1.

(/Poetic Foot)
() . ,

. ,
, ,
.

(the iambic foot iamb)

(the trochaic foot trochee)

(the dactylic foot dactyl)

(the anapestic foot anapest)

(the spondaic foot spondee)

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How vainly men themselves amaze
To win the palm, the oak, or bays;
How vainly men them selves amaze
To win the palm, the oak, or bays;
.
Cast him out upon the waters.
Cast him out u pon the waters.
.
Carry her carefully
Carry her care fully
.
There is nothing as big as a Man.
There is no thing as big as a Man.
.
Jump, run, hide, shout.
Jump, run, hide, shout.
Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour
Mil ton! thou shouldst be liv ing at this hour
2. (/Meter, Metre)
() .

, .
,
, , 3-6 .

1 (monmeter)

2 (dmeter)

3 (trmeter)

4 (tetrmeter)

5 (pentmeter)

6 (hexmeter)

7 (heptmeter)

8 (octmeter)

3.

. ,
.
5 (iambic pentameter): 5
4 (trochaic tetrameter): 4
6 (iambic hexameter): 6
3 (anapestic trimeter): 3
4. (/Rhyme, Rime)

,
.
, .
.
rhyme , () ()
.
(masculine rhyme), (feminine
rhyme), 3 (triple rhyme) , heat eat, profound
around ,
, flower shower, merry tarry

. 3 narrative declarative
.
slow blow (perfect/ exact/
true rhyme) , stuff off
(half rhyme), (imperfect rhyme), (eye rhyme)
. approximate, near, partial, slant,
off .
(internal rhyme) (caesura)

 . (Edgar
Allen Poe) (The Raven) Once upon a midnight dreary, while I
pondered weak and weary .

(Scansion)
1. (sonnet)
14 , 5 10
.
(English or Shakespearean sonnet)
abab cdcd efef gg, (Spenserian sonnet) abab bcbc cdcd
ee , 4(quatrain) ()
(couplet) . (Italian or Petrarchan
sonnet) abba abba 8(octave) cdecde, cdccdc cdedce
6(sestet) .
(a) Shall I / compare / thee to / a sum/mer's day?
(b) Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
(a) Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
(b) And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
(c) Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
(d) And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
(c) And every fair from fair sometime declines,
(d) By chance, or nature's changing course untrimm'd;
(e) But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
(f) Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,
(e) Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
(f) When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st;
(g) So long as man can breathe, or eyes can see,
(g) So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet #18
2. 3(tercet/ triplet), aba bcb cdc ... 3
(terza rima) . .
O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being,
Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead
Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,
Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,
Pestilence-stricken multitudes:2 O Thou,
Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed
The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,
Each like a corpse within its grave, until
Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow
Her clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill
(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)

With living hues and odours plain and hill:

Percy Bysshe Shelley, "Ode to the West Wind"
3. 5 abab 4(quatrain)
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,
The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea,
The ploughman homeward plods his weary way,
And leaves the world to darkness, and to me.
Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight,
And all the air a solemn stillness holds,
Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight,
And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds:
Thomas Gray, "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard"
4. 4 ababcc 6(sestet)
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
William Wordsworth, "The Daffodils"
5. , (, /couplet)
, (). 5
() (heroic couplet) .
.
Know then thyself, presume not God to scan;
The proper study of mankind is man.
Plac'd on this isthmus of a middle state,
A being darkly wise, and rudely great:
With too much knowledge for the sceptic side,
With too much weakness for the stoic's pride,
He hangs between; in doubt to act, or rest;
In doubt to deem himself a god, or beast;
In doubt his mind or body to prefer;
Born but to die, and reas'ning but to err;
Alike in ignorance, his reason such,
Whether he thinks too little, or too much:
Chaos of thought and passion, all confus'd;
Still by himself abus'd, or disabus'd;
Created half to rise, and half to fall;
Great lord of all things, yet a prey to all;
Sole judge of truth, in endless error hurl'd:
The glory, jest, and riddle of the world!
Alexander Pope, An Essay on Criticism

6. (ballad stanza)
4, 3 4(quatrain). abab
abcb . .
[ 1]
She dwelt among the untroden ways
Beside the springs of Dove,
A Maid whom there were none to praise
And very few to love;
A violet by a mossy stone
Half hidden from the eye!
Fair as a star, when only one
Is shining in the sky.
She lived unknown, and few could know
When Lucy ceased to be;
But she is in her grave, and, oh,
The difference to me!
William Wordsworth, "She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways"
[ 2]
Down dropt the breeze, the sails dropt down,
'Twas sad as sad could be;
And we did speak only to break
The silence of the sea!
All in a hot and copper sky,
The bloody Sun, at noon,
Right up above the mast did stand,
No bigger than the Moon.
Day after day, day after day,
We stuck, nor breath nor motion;
As idle as a painted ship
Upon a painted ocean.
Water, water, every where,
And all the boards did shrink;
Water, water, every where,
Nor any drop to drink.
The very deep did rot : O Christ!
That ever this should be!
Yea, slimy things did crawl with legs
Upon the slimy sea.
About, about, in reel and rout
The death-fires danced at night;

The water, like a witch's oils,

Burnt green, and blue and white.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"
7. (alliteration) ababccab 8(octave)
,
.
, .
For winter's rains and ruins are over,
And all the season of snows and sins;
The days dividing lover and lover,
The light that loses, the night that wins;
And time remembered is grief forgetten,
And frosts are slain and flowers begotten,
And in green underwood and cover
Blossom by blossom the spring begins.
Algernon Charles Swinburne, When the Hounds of Spring, a chorus
from Atalanta in Calydon
8. (/assonance)
(passage)
.
. men, then,
reck not, rod, seared, bleared, smeared,
. 8(octave) , abbaabba
.
The world is charged with the grandeur of God.
It will flame out, like shining from shook foil;
It gathers to a greatness, like the ooze of oil
Crushed. Why do men then now not reck his rod?
Generations have trod, have trod, have trod;
And all is seared with trade; bleared, smeared with toil;
And wears man's smudge and shares man's smell: the soil
Is bare now, nor can foot feel, being shod.
Gerard Manley Hopkins, "God's Grandeur"
,
(vocalic rhyme) .
rhyme . lake fake lake
fate .
In behind yon auld fail dyke,
I wot there lies a new-slain Knight.
"The Twa Corbies," A popular ballad.
9. (/consonance)
(assonance) , pressed past, shadow
meadow, born burn, will wool, add read

 (main vowel)
.
Has your soul sipped
Of the sweetness of all sweets?
Has it well supped
But yet hungers and sweats?
Wilfred Owen, "Has your soul sipped?"
consonance , ()
.
10. ()(enjembment)
(couplet)
. (run-on line) ,
(end-stopped line).
, .
But, those attained, we tremble to survey
The growing labors of the lengthened way,
The increasing prospect tires our wandering eyes,
Hills peep oer hills, and Alps on Alps arise!
Alexander Pope, An Essay on Criticism
11. (blank verse)
5 . , ,
.
Of Man's first disobedience, and the fruit
Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste
Brought death into the World, and all our woe,
With loss of Eden, till one greater Man
Restore us, and regain the blissful seat,
John Milton, Paradise Lost
12. (free verse)
.
.
(foot) .
(utterance) , , ,

. .
(Walt Whitman)

,
. (Matthew Arnold) (Dover Beach)
(Amy Lowell) (Patterns)
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