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CT Calculation PDF
CT Calculation PDF
Synopsis: Up to the present time current transformer performance is determined Certain methods have been developed
transformer performance has been described from copper and iron loss and impedance for simplifying this calculation. The
by curves which show ratio error and phase
measurements) has been earnestly sought. most simple method, which does very well
angle over a range of current at various
values of burden, (ohms) power factor, and This paper will present a method which for ring type transformers, is to neglect
frequency. The number of curves that are the author believes to be the best so far the leakage flux altogether. 4 Another
required to cover all possible conditions is so proposed. method assumes an experimentally de-
great as to render them, by their very bulk, termined flux, approximately related to
practically useless. Another limitation is
that they do not describe performance under II. Theory of Current an average value of leakage flux, to flow
transient conditions. Transformation in the whole core." These methods are
Performance of other types of trans- not suitable for general use, because they
formers and certain other apparatus is in- The general principle of calculation of do not use the real magnitude and dis-
variably calculated from a few easily meas-
current transformer performance is very tribution of the leakage flux.
ured constants, according to simple standard
formulas. Up to the present time" avail- simple. The ampere turns in the sec-
able methods for calculation of current ondary coil are less than those in the pri- IV. Combination of Best Features
transformer performance have had the dis- mary coil only because of the ampere of All Methods
advantage of either being difficult to use, or
turns lost in circulating flux in the core.
of depending on constants difficult to meas-
ure, or else they have not been sufficiently Hence, we need only to calculate the am- Giving first consideration to the funda-
accurate for general use. pere turns or magnetomotive force drop mental soundness of the method, we can
A method is described which depends on around the magnetic circuit. say that the method should-
the following constants: However, on account of the leakage flux
1. Consider division of the core into several
1. Open-circuit saturation curve measured in the in the core, this is not as simple as it parts, as discussed in II with different leak-
usual way.
sounds. This leakage flux is principally age fluxes in the different parts.
2. Secondary coil resistance.
the flux which passes between primary 2. Base the distribution of the leakage flux
3. Equivalent leakage reactance calculated from
the voltage of an exploring coil enclosing the maxi- and secondary windings, and completes and the division of the core, on values of
mum value of leakage flux. its path in the core outside the primary leakage flux actually existing in the core as
winding (figure 1). The current trans- measured by exploring coils (figure 2). The
The method includes several itnportant exploring coil can be simply ten turns of fine
short cuts in the calculation which reduce former is different from other transfor- wire.
the numerical work to a practical mini- mers in that this leakage flux is relatively
mum. Curves are plotted which allow di-
large, often larger than the working flux. Giving second consideration to the as-
rect reading of the exact components of ex-
citing current which cause ratio error and This flux has been investigated experi- pects of economics and convenience, we
phase angle. , mentally! and theoretically, 2,3 but no can say that the method should not divide
The objects of the paper are: method has been developed by which it the core into more parts than is necessary
1. To present a practical method of calculation. can be exactly calculated. Furthermore, for the required accuracy. Here a good
2. To establish constants (1), (2), and (3) as the it is well known that it enters the core, not deal of experience is required. Any par-
fundamental quantities which determine real excel- at one point, but all over the whole sur- ticular division of the core into any finite
lence of the transformer.
face, so that it is not the same at any two number of parts is an empirical device,
I. The N~ed for a Simple Method points in the core and can be justified only by general ex-
for Description of Current- If anyone of a number of approximate perience which shows that it works. The
Transformer Performance' methods is used to calculate the leakage final result cannot be shown, in any rigor-
flux, the ampere turns to circulate it ous way, to be the best possible result.
I
I
I
I
I
I closed by the coils is taken as the part
T
I I
I carrying leakage flux, and the axial
length of the coil is taken as the part not
~ to--
EXPLORtNG COIL
r ~ MUST- BE ON .BOTH carrying leakage flux, better results are
~
}~ 7'"-"'[ ~===~
LE GS OF THE CORE, AS generally obtained. These two lengths
1
ER RATIC MEASUREMENTS
are, more often than not, nearly equal,
r 1 RE SULT FROM A COIL ON
so that the final division is usually not far
i ; ONE LEG ONLY, DUE TO
I I SLI GHT DISPLACE MENTS from division into two equal parts, but
I' I OF THE PRIMARY
CONDUCTOR.
some designs are made with unusually
long yokes which carry the leakage flux,
and account should be taken of their
length. The lengths of these parts of
The subscripts 1, 2, refer to the two parts of constants for one wound type and one the circuit are usually easily measured,
the core; the division by 2 takes account of
through type transformer will be given, according to figure 2.
the fact that each component is for only half The particular design in question was
of the core, whereas the saturation curves . together with calculated and measured
results. such that the core could be considered
are for the whole core. It will be noted that
the exact turns ratio must be known. This to be divided into equal parts.
ratio is often difficult to measure, but the (a) WOUND-TYPE TRANSFORMER
manufacturer can always supply it. I t may Secondary coil resistance :
also be difficult to place the exploring coil on r I /109-] .
7
manufacturer's measurements of exact turn Exploring coil voltage Ex 0.148 in 10 turns NO.1! NO.2,/
ratio and leakage flux. (Nx = 10) I 1 NO.3
At Is = secondary current = 5 amperes -_.
3,438 N s = secondary coil turns = 239 I I
Phase-angle minutes = -~ X
2 From equation 7, appendix I NO.4
I '
NO.6; NO.5',
(M sin 8- F cos Oh +~M cos 8- F sin 8)2J
[ Is Is
X=
~( O . 148 X 2392) -031 2=0638 ohm
5XI0 . . SECONDARY COIL
RE~STANCERS
The F cos 0+ M sin 0 and M cos 0- FX
VI. ---COmparIson of Tests and sin 0 curves are given in figure 5.
Calculations The calculation of a given point is BURDEN
as follows:
The constants which determine the
performance of the transformer at a given Secondary current = 5 amperes MAGNETIZING BRANCH
Burden=0.6 ohm, 90 per REPRESENTING CENTER
frequency are: ELEMENT OF CORE
cent power factor = o.54+j 0.262
(1). The secondary coil resistance. Add R s (secondary coil = 0.31 Figure 3. The Rux at the center of the core
(Zl = 0.89 ohm, 96 per cent \ inside the secondary coil is actually less than
(2). The secondary leakage reactance X L
measured according to appendix II. power factor) Z 1 = 0.85+j 0.262 enough to generate the total burden voltage,
Burden voltage E 1 = 4.45 because the "leakage" Aux passing through
(3). The F cos 8+M sin 8 and M cos o- Add X L = j 0.638
F sin 8 curves for exciting current plotted the body of the secondary coil actually links
Z2 = 1.24 ohms 69 per cent some of the secondary turns and induces a
against secondary voltage.
power factor 0.85 j 0.9 part of the secondary voltage
(4). The burden. Burden voltage E 2 = 6 . 2
(5). The secondary current: From figure 5, at E 1 =4.45, (F cos 0+ This real reduction of Aux in the center element
M sin 0)1 =0.0133 of core can be represented exactly by a nega-
The fact that this method gives correct at El. = 6.2, (F cos 0+ tive series reactance or a capacitor C
results; for ring type transformers, in M sinOh=0.0229 Each successive element of the core, starting-
which there is no leakage flux, has been per cent turns ratio = 99.584+
l
from the center element, carries a greater part
amply demonstrated. ~~~oc:nt 100 (0.0133+0.0229) = 0.362 of the real leakage flux, represented by added
:The method has been demonstrated on 2 5 99.946 series reactances, and the network is an dCCU-
several wound type transformers, and the Test value = 99.89 rate equivalent
[Qj
Is'"
given in figure 7. ments on only one exploring coil, as only
l ~.
0.1
aURDEN The secondary resistance was 0.345 slight displacement of the primary con-
za ohm. (R s) ductor causes considerable shifts in leak-
.-..-------
}
NO.2
SIMPLIFIED WORKING DJVIStON The secondary turns (Ns) were 280; age flux, which has negligible effect on
FOR PRACTICAL CALCULAT10NS ratio 1,400/5 amperes. performance, but which causes consider-
Two exploring coils were used, one on able difference in individual coil voltages.
Figure 4. A practical working equivalent for each yoke of the core, ten turns each, in The total voltage of two exploring coils
figure 3 is the two-branched network series as in figure 2 (Nx=20). Erratic (Ex) was 2.15 volts at I s= 15 secondary
amperes, and thus
2.15)2
1/0'1- SA
(0.995 -L
1000
800
700 Ir~~~
I I I
~V~ I II I
I
W ~
/ / V.#'
XL=
~(-
280
- -0.345 2=1.98=2.0
~ 150
...J
~~~~~\\
0~ Q O'CbO)
o 10 VOLTS '/ /d0~0 0' Secondary
t> 100 / I'~ ()
//.
Burden Current Per Cent Ratio Error
// / LO Ohms Amperes Test Calculated
~ ~g I
0 /
/
/ 'l/
/// 0
d
60
CI)
all .~~
~ 50
11// ~ 1 0 { 50 ....... 0 . 5 0 . 59
I 40 . 75 3.0 4.5
/V V~ /N
o ~ 25 0.1 0 . 28
~ 30
/ vvVVVv ~ 0 l
2 . o. . . . . . 50 3 .3 3.1
~ // / 55 4.2 4.7
? 20 4 0 { 25 O. 7 O. 75
/ V Vv v~ . ..... 35 5.5 5 .4
.:~
15
~
V
o
-c
/ ~V
5 10
1.0 VOLT
/ /
1.0 VOLT
At larger currents, where errors are
o 8 0 1/
/ /
/
/
1/ /V/
//
ui
(/') 7 q / / / / I/ much larger, the test values do not agree
6
5 7/ / / / rff"
with calculation.
4
/ V V/# This design is typical of two-coil
3 //
,~ PJ')V /
OJ I//lf through type transformers, and the two-
o:Ye J Vo: 0'!J
(j
V:~
II 0'0'1;>/ ~
0)
ohm equivalent internal reactance is also
2
/ / JV V1J ~~o~ typical for this ratio. The burden may
v vlIVf
5 V
often be less than the equivalent internal
I / / ~Ig 0.1 VOLT
impedance, so that the performance of
2 3 4 5 678 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 200 300 500 700 1000
F COS e+M SIN e the transformer may sometimes not be
1I09-S.B
much affected by burden.
1000
If the ratio is higher than 1,400/5 the
800
700 internal impedance will be higher, in-
600
500 50 VOLTS /
/
//
/
creasing approximately as the square
400 II / l/ / ~
of the ratio, and if the core section is in-
300
C'1
0
0 VI / /1/~~ creased the internal impedance will in-
200
~/
o- -0'" qjf
0<:'>
~ (()
O' ~
r;; .<;1
Cb L0/,{.~~~ /
07 ~o'
o
/~
0)0)
0 crease almost in proportion. The result
is that a. two-coil through type current
CI)
w
...J
150
0
0
7
of::}
8
?;1 o
0
~ / /~V
transformer of conventional design will
o 100
U I
./
10 VOLTS ()
/ / //
not perform well at primary currents
o 80 much above 25,000 primary amperes,
,/ //
<0 70 / / //
/ / //-
regardless of the amount of iron in the
.................
(/) 60
~ 50
l..-------'--- / / J 'ff"
a:: l.-----""
~
/ I /h core.
I 40
~ 30
-I---
-.........
1/ / V //'
""" / Vvv~~ VII. Other Uses for Saturation
<{
~
o 20 1\ ~
Curves and Secondary-Coil
> \
V / /
V)~l?'
Resistance Data
vtf
>- 15
a::
II / 0
C
z 10
).0 VOLTS! / r~ d
(1) TRANSIENT PERFORMANCE
8w
//
....... / /V/
8
,
7 <, I / / //1
CI) 6 \ I 1/ / V// The use of the secondary coil resistance
5 / I/o / / I ~0.5 VOLTS
and saturation curve for determining per-
4
~~~ ~r--,(()
F!-.-r/{l lL 0', ~-Cb
~ ~~~~
0 IIO'
s.
.rI
aY/
II II
3 0 - t-.-0 f--0 Figure F cos 8+ M sin 8 and M cos 8 -
87 GOJ!
0 t:.---O
o o !? ~
2
v<J F sin () curves for a typical transformer
V V V lJLI
These are calculated from the watt eF) and
/ / vllrJ'
1.5
V V reactance eM) components of the open-circuit
I J J 0.1 VOLTS
I 2 3 4 5 678 10 20 30 40 60 80100 200 300 500 700 1000 secondary saturation curve. Cos 0 is the bur-
F cos e - M SIN e den power factor
--- --
/ l---- 1--::' ~
~
--
J
w 200
o I I ... "..