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2008


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: Vilkov@GMAIL.COM

WWW.SDAN.HIT.BG
 E ,
( SI)
SI

m l
kg m
s t
rad ,


/2 m/s2 a
/2 m/s2 g
/ 2 rad/s2
2 m2 F
3 m3 V
/3 kg/m3
N P
() J = N.m U
/3 N/m3
Hz = 1/s f
. N.m M
.2 N.m2 B
.2 kg.m2 I
4 m4 J
W = J/s N
, Pa = N/m2 p, ,
/ m/s V
, / rad/s

- -
rad
/ N/m q

3 m3 S
3 m3 W
. 1/ deg -1

Pa = N/m2 E,G
1/ min-1 n

3
 -
() SI
(GB, USA) (SI)
1 foot = 1 ft 0.3048 m
1 inch = 1 in 0.0254 m
1 mile = 1 mi 1.609 km
1 nautical mile = 1 mi 1.852 km
1 foot 2 = 1 ft2 0.0929 m2
2 2
1 inch = 1 in 645.2 mm2
3 3
1 foot = 1 ft 0.02832 m3
3 3
1 inch = 1 in 16.39E-6 m3
1 kip = 1000 lib 4.448 kN
1 pound forse = 1 lib 4.448 N
1 pound mass = 1 lbm 0.4536 kg
1 slug = 1 lb.sec-2/ft 14.59 kg
1 metric ton = 2000 lbm 907.2 kg
1 atmosphere = 14.7 lb/in2 101.3 kPa
1 pound/foot2 = 1 lb/ft2 47.88 Pa
1 pound/inch 2 = 1 lb/in2 = 1 psi 6.895 kPa
1 kip/inch2= 1 ksi 6.895 Mpa
1 pound mass/inch3 = 1 lbm/in3 27.68 Mg/m3
1 pound mass/foot3 = 1 lbm/ft3 16.02 kg/m3
1 foot pound/second= 1 ft.lb/s 1.356 W
1 horsepower = 543 ft.lb/s 736 W
1 foot/second =1 ft/s 0.3048 m/s
1 knot (nautical)=1 mi/h 0.5144 m/s=1.852 km/h

(SI)
1 000 000 000 000 =1012
1 000 000 000 =109 G
1 000 000 =106 M
1 000 =103 k
100 =102 h
10 =10 da
0.1=10-1 d
0.01=10-2 c
0.001=10-3 m
0.000 001=10-6
-9
0.000 000 001=10 n
0.000 000 000 001=10-12 p

......................................................................9

. 1.
1.1. ................ ...........10
1.2. .......................................................12
1.3. () ..................................................................16
1.4. .....................20
1.5. .....................................
21
1.6. , ........................28
1.7. ...............................32
1.8. ..............................................36

. 2.
2.1. . . ...............................................38
2.2. . .........................................41
2.3.
...............................................................................47
2.4. .
. ..................................................................................53
2.5. .............................55

. 3. /.
3.1. /..................................................62
3.2. /..............................................68
3.3. /............................71
3.4. /.............................................76
3.5. ..........................................................................................85

. 4.

4.1. .................................................................93
4.2. ........................................95
4.3. . ...................................................98
4.4. . ..................................................................102
4.5. ................104
4.6.
................................................................108
4.7. ............................................................110
4.8. ............................................................................113
4.9. ....................................................................117
5
4.10. . .....120
4.11. ........................122

. 5.
5.1. .
............................................................................124
5.2. .......................126
5.3. .........................................................................................128
5.4.
..................................................................................................132

. 6.
6.1. .........................133
6.2. ................................140
6.3. ........142
6.4. ...................147
6.5. ........150

. 7.
7.1. .............................................................159
7.2. ....................................163
7.3.
.................................................................................172
7.4. ..............................................................176
7.5. , ...................................179

. 8.
8.1. ............................................................................................181
8.2. /. .....................................185
8.3. .............................188
8.4. .......................................................191
8.5. . ...................195
8.6. .............................199

.9. .
9.1. .....202
9.2. .............................................................................204
9.3. .
- ....................................................................................207
9.4. .........211
9.5. .........................214

6
. 10. .
10.1. .
................................................216
10.2.
..................................................................................219
10.3. .
......................................225
10.4. - .....................................................230
10.5. . ................................231
10.6. .236

.11. .
11.1. . ............237
11.2. .242
11.3. .
. ......................................................................247
11.4. . ..................................249
11.5. .....................252
11.6. ....................................................255
11.7. ....................................................257
11.8.
. ...........267

.12. .
12.1. ....................................261
12.2. .
.............................................................................263
12.3. . .........................................................267
12.4. ...............................272

. 13.
13.1. . ................277
13.2. . ..........................281
13.3. ......................................................................287

. 14. .
14.1.
..................................................292
14.2. , /
...............................................................................294
14.3. ...............296
14.4. - .....................................................298
7
. 15. .
15.1. . ......302
15.2. ,
.308
15.3. .........313
15.4. .................................................315

. 16.
16.1. ...............322
16.2. .............328
16.3. ................334
16.4. .............................338
16.5. ..............................................................................342

. 17.
17.1. ( )..............................348

. 18.

18.1. ....................363
18.2. ..............366
18.3.
.................................................................................367
18.4. (
, -
, ,
)...........................................370
18.5. ..........................383
18.6.
(
.........386
18.7.
(
.
)........................................389
18.8. ...........................................................392

1. .................397
2. .............398

......................................................................................................400

8
 (2001)

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14
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Y Z .
XYZ
:
Rx N Mx

R = Ry = Qy M = My
R Q M
z z z (1.1)
R(Rx,Ry,Rz) : N=Rx,
Qy=Ry Qz=Rz, ,
Y Z. Mx, My
Mz , X
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17
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RL , ML
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XYZ, a RD , MD
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:
R L + RD = 0
ML + MD = 0 (1.2)
, ,
. ,
:
RL + R = 0
ML + M = 0 (1.3)
1.3 1.2 :

18
 R = RL = RD
M = ML = MD (1.4)
.
1.1 1.4, :
N = RL, x = RD, x M x = M L, x = M D, x
Q y = RL, y = RD, y M y = M L, y = M D, y
Qz = RL, z = RD, z M z = M L, z = M D, z
(1.5)
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; Qz
() .1.12.
19
 ()
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:

.1.12.

N+ X = 0
Q + Z = 0
z

M + Y = 0
y
(1.6)
1.6 .,
.
1.6 .
.
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,
- .

1.4.
,
q(x) t(x) .
1.13.
. N, Qz My,
: N+dN, Qz+dQz, My +dMy.

.1.13.

20
 ,
:
X = 0 N + dN N + t ( x).dx = 0
Z= 0 Qz + dQz Qz + q ( x ).dx = 0
dx
M = 0 My + dMy My Qz.dx + q( x).dx
2
= 0
qdxdx/2, :
dN dQz dMy
= t ( x) = q( x) = Qz ( x )
dx dx dx (1.7)
1.7
(1821-1891), .
, -.

- [16]. t q ,
1.7 :
N = t ( x ) dx + C1 Qz = q ( x ) dx + C 2

My = Qz ( x ) dx + C 3 = q ( x ) dxdx + C x + C 3
2 (1.8)
1,2,3 .
.

1.5.
,
, .
)
,
.1.14:

a) ) )
.1.14.

21
 :
N D + Px N L = 0 N L N D = Px
Q z , D + Pz Q z , L = 0 Q z , L Q z , D = Pz
M y,D + m M y,L = 0 M y,L M y,D = m
(1.9)
1.9 :
,
N ,
.1.14-.
,
Qz ,
.1.14-.
, My
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1.9.
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1.7.
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q=

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1.7 ,
Qz , My
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22

.

) 1.1.
, ,

.1.15.
:
1.
X = 0 Ax = 0
M i, A = 0 4 B z + m 5P 4q.2 = 0 B z = ( 8 + 5.6 + 4.10.2) / 4 = 25 ,5 kN
Z = 0 Az Bz + P + 4q = 0 Az = 4q + P Bz = 40 + 6 25,5 = 20 ,5 kN
,
,
, :
M i , B = 4 Az + m P.1 + 4q.2 = 4.20,5 + 8 6 + 4.10.2 = 0
, , ,
.
, .
2. ( - ).
3. ( ).

23
 4.
: , , , .
a :
X= 0 N= 0
Z= 0 Qz = 0
M i ,c = 0 My + m = 0 My = m

1 s 5.
. :

X= 0 N= 0
Z= 0 Qz Az + q .(s 1) = 0
Qz = Az q (s 1) = 20 ,5 10 (s 1)
( s 1) 2
M = 0 My + m Az ( s 1) + q
2
= 0

( s 1) 2
My = m + Az ( s 1) q =
2
8 + 20,5.( s 1) 5( s 1) 2
,
- .
5 s 6. :
X = 0 N = 0
Z = 0 Qz P = 0
Qz = P = 6
M i ,c = 0 My + P (6 s ) = 0
My = P (6 s ) = 6(6 s )

5. .
,
.
,
.

24
 1 2 3
s=0 s=1 s=1 s=5 s=5 s=6
Qz 0 0 20,5 -19,5 6 6
My -8 -8 -8 -6 -6 -6
,
.
Qz=0, :
Qz = 20,5 10( s 1) = 0 10 s = 30,5 s = 3,05 m
s=3,05 ,
, .
My ( s = 3,5) = 8 + 20,5.2,05 5.2,052 = 13,01 kNm
,
(My=-10), , s=3,05 m
.
- .1.15. ,
Qz
, My
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6.
.
Qz ,
Az, Bz P.
, m.
.

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,
.
. 18
.
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R
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,
.
, 0

25
. 2. - .
1.16.

.1.16.

n
= 0 Q z P sin = 0 Q z = P sin

t
= 0 N + P cos = 0 N = P cos

= 0 y P ( R R cos ) = 0 M y = PR (1 cos )

.1.17
,
, .

.1.17
) 1.3.
.1.18
.
1. :
X = 0 Ax + P = 0 Ax = P = 3 kN
MA = 0 B z .1 P.1 q.1.0,5 = 0 B z = P + 0,5q = 7 kN
Z= 0 A z + q.1 B z = 0 Az = q.1 B z = 1 kN
:
M B = q.1.0,5 Ax .1 Az .1 = 4 3 1 = 0 !
1. ( )
26
 2. (
)

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.1.18.

(, , , ).
, - ,
, .
1 -: 0 s 2.
X = 0 N + Az = 0 N = Az = 1
Z= 0 Qz Ax = 0 Qz = Ax = 3
M i ,c = 0 My Ax s = 0 My = Ax s = 3s

X Z .
2 -: 0 s 1.
X = 0 N Ax = 0 N = Ax = 3
Z= 0 Qz Az + qs = 0
U= 1 8s
Qz = Az qs

= V qs 2
M i ,c = 0 My Ax.2 Az s + = 0
W 2
qs 2
My = 2 Ax + Az s = 6 + 1.s 4 s 2
2

3 -: 0 1.

-
.

27
 X = 0 N + Bz = 0 N = Bz = 7
Z= 0 Qz + P = 0 Qz = P = 3
M i ,c = 0 My Ps My = Ps = 3s


.1.18 - , .
,
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.1.19.


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=
..
XYZ

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V W,
. X,
Y Z.
.1.19.
U

= V
W
(1. 10)
, .
dr.
.
.
( ) .
/
:

28
 A' B ' AB
= [ ] (1.11)
AB AB 0
.
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y z y z .
XYZ :
{ x y z} (1.12)

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A,B,C,
.1.19.
A, B, C.
() . ,
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= BAC B ' A'C ' [rad ] (1.13)
1.13 , ,
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XY,
xy.
YZ ZX.
XYZ :
{ xy yz zx } (1.14)
1.12 1.14
..
.
)

.1.20. ,

.1.20.

29
 ,
.
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() n , ..
(,,). ,
P. .
pn
:
P N
pn = lim m 2
F F 0 (1.15)
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pn = n + n
(1.17)



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30
 ) .

XYZ, .
1.22, :
pn = n + n = x + xy + xz
(1.18)
.1.22,



,

.
x
xy
xz

,
:

.1.22.

dN = x dF N=
F
x dF

dM y = dN .z = x dF .z My =
F
x .zdF

dM z = dN . y = x dF . y Mz =
F
x . ydF

dQ y = xy dF Qy =
F
xy dF

dQ z = zy dF Qz =
F
xz dF

dM x = xy zdF + xz ydF Mx = ( xz z xy y )dF

F (1.19)
1.19 -
.

31
1.

A)
1678 . (1635-1703)
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=G (1.21)
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1.20, 1.21 ,
N/m2. 1.20 =1, =,
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32
=2.10 11 N/m2.
1.

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P2 .1.22.

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33
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.1.23. , -
5 .
, sin(), cos()1, tg(),
-
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- 0,004.

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.1.24 -.

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.1.24 .
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34
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35
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:
36
 (1.25)
P
Pmax
n

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37
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2000
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- .18.
)

.2.2 YZ,
.2.2. .1 ,
, Y Z.

38

, , Y Z
.
Sy Sz Y Z
:
Sy = zdF , Sz = ydF
F F (2.2)
F , y z
dF.
[m3],
,
, YZ
.
)

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, Sy Sz
YZ.



Y1Z1, YZ,

.
. 2.3

:
y1 = y a
.2.3
z1 = z b
(2.3)
2.2
2.3, :
S y1 = z dF = zdF b d F =
F
1
F F
S y bF

Sz1.
:

39
 S y1 = S y bF
S z1 = S z aF (2.4)
2.4
.
)
2.4 ,
,
Y1Z1 . ,
, .,
.
2.4
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Sz
a = yc =
F
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b = zc =
F (2.5)

.
, ,
.
,
.

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2.5 , :
S y = Fzc
S z = Fyc (2.6)
( 2.2),
n ,
.
:

40
 S Fy i c ,i
Sy Fz i c ,i
yc = z = i = 1 n
zc = = i = 1 n

F F
i = 1 n
i F F
i = 1 n
i
(2.7)
, 2.7
Yc Zc .

2.2. . .
)

( .2.2): (2.8)
Iy = z dF , Iz = y dF , I yz = yzdF , I0 =
2 2 2
dF
F F F F

Iy Iz ,
Iyz ( ) ,
Io ( Ip, Ic).

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2.8.
- dF,
dm.
F,
V.
2.8 ,
[m4]. Iy Iz
Io ,
Iyz
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41
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16 8 .2.1.
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14 6 .2.1.
( 7 9 .2.1),
- ,
- 2.8.
, :
I0 = dF = (y + z 2 )dF = y dF + z dF = I z + I y
2 2 2 2

F F F (2.9) F

..,
.
.
Iy, Iz Ip
- ,
:
Iy Iz Ip
iy = , iz = , ip = .
F F
(2.10) F
,
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1 30 .
)

Iy, Iz Iyz
YZ .2.3.
Y1Z1,
YZ .
2.8
2.3 : (2.11)

z dF = ( z b) 2 dF = z dF 2b zdF + b dF = I
2
I y1 = 1
2 2
y 2bS y + b 2 F
F F F F F

Iz Iyz.
:

42
 I y1 = I y 2bS y + b 2 F
I z1 = I z 2aS z + a 2 F
I y1z1 = I yz aS y bS z + abF
(2.12)
, YZ ,
Sy=0 Sz=0. 2.12 :
I y1 = I y + b 2 F
I z1 = I z + a 2 F
I y1z1 = I yz + abF
(2.13)
2.12 2.13 .
2.13 - .
(!),
YZ.
)

, -
.
.1)

b/h , . 2.5.
h/2 h/2
z3
I y = z dF = z bdz = b
2 2
=
F h/2
3 h/2
3 3 3
bh bh bh
= + =
24 24 12
(2.14)

,
, :
bh 3 hb 3
Iy = Iz =
12 12
. 2.5.
(2.15)

43
 .2)
-
b h .2.6.

y :
h
z
Sy =
F
zdF = zb(1
0
h
)dz =

h
bz 2 b z 3 bh 2
= =
2 h 3 0 6
2.5

:
. 2.6 Sy bh 2 2 h b
zc = = = yc =
F 6bh 3 3
2.8
:
h
z bh 3 hb 3
I y = z dF = z b(1 )dz = ... =
2 2
, Iz =
F 0
h 12 12
(2.16)
2.13 :
2
bh 3 b bh
I y = I y1 + z .F
2
c = I y1 +
12 3 2

:
bh 3 hb 3
I y1 = . I 1 = . (2.17)
36 36
- .
,
( Z) .
:

44
 h (1
y
)
b h (1 by ) b z2 b
I yz = yzdF =
F
0
y

0
z dz dy =

0 y 2 dy =

0

2
y
h2 1 2
b b b2h
= y dy = ... =
0 2 24
2.13 :
2
b2h b h bh
I yz = I y1z1 + ( yc )( zc ) F = I y 1 z1 + . .
24 3 3 2
:
2
b2h
I y1z1 =
72 (2.18)

, 2.18 .
.3)
- -

. 2.8 .2.7,
:
R
R4
I 0= dF = 2 d = =
2 2

F 0
2
D 4
=
32
.2.7 (2.19)
2.9,
:
I0 D4
I y= I z = =
2 64 (2.20)

.4)

45

d -
.2.8. :
R 2 d 2 R3
dS y = dF .z s = . R sin = sin d
2 3 3

,
0-:

R3
Sy =
F
dS y =
0
3
sin d =

2 3
= ... = R
3

.2.8
Z
:
Sy 2R 3 2 4R
zc = = = = 0.424 R
F 3 R 2
3 (2.21)

YZ :
1 D4 1 D4
I p= , I z= , I y= I p I z
2 32 2 64
:
D4 R4
I y= I z = =
128 8 (2.22)
:
R4 2 R
2
I y1= I y z F =
2
c ( 0.424 R ) = 0.11R 4
8 2 (2.23)
,
, , . [8],
[12] .

46
 2.3.

: Iy, Iz
Iyz YZ.
UV, YZ
-.2.9 ( , ,
).
Iu, Iv Iuv.


,
.2.9:
u = y cos + z sin
v = y sin + z cos (2.24)

.2.9 2.8
2.24, Iu :
I u= v dF = ( y sin + z cos ) 2 dF =
2

F F

= sin y dF 2 sin cos yzdF + cos z dF =

2 2 2 2

F F F

Iy + Iz Iy Iz
= ... = + cos 2 I yz sin 2
2 2 (2.25)

Iv Iuv.
:
Iy + Iz Iy Iz
Iu = + cos 2 I yz sin 2
2 2
I y + Iz Iy Iz
Iv = cos 2 + I yz sin 2
2 2
Iy Iz
I uv = sin 2 + I yz cos 2
2 (2.26)
2.26
.
:
47
 Iy Iz
I uv = sin 2 + I yz cos 2 = 0
2
:
2 I yz
tg 2 =
Iy Iz
(2.27)
,
Y:

1 2 I yz
1= arctg
2 I I
y z (2.28)
,
Y :
2 = 1+ /2 (2.29)
2.9 ,
,
, .
() Iu ,
:
Iu
= 0
(2.30)
2.26 :
Iu Iy + Iz Iy Iz
= + cos 2 I yz sin 2 =
2 2
Iy Iz
= 2 sin 2 2 I yz cos 2 = 0
2
:
2 I yz
tg 2 =
Iy Iz
(2.31)
, Iu
,
2.27. ,
48

-, -
,
UV YZ.
1 2 max, min, a
I1 I2 Imax Imin.

Imax Imin 2.27,
, 2.26.
:
2
Iy + Iz Iy Iz
I max = + I yz2
min 2 2 (2.32)
2.32 , :
I max + I min = I y + I z = I 0
(2.33)
. 2.33
,
Iy, Iz Imin.

2.34.
, 2.28
.
I y I1
1 = arctg = 1+
I 2
2
yz (2.34)

max, min
Imax, Imin,
UV,
( , ).
,
2.26, ,
. :

49
 I max + I min I max I min
Iu = + cos 2
2 2
I + I I I
I v = max min max min cos 2
2 2
I I
I uv = max min sin 2
2 (2.35)

,
.
2.1.

,
.2.10.

.2.10
) .
ABEG
AFG CDB. C1, C2
C3 .2.10,
- .
:
50
 F1 = 80.60 = 4800 mm 2 F2 = 60.30 / 2 = 900 mm 2
F3 = .20.20 / 2 = 628,3 mm 2
:
F = F1 F2 F3 = 4800 900 628.3 = 3271,7mm 2
YZ,
.2.10. Sy Sz :
S y ,1 = F 1.30 = 4800.30 = 144000 mm 3 S z ,1 = F 1.40 = 192000 mm 3
S y , 2 = F 2 .2.60 / 3 = 900.40 = 36000 mm 3 S z , 2 = F 2.30 / 3 = 900.10 = 9000 mm 3
S y ,3 = F 3.20 = 628.3.20 = 12566 mm 3 S z ,3 = F 3.(80 8,49) = 44929,7 mm 3
2.7,
:
S z ,1 S z , 2 S z ,3 192000 9000 44929,7
Yc = = = 42,2 mm
F 3271,7
S y ,1 S y , 2 S y ,3 144000 36000 12566
Zc = = = 29,17 mm
F 3271,7
)
UV.
UV

YiZi (i=1,2,3) .
UV
2.12.


ABEG :
bh 3 80.60 3 hb 3 60.80 3
I y1 = = = 1,44.10 6 mm 4 I z1 = = = 2,56.10 6 mm 4
12 12 12 12
I y1 z 1 = 0
AFG :

bh 3 30.60 3
I y2 = = = 0,18.10 6 mm 4
36 36

51
 hb 3 60.30 3
I z2 = = = 0,045.10 6 mm 4
36 36
b 2 h 2 30 2.60 2
I y2z2 = = = 0,045.10 6 mm 4
72 72
CDB :
r 4 20 4
I y3 = = = 0,0628.10 6 mm 4
8 8
I z3 = 0,1098r = 0,1098.20 4 = 0,01757.10 6 mm 4
4
I y3z3 = 0
2.12
UV
. .
2.10:
a1 = (42,2 40) = 2,2 mm b1 = 30 29,17 = 0,83 mm
a 2 = (42,2 10) = 32,2 mm b2 = 40 29,17 = 10,83 mm
a3 = 80 0,424r 42,2 = 80 0,424.20 42,2 = 29,32
b3 = (29,17 20) = 9,17 mm
, !
2.12 :
I u = I y1+ b12 F1 ( I y 2+ b22 F2 ) ( I y 3+ b32 F3 ) =
= 1,44.10 6 + 0,83 2.4800 (0,18.10 6 + 10,83 2.900)
(0,0628.10 6 + 9,17 2.628,3) = 1,042.10 6 mm 4
I v = I z1+ a12 F1 ( I z 2+ a 22 F2 ) ( I z 3+ a32 F3 ) =
= 2,56.10 6 + 2,2 2.4800 (0,045.10 6 + 32,2 2.900)
(0,01757.10 6 + 29,32 2.628,3) = 1,047.10 6 mm 4
I uv = I y1z1+ a1b1 F1 ( I y 2 z 2+ a 2 b2 F2 ) ( I y 3 z 3+ a3 b3 F3 ) =
= 0 2,2.0,83.4800 (0,045.10 6 32,2.10,83.900)
(0 29,32.9,17.628,3) = 0,428.10 6 mm 4

52
 )

2.23 2.25.
2
I + Iv Iu Iv
I max = u + I uv2 =
min 2 2
1,042 + 1,047 1,042 1,047
2
= + 0, 428 2
.10 6
2 2

:
I max = 1,474.10 6 mm 4 I min = 0,616.10 6 mm 4
I I max 1.042 1.474
max = arctg u = arctg = 45,2 0
I uv 0,428
,

. ,
. .
.
. 18 .
2.4. .
.




:
l
I=
0
f1( x ) f 2 ( x ) dx
(2.36)
f1 f2
()
0-l . 2.11.

( f1) , - (f2),

.2.11 :
53
 I = 1 f 2( X c )
(2.37)
1 , f2(Xc)
,
. ,
.
2.37 ,
1925 .
:
l l l l
I=
0
f1( x ) f 2( x ) dx =
0
f1( x ) (kx + b)dx = k f1( x ) xdx + b f1( x ) dx =
0 0
l
= k xd 1 + b 1 = kS1 + b 1 = k 1 X c + b 1 = 1 (kX c + b) = 1 f 2( X c )
0
(2.38)
S1 .
2.36 (
),
.
:

.2.12

.
:
5 5
x4 625
I = x xdx = 2
=
0
4 0
4
:
x2 ()
- x (),
54
. 5.25/3,
3.5/4.
625/4, ., .
-.
, -.
() -,
- -
, ..:
ako f1 = A + B , f 2 = C + D, f 1 f 2 = AC + BC + AD + BD
(2.39)
A,B,C,D , -
f1 f2.

, - [8], [9], [12].

2.5.
,
10 - .
5-9 .4.1. ,
( ) , ,
- ( , ,
), ,
, ,
, , () .,
-.
)
.
,
,
.2.13. YZ
, .
: s

= rds [m2 ] (2.40)

0

ds ,
S , r
,
S.

55
 .2.13 ,

d = rds


PAB.


s
( 2.40),
,
PA


. ..

.2.13 ,
.
.2.13 :
dy dz
r = z cos y sin , cos = , sin =
ds ds
, 2.40,
:
s
= zdy
0
ydz
(2.41)

)
.

P1.

P2 ,
a b Y1Z1
- P1 .2.14.
.2.14 Y2Z2
- P2,, Y1Z1.
:

56
 y 2 = y1 a dy 2 = dy1
z 2 = z1 b dz 2 = dz1
2.41,
:
s s
2 = z dy
0
2 2 y 2 dz 2 = (z
0
1 b)dy1 ( y1 a )dz1 =

s s s
=
0
z1 dy1 y1 dz1 b dy1 + a dz1 =
0 0
1 + a( z1 z 01 ) b( y1 y 01 )

2 ,
Y1 Z1 Y Z ,
,
P. :
2 = 1 + a ( z z0 ) b( y y0 )
(2.42)

. , ,
y z.
(.), .
)
:
S = dF [m4 ]
F

S y = ydF [ m5 ]
F

S z = z dF [ m5 ]
F

J = 2
dF [m 6 ]
F (2.43)
S , S y S z
( ), J -
. ,
, .

57
 ,
2.43 :
S = ds, S y = yds, S z = z ds, J = 2
ds
F F F F
(2.44)
, , ,
.

, -.
) ()
,
, ,
(
).
.6 .7. -
.
, , ,
, ..:
S y = ydF = 0, S z = zdF = 0
F F (2.45)

.
.


YZ,
(.),
P1
.2.15.
.P2 ,
a b .P1.
,
,
2.42.
, ,
2.45, .:

.2.15

58

F
2 ydF = (
F
1 + a ( z z0 ) b( y y0 ) ) ydF = 0

2 zdF = ( 1 + a ( z z0 ) b( y y0 ) ) zdF = 0
F F (2.46)
, :

F
1 ydF + a zydF az0 ydF b y 2 dF + by0 ydF = 0
F F F F

, YZ , :
S 1 y + aJ yz bJ z = 0
(2.47)
, 2.46, :
S 1z + aJ y bJ yz = 0
(2.48)
a b,
1:
S 1z J z + S 1 y J yz S 1 y J y S 1z J yz
a= , b=
JyJz J 2
yz J y J z J yz2
(2.49)

. 2.49
(. 18).
YZ , 2.49 (
, ):
S 1z S 1 y
a= , b=
Jy Jz
(2.50)
)

, S ,
.
J , ,
,
.
, S
? , :

59
 .
: = + ( ,
).
:

0 dF
S = dF = ( 0 + C ) dF = 0 dF + CF = 0 C= F

F F F
F (2.51)

.
) 2.2. .

- N20 ( 6176-75) :
h=0,2 m, b=0,076 m, d=0,0052 m, t=0,009 m-.2.16-.
: Jy=1530.10-8 m4, Jz=134.10-8 m4, F=23,4.10-4 m2, e=0,023 m.
,
2.50.
, , -
Y Z ( ) ,
.2.16- 2.16-

) ) ) ) )
.2.16

( ),
h h-t = 0,191 m, b b-d/2 = 0,0734 m.
1 - .2.16-, ,
-
.
. Y , 1
, ,
60
 S1y = 0 b ( Z)
P1, o 2.50, .
S1z.
(
):
b
1 hb h b 2 h 2t
S 1z = 1 zdF = 2 t 1zds = 2 t b = =
F 0
2 2 2 4
0 ,0734 0,19120 ,009
2
= = 4,42 .10 7 m 5
4
2.50
Y P1:
S 1z 4,42.10 7
a= = = 0,029 m
Jy 1530.10 8
(-) , Y.
,
,
.2.16-.
, S=0.
,
2.44,
.
. z
.
:
1h 2
2d ( 0,00277 0,00277) = 0,0052.0,191.0,00277 2 / 3 = 25,4.10 10 m 6
22 3
, [8]
, :
(h12 h1 h2 + h22 )
2t b=
3
0,00277 2 0,00277.0,00424 + 0,00424 2
= 2.0,009 0,0734 = 61,24 E 10 m 6
3
J=(25,4+61,24).10-10=86,64.10-10 m6.

.
. 18.
[24].
61
. 3. -

3.1. -
- ,
. N>0,
, N<0 .
, ,
,
, , , . .3.1-

. ,
(
). ,
,
,
,
, , . - .3.1-.

) )
.3.1. ,
-
.
- (l)
2 (.3.2).
,
,
1000 .
, . ,
, .
,
, -.

62
 .3.2. ,
)

, , ,

, ..
.3.3. ,
, ,
. (
=) ,
.

.3.3.

1.19 , , N=x F,
:
N
x =
F (3.1)

.
, -
, ,

. , ,
/, -
.

63
 3.1
:
N
F
[ ] (3.2)
3.2 ,
. - , ,
.
19 20
.
. 11.
,
:
[ N ] F [ ] (3.3)
)
,
, ,
.3.4.

. 3.4.
,
:
F
X = 0 p F x F= 0 p = x
F
= x cos

:
= p cos = x cos 2
= p sin = x sin cos

64
 (-) ,
t,
. :
x x
= + cos 2
2 2

= x sin 2
2 (3.4)
, :
1. = 0 = , = 0.
2. = 45 = /2, = /2=max.
3. = 90 = 0, = 0.
:
/
, 45 ;
, (=90) , , ..
, ,
.
( ,
, ?)
, , 45 ,
, ,
, /
. 3.16.
3.4 :

= sin( 2 + ) = sin 2 =
+
2
(3.5)
..,
. , ,
,
. , .4,
.. .
)
3.1.
,
.3.5.
[] =160 MPa,
[]=5 MPa.: =50 kN, =30.
65
 ) ) )
.3.5.
(.3.5-):

Z= 0 N 1 sin P = 0
X = 0 N 1 cos + N 2 = 0
:
P 50 P 50
N1 = = = 100 kN N2 = = 86,6 kN
sin 0,5 tg 0,577
:
N1 100.103 N 2 86,6.103
F1 = = 6,25.10 4 m2 F2 = = 173 ,2.10 4 m2
[ ] 160.106 [ ] 5.106
3 cm,
14 cm.
!
3.2.

. ,
.

,
- 0 - .3.6.
, ,
.
: F0 - , R - , -
, - :
66
 .3.6.

.
a dm e:
dP = dm 2 ( R x) = Fdx 2 ( R x )
o :
x x
N = 0 F0 + dP = 0 F0 + F
2
( R x)dx
0 0
x
0 F0 + F ( R x )dx
2

N
= = 0
= 0 = const
F F
:
x
0 F0 + F ( R x )dx = F
2
0
0

, :
F 2 ( R x)dx = 0 dF
dF 2 ( R x)
=
F 0
, :
2 x2
ln F ln C = Rx
0 2
:

67
 2 x 2
Rx
0 2
F = Ce
x=0 F=F0 , C=F0.
:
2 x 2
Rx
0 2
F = F0 e
3.2 /
)
,
,
, .3.7 a . O,
, .
(1781-1850),
, ,
-, .

.3.7.
:
l
.
b
.

l
=
l (3.6)
.

b
=
b (3.7)
.
,
:

68

=
(3.8)
. (-)
, ,

, .
( 1),
00.5, .4.
)
AB dx .
3.7. AB, .
U, . U+dU.

( 1.11), :
A' B ' AB (dx + U + dU U ) dx dU
x= = =
AB dx dx (3.9)
, :
x N
x= =
E EF (310)
:
dU N
=
dx EF (3.11)

:
N
U= EF dx + C
,
.
, N= const EF=const, :
Nx
U ( x) =
EF (3.12)
x=l ,
l:

69
 Nl
l=
EF (3.13)
EF -
. - , - (-
).

l
eoc =
EF (3.14)
[m/N] -.
,
.
, 3.13
:
Nl
l= + l T
EF (3.15)
(,
).
, .
, ,

1. = 12.10-6 [deg-1].
.

)
3.12 ( EF=const)
1.7, :
d 2U t ( x)
=
dx 2 EF (3.16)

.
U, N.
3.16 :

70
 t ( x)
U = dxdx + C1 x + C 2
EF
dU
N = EF = t ( x )dx + EFC1
dx (3.17)
C1 , C2 ,
.
2 , , 2n, n
.
3.16 3.17
- .18.
) 3.3.
.
.3.5.

, :
N1l1 N 2l2
l1 = > 0 l2 = < 0
EF1 EF2
.
.3.5-, . .
,
( ,

).
. .
.
, .
,

.
:
l 2 + l1 cos
v = l1 sin +
tg
.

3.3. -

71
 )
,
,
.

, .., .
.
(n),
(m) (s),
:
n = m s (3.18)
,
, ( s )
.. (n ),
.

, , - : 1.

.. . 2.
.. , ,
.
- .
)
3.4.
t ,
.3.8.
. :
/ (EF)1 (EF)2, l.

.3.8.
,
:
N1 + N 2 = 0

72
 N1 , N2 .

.
,
:
l1 + l 2 = t
t .
:
N 1l N 2l
l1 = l2 =
( EF )1 ( EF ) 2
,
, ,
, .3.8 . ,
:
1. .
2. .
3.
(
).
4.
3.15, ,

.

:
N1 + N 2 = 0
N 1l N 2l
= t
( EF )1 ( EF ) 2
, :
t ( EF )1 ( EF ) 2
N1 = N 2 = N1
l ( EF )1 + ( EF ) 2
(EF)1 = (EF)2 =(EF), :
t
N 1 = EF N 2 = N1
2l
73
 , -
( (EF)2 << (EF)1 ) (
, - ), (EF)2
( !) :
t
N1 = ( EF ) 2 N 2 = N1
l
..
- .
,
.

.
3.5.
,
- .3.9-.

.3.9.

.
, l=0.
3.15, :
Nl N
l = + l T = 0 N = EF T = = E T
EF F
,
, . ,
,
, . -
(=200 GPa, =12.10-6) =
+100 = 200.109.12.10-6.100=240
MPa. ,
.

74
 ,
, , -


. , 40 ,
20 , -
10
.3.9-,
.
3.15.
10 50
: l = lT = 12.10-6.10.50=0,006
m= 6 mm. ,
.3.9-
,
.
,
.
3.6.
,
- - .3.10.
.

a) ) )
.3.10.
, N2=N3.
:
N 1 2 N 2 cos = 0 a)

75
 .
.
,
. 3.10-.
l2
l1 + =
cos
3.15
:
N1l N 2l
+ =
EF EF cos )
) ), :
2 EF cos 2 EF cos
N1 = N 2 = N3 =
l (1 + 2 cos 2 ) l (1 + 2 cos 2 )
=60 , , :
EF
N1 = N 2 = N 3 =
3l
,
=60 , 2=120 , ..
120 .
l=1 m, 1
cm2 1 mm, ( =60
):
EF 1.10 3 . 2.1011 . 1.10 4
N1 = N 2 = N 3 = = = 6666,6 N
3l 3
, .
66,6 MPa . 5 mm, ,
, .

.
.

3.4. /

, , , .

76
 ,
.
2734-83.
)


. .
3.11
.
(1),

(2). (3),
,
(4)


,
.3.11. .


. (5).
.. (6),
.
,
. -
,
.

.

)
(),
.
1086-76.
.3.12.

. - ,
.

77
 .3.12.
)

l ,
.3.13.
F0, l l0
( ),
,
. F0 l0 ., P-l
- . .

.3.13. P-l -

e ,
.
- ,
-(.),
78
 .
=.

,
, .3.14 [6].

.3.14. / -

. . . ..
- , - ,
.
.,
. . .
.S .. .
,
.
.
s .
.
,
0,2, ,
0,2 % .
?
. ,
.. - ,
.
-.
-
, 45 (
79
3.1 ,
).
.
-,
1859 1884 .


, , .
.S
, .
. SB .
. .
, KL,
OP, .
L, L ,
.
, ( .
),
LK (- ,
KL LK
). .,
SB, . ,

(LK>OP).

, .
1831 . . (1756-1832).
. .
,
.3.14.
. .D
, -- ..
, .3.13. (
- 45 )
.
.
. ,
.
.

80
 . .D, - ,
.
- B-C.
, .D
, = PD/F.
p, e, s b

- b , s - ,
- 2. e
.
-
. ..
, :
lD
% = .100 [%]
l0 (3.19)
l0 , lD
.

,

,
:
F F0
Z% = .100 [%]
F0
(3.20)
F0 , F




.
. 3.15

.3.15. .
,

, ..
.
81
, ,
.
) ,
(3.19 3.20)
.

20 .
, (),
,

. ,
.
. ,
, , .
,
.
, .
- .
,

.
, , -
.

.
,
, .
( )
.
( , 1901), (
, 1920) ( , 1920).
,
.
B ( MN/m2)
HB (kg/mm2) - [34]:
B=K.HB
: K=3,4-3,9 .
, .
.
)
82

, ( l=d=20 mm 6 mm).
(
- 50 mm , - 200 mm ).

. .3.16
- 3 ( ).

.

.3.16.

, ,
,
,
45 . , , -

( s ),
.
83
 -, .
500-1500 MPa,
120-380 MPa 4-5 .
,
, .
)

,
. -
- ..
, 20 .
( ,
), .
,
, .. (
). ,
1912 ( 800
), 1985 ., ,
,
. ,
( -
), ,
22 31 F (1C)
[35], ,
.
.
,
. ,
.
,
: , ,
, , , , , .

, : , , , ,
. ,

.

.
. -

84

.
.
,
, .
.

(), ,
.
. -
.
,
, .
,
, , .
.
, - .


.

, .5.

3.5.
,
( ) - .
, .
.
, ,
. ,
( )
. ,
100
- (
) , .
, .
, ,
, .

.

85

, .
.

.3.18.
, ,
.3.18.
, - l, ,
, - h,
.
. .
L, ()
L0.
- f.
, f / l ( 0,1)
. -
.. . f / l >0,2,
, .. , -
. ,
.

.3.18.
)

ds
.3.19.
N
()
(V).
:
.3.19

86
 X= 0 H + dH H = 0
dH = 0 H = const
Z= 0 V + dV + qdx V = 0
dV
= q
dx (3.21)
,
,
.
.
XZ - ,
, Z .
, , W. .3.18 . 3.19 :
dW V dW V
= tg ; = tg ; =
dx H dx H (3.22)
3.22 3.21 :
d 2W q
2
=
dx H (3.23)

( ).
)
q=const 3.23 .
( ),
3.23
3.24,
:
dQz dMy d 2M
= q ( x) = Qz ( x) = q( x)
dx dx dx 2 (3.24)
, 3.23 3.24
. , 3.23
. ,
3.24, 3.23.
3.24
.
. , ,

87
 Q
, :
h M' dW h Q'
W= x+ ; = tg = +
l H dx l H (3.25)
, Q -
, l,
, .
,
.

W(x) :
'
h M max
f = Wmax x=
l H (3.26)
)
.3.19 :
2
H dW
N= = H 1 + (tg ) 2 = H 1 +
cos dx (3.27)
3.29, :
2
h Q'
N = H 1+ +
l H (3.28)
)
()
-
.
.3.19 , :
1/ 2
dW
2
dW 2 1 dW 2
ds = ( dx ) + ( dW ) = dx 1 + = dx 1 + dx 1 +
2 2

dx dx 2 dx

(3.29)

. ,
3.29, :

88
 l l
1 dW
2
h2
l
h Q' Q'2 h2 1
l
L = ds = 1 + 0 l H 2H 2 2 l 2H 2 0
dx = ... = l + + + dx l + + Q'2 dx
2 dx 2l
0 0

(3.30)
,
:
l
N
L0 = L L = L EF dx
0 (3.31)
, ,
.
, L f .
.
) :
q.
q

.

:
qlx qx 2 ql
M '= Q' = qx
2 2 2 (3.32)
3.25:
h 1 qlx qx 2
W= x+
l H 2 2
(3.33)
,
3.23 W(0)=0 W(l)=h.
,
3.33 :
dW 1 ql h l Hh
= 0 qx + = 0 x* = +
dx H 2 l (3.34) 2 ql
( 3.34
3.33)

89
 ql 2 Hh 2 h
W max= + +
8 H 2ql 2 2 (3.35)
3.35 ,
. . 3.20:
.3.20-; -
.3.20-; .3.20-.

) ) )
.3.20

:
h 1 qlx qx 2
f ( x )= W( x ) x=
l H 2 2

, :
ql 2
f =
8H (3.36)
3.30 :
h2 q 2l 3
L= l+ +
2l 24 H 2 (3.37)
3.36,
:
h2 8 f 2
L= l+ +
2l 3 l (3.38)
3.28 :

90
 2 2
h Q' h ql qx
N = H 1+ + = H 1+ +
l H l 2H H (3.39)
) :
q.
,
h=0.
3.33 :
1 qlx qx 2 ql 2
W= Wmax = f =
H 2 2 8H
(3.40)
3.39:
2 2
ql qx ql
N = H 1+ N max = N x= 0
= H +
2

2H H 2 (3.41)
3.37 3.38:
q 2l 3 8 f2
L= l+ = l +
24 H 2 3 l (3.42)
)
(q, N, H, f ) 1
1 ( ), 2
2,
:
L0, 2 L0,1 = l (T2o T1o )
(3.43)
3.31 ( ) 3.43.
3.43
,
.
)

:
N max
max = [ ]
F (3.44)
:
91
 N
N max
n (3.45)
N , n
.
) 3.7.
( )
l=2 km f=170 m, ,
q=350 kN/m d=1,1 m .3.2. (
TV Discovery channel -
).
,
.
3.40 :
ql 2 350.10 3.( 2 .10 3 ) 2
H= = = 1,029 .10 9 N
8f 8.170
3.41:
2 2
ql 350.10 3.2.10 3
N max = H + = (1,029.10 9 ) 2 +
2
= 1,087 .10 9 N
2 2
:
N max 4.1,087.10 9
ax = = = 5,7.10 8 Pa = 570 MPa
2F 2. . 1,12

, .
2500 MPa,
- .
K) 3.8.
,
.3.21. : P1=200 N, P2=110 N;
l=30 m; L0=31 m.
Q M
.3.21. 3.30 ,
:
l
1 1 I
2
L= l+ Q ' 2 dx = l + I H=
2H 0 2H 2 2( L l )
92
 ,
Q .3.21 :
I = 170.10.170 + 30.10.30 + 140.10.140 = 4,94.10 5

-
:

4,94.10 5
H= = 497 N
2

3.28,
h=0. -

,
.3.21 Q e -.
:
2 2
Q' 170
N max = H 1+ = 497 1 + = 525 N
H 497
3.26:
M ' max 1700
f = = = 3,42 m
H 497

.
.3.21
.
.
31 m.

.4.

4.1.

. ,

93
 XYZ, .1,
x
xy xz - . 1.22.

,
Y Z


.

dx, dy dz,


.4.1,

.
. 4.1.



.
, ..
:
x yx zx
(4.1)
T = xy y zy
xz yz z

.4.1,
, .
,
XYZ.

, ,
.
,
XYZ.
,
X, Y Z
.
, ,
, , ,
.
94
 , . -
, - .
,
Z. ,
, ,
, :
( xy dydz )dx ( yx dxdz )dy = 0
(4.2)
, xy = yx. ,
, :
xy = yx yz = zy zx = xz (4.3)
4.3 ..
(). :

,
.

a) ) )
. 4.2.
.4.2 ) ) .
) ,
.
,
4.1 .

.
4.2.

4.1. ,
,
,
- .4.3.
.
-
. F , Fx, Fy, Fz

95
 , .
pn, :

pnx

pn = pny
p
nz
(4.4)

. 4.3.


,
, 4.1.
:

X = 0 p nx F x Fx yx Fy zx Fz = 0
:
Fx Fy Fz
p nx = x + yx + zx
F F F
, :
Fx Fy Fz
= = =
F F F
:
pnx = x + yx + zx
.
4.1 ,
. :
p nx = x + yx + zx
p ny = xy + y + zy
p nz = xz + yz + z
(4.5)

96
 ,
:

pn = pnx2 + pny2 + pnz2

(4.6)

,
,
:
n = pn .e n = p nx + p ny + p nz
(4.7)

4.5 :
n = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
+ 2 xy + 2 yz + 2 zx
(4.8)
,
1.17,
:

n= pn2 2
n
(4.9)
4.1.
a=10 ,
,


P= 500 kN .4.4.
,

.

z,
:
.4.4
P 50.10 3
z = = = 50 MPa
a2 10.10 4
, ,
,
, :

2+ 2+ 2
=1 = = = 3
3
97
 4.5 4.6
:
pn , x = 0, pn , y = 0, pn , z = z = 28,9 MPa, pn = 28,9 MPa

4.8 4.9:

n = z 2
= 16,7 MPa n = pn2 2
n = 23,6 MPa
4.3. .
.


4.1 .
,
,
,
.4.5. ,


.4.5. : ,
,
.4.5- ,
.
, , .. .4.5- .
, :
pnx = n
pny = n
pnz = n (4.10)

4.5, 4.10,
, :
( x n ) + yx + zx = 0
xy + ( y n ) + zy = 0
xz + yz + ( z n ) = 0
(4.11)
:

98
 2+ 2+ 2
=1
(4.12)
,
. 4.11
. ,
,
, ..:
( x n ) yx zx

det xy ( y n ) zy = 0
yz ( z n )
xz (4.12)
4.12 n .
,
n :
3
n J 1 2
n + J 2 n J3 = 0 (4.13)
:
J1 = x + y + z

J 2 = x y + y z + z x 2
xy 2
yz 2
zx

J 3 = det (T ) (4.14)
4.13
, 4.14 (
) .
, -.
, 4.13 , 4.11
, .., ,

,
4.11 (
), 4.13
. ,
.4.5-, . , .
4.13 ()
.
: 1 , 2 , 3 : 1 2
3 .

99
 , ,
.
, . ,

.

(.. ), 4.11
n 1 , 2 , 3 .
4.12 , ,
, ,
4.12, .
,
:
( x 1 ) 1 + yx 1 + zx 1 = 0
xy 1 + ( y 1n ) 1 + zy 1 = 0
2
1 + 12 + 12 =1
(4.15)
4.15
, . ,
4.15,
4.13,
, - ( .18).

4.15 1 2 3.
,

, , .:
e1 ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) e2 ( 2 , 2 , 2 ) e3 ( 3 , 3 , 3 )
(4.16)

.
,
123,
XYZ, .
,
.
,
,

100
 ,
.
, .
4.13
:
( n 1 )( n 2 )( n 3 ) = 0(4.17)
4.17,
:
n3 J1 n2 + J 2 n J 3 = 0 (4.18)
:
J1 = 1 + 2 + 3

J 2 = 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1

J 3 = 1 2 3 (4.19)
4.13 4.18 ,
, ..:
J1 = J1
J2 = J2
J3 = J3 (4.20)
J1, J2 J3
XYZ, J1 , J 2 , J 3
1,2,3, , ,

. ,
,
( 4.1),
, .
4.14,

.
,
, ,
, ..

101

!
.18

.
4.2. ,


,

- .4.6
4.14


:
.4.6
J1 = 3 p, J 2 = 0, J 3 = 0
:
n3 3 p n = 0 n2 ( n 3 p ) = 0
:
1 = 3 p, 2 = 3 = 0
., . ,
=3 ,
(===3/3),
4.5-4.9 ,
, .

4.4. ( )
, 1 , 2
3 1,2,3.
1,2,3.
4.5, :
pn1 = 1 = X
pn 2 = 2 = Y
pn 3 = 3 = Z (4.21)
4.21. :
102
 X Y Z
= = =
1 2 3
4.12,
:
2 2 2
X Y Z
+ + = 1
1 2 3 (4.22)
, 4.22
.4.7 1 , 2 3.

.

. 4.7.

(
4.21). ,
. ,
,
- ., -
. , ,

- , ,
- , .
,

, . :
min ( | 1 |, | 3 |) p n max( | 1 |, | 3 |)
(4.23)

103
 4.5.
,
. 4.8-.
(
, Z). ,
(), . ,
, ,
,
Z.

:

. 4.8.
x yx 0
T = xy x 0
0 0 0
1 (4.24)

( , , )
.
, XY 4.8-.
:
1.
( Z), .
2.
.
3.
, ..

104
 , ,
.
)
4.5
(n=0):
p nx = x n + yx n

p ny = xy n + y n

p nz = 0 (4.25)
4.8 :
n = x 2n + y n2 + 2 xy n n
(4.26)

:
n = pn .et = pnx t + pny t =
= x n t + y n t + yx n t + xy n t
(4.27)
(,

X Y):
n = cos n = cos(90 ) = sin
t = cos(90 + ) = sin (4.28)
t = cos
4.28 4.26 4.27
, :
x + y x y
n = + cos 2 + xy sin 2
2 2
x y
n= sin 2 + xy cos 2
2 4.29)
4.29
, Z,
.
)
4.13.
4.14. :
105
 J1 = x + y

J 2 = x y 2
xy

J 3 = det (T ) = 0
4.13 :
[
n n2 ( x + y ) n + ( x y xy2 ) = 0
(4.30)
]
( -
),
. :
2
x + y x y
= + 2
(4.31)
I , II
2 2 xy


I, II, III,
, 1 , 2 3.
)
, ,
.
4.29, :
2 1 2 xy
arctg
xy
tg 2 = = , =I +

I
2 2
2
x y x y
(4.32)

. - ,
4.15. :
( x I ) cos I + yx sin I = 0
:

= arctg I x , =I +
I 2
2
yx
(4.33)
)

106
 1
.4.9.
I, II


4.29:
I
= II
sin 2
2
,


. 4.9 45
, ..

.
:
I
max = II

2 (4.34)
.
)
,
.4.10 . ,
.
.

) )
. 4.10.

4.29,
. :
107
 n= xy sin 2
n= xy cos 2
(4.35)
,
45
.
= 45 : 1=xy, 3=-xy
.4.10-.
, 45
.
)
, Z .
4.8- , ..
. 4.11, ,
, ,

XY
, .
XY
.4.8-.
,
.4.11,
.

.4.11 ,

. -
, .

4.6.

,
, ..
.4.12-.
,
.4.12-, ,

3,
.
1,2 4.34, :
108
 ) )
. 4.12.
1
12 = 2

2
,
3 , 1
2 .4.13-. ,
,
3 (
.4.13-).

) ) )
. 4.13.
,
- 2 - 3, 3 - 1 , ,
, 2,3 3,1, .4.13-, 4.13-,
,
. :
1 2 1
12 = 2
23 = 3
13 = 3

2 2 2 (4.36)

109
 , 1 2 3 , , -
4.36 31=13.
-
:
1
max = 3

2 (4.37)
4.37 ,

.

4.7.

1.6. ,

,
:
x xy

= y = yz

z zx
(4.38)
XYZ
.
U,V W,
.
:
U U V
x= xy = +
x y x
V V W
y= yz = +
y z y
W W U
z= zx = +
z x z (4.39)
4.39
.

.

110
 )
,
4.38 ,
.

.

dx
dy,
1 2 .
4.14.



dS

. 4.14
BAC.
( -
) :
B ' B"
= = 1+ 2
AB (4.40)
:
dx dy
B ' B" = dx cos + dy sin ds = =
cos sin
dx dy 2
= cos 2 + sin = 1 cos 2 + 2 sin 2
dx dy
BB" dx sin dy cos
1= = = ... = 1 2 sin 2
ds ds 2
2 , 1 +/2.
, :
1 2
2= sin 2
2
, ,
( )
, ..:

111
 = [ 1 + 2 ] = ( 1 2 ) sin 2
:
1 + 2 1 2
= + cos 2
2 2
1
= ( 1 2 ) sin 2
2 2 (4.41)

e 4.29,
:
1+ 2 1
= + 2
cos 2
2 2
2
n= 1 sin 2
2 (4.42)
4.41,
4.42
, , 4.42
,
.


.
,
4.1, :
1 1
x 2
yx
2
zx
1 1
T = xy x zy
2 2
1 1
x
2 xz 2
yz
(4.43)

,
4.8, /2. :
n = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + xy + yz + zx
(4.44)
XY 4.44 :
112
 n = x 2 + y 2 + xy
(4.45)
)
dx,dy,dz
. ,
dx+dx, dy+dy, dz+dz.

, a
, ..:
V ' V
e= V = dxdydz V ' = (dx + dx)(dy + dy )(dz + dz )
V (4.46)
a , dx=xdx, dy=ydy, dz=zdz, :
e = (1 + x )(1 + y)(1 + z ) 1
(4.47)
,
10-3 -.
4.47 ,
. :
e = x + y+ z
(4.48)
..,
.

.
4.14,
, 4.48.

4.8.
,
.4.1.
,
.

( x - .4.15-), ,
:
x x
x = y = z = x = xy = yz = zx = 0
E E (4.49)

113
 . 4.15.
,

.

( xy - .4.15-), ,
:

x= y= z= 0 xy = xy
yz = zx = 0
G (4.50)
,
. ,
.
4.49 4.50 ,

.
)

,
.4.1:
, :

x=
1
( x ( y + z )) xy = xy

E G
yz
y = ( y ( z + x ) )
1
yz =
E G
zx
z = ( z ( x + y ) )
1
zx =
E G (4.51)
114
 .4.1
\ x y z xy yz zx
x x/E -x /E -x /E 0 0 0
y -y /E y /E -y /E 0 0 0
z -z /E -z /E z /E 0 0 0
xy 0 0 0 xy /G 0 0
yz 0 0 0 0 yz /G 0
zx 0 0 zx /G
0 0 0
4.51 .

.
.
XY 4.51 :

x=
1
( x y ) y=
1
( y x ) xy = xy

E E (4.52) G
4.52 .
:

x =
E
( x + y ) y =
E
( y + x ) xy = G xy
1 2
1 2

(4.53)
) .
4.48 4.51
, :
1 2
= ( x + y + z )
(4.54)
4.54 ,
,
( , ),
0,5. ,
, ,
, ,
- 0.5.
, ,
:

115
 0 < < 0.5
4.54 , =0.5,
, (
). .
0.5 .
) E , G
.
, .
4.16, . 4.6- ,

,
, 45
.

. 4.16. E,G


, . 4.16-

.4.16-. .4.16- :
2
d u cos 45 = a cos 45 = a
G 2
.4.16-,
, :

d = 1d =
1
( 1 3 )d = 1
( + ) d = (1 + ) a 2
E E E
, :

116
 E (4.55)
G=
2(1 + )

4.55, E, G
,
.
) 4.3.


p - .4.17.
.
Z
(z= -p). ,
X Y
(x =y). ,
. 4.17
( ).
. , .:

x=
1
( x ( y + z )) = 1 ( x ( x p)) = 0
E E
:

x= y = p
1
=0,5 , x =y = - p , ..
, . ,
0,5
.
4.9.

.
,
4.53, .


.

117
 ( ,
, ),

(, , ) . 4.18-a.
. L .
1-30 .

. 4.18.
( )
.
,
. ,
. ,

. ,

R, ..:
R L
= k = k
R L (4.56)
R , k
( ,
- 2).
4.56 ,
R, R
k,
.
.
, / ,
= .
,
- ,
118
 x y
xy , 4.53.
.
,
.4.18-,
: x , y 45 - 45.
4.45, , :
45 = x 2 + y 2 + xy
(4.57)
, - . 45
= =0.707. 4.57 .
x , y xy 4.53,

,
4.31 4.33
.

:
;
.
4.4. -
a =50.10-5,
b = -40.10-5, c =10.10-5. .4.19.
,
=2,1.1011 Pa =0,3.

XY ,
(x=a), Y
b (.y=b).
4.57 :
2
45 = c = a c + b c2 + xy c c

c=c=0.707.
:
2
. 4.19 c a c b c2
xy = = ... = 10.10 5
c c
,
(4.53), , :
119
 E
x = ( a + b ) = ... = 87 MPa
1 2
E
y = ( b + a ) = ... = 57,7 MPa
1 2

xy = G xy = xy = ... = 8 ,08 MPa
2(1 + )

4.31 4.33:
2
x+
I , II =
y
x y
+ 2
xy = ... = 87,9 MPa / 58,59 MPa
2 2

= arctg I x = ... = 48,37 , =I + = 138,37
I 2
2
xy
4.10. .
.

- . -

.
) .
, ,

.




.

(P)
(U)

: P=kU,
k .
. 4.20 .4.20.

120
 du .4.20,
dA= Pdu.
, :
U max U max
u 1
A= 0
Pdu = 0
Pmax
u max
du =
2
Pmax u max
(4.58)
4.58
, : ,

,
.
)
.
,
, - .
.
,
.
,
x - (.4.15-), e ,
, ::
1 1 1
dA x = dU x = ( x dydz ) dx = ( x dydz ) x dx = x x dV
2 2 2
,
(U) .
, .:
1 1 1
dU x = x x dV dU y = y y dV dU z = z z dV
2 2 2
(4.59)
xy=yx,
, .
4.15-:
1 1
dA xy = dU xy = ( xy dxdz ) xy dy = xy xy dV
2 2

:

121
 1 1 1
dU xy = xy xy dV dU yz = yz yz dV dU zx = zx zx dV
2 2 2
(4.60)
,
:
1
dU = ( x x + y y + z z + xy xy + yz yz + zx zx )dV
2 (4.61)
U0
:
dU
U0 =
dV (4.62)
1
U0 = ( x x + y y + z z + xy xy + yz yz + zx zx )
2 (4.63)
4.63 ,
4.51, :

U0 =
1
2E
( 2
x + 2
y + 2
z 2 ( x y + y z + z x ) + ) 1
2G
( 2
xy + 2
yx + zx2 )
(4.64)

:

U0 =
1
2E
( 2
1 + 2
2 + 32 2 ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ) )
(4.65)
,
,
..:
U = U 0 dV (4.66)
V

4.11.

( <0.5) .

.
, ,
.
122
 . 4. 21.
,
.4.21.

.4.21- .4-21-,
,
, ..:
1 = p+ '
1 2 = p+ '
2 3 = p+ '
3 (4..67)
p.
) .
4.54 , :
1' + 2' + 3' = 0 (4.68)
4.67 4.68 , :
1+ 2+
p= 3

3 (4.69)
, )
,
), . :
U a = U U = U
- ,
. 4.65,
:
1 1 2 1 2
U = (3 p 2 2 .3 p 2 ) = 3p2 = ( 1 + 2 + 3 )2
2 2E 6E
(4.70)
,
- 4.65 4.70,
.:
123
U = U 0 U =
1
2E
( 12 + 22 + 32 2 ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ) )
1 2
( 1 + 2 + 3 ) 2
6E
, :
1+
U =
6E
(
( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 )
(4.71)
4.71 , , U =0,
,
.
,
, :
1+
U =
6E
( ( x y ) 2 + ( y z ) 2 + ( z x ) 2 ) +
1
2G
( 2
xy + 2
yx + zx2 )
(4.72)
. 5.

5.1. .
.

,
.



- (.5.1)
,

, S .


;
.S
; .
. 5.1 .

-
124
, s ,
, .3. -
.

,
:
(5.1)
[ ] =
max
n
[] ; - ; n
.

s .. ..
n ,
,
(), .
1,3-2,5,
2,5-5.
5.1 ,
.
2.

,
.
/
, ,
,
. ,
.
,
.


,
,
,

.5.2.

.
.5.2.
125
 ,
(),

().
.
,

.

, :

, max [ ] =
n (5.2)
,
, .
,
-
.
,
. -
, .

5.2. .

) (
)
, ,
. ,
, .
, )
( ) 1 3,
:
I
= max(| 1 |, | 3 |) (5.3)
.
.

) (
)
. (18 ) (19
) , ,
.
,
126
 1
a
max = max ( ( 1 ( 2 + 3 )),
1
( ( 3 ( 1 + 2 ) )
max =
,
E E
, :
II
= max( ( 1 ( 2 + 3 ), ( 3 ( 1 + 2 ) )
(5.4)

, , ., .

,
.

) (
).
, 18
( ),
, .
) )
( 4.37 3.4 ):
1
a
max = 3

max =

2 2
, :
III
= 1 3
(5.5)
,
.
.
, .
, ( ),
, 5.5
, , .
. ,
.

) ( ).

( 19 ),
.

(, , - 20 ),

(
127
 ). ) )
4.71 :
1+ 1+
U =
6E
( ( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 ) U =
6
2 2

:
2

IV
= ( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2
2 (5.6)
4.72,
:
2
IV
= ( x y ) 2 + ( y z ) 2 + ( z x ) + 6( 2
xy + 2
yx + zx2 )
2 (5.7)
5.6 ( 5.7) ,
,
( ). ,
, .

5.3. ( )
-

. ,
, .
,
,
.4. 4.29,
XY.
, XY
(=0), 4.29
:
1+ 3 1 3
n= + cos 2
2 2
3
n= 1 sin 2
2 (5.8)

, :
2 2
+3 3
+ ( n ) = 1
2
n 1
2 2 (5.9)

128
 5.9 ,
n ,n
[(1+3)/2 ,0]
(1-3)/2 .5.3.

5.8,


,
.

,

.5.3. 20 .



. . 18, .
.
1 3,
(1>0, 3=0),
(1=0, 3<0), (1=-3)
.
.
,
. ,
1,3
.
, ,

, ..
1 3.
/.
, 1
(1=s,).
.5.4 ( ,
).

129
 . 5.4. -

,
(1=s,)
2. (10, 30)
,
. 5.4 3.
.
,
1 3,
,
.

.
.
( ),
,
,
.5.5.
, .

. 5.5. O
130
 1 3, -
.5.5.
1* 3*,
, ..:
1* = n 1 3* = n (5.10) 3

n
1 3 ,
1* 3*.
.
CD
, .
:
CE CD
=
EB DA (5.11)
. 5.5. :
1* + 3* s ,
1* 3*
CE = EB = s ,

2 2 2 2
+ 3 s ,
* *
3*
*
CD = 1 + DA = s , 1
2 2 2 2 (5.12)
5.12 5.11 , :

n= s ,

1 k 3 (5.13)
:
s ,
k=
s ,
(5.14)

(.5.2-), :
s ,
n =
(5.15)

5.13
5.15, :
V
= 1 k 3 (5.16)

131
 k 5.14.
, , k
:
B, (5.17)
k=
B ,
5.16
.

.
(=1),
5.16

- 5.5.
. , -
.
5.4.

, ,
,

,
.5.6.
4.31
,
:
2
x x
. 5.6 1,3 = + xy
2

2 2 (5.18)
.
5.5
5.16 ,
:
III
= x2 + 4 2
xy

1 k 1+ k
V
= x+ 2
x + 4 2
xy
2 2 (5.19)

132

-, 5.7:
IV
= 2
x + 3 2
xy
(5.20)
5.19 5.20 ,

5.1. ,
x= 200 MP xy= 90 MPa.
,
: (5) , B,/
B,=0.6.

. 5.19 5.20 :
III
= 2
x + 4 2
xy = 200 2 + 4.90 2 = 269 MPa

IV
= 2
x + 3 2
xy = 200 2 + 3.90 2 = 254 MPa
k=1
5.19 : ,V=,III=269 Mpa.
k=0,6 :
V
= 0 ,2 .200 + 0 ,8 200 2 + 4 .90 2 = 255 MPa

. 6.
6.1.
,
.6.1. ,
, ..
.

, ,
.

. 6.1.

133
 )
dx.
d - .6.2.

1.19 ,
, .
,
.
, ,
, .. .
,
:
dM = dF . M = d F
F (6.1)
.
, .
. .6.2 :
AA' = d = dx (6.2)
:
d
= [rad / m]
dx (6.3)
6.2 , :
d
= G = G = G
dx (6.4)
6.4. 6.1 :

134
 M = d F = G 2 d F = G 2 d F = G I p
F F F (6.5)
2.8
(Ip) . 6.5. :
M
=
G Ip
(6.6)
, 6.6. 6.4
:
M
=
Ip
(6.7)
6.7 ,

.6.3.

. 6.3.


.
:
Ip
Wp = [m 3 ]
max (6.8)
:
M M M
max = max = =
Ip Ip Wp
max (6.9)

135
 .6.3 ,
,
, . ,
.
)
.
6.8. 2.19 D
:
Ip D4 D 3
W = = = (6.10)
32 D
p
max 16
2

D d :

Wp =

Ip
=
(D 4 d 4 ) D 3
= [
1 4
]
=
d

max 32 D 16 D
2 (6.11)

1=1- 4 ,
2=1- 2. =0,8, 1 =0,59, 2
=0,36, . - ,
, -
( -).
)
,
.
4.5-, ,
45 , .6.3.
, ,
s < s ,
, .., .6.4-.

. 6.4.
, , s, < s,
,
, .. 45 .6.4-.
136
 , ( ),
, -.
, .
6.4-.
)

, .6.1.
6.3 6.6 , :
( d M 6.12)
=
dx G Ip

6.12, :
M
= GI p
dx + C
(6.13)

, :
M x (6.14)
( x) =
+C
G Ip
- .
=0.
6.14, x=l:
M l
= [rad ]
G Ip
(6.15)
GIp 6.15 .
- , -
.
)
6.12 ( GIp= const) 1.7,
:

d 2 d M t( x )
= =
dx 2
dx G I p GI p
(6.16)

137

,
. 6.16, :
m( x )
= dxdx + C1 x + C2
GI p
d
M = GI p = m( x)dx + GI p C1
dx (6.17)
1, 2 ,
.
n , 2 ,
, 2n. 6.16 6.17
.18 ,
.
)
:
M ,max
max = [ ]
Wp
(6.18)
, 6.10 (
) 6.11 ,
.
6.6:
M , max
max = [ ]
G Ip
(6.19)
[] e , .
2.20 ,
.
:
.
o ,
. ,
, .
:
N
M = 9,55 [kNm]
n (6.20)
138
 N [kW], n
[min-1].
) 6.1.

.. .
o, ,
17000 kW n=122 min-1,
[]=50 MPa. []=0,4 deg/m.
- :
N 17.10 3
M = 9,55 = 9,55 = 1353 kNm
n 120
6.18
6.10, :
16M 16.1353.10 3
D 3 = 3 = 0,516 m
[ ] .50.10 6
6.19,
,
, rad/m- (0,4 deg/
m = 0,4. /180=6,98.10-3 rad/m). :
32 M 32.1353.10 3
D 4 = 4 = 0,705 m
[ ]G .6,98 E 3.0,8.1011
D=0,705 m.
,
.

) 6.2.
,
.
D=10 cm, n=500 min-1,
45 ,
=60.10-6.
,
=210 GPa, =0.25.
.6.3
45
:
139
 1 1
= ( 1 3 ) = ( + )

:
E 210.10 9 60.10 5
= = = 1008.10 5 Pa
1+ 1,25
:
M = W p = D 3 / 16 = 1008.105 0,13 / 16 = 19,79 kNm
6.20 :
N = M .n / 9,55 = 19,79. 500 / 9,55 = 1036 kW
,
.

( - ) ( -
).

6.2.
)
, ,
, , () .
6.5.

. 6.5.


.
, .

140
 o,
.
1 :
() .6.6-.
.6.6 1,2,3,4 6, .5.
) )

.6.6

, ..
( .2) .
1 2.
, ,
, .. 1=1 2 =2.
, 1
2 , ,
.
2- . ,
, .6.6-.

. ,
1
( ) 2 ( ). ,
2, 2=2.
- 2=0, , 2=0. =
1.
)
e ,
.

141
 .6.7. . .,
.


.
M M l
max = A = 2
c = A = (6.21)
hb G hb3
,

(h)
(b) .
6.1.
,
,
. h/b
, h/b 20.

. 6.7

.6.1
h/b 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 4 10
0,208 0,231 0,246 0,258 0,267 0,282 0,313 0,333
0,141 0,196 0,229 0,249 0,263 0,281 0,313 0,333
1,000 0,857 0,795 0,766 0,753 0,745 0,742 0,742

,
[8].

6.3.
)
,
( ) - (L),
- (l) ( <<L<l).
, .
, .

142

: )

,

(.6.8-). )
,

(.6.8-). )

(.6.8-
).


.
-.

)

. 6.8.
(.6.9-)


- , . ,
,
,
(.6.9-),
.
.
. ,
. ,

,
,
.
,
.6.9-. .,
.
, ,

, .

143
 a) ) )
. 6.9.

.
,

.
, - [27].
)
,

) ) )
. 6.10. ,

,
,

.
. ,
,
, , ,

.6.10.
144

, ,
,
, 6.21.
h L, b . .6.1 h/b 20
= 0,333 = 1/3 = 0,333 = 1/3. :
3M 3M l
= =
L 2
G L 3
(6.22)

, , ,
.6.10-, ..
( ),
(
). ,
, ,
.
)
,

, L - .6.11-.

a) )
. 6.11. ,

,
, ..
145
=i, i=1..n (n ). 6.22
:
3M ,i l G Li i3
= i= M ,i =
G Li i3 (6.23)
3l
, :
n
G n 3M l
M = M ,i = Li
3l i = 1
i
3
= n
i= 1
G Li i
3

6.24) i= 1

i-
6.22:
3M ,i 3 G Li 3
3 3M l G Li 3
3M i
i = = i
= i
=
Li 2
Li i2
3l Li i2 n
3l n
i
G Li i
3
Li i
3

i= 1 i= 1
(6.25)
6.25 ,
, ,
- , ..:
3M max
max = n

i= 1
Li i
3

(6.26)
, ,
, .6.11-.
6.25 6.26
- -.
, ,
-, L-, Z-
.
6.3. - N 20 (6176-75)
h=200 mm, b=76 mm, d=5,2 mm, t=9 mm, l=4 m
P=2 kN =300 mm - .6.12.

. (G=0,8.1011 Pa).

146

,
, ,


,
,
.


6.26
6.24,
,
.
:

. 6.12

3M max M max M max Pe t

max = = = =
n
1 n
Jp 0,333[(h 2t )d 3 + 2bt 3 ]

i= 1
Li i
3
Li
3 i= 1
i
3

2.10 3.0,3.0,009 5,4

= = = 120 MPa
0,333[(0,2 0,018)0,0052 + 2.0,076.0,009 ] 45.10 9
3 3

3M l M l 2.10 3.0,3.4
= = = = 0,666 rad = 38,2 deg
n
GJ p 0,8.1011.45.10 9
G Li i3

i= 1

6.4.
(.6.8-)

.
)

.6.13:
1.
.
.
147
 2. , = const
.

) )
. 6.13.

, dx
ds .
, :
1 ds 1 2 ds 2 = 0 1 1 = 2 2 = const
(6.27)
)
,
, 6.27:
dM = ds r M = ( )rds = rds = 2dF = 2F *
*

L L L
F* ,
.6.13-. r
.
,
, -
:
M M
= max =
2 F * 2 F * min (6.28)
)
148
 l,
, d - .6.13-.
:
2dF *
AA ' = r = l = l 2dF * = lds
ds
M M l ds
2dF = lds 2 F * = lds = lds =
G
*

L L L
G L 2F G
*
2F *

:
M l ds
=
4( F ) G
* 2
(6.29)
:
M lL
=
( )
4 F * G
2
(6.30)

. 6.14

) 6.4.
D - .
6.14, m.
, n [].
6.22. :
3M 3m 3M l 3ml
a = = , a = =
L 2
D 2
G L 3
G D 3

6.28 6.30.
:
149
 M 2m M lL 16ml D 4ml
= = , = = =
2F
*
D 2

( )
4F * 2
G 4 D G
2 4
D 3 G
:
2
a D D
= 1,5 , a
= 0,75

D/=50 ,
75 -
, 1875 -
. , ,
.
,

- ( , ,

). a
, ,
. :
Q 2m(l ) 2ml
= = = [ ]
nF D nF
2
D 2 n F
.

6.5.

)

() .
.
, . ,
. 6.15.
ds/dx,

. :

150
 = 1+ 2

:
du
du = 1 ds 1=
ds
rd = 2 dx
d
2= r = r
dx
du
= r
ds
(6.31)
. 6.15.
d ,
.6.15, .
1-1, ,
. . , ,
.
:
du
= G = G ( r )
ds (6.32)

. .6.10, .6.11. 6.32 ,
:
du du
r = 0 = r
ds ds (6.33)
u,
:
u= r
s
ds = rds =
s (6.34)
.2, 6.34
.
, .
,
.
6.34 ? -.
151
)



.6.16,
.
()
,

(
),
( CD).
. 6.16.

, .
,
. , ,
, ,
:
du d
x = =
dx dx (6.35)
,
:
d
x = E x = E
dx (6.36)
6.36 ,
. - ,
. , My, Mz N
( ) .
1.19, :
d
My =
F
x zdF = E
dx F
zdF = 0

d
Mz =
F
x ydF = E
dx F
ydF = 0

d
N = x dF = E
dx F
dF = 0
F (6.37)

152
 6.37, ,
. .2,
. , -
.
( 25-), 2.45
( 6.37), , .6.15 ,
, .
, ,
, N, My Mz 1.19.
,
. ,
6.36, .
, .6.15,
,
6.35, ,
.
6.36 , 6.7
.
:
B = dF [ Nm 2 ]
F (6.38)
, .
,
.
.
6.36 6.38 :
d d d
B= E dF = E 2 dF = EJ
2

F
dx dx F dx (6.39)
6.39 6.36.
:
B
=
J (6.40)
)


, dx.
.6.17, ,
153
 . ,
.
X, :
d x
2 dx + x dF ( x + d x )dF = 0 2 = dx
dF
F* F* F*

6.36 :
d 2 d 2 *
dx 2 F *
2 = dF = S
dx 2
(6.41)
S * e

.
.
.6.17
.
,
,
.6.18.
, ,
6.33 ,
,
.6.18 .
, , .

.

)
,




(6.36 6.41)
,
,

- .
.6.18
154
 ,
.
()
:
M 1 = GJ p
(6.42)
, .
6.18, :
M 2 = 2 ( ds) r = 2 d
F F (6.43)
6.41 :

d 2 2
dF d = E d 2
F * F
2
M2 = E 2 dF 2
dF
dx F dx F*
1

1 2
,
, . :
d 2
M 2 = EJ
dx 2 (6.44)
6.39, M2
:
dB
2 =
dx (6.45)
2 ,
EJ - - .
, 6.42
6.45 , .:
d 2
M 1 + M 2 = M GJ p EJ = M
dx 2 (6.46)
:
GJ p
= 2

EJ (6.47)
6.46 :

155
 d 2 M
2
2 = 2
dx GJ p
(6.48)
6.48
. e:
= C1 sh x + C 2 ch x + *
(6.49)
1 2 ,
, * -
, .
, 6.42 6.45 ,
. 6.36,
6.26 6.41 .
6.45, 6.41
:
E d 2 E M2 * M 2 S*
2 = S = S =
dx 2 EJ J (6.50)
) 6.4. 6.3
. 6.19.

. : h=200 mm, b=76 mm, d=5,2 mm, t=9 mm, l=4 ,
P=2 kN, e=300 mm. :
Jp=450.10-10 m4, J =86,6.10-10 m6 (
6.3, - 2.2).
= 2.1011 Pa, G=0,8.1011 Pa.

.6.19

m=Pe=0,6.103 Nm.
6.49. , :

156
 m
*=
GJ p
:
m
= C1 sh x + C 2 ch x +
GJ p
:
1. =0 = 0. , C2 = -m/GJp.
2. x=l .
6.36 , (l)=0.
m
'
(l ) = C1 ch l + C 2 sh l = 0 C1 = th l
GJ p
:
m
= (1 + th l sh x ch x )
GJ p
:
GJ p 0,8.450
= = = 1,442 th l = th(1,442.4) = th5,77 = 1
EJ 2.86,6
:
ml th l
l
ml
= dx = ... = 1 = 0,827 = 0,827 . 0,666 = 0,551 rad = 31,6 deg
0
GJ p l GJ p
,
17,3 % .
-, -.
:
d m
= (th l ch x sh x)
dx GJ p
d 2 m
2
= 2
(th l sh x ch x)
dx GJ p

157
 :
d 2
M 2 = EJ = ... = m (th l sh x ch x) = 0,6.103 ( sh 1,44 x ch 1,44 x)
dx 2
d m
B = EJ = (th l ch x sh x) = 0,417 .103 ( ch 1,44 x sh 1,44 x)
dx
1, 2
.6.19.
.
-
.
6.20. :
B 417
max = max = ( 0,00424) = 204 MPa
J 86,6.10 10



.


1 -



:
.6.20

M1 600
1,max = max = 0,009 = 120 MPa
Jp 450.10 10
2
6.50.
S* -
.6.20.
, .

.

158
 0.44
0,0041.0,44
S * = dF = ds = 0,009
2
= 8,4.10 6
F* 0

M 2 S * ,max 600.8,4.10 6
2, max = = = 64,7 MPa
J d 86,6.10 10.0,009
-
1.
,
- .
,
. .

.7.
7.1.
,
. . 7.1. ,

, ,
.

. .7.1

.
,

-
.7.2,
,
My.
.7.1.
,


, ..
.

.7.2.

1
.
. 7.2.

159
 2 .
, ,
.
dx .7.3,
. , ,
, . ,
, , .

. CD, z ,
DD. :
DD' DD' zd z
x = = = =
CD AB d (7.1)
,
.7.3 , :
z
x = E x = E
(7.2)


,
z, . ,


1.19,
:
E E
N = x dF = zdF = S y = 0
F
F
E E
M z = x ydF = yzdF = J yz = 0
F
F
E E
M y = x zdF = z 2 dF = Jy 0
F
F

(7.3)

F. N Mz
( ), 7.3,
Sy Jyz . ,
.2, , YZ
.

160

Y.
7.3 :
1 My
=
EJ y
(7.4)
7.4 7.2 :
My
x= z
Jy
(7.5)
7.5



. (
1826).
,
,
Z,
.7.4
Z
.7.4. Y ,
, .
.
, .

, - ,
Z.
My
x , max = z max
Jy
(7.6)
Y :
Jy
Wy = [m3 ]
zmax (7.7)
7.6
:
My
x , max =
Wy
(7.8)

161

Z. 7.7,
.
.
- ( b/
h) ( d),
:
Jy bh 3 bh 2 hb 2
Wy = = = Wz =
zmax 12.h / 2 6 6 (7.9)
Jy d 4
d 3
W y = Wz = = =
z max 64.d / 2 32 (7.10)
.7.3
, ( Y)
.


.
,

. 7.5. ,

. - ,
, - . .
7.5. ,
, , -.
,
. .

. 7.6

162
 ,
,
,
( ), , -,
. , , -
.7.6, - ),
). )
- ).



7.6.
,


. 7.7 . .
(1638),
,
. .7.7-. - . (1705)
.7.7-),
- . (.7.4)
1826 .
7.2.
,
My
Qz
.7.8. -
,
.
)

.

,

.

.
. 7.8
.7.9.

, ,

163
 .7.9-.
. ,
, . 7.9-.
. . D, ,
, . ,
.

. 7.9.

,

.
)
dx
,


.7.10.

,

,

. 7.10 ,
.
,
, -.
( , )
,
( ),
.
,
7.6, .
,

, .
, , ,
164
 7.6
h/l, h , l
. h/l<1/10, ,
10 %, .

)
,
dx .7.7. Qz 0,
, My

-
, ..
e

,

.

dx
,
.
. 7.11
7.11,
z .
,
N*,
N*+dN*. , ,

zx. ,
b(z) .
:
dN *
x= 0 N * + dN * N * zx b( z )dx = 0 zx =
b( z )dx

, :
My My M y S *y
N = dF = zdF = zdF =
*
x
F* F*
Jy Jy F*
Jy

d M y S y S y dM y S y
* * *
dN *
= = = Qz
dx dx J y J y dx Jy
165
 Sy*
F* Y .
- :
Qz S *y
zx = xz =
J y b( z )
(7.11)
7.11 ,
19 (

). ,
,

.

b/h - .7.12. :
bh 3
Jy = , b( z ) = b = const
12

. 7.12

y:
h h z b h2
S *y = F * z * = b z z + = z 2
2 4 2 2 4
7.11 :
6Qz h2 3Qz 3Qz
zx = z 2 zx , max z = 0 = =
bh 3 4 2bh 2 F
(7.12)
,
. (
.7.10).
,
. ,
. ,
,
, =1,33-2. (
- [27]). .7.13
.
,
.
166
 . 7.13
- , - -
.
.7.13.


Sy*,
y.
,
.
)
,
, :
M y ,max
x , max = [ ] xz , max [ ]
Wy
(7.13)

, .
,
Qz -
,
My. ,
, , ,
.
, , - ,

,
,
. -
.
,
-. ,
, .
- (

167
.7.8) , ,
.
,
:
My
Wy =
[ ] (7.14)
My .
.7.8 My = P.x/2
,
Wy = P.x/2[].
, (
), :
D(3x ) Px 16 Px
= D( x ) = 3
32 2[ ] [ ]



, ,


.7.15 .

. 7.15. .

, .7.15 .
.7.16 (
),
.

. 7.16.

(), , .
.7.9.
168
 7.4 ,
n2 - ( n - ),
.
,
,

.
, .
.
, .

,
.7.17,
.

,

.7.17
. (
), , ,
.
,
h2 ( h
), - , h3 ,
, .7.17 4 -
8 - .
)
7.11
Qz. ,
.

,

Qz,
1,
2,
.7.18.
1,
1
. 7.18 = 1 ,
.
1 .
169
 2,, ,
Qz. , 2 ,
, xy .
,

,
.
)

.7.19-,
.
,
.
(h)
,
- 7.6 7.12.
- A, B, C, D , .7.19- ( ).
.
4.31 4.33.

.7.19- ( ).
,
.
( ),
. .
7.19- , ,
.
,
.7.20- 1
3.

) )
. 7.19.

170
 . 7.20

. , .
,
. , -
.
, ,
.7.20-.

) 7.1.

.7.21-. 1
2, ,
.
,
.7.21-,
,
2.
.
Jy F,
=2.

. 7.21

171

.
.7.19-.
:
M y ,max ql 2 Qz ql ql
a
max = = a
max = k = 2 =
Wy 8W y F 2F F

.

(
).
. ,
.

.7.1, ql/2
:
M y ,max ql 2 qla Qz ql ql ql

max = = +
max = k = 2 + = 2
Wy 8W y 2W y F 2F 2F F
,
.
1981 . Kanzas City
Hyatt-Regency, - [35]. (
) , -
. 100 ,
-
.
,

.

7.3.

) II .
,
.7.22.
.
.

.
L/400,
172
L . ,
( -)

.

. 7.22

XZ.
(W) , Z, ()
, .

.
7.22,
.
7.4,
:
1 My
=
EJ y
(7.15)
. ,
, W(x):
1 W"
=

(1 + (W ') )
3
2 2
(7.16)
,
.
7.15 7.16 :
W" My
=
(1 + (W ') )
3
2 2 EJ y
(7.17)

173

( ), ,
. , ,
My
W.
.7.23- ,
, , W,
W . , ,
, W W
. ,
W My . , 7.17
. :

) )
. 7.23
W" My
=
(1 + (W ') )
3
2 2 EJ y
(7.18)
7.18
.
( 7.15
, ).
,
.
.
.1,
.
( 5) W 7.18 -
W<<1 (W= tg = tg5 =0,087), W
- . W
. :
My
W "=
EJ y
(7.19)

.
, .
174
 :
My
W = dxdx + C1 x + C 2
EJ y
(7.20)
C1, C2 ,
. n
, 2n , 2n
.
EJy .
- , - .
7.20 ,
My .
) 7.2.


,
.7.24.

x :
.7.24
M y = Az x M A = Px Pl
7.20 :
P lx 2 x 3
W = + C1 x + C 2
EJ y 2 6
P x2
= W '= lx + C1
EJ y 2
:
1. x=0 W=0, C2=0.
2. x=0 W=0, 1=0.

:
P lx 2 x 3 P x2
W= = lx
EJ y 2 6 EJ y 2
x=l .
B .
Pl 3 Pl 2
WB = B =
3EJ y 2 EJ y

175
 ) IV
7.19 ( EJy=const)
, :
1 Q Qz' q
W '''= M y' = z W IV = =
EJ y EJ y EJ y EJ y
(7.21)
:
q
W IV =
EJ y
(7.22)
7.22, 7.19,
.
,
( q ).
, .
7.22 :
q
W= EJ y
dxdxdxdx + C1 x 3 + C 2 x 2 + C 3 x + C 4
(7.23)

,
.
7.22 . ,
7.19 7.21
:
M y = EJ yW " Qz = EJ yW ' ' '
(7.24)
7.22-7.24
.

7.4.
)
,
, -

.
. ,
.
, , ,
. 7.25.
.

176
 W(x)
1.19. , -

:

. 7.25

M y ,I = 0
M y , II = m
M y , III = m P ( x b)
M y , IV = m P ( x b) q( x c ) 2 / 2
M y ,V = m P ( x b) q ( x c) 2 / 2 + q ( x + d ) 2 / 2
(7.25)
-
q,
, .
7.19 :
EJ yW ' = M y dx + C
(7.26)
7.25 7.26 :
EJ yW ' I = C1
EJ yW ' II = C 2 + m( x a)
EJ yW ' III = C 3 + m( x a ) + P ( x b) 2 / 2
EJ yW ' IV = C 4 + m( x a ) + P( x b) 2 / 2 + q( x c) 3 / 6
EJ yW 'V = C 5 + m( x a ) + P ( x b) 2 / 2 + q ( x c) 3 / 6 q ( x d ) 3 / 6
(7.27)

177
 , 2
, ma. 1
EJy W(o)=Jy,
.7.25.

x=a 2=1, x=b 3=2 , x=c 4=3 x=d 5=4 .
7.27 , C2=C1 , C3=C2, C4=C3,, C5=C4 , ..
Jy.
7.19, 7.26.
:
EJ yW = ( EJ W ' )dx +
y D
(7.28)
7.28 :

EJ yWI = D1 + C1 x
EJ yWII = D2 + C 2 x + m( x a ) 2 / 2
EJ yWIII = D3 + C 3 x + m( x a ) 2 / 2 + P ( x b) 3 / 6
EJ yWIV = D4 + C 4 x + m( x a) 2 / 2 + P( x b) 3 / 6 + q ( x c ) 4 / 24
EJ yWV = D5 + C 5 x + m( x a ) 2 / 2 + P ( x b) 3 / 6 + q( x c) 4 / 24
q ( x d ) 4 / 24
(7.29)
D1 EJyWo , Wo
e .7.25.
a ,
Ci (i=1-5), , D2=D1 , D3=D2 , D4=D3,, D5=D4 ,
EJyWo.
7.29 ,
.

:
( x a) 2 ( x b) 3 ( x c) 4 (x d )4
EJ yW( x ) = EJ yW0 + EJ y 0 x + m + P +q q
I 2 II 6 III
24 IV
24 V
(7.30)
,
.
.

178
 ,
, - Wo .
.
, , Wo =0
=0. , Wo =0.
, .
Wo ,
.
, ,
.

.
) 7.3.
.7.24.
, Wo =0 =0.
, 7.30
:
( x 0) 2 ( x 0) 3 lx 2 x 3
EJ yW( x ) = MA Az = P
2 6 2 6
,
, -.
, ,
, ( ).
.

)


,


.7.26 .
(
) .7.26,
( )
.
.
. . .
,
.

179
 7.5. ,

, . ,
.
,
. , ,
, .

.7.27.
,
.

. 7.27.
dx,

q [N/m] cW.
,
q, C,
, N/m2.. , ,
c = b, -
, b .

[11].
, ,
.
7.22 q q - cW,
cW ( ) .
:
q cW c q
W IV = W IV + W=
EJ y EJ y EJ y
(7.31)
7.31
. , 7.22,
-. , q=0, 7.31
:

180
 K 3 L2 K L3
W = K1W0 + K 2 L 0 M 0 4 Q0
EJ y EJ y
(7.32)
K1 , K2 , K3 ,K4 :
1
K1 = ch . cos K2 = (ch . sin + sh . cos )
2
1 1
K3 = sh . sin K 4 = (ch . sin sh . cos
2 4 (7.33)
:
x 4 EJ y
= ; L= 4
L c (7.34)
,
:
= W '; M y = EJ y ' = EJ yW ' ' ; Q z = M y' = EJ yW ' ' '
(7.34)

:
K4 K K K
K1' = 4 ; K 2' = 1 ; K 3' = 2 ; K 4' = 3
L L L L (7.35)

4n , n
.
, .
.

8.
/,
.
,
. , .
,
.
, -.

8.1. ()
( ) ,

.8.1,
.
181
 )


,
,

.8.2.

Y .
,

. 8.1. .
,
, .
Y Z:
M y = M sin M z = M cos
(8.1)

My Mz



y z

:
My Mz
x' = z x'' = y
Jy Jz
(8.2)
.8.2
Mz ,
.8.2.
,
:
My Mz
x= z y
Jy Jz
(8.3)
,

. -

182
. ,
:
My Mz sin cos
x= z y = M z y = 0
Jy Jz J Jz
y
:
J
z = y cot g y
Jz (8.8)
,
.

, .8.2 ,
S2 :
z = tg . y (8.9)
8.8. 8.9 ,
1 S2 2 :
Jy
K1 K 2=
Jz (8.10)
,
, .
8.10, ,
.

,
. - ,

- . ,
(, )
.
y z,
, -
. .8.2 . Y
Z, :
My Mz
x , max = x, A = zA yA
Jy Jz
(8.11)

.8.2
183
 ( )

.

) 8.1.

b/h=10/15 cm
l=2 m
.8.1 =2 kN.

.
-

.
. 8.3 -,
y z,


.
tg = h / b = 1,5 = 56,31
Py = P cos = 1,11 kN M z = Py l = 1,11.2 = 2,22 kNm
Pz = P sin = 1,66 kN M y = Pz l = 1,66.2 = 3,32 kNm
,
.8.3.
:
My My 3,32.10 3
'
x , max = = 6 = 6 = 8,85 MPa
Wy bh 2 0,1.0,15 2
Mz Mz 2,22.10 3
''
x , max = = 6 = 6 = 8,86 MPa
Wz hb 2 0,15.0,12
.
, .. 17,71 Mpa.
,
.
,
Wy Wz, :
184
 My Mz
x ,max = +
Wy Wz
(8.12)
)
.
Y Z,
.
Y Z:

= 2
y + 2
z
(8.13)
,
, .
8.2. /. .
/ , ,

.8.4. , .
)
,

, a
Jy, Jz
F .8.5.

Yk ,Zk.

,
N=P,
y=P.Zk Mz=P.Yk .

.8.4. :
N P My Pz k Mz Pyk
'
x = = ; ''
x = z= z; '''
x = y= y
F F Jy Jy Jz Jz
:
1 z y
= P + k z + k y
x F J J z
y
(8.14)
(+), (-),
.
185

,

-

.


,
8.14
.
:
.8.5 1 zk y
+ z+ k y = 0
F Jy Jz
(8.15)
:
zk yk 1
= A; = B; = C
Jy Jz F
(8.16)
:
Az + By + C = 0 (8.17)
, ,
(0),
.8.5.

, - . .
8.5 , :
1 z y
= = P + k z A + k y A
x , max x, A F J J z
y
(8.18)
)
(
) .8.5.
8.17,
:
1
C F
= =
A2 + B 2 zk
2

2

+ yk
J J
y z (8.19)

186
 Yk ,Zk.,
.8.6:

. 8.6.
1 : Yk ,Zk . 8.19 ,
.
- .
2 : Yk ,Zk (
). 8.19 ,
, .., .
.
3 : Yk ,Zk
,
.

Yk ,Zk
,

,
,
. 8.7. .8.7.
,
,
. ,

, ,
.
,
. ,
,
, .
.

187
 8.19.
,
(yk ,0)- .8.8,
d/2.
8.19 :
4
d d2 d
= yk =
2 64 y k
2 8
0 +
d
4

. 8.8
. 8.8 .
) 8.2.
b/h = 4/20 mm
P 10 kN .8.9.
.

.



N=P
My=P.h/2.
. 8.9 ( Y
, ).
:
N P 10.10 3
'
x = = = = 125 MPa
F bh 4.10 3.20.10 3
My 6 Ph 3.1.10 3
'x' ,max = = = = 37,5 MPa
Wy 2bh 2 4.10 3.20.10 3
: :
125+37,5=162,5 , 125-37,5=87,5 .
8.3.
, .
,
, , .
.
188
)
,

,

=Mx, =y
N .8.10.

.

.


.8.10 :

N 4N My 32 M y M 16 M x (8.20)
'x = = ; ''
x ,max = = ; max = =
F d2 d d 3
3
Wy Wp


, ,
,
Z. ..
,
-. .8.10 ,
., -
.
, ,
.
.8.11.
: (8.21)
4 N 32 M y 16 M x
= 'x + ''
x ,max = + =
. 8.11 d 2 d3 d3

.
.
, 5.19 :
2 2
4N 32 M y 16M x
III
= 2
+ 4 2
=
d2 + + 4
[ ]
d3 d
3
(8.22)
189
 ,
.
, .. ,
.
,
. N=0 8.22 :
32 M y2 + M x2
III
= [ ]
d3 (8.33)
.
,
:
32 M y2 + 0,75M x2
IV
= [ ]
d3 (8.34)
.
, :
III
M = M y2 + M x2 IV
M = M y2 + 0,75M x2
(8.35)
( )
,

, ,

.

) 8.3.
,
200 /,
500 .. .8.12.
R1= 20 cm R2= 30
cm. : =25 , b=15
cm.
,
[]=250
MPa.

( 6.20):
N 500. 0,736
. 8.12 m = 9,55 = 9,55 = 17,57 kNm
n 200

190
 0,736
(1 ..=0,736 kW).
- Pt -
Pr. :
m 17,57
Pt R1 = m Pt = = = 87,85 kN
R1 0,2
40 % ,
, Pr =0,4Pt =35,14 kN.

( )
=Pt.R2=87,85.0,3=26,36 kNm
F= Pr2 + Pt 2 = 35,142 + 87,852 = 94,61kN ,
F.ab/(a
+b)=94,61.0,25.0,15/0,4=8,84 kNm. :
III 2
M = M + M 2 = 8,842 + 26 ,36 2 = 27,8 kNm
8.33:
III
32M 32.27,8.103
d = 3 = 3 = 0,104 m
[ ] . 250.106

d =0,104 m.
8.4.
,
h/o > 0.2, h
, o
- .8.13.

,
.

, ,
.
)

d , e.
. 8.13. ,
,
.8.14.
, ,
191
 , d .
ro
.



.


r.
Z
,
. 8.14
(
). My
, . ,
Z . ,
:
BB' zd z d
x= = =
AB ( r0 + z ) d r0 + z d (8.36)
:
OC = r0 d = r (d + d )
d r r
(r0 r )d = rd = 0
d r (8.37)
8.37 8.36 , :
z r0 r Ez r0 r
x= x = E x =
r0 + z r r0 + z r (8.38)
ro r. ,
, :
r0 r z z
N = x dF = E dF = 0 r dF = 0
F
r F r0 + z F 0 + z (8.39)
F .
ro , -.
:
r0 r z2
M y = x zdF = E
r F r0 + z
dF
F (8.40)
192
 , 8.39:
2
z ( z 2 + r0 z ) r0 z z
F r0 + z dF = F r0 + z dF = zdF r r
0
0 + z
dF = S y
F F (8.41)
Sy
Y. Y e
(.8.14. 8.15), Sy
= F.e. 8.41 8.40 :
r0 r r r r0 r M y
M y = x zdF = E Sy = E 0 Fe =
F
r r r
(8.42)
EFe
8.42 8.38 :
My z
x =
Fe r0 + z (8.43)
.8.14 :
e = 0 r0
(8.44)
o .

ro
.
8.43 ,


z.

a
.8.15.

.8.15 . z = -r0
()

.
(.) :
My zA
x , max =
Fe r0 + z A (8.45)
)
8.39,
:

193
 z u r0 dF
u = r0 + z z = u r0 r
F 0 + z
dF =
F
u
dF = dF r0
F F
u
= 0

:
F
r0 =
dF
F u
(8.46)
.8.15 :
0+ h / 2
dF bdu 0+ 0+ h / 2
F u =
h/2
F = bh dF = bdz = bdu = b lnu = b ln
0 h / 2
u 0 h / 2
0 h / 2
8.46 :
h
r0 =
+ h/2
ln 0
0 h / 2 (8.47)
R e
[30]:

r0 =
1
2
(
0 + 2
0 R2
(8.48)
)

8.46 .
[1]:
J y1
e
0 F (8.49)
Jy1 y1 .8.15.
8.44.
,
8.43,
) 8.4.

o =5
b/h=2/3 cm .8.13 =5
kN. .
h/o =3/5=0,6>0,2
.

, .
194
 ( , ,
) :
My = P 0 = 5.10 3.0,05 = 250 Nm

8.37 8.44:
h 3
r0 = = = 4,846 cm e = 0 r0 = 5 4,846 = 0,1538 cm
0+ h / 2 6,5
ln ln
0 h / 2 3,5

. ( .8.13), ZA = -(h/2-e)=-
(1,5-0,1538)= -1,346 ( .8.15).
8.45:
My zA 250 1,346
M
= = 4 2
. = 104,2 MPa
x , max
Fe r0 + z A 6.10 .0,1538.10 4,846 1,346
,
, :
M y 6M y 6.250
M
max = = = = 83,33 MPa
Wy bh 2
2.9.10 6
20 % - .
,
, :
N 5.10 3
N
= = = 8,33 MPa
x
F 6.10 4
.
.
:
x ,max
= x ,A
= 104,2 8,33 = 112,53 MPa

8.5. . .
,
, ,
.
- ,
,
, .8.16, , .
195

,
, 6.5,
.
) .

:
My Mz
x = z y
Jy Jz
(8.50)
)



.
. 8.16
,
. 6.17, :
1 d x
F * dx
= dF
(8.51)
, 8.50 8.51:
1 d x 1 d M y Q Qz S *y
(Qz ) = dF = z dF = z zdF = (8.52)
F * dx
F * dx J y J y J y
F*
Sy*-
Y.
,
, ,

.6.17.
,
.

Sy* :
h Qz h
S *y = s (Qz ) = s
.8.17 2 2J y

Y, Sy* .8.17.
Qy:
196
 Q y S z*
( Qy ) =
J z (8.53)
)
6.5 , (.) -
Y, .8.17.
, ,

. ,
,
O - ( = .O). ,
.8.16, ,

,


.
6.5 6.4. ,
6.48.
, .8.17,
, . ,
(
) .
,

Qz :
Qz S *y Qz *
M o = ( Qz ) rds = ( Qz ) d = J y F
d = S y d
F F F
Jy
(8.54)
8.54 :
.2
S d = S *y dS *y
*
y .1
F F (8.55)
(.1 .2 .8.17)
. , :
S *y = zdF dS *y = zdF S d = dS *y = zdF
*
y
F* F F F (8.55)
8.55 8.54 :

197
 Qz
J y F
Mo = zdF
(8.56)
, Qy, :
Qy
Mo =
Jz ydF
F (8.57)
,
8.56 8.57 , :

ydF = 0 zdF
F F (8.58)

( 2.45 6.37).


,

.
,
?

. 8.18
,
.8.17 ., .,
, .8.17 .
, ,
.
()
.8.18. ,
.

. 8.19. (.)
- ,
( )
.8.19, ,
198

Qz. ,
. . ,
.

8.6.
)
,

My Mz ( 8.3)
( 6.40).
, .
( ), :
N My M B
x= + z z y+
F Jy Jz J
(8.59)
.
Qy Qz ( 8.52 8.53).
,
( 6.26
6.50).
, :
Qz S *y Q y S z* M1 M S*
= + + 2
J y J z Jp J
(8.60)

)




.8.20-
, ,

.

,

.

,
. 8.20. .8.20-
199
 ,
, ,
. , N, My Mz ,
.
, .
,
,
.
.8.20-
8.59,
.
8.60, ,
1 2. , 1 2

( 6.48) , .

.
6.38 :
B= dF
F (8.61)
. 8.61
:
B = dF = ( dF ) = Pi i
i = 1.. N
(8.62)
F F
N , (
.8.20 - N=4), i
.
6.39 , :
d
B = EJ
dx (8.63)
8.62 8.63 ,
:

d B
Pi i
= = i = 1.. N

dx x= l EJ EJ (8.64)

) 8.5.
- N20 l=1 m
.8.21 =20 kN.

200
 ,
: F=23,4.10-4 m2,
Jy=1530.10-8 m4, Jz=134.10-8m4, J =86,6.10-10 m6

:
:
= C1 sh x + C 2 ch x
=1.442
6.4 (
).
:
.8.21 1. =0 = 0.
, C2 =0.
x=l 8.63:
P k 1 P k
'
(l ) = C1 ch l = C1 =
EJ ch l EJ
:
P k sh x d P k ch x
= =
EJ ch l dx EJ ch l
8.63
:
d P k 20.10 3.( 0,00277)
Bmax = EJ = = = 24,81 Nm 2
dx x= 0 ch l ch(1,442)
= -0,00277 m2 (
2.2).

.6.13.
, .
, . .
B 24 ,81
, m ax = = 0 ,0041 = 11,75 MPa
J 86 ,6 .10 10

N
My Mz, ,
.
201