-m-\ a b-p-k--nl-p-d-A-Z-p _-n l-w-Z-n-l-o-' Z-n-I-v d-v A-d-n-b-m-s-X
s-N-m--n-b-X-p-w H--n--m-b-n-c-p--p. B-I-m-i--n-s-
D--c--n s-\-S-p-I-b-p-w I-p-d-p-sI-b-p-w- h-a-c-i-nJ-c- I-W-s- a-n- ]-n-W-d-p-I X-o--n-{-X h-c--p-w- a-m-b-v N-p-w s-I-m--n-c-p--p. A-S-p-
I-m-e-s--m--p-w C--c-s-a-m-c-p ]-n-S--n-W--v I--n-n-. C-S-n-b-p-s-S a-p-g--a-m-s-W--n ]-d-b-p-I-b-p-w t-h. s-]-s---m-b-n-c-p--p s-F-k-vI--I S-]-vS-t-]--v
\-n-e--p-w N-p-h-c-p-I-f-n-e-p-w h-m-l-\--p-d--p-s-a--m-w
C-S-n--p h-o-W-X-v. S-y-q-_-p-I-f-p-w P-\ N-n--p-I-f-p-w
s-]-m--n--n-X-d-n. B-e-n--g--n-\-m-b-n s-s-I \-o--n-bt--m X-p-c-p-X-p-c-m G-d-v I-n--n. \-n-e--p h-o-W-p s-X-
d-n- s-F-k-vI--I s-]-d-p--n--q--n-b-p-w \-n-e-t--p X-s- F-d-n--p-w N-n-e I-f-n--p--X-p I--p.

B-e-n--g-a-g s-X-s--m--S--n-b-t--m C-a-m-w ]-f-f-n]-q--n h-o--n-t-e--p t-]-m-b-n. C-h-n-s-S A-S-p--S-p--v
]-f-f-n-I I-m-W-m-w. ]--n I-p-d-h-v h-o-S-p-I-f-p-f-f-nS--p-w I-p-S-p-w-_ ]-f-f-n-I-f-p--v. i-w-d-m-\-n-, I-l-vX-m\-n-, K-k-z-o-\-n X-p-S--n \-n-c-h-[-n s-s-{-S-_ G-c-n-bI-f-p--v. N-n-e-b-n-S--f-n t-K-m-{-X X-e-h-a-m-c-p--v.
R--f-p-s-S X-m-a-k--e-w b-a A-X-n--n-b-n
A--c-s-a-m-c-p t-K-m-{-X-t-\-X-m-h-n-s- ]-c-n-[-n-b-n-e-mW-v. A-t--l-w I-l-vX-z-m-\-n-b-m-W-v. I-s---m Z-q-c-w
`-q-a-n A-t--l--n-s- k-z--a-m-W-v. N-n-e k--`-f-n A-t--l--n-s- Z-_-m s-s-{-S-_ t-\-X-m-s-f-s--m--v \-n-d-b-m-d-p--v. B-S-d-p--v k-Z-y \-I-n
]-n-c-n-b-p-t--m k-z-I-m-c-y-X-b-p-s-S C-c-p--v a-d--p
]-n--n c-m-{- k-p-c- A-P-v\-_-n-I-s-f-m--p-w Ad-n-b-m-s-X A-h I-m--p--p. b-a k-w-L-j-t-hf-b-n C--c-s-a-m-c-p I-q-S-n--n-c-n-b-e-p--m-b-n-c-p--p.
]-f-f-n-I I-a-\-o-b--f-m-W-v. C-h-n-s-S \-n--v N-p--p-w
t-\-m--p-t--m A-S-p--S-p--v \-n-c-h-[-n a-n-\-m-c-
2016 BKkvv 31
19
Ad_v \m-nse Zu-d-Xp an-bmlv
k-a-bm-k-a-b--fn A-b-]---fn
\n-v hr--cpw bp-hm--fpw Ip-n-I-fp-sa-mw
P-am-A-n-\v ]-f-fn-I-fn h-cp-p. \m-n
\n-v tI--Xp-t]m-se Pp-ap-A-P-am-A-n-\v
kv-{Xo-I ]-f-fn-I-fn h-cp--Xv I-n-. Nn-e
]-f-fn-I--Sp-v ap-kz--n-km _n-Unp-I-fp-v. A-hn-sS-bpw A-h h-cm-dn-. H-cp
A-d-_v k-tlm-Z-c-t\m-Sv C-sX-p-dn-v tNmZn--tm "_p-bq-Xp-lp- ssJ-dp--lp-'
F-m-Wv a-dp-]-Sn X--Xv.
I-m-W-m-w. ]-e \-n-d--n-e-p-f-f ]-c-h-X-m-\-nI h-n-c-n--v A-e--c-n- ]-f-f-n-b--W--f-n
]-s- \-\-h-p ]-X-n--X-v I-m-W-m-d-n-. a-m_-n ]-X-n- a-p--h-p-w s---p-I-f-p-w. ]-f-f-n-b-n
\-n--v I-p-d--v A-I-e-w ]-m-e-n--p--m--n-b Z-ud-X-p a-n-b-m-l-p-I-f-n ]-e-t--m-g-p-w X-n-c--p
I-p-d-h-m-W-v. A-d-_-v k-t-l-m-Z-c ]-e-c-p-w-h-oS-p-I-f-n \-n--p X-s- h-p-f-q s-N-b-v X-p h-c-p-h-c-m-W-v. A--m-l-p-h-n-s- `-h-\--n-t-e--p
h-c-p- {-]-t-X-y-I A-X-n-Y-n-I-f-p-s-S ]-c-n-K-W\-b-m-W-v C-{-]-I-m-c-w h-p-f-q s-N-b-v X-p h-c-p-h-s---v l-Z-o-k-n-e-p--t--m. k-a-b-m-k-a-b-f-n A-b-]---f-n \-n--v h-r--c-p-w
b-p-h-m--f-p-w I-p--n-I-f-p-s-a--m-w P-a-m-A--n-\-v
]-f-f-n-I-f-n h-c-p--p. \-m--n \-n--v t-I--X-pt-]-m-s-e P-p-a-p-A-P-a-m-A--n-\-v k-v-{-X-o-I ]-ff-n-I-f-n h-c-p--X-v I--n-. N-n-e ]-f-f-n-I-S-p--v a-p-k-z---n-k-m _-n-U-n--p-I-f-p--v.
A-h-n-s-S-b-p-w A-h h-c-m-d-n-. H-c-p A-d-_-v kt-l-m-Z-c-t-\-m-S-v C-s-X--p-d-n--v t-N-m-Z-n--t--m
"_-p-b-q-X-p-l-p- s-s-J-d-p--l-p-' F--m-W-v
a-d-p-]-S-n X--X-v; hoSm-Wp-aw Fv. B-b-n-Z-v
I-l-vX-z-m-\-n-s-b- C-u k-t-l-m-Z-c-s- h-o--n
]-n--o-S-v t-]-m-b-n--p--v. s-a-U-n-k-n-\-p ]T-n--p-
A-h-s-\ C-w-K-v f-o-j-v ]T-n--n--m-\-m-b-n-c-p--p
A-X-v. A-I--p I-S--m-s-X a-p---v I-m-]--v
h-n-c-n--p-f-f k-z-o-I-c-W-w. B-C-Z-v, A-_-q B-C-Z-v
F- A-h-s- c--p k-t-l-m-Z-c- h---ne-n-c-p--p. A-h-c-p-s-S a-p--n t-]-S-n-t-b-m-s-S H-cP-v-\-_-n R-m-\-p-w. "s-s-I-^ l-m-e-n-' X-p-S--n
"A- J-n-Z-va-'b-n-e-h-k-m-\-n- k-w-`-m-j-W--n\-n-S-b-n H-c-p s-N-d-p-I--n J-lv-h H-g-n--p
X--p. \-m--n s-X-m--t-X-m-s-S N-h--p c-p-N-n.
I--v X-m-s-g h--p. ]--k-m-c--m-b I-p-S-n--v s-ac-p--n-b \-m--n-\-v A-]-c-n-N-n-X-a-m-b-n-c-p--p B
c-p-N-n. C-u---g-w I-q--n--p-S-n--m B-C-Z-v
]-d--p. ]-n-s---n-s- H-m-t-c-m C-d--p-w c-p-N-n-
20
2016 BKkvv 31
I-c-a-m-b-n--p-S--n. ]-n-t- Z-n-h-k-a-m-W-v A-h-c-p-s-S Z_-m-d-n I-b-d-n-b-X-v. A-X-n-i-b-n--n--p- C-d-o-c-n-b

U--t-d-j-. X-n-I--p-w c-m-P-I-o-b-w. t-I-m-e-m-l-e-t-f-m A-S-p--f k-w-k-m-c-t-a-m t-I--m- A--S--a-pf-f d-q-a-p-I-. _-m--p h-n-f-n--t--m A-_-q B-C-Z-n-\-p-w
B-a----p-w- I-q-s-S R-m-\-p-w ]-f-f-n-b-n-t-e--p t-]-mb-n. A-h-s---m-w h-p-f-q D--m-b-n-c-p--p. R-m Z-u-d-X-p a-n-b-m-l-n I-b-d-n.
h-r--n-b-n k-q--n- i-u-N-m-e-b--f-p-w h-p-f-q s-N--m-\-p-f-f C-S--f-p-w. s-N-f-n-b-S-b-m-f--t-f-m I-d-p--nc--p- H-g-p--p N--m-e-p-I-t-f-m I--m-W-m-\-n-. F-s- \--m--n-s-e
i-u-N-m-e-b--f-p-w l-u-f-p-I-f-p-w h-r--n-b-n s-I-m--p
\-S--p--X-v A-]-q--a-m-W-v. A-s---n-e-p-w i-u-N-m-e-b a-q-{-X--p-c-I a-m-{-X-a-m-W-v. h--h--p-w c--n-\-p
a-p--n-b-m- F-s-- \-m--n ]-e-]-f-f-n-I-f-n-e-p-w A-X-n-\-p s-]-m-X-p-k-u-I-c-y--f-n-. ]-f-f-n--p-N-p--p-w H-m-S-n t-\-m-n ]-q--n-b-n- t--m-bve--v h-m-X-n-e-p-I X-f-f-n-t-\-m--n
h-o--n-t-e--p X-s--t-b-m A-Y-h-m I-w-^--v t--j-\-p-If-n-t-e-t--m H-m-S-n-t--m-t-I- A-h-. C-\-n a-q-{-X--p-c-If-n-e-m-I-s- -m-h-p ]-n-S-n- t--m-k--p-I-f-p-w C-X-p-h-s-c -o\-n-w-K-v \-S--n--n--m--h-n-[-w a-q-{-X--d ]--n--n-S-n--X-p-w.
I-w-^--p t--j-\-p-I-f-m-I-s- B-s-I-b--v t-_-m-[-w
s-I-S-p--p--h-b-p-w. a-p-J-w a-n-\-p--n-b ]-e t-l-m--e-pI-f-p-s-S-b-p-w B-i-p-]-{-X-n-I-f-p-s-S-b-p-w ]-n--m--p-d-
h-r--n-t-I-S-p-I-f-p-s-S s-I-m-X-p-I-c--p-I-f-p-w F-e-n-s--m-p-I-f-p-a-m-W-t--m. F--m-e-p-w \-m-w A-`-n-a-m-\-n--p-w-,
\-m-w a-e-b-m-f-n-I a--p k-w--m-\--m-s-c--m h-r--nb-n \-S--p--h-c-p-w h-n-h-c-a-p-f-f-h-c-p-a-m-s-W--v. C-h-ns-S F--m C-S--f-p-w A--s-\-b-m-s-W-- ]-d--X-v.
s-I-m-S-p-w a-m-e-n-\-y-a-S-n- t-e-_ I-y-m--p-I-f-p-w N-n-e
P-b-n-e-p-I-f-p-w a-m--n \-n--m-w. C--v t-I-c-f-h-p-w H-c-p a-n\-n {-]-h-m-k t-a-J-e-b-m-b-n a-m-d-p-t--m A-\-y-k-w--m\-s--m-g-n-e-m-f-n-I h-k-n--p- t-e-_ I-y-m--p-I-f-p-w
C-X-p-t-]-m-s-e-s-b-m-s- ]-c-n-W-a-n--p--p--v.
h-m--p-w P-a-m-A--v \-n-k-v-m-c--f-p-w s-s-a--n-e-qs-S h-f-s-c Z-q-c-w t-I--m-w. h-m--p h-n-f-n--m X-p-d--nS-p- ]-f-f-n-I ]-s- P-a-m-A--v I-g-n--m-e-p-S
A-S--n-S-p--p. A-S-p- P-a-m-A--n-\-m-W-v h-o--p-w
X-p-d--p--X-v. -Fb I--o-j s-N-b-vX ]--n-I-f-n
{-^-o-k-d-p-I-f-n k-q--n- a-n-\-d s-h-f-f-w e-`-n--p-w.
s-h-f-f--n-s- D-]-t-b-m-K-w h-f-s-c I-c-p-X-t-e-m-s-S-b-mW-n-h-n-s-S. a-n-X-h-y-b--n-s- Z-u-d-X-p a-n-b-m-l-p-I
Fs \-m--n-]-p-d-s- l-u-f-n I-c-b-n-t-e--v h-e-n--p
s-I-m--p h--p.
H-m-S-p t-a- ]-f-f-n-I-f-n \-m-e-p `-m-K--p \-n--p-w
s-h-f-f-w H-e-n--n-d--n ]-c a-o-\-p-I-f-p-w h-c-m-e-p-w s-a-mi-p-h-p-w I-S-p--m-e-n-I-f-p-w X-p-f-f-n--f-n- h-n-i-m-e-a-m-b
P-e-k-w-`-c-W-n-I H-m-t-c-m a-l--n-s-e-b-p-w X-d-h-m-S-p
]-f-f-n-I-f-n-s-e A-e--m-c--f-m-b-n-c-p--p. \-n-d--p-I-h-n I-n-W-d-p-I-f-n \-n--p-w C-u l-u-f-p-I \-n-d--p.
a-q--p-\-m-e-v t-I-m I-n-W-d-p-I I-p-g-n--m s-h-f-f-w
s-]-m-S-n--n-c-p- {-K-m-a--f-n-e-n--v \-q---X-p-w C-c-p--q-
Ad_v \m-nse Zu-d-Xp an-bmlv
d-p-w t-I-m I-p-g-n--m-e-p-w s-h--w I-m-W-m-X-m-b-n. s-h-w I-m-W-m- I-p-g I-n-W-d-p-I-f-p-a-p--v F--m-S-p-w.
A--v P-e \-n-c--v G-s-d a-p-I-f-n-e-m-b-n-c-p--p. ]-m-S-t-i-Jc--f-p-w N-X-p--v \-n-e--f-p-w t-X-m-S-p-I-f-p-w I-p-f--f-p-w
\-n-c-h-[-n-b-p--m-b-n-c-p--p. C--v A-h-s-b--m-w h-n-I-k\--n-s- t-]-c-n a-d-a-m-S-s---n-c-n--p--p. C--v s-h-ff-s--m--w I-c \-n-d-b-e-m-W-v. ]--X-v I-c-I-h-n-s--m-g-pI-n ]-m-S--f-p-w ]-d--p-I-f-p-w ]-p-g s-h-f-f-w I-b-d-n s-N-d-p
h--n-I-f-p-w N--m-S--f-p-w h-o--p-a-p---p-I-q-S-n H-g-p--n
H-m-S-n--e-m-b-n-c-p--p. h-n-i-p- J-p-B h-N-\-w H-m-b-n s-]-m-S-n-b-p--p."\-n--f-p-s-S P-e-s-a--m-w X-m-g-v -p
t-]-m-b-n I-m-W-m-X-m-b-m ]-n-s- B-c-m-W-v \-n---v
H-g-p-I-p- s-h-f-f-w s-I-m--p-h-c-n-I?-'\-m--n-]-p-d-s- ]-g-b Z-u-d-X-p a-n-b-m-l-p-I-f-n
\-o--n--p-f-n--m a-m-{-X-w s-h-f-f-a-p--m-b-n-c-p--p. N-ne-b-n-S--f-n ]-m-b ]- ]-p-X--n-c-p--p. X-m-a-c-s--mb-v-I-b-p-w s-h---q--f-p-s-a--m-w D--m-b-n-c-p--p. F-{-Xb-m-f-p-I H-t-c k-a-b-w h--m-e-p-w J-n-_-v e-b-n-t-e--p
X-n-c-n--n-c-p--v h-p-f-q s-N--m-a-m-b-n-c-p--p. I-m-e-n-\-S-n-b-ns-e s-N-f-n-b-p-c--v I-f-b-m D-c---p-I {-]-t-X-y-I-w k-wh-n-[-m-\-n--n-c-p--p. l-u-f-n-t-e--v h-o-g-p- a-g--p-f-f-n-If-p-s-S X-m-f--n-\-\-p-k-c-n--v A-^-n-b s-s-_-X-v s-N-m--n
a-\-]-mT-w s-N-b-vX N-n-e a-p-X-A--n-a-p-I H-m--b-n
h-c-p--p. \-m--p Z-k-p-I-f-n-s-e a-p-X-A--n-a-p-I I-n-X-mt-_-m-X-p--X-n-\-n-S-b-n D-d--w h-c-p-t--m C-S--p
h--v a-p-J-w I-g-p-I-n-b-p-w D-k-v X-m-Z-n-\-v s-I-m--p-h-c-p-
D--t--m-d-n-s- i-n--w- a--y---n--p-s-I-m-S-p--p-w
h-p-f-q s-N--p-t--m l-u-f-n I-c-t-b-m-S-v t-N- N-p-p-]-p-c-b-p-s-S I-g-p-t--m-e-p-I--n-S-b-n X-n-c-p-I-n-h-
{-_-s-j-S-p--v k-p--s--S-p--p-w ]-e-c-p-s-S I-o-i-b-n
\-n--p-w N-m-S-n-b \-m-W-b--p--p-I t-i-J-c-n--p-s-a--m-w
k-a-b-w s-N-e-h-n--h-c-p--m-b-n-c-p--p. ]-e-t--m-g-p-w Z-u-dX-p a-n-b-m-l-p-I N-n-e-s---n-e-p-w I--m-S-n-b-p-w a-\-w
X-p-d--m-\-p-f-f k-p-l-r--p-a-m-b-n-c-p--p. D-t-a-j--n\-p-f-f \-n-[-c-n-b-p-w A-t-I-z-d-n-b-h-p-a-m-b-n-c-p--p. A--p-w
P-t-e-m-]-t-b-m-K-w s-N-d-n-b I--p-I-f-n-e-m-b-n-c-p--p. N-n-eb-n-S--f-n N-n-c--s-s--e-p-I-f-m-b-n-c-p--p. I--q-k-p-If-n-e-p-w I-p-f-n--p-c-I-f-n-e-p-w I-n--n-I-f-m-b-n-c-p--p. P-t-e-m]-t-b-m-K--n-s- a-n-X-h-y-b I-m-e-L---n \-m--n
k-a-r--n-b-m-b-n-c-p--p. C--p ]-s- Z-u-d-I-f-p-s-S c-q-]-w
a-m-d-n. C-c-p--p h-p-f-q s-N--m-t-\-m J-n-_v-e--v X-n-c-n-b-m
t-]-m-e-p-t-a-m k-u-I-c-y-a-n--m-X-m-b-n. t-X-m-W-n-c-q-]--n-e-p-w
\--{-X c-q-]--n-e-p-s-a--m-a-m-b-n l-u-f-p-I-. I-m-e-n
s-h-f-f-s-a-m-g-n--p--X-v \-n--p-s-I-m--m-b-n. k-z-n--a--n
s-h--w N-m-S-n--m-\-p-w s-s-]--p-I X-p-d--n--p h-p-f-q k-ab-w a-p-g-p-h s-h-f-f-a-p-]-t-b-m-K-n--m-\-p-w X-p-S--n-b-t-X-ms-S \-n-c-h-[-n k-p--X-p-I-s--m--w P-e-k-m--c-X-b-p-w
H-e-n--p t-]-m-b-n.
B-e-n--g a-g s-X-s--m--S--n-b-t--m C-a-m-a-n-\-p
]-n--m-s-e R--f-p-w ]-p-d--n-d--n. A--v a-n-\-n---pd-a-p-f-f d-q-a-n-t-e-t--m-S-m ]-m-S-p s-]--p. h-g-n \-n-d--p
I-n-S- s-F-k-vI--I s-N-c-n--p-X-p-f--v X-W-p--p k-n-c-
I-f-n I-b--n--p-S--n. H-g-p-I-n h- s-h-f-f--n-\-v

k-m--m s-F-k-vI--I-s-f--m X-W-p--m-b-n-c-p-p. I-m-e-p-I t-I-m--n. s-_-\-y-m-a-o-s- a-P-o-Z-p-w
\-P-o-_-p-w s-]-c-p-s-h-b-n-e-n H-m-S-n-b a-c-p-`-q-\-m--n
X-s--b-m-W-o s-]-c-p-w X-W-p--p-w. B-e-n--g a-g
]-n-s--b-p-w s-j--m-{-I-a-W-w X-p-S--n. G--p h-e-n-v t-K--n-\-S-p-s---n-b C-j-m-Z-v J-m A-t--mg-m-W-s-{-X X-m-t--m-s-e-S-p--m a-d--X-v H-m-X-v. {-]-h-m-k--n-\-n-s-S C-c-p--v t-K--n-\-n--p-d-s-
\-n--l-m-b-X-b-p-s-S c--m-w A-\-p-`-h-w. t-K--n
]-n-S-n--p I-b-d-n a-p--t---p N-m-S-n-s-b--n-e-p-w c-b-n--m-b-n-c-p--p. a-X-n-e-n-\-p-f-f-n-s-e s-h-a-W
X-d-b-n B-e-n--g- s-N-d-p-I-p--p-I X-o-n-c-p--p. d-q-a-n-s- P-\ D--n--p-d--p. t-a-i-p-d--n-c-n--p- X-m-t--m-s-e-S-p--m s-s-I-I
F--m--X-n-\-m H-c-p \-o-f I--n s-b-S-p--v
X-m-t--m t-X-m--n-s-b-S-p--p. A-t--m-t-g--p-w
B-e-n--g-a-g i-a-n--p X-p-S--n-b-n-c-p--p. B-e-n-g-w G-d-p-s-I-m--v a-g-b-n I-p-f-n--p t-K--v X-p-d--v
A-I--p I-S--p. I-p--n--m-e--v H-c-n- H-t--m
c-t--m B-e-n--g-w I-n--m a-p---n-d--n--n-c-X-p-w I-n--n-b ]-m-s-S h-m-b-n-e-n--v A-e-n-b-n--X-p-w H-m-b-n-e-p-c-k-n. c--p Z-n-h-k-w I-g-n--v B-e-n--g a-g
]-n-s--b-p-w s-]-b-vX-p. B-Z-y-m-\-p-`-q-X-n-b--m--X-n\-m h-m-X-n k-z-]-w X-p-d--v C-c-p--p I--p.
a-g--m-e--p-w F-s- \-m-S-v k-P-o-h-a-m-b-n-c-n-p-w. B--p-]-X-n--p- a-g--p-f-f-n-I-f-p-s-S I-qs-S A-h A-[-z-m-\-n--p-w. ]-m-S--f-n s-I-m--nb-p-w a-n-\-p--n-b-p-w I-n-f-I ]-d-n--p-w \-n-e-a-p-g-p-X-p-w
a-o s-I-m-b-v X-p-w R-m-d-p \--p-a--s-\. i-o-e--p-S
N-q-S-n-b-p-w s-X-m--n--p-S h--p-w ]-m-f-s--m--n-t-b-m
t-N--n-e-t-b-m h-m-g-b-n-e-t-b-m N-q-S-n-b-p-a--s-\. Ch-n-s-S I-p-S-N-q-S-n \-S--p--h-s-c I--n--n-. C-\-n
I-p-S-N-q-S-n \-S--m X-s- B-e-n--g- h-o-W-v
H-m- h-c-p-w. s-I-m-f-f-m k-p-J-a-p-f-f a-g-b-m-s-W-s-
\-m--n-t-e-X-v. D-b--p-w X-m-g-v-p-a-p-f-f {-K-m-a--f-n
A-c-p-h-n-I-f-p-w t-X-m-S-p-I-f-p-a-m-b-n ]-p-g-I-f-n-t-e-h H-g-p-I-p-w. a-c-p-`-q-a-g-b-n P-\- A-I--p
I-g-n-b-p-w. B-e-n--g-a-g-b--v I-p-S-s-b-- h-m-l\- h-s-c \-n--e-a-m-I-p-w. s-I-m--m s-I-]-pf-f X-W-p-s--d-n-b-p- a-g-b-m-b-X-v s-I-m--m-I-W-w
i--a-m-b X-W-p--p-w a-g-b-p-s-a--m-w ]-p-c-p-j-a-m-v ]-f-f-n-I-f-n-s-e P-a-m-A--v \-n-k-vI-m-c--f-n
]--p s-I-m-f-f-m-X-n-c-n--m-\-p-f-f I-m-c-W-a-m-b-n I-
i-m-k-v{-X-w F--n-b-X-v. C-h-n-S-s- N-q-S-p-w a-g-b-p-w
h--v t-\-m--p-t--m- F-s- \-m--n P-a-m-A--n-\-v
]-s--S-p--m-X-n-c-n--m C-h-s-b-m--p-w I-m-c-W-t-f B-I-p--n--! A-]-q--w {-]-I-r-X-n t--m-`-s-f-m-g-n--m- F-s- \-m-S-v k-p-J-`-q-a-n-b-m-W-v; h-j-m-e--p-w D-j-vW--m-e--p-w.
$
(X-p-S-c-p-w-)
ttirfani@gmail.com
2016 BKkvv 31
21
kmcw / Ggv
kPo _p-Jmcn
Kp-l-bn
F-{X-Im-ew?
au-em-\m A-_p-I-emw B-km-Zn-s X-Pp-am-\p-Jp-B-\n tc-J-s-Spn-bn-p--Xv ss_-_n-fn-se tbm-ip-hm ]p-kv-X-I-n ]-cm-a-in-n-p-

"tc-tJw' F- -e-am-Wn-sX-m-Wv. am-{X-a-, \-_m-Xy-cp-sS {]m-No-\ A-[n-hm-k
tI-{-am-bn A-dn-b-s-n-p- s]-{Sm-bp-sS ]p-cm-X-\- \m-a-am-Wv F-pw A-tlw A-`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. s]-{Sm-bpw tc-tJ-apw H-m-sW- hm-Zw i-cn-b-. H-v
B-[p-\n-I ^-e-kv-Xzo-- C-kv-dm-Cu {]-tZ-i-v. a-t-Xv tPm-Zm-\n. c-pw
H-m-sW-s--s\ ]-d-bpw?
Kp
-l-m-\-n-h-m-k-n-I-f-p-s-S h-n-t-b-m-K-m\- - c - w k- v - a - m - c - I - w ]- W - n - b - p - X- v k- w - _ - - a - m - b - n A- ` - n - { - ] - m - b
`-n--X-I-f-p--m-b-n. H-c-p I-q- ]-d--p: "A-h
a-c-n--n--n-. h-o--p-s-a-m-c-n- I-q-S-n \-m-Y Ah-s-c D-d--m-\-n-c-n--p--p. A-h--v i-e-y-a-m-I-mX-n-c-n--m \-a-p--m h-m-X-n-e-S--n-S-m-w.-' a--p-N-n-e
]-d--p: "A-h-c-p-s-S I-m-c-y--f-p-s-S \-n-P--n-X-n
A-d-n-b-p--h A-h-c-p-s-S \-m-Y a-m-{-X-w. \-a-p-h-c-p-s-S k-v-a-c-W--m-b-n H-c-p s-I--n-S-w ]-W-nb-m-w-' F--m-b-n-c-p--p. A-X-w-K-o-I-c-n--s---p.
A-h-c-p-s-S K-p-l--p-a-o-s-X ]-W-n-X ]--n-b-p-s-S
C-S-n--p-s-]-m-f-n- A-h-i-n-- C-t--m-g-p-w
_-m--n-b-p--v. R--f-X-v I-m-W-m ]-p-d--n-d--n.
J-p-B I-l-v^-n-s--b-p-w d-J-o-a-n-s--b-p-w B-f-p-If-p-s-S I-Y-b-m-W-v ]-d--X-v. I-l-v^-v H-m-s-I. d-J-o-w?
C-u \-m-S-n-s- ]-p-c-m-X-\ \-m-a-a-m-W-s-X--v ]-e-c-p-w
A-`-n-{-]-m-b-s---n--p--v. N-n-e S-q-d-n--v F-P-k-nI I-l-v^-p-d-J-o-w(d-J-o-a-n-s-e K-p-l-) F--m-W-v
\-s- ]-c-n-N-b-s--S-p--p--X-p-X-s-. a-u-e-m-\-m
A-_-p-I-e-m-w B-k-m-Z-n-s- X-P-p-a-m-\-p-J-pB-\-n t-c-J-s--S-p--n-b-n--p--X-v s-s-_-_-n-f-n-s-e
t-b-m-i-p-h-m ]-p-k-v X-I--n ]-c-m-a-i-n--n--p-
(18/27) "t- c - t - J - w - ' F- - e - a - m - W - n - s - X - - m - W - v .
a-m-{-X-a--, \-_-m-X-y-c-p-s-S {-]-m-N-o-\ A-[-n-h-m-k
t-I-{--a-m-b-n A-d-n-b-s---n--p- s-]-{-S-m-b-p-s-S ]-p-c-mX-\- \-m-a-a-m-W-v F--p-w A-t--l-w A-`-n-{-]-m-b-s-S-p--p. s-]-{-S-m-b-p-w t-c-t-J-a-p-w H--m-s-W- h-m-Z-w
i-c-n-b-. s-_-b-m-a-o t-K-m-{-X--n-\-v \-I-s--
A-\--c-m-h-I-m-i-`-q-a-n-b-m-W-v t-c-t-J-w. s-s-_-_-n
{-]-I-m-c-w C-X-v N-m-h-p-I-S-e-n-s--b-p-w t-b-m--m
\-Z-n-b-p-s-S-b-p-w ]-S-n--m-d-v h-i--m-W-v. s-]-{-S-m
22
2016 BKkvv 31
\-K-c--n-s- A-h-i-n-- I-s---n-b-X-mh-s- C-h-b-p-s-S I-n-g--p-w. H--v B-[-p-\-n-I ^-e-k-v

X-z-o-- C-k-vd-m-C-u {-]-t-Z-i--v. a-t--X-v t-P-mZ-m-\-n. c--p-w H--m-s-W-s---s-\ ]-d-b-p-w?
d-J-o-a-n-\-v \-I-s---n--p- a-s--m-c-p A--w K-pl-m-h-m-k-n-I-f-p-s-S k-v-a-m-c-I-a-m-b-n A-h-n-s-S -m]-n--s---n--p- e-n-J-n-X ^-e-I-a-m-W-v A-s-X--mW-v. e-n-J-n-X ^-e-I-w F- h-o--W-w A-d-_-n
`-m-j-b-n-e-p-w k-m-l-n-X-y--n-e-p-w t-I-k-c-n-I-f-m-b
F--m-h-c-p-s-S-b-p-w h-o--W-t--m-S-v G--h-p-w t-b-mP-n--p--X-m-s-W--v C-a-m-w d-m-k-n(d-) t-c-J-s--S-p-n-b-n--p--v.
I-p-s-d--m-e-a-m-b-n a-\--n X-n-I--n h-c-p- B
k-w-i-b-w ]-n-s--b-p-w ]-n-s--b-p-w H-c-p t-N-m-Z-y-N-n-a-m-b-n a-p--n-h--p-\-n--p. F-{-X I-m-e-a-m-W-v
C-u b-p-h-m- \-n-{-Z-m-[-o-\-c-m-b-n C-u K-p-l-b-n
I-g-n--p-I-q-S-n-b-X-v? a-p--q-s--m--X-v s-I-m--w. C-k-v
e-m-a-n-I N-c-n-{-X {-K---f-p-s-S s-]-m-X-p-s-h-b-p-
Kp-l-bn F-{X-Im-ew?
h-o--W-w A-X-m-W-v. a-p-^--n-d-p-I-f-p-s-S \-o-

\-n-c-b-p-w C-t-X \-n-e-]-m-S-n-e-p--v. "X--f-p-s-S K-pl-b-n A-h a-p--q-d-p-s-I-m--w ]-m--p. A-X-nt-e--v H--X-p-I-q-S-n A-h I-q--n-b-n--p--v'(A-Il-v-^-v) F---w h-c-p- k-q--a-m-W-v s-X-f-n-h-v.
t-d-m-a--m--n-S-b-n {-]-N-m-c--n-e-p--m-b-n-c-p-
k-u-c-I-e--d-\-p-k-c-n--p- a-p--q-d-n-t-e--v A-d_-n-I X--f-p-s-S N-m-{--n-I I-e--d-\-p-k-c-n--v
H--X-v h-j-w I-q--n--d--X-m-W-v k-q---n
C--s-\ {-]-t-b-m-K-n--X-n-s- I-m-c-W-s-a--v N-n-e
a-p-^--n-d-p-I ]-d-b-p--p. A-X-n-s- I-r-X-y-X-s-b
C-a-m-w d-m-k-n(d-) t-N-m-Z-y-w s-N-b-vX-n--p--v.
a-p--q-s--m--X-v s-I-m--a-m-W-v b-p-h-m- K-p-lb-n-e-p-d--n-b-s-X- A-`-n-{-]-m-b-t--m-S-v h-n-t-b-m-P-n-p-h-m \-y-m-b-a-m-b I-m-c-W--f-p--v. G--h-p-w
{-]-[-m-\-s-- I-m-c-W-w k-w-`-h-a-p--c-n- F--m
N-c-n-{-X-I-m-c--m-c-p-w a-p-^--n-d-p-I-f-p-w- A-h G-X-v
I-m-e-L---n P-o-h-n--n-c-p--h-c-m-b-n-c-p--m-e-p-w-
{-]-I-r-X k-w-`-h-w Z-n-J-v b-m-\-q-k-v(s-U-k-y-q-k-v )
N-{-I-h--n-b-p-s-S I-m-e--m-W-v D--m-b-s-X--v
]-d-b-p--p. A-t--l--n-s- `-c-W-I-m-e-w F U-n
249251 B-W-v F- I-m-c-y--n B-[-p-\-n-I-h-p-w
]-u-c-m-W-n-I-h-p-a-m-b N-c-n-{-X-I-m-c--m--n-S-b-n
A-`-n-{-]-m-b-`-n--X-b-n-. K-p-l-b-n A-`-b-w t-XS-n-b k-w-`-h-w F U-n 250e-m-b-n-c-p--p-s-h--m-W-v
i-m-k-v{-X-o-b ]T-\- s-X-f-n-b-n--n--p--X-v. A-X-nt-e--v k-u-c I-e- A-\-p-k-c-n--p- 300 I-q--nb-m 550 F--v I-n--p-w. A-X-m-b-X-v X-n-c-p-\-_-n(k-z-)
b-p-s-S h-n-i-p- P-\-\--n-s- C-c-p-]-X-v h-j-w a-p-m-W-v b-p-h-m- K-p-l-b-n \-n-{-Z-b-n-\-n-s--g-pt---s-X--v ]-d-t-b--n-h-c-p-w. C-X-v N-c-n-{-X-]-c-a-mb-n i-p- A-k-w-_--a-m-W-v! A-{-X-b-p-w I-p-d-
I-m-e--n-\-n-S--p--m-b H-c-p k-w-`-h-s---p-d-n--v
A-d-_-n-I--v t-I--p-t-I-h-n-s-b--n-e-p-w D--m-b-nc-n--p-w. X-n-c-p-\-_-n(k-z-)s-b D--c-w a-p--n--m
C-h-s-c--p-d-n--v t-N-m-Z-n--m a-X-n-s-b--v P-q-X--m
\-n-t-Z-i-n--p-a-m-b-n-c-p--n-.
J-p-B h-y-m-J-y-m-X-m--f-n A-[-n-I-t-]c-p-w b-p-h-m- D-W-s--g-p-t-- I-m-e--n-s-e
c-m-P-m-h-n-s--b-p-w \-m-a-w t-c-J-s--S-p--n-b-n--p--v.
C--m-c-y--n-e-p-w A-h t-d-m-a--]-m--m-X-y N-c-n{-X-I-m-c--m-t-c-m-S-p-w K-t-h-j-I-t-c-m-S-p-w X-m-Z-m--y-w
]-p-e--p--p. X-o-Z-q-k-n-b-k-v A-Y-h-m X-n-t-b-mU-b-j-y-k-v. C-t--l--n-s- `-c-W-I-m-e-w F U-n
408450 h-s-c-b-m-s-W--v \-t-S D--c-n--n--p--v.
]-c-a-m-h-[-n k-m-[-y-X h-I-s-h--p-s-I-m-S-p--m
t- ] - m - e - p - w ]- c - a - m - h - [ - n I- n - - p - I c- - v \- q - - m - - m W-v(450250=200-). B-[-p-\-n-I ]T-\- {-]-I-m-c-w
445t-e-m 446t-e-m B-W-v A-X-m-b-X-v 195/ 196 h-js- \-n-{-Z--p t-i-j-w. C-s-X--s-\-b-m-W-v a-p--q-d-v
h-j-a-m-h-p-I?
C-u h-n-j-b--n h-f-s-c h-y--h-p-w k-q-
-v-a-h-p-w k-p-N-n--n-X-h-p-a-m-b H-c-`-n-{-]-m-b- w C-a-m-w d-mk-n(d-) t-c-J-s--S-p--n-b-n--p--v. a-p--q-d-v/ a-p--q-s--m--X-v

F--X-v A--m-l-p-h-n-s- `-m-j-W-a-. b-p-h-m--f-p-s-S
F--s- {-]-X-n X---n-t-e-s---n-c-p--h-c-p-s-S
A-`-n-{-]-m-b-a-m-W-v. A-s-X-S-p--p--c-n- t-i-j-w ]-db-p-- h-m-I-y-w C-X-n-\-v D-t-]-m-X-v_-e-I-a-m-W-v: "\-_-n-t-b
{-]-J-y-m-]-n--p-I- A-h-s-c-{-X I-m-e-a-m-W-v K-p-l-b-n X-ma-k-n--s-X--v A--m-l-p-h-n--m-W-d-n-b-p-I-! `-p-h-\--h-m-\-f-n-s-e A-Z-r-i-y--m-\- A-h-\-p a-m-{-X-a-m-W-p-X-v. F--X-n-i-b-I-c-a-m-b I-m-g-vN-b-m-W-h-\-v! F-s--m-c-p
t-I-h-n-!-! a-\-p-j-y--v A-h-\--m-s-X t-h-s-d-m-c-p \-m-Y\-p-a-n--'(-A-I-l-v^-v 26-).
A--m-l-p-h-n-\-v a-m-{-X-t-a A-h-s-c-{-X I-m-e-w X-m-ak-n-s---v ]-d-b-m-\-m-h-q F--v {-]-J-y-m-]-n--p-h-m \-nt-Z-i-n--p--X-n-s- {-]-k--n-s-b Z-p-_-e-s--S-p--p-X-m-W-v a-p--q-d-v/ a-p--q-s--m--X-v F--X-v A--m-l-p
s-h-f-n-s--S-p--n-b-X-m-s-W- hmZw. a-\-p-j-y-m-\-p-`-h
N-c-n-{-X-t--m-S-p-w e-n-J-n-X {-]-a-m-W--t-f-m-S-p-w G--h-p-w
t-b-m-P-n--p--X-p-w C-u h-o--W-a-m-W-v. C-X-n-s-\ ]-n--m-p- a-s--m-c-p h-k-vX-p-X I-q-S-n C-a-m-w d-m-k-n(d-) t-c-Js--S-p--n-b-n--p--v. "A--p--m-l-n-_-v \-p a-k-v D-u-Z-v(d-)
s- a-p-k-z-vl-^-n "X--f-p-s-S K-p-l-b-n A-h a-p--qd-v s-I-m--w ]-m--p-' F--v X-p-S--p- k-q---n-s-
B-c-w-`--n "h-J-m-e-q-' A-h ]-d-b-p--p F--p-I-q-S-nb-p--v. {-]-k-vX-p-X ]-Z-w ]-m-c-m-b-W--n h--n--n--m-
\-n-t-h-Z-\--f-n-e-p-w A-X-n-s- A---w ]-c-n-K-W-n--s-S-W-a-t--m. N-p-c-p---n A-k-z-vl-m-_-p-I-l-v^-v F{-X-I-m-e-a-m-W-v X-m-a-k-n--s-X--v J-p-B J--n-X-m-`-n{-]-m-b-w t-c-J-s--S-p--n-b-n--n-. R-m-\-m-h--n-t--m-X-n.
"\-_-n-t-b {-]-J-y-m-]-n--p-I- A-h-s-c-{-X I-m-e-a-m-W-v K-pl-b-n X-m-a-k-n--s-X--v A--m-l-p-h-n--m-W-d-n-b-p-I-!-'
R- a-S--p--X-n-\-v a-p--v a-s--m-c-p h-e-n-b k-wL-w A-h-n-s-S-s-b--n. ^-e-k-vX-z-o-\-n-s-e G-t-X-m k-v-I-qf-n-\-n--p- h-n-Z-y-m--n-I-f-m-W-v. h-n-S- ]-p--nc-n-t-b-m-s-S-b-p-w P-z-e-n--p- a-p-J-t--m-s-S-b-p-a-m-W-h
R--s-f F-X-n-t-c--X-v. C--y--m-c-m-s-W--d-n-t--m I-p--n-I I-q-S-p-X B-t-h-i-t--m-s-S k-e-m-w
s-N-m--n. "a-l-_ A-l-ve-m-' F--v ]-d--v R--s-f
l-k-vX-Z-m-\-w s-N-b-vX-p-s-I-m--m-W-v A-h I-S--p-t-]-mb-X-v. R-m-s-\-m-c-n- I-q-S-n K-p-l-m-a-p-J-t---v X-n-c-n-p-t-\-m--n.
""h-S-n-b-p-w I-p--n A--m--n--m s-a-m--m- ]--n-a-p--n-d--n \-n--p. ]-p-I-t-N- ]-m-\-o-k-p s-h-f-n--w H-c-p
X-m-a-c-b-n-e-h--w s-X-f-n-b-n--p. h-o--n-t-e--p- N-h-n--S-n-m-X R-m--p-]-p-c-b-p-w X-m--n-b-m-W-v I-S--X-v. ]--n-b-ps-S ]-S-n- s-a-m--m- h-o--p-a-n--n-c-n \-n--p. s-X--p
t-\-c-t---v R-m--p-]-p-c-b-n-s-e A--m-X-t-\-m-S-v k-lX-m-]-h-p-w k-v-t-\-l-h-p-w t-]-m-e-p-w A-b-m--v t-X-m--n.
\-n-t-Z-m-j-n-b-m-b ]-Y-n-I-, s-a-m--m--t-b-m--p. I-a_---n-s- G-X-v N-c-S-m-W-v \-n--s-f C-u h-g-n s-I-m-p-h--X-v?-'-'(J-k-m--n-s- C-X-n-l-m-k-w-). $
(X-p-S-c-p-w-)
2016 BKkvv 31
23
]T\w / aqv
kn-Zv an-Jv-ZmZv
ap-dw X:
km-tlm-Z-cy-n-s a-[p-c-Imew
tIm--p\m-b F- ssl--h {]-am-Wn-bm-bn-cp-p X--fp-sS Im-cy-
F-Xv a-X-ku-lm-Z-n-s a-sm-cp t\-mgvN-bm-Wv. ap-k-am-s\ h-e-XpssI-sIm-pw ssl--h-s\ C-S-Xp-ssI-sIm-pw kzo-I-cn-p-I F- \-bw
X--p-m-bn-cp-n-. C-cp ssI-I-fpw \o-n \n-d- a-\-tm-sS h-c-thp--Xp-Im-c-W-am-bn, ln-p--ap-kv-enw t`-Z-a-t\y A-\-h-[n-bm-fp-I- B-h-em-Xn
]-d-bm X--sf-t-Sn a-p-d-s-n.
t\
- X - r - ] - m - S - h - w - , A- \ - o - X - n - t - b - m S- p - h- n - a - p - J - X - , A- \ - n - X - c
k- m - [ - m - c - W - a - m - b h- y - - n
{-]-`-m-h-w-, P-n--m-k-b-p-f-h-m--p- A--p-X
k-w-`-h- X-p-S--n k--n-Z-v A-e-h-n a--p-d-w Ad-n-b-s-- {-]-a-p-J k--n-Z-m-W-v. k--n-Z-v a-p-l--Z-v
_-v k-l-v F--h-c-p-s-S-b-p-w P-n-^vc-n I-p-S-p-w-_-n-s-e {-]-[-m-\-n-b-p-s-S- a-I-f-p-w s-s-i-J-v l-k
P-n-^vc-n-b-p-s-S k-t-l-m-Z-c-n-b-p-a-m-b k--n-Z-v ^-m-X-z-n-a
F--h-c-p-s-S-b-p-w a-I-\-m-b-n l-n: 1166 Z-p-l-n-
23\-v i-\-n-b-m-g-vN c-m-{-X-n k--n-Z-v A-e-h-n P-\-n--p.

X--f-p-s-S B--o-b-X-b-p-w k-w-k-v I-m-c-h-p-w Ad- n - h - p - w I- p - - n - b - n - t - e - - v ]- I - - p - s - I - m - S - p - - m
k- m - [ - n - - p - w a- p - t - A- h I- p - - n - s - s- s - i i- h - Z - i - b - n - X - s - h- n - S - ] - d - - p . a- m - X - m - h - p - w
]-n-X-m-h-p-a-n--m-s-X-b-m-b-n-c-p--p ]-n--o-S-v A-e-h-n
X--f-p-s-S P-o-h-n-X-w. ]-t- B ]-n-t--m-a-\--v
A--m-W-n-b-p-w I-q--m-f-n-b-p-a-m-b-n a-m-X-r-k-t-l-mZ-c-n k--n-Z--v l-m-a-n-Z _-o-h-n-b-p--m-b-n-c-p--p.
X-m B-P-n-s--S-p- a-X--k-m-a-q-l-n-I t-_-m-[-w
ap-dw aJmw
24
2016 BKkvv 31
ap-dw X: km-tlm-Z-cy-n-s a-[p-c-Imew
a-l-X-n a-l-m-\-p-`-m-h-\-v ]-I---p-s-I-m-S-p--p. I-p--ns- {-]-Y-a A-[-y-m-]-n-I a-l-X-n X-s--b-m-b-n-c-p--p.

-a-, k-k-z-`-m-h-w-, k-X-y-k--X-, _-p--n-s-s-h-`-h-w-,
B--s-s-[-c-y-w-, t-k-h-\ X--]-c-X-, X-p-S--n A-t-\I-w \- k-h-n-t-i-j-XI k-t--f-n- P-n--m-k-b-p-w
-m-\ X--r-j-v W-b-p-a-p- A-]-q-h-w N-n-e I-p--n-I-f-ns-e-m-c-m-f-m-b-n-c-p--p k--n-Z-v A-e-h-n. A-d-_-n `-m-j-m {-]-mh-o-W-y-w s-N-d-p--I-m-e-t- k-z-m-b--a-m--n-b X-
8-m-w h-b--n J-p-B l-r-Z-n--a-m--n.
k-z-t-Z-i-a-m-b X-c-o-a-n-e-m-b-n-c-p--p {-]-m-Y-a-n-I h-n-Z-y-m`-y-m-k-w. A--v X-c-o-a-n-s-e {-]-[-m-\ s-s-i-J-n-s-\--s-
k--n-Z-v A-e-h-n--v K-p-c-p-h-m-b-n--n--n.
C-X-n-\-n-S--m-W-v X-s- ]-n-X-r-X-p-e-y-w k-v-t-\-l-n-
a-m-X-p-e-\-p-w _--s---h-c-p-w t-I-c-f--n-t-e--v t-]-m-bX-p-w t-I-c-f--n-s-e A-h-c-p-s-S A-\-p-`-h--f-p-s-a-m-s-
h-f--p--b-n-\-n--v t-I--p--X-v. R-m-\-p-w Ah-c-p-s-S I-q-s-S I-q-S-n-b-m-t-e-m? a-I-s- B-{-K-l-w t-I-
h-f---p- H-c-p X-S--h-p-w ]-d-b-m-s-X b-m-{-X k-u-I-c-y-s-f-m-c-p--n-s--m-S-p--v a-e-_-m-d-n-t-e--v k--n-Z-v A-eh-n-s-b-b-p-w ]-d--b--p.
A--s-\ i-l-v d-p-a-p-J- X-p-d-a-p-J--p-\-n--v a-e_-m-d-n-t-e--p- N-c--v I--e-n k--n-Z-v A-e-h-n-b-p-w
C-S-w I-s---n. l-n: 1183 d-a-f-m 19\-v t-I-m-g-n-t--m-S-v
I--e-n-d--n. t-I-c-f a--n G-s-d h-n--h-w k-r--n-
a-m-X-p-e l-k P-n-^vc-n A-t--m-t-g--p-w C-l-t-e-m-Ih-m-k-w s-h-S-n--n-c-p--p. 1180 a--p-d-w X---v 14 hb--m-b-n-c-n-s--b-m-W-v l-k P-n-^vc-n h-n-S-]-d-b-p--X-v.
a--p-d-w X- t-\-s-c t-]-m-b-X-v s-s-i-J-v P-n-^vc-n-b-ps-S h-o--n-t-e--m-W-v. A--v c-m-{-X-n A-h-n-s-S X-m-a-k-n--pI-b-p-w ]-n-t---v c-m-h-n-s-e `--W-w I-g-n--v C-c-p-h-c-p-w
l-k P-n-^vc-n-b-p-s-S J-_-v d-n-S-w k-n-b-m-d--v s-N--m\-p-w a--p-d-s- -n-X-n-K-X-n-I a-\--n-e-m--m-\-p-w
t-h--n a--p-d-t---v t-]-m-b-n. ]-X-n-s-\-m--v a-W-n-b-mI-p-t--m-t-g--v a--p-d-s---n k-n-b-m-d--v s-N-b-vX-v \-m-p-I-m--v k--n-Z-v A-e-h-n-s-b ]-c-n-N-b-s--S-p--n-s--m-v P-n-^vc-n ]-d--p: C-\-n a--p-d-s- k--n-Z-v A-e-h-n
\-n-b-{--n--p-w. A--s-\ k--n-Z-v A-e-h-n-s-b A-h-n-s-S
X-\-n--m--n s-s-i-J-v P-n-^vc-n b-m-{-X-b-m-b-n. k--n-Z-v A-eh-n a--p-d--v Xmak-a-m-b-t-X-m-s-S a--p-d-w a-e-_-m-d-ns
B-i-m-t-I-{--a-m-h-p-I-b-p-w \-m-\-m-Z-n--p-I-f-n-\-n--p-w
B-i-n-h-m-Z- w t-X-S-n B-f-p-I H-g-p-I-n-s-b--p-I-b-p-w
s-N-b-vX-p.
c-m-{--o-b I-m-c-y--f-n C-S-s-]-S-m a--p-d-w X--v C--a-n--m-b-n-c-p--p. C-X-v _-m A-e-h-n I-p-S-p-w-_--ns- s-]-m-X-p-k-z-`-m-h-a-m-s-W--v N-c-n-{-X ]--n-X--m
h-o--n--p--p--v. ]-t- P-\---v {-]-b-m-k-a-p--m-p- h- C-S-s-]-S-e-p-w ]-p-d--p-\-n--p--m-b-m CS-s-]-S-m-\-p-w {-]-X-n-h-n-[-n s-s-I-s-I-m-t-- I-m-c-y-
\-n-t-Z-i-n--m-\-p-w X- ap-I-s-Spn-p--v.
a--p-d-w X--, X-d- X- F--o t-]-c-n-s-e-m-w A-d-n-b-s-- k--n-Z-v A-e-h-n a-X-k-u-l-m-Z--n-\-v
h-f-s-c {-]-m-[-m-\-y-w \-I-n-b-n-c-p--p. a-X----n-S-b-n-
a-X---n-S-bn-se kp-Zr-V _-w Im-c-Ww

tI-c-f-n ssh-tZ-in-I-v B-Zy-Im-e-v
H-pw sN-m I-gn-n-. 1729 a-e-_m
{_n-o-jv Cu-n-ym I--\n h-cp--tXm-sS-bmWv C-hn-Sp-s ku-lr-Zm--co--Ww A-hXm-f-n-em-Ip--Xv. a-e-_m-dn A-tm-f-apm-bn-cp- `q-hp-S-a-bpw Ip-Sn-bm-\pw X-n
\n-e-\n-n-cp- ku-lm--n-\v B-Lm-Xta-n-p--Xm-bn-cp-p {_n-o-jv `-c-W-sa-v
sl-_-v hn-{Kmw.
s-e C-u k-p-Z-r-V _--w I-m-c-W-w

t-I-c-f--n s-s-h-t-Z-i-n-I--v B-Z-yI-m-e--v H--p-w s-N--m I-g-n--n. 1729 a-e-_-m {-_-n--o-j-v C-u--n-y-m I--\-n h-c-p--t-X-m-s-S-b-m-W-v
C-h-n-S-p-s- k-u-l-r-Z-m--c-o--W-w
A-hX-m-f--n-e-m-I-p--X-v. a-e-_-m-d-n
A-t--m-f-a-p--m-b-n-c-p- `-q-h-p-S-a-b-p-w
I-p-S-n-b-m-\-p-w X--n \-n-e-\-n--n-c-p-
k-u-l-m---n-\-v B-L-m-X-t-a--n-
2016 BKkvv 31
25
ap-dw X: km-tlm-Z-cy-n-s a-[p-c-Imew
X--f-p-sS h-n-tb-m-K h-m- c--v Z-n-h-k-n-\-v ti-j-w A-d-n- D-a-J-m-f-n X-f-p-sS a-J-m-a-n- k-n-b-m-d--v \S-n. A--v
D-a J-m-f-n tN-m-Z-n--p-: A-K-m-_ _-Z-vd-p-l-pZ-m(k--m-K N-{ a-d-t-m?). A--v
c-m-{X-n X-s a--p-d-w X--sf--p-d-n--v J-m-f-n
h-n-e-m-]-I-m-h-y-w(a-k-n-b) Fg-pX-n. ]-e ]--nX-c-p-w A-X-n-s ]I--v D-a-J-m-f-n-b-p-sS
]--\-n--v ssI---p-I-b-p-w sN-b-vX-n-c-p--p.
ap-dw X- Xm-a-kn- hoSv
-p--X-m-b-n-c-p--p {-_-n--o-j-v `-c-W-s-a-v s-l-_--v h-n-{-K-m-w G--p ]-d--X-v

C-X-n-t-\-m-S-p-I-q--n h-m-b-n-t---X-m-W-v.
l-n--p I-e-y-m-W \-n--b--f-n
t-]-m-e-p-w k--n-Z-v A-e-h-n ]-s--S-p--nc-p--s-{-X. t-I-m--p\-m-b F- s-s-l-h {-]-a-m-W-n-b-m-b-n-c-p--p X--f-p-s-S
I-m-c-y- F--X-v a-X-k-u-l-m-Z-n-s- a-s--m-c-p t\-m-gvNbm-W-v.
a-p-k-a-m-s-\ h-e-X-p-s-s-I-s-I-m--p-w
s-s-l--h-s-\ C-S-X-p-s-s-I-s-I-m--p-w
k-z-o-I-c-n--p-I F- \-b-w X---p-m-b-n-c-p--n-. C-c-p s-s-I-I-f-p-w \-o--n
\-n-d- a-\-t--m-s-S h-c-t-h--p-X-p-I-m-c-W-a-m-b-n-, l-n--p--a-p-k-ve-n-w t-`-Za-t-\-y A-\-h-[-n-b-m-f-p-I- B-h-e-m-X-n
]-d-b-m X--s-f-t--S-n a--p-d-s--n. h-n-h-n-[ s-s-l--h h-n-`-m-K--m
A-h-c-p-s-S I--n h-g--p-I ]-d--pX- o - - m - \ - p - w X- - s - f - b - m - b - n - c - p - - p
B-{-i-b-n--n-c-p--X-v.
a-X-h-n-i-z-m-k--n X H-c-p
h-n--p-h-o-g-v N-b-p-w I-m-W-n--n-. A-X-ps-I-m--m-W-v s-I-m-t--m--n X---ms--X-n-s-c k--n-Z-v A-e-h-n X--f-p-w
26
2016 BKkvv 31
s-s-i-J-v P-n-^vc-n-s-b-t--m-s-ebmWv {-]-X-n-I-c-n--X-v. s-I-mt--m--n X---m-c-p-s-S h-f--b-p-s-S-b-p-w {-]-X-m-]--n-s-b-p-w I-m-e-a-m-b-n-c-p--p A--v. Ah-c-p-s-S A-]--c-h-p-w
s-]-m---c-h-p-w X-n-c-n--d-n- X- s-s-i-J-v P-n-^vc-ns-b ]-n--m--n A-h-s--X-n-s-c c-w-K--n-d--n. A--v
]--\-m-S-v J-m-f-n s-s-_--m a-p-l--Z-v a-p-k-v e-n-b-m-c-p-s-S
]-p-{-X--m-c-m-b A--p- a-p-k-ve-n-b-m-c-p-w A-l-va-Z-v a-p-k-ve-nb-m-c-p-w s-I-m-t--m--n X---m-s-c--p-d-n--v s-s-h-t-Z-i-n-I-c-p-w
X-t--i-n-b-c-p-a-m-b ]--n-X-t-c-m-S-v ^-Xvh t-N-m-Z-n--n-c-p--p.
a--p-d-w X--f-S--w F--m-h-c-p-w s-I-m-t--m--n X-
aX]-cn-Xym-Knbm-s-W--v ^-X-vh \-I-n. C-X-v a--p-d-w
X--f-p-s-S h-n--p-h-o-g-vN-b-n--m- h-n-i-z-m-k-Z-m-V-y--n-s-
s-X-f-n-h-m-W-v.
k--n-Z-v A-e-h-n-b-n ]-e ]-mT--f-p-a-p--v \-a-p--v.
a--s-f-s-b--s-\ Z-o-\-n N-p--p-]-m-S-n h-f--W-s-a--p-w
`-c-W-I--m- P-\--t-f-m-S-v F-{-]-I-m-c-w C-S-s-]-S-Ws-a-pw c-m-{--o-b- Imcy--fn hsc H-c-p t-\-X-m-h-n-\-v
t-h--s-X--m-w k--n-Z-v A-e-h-n-b-n I--p. k--n-Z-v A-e-h-ns-b--p-d-n--v {-]-X-n-]-m-Z-n--p- G-s-X-m-c-p I-r-X-n-b-p-w a-I
k--n-Z-v ^-k ]-q-t--m-b X--s-f X-a-k-v I-c-n--n--n-.
a-I-\-v k-Z-p-]-t-Z-i-w a-m-{-X-w s-s-I-a-m-d-n-b \- H--m--c-w
D--s-b-b-p-w D--b-p-s-S k-]-m--m-h-n-s-\ s-\--n-t-e--n-b
a-m-K-Z-i-n-b-m-b a-I-s-\-b-p-w A-h-c-p-s-S P--o-h-n-X--nI-m-W-m-\-m-I-p-w.
k--n-Z-v A-e-h-n-b-p-s-S c--m-w `-m-c-y-b-m-b k--n-Z--v
^-m-X-z-n-a _-n-X-v A-_-q-_- a-Z-\-n-b-n-e-m-W-v k--n-Z-v
^-k X- P--w s-I-m--p--X-v. a-l-X-n--p-]-p-d-s-a
k--n-Z--v ^-m-X-z-n-a _-n-X-v l-k P-n-^vc-n-, k--n-Z--v
B-C-i-, C-t-m-t-\-j-y Z-z-o-]-p-I-f-n-s-e S-n-t-a-m-d-n-s-e U-n-e-n
t-Z-i--m-c-n-b-p-w a--p-d-w X--f-p-s-S h-^-m--v I-m-e--v P-oh-n--n-c-p--h-c-p-a-m-b H-t-c-s-b-m-c-p `-m-c-y-b-p-a-m-b-n-c-p- k-z-me-n-l-b-p-a-m-W-v a-l-m-s- `-m-c-y-a-m. C-h-c-n-s-e--m-w I-q-S-n
H-c-p B-I-p--n-s-b D--m-b-n--p--q. ]-q-t--m-b X--s-f-
k--n-Z-v ^-f-v X- a-m-{-X-w.
C-u a-l--m-b P-o-h-n-X--n-\-v l-n: 1260(1845-) a-p-l-d-w
7\-v A--y-a-m-b-n. l-n: 1259H-m-s-S k--n-Z-v A-e-h-n--v h-m[-I-y-k-l-P-a-m-b t-c-m-K- ]-n-S-n-s-]--p-X-p-S--n. t-N-d-q
]-S-b-n ]-s--S-p- X---v {-_-n--o-j-v s-s-k-\-y--n\-n--v I-m-e-n-\-v s-h-S-n-t-b--p-I-b-p-w A-X-v X-v imcocn-I {]-iv-\--fpm--p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-vX-n-c-p--p. k--n-Z-v
A-e-h-n X--f-p-s-S h-n-t-b-m-K h-m- c--v Z-n-h-k--n-\-v
t-i-j-w A-d-n- D-a-J-m-f-n X--f-p-s-S a-J-m-a-n- k-n-b-m-d-v \Sn. A--v D-a J-m-f-n t-N-m-Z-n-p-: A-K-m-_ _-Z-vd-pl-p-Z-m(k--m-K N-{- a-d-t--m?-). A--v c-m-{-X-n X-s-
a--p-d-w X--s-f--p-d-n--v J-m-f-n h-n-e-m-]-I-m-h-y-w(a-k-n-b-)
FgpXn. ]-e ]--n-X-c-p-w A-X-n-s- ]I-v D-a-J-m-f-n-b-ps-S ]--\-n--v s-s-I---p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-vX-n-c-p--p.
A--s-\ a-p-k-ve-n-w-I--v B-N-m-c-y-\-p-w l-n--p--v X-{--m-\-p-w k-m-[-p---v A--m-W-n-b-p-w {-_-n--o-j-pI-m--v X-e-t-h-Z-\-b-p-a-m-b-n-c-p- k-w-`-h-_-l-p-e-a-m-b B
]-p-c-p-j-m-b-p-k-n-\-p A-d-p-X-n-b-m-b-n.
$
(Xp-S-cpw)
kwkv-Imcw
Aivd^v kJm^n ]pv
\fw _ocm kmln_ns

]mp-h-gn-I
tI-c-f-n-s H-c-w ap-X a-t A-w h-sc k--cn-v X-s c-N-\-I-fpw tambn-Ip-n ssh-Zy-, tN-p-hm-bv ]-co-p-n, Xm-\q sam-bv-Xo-Ip-n sam- Xp-S-nb-h-cp-sS Ir-Xn-I-fpw, ]m-Sn-bpw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-pw P-\--sf B-I-jn-p \--fw
_o-cm km-ln-_v. _-Z, D-lv-Zv, a-w ^-Xv-lv, ^p-Xp-lp-mw, ln-Pv-d Xp-S-n-b
In--m-p-I tI-m B-fp-I k-Z-n Xn-n \n-d-bp-am-bn-cp-p. A-tl-n-s A-h-X-c-W- an-I-hp-aq-ew ko-d-bn ]-d-bp- t]m-cm-- t\-cn
Im-Wp- {]-Xo-Xn tI-hn-m-p-m-Ip-am-bn-cp-p.
am
--n-f-I-e-I H-c-p k-w-k-v I-m-c--ns X-n-c-p-ti-j-n--m-b-m-W-v \-n-e-\-n-X-v. A--c-m-`-y-m-k--n-\-v G-sdsb-m--p-w {]-m-[-m-\-y-a-n--m-X-n-c-p- I-m-e--p-w C-u
k-w-k-v I-m-c--n-\-v s]-c-p-a ssI-h--X-v {K-m-a-o-W
I-h-n-I-f-n-e-q-sS-b-m-W-v.
E-P-p-a-m-\-k--f-n \-n--v \-j-vI-f--a-m-sb-m-g-pI-n-b k-K-[-m-c--v B--m--X-b-p-sS sa-m--mW-p--m-b-n-c-p--X-v. a-m--n-f k-w-k-v I-m-c-s-b-p-w
ss]-X-r-I-s-b-p-w c-N-\-I sI-m--v k---a-m-n-b A--c-sa-m-c-p {K-m-a-o-W-k-m-l-n-X-y-I-m-c-\-mW-v \--f-w _-o-c-m k-m-l-n-_-v.
tI-m-g-n-t-m-S-v \-K-c--n-t\-m-S-v tN- \--f-w
{]-tZ-i-s tI-m--w-I---n h-o--n I-p--nsa-m-b-v X-o I-p--n-b-p-sS-b-p-w _-n--p--b-p-sS-b-p-w
a-I-\-m-b-m-W-v tX-m---n _-o-c-m F- \--f-w
_-o-c-m k-m-l-n-_-v P-\-n--X-v. \--f-w a-m--n-f k-v-I-qf-n \-m-e-m-w -m-k-v h-sc ]T-n--p. ]--n Z-k-n
c--v sI-m--h-p-w. ]-m--n X-m-]-c-y-a-p--m-b-n-c-p-
]-n-X-m-h-v I-p--n-sa-m-b-vX-o-I-p--n a-I-s\ I--y-m-W-m--p-I ]T-n--n--m-W-v ]-m--p h-g-n-b-n-te--p \-b-n-X-v. A-X-n-\-p ]-p-d-sa k-w-k-vI-r-X-h-p-w X-a-n-g-p-w ]
T-n--m-\-p- k-u-I-c-y- sN-b-vX-p sI-m-S-p--p-Ib-p-w sN-b-vX-p.
A- - s X- - p - c - m - s N- n - I - n - - b - p - a - m - b - n
_--s--m-W-v _-o-c-m k-m-l-n-_-n-s I-p-S-p-w-_-w
\--f-s--p--X-v. I-p-S-p-w-_--n-se a-n--h-c-p-w
ssh-Z-y--m-c-m-b-n-c-p--p. N-n-I-n- sI-m--v X--p-c-ms tc-m-K-w a-m-d-n-b-t-m a-m-f-n-I-h-o-S-v sI-m-S-p--v
A-h-n-sS X-m-a-k-n--n--p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p--p.
tI-c-f--n-s H-c--w a-p-X a-t A--w h-sc
k--c-n--v X-s c-N-\-I-f-p-w ta-m-b-n-I-p--n sshZ-y-, tN--p-h-m-b-v ]-c-o--p--n, X-m-\-q sa-m-b-vX-o-I-p-n sa-m- X-p-S--n-b-h-c-p-sS I-r-X-n-I-f-p-w, ]-m-S-n-b-p-w
h-n-i-Z-o-I-c-n--p-w P-\--sf B-I-j-n--p \--f-w
_-o-c-m k-m-l-n-_-v. _-Z, D-l-vZ-v, a--w ^-X-vl-v,
^-p-X-p-l-p--m-w, l-n-P-v d X-p-S--n-b I-n---m--p-I
tI--m B-f-p-I k-Z--n X-n--n \-n-d-b-p-a-mb-n-c-p--p. A-t-l--n-s A-h-X-c-W- a-n-I-h-p-a-q-e-w
k-o-d-b-n ]-d-b-p- t]-m-c-m-- t\-c-n I-mW-p- {]-X-o-X-n tI-h-n--m--p--m-I-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-p. h-A-f-v ]-c--c t]-m-se N-n-e ]-c-n-]-m-S-n-I H-c-p
a-m-k-t-m-f-w \-o--p \-n--p-a-m-b-n-c-p--p. k-w-L-mS-I \-I-p- ]-m-c-n-tX-m-j-n-I--n-s h-e-n--sd-p--w _-o-c-m k-m-l-n-_-n-\-p {]-i-v\-a-m-b-n-c-p--n-.
B-e-m-]-\-w A-t-l-w k-m-[-\-b-m-b-n G-s-S-p-X-m-b-n-c-p--p. ssa-k-q-c-n-e-p-w X-a-n-g-v\-m--n-e-p-sa-m-s
A--m--p-I-m-c-p-sS -W-{]-I-m-c-w ]-c-y-S-\-w \-S--n
]-m-S-m-d-p--m-b-n-c-p--p.
\-m--p ssh-Z-y-\-m-b-n-c-p- _-o-c-m k-m-l-n-_-ns b-m-{X-b-n-se-m-s I-q-sS H-c-p s]--n-b-p-a-p--mI-p-w. A-X-n \-n-d-sb a-c-p--p-I-f-m-b-n-c-n--p-w. t]-mI-p- h-g-n-b-n N-n--d N-n-I-n--b-p-w I-m-W-p-w.
\-n-a-n-j-I-h-n-b-m-b-n-c-p--p. H-c-n- b-m-{X-b-v-nsS sN--p-I-b-d-n-b ]--n-b-n-se l-u-f-n-s ]-c-nk-c--v a-q-{X-K--w A-\-p-`-h-s--t-m ]--n
a-p--s A-S-p--n \-n-s-m-c-p I-c-n-- F-S-p--v
l-u-f-n-\-v k-a-o-]-s `-n--n-b-n C--s\ I-p-d-n--p:
2016 BKkvv 31
27
\fw _ocm kmln_ns ]mp-h-gn-I
\n-an-j-I-hn-bm-bn-cp-p. H-cn- bm-{X-bvn-sS sN-p-I-b-dn-b ]-n-bn-se lu-fn-s

]-cn-k-c-v aq-{X-K-w A-\p-`-h-s--tm
]-n ap--s A-Sp-n \n-sm-cp I-cn--
F-Sp-v lu-fn-\v k-ao-]-s `n-n-bn
C--s\ Ip-dn-p:
lu-fn-I-c-bn ]m-p- t]m-t
lu-fp-Iu-k Ip-Sn-t-s ap-t..
l-u-f-n-I-c-b-n ]-m--p- t]-m-t
l-u-f-p-I-u-k I-p-S-n-t-s a-p-t..
b-m-{X-I a-n--t-m-g-p-w I-m-\-S-b-m-b-n--m-b-n-c-p-p. N-n-e-t-m D-d-s ss_--p-I sN-m--n-b-m-I-p-w
\-S--w. k-z--w k-r-j-v S-n-I-f-p-w a--p--h-c-p-sS-X-p-w
]-m-S-p-w. H-c-n- h--q `-m-K--p-I-q-sS sI--p-]-m--p-w
]-m-S-n \-S--p-t-m h-g-n-b-c-n-I-n-se h-o--n \-n--v k-wK-o-X-m--I-a-m-b-n X-s tN-m-Z-y-a-p-b--p:
B-c-m-W-v a-p-t sI--v ]-m-S-n t]-m-W-X-v..
D-S _-o-c-m k-m-l-n-_-v a-d-p-]-S-n \-I-n.
B-c-w-` a-p--v i-p-P-m-C _-o-c-m-\-m-W-n-X-v..
A-t-m h-o--p-I-m-c:
F--m i-p-P-m-C \-o
A-h-n-sS-t-m-b-n I-p--n-c-n
R-m t]-m-b-n N-p--v
sI-m--p-h-c-m-w ]--n-c-n
{]-i-k-vX-\-m-b ]-m--p-I-m-c ]-p-e-n-t-m--n sslZ-d-m-b-n-c-p--p B h-o--p-I-m-c. A--s\ ssl-Z _-oc-m k-m-l-n-_-n-s\ \--m-b-n k--c-n--p b-m-{X-b-m-n.
_-o-c-m k-m-l-n-_-v k-p-l-r--m-b A-_-q-_-
k-m-l-n-_-n-\-v (A--m-b-n H-u- F--m-W-v C-t-l-w
A-d-n-b-s--n-c-p--X-v) A-b- I--v ]-m--v {i-t-b-w:
X-W-n-b-p- -e-s--g-p-w sh-d-p--n-
i-c-n-b-, F--n-e-p-a-p--X-p N-n-e ]-
F-\-n---s\ A-d-n--q-S, ]-n-s--m--p-w?
l-n-X-t-S-p-w sh-s-m-c-p ]-m-s\ I-p--n-c-n-t-p-w
I-m-e--n-g-h-p \-n-a-n--a-n-t-m ]-m--p-
I-m-s-m--p-w sN-e-h-n- F--n-e-p-w
\-m--p th-e-sb-S-p--p I-g-n--n-S-m-w A-X-n-\-m-c-p-w
h-n-f-n--q-e, ]-n-s--s\ I-c-tI-d-p-w?
]-m--p-I-m-sc-b-p-w I-h-n-I-sf-b-p-w A-h-K-W-n--p-X-n-s\-X-n-c-m-b h-n-I-m-c-w k--m X-e--n ]-n-S-n-]-mS-p- k-p-l-r--p-a-m-b-n ]--p-sh--p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p--p k-ml-n-_-v.
J--m-_-n d-l-va--p-sS F- C-i-e-n F-g-p-X-nb A-t-l--n-s a-s-m-c-p I--v ]-m--n-se N-n-e h-c-nI:
X- tP-m-e-n-I H--p-a-n--m-sX
28
2016 BKkvv 31
]-c-s -m-a-w ]-n-S-n-s]--p-t]-m-sb--v

X-s-b-p-a- ]-n-s-b-p-sa--mS--p-a-o b-p--w \-n-a-n--w `-b--n-e-m
--W- I-m-c-n-b-w -_-n-c-p--n
]-d--d-n-h-n--m-- X-c--n...
a-n- h-m--b-p-h-X-p-w A-d-n--n-c-n-s
Z-o-L-n--p-W-t--p-w B-h-i-y-w C--mB-h-I-sb--m-w P-o-h-I-m-c-p-W-y\-m-sb--p-w h-m-g-p-t-m \--n--I--ot-td k-p-J-s
X--p c--n--s k-m-c-a-p-s
I-h-n F-- ]-m--p-I-m-c F--m-W-v A-t-l-w k-zb-w h-n-ti-j-n--n--n-c-p--X.-v F--m-h--p-w A-t-l-w ]-m-p-I-m-c _-o-c-m-\-n--b-m-b-n-c-p--p. ]-d--n-I-f-p-a-m-b-p-
\-m-h-n-I b-p---n {]-a-p-J-\-m-b-n-c-p- I-p--m-e-n
a-c--m \-m-e-m-a-s h-o-c-c--k-m--n-X-z-w C-X-n-h-r-a-m--n c-N-n- sI-m--p---n a-m-e, _-Z H--\, i-n^-m-D I-p-_-vd, ^-m-X-z-n-a _-o-h-n a-Z-vl-v, ]-p-X-p---m--v,
l-n-P-vd 1329 {]-k-n--o-I-c-n--s- A-^ \-l-m
h-\-l-m F- t\-m-h-e-n-s h-n-h--\-w, I--p-I-f-psS c-q-]--n ]-e k-p-l-r--p---p-w A-b--X-p-w
a-e-_-m-d-n ]-e C-S--f-n-e-p-w {]-N-m-c-w t\-S-n-b-X-p-a-m-b
K-m-\-i-I-e-- F--m-w k-q-N-n--n--p--X-v \--f-w
_-o-c-m k-m-l-n-_-v sh-d-p-sa-m-c-p ]-m--p-I-m-c a-m-{X-a-
F--m-W-v. A-d-_-n-I-v, t]-j-y, X-a-n-g-v, k-w-k-vI-r-X]-Z- \-n-d- B c-N-\-I-sf--m-w A-d-_-n-a-e-b-m-f
e-n-]-n-b-n-e-m-W-v A-t-l-w F-g-p-X-n-b-n-c-p--X-v, N-n-e-X-p
a-e-b-m-f--n-e-p-w I-m-W-m-w.
_-o-c-m k-m-l-n-_-n-s _-Z H--\-b-p-sS X-p-S--w
\-a-p--n--s\ ]-m-S-m-w:
B-Z-o-_-k-va-e-t-m-S-v l-w-Z-p-w
h-n-c-p--n R-m-\-X-n-b-n k-p--m
l-m-a-o-w-\-_-n--p-w B A-c-n-I-c-n
k-z-e-h-m--p-w a-A--e-m-a-m
k-X-y-I-Y-m I-h-n-X-s-m-c-p ]-q-X-n
N-n--a-I--v A-\-sh--X-n-te-m-X-n
D--n-S-p-s A-d-n-h-o-sc A-t-Z-n..
X-z-m-l-m \-_-n-b-p-w \-k-z-l-m-_-c-p-w
a-Z-o-\--n C-c-n--p-w t\-c-w
P-m-k-q-sk-m-c-p- h--l-va-Z-v
\-_-n-X-t-m-S-p-c--v k-m-c-w..
A-t-l--n-s I-r-X-n-I-f-n a-n--X-p-w a-X-k-m-l-nX-y N-c-n-{X k-w-_--n-I-f-m-b h-n-j-b--sf A-[-n-I-c-n-p--h-b-m-W-v. F--n-e-p-w B h-r---n a-m-{X-w A-h
H-X-p--n \-n--n-. I-m-e-n-I-h-p-w P-\-P-o-h-n-X-s _-m-[-n-p--X-p-a-m-b h-n-j-b--f-n B X-q-e-n-I ]-e-t-m-g-p-w
{i- tI-{-o-I-c-n--n--p--v. tZ-i-o-b {]--m-\-w sI-m-S-p-n-c-n sI-m- I-m-e--v K-m--n-P-n-sb h-m-g-v-n-s-m-v A-t-l-w ]-m-S-n.
A-tl-m {]-i-m--n
\fw _ocm kmln_ns ]mp-h-gn-I
a-l-m--m K-m--n
B--o-b -m-\-n
A-J-n-e {]-[-m-\-n
k-z-tZ-i-n {]--m-\-s A-\-p-I-q-e-n--p-w {_-n--o-j-pI-m-sc F-X-n--p-w I-h-n-X-I-sf-g-p-X-n-b-n--p--v. b-p-I-m-e-s -m-a-s-b-p-w I-t{S-m X-n-c-n-a-d-n-I-sfb-p-w k-w-_--n--v A-t-l-w ]-m-S-n:
I-t{S-m h-n-e \-n-P-s-S-p--n h-n--m
K-h-sa-\-p-h-Z-n- I--h-S--m
sI-m--p h-c-p-w A-c-n--m--p-I--p-w, I-q-d-m-b-v
I-q--p--p A-w-i-a-[-n-I-m-c-n-a-m-sc-b-p-w tj-d-m-b-v
I--h-n-[-sa-m-s-b-p-w {]-h--n-
-m-\-p- k-u-I-c-y--f-p-w, \-n-h-r--n-
b-p--m-I-W-w, A-X-n-\-m-I-p-w C-u A-[-n-I-m-c-w
D-S-tb-m-I-sf-b-p-w ]--p tN--X-n k-m-c-w
k-m-c-w H-c-p Z-n-h-k-s h-n--\-s--p
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a-c-n--p--X-m-W-o I-j-vS-X-b-n-e-p-w \-...
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sN-b-v X-t-m. A-X-n-s\-X-n-sc _-o-c-m k-m-l-n-_-v
F-g-p-X-n-b-X-n--s\:
h--n--p--n a-p-X-p-h-s sI-W--n-se
sh--w sI-m--v Z-o-\-w a-m-d-p--v, F-
s]-m--p-w tI--v ]-e-b-q-c-n--p-w
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(a-p-d-p--w)
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N-X-n h--n--p--n...
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I-g-p-I-n-b-t-m X-s B I-n-g-h-n-s
a-n-g-n-I sX-f-n-s--v I-q-d-p--p. N-n-e
I-g-p-th-d-n-I, A-h-f-m-sc--v
h-n-p-v F- {]-tZ-i-v A-p-X In-W

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`m-K-p \n-v h-cn-I-bpw A-Xn-se sh-w
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h-n-p-n ap-Xp-h-s sI-W-n-se
sh-w sIm-v Zo-\w am-dp-v, F-
s]m-pw tI-v ]-e-bq-cn-pw
h-n-pw a-pw A-t\-Iw
B-fp-I a-n-n-X-s-n-t-cp-p
A-Xp-I-n-s-\n--P-t_-dp-p
C-t-h-sc-b-p-w H-c-m-f-p-w I--n--n-
F-s-b-o-h-m-s-m-c-k-q-b-sI-m--n--
s]-m--m-c---m-X-n-a-m-sc \-n---p-
_-p--n D--o--q-c-n-t-m-tb-m, A-
tN-m-Z-n-t-m-s R-m-s\-m--v
h- K-p-W-h-p-w k-m-[-n--X-m--m-sW--p
A--m-\-t--W-b-c-p-tX..-h-e-b-m-tW.
te-m-I-s-b-p-w te-m-I-sc-b-p-w I-p-d-n--v ]-m-S-n \-S-
_-o-c-m k-m-l-n-_-n-s\ I-p-d-n--v B-f-p-I ]-e-]-m--p-If-p-w sI--n--m-S-n-b-n-c-p--p. A-X-n-se-m--v:
_-o-c-m- h--m D-S N-m-b
_-o--n-s-m-S-p--W-w sa-m-b-vX-o tI-m-b
a-c-n--p--X-n-s \-m-e-v h-j-w a-p--v sI-m---p-d-w
A--m-S-n-b-n 20 Z-n-h-k-w \-o--p \-n- H-c-p k-o-d-m
]-m-c-m-b-W-w \-S--n _-o-c-m k-m-l-n-_-v. A-t-l-w
A-h-k-m-\-a-m-b-n \-S--n-b s]-m-X-p ]-c-n-]-m-S-n C-X-m-W-v.
A-X-n-\-v ti-j-w A-[-n-I-sa-m--p-w ]-p-d--v t]-m-b-n--n-.
1970 sa-b-v a-m-k--n X-n-c-q-c--m-S-n-b-n \-S- a-m--n-f
k-m-l-n-X-y sk-a-n-\-m-d-n-e-p-w k-w-_--n--p.
c--v h-n-h-m-l-w I-g-n--n--p--v. B-Z-y-`-m-c-y- _-o--p--nb-n B-d-v a-. \-m-e-v s]--p-w c--v B-W-p-w, c--m-w
`-m-c-y B-b-n-i-p--b-n H-c-p a-I. C-h- I-m-c--q-c-n-e-mW-v X-m-a-k-w.
P-o-h-X-m-h-k-m-\--n k-m---n-I h-n-j-a-a-\-p-`h-n- A-t-l--n-\-v C.-F-w.-F--n-s `-c-W-I-m-e--v
A-h-i-I-e-m-I-m-c--m--p- th-X-\-sa- \-n-e-b-n
{]-X-n-a-m-k-w a-p--X-v c-q-] A-\-p-h-Z-n--s--X-m-b-n-c-p--p
G-I h-c-p-a-m-\-w. A-X-v a-c-W-w h-sc A-t-l--n-\-v e-`-n-p.
a-p--m \-q--m--p \-o- B k-K-P-o-h-n-X--n-\-v
98-m-w h-b--n X-n-c--o-e h-o-W-p. 1972 sk-]-vX-w-_
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2016 BKkvv 31
29
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Csebnse
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30
2016 BKkvv 31
CAREER CUES
dk
`m-c-Xnbm k-h-I-em-im-ebn
hn-Zq-c-hn-Zym-`ym-kw sNmw
201617 A-m-Z-an-Iv h-j-s Un-{Kn, ]n.Pn. tIm-gv-kp-I-fp-sS {]-th-i-\-n-\v
`m-c-Xnbm k-h-I-emim-e C-tm A-t]- -Wn-n-cn-pp. hnhn-[ hn-j-bfn _n.F., _n.F-kv.kn., _n.tImw, _n._n.F., _n.kn.F., _n.F.sF.F-kv.,
Fw.F., Fw-F-kv.kn., Fw.F.sF.F-kv., Fw.F-kv.U-yp., ]n.Pn. Un-tm-a, ]n.Pn.
Un.kn.F. tIm-gv-kp-I-fm-Wv `m-c-Xnbm k-h-I-em-im-ebn \-S-p-Xv. `m-cXn-bm-dn-se Fw._n.F. tIm-gv-kpw Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-n-\v t]-cv tI--XmWv.
hn
-Z-q-c-]T-\-{-]-I-m-c-w h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k--n\-v A-h-k-c-s-a-m-c-p--p- c-m-P-y-s-

{-]-a-p-J k-h-I-e-m-i-m-e-I-f-n-s-e-m-m-W-v `-m-c-X-n-b-m b-q-W-n-t-h-g-vk-n--n. X-a-n-g-v\-m--n-s-e
t-I-m-b---q B--m-\-a-m-b-n {-]-h--n--p-
k-h-I-e-m-i-m-e--v a-n-I-h-n-s- A-w-K-o-I-m-c-a-m-b
"\-m-I-v -F t-{-K-U-v ' k--n-^-n---v e-`-n--n--p--v.
t-I-{--a-m-\-h-t-i-j-n h-n-I-k-\-a-{--m-e-b-w X--m-d-m-n-b a-n-I- k-h-I-e-m-i-m-e-I-f-p-s-S ]--n-I-b-n
14-m-w -m-\-a-m-W-v `-m-c-X-n-b-m b-q-W-n-t-h-g-vk-n--n--v.
201617 A--m-Z-a-n-I-v h-j-s- U-n-{-K-n-, ]-n.P-n.
t-I-m-g-v k-p-I-f-p-s-S {-]-t-h-i-\--n-\-v `-m-c-X-n-b-m
k-h-I-e-m-i-m-e C-t--m A-t-]- -W-n--nc-n--p--p. h-n-h-n-[ h-n-j-b--f-n _-n.F.-, _-n.F-
k-v.k-n.-, _-n.t-I-m-w-, _-n._-n.F.-, _-n.k-n.F.-, _-n.

F.s-F.F-k-v.-, F-w.F.-, F-w-F-k-v.k-n.-, F-w.
F.s-F.F-k-v.-, F-w.F-k-v.U--y-p.-, ]-n.P-n. U-nt--m-a-, ]-n.P-n.U-n.k-n.F. t-I-m-g-v k-p-I-f-m-W-v `-mc- X - n - b - m k- h - I - e - m - i - m - e - b - n \- S - - p - - X - v .
`-m-c-X-n-b-m-d-n-s-e F-w._-n.F. t-I-m-g-v k-p-w K-p-W-\-ne-h-m-c--n-\-v t-]-c-v t-I--X-m-W-v. ]-c--c-m-K-X t-I-mg-v-k-p-I-f-m-b F-w._-n.F. a-m---n-M-v, ^-n-\-m-k-v,
F--v.B. F--n-h-b-v -v ]-p-d-s-a 31 h-y-X-y-k-v X
h-n-j-b--f-n-s-e k-v-s-]-j-y-s-s-e-t-k-j-t-\-m-s-S C-h-ns-S F-w._-n.F. t-I-m-g-vk-p-I \-S--p--p. C-X-n
d-o-s--b-n a-m-t-\-P-v s-a-p-w C-h-v a-m-t-\-P-v s-a-p-w
C-\-m-j-\ a-m-t-\-P-v s-a-p-s-a--m-w D-s--S-p-p.
2016 BKkvv 31
31
`m-c-Xnbm k-h-I-em-im-ebn hn-Zq-c-hn-Zym-`ym-kw sNmw
H-m-t-c-m t-I-m-g-v k-n-\-p-w A-t-]--n--m B-h-i-ya-m-b h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k t-b-m-K-y-X-, {-]-m-b-]-c-n-[-n F--n-h-bd-n-b-m http:/sde.b-u.ac.in F- s-h-_-vs-s-k--v I-m-W-p-I.
t-I-c-f--n-s-e h-n-h-n-[ P-n--I-f-n {-]-h--n--p-
`-m-c-X-n-b-m k-h-I-e-m-i-m-e s-^-k-n-e-n-t-- s-k-d-pI h-g-n U-n-k-w-_ 31 h-s-c t-I-m-g-vk-p-I--v A-t-]-n--m-\-m-I-p-w.
t-^-m-I-vt-e-m F-w.F. t-I-m-g-vk-n-\-v

A-t-]- -W-n--p
I- m - e - n - - - v k- h - I - e - m - i - m - e - b - p - s - S I- o- g - n - e - p -
k-v-I-q H-m-^-v t-^-m-I-v t-e-m -U-o-k-n F-w.F.
t-I-m-g-vk-n-\-v A-t-]- -W-n--p. t-I-c-f--n-s-e G-I
t-^-m-I-vt-e-m ]T-\-h-n-`-m-K-a-m-W-v I-m-e-n---v k-h-Ie-m-i-m-e-b-n-s-e k-v-I-q H-m-^-v t-^-m-I-vt-e-m -U-o-k-v.
D--X-]T-\--n-\-p-w K-t-h-j-W--n-\-p-w [-m-c-m-f-w A-hk-c--f-p- ]T-\-i-m-J-b-m-W-n-X-v. ]-m-c--c-y I-e-I-,
k-w-k-v I-m-c-w-, \-m--d-n-h-p-I F--n--s-\ \--p-s-S
s-s-]-X-r-I-s---p-d-n--p- k-a-{-K-h-p-w i-m-k-v{-X-o-b-h-pa-m-b ]T-\-a-m-W-v t-^-m-I-vt-e-m. s-s-k--m--n-I ]T-\t--m-s-S-m--w a-y-q-k-n-t-b-m-f-P-n-, B-s-s--h-n-M-v F--nh-b-n-e-p- ]-c-n-i-o-e-\-h-p-w t-I-m-g-v k-n-s- `-m-K-a-m-W-v.
]-p-c-m-h-k-vX-p-h-I-p--v, S-q-d-n-k-w h-I-p--v F--n-h-b-n-s-e-m-w t-I-m-g-v k-v ]-m-k-m-b-h--v s-X-m-g-n-e-h-k-c-a-p--v.
C--y-b-n-s-e {-]-[-m-\-s-- k-h-I-e-m-i-m-e-I-f-n-s-e-m-w C--v t-^-m-I-vt-e-m ]T-\-h-n-j-b-a-m-b-n A-w-K-o-Ic-n--s---n--p--v. A-h-n-s-S-s-b--m-w K-t-h-j-W--n-\-p-w
A-[-y-m-]-\--n-\-p-a-p- A-h-k-c-w C-u t-I-m-g-vk-n-s-
]T-\--n-e-q-s-S X-p-d--p-I-n--p-w. t-^-m-I-v e-n--t-d-
F- h-n-j-b--n b-p.P-n.k-n. \-S--p- s-\--v/s-PB- F - ^ - v ]- c - o - F- g - p - X - m - \ - p - t- b - m - K - y - X - b - p - w
t-I-m-g-vk-v I-g-n--h--v e-`-n--p-w. a-t--s-X--n-e-p-w h-nj-b--n ]-n.P-n-b-p--h--p-w A-[-n-I t-b-m-K-y-X
t-\-S-p-I F- e--y-t--m-s-S F-w.F. t-^-m-I-vt-e-m-d-n-\-v
t-N-c-m-w. {-]-t-h-i-\ ]-c-o- h-g-n-b-m-I-p-w X-n-c-s--S-p--v.
s-k-]-vX-w-_ a-q--v h-s-c A-t-]--n--m-w. {-]-t-h-i-\
]-c-o- s-k-]-vX-w-_ G-g-n-\-v t-^-m-I-vt-e-m ]T-\-h-n`-m-K--n \-S--p-w.
h-n-i-Z-m-w-i- k-h-I-e-m-i-m-e-m s-h-_-v s-s-k-n e-`-n--p-w.
t-K--v 2017 h-n--m-]-\-w

{-]-k-n--o-I-c-n--p
{-K-m-t-P-z--v F--n-\-n-b-d-n-M-v s-S-k-v-v C F--n-\-nb-d-n-M-v (t-K--v ) 2017\-v www.gate.itir.ernet.in s-h-_-v s-s-k-n-e-q-s-S C-t--m A-t-]--n--m-w. 2017 s-^-{-_-p-h-c-n
\-m-e-n-\-p-w A--n-\-p-w 11\-p-w 12\-p-a-m-W-v H-m-s-s-e
{-]-t-h-i-\-]-c-o-. d-q--n s-F.s-F.S-n--m-W-v C-h-W ]-c-o--m-N-p-a-X-e.
s-F.s-F.S-n-I-f-n-e-p-w _-w-K-f-p-c-p-h-n-s-e C--y C-n--y-q--v H-m-^-v k-b-k-n-e-p-w F-P-n-\-n-b-d-n--v, s-S-I-v
t-\-m-f-P-n-, B--n-s-S-I-vN-, k-b-k-v ]-n.P-n. t-I-m-g-vk-p-
32
2016 BKkvv 31
I-f-n {-]-t-h-i-\--n-\-p-w C-u h-n-j-b--f-n h-n-h-n-[

K-t-h-j-W -m-]-\--f-n-e-p-w k-h-I-e-m-i-m-e-I-f-ne-p-w ]-n-P-n/k-v-t-I-m-f-j-n--v/A-k-n--v-j-n--v/k-b-n-v {-]-t-h-i-\--n-\-p-a-p- A-`-n-c-p-N-n ]-c-o--b-m-W-n-X-v.
t-b-m-K-y-X: ]-v-f-k-vS-p-h-n-\-p-t-i-j-a-p- \-m-e-p-h-j
F--n-\-n-b-d-n-M-v/s-S-I-vt-\-m-f-P-n _-n-c-p-Z-w. A-s---n
{-X-n-h--c U-n-t--m-a-b-v-p-t-i-j-w a-q--p-h-j-w ]T-n--v
F--n-\-n-b-d-n-M-v/s-S-I-vt-\-m-f-P-n _-n-c-p-Z-w. A-h-k-m-\h-j ]-c-o- F-g-p-X-p--h--p-w A-t-]--n--m-w.
A--p-h-j B--n-s-S-I-v N _-n-c-p-Z t-I-m-g-v k-v ]-mk-m-b-h--p-w A-h-k-m-\-h-j ]-c-o- F-g-p-X-p-h--p-w A-t-]--n--m-w.
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t-\-m-f-P-n-b-n \-m-e-p-h-j C-t-{-K--U-v _-n-c-p-Z-m-\--c
_-n-c-p-Z (t-]-m--v _-n-F-k-v.k-n.-) t-I-m-g-vk-v ]-m-k-m-b-h-p-w A-h-k-m-\-h-j ]-c-o- F-g-p-X-p--h--p-w
A-t-]--n--m-w. ]--h--c F-w-F-k-v.k-n./]--h-c C-t-{-K--U-v _-n-F-k-v.k-n.-,F-w-F-k-v.k-n. ]-m-k-mh-b--p-w A-h-k-m-\-h-j ]-c-o- F-g-p-X-p--h-p-w A-t-]--n--m-w.
A-t-]--m-^-o-k-v 1500 c-q-]. s-]-I-p--n-I--v
A-t-]--m-^-o-k-v 750 c-q-]. F-k-v.k-n./F-k-v.S-n./h-n-Ie-m-w-K F--n-h--v 750 c-q-].
I-q-S-p-X h-n-h-c-w A-X-X-v www.iitk.ac.in/gate F- s-h_-v-s-s-k--n e-`-n--p-w.
^-m-a-k-n (t-l-m-a-n-t-b-m-) t-I-m-g-vk-v

{-]-t-h-i-\--n-\-v A-t-]- -W-n--p
X-n-c-p-h-\--]-p-c-w-, t-I-m-g-n-t--m-S-v K-h-s-a-v t-l-ma-n-t-b-m s-a-U-n- t-I-m-t-f-P-p-I-f-n 2016-2017 h-js- k--n-^-n---v t-I-m-g-v k-v C ^-m-a-k-n (t-l-ma-n-t-b-m--X-n-) {-]-t-h-i-\--n-\-v A-t-]- -W-n--p.
t-{-]-m-k-vs-]--k-v www.lbscentre.in F- s-h-_-vs-s-k--n
e-`-y-a-m-W-v. k-]-vX-w-_ B-d-v h-s-c t-I-c-f--n-s-e s-Û-d _-m--n-s- F--m i-m-J-I-f-n-e-p-w A-t-]--m-^-ok-v k-z-o-I-c-n--p-w. _-m--n \-n--v e-`-n--p- s-N-e-m
\--d-p-w-, A-t-]--m \--d-p-w-, D-]-t-b-m-K-n--v k-]-v X-w_ G-g-v h-s-c h-y--n-K-X h-n-h-c- H-m-s-s-e
B-b-n www.lbscentre.in s-h-_-vs-s-k--n c-P-n- s-N--m-w.
A-t-]--I s-k-]-vX-w-_ F--n-\-v A--v a-W-n-h-s-c
k-z-o-I-c-n--p-w. A-t-]--m-^-o-k-v s-]-m-X-p-h-n-`-m-K--n-\-v
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{-]-m-b-]-c-n-[-n 48 h-b--m-W-v. I-q-S-p-X h-n-h-c---v
s-l-]-v s-s-e \- 0471 -2560361-, 2560362-,2560363-,2
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F-w.F. ]T-n--m-w
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e-m-w-t-K-z-P-k-v b-q-W-n-t-h-g-vk-n--n (C-^-vf-p-). C-^-vf-p-h-n-s-e
h-n-Z-q-c-h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k-h-I-p--v k-w-L-S-n--n--p- c--v
h-j-s- F-w.C. C-w--o-j-v t-I-m-g-v k-n-\-v C-t--m
A-t-]- -W-n--n--p--v. \-m--n X-s- X-m-a-k-n--v
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]T-n--n-c-n--W-s-a--v a-m-{-X-w. {-]-t-h-i-\-]-c-o--b-n-
F--X-p-w t-I-m-g-v k-n-s- a-s--m-c-p B-I-j-W-a-m-W-v.
U-n-{-K-n--v t-\-S-n-b a-m--n-s- A-S-n--m-\--n-e-m-b-nc-n--p-w {-]-t-h-i-\-w. t-I-m-g-vk-n-s-\--p-d-n--p- h-n-i-Z-h-nh-c--f-p-w {-]-t-h-i-\ \-n-_--\-I-f-p-a-d-n-b-m C-^-vf-p
s-h-_-vs-s-k--n {-]-k-n--o-I-c-n--n--p- h-n-i-Z-a-m-b h-n-m-]-\-w I-m-W-p-I. C-t-X s-h-_-vs-s-k--v h-g-n H-ms-s-e B-b-m-W-v A-t-]--n-t---X-v. H-m-s-s-e
A-t-]- k-z-o-I-c-n--p- A-h-k-m-\-X-o-b-X-n: H-t--m_ 31.
2016s-e s-a-U-n--, s-U {-]-t-h-i-\--n-\-v

\-S--n-b "\-o--v' (\-m-j-\ F-e-n-P-n-_-n-e-n--n I-w F{-S-k-v s-S--v ) ]-c-o--b-p-s-S ^-e-w k-n._-n.F-k-v.C
{-]-k-n--o-I-c-n--p. k-n._-n.F-k-v.C-b-p-s-S http://cbseresults.
nic.in F- s-h-_-v s-s-k--v h-g-n ^-e-w A-d-n-b-m-w. ^-e-w
{-]-k-n--o-I-c-n-s---n-e-p-w k-w--m-\- \-S--n-b
{-]-t-h-i-\ ]-c-o--I--v C-u h-j-w X-S-k-a-n-. 201718 h-j-w a-p-X -'\-o--v' ]-c-o--b-m-I-p-w s-]-m-X-p-a-m-\-Z-w.
k-n._-n.F-k-v.C s-a-U-n- t-I-m-f-P-p-I-f-n-s-e {-]-t-hi--n-\-m-b-n A-J-n-t-e--y-m-X-e--n \-S--n-b \-m-j\ F-e-n-P-n-_-n-e-n--n I-w F-{-S-k-v s-S--n t-b-m-K-yX t-\-S-n-b-X-v 4-,09-,477 h-n-Z-y-m-Y-n-I. C-h-c-n 2-,26-,049
t-] s-]-I-p--n-I-f-m-W-v.
7-,31-,223 t-]-c-m-W-v ]-c-o--s-b-g-p-X-n-b-X-v. K-p-P-d-m-n-\-n--p- t-l-X-v j-m H--m-a-X-s--n-b-t--m
H-U-n-j-b-n-\-n--p- G-I-m-j-v t-K-m-b c--m-w d-m--v
t-\-S-n. k--m s-a-U-n- t-I-m-f-P-p-I-f-n-s-e 15 i-X-a-m\-w A-J-n-t-e--y t-I-z-m- k-o--p-I-f-n-t-e--v 19-,325 h-n-Z-y-mY-n-I t-b-m-K-y-X t-\-S-n.
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\-S--n-b-X-v. t-I-c-f--n t-I-m-g-n-t--m-S-v, F-d-W-m-I-p-f-w-,
X-n-c-p-h-\--]-p-c-w A-S--w c-m-P-y-s- 52 t-I-{---f-n-e-mb-n-c-p--p ]-c-o-. c--v ]-c-o--I-f-p-t-S-b-p-w ^-e-w H--n-m-W-v k-n._-n.F-k-v.C {-]-k-n--o-I-c-n--X-v.
s-a-U-n-/s-U-d {-]-t-h-i--n-\-v h-y-X-y-k-v X
{-]-t-h-i ]-c-o--I \-S--p- c-o-X-n A-h-k-m-\-n--n-
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h-j-s- C-f-h-p \-I-p--X-n-\-m-b-n t-I-{- k--m
H-m-U-n-\-k-v s-I-m--p-h-c-n-I-b-m-b-n-c-p--p.
s-I-t-{-S-m-W-n a-m-[-y-a ]T-\--n-\-v

A-t-]- -W-n--p
N-m-\-, ]-{-X -m-]-\- F--n-h-b-n ]-c-ni-o-e-\-w-, t--k-vs-a-v k-l-m-b-w F--n-h-t-b-m-s-S-b-p-
a-m-[-y-a t-I-m-g-vk-p-I-f-n-t-e--v t-I-c-f k--m -m-]\-a-m-b s-I-t-{-S-m A-t-]- -W-n--q. t-b-m-K-y-X:
G-s-X--n-e-p-w h-n-j-b--n _-n-c-p-Z-w. {-]-m-b-]-c-n-[-n 27
h-b--v. t-]-m--v {-K-m-t-P-z--v U-n-t--m-a C s-S-e-n-h-n-j
t-P-W-e-n-k-w (H-c-p h-j-w-)/ t-]-m--v {-K-m-t-P-z--v U-n-t--m-a
C a-m-k-v I--y-p-W-n-t--j B-v t-P-W-e-n-k-w (Hc-p h-j-w-) F--o t-I-m-g-vk-p-I-f-n-t-e--p- A-t-]--m
t-^-m-w-, h-n-i-Z-h-n-h-c- F--n-h www.ksjms.org F-
s-h-_-v s-s-k--n e-`-n--p-w. ]-q-c-n--n- A-t-]--I-,
KSEDC LTD F- t-]-c-n X-n-c-p-h-\--]-p-c--v a-m-d-mh-p- 250 c-q-]-b-p-s-S U-n.U-n-, t-b-m-K-y-X s-X-f-n-b-n--p-
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t-S-m-_ a-q--n-\-v B-c-w-`-n--p-w. h-n-e-m-k-w: t-I-m-g-n-t--mS-v s-k:- s-l-U-v H-m-^-v s-k-, s-I-t-{-S-m t-\-mt-f-P-v s-k-, A-w-t-_-Z-vI _-n-U-n-M-v, s-d-b-n-s-h
t--j e-n--v t-d-m-U-v t-I-m-g-n-t--m-S-v 673002 X-n-c-p-h-\-]-p-c-w s-k:- s-l-U-v H-m-^-v s-k-, s-I-t-{-S-m
t-\-m-t-f-P-v s-k-, s-k--U-v ^-v-t-f-m-, s-N--n--e-w
_-n-U-n-M-v , t-_--d-n P-M-v j-, h-n-a-k-v t-I-m-t-f-P-v
t-d-m-U-v, h-g-p-X--m-S-,-v X-n-c-p-h-\--]-p-c-w- 695014. t-^-m:9544958182-, 8137969292.
_-n.t-h-m-I-v _-n-c-p-Z--n-\-v X-p-e-y-w

c--p h-j-w a-p-]-v B-c-w-`-n- _-n.t-h-m-I-v (_-m--ne H-m-^-v s-h-m-t--j-) t-I-m-g-v k-p-I F--m a-kc-]-c-o--I-f-n-e-p-w _-n-c-p-Z--n-\-p X-p-e-y-a-m-b-n I-W--m-p-s-a--p b-p.P-n.k-n. A-d-n-b-n--p. G-s-X--n-e-p-w _-n-c-p-Z-w
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h-n-[-w C-t--j-n-]-v, ^-o-U-vh--v X-p-S--n-b-h I-q-S-n
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2016 BKkvv 31
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a-m-d-n--n--n--m-\-p- hmXn Xpd-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p-p C-X-n-e-q-s-S. Cu s-s-[-j-W-n-I k-z-m-X-{--y-w t-\c-n--v I--d-n- b-q-t-d-m-]-y s-s-{-I-k-vX-h P-\-X
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A--m-k-n J-e-o-^-a-m ]-t--, C--c-w A-X-n-h-c--pI-s-f X--n-\-o--n s-s-h-h-n-[-y-]-c-a-m-b A-d-n-h-p k-{-Z-m-b c-o-X-n-b-n-e-m-W-v X-m-]-c-y-w {-]-I-S-n--n--s-X--v
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`- q - a - n - b - p - s - S N- p - - f - h - p - w I- s - - - n .
b-q-t-d-m--n A--m-e-w h-s-c \-n-e-h-ne-p--m-b-n-c-p- a-m--n-s- A-{-]-m-t-b-mK-n-I-X(`-q-a-n-b-n G-j-y-, b-q-t-d-m--v ,
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35
ap-kv-enw-I-fp-sS `q-]-S-hpw `q-]-S--fn-se ap-kv-enw-I-
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ta-J-e X-I-m-\m-Wv. ^-e-{]-Z-am-bn ]-b-n-b
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kr-n-p-I-X-s sN-bv-Xp. B-o-b-X-bn
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X-n--b-dn.
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a-e--pd-w. J-p-B l-n-^-vf-v.
k-v-I-q A-d-_-n--v a-o-U-n-b-w. +2.
P-n--b-n I-p-S-p-w-_-k-ta-X-w X-m-a-k-w.
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2016 BKkvv 31
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a-p-k-ve-n-w-I-f-n-s---n s-h-f-n--a-p-t--m?
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K-q-V-a-m-b-n--o--p.
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t-e-m-I-w X--f-p-s-S k-z-X-z-w \-n-W-b-n--X-v. ]-c-n-W-n-X
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ap-kv-enw-I-fp-sS `q-]-S-hpw `q-]-S--fn-se ap-kv-enw-I-fpw
s-{-]-m---v {-]--m-\- D-S-s-e-S-p--p-I-b-p--m-b-n.

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A-h-e-w-_-w
1. a-p-J--n-a- C-_-v\-p J-Z-q t-]-P-v 215

2. Islam; Religion, History and civilization by
sayyid hussain Nasr
3. k-b-k-v C 3 a-o-U-o-h t-h-U-v A A-e-q-k-n t-]-P-v 44(b-q-W-n-t-h-g-vk-n--n H-m-^-v s-S-I-vk-m-k-v
t-]-k-v, 1991-)
4. House of wisdom by Jonathan Lyons
5. Between Slumber and aweakning by Erol
Caungor(An Article on contemporory Islamic
Thought ( Black well publication)
6. The world situation After September 11, 2001 by
Khursid Ahmad(Blackwell publication)
7. A-d-_-n-I-f-p-s-S N-c-n-{-X-w; t-U-m. S-n P-a-m a-p-l--Z-v.
t-I-c-f `-m-j-m C-k-v-n--y-q--v.
8. C-k-ve-m-w k-w-k-vI-r-X-n; N-n-e k-u-a-y h-n-N-m-c-.
2016 BKkvv 31
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I- p - d - n - s - - g - p - X - n - - - p . C- u \- n - c - o - I - - m - - v I- Y - b - d - n - b - p - t - a - m ?
A-d-_-n-I h--n--m-W-v C-u \-m-S-v
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38
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www.risalaonline.com email: risalaweekly@risalaonline.com
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2016 BKkvv 31
39
hmb\mcpsS hoWw
-b-m-W-v D--m-b-X-v. l-n--p-X-z-s-b
k-w-_--n--n-S-t--m-f-w s-s-l--hs-c H--n--n--m-\-p-w-, t-h-m--v G-t-I-m]-n--n--m-\-p-a-p- H-c-p X-{--a-m-W-v
]- i - p - - s - f k- w - c - - n - - m - s - \ -
t-]-c-n s-N--p- C-u t-X-m--y-m-k.
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A-S-n-a--w
A-h-k-m-\-n--n-
c-n-k-m-e e--w 1198 h-f-s-c C-s---p. C--p--o ]-q-t--m--p-t-N-m-e
F-g-p-X-n-b l-c-n-b--v B t-P-_-v-k-v F- \-o-t-{-K-m A-S-n-a-k-v{-X-ob-p-s-S I-Z-\-I-Y-b-p-w h-n.F-w k-a-m t-X-m--p-s-]-m-b-n- F-g-p-X-n-b
k-m-d-m _--m--S-va F- Z--n-W-m{-^-n-- I-d-p- h--K--m-c-n-b-m-b
A-S-n-a-k-v {-X-o-b-p-s-S I-c-f-e-n-b-n--n-p- P-o-h-n-X-h-p-w h-m-b-\--m-s-c
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a-p-\-n--n C-k-v e-m-a-n-s-\-X-n-s-c
D-b---p-h-c-p- B-t-c-m-]-W--v X-n-c-n--S-n \--I-m-\-p-w k-m-[-n--p.
A-\-h-[-n- I-m-e---v a-p-t- ]-n-dh-n-s-b-S-p--X-m-W-v C-u A-S-n-a-X-z
k-{--Z-m-b-w. H-u-]-N-m-c-n-I-a-m-b-n AS-n-a- k-{--Z-m-b-w A-h-k-m-\-n-s--n-e-p-w A-X-n-s- A-\-p-c-W-\--
t- e - m - I - - n - s - \- m - \ - m - ` - m - K - - p - w
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a-m-]-v s-e-]-v t-{-I-^-v -v \-S--n-b ]
T-\--n- \-n--p-w t-e-m-I--v 115
c-m-P-y--f-n- C-t--m-g-p-w B-[-p-\-nI A- S - n - a - - w \- n - e - \ - n - - - p - - p -v F- h-k-vX-p-X N-q--n--m--n.
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s-N--p- A-h--b-p--v. t-e-m-I-v 60% c-m-P-y--f-n-e-p-w B-[-p-\-n-I
A-S-n-a--w \-S-a-m-S-p--p--v. C-u
c- m - P - y - - f - n - G- - h - p - w a- p - - n -
40
2016 BKkvv 31
D--c-s-I-m-d-n-b-b-m-W-v. t-e-m-I--v
C--c-w \-n-I-r--a-m-b A-S-n-a--n-s- C-c-I-f-m-b-n A-I-s---h-
t-e-m-I-P-\-k-w-J-y-b-p-s-S 64 a-n-e-y-
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a-m-\-p-j-n-I-a-q-e-y-w I---n--p--X-v.
C-X-n-s-\-X-n-s-c {-]-X-n-t-j-[-P-z-m-e
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j-d-^-p--o N-m--\--m-S-n
H--p-I-f-n
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{- i - a - - - v k- w - L - ] - c - n - h - m - d - p - w
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C-S--n-s-S H-g-n-I-g-n-h-v ]-d-b-p--X-v
s-h-d-p-s-X-b-m-W-v. A-h-c-p-s-S a-\--v
l--n--p-X-z-s--m--a-m-W-v.
k-m-_-n-X-v A-e-n-, ]-p-X-p--m-S-n
a-m-X-r-I-b-m-h-t-
H-m-t-c-m ]-w--n-I-f-p-w A-X-n-t-X-m-b B-h-n-j-v I-m-c `-w-K-n-t-b-m-s-S
h-m-b-\--m--v a-p--n A-h-X-c-n-n--p- c-n-k-m-e-b-p-s-S C-S-s-]-S
a--p--h--v a-m-X-r-I I-q-S-n-b-m-W-v.
I--n-{-]-h-m-k--n-s- c-p-N-n-b-p-w
A-\-p-`-h--f-p-w X-p-d--p-I-m--p-
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t-f-P-p-I-s-f ]--n t-I-c-f s-s-l-t--mS-X-n \-S--n-b ]-c-m-a-i-w h-f-s-c

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A-X-v. C-u \-n-b-a-w t-I-c-f--n-s-e
H--p-a-n- F-P-n-\-o-b-d-n-M-v t-I-m-t-fP-p-I--p-ap X-n-c-n--S-n-b-m-W-v.
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h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k c-w-K-w ]T-\ \-n-e-h-mc-w h-f-s-c I-p-d--v s-h-d-p-w I--h-S
t- I - { - - - f - m - b - n a- m - d - n - b - n - c - n - - p - I b-m-W-v. t-I-c-f--n-s-e \-q---X-v
F-P-n-\-o-b-d-n-M-v t-I-m-t-f-P-p-I-f-n
G-I-t-Z-i-w A--m-b-n-c--n-]-c-w
h-n-Z-y-m--n-I ]T-n--p--p--v.
C-X-n 2530 i-X-a-m-\-w h-n-Z-y-m-n-I a-m-X-m-]-n-X-m--f-p-s-S X-m]-c-y-h-p-w A-X-n-k--Z-h-p-w-a-q-e-w
F- P - n - \ - o - b - d - n - M - v h- n - j - b -
F-S-p--h-c-m-W-v. h-n-h-n-[ F-P-n\-o-b-d-n-M-v h-n-j-b- ]-T-n--m\-p- _-p--n-a-m-\-w(sF Iyp-) C-u
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D--X- h-n-j-b--f-m-sW-Xv icn- X s. ]- t C- X n- t \- m
km-[y-X-bp- th-sd F-{X ta-Je-I-fpv?
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F--n-\-v C--s-\ \-m-S-n-s-\ t-kh-n--p--p? a--v F-s---m-w t-a-J-eI-f-p--v \-m-S-n-s-\ t-k-h-n--m. C-u
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k-an-Xn-p Io-gn kw-L-Sn-n-
hn- k v - U w dn- k - v in- ] - i m- e
k- a m- ] n- p. tIm- g n- t m- S v sh- v
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F-m k-v-I-q-f-p-I-f-ne-p-w \-S--p-w.
P-n-m D-Z-v L-m-S--n P-n-m a-g-
s\-kv-v C ]o-kv Pnm X-e D-Zv-LmS\w: B-Sn-v k-Ko.
h- n I- h - o - \ sI- ] - n i- a - o
kt-i {]-`-mj-W-w \-S--n. Fk-v-F-k-vF-^-v P-n-m sk-{I-d-n S-n
A- - p - - m k.a- g - h - n k- a - n - X - n
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2016 BKkvv 31
41
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Fkv Fkv F^v
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a- t c- n : \- m sa- m - n - p I
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k- u l- r ZI- m e I- m b- n \- n s
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k-wLS-n-n-p. atc-n
l- n Ia- n - I- m k- n \S
H-mKss\k Fk-v Fk-v

F^- v k- w - m \ {Sjd Da
H-m-q DZ-vL-mS\-w sNb-vX-p.
k-w-m\ sk{Id-ntb-wK-w
k- n sI i- o - m skS- p - p .
P- n b- n se sXcsS- p
{]hIc- m W- v H- m Kss\
kb- n ]sS- p X- v . hc- p
c- m g- v N I- w U- n h- n j
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t]c-n ]c-ni-oe\ ]c-n]-mS-nI
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I-mb-n\-ns `-mK-a-mb-n
skd-pIf-n s\-nM-v
F t]c- n I- y - m - p I
k-wLS-n-n-p-w.
tIm-gn-tm-Sv Un-hn-j km-ln-tXym-hv D-Zv-Lm-S\w:

a{n F sI i-io-{
aepdw Un-hn-j km-ln-tXym-hv DZv-LmS\w:

kn-Zv C-_v-dm-lo-ap J-eo-ep _p-Jmcn
th--c Un-hn-j km-ln-tXym--hv tP-Xm-v

t{Sm-^n: k-n-Zv in-lm-_p-o _p-Jm-cn
hfm-t-cn Un-hn-j km-ln-tXym-hv DZv-LmS\w:

]n kp-tc-{
Printed And Published By Wandoor Abdurahiman On Behalf Of Islamic Publishing Bureau Printed At
Geethanjali press for Al-kamal Offset Press, East Nadakkavu, Calicut, Kerala-673006 And Published
From Students Centre, Calicut, Kerala-673004., Editor: M.sulaiman Saquai.

A-Tx /M-W-B - Nâ: Hmcni

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A-Tx /M-W-B - Nâ: Hmcni

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1201

teJ-\w/ A-ao A-en lw-k

]m-ew \--s- Im-ew \n-an-w

A-`n-ap-Jw: tUm. k-{_n-\ em-bv/

Ad_v \m-nse Zu-d-Xp an-bmlv 19

C--y P-\-m-b- h-y-h-k-vY B-i-b-X-e-f-n-se t]-m-c-m---sf t{]-m-k-m-l-n--n--p--p.

k-mcw/ k-Po _p-Jmcn

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kwkvImcw/ Aivd^v kJm^n ]pv

Ihn-X/ ap-_-n ap-lZv

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31 BKkv-v 2016 $10.00

- - tUm. k{_o\ embv

dPn. Hm-^okv. pUv sk, tIm-gn-tm-Sv673004 t^m: 0495 2720436

|]n-j hq A-p-d-lvam ss^-kn |am-t\-Pnw-Kv F-Un- Fkv. i-d-^po

-a-o-e Y-m-- \--p-s-S

Hcp B F-kv F-kv dq-v amv

B F-kv F-kn-t\m-Sv A-tX \m-W-b-n

k-v-t-\-l-w A-]-q--W-a-m-h-p-t-a-m-? ]-m-I-n-k-vX-m-s-\ N-o-

tI-c-f--n-se a-tX-X-c-X-z-s tZ-i-o-b-\-n-h-N-\-w sI-m--v A-f--p-X-n--s-S-p--m

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b A-a-r-X-y-m-s-k \--p-s-S k-a-q-l-s-

B F-kv F-kn-t\m-Sv A-tX \m-W-b-n

a-m---n-s\ t\-c-n-S-m ]-g-b F.U-n.F-^-pI-m- X-o-- I-h-N-w A--c-m--Y--n

sdm-ao-em Ym--dn-s ]p-kv-XIw:

X-p-S--n-b-m A-X-v {-]-i-v \- ]-c-n-l-c-n--p-I-b-

B F-kv F-kn-t\m-Sv A-tX \m-W-b-n

I-e-p-j-n-X-a-m--n. a-t--c-n-b-n-s-e s-N-c-W-n--v k-a-o-]-w

]-S--p-d--m-S-n-s-e _-p--n-i-q-\-y-X\-y-q-\-]---f-p-a-m-b-n _-\-v[-s-- k-v-t-^-m-S-\-m-X-v

A-[-n-I-m-c--n-s-d h-g-n-b-n G--h-p-w h-e-n-b

B F-kv F-kn-t\m-Sv A-tX \m-W-b-n

B-.F-k-v.F-k-n-s-d B-{I-a-W--f-n-\-n-v k-a-p-Z-m-b-s c--n--m R--f-p--v

b- a-m--K--n h-n-i-z-k-n--p--X-v s-I-m--m-W-s--m

-t-b-m- t-I-c-f--m--v A-{-X ]-c-n-N-n-X-a-mb \-m-S-m-s-W--p t-X-m--p--n-. F--n-e-p-w

s-S k- a-t-\-m-l-m-c-n-X-b-p-w C-u s-I-m--p `-q-{-]-t-Zi--n-\-v A--m-l-p I-\-n--p \-I-n-b-n-c-n--p--p

atbm: a-c-W-p-cp-n-s a-t\m-lmcnX

h-n-I-c-p-s-S t-]-S-n k-z-]-v \-a-m-I-p--X-v A--s-\-b-m-W-v.

atbm: a-c-W-p-cp-n-s a-t\m-lmcnX

A-[-n-I-m-c--n-\-v I-o-g-n h- s-I-m-t-a-m-d-k-v 1843e-m-W-v

a-e-n-\-a-m-I-m-s-X k-w-c--n--m _-m-[-y-c-m-W-v ' F- b-p-s-\-k-v t-I-m(UNESCO)

Po-hO-hn am-p-t]m-b \o-e-c-Xv-\w

\-o-e-n-a t-N-m- `-q-a-n

"iq-\ym-Im-i-n sh-n-n-f-p- H-cp

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