Introduction

For this coursework, two steel beams; one secondary, one primary and a column has been designed
according to Eurocode 3.

The figure shows the first floor of the structure, which in total consists of three. The secondary beam
designed is the one in the very centre of the structure, carrying load acting on the slab from three meters
from each side, transferring it to the primary beam it is connected to as a point load, which transfers the
load to the column, which finally transfers it with the moment acting on it due to eccentricity of the
structure to the foundation of the structure.

While designing the column, attention paid to the size of the primary and secondary beams, which are
connected to the column. Thickness of web and flange and the height and width of the sections were taken
in account, so the connections and design was possible and logical.

Design of Secondary Beam A-B to Eurocode 3

Ultimate Load
Ultimate Load is given by; 1.35 q + 1.50 q
gk = (2.5 + 0.2 + 0.8 + 1) = 4.5 kN/m2
qk = 3.5 kN/m2
1.35 gk + 1.50 qk = 11.325 kN/m2
Assume S355 Steel is used

Loading on the Beam

There are secondary beams at each 3 meters, so each single beam will get 3 meters of the Ultimate Load
from the slab,
Loading on the Beam = 11.325 3 = 33.975 kN/m

Maximum Moment is given by q l2 / 8 for a simply supported beam with a uniform loading,
MEd = 33.975 92 / 8 = 344 kN m
VEd = 33.975 9 / 2 = 152.8875 kN
Assume the chosen beam to be Class 1

MC,Rd = Mpl,RD = Wpl fy / MO

Wpl = Mpl,Rd MO / fy
Wpl > MEd MO / fy
Plastic Modulus should be greater than MEd / fy MO
Wpl > MEd MO / fy
Wpl > 344 106 1 / 355 = 969.01 cm3
Choose Section : 457 152 74UB

Section Properties
h = 462 mm b = 154.4 mm tw = 9.6 mm tf = 17 mm r = 10.2 mm Wpl = 1627 cm3
I = 32670 cm4 A = 94.5 cm2

Class Determination of the Section

For Flanges
c = ( b tw 2 r ) / 2
c = ( 154.4 9.6 2 10.2 ) / 2 = 62.20 mm
c / tf = 3.6588
For Web
c = ( h 2 tf 2 r ) / 2
c = ( 462 2 17 2 10.2 ) = 407.6 mm
c / tw = 42.4583
Flange thickness tf = 17 mm < 40 mm
hence from table 4.2 fy = 355 N/mm2
= ( 235 / fy ) 0.5 = 0.8136
From table 4.4
c / tf = 3.6588 < 9 = 7.3224
c / tw = 42.4583 < 72 = 58.57
The section is Class 1 As Assumed

Resisting Of Cross Section

Bending Resistance
MEd = 344 kN m
Mpl,Rd = Wpl fy / MO

[ Plastic Moment Of Resistance ]

Mpl,Rd = 1627 103 355 / 1 = 577.58 kN m

Mpl,Rd > MEd
Shear Resistance
VEd = 152.8875 kN
Vpl,Rd = Av ( fy 30.5 ) / MO

[ Design Plastic Shear Resistance ]

Av = A 2 b tf + ( tw + 2 r ) tf
Av = 9450 2 154.4 17 + ( 9.6 + 2 10.2 ) 17 = 4710.40 mm2
Av > n hw tw = 1 = ( 462 2 17 ) 9.6 = 4108.80 mm2
Av = 4710.40 mm2
Vpl,Rd = 4710.40 ( 355 / 30.5 ) / 1
Vpl,Rd = 965.4405 kN > 152.8875 kN
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Bending and Shear

Check : VED < 0.5 Vpl,Rd
152.8875 < 0.5 965.4405
No Check For Bending & Shear is Required,

Shear Buckling Resistance

hw / tw = 428 / 9.6 = 44.58 < 72 / = 72 0.8136 / 1 = 58.57
No check on shear buckling required,

Deflection Check
Maximum Moment Due To Working Load Mmax = ( gk + qk ) l2 / 8
Mmax = ( 4.5 3 + 3.5 3 ) 92 / 8 = 243 kN m
Elastic Resistance Of The Section is Mc,RD(el) = Wel fy / MO
Mc,Rd(el) = 1414 103 355 / 1= 501.97 kN m
Mc,Rd(el) > Mmax
Deflection Can Be Calculated elastically,

Deflection due to permanent load :

w = 4.5 3 + 3.5 3 = 24 N / mm
wtot = 5 / 384 w l4 / E / I
wtot = 5 / 384 24 ( 9103 )4 / 210 / 103 / 32670 / 104
wtot = 29.8849 mm
Span / 300 = 30 mm
wtot < span / 300
Deflection Check is OK, The Chosen Section 457 152 74UB is suitable for the secondary beams,

Design of Primary Beam C - D to Eurocode 3

Loading On the Beam

The loading on the beam will be a point load in the middle of the because of the secondary beams connected
to it,
Point Load = 305.7750 kN

[ Beam Loading ]

VEd = 305.7750 / 2 = 152.8875 kN

MEd = 152.8875 6 / 2 = 458.6625 kN m
Assume S355 Steel is used
Assume Section : 533 210 101

Section Properties
h = 536.7 mm b = 210.00 mm tw = 10.8 mm tf = 17.4 mm r = 12.7 mm Wpl = 2612 cm3
I = 61520 cm4 A = 129 cm2

Class Determination of the Section

For Flanges
c = ( b tw 2 r ) / 2
c = ( 210.00 10.8 2 12.7 ) / 2 = 86.90 mm
c / tf = 4.99
For Web
c = ( h 2 tf 2 r ) / 2
c = ( 536.7 2 17.4 2 12.7 ) = 476.50 mm
c / tw = 44.12
Flange thickness tf = 17.4 mm < 40 mm
hence from table 4.2 fy = 355 N/mm2
= ( 235 / fy ) 0.5 = 0.8136
From table 4.4
c / tf = 4.99 < 9 = 7.3224
c / tw = 44.12 < 72 = 58.57
The section is Class 1 As Assumed
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Calculation of Mcr
L = 6000 mm, C1 = 1.365 for the loading case
Mcr = C1 2 E Iz / L2cr [ (Iw / Iz) + ( L2cr G IT / 2 / E / Iz) ]
Mcr = 1.365 2 210000 2692 104 / 60002 [ 1810 109 / 2692 / 104 + (60002 80769 1010 103 / 2
/ 210000 / 2692 / 104) ]0.5 = 731.8769 kN m
LT = ( Wy fy / Mcr )0.5
LT = ( 2612 103 355 / 731.8769 106 )0.5 = 1.13
Buckling Factor LT
Imperfection factor LT = 0.34
LT = 0.5 [ 1 + LT ( LT 0.2 ) + LT 2 ], LT = 1 / [ 1.29 + (1.292 1.132 ) 0.5 ]
LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 ( 1.13 0.2 ) + 1.132 ]
LT = 1.29
LT = 1 / * LT + ( LT2 LT2 ) 0.5 ]
LT = 0.52
Buckling Resistance Of Beam
MB,Rd = LT WPl, y fy / M1
MB,Rd = 0.52 2612 103 355 / 1
MB,Rd = 482.1752 kN m
MEd = 458.6625 kN m
MB,Rd > MEd
Buckling resistance of the beam is greater than the Design Moment.

Resisting Of Cross Section

Bending Resistance
MEd = 458.6625 kN m
Mpl,Rd = Wpl fy / MO

[ Plastic Moment Of Resistance ]

Mpl,RD = 2612 10 355 / 1 = 927.26 kN m

Mpl,Rd > MEd

Shear Resistance
VEd = 152.8875 kN
Vpl,Rd = Av ( fy 30.5 ) / MO

[ Design Plastic Shear Resistance ]

Av = A 2 b tf + ( tw + 2 r ) tf
Av = 12900 2 210.00 17.4 + ( 10.8 + 2 12.7 ) 17.4 = 6221.88 mm2
Av > n hw tw = 1 ( 536.7 2 17.4 ) 10.8 = 5420.52 mm2
Av = 6221.88 mm2
Vpl,Rd = 6221.88 ( 355 / 30.5 ) / 1
Vpl,Rd = 1275.20 kN > 152.8875 kN
Bending and Shear
Check : VED < 0.5 Vpl,Rd
152.8875 < 0.5 1275.20
No Check For Bending & Shear is Required,

Shear Buckling Resistance

hw / tw = 501.9 / 10.8 = 46.47 < 72 / = 72 0.8136 / 1 = 58.57
No check on shear buckling required,

Deflection Check
Maximum Moment Due To Working Load Mmax = ( gk + qk ) 3 9 / 2 6 / 2 3
Mmax = ( 4.5 + 3.5 ) 3 9 / 2 2 / 2 3
Mmax = 324 kN m
Elastic Resistance Of The Section is Mc,RD(el) = Wel fy / MO
Mc,Rd(el) = 2292 103 355 / 1= 813.66 kN m
Mc,Rd(el) > Mmax
Deflection Can Be Calculated elastically,

Deflection due to point load :

w = ( gk + qk ) 3 9 / 2 2
wtot = w l3 / E / I / 48
wtot = 216 103 ( 6103 )3 / 210 / 103 / 61520 / 104 / 48 = 7.52 mm
Span / 300 = 30 mm
wtot < span / 300
Deflection Check is OK, The Chosen Section 533 210 101UB is suitable for the primary beams.
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Column Design to Eurocode 3

Assume Section : 254 254 107UC

Section Properties:
Depth Of Section(h) = 266.7 mm, Width Of Section(b) = 258.8 mm, Thickness of Web(s) = 12.8 mm, Thickness
of Flange(t) = 20.5 mm, Root of Radius(r) = 12.7 mm, Second Moment Of Inertia(x-x axis) = 17510 cm4,
Second Moment Of Inertia(y-y axis) = 5928 cm4, Radius Of Gyration(x-x axis) = 11.3 cm, Radius Of Gyration(yy axis) = 6.59 cm, Elastic Modulus(x-x axis) = 1313 cm3, Elastic Modulus(y-y axis) = 458 cm3, Plastic
Modulus(x-x axis) = 1484 cm3, Plastic Modulus (y-y axis) = 697 cm3, Area Of Section = 136 cm2

Cross Section Classification

For Flanges
c = (b tw 2r) / 2 = (258.8 12.8 2 12.7) / 2 = 110.30
c / tf = 110.30 / 20.50 = 5.38
For Web
c = (h 2 tf 2r) = (266.7 2 20.5 2 12.7) = 220.80
c / tw = 220.80 / 12.8 = 17.25
Assume S355 Steel is used
Flange thickness tf = 20.50 mm < 40 mm
hence from table 4.2 fy = 355 N/mm2
= (235/fy)0.5 = 0.8136
c / tf = 5.38 < 9 = 7.3224
c / tw = 17.25 < 72 = 58.57
The section is Class 1 As Assumed

Load on Column:
NEd = ( 11.325 6 6 3 ) = 1834.65 kN
Compression Resistance Of Cross Section:
Nc,Rd = Design resistance to normal forces of the cross-section for uniform compression = A fy / MO
Nc,Rd = 13600 355 / 1 = 4828 kN > NEd = 1834.65 kN

Bending Resistance Of Cross Section:

Major (y y)
My,Ed = Maximum Bending Moment = 100 kN m
Mc,y,Rd = Design Bending Resistance Of The Cross Section = Wpl,y fy / MO
Mc,y,Rd = 1484 103 355 / 1 = 526.82 kN m > MEd = 100 kN m

Shear Resistance Of Cross Section:

VEd = Maximum Shear Force = (100 50) / 4 = 12.5 kN
Vpl,Rd = Av (fy / 30.5) / MO
Av = A 2 b tf + (tw + 2 r) tf
Av = 252 102 2 314.5 31.4 + (19.1 + 2 15.2) 31.4
Av = 136 102 2 258.8 20.50 + ( 12.8 + 2 12.7 ) 20.50
Av = 3772.30 mm2
Av > hw tw = 1 ( 266.7 2 20.50 ) 12.8 = 2888.96 mm2
Av 3772.30 mm2
Vpl,Rd = 3772.30 (355 / 30.5) / 1
Vpl,Rd = 773.16 kN > 12.5 kN
Cross Section Under Bending And Axial Force:
No reduction in the major axis plastic moment resistance is necessary provide both of the following criteria
are met:
NEd < 0.25 Npl,Rd
NEd < (0.5 hw tw fy) / MO
NEd < 0.25 Npl,Rd
1834.64 < 0.25 4828 = 1207

[ Not Satisfied ]

NEd < (0.5 hw tw fy) / MO

1944 < [ 0.5 ( 266.7 2 20.50 ) 12.8 355 ) / 1 ] = 512.790 kN

[ Not Satisfied ]

Allowance for the effect of axial force on the major axis plastic moment resistance of the cross section
must be made.
The moment on the minor axis is zero, so it does not matter if there is any reduction needed or not in the
minor axis. That step will be skipped.

Reduced Plastic Moment Resistances:

Major ( y y axis )
MN,y,Rd = MPl,y,Rd ( 1 n ) / ( 1 0.5 aw) but MN,y,Rd < MPl,y,Rd
n = NEd / Npl,Rd = 1834.65 / 4828 = 0.38
a = ( A 2 b tf ) / A
a = ( 13600 - 2 258.8 20.50 ) / 13600
a = 0.219 < 0.5
MN,y,Rd = MPl,y,Rd ( 1 n ) / ( 1 0.5 a)
MN,y,Rd = 526.80 ( 1 0.38 ) / ( 1 0.5 0.219)
MN,y,Rd = 366.77 kN m > MEd = 100 kN m
Member Buckling Resistance in Compression:
Lcr,y = Lcr,z = 1.0 L = 4000 mm
1 = * E / fy ]0.5 = 93.9 = 93.9 0.8136 = 76.40
y = Lcr / iy / 1 = 0.4633
z = Lcr / iz / 1 = 0.7944
Selection of buckling curve and imperfection factor : for hot-rolled H section (h/b < 1.2, tf < 100 mm and
S355 steel):
For buckling about the y-y axis, use curve b
For buckling about the z-z axis, use curve c
For curve b = 0.34 and curve c = 0.49

Buckling Curve : major ( y y ) axis

y = 0.5 *1 + ( y 0.2 ) + y 2 ]
y = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 ( 0.4633 0.2 ) + 0.4633 2 ]
y = 0.6520
y = 1 / * y + (y2 y2 ) 0.5 ]
y = 1 / [ 0.6520 + (0.65202 0.46332 ) 0.5 ]
y = 0.90 < 1.0
NB,y,Rd = y A fy / M1
NB,y,Rd = 0.9000 13600 355 / 1
NB,y,Rd = 4345.20 > 1834.65 kN
Major Axis Flexural Buckling Is Acceptable

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Buckling Curve : minor ( z z ) axis

z = 0.5 *1 + ( z 0.2 ) + z 2 ]
z = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 ( 0.7944 0.2 ) + 0.79442 ]
y = 0.9611
z = 1 / * z + (z2 z2 ) 0.5 ]
z = 1 / [ 0.9611 + (0.96112 0.79442 ) 0.5 ]
z = 0.67 < 1.0
NB,z,Rd = z A fy / M1
NB,z,Rd = 0.67 13600 355 / 1
NB,z,Rd = 3234.76 > 1834.65 kN
Minor Axis Flexural Buckling Is Acceptable

Member Buckling Resistance In Bending

Calculation of Mcr
Length of the column between points which are laterally restrained = 4000 mm,
Lcr = 4000 mm
C1 = 1.563
Mcr = C1 2 E Iz / L2cr [ (Iw / Iz) + ( L2cr G IT / 2 / E / Iz) ]
Mcr = 1.323 2 210000 5928 104 / 40002 [ 898 109 / 16300 / 104 + (40002 80769 1720 103 / 2
/ 210000 / 5928 / 104) ]0.5
Mcr = 1559.74 kN m
LT = ( Wy fy / Mcr )0.5 = ( 1484 103 355 / 1559.74 / 106 )0.5 = 0.58
Buckling Factor LT
Imperfection factor LT = 0.21
LT = 0.5 *1 + LT ( LT 0.2 ) + LT 2 ]
LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.21 ( 0.58 0.2 ) + 0.58 2 ]
LT = 0.7081
LT = 1 / * LT + (LT2 LT2 ) 0.5 ]
LT = 1 / [ 0.7081 + (0.70812 0.582 ) 0.5 ]
LT = 0.8974

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Lateral Torsional Buckling Resistance

MB,Rd = LT WPl, y fy / M1
MB,Rd = 0.8974 1484 103 355 / 1
MB,Rd = 472.76 kN m
MEd = 100 kN m
MB,Rd > MED
Member Buckling Resistance In Combined Bending And Axial Compression
Member subjected to combine bending and axial compression must satisfy both of following equations :
NEd / ( y NRk / M1 ) + kyy My,Ed / ( LT My,Rk / M1 ) + kyz Mz,Ed / ( Mz,Rk / M1 ) 1
NEd / ( z NRk / M1 ) + kzy My,Ed / ( LT My,Rk / M1 ) + kzz Mz,Ed / ( Mz,Rk / M1 ) 1
My,Ed = 100 kN m, Mz,Ed = 0, above equations become :
NEd / ( y NRk / M1 ) + kyy My,Ed / ( LT My,Rk / M1 ) 1
NEd / ( z NRk / M1 ) + kzy My,Ed / ( LT My,Rk / M1 ) 1
Determination of Interaction Factors kij
The equivalent uniform moment factors Cmy and CmLT
Cmy = 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.6 + 0.4 0.50 = 0.8 > 0.4
CmLT = 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.6 + 0.4 0.50 = 0.8 > 0.4
y = Lcr / iy / 1 = 0.4633
z = Lcr / iz / 1 = 0.7944
For Class 1 and 2 I Sections :
kyy = Cmy * 1 + ( y 0.2 ) NEd / y / ( NRk / M1 ) ] < Cmy [ 1 + 0.8 NEd / y / ( NRk / M1 ) ]
kyy = 0.8 [ 1 + ( 0.4633 0.2 ) 1834.65 / 0.90 / ( 4345.20 / 1 ) ] = 0.8988 < 0.8 [ 1 + 0.8 1834.65 / 0.90 / (
4345.20 / 1 ) ] = 1.10
kyy = 0.8988
kzy = 1 ( 0.1 z ) / ( Cm,LT 0.25 ) ( NEd ) / * z ( NRk / M1 ) ]
kzy = 1 ( 0.1 0.7944 ) / ( 0.8 0.25 ) ( 1834.65 ) / [ 0.67 ( 4345 / 1 ) ]
kzy = 0.9089

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Check Compliance with Interaction Formulae:

NEd / ( y NRk / M1 ) + kyy My,Ed / ( LT My,Rk / M1 ) 1
1846.65 / ( 0.90 4345.20 / 1 ) + 0.8988 100 / ( 0.8974 366.77 / 1 ) 1
0.7452 1

[ Satisfied ]

NEd / ( z NRk / M1 ) + kzy My,Ed / ( LT My,Rk / M1 ) 1

1846.65 / ( 0.67 8946 / 1 ) + 0.9089 100 / ( 0.8974 366.77 / 1 ) 1
0.5842 1

[ Satisfied ]

Therefore a hot rolled 254 254 107UC is acceptable for the column

Secondary Beams: Light

Gray
Primary Beams: Darker
Gray
Column: Black

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