TP SAN TON HC 2009 NAM NH

H THNG CC TRNG CHUYN NG BNG DUYN HI SNG HNG

NG DNG NH L PHN D TRUNG HOA

GII MT S BI TON S HC
ng nh Sn
THPT Chuyn Lng Vn Ty Ninh Bnh

1. NH L PHN D TRUNG HOA

nh l: Cho n s nguyn dng m1 , m2 ,..., mn s nguyn dng i mt
nguyn t cng nhau. Khi h ng d tuyn tnh
x ai (mod mi )

i 1, n

c nghim duy nht moun M m1m2 ...mn .

Chng minh:
M
t M i ( M i , mi ) 1, i 1, n v M i m j , i j.
mi

Suy ra i 1, n , tn ti s nguyn yi tho mn M i yi ai (mod mi ) .

n x ai (mod mi )
Xt x M i yi ta c: .
i 1 i 1, n

x ai (mod mi ) x x(mod mi )
Do : x x(mod M )
i 1, n i 1, n

Vy nh l c chng minh.

Nhn xt: nh l phn d Trung Hoa khng nh v s tn ti duy nht ca

mt lp thng d cc s nguyn tho mn ng thi nhiu ng d tuyn tnh.
Do c th s dng nh l gii quyt nhng bi ton v s tn ti v m
s cc s nguyn tho mn mt h cc iu kin quan h ng d, chia ht,
hay m s nghim ca phng trnh ng d. Vic s dng hp l cc b
m1 , m2 ,..., mn v b a1 , a2 ,..., an (trong nh l) cho ta nhiu kt qu rt th v v t

c th a ra nhiu bi tp hay v kh. Sau y l mt s ng dng ca nh

l phn d Trung Hoa gii cc bi ton s hc.

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H THNG CC TRNG CHUYN NG BNG DUYN HI SNG HNG

2. MT S NG DNG
Bi ton 1. Cho hai s nguyn dng p, q nguyn t cng nhau. Chng
minh rng tn ti s nguyn k sao cho ( pq 1)n k 1 l hp s vi mi s nguyn
dng n.
Li gii:
V (p,q)=1 nn theo nh l phn d Trung Hoa, tn ti s nguyn k tho
mn:
k 1(mod p )

k 1(mod q )
Khi :
+ Nu n chn th ( pq 1) n 1(mod q ) ( pq 1)n k 1(mod q ) ( pq 1)n k 1 q
+ Nu n l th ( pq 1)n 1(mod p) ( pq 1)n k 1(mod p) ( pq 1)n k 1 p
Vy ( pq 1)n k 1 l hp s vi mi s nguyn dng n.
Nhn xt: Chng minh trn tht gn gng nh vo vic s dng nh l ng
d Trung Hoa. Mu cht ca vn y l chng ta phi thy rng
( pq 1)n k 1 l hp s ta cn ch ra ( pq 1)n k 1 chia ht cho p hoc q, khi phn

k 1(mod p )
tch tnh chn l ca n ta d dng thy c s xut hin ca h .
k 1(mod q )
Bi ton 2. Chng minh rng tn ti s nguyn k sao cho 2n k 1 l hp s
vi mi s nguyn dng n.
Li gii:
Nhn xt: Bi tp ny gn ging vi bi tp s mt nhng n phc tp hn
bi ton 1 nhiu v trong bi ton ny ta khng th nhn thy ngay 2 n k 1 l
hp s ta cn ch ra n chia ht cho s no.
thy trng trong bi ton 1 ta xt hai trng hp n chn v n l hay tng
qut l xt n dng sau 2 m l vi m, l l cc s t nhin, l l.
m m m
Khi 2 n k 1 2 2 l k 1 v ta c 22 l 1mod(22 1) , do 2 n k 1 l hp
m
s ta ch ra 2 n k 1 chia ht cho Fm 2 2 1 (Dy Fermat).
Ta trnh by li gii bi ton ny nh sau:

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H THNG CC TRNG CHUYN NG BNG DUYN HI SNG HNG

Trc ht ta c F0 , F1 , F2 , F3 , F4 l cc s nguyn t, F5 641.6700417 v

( Fi , F j ) 1, i j.

Theo nh l phn d Trung Hoa, tn ti s nguyn dng k tho mn:

k 1(mod Fm )
m 0,1, 2,3, 4

(p = 641, q = 6700417, (p,q)=1).
k 1(mod p )
k 1(mod q )

Ta c n 2 m l , vi m, l l cc s t nhin, l l.
m
+ Nu m < 5 th 2 n 2 2 l 1(mod Fm ) 2 n k 1(mod Fm ) 2n k 1 Fm
m
+ Nu m = 5 th 2n 2 2 l 1(mod F5 ) 2 n k 1(mod p ) 2n k 1 p
5 m 5
+ Nu m > 5 th 2 n (2 2 ) 2 l
1(mod F5 ) 2 n k 1(mod q ) 2 n k 1 q

Do 2 n k 1 l hp s vi mi s nguyn dng n.

Bi ton 3. Cho l tp S {p1 ,p2 ,...p k } gm k s nguyn t phn bit, v f ( x)

l a thc vi h s nguyn sao cho vi mi s nguyn dng n u tn ti pi
trong S sao cho pi | f (n) . Chng minh rng tn ti i sao cho pi | f (n), n N * .
Li gii:
Gi s khng tn ti i sao cho pi | f (n), n N * , suy ra vi mi i=1;k lun tn
ti ai sao cho pi | f (ai ) . Mt khc theo nh l Phn d Trung Hoa tn ti s t

x ai (mod pi ) f ( x) f ( ai )(mod pi )
nhin x tha mn , do hay pi | f ( x), i 1; k
i 1, k i 1, k

(Mu thun)

Bi ton 4. Cho n p1 p2 ... pk v f ( x ) l mt a thc vi h s nguyn. Khi

1 2 k

phng trnh ng d f ( x ) 0(mod n) c nghim khi v ch khi tt c cc

phng trnh ng d f ( x) 0(mod pi ), i 1; k c nghim. Nu gi l s nghim

i

ca phng trnh f ( x) 0(mod pi ) l ni , i 1; k th phng trnh n p1 p2 ... pk c

i 1 2 k

ng n1.n2nk nghim (mun n)

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H THNG CC TRNG CHUYN NG BNG DUYN HI SNG HNG

Li gii:
Gi s x l mt nghim ca f ( x) 0(mod n) , hin nhin x l mt nghim ca
i
f ( x) 0(mod pi )
h .
i 1; k

Gi s xi l mt nghim ca f ( x) 0(mod pi ), i 1; k . Theo nh l Phn d

i

x xi (mod pii )
Trung Hoa tn ti duy nht x l nghim ca h (mod n). M
i 1; k

x xi (mod piai ) f ( x) f ( xi )(mod piai ) (v ( f ( x) f ( xi )) ( x xi ) ), suy ra x l mt

nghim ca f ( x) 0(mod n) .

Mi b ( x1 , x2 ,..., xk ) vi xi l mt nghim ca f ( x) 0(mod pi ), i 1; k cho ta mt

i

nghim ca f ( x) 0(mod n) v hin nhin cc nghim ny l phn bit (v trong hai b

khc nhau phi tn ti t nht mt cp xi , xi l hai nghim khc nhau ca

i 2

f ( x ) 0(mod pi i ) , do hai nghim tng ng vi hai b khng ng d theo

mod pii ). Do s nghim ca f ( x ) 0 ng bng n1.n2nk.

Nh vy da vo nh l Phn d Trung Hoa ta c th m c s

nghim ca mt phng trnh ng d. Bi ton 5, bi ton 6 sau y l cc
v d c th cho bi ton 4.
Bi ton 5. Cho s nguyn dng n p1 p2 ... pk , trong p1 , p2 ,..., pk l cc
1 2 k

s nguyn t i mt khc nhau. Tm s nghim ca phng trnh ng d

x 2 x 0(mod n) .

Li gii:
x 0(mod pii )
i
x( x 1) 0(mod p )i
x 2 x 0(mod n) x 1(mod pii )
i 1, k
i 1, k

x ai (mod pii )

Theo nh l phn d Trung Hoa mi h phng trnh ai {1; 0} c duy

i 1, k

nht mt nghim (thng d modn) v ta c 2k h (bng s b ( a1 , a2 ,..., ak ),

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H THNG CC TRNG CHUYN NG BNG DUYN HI SNG HNG

ai {1;0} ), nghim ca cc h khc nhau. Suy ra phng trnh x 2 x 0(mod n)

c ng 2k nghim.
Bi ton 6. Cho s nguyn dng a p1 p1 ... pk , trong p1 , p2 ,..., pk l cc s
nguyn t i mt khc nhau v s nguyn dng n tho mn k < n < p1 , p2 ,..., pk
. Chng minh rng trong dy sau c n k s chia ht cho a.
u1 1.2...n, u2 2.3...(n 1), u3 3.4...(n 2),..., ua a (a 1)...(a n 1)

Li gii:
Nhn xt: Bi tp ny t tng ging nh bi 4.
i ai (mod pi )

u j a ai {0, 1, 2,..., ( n 1)}, j 1, a. Do ta c n k s chia ht cho a.

i 1, k

* Cng vi t tng nh bi 4, ta c th chng minh cng thc ca Phi

hm l bng cch a v m s nghim ca mt h ng d.
Bi ton 7. Cho s nguyn dng n, (n) l s cc s nguyn dng khng
vt qu n v nguyn t cng nhau vi n. Chng minh rng vi n p1 p2 ... pk , 1 2 k

trong p1 , p2 ,..., pk l cc s nguyn t i mt khc nhau, ta c :

1 1 1
( n) n(1 )(1 )...(1 )
p1 p2 pk

(Phi hm le )
Li gii
Nhn xt: Cng thc trn c chng minh bng cch s dng tnh cht
( n) l hm nhn tnh. V chng minh tnh cht trn ta phi s dng n cc

tnh cht ca h thng d. Cch ny kh phc tp.

Bi ton ny c th gii p hn bng nh l ng d Trung Hoa
An a N |1 a n, (a, n) 1

Khi n p (n) p p 1
Khi n p1 p2 ... pk , trong p1 , p2 ,..., pk l cc s nguyn t i mt khc
1 2 k

nhau. Vi s nguyn dng a tho mn 1 a n ta c:

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H THNG CC TRNG CHUYN NG BNG DUYN HI SNG HNG

a a (mod pi )
i i
i

a An (a, pi ) 1, i 1, k ai Api

i 1, k

M theo nh l phn d Trung Hoa, tn ti duy nht s nguyn dng a,

a a (mod pi )
i i
k k
1 a n tho mn ai Api v ta c | Apai | ( pii pii 1 ) h dng
i
i 1 i 1
i 1, k

trn, nghim ca cc h khc nhau.

k
1 1 1
Do | An | ( pi pi 1 ) n(1
i i
)(1 )...(1 ) .
i 1 p1 p2 pk

Bi ton 8. Cho An a N |1 a n, (a, n) (a 1, n) 1 . Tm | An | .

Li gii:
Nhn xt: Bi ton ny c th gii tng t nh cch chng minh cng thc
phi hm le (n) . Gi s n p1 p2 ... pk , trong p1 , p2 ,..., pk l cc s nguyn t
1 2 k

2 2 2
i mt khc nhau, ta c | An | n(1 )(1 )...(1 ) .
p1 p2 pk

* S dng nh l ng d Trung Hoa chng minh cng thc ca Phi

hm le, cho ta mt li gii p, nhng cng vi t tng trn v tnh cht
ca h thng d ta cn c th gii bi ton m rng ca nh l Wilson.

Bi ton 9. Tm s nguyn dng n l sao cho vi mi h thng d thu gn

moun n a1 , a2 ,..., a ( n ) ta c a1a2 ...a ( n ) 1(mod n) .

Li gii:
Theo nh l Wilson ta suy ra n nguyn t tho mn.
Vi n p m vi p l s nguyn t l.
Ta c a1 , a2 ,..., a ( n ) l mt h thng d thu gn moun n, suy ra vi mi

a a1 , a2 ,..., a ( n) u tn ti duy nht a a1 , a2 ,..., a ( n) tho mn aa 1(mod n) v

a b a b.

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a 1(mod n) a 1
a a a 2 1 n (a 1)(a 1) n (v (a-1,a+1)<3).
a 1(mod n) a n 1
( n) 1
Suy ra a1 , a2 ,..., a ( n ) \{1, n-1} chia thnh cp nghch o moun n.
2

Do a1a2 ...a ( n ) 1(mod n) .

Vi n p1 p2 ... pk trong p1 , p2 ,..., pk l k (k>1) s nguyn t l,

1 2 k

phn bit.
Tng t nh trn: Vi mi a a1 , a2 ,..., a ( n) u tn ti duy nht

a a1 , a2 ,..., a ( n) tho mn aa 1(mod n) v a b a b .

a 1(mod pii )

a a a 2 1 n (a 1)(a 1) n a 1(mod pii ) (V (a-1,a+1)<3)

i 1, k

a ai (mod pii )

Theo nh l phn d Trung Hoa mi h phng trnh ai {1;1} c duy

i 1, k

nht mt nghim (thng d modn) v ta c 2k h (bng s b ( a1 , a2 ,..., ak ),

ai {1;0} ), nghim ca cc h khc nhau.

Suy ra c ng 2k s a a1, a2 ,..., a ( n ) m a a , K hiu An l tp hp

a a1 , a2 ,..., a ( n) m a a .

2k 1
D thy a (1) 1(mod pi i ), i 1, k a 1(mod n)
a An a An

( n) 2 k
Mt khc tp a1 , a2 ,..., a ( n ) \ An chia thnh cp nghch o moun n
2
Suy ra: a1a2 ...a ( n) 1(mod n) .

Kt lun: n p m .
Sau y l mt s bi ton chng minh s tn ti ca mt dy s tha mn
mt s tnh cht cho trc bng cc k thut la chn b a1 , a2 ,..., an (trong
nh l phn d Trung Hoa) .

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Bi ton 10. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n, lun tn ti n s t

nhin lin tip sao cho bt k s no trong cc s cng u l hp s.
Li gii:
Nhn xt: n s t nhin lin tip c dng a+1, a+2,,a+n. Cc s ny l hp
s nu tn ti cc s nguyn dng p1 , p2 ,..., pn khc 1 sao cho (a i) pi 2 . Suy ra
2
x i(mod pi )
a l nghim ca h phng trnh .
i 1, n

x i(mod pi 2 )
Theo nh l ng d Trung Hoa h c nghim khi p1 , p2 ,..., pn
i 1, n
i mt nguyn t cng nhau.
Do ta ch cn chn p1 , p2 ,..., pn l n s nguyn t phn bit.
Bi ton 11. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n, lun tn ti n s t
nhin lin tip sao cho bt k s no trong cc s cng u khng phi l lu
tha (vi s m nguyn ln hn 1) ca mt s nguyn t.
( thi ton quc t 1989)
Li gii:
Nhn xt: Khi gii bi ton ny chng ta t ra cu hi bi ton ny c t
tng c ging bi 5 khng?. Nu n b sau y chng ta s thy bi
ton ny c lin quan n bi ton trn.
B : Nu a chia ht cho p v khng chia ht cho p2 vi p l mt s nguyn
t th a khng l lu tha (vi s m nguyn ln hn 1) ca mt s nguyn t.
Tr li bi ton:
Gi p1 , p2 ,..., pn l n s nguyn t phn bit, theo nh l phn d Trung Hoa,
a i pi (mod pi 2 )
tn ti s nguyn dng a sao cho .
i 1, n

Khi a i pi , v khng chia ht cho pi 2 , i 1, n . Suy ra iu phi chng minh.

Bi ton 12. Tn ti hay khng dy v hn {xn} l mt hon v ca tp N sao
cho vi mi s t nhin k lun c x1 x2 ... xk k .
(Nordic 1998)

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Li gii:
Nhn xt: trong bi ton ny ta cn ch n gi thit dy{x n} l mt hon
v ca tp N, nu khng c gi thit ny bi ton tr nn qua d, ta quy np nh
sau, mi b x1 , x2 ,..., xn1 ta lun chn c x n sao cho x1 x2 ... xn n. Do vy yu
cu ca bi ton l ta phi xy dng dy {xn} sao cho qut ht tp N, y l cu
hi chnh cn tr li.
Tr li bi ton ta chng minh s tn ti dy s bng quy np nh sau:
Chn x1 0, x2 2, x3 1 .

Gi s tn ti x1 , x2 ,..., xn tho mn x1 x2 ... xk k , k 1, n .

t Sn x1 x2 ... xn .
Chn xn 2 min( N \{ x1 , x2 ,..., xn }) v x n+1 l nghim nguyn dng ln hn
x1 , x2 ,..., xn ca h

x Sn (mod(n 1))
.
x Sn xn 2 (mod(n 2))

Do (n+1,n+2)=1 nn h trn c nghim (nh l ng d Trung Hoa).

V chn xn 2 min( N \{x1 , x2 ,..., xn }) nn {xn} qut ht tp N.
Bi ton 13. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n, tn ti mt cp s
cng gm n s hng sao cho mi s hng ca n u l lu tha ca mt s t
nhin vi s m ln hn 1.
Li gii:
Nhn xt: Trong cc cp s cng th cp s cng dng a, 2a, 3a,,na l thch
hp nht trong bi ton ny v trong mi s hng khng c php cng d s l
ph hp hn yu cu mi s hng ca n u l lu tha ca mt s t nhin vi
s m ln hn 1. Do a c dng 2m 3m ...n m v (m2 , m3 ,..., mn ) , (m2 1, m3 ,..., mn ) ,
2 3 n

( m2 , m3 1,..., mn ) ,, ( m2 , m3 ,..., mn 1) 1 .

Li gii bi ton trnh by nh sau:

Gi s p1 , p2 ,..., pn l n s nguyn t phn bit.

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H THNG CC TRNG CHUYN NG BNG DUYN HI SNG HNG

Theo nh l phn d Trung Hoa, vi mi i 2, n tn ti s nguyn dng mi

tho mn
mi 1(mod pi )

mi 0(mod p j ) .

j 1, n, j i

Khi (m2 , m3 ,..., mn ) p1 , (m2 1, m3 ,..., mn ) p2 ,, (m2 , m3 ,..., mn 1) pn .

p1 p2
m2 m3 mn
m2 m3 mn m2 1 m3 mn
a 2 3 ...n 2 p1 3 p1 ...n p1 , 2a 2 m2 13m3 ...n mn 2 p2 3 p2 ...n p2 ,,


pn
m2 m3 mn 1
mp2 mp 3 mpn 1
na 2 3 ...n 2 n 3 n ...n n . iu phi chng minh.

Bi ton 14. Cho A l tp con khc rng ca N. Chng minh rng tn ti s

nguyn dng n sao cho nA {nx | x A} l tp hp l lu tha ca mt s t
nhin vi s m ln hn 1.
(Balkan 2000)
Li gii:
Nhn xt: Bi ton ny t tng ging bi ton trn.
Gi s A {a1 , a2 ,..., ak } , p1 , p2 ,..., pk l k s nguyn t phn bit.
Theo nh l ng d Trung Hoa, vi mi i 1, k tn ti s nguyn dng mi
tho mn
mi 1(mod pi )

mi 0(mod p j ) .

j 1, k , j i
Khi (m1 1, m2 ,..., mk ) p1 , (m1 , m2 1, m3 ,..., mn ) p2 ,, (m1 , m2 ,..., mn 1) pn .
t n a1m a2m ...akm , ta c:
1 2 k

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H THNG CC TRNG CHUYN NG BNG DUYN HI SNG HNG
p1 p2
m1 1 m2 mk
m1 1 m2 mk
mp1 mp2 1 mk

na1 a 1 a 2 ...ak a1 p1 a2 p1 ...ak p1 , na2 a1
m1
a2
m2 1
...a k
mk
a
1 2
2
a 2
...a k
p2



pk
m1 m2 mk 1
mp 1 mp 2 mk 1

,, nak a1 a2 ...ak a1 a2 ...ak pk . iu phi chng minh.
k k

***
3. M RNG NH L PHN D TRUNG HOA
Trong nh l phn d Trung Hoa, c iu kin m1 , m2 ,..., mn l cc s nguyn
dng i mt nguyn t cng nhau. Cu hi t ra l nu m1 , m2 ,..., mn khng
tho mn iu kin i mt nguyn t cng nhau th kt qu nh l ny s nh
th no?
nh l (Phn d Trung Hoa m rng)
Cho n s nguyn dng m1 , m2 ,..., mn v a1 , a2 ,..., an l cc s nguyn dng bt
k. Khi h ng d tuyn tnh
x ai (mod mi )

i 1, n

c nghim khi v ch khi ai a j (mod(mi , m j )) vi mi i, j tho mn 1 i j n .

Khi h c nghim duy nht moun M [m1 , m2 ,..., mn ] .
Chng minh:
Gi s h c nghim x0 , t ( mi , m j ) d ij ai x0 a j (mod dij ) vi mi i, j

tho mn1 i j n .
Ngc li nu ai a j (mod(mi , m j )) vi mi i, j tho mn1 i j n th ta

chng minh h trn c nghim duy nht moun M [m1 , m2 ,..., mn ] bng quy np
nh sau:
Vi n = 2, t (m1 , m2 ) d , m1 dd1 , m2 dd 2 , (d1 , d 2 ) 1 a1 a2 a(mod d )
t a1 a k1d , a2 a k2 d , ta c:

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xa
x a1 (mod m1 ) d k1 (mod d1 )

x a2 (mod m2 ) x a k (mod d )
2 2
d

V (d1 , d 2 ) 1 nn theo nh l phn d Trung Hoa, tn ti s nguyn dng x

x k1 (mod d1 ) x a1 (mod m1 ) xa
tho mn . Do x(mod(d1d 2 ))
x k1 (mod d1 ) x a2 (mod m2 ) d

x xd a(mod(dd1d2 )) hay x xd a (mod[m1 , m2 ]) .

x a1 (mod m1 )
Suy ra h c nghim duy nht moun [m1 , m2 ] .
x a2 (mod m2 )

Gi s nh l ng n n 1. Ta chng minh nh nh l ng n n.
t m1 [m1 , m2 ,..., mn 1 ], m2 mn
x ai (mod mi )
Theo gi thit quy np, h phng trnh c nghim duy nht
i 1, n 1

x ai (mod mi ) x a1 (mod m1 )
x a1 (mod m1 ) . Do ta c (t a2 an ).
i 1, n x a2 (mod m2 )

V ai a j (mod( mi , m j )) vi mi i, j tho mn 1 i j n nn a1 a2 (mod(m1 , m2 )) .

x a1 (mod m1 )
T theo trng hp n = 2, h phng trnh c nghim duy
x a2 (mod m2 )

nht moun [m1 , m2 ] [m1 , m2 ,..., mn ] .

Theo nguyn l quy np nh l c chng minh.
***

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Mt s bi tp p dng:
Bi 1. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n, lun tn ti n s t nhin lin
tip sao cho bt k s no trong cc s cng c c nguyn dng dng 2k 1 .
Bi 2. Chng minh rng tn ti v s dy v hn tng {an} cc s t nhin
sao cho vi mi s t nhin k, dy {k+an} ch cha hu hn s nguyn t.
Czech-Slovakia 1997
2n 1
Bi 3. Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng n sao cho 2 n 1 3 v l c ca
3
mt s nguyn c dng 4m 2 1 .
Korea 1999
Bi 4. Ta nh ngha hnh vung tt l mt hnh vung c 4 nh l cc
im nguyn , ng thi on thng ni tm O vi tt c cc im nguyn trn
bin v trong hnh vung cha t nht mt im nguyn khc hai u mt .
Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n u tn ti mt hnh vung tt
dng n n.

Bi 5. Tm s nguyn dng n sao cho vi mi h thng d thu gn moun

n a1 , a2 ,..., a ( n ) ta c a1a2 ...a ( n ) 1(mod n) .

Bi 6. Cho f1 ( x), f 2 ( x ),..., f n ( x) l n a thc vi h s nguyn khc 0. Chng

minh rng tn ti a thc P(x) h nguyn sao cho vi mi i 1; n ta lun c
P( x) fi ( x) l a thc bt kh quy trn Z.

Bi 7. Cho m 2007 2008 , hi c tt c bao nhiu s t nhin n m sao cho

m | n(2n 1)(5n 2) .

Bi 8. Ta gi mt tp hp cc s nguyn dng C l tt nu vi mi s
nguyn dng k th tn ti a,b khc nhau trong C sao cho (a k ; b k ) 1 . Gi s
ta c mt tp tt m tng cc phn t trong bng 2003. Chng minh rng ta
c th loi i mt phn t c trong C sao cho tp cn li vn l tp tt .
Bulgaria TST 2003

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TP SAN TON HC 2009 NAM NH
H THNG CC TRNG CHUYN NG BNG DUYN HI SNG HNG

Bi 9. Chng minh rng tn ti dy ( an ) tng thc s sao cho vi mi n th

a1a2 ...an 1 l tch ca hai s nguyn lin tip.

USA -TST 2009

Bi 10. a) Chng minh rng tp cc s nguyn c th phn hoch thnh
cc cp s cng vi cng sai khc nhau.
b) Chng minh rng tp hp cc s nguyn khng th vit di dng hp
ca cc cp s cng vi cng sai i mt nguyn t cng nhau.
(Moldova TST 2009)

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TP SAN TON HC 2009 NAM NH
H THNG CC TRNG CHUYN NG BNG DUYN HI SNG HNG

Ti liu tham kho

- ng Hng Thng ng d v phng trnh ng d
- Nguyn V Lng Cc bi ging v s hc
- Tuyn chn cc chuyn ton hc tui tr Tp 3
- Din n http://mathvn.org

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