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CHNG 2: MCH DAO NG V TNG HP TN S

(15 tit)

PHN 1: L THUYT (12 TIT)

2.1 Nguyn l dao ng

Amp

i vo 0
Av
vi
s

Hi tip

f vf
Bf
v0 a)

Amp
vo
i Av 0
vi

Hi tip
vf
f Bf
v0 b)

Hnh 2.1: S khi nguyn l dao ng

Mch dao ng gm mch khuch i v mch hi tip dng ng thi lm ti chn

lc cao tn ca khuch i.
li khuch i in p khng hi tip
.
Vo (in p ra mch khuch i)
.
Av =
.
Vi (in p vo mch khuch i)

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.
Mt phn in p ra V f a v hi tip dng cho mch khuch i
.
.
H s truyn t mch hi tip: B f V f
.
Vo
. . . .
V f B f V o - in p hi tip ghp ni tip vi ngun in p kch khi ban u V s
. . . . .
Hi tip m nu pha Vs v V f ngc nhau, khi Vi Vs V f gim, in p ra
gim.
. . .
Hi tip dng nu Vs v V f cng pha dn n Vo tng tc l c dao ng .
Xt hi tip dng :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V o Vi A V (V s V f ) A V (V s Bf V o ) A V A V V s A V Bf V o
. .
c t dao ng th VS = 0 suy ra A v B f 1
. .
iu kin A v B f 1 cn gi l tiu chun Barkhausen.
. .
Thng thng, nu A v B f 1 tc l mch khuch i b c suy hao ca mch hi
. .
tip. Nu A v B f 1 mch khng dao ng.
T tiu chun Barkhausen, c iu kin dao ng v bin v pha:
. .
Av B f 1
n = 0, 1, 2
A B 2n
vi A, B ln lt l pha ca mch khuch i v mch hi tip.

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2.2 Dao ng cu Wien

Xt mch cu Wien nh sau:

R2

R1
vo

Ra

Ca

Cb Rb

Hnh 2.2: Mch dao ng RC dng Op_amp

n gin trong phn tch, ta chn Ra = Rb = R v Ca = Cb = C. Khi ta c:

vo v R2 R // 1 R
* * jC 1
A v B f . 1 1 2
v vo R1 R // 1 R 1 R1 3 j RC 1 RC
jC jC

Mch s dao ng vi tn s: o RC 1 o RC f o 1 2RC

* * R 1 R
Khi iu kin sau c tha: A v B f 1 2 1 1 2 3
R1 3 R1

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Tng t, ta c th thay mch cng hng hi tip RC bng mch cng hng LC nh
sau:
R2

R1
vo

C L

Hnh 2.3: Mch dao ng LC dng Op_amp

H s khuch i p ca khi khuch i:

* vo R
Av 1 2
v R1

H s truyn t p ca mch hi tip:

1
jL.
jC
1
jL
jC 1 1
Bf = =
1 C 1 0
jL. 1 jR LC 1 j
jC L LC 0
R
1
jL
jC

1 C
trong : 0 ;R
LC L

1
Mch s dao ng vi tn s: o
LC

* * R2
Khi iu kin sau c tha: A v B f 1 1
R1

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2.3 Mch dao ng RC dng Transistor

R C Vcc

CB
Rc2
R1 Rc1

VR

C R2 Re1 Re2 CB

Hnh 2.4: Mch dao ng RC dng transistor

Trong : CB l t bypass
Mch tng ng phn khuch i RC:

hie1 hie2 + VR

vi ib1 ib2 vo

Hnh 2.5

v0 h fe 2 ib 2 RC 2
v i [ hie1 ( h fe1 1) Re1 ]ib1
Rc1
ib 2 h fe1ib1
Rc1 hie2 VR (h fe 2 1) Rc 2
v h fe 2 Rc 2 ib 2 h fe 2 Rc 2 Rc1
Av 0 h fe1
vi [hie1 ( h fe1 1) Re1 ] ib1 [ hie1 ( h fe1 1) Re1 ] Rc1 hie2 VR ( h fe 2 1) Rc 2

26mV 26mV
V hie1 0 ; hie2 0 nn:
I CQ1 I CQ 2

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h fe 2 Rc 2 Rc1 R Rc1
Av h fe1 h fe 2 c 2
( h fe1 1) Re1 Rc1 VR (h fe 2 1) Rc 2 Re1 Rc1 VR (h fe 2 1) Rc 2

Chn Rb = R1//R2 = R. Ta c h s hi tip p ca mch cng hng RC:

R // 1
jC 1
Bf
R // 1 R 1 3 j RC 1 RC
jC jC
Mch s dao ng vi tn s: o RC 1 o RC f o 1 2RC
* * Rc 2 Rc1 1
Khi iu kin sau c tha: A v B f h fe 2 1
Re1 Rc1 VR (h fe 2 1) Rc 2 3

2.4 Mch dao ng LC dng Transistor

+VCC

CB

RFC
R1 CB

V0
C1

VR
L
CB RL
R2
Re C2

Hnh 2.6: Mch dao ng LC dng transistor mc B chung

Khi cng hng hi tip LC:

C1

v0 vC2

L C2 Re
Zeq

Hnh 2.7

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1 C1C 2
Tn s cng hng: 0 vi C
LC C1 C 2
vC 2 C1
Hm truyn t p: B f
v0 C1 C 2
Tr khng vo ca mch cng hng ti tn s cng hng 0 :
2
c c2
jX C1 c1 c2 vi X C1
1
Z eq Re . 1
c
c1
0 C1
1
2
c c2
R . 1
nu chn X C1 Re ta c: Z eq Req
c
e

1
Khi khuch i B chung v s tng ng AC:

+VCC

CB

RFC
R1

v0

ri
VR
CB Req
R2
Re vi

hfe ib
ri E C

v0
vi hie + VR Req
ib

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Hnh 2.8

Trong : ri l ni tr ngun; Req l tr khng tng ng ca mch cng hng

vi ( h fe 1)ib ri ( hie VR )ib [ hie VR ( h fe 1)ri ]ib
v 0 h fe ib Req
v0 Req Req
Av h fe h fe
vi hie VR (h fe 1)ri VR (h fe 1)ri

1 C1C 2
Mch s dao ng vi tn s: o vi C
LC C1 C 2
* * Req C1
Khi iu kin sau c tha: A v B f h fe 1
VR (h fe 1)ri C1 C 2
Mt s dng mch dao ng LC dng Transistor
Hai dng mch dao ng c bn tho iu kin dao ng: Hartley (3 im in cm)
v Colpitt.(3im in dung). Dao ng ghp bin p l bin th Hartley v Clapp-
bin th ca Colpitt.

L1
C1 L2 L3 L3
C3

L1 C1 C3 C1

L2 C2 C2

Hartley Ghp bin p Colpitt Clapp

Hnh 2.9: Cc dng mch dao ng LC.

Mch to dao ng 3 im in cm (Hartley)

C +VCC
RFC
R C
C
1 C3 L1
o
(L1 L 2 )C 3
R L2
R
C

Hnh 2.10: Mch Hartley

Mch to dao ng 3 im in dung (Colpits)

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+ Vcc
RFC
R 1,2 h ie R1
1
o C1
C1 C 2 CB
L3 L3
C1 C 2 R2 RE C2
CE

Hnh 2.11: Mch Colpits

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Mch to dao ng Clapp + Vcc

H s ghp ng ra mch khuch i vo RFC
R1
X C1 Ceq
mch cng hng: P CB
X Ceq C1 C1 L3
Trong :
1 1 1 1 C2 C3
R2
RE CE
C eq C1 C 2 C 3
1 1
0
L3 (C1nt C 2 nt C 3 ) L3 C eq Hnh 2.12: Mch
Clapp
1 C3
Nu C1,2 >> C3 Ceq C3 o v P 1 tc l ghp lng ng ra
L 3 C3 C1
mch khuch i vo mch cng hng, gim nh hng in dung k sinh BJT n
tn s dao ng. Do mch dao ng Clapp n nh hn Colpitt.

2.5 VCO
VCO (voltage -controlled oscillator)-dao ng kim sot bng in p. VCO s dng
varicap (diode bin dung - Cv) iu khin tn s dao ng. Chng c s dng rt
ph bin trong iu ch tn s, PLL (phase -locked loops), tng hp tn s (Frequency
synthesizers).

+VCC

CB

RFC
CB
R1

v0
C1 L3
CB RT
VR
CB R2 VT
Re C2 C3 Cv

Hnh 2.13: Mch dao ng VCO dng Clapp

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Nguyn l hot ng:

Khi in p VT thay i, in dung varicap Cv thay i lm cho tn s dao ng ca
mch thay i.
1
Nu C1,2 >> CV , ta c: 0 vi CVo l in dung varicap ti phn cc
L3 (C 3 CV0 )
V0
1
Khi in p V trn varicap thay i th:
L3 (C 3 CV (V ) )
f f f0 f C 3 CVo
bt n nh tn s: 1 1
f0 f0 f0 C 3 CV
Ngi ta thng s dng p tuyn truyn t f (VT ) c trng cho VCO:

180
140
100
60
20

-2 -1 0 1 2 VT

Hnh 2.14: p tuyn truyn t t in p V sang tn s f

f
li chuyn i (h s chuyn i t in p sang tn s) ca VCO: k 0 (Hz/V)
V
V d: Khi in p vo thay i t 1V n - 1V, tn s tng t 60KHz n 140KHz.
li chuyn i ( nhy ca VCO):
f 60 140KHz
k0 40KHz/V
V 1 (1)V

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2.6 Vng kha pha (PLL)

PLL l h thng hi tip vng kn. Trong , tn hiu hi tip dng kho tn s v
pha ca tn hiu ra theo tn s v pha tn hiu vo. Tn hiu vo c th dng sin hoc
s.

fi vd Vd
Phase Low Pass
Detector Filter DC
i Amp

f0
V0
VCO

f0
Hnh 2.15: S khi c bn ca PLL

Khi khng c tn hiu ng vo vi , in p ng ra b khuch i Vout bng khng, b

dao ng VCO hot ng tn s t nhin fN (Nature or Free running Frequency)
c ci t bi in tr, t in ngoi. Khi c tn hiu vo vi, b tch sng pha so
snh pha v tn s ca tn hiu vo vi tn hiu ca VCO. Ng ra b tch sng pha l
in p sai bit Vd(t) , ch s sai lch v pha v tn s ca hai tn hiu. in p Vd(t)
c lc ly thnh phn bin i chm nh LPF, khuch i a n ng vo VCO,
iu khin tn s VCO bm theo tn s tn hiu vo. n khi tn s f0 ca VCO gn
bng tn s vo fi , h thng hi tip lm cho VCO ng b (kha) theo tn hiu vo.
trng thi kho (lock) tn s f0 ca VCO ng nht (bng) tn s vo fi , ngoi tr s
sai bit pha.
Di kho (Lock range) : khong tn s ln cn fN ca VCO m PLL ng nht c
tn s f0 vi fi. Di ny cn gi l ng chnh (tracking range), k hiu BL = fmax - fmin ;
fmax, fmin l cc tn s cc i v tn s cc tiu m PLL thc hin c kho pha
(ng b).
Di kho ph thuc hm truyn t ( li) ca b tch sng pha, khuch i, VCO.
N khng ph thuc vo p tuyn b lc LPF v khi PLL kho pha th: fi f0 = 0
Di bt (capture range) l di tn s m tn hiu vo ban u phi lt vo PLL c
th thit lp ch ng b (ch kho). Ni cch khc l di tn s m PLL c
th t c s kho pha khi vic kho pha cha thc hin.
BL = fmax - fmin BL = fmax - fmin

BC = f2 - f1

fmin fN fmax fmin f1 fN f2 fMax

a/ Di kha (Lock Range) b/ Di bt (capture range)

Hnh 2.16: Di bt v di kha ca PLL

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Khi PLL cha kho pha: fi f0. Khi PLL kho pha fi = f0.
ch kho pha, dao ng f0 ca VCO bm ng b theo fi trong di tn kho BL
rng hn di tn bt BC.
Di bt BC = f2 f1, trong f2 v f1 l tn s cao nht v thp nht m PLL c th vo
ch kha ng b. BC ph thuc vo bng thng LPF. PLL t c s kho
pha th s say bit (fi fN) khng vt qu bng thng LPF. Nu vt qu s khng t
c kha pha, v bin in p sau LPF gim nhanh.

in p sau LPF (fi fN) trong bng

thng LPF ng b c

(fi fN) ngoi bng thng

LPF, khng ng b c

Hnh 2.17

Ni cch khc, di kha ph thuc in p Vout ng vo VCO v h s chuyn i t

in p sang tn s k0 ca VCO, trong khi di bt ph thuc bng thng LPF.

B tch sng pha (Phase Detector): cn gi l b so snh pha.

vd Vd
X LPF
vi = Asin(it + i)

vi = 2cos(0t + 0)

Hnh 2.18: S khi b tch sng pha

B i tn hay mch nhn thc hin nhn hai tn hiu. Ng ra ca n c in p:

vd = Asin[(it+i ) . 2cos(0t+0)
vd = Asin[(i - 0) t + (i - 0)] + Asin[(i + 0) t + (i +0 )]
Qua b lc thng thp LPF, ch cn thnh phn tn s thp: Asin[(i - 0) t + (i - 0)]
Khi kha pha (i = 0) ta c Vd = A sin(i- 0). in p ny t l vi bin in p
vo A v sai pha e = i - 0. Ta c li tch sng pha k tnh c theo cng
Vd
thc: k (V/radian)
e
Khuch i DC: l khuch i tn hiu bin i chm (DC) sau b lc thng thp LPF.
V0
li khuch i k A .
Vd

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VCO (Voltage controlled oscillator) - dao ng kim sot bng in p DC

Khi in p vo VCO bng 0, ng ra c tn s dao ng t nhin l fN. Khi in p
iu khin thay i mt lng V0, tn s ra thay i mt lng f0.
li chuyn i V to f ca VCO:
f 0
k0 (Hz/V)
V0
li vng (Loop Gain): xt PLL trng thi kha.

k kA
fi Phase Vd Amp V0
LPF
Detector

f0
k0

VCO
fN

Hnh 2.19

Ta c: V0 = kA.Vd
Gi s trc khi PLL kha pha, sai bit gia hai tn s vo b tch sng pha l:
f = fi -fN
f
in p ng vo VCO cn thit VCO to tn s bng fi l V0 .
k0
V0 f
in p sai lch ng ra tch sng pha Vd
k A k 0k A
Vd f f
sai pha tnh e i 0
k k 0 k A k k Loop
Trong : kLoop = k .kA.k0 (kHz/rad) - li vng
Vi tch sng pha tng t, di kho ca PLL c quan h vi li vng nh sau:
B L k Loop

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2.7 Vng kha pha s (Digital Phase Locked Loops DPLL)

Trong nhiu ng dng, tn hiu vo dng s, x l tn hiu s trong min s tt nht.
Phin bn DPLL c mt s u im so vi PLL trc y v phn m.

Phase Accumulator Digital

Detector (Bo tch luy) Controlled oscilator

Hnh 2.20: S khi DPLL

Ng ra b tch sng pha c tn hiu vi bin khng i, nhng rng xung t l

vi sai pha. B tch ly ng vai tr nh b lc tng t. N gm b cng, nhn,
tr. B dao ng kim sot bng s (Digital controlled oscilator) c tn hiu ra dng
xung vi tc c kim sot nhanh bng tn hiu ngoi. DPLL hot ng chnh xc
hn, nhanh hn. Thm vo p tuyn chuyn i V to F tuyn tnh v DPLL d
dng iu khin bng vi x l P.
2.8 Tng hp tn s (Frequency Synthesizers)
Tng hp tn s l to ra nhiu tn s chun t mt tn s chun c n nh rt cao
(thng l dao ng thch anh). Phng php tng hp tn s c in nht l tng hp
tn s trc tip, trong tn hiu ra c c t t hp dao ng thch anh dng b trn
tn, nhn tn, chia tn, lc thng di. Ngy nay n c thay th bng tng hp tn s
gin tip dng DPLL c nhiu u im hn nh gn, r, n nh
Tng hp tn s dng DPLL:

fr Phase LPF DCO

Detector f0 = Nfr

f0
N
:N

Digital control input

Hnh 2.21: S khi n gin tng hp tn s dng DPLL

B chia lp trnh N cho php thay i d dng tn s ng ra DCO f0 chun theo tn s

dao ng thch anh fr. Khi kho pha, f0 = Nfr
i vi cc h thng v tuyn hot ng di tn cao (hng GHz) th cc b chia N
vi cc h s chia yu cu l s khng nguyn. p ng yu cu trn ngi ta s
dng k thut Prescaler:

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fr
Phase LPF DCO
Detector
A
f 0 B .Pf r
P

:P
:B : (P+1)

N Register :A

A Register

Hnh 2.22: S khi Prescaler

Nguyn tc hot ng ca Prescaler nh sau:

u tin, b m P+1 c s dng. Mi mt chu k P+1 ca DCO, c hai b m
A v B u c gim i 1. Vic ny c tip tc cho n khi A = 0. Khi , b
m m c A(P+1) chu k.
Tip theo, b m P c m. Sau mi P chu k ca DCO b m B c gim i
1. V b m B c gim i A chu k cng vi b m A, nn s mt thm
(BA)P chu k na. Cho n khi B bng 0, kt qu chia tng cng ca b
Prescaler l (vi iu kin B>A):
N = A(P + 1) + (B A)P = P.B +A = (B + A/P).P
Do , tn s ng ra f0 s c nhn ln N ln so vi tn s chun thch anh fr:
A
f 0 B P. f r
P

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PHN 2: BI TP (3 TIT)
1. Cho mch sau, vi IC = 5 mA; Vcc = 12 V ; f0 = 10 MHz, = 50. Tnh mch dao
ng.

RB .1
C1 L
=50 RL

.1 RE C2
.1
RC

+12V +VCC

2. Xt mt dng khc ca mch dao ng cu Wien nh hnh sau, vi C = 0.05F, R

= 5k. Tm iu kin ca Rf mch dao ng v tnh tn s dao ng ca mch.

Rf Rf

10k
10k

C R

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3. Cho PLL nh hnh:

k = 0.1V/rad
V
A
kA
fi=100kHz Vd
Vo(fo)
/2

4k
1k 2
fo SW
ko = -30 kHz/V
1

VCO
fN = 110 kHz

a. Tnh kA , kV? Tnh tn s in p ra Vo khi SW v tr 1.

b. SW 2, tnh fo, sai pha tnh ng ra tch sng pha e , BL, Vomax, k V?
. .
4. If A v B f 1 what happens to the operation of an amplifier circuit with feedback?
5. What is meant by the terms positive and negative feedback?
6. A Wien bridge oscillator is designed with Ra = 5k and Rb = 10k, Ca = 0.1F and
Cb = 0.01F. What is the frequency of oscillator?
7. For the Colpitts oscillator show in the figure, and the following componet values,
determine the frequency of oscillation: C1 = C2 = 0.01F; L = 100H

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8. For the Hartley oscillator show in the figure, and the following componet values,
determine the frequency of oscillation: L1 = L2 = 50H; C = 0.01F

9. For a PLL, a VCO natural frequency of f N = 150kHz, an input frequency of fi =

160kHz, and the circuit gains k = 0.2V/rad, kA = 4, and k0 = 15kHz/V, determine:
a. Open-loop gain, f, Vout
b. Vd, e, Hold-in range, fmax

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