QUY TRNH SN XUT TEST NHANH THC PHM

1. Pht hin nhanh hn the (borax).

1.1. Tng quan
nh ngha

Hn the, tn khoa hc l borat, l mui natri ca caid boric c cng

thc ha hc l Na2O4B7.10H2O. Hn the l mt cht bt mu trng d
ha tan trong nc. Khi tip xc vi nc, ngoi tnh ha tan trong
nc, cht ny cn ngm nc t bo ha vi 12 phn t nc.
Chnh v tnh cht ny m n c s dng trong ngnh cng ngh
thc phm[3].

Hn the l mt cht st khun v nm yu, trc y c s dng

trong y hc tr lot apto, tr vim nhim ming, mi, Ngy nay,
hn the c s dng rng ri trong cc cht ty ra, cht lm mm
nc, x phng, cht kh trng[1],

Tc dng ca hn the trong bo qun thc phm

Vi kh nng dit nm v st khun, hn the c tc dng lm chm

li qu trnh phn hy thc phm, khin tht c gi c v ti lu
hn v cc loi thc phm khc nh bn, bnh ph, gi ch, v
nhiu thc n khc tr nn gin dai. Hn the l mt ph gia thc
phm ti mt s nc, tuy nhin ti Vit Nam hn the b cm s dng
trong thc phm, vi m s l E285[3].
 Tc ng ca hn the ln c th

Hn the l mt cht ha hc thuc nhm c trung bnh, khng gy

c trc tip v tc khc nh cc cht khc nhng li c tnh tch ly
t t, lu di trong c th, c bit trong m m, m thn kinh, gy
nh hng c n tiu ha, hp thu, cc qu trnh chuyn ha v
chc nng ca cc c quan. Acid boric cn c tc dng c ch thc
bo lm gim sc khng ca c th. Do c tnh gn kt vi thc
phm ca hn the m n lm cho thc phm kh tiu ha hn bnh
thng rt nhiu.

Hn the c th gy ng c cp tnh cho ngi s dng vi liu

lng thp (5g tr ln) v c th dn ti t vong.Khi vo c th hn
the kh b o thi ra ngoi m tch t gan, khi lng tch t ln
c th gy bnh mn tnh.Ngoi ra, hn the cn gy nn ma, au
bng tiu chy, gy ban dn n trc vy trn da.V thn kinh, hn
the gy kch thch dn n trm cm, gim tr nh hoc kch thc
mng no gy thay i nhit c th.Hn na, hn the con gy h
hi thn, gy ri lon chc nng, ri lon kinh nguyt v rng tc,
thoi ha c quan sinh dc. Hn the gy ra cc tc hi c bit
nghim trong tr em v thai nhi. Nhn chung, tc ng ca hn the
ln c th l rt ln v ch yu l mn tnh[2]. Cc nghin cu cho
thy khi s dng hn the mc thp 3-5g/ngy s gy ra km n,
kh chu ton thn, cn nng trn 5g/ngy gy chm ln, tn
thng gan, teo tnh hon v gim cn[3].

1.2. Quy trnh pht hin hn the trong thc phm

Nguyn tc
Dung dch ngh hoc giy tm ngh trong mi trng kim (pH >7) s
chuyn t mu vng sang cam. Hn the (borax) c tnh kim nn khi
tc dng vi giy ngh th lm giy ngh chuyn t mu vng sang .

Ha cht - vt liu
- Dung dch HCl (acid clohidric).
- Ngh ti
- Cn 100%
- Giy lc
Sn xut giy ngh (curcumin)
- Gi nh ngh, ngm trong cn t 3 - 4 gi.
- Gn ly dung dch ngh.
- Ngm giy lc trong dung dch ngh khong 1 gi.
- Vt ra se mt v ngm tip giy lc trong dung dch ngh
khong 1- 2 gi ri vt ra phi kh trong gi.
- Ct nh thnh tng ming (1,5 - 2cm) ng trong hp.
Quy trnh

- Thc phm dng rn : Ly khong 5g ct nh c ht u xanh cho

vo cc.
- Nh thm 1 - 2 git dung dch HCl. Kho st pha long HCl
tng th tch dung dch m.
- Dm nt mu, khong 2 - 5 pht.
- Ly 2 ming giy ngh (1.3). Ming (1) nh dung dch HCl sao
cho thm t giy lm i chng. Ming (2) nhng ngp vo
cc mu ang x l.
- 2 ming giy trn mt phng ch c kt qu.

c kt qu

- Dng tnh: Nu giy th pha di que th chuyn mu (t mu

vng ti sang mu cam) khc vi mu giy i chng.
 Cng mu v thi gian c kt qu ph thuc vo lng hn
the trong mu.

- m tnh: Nu giy th pha di que th khng chuyn mu

ging vi mu giy i chng
Ti liu tham kho
[1] http://www.ykhoa.net/yhoccotruyen/baiviet/29_471.htm
[2] http://benh.vn/suckhoe/Han-the-dang-pha-huy-co-the-con-nguoi-
tung-ngay-nhu-the-nao/168/3974/29-10-2013.htm
[3] Nguyn c Vng, 2014. Nghin Cu Phn Tch Hn The Trong
Thc Phm Ch La Trn a Bn Thnh Ph ng Hi,Tp ch Thng
Tin v Khoa Hc Qung Bnh, s 5.

2. Quy trnh pht hin Acid Salicylic

2.1. Tng quan

nh ngha
Acid salicylic l mt monohydroxylbenzoic acid, l mt dng ca
phenolic acid v mt beta hydroxy acid c cng thc ha hc l
C7H6O3.Salicylic l mt acid hu c khng mu v c chc nng nh l
mt hormon thc vt. Trong m phm, acid salicylic c s dng trong
m phm vi tc dng lm bong trc lp sng trn da, st khun nh,
lm gim b nhn trn da v tr mn. Trong m phm, acid salicylic
c s dng lnti nng 2%.Mt khc, acid salicylic cn c s
dng nh l cht khng vim, gim au nhc, h st v kh trng trong
dc phm. Ngoi ra, acid salicylic cn c mt trong cc loi thuc tr
su , sn xut polymer tinh th lng v cc hp cht ha hc khc. Trong
thc phm, acid salicylic c tc dng nh mt cht bo qun gip hn
ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.[1] Tuy nhin, acid salicylic b cm s
dng trong thc phm v n gy c cho ngi s dng.

Tc ng ca acid salicylic ln c th
Cc th nghim trn sinh vt cho thy acid salicylic gy ra hin
tng dn mch ngoi v nh hng n tim mch, lm gim t l
protrobin trong mu, ni mn ngoi da, hoi t gan, xut huyt,
Khi b ng c cp tnh acid salicylic s gy bun nn, i ma sau khi
n khong 2 gi. Tit ra enzyme aminotransferase gy tn thng gan,
tng acid lactic v acid pyruvic lm c ch chu trnh Krebs, phn hy
lipid thnh cc ketone huyt. Gy ra hin tng acid ha ng h hp
dn n lit h hp, h hi qu trnh phosphoryl oxy ha, lm gim caxi
huyt v gy ra alkalosis.[2]
2.2. Quy trnh pht hin acid salicylic trong thc phm
Nguyn tc
Acid salicylic v cc Salicylat trong mi trng acid s phn ng
vi ion Fe3+ to thnh phc hp c mu tm.
3 C7H6O3 (aq) + FeCl3 (aq) ------>Fe(C7H5O3)3 (aq) + 3 HCl (aq)

Ha cht vt liu
- FeCl3 (Ferric chloride).
Quy trnh
- Chun b mu nc ngm rau qu cn kim tra.
- Cho dung dch FeCl3 (Ferric chloride) 1% vo mu cn kim tra.
c kt qu
- Dng tnh: nu dung dch trong ti c mu nu tm ging mu chun
dng tnh in trn nhn. Mu ca phn ng ty thuc vo nng
acid salicylic c trong mu.
- m tnh: nu dung dch khng xut hin mu nu tm.
Ti liu tham kho

[1]http://www.oxychemicals.com.vn/product/detail/80/salicylic-
acid.html

[2]http://shopcongnghethucpham.com/nhung-chat-phu-gia-thuc-pham-
co-tinh-doc-hai/

3. Kim tra thuc tr su trong rau qu

3.1. Tng quan
nh ngha
 Thuc tr su nhng cht c c ngun gc t nhin hay ha cht
tng hp dng bo v cy trng v nng sn, chng li cc sinh vt
gy hi trn cy trng[2]. Thuc tr su l mt trong cc yu t chnh dn
ti s gia tng sn lng nng nghip trong th k 20. Cc loi thuc tr
su thng gy c cho con ngi v tch t li trong chui thc
n.Thuc tr su nhm phosphate v carbamate l hai loi thuc tr su
thuc nhm c ch cholinesterse ang c s dng rng ri trong nng
nghip do b thy phn nhanh thnh cc cht v hi v khng tch t cht
c lu di trong mi trng.

Tc ng ca thuc tr su ln c th

Cc hp cht phospho hu c c hp th rt tt qua ng da v

nim mc, ng tiu ha v ng h hp.Nguyn nhn dn n nhim
c thng l s dng khng ng trong cng nghip, tai nn, t t.
Khong thi gian t lc b nhim n khi c triu chng thng di 12
gi., c bit nhim c qua ng hp hp xy ra triu chng ch sau
vi giy. Cc phospho hu c v carbamate khi vo c th s gn vi
enzyme AchE dn n phosphoryl ha v lm mt hot tnh ca enzyme
lm tch t acetylcholintai5 cc synap thn kinh, gy nn sc kch thch
lin tc qu mc cc receptor hu synap v kit synap c h thn
kinh trung ng v thn kinh ngoi bin. Dn n hi chng cng
cholin cp v s kit synap dn n cc triu chng bn ngoi phc tp
v khc nhau.Cc triu chng ng c thuc tr su bao gm mt ng,
ri lon nh hng, au u, chng mt, nhn m, c yu, tiu chy,
chn ngc, th rt v ho c m.Khi nhim c nng s c cc triu
chng nh ri lon thc, a i khng t ch, hn m su v try
 mch. Nhn chung cc triu chng s c chia thnh cc hi chng
khc nhau nh Muscarin, Nicotin, hi chng thn kinh trung ng.[1]

3.2. Quy trnh pht hin thuc tr su trong thc phm

Nguyn tc

Da vo kh nng c ch enzyme AchE ca thuc tr su c nhm

organophosphate v carbamate c trong thuc tr su. Sau tin hnh
kim tra hot ca enzyme AchE bng phn ng thy phn ca
indoxyl acetate di tc dng ca AchE to thnh indigo c mu
xanh theo s sau:

Ha cht vt liu
- Pha AchE (800 U/ml) trong 20mM dung dch phosphate buffered

saline ( bao gm 2.88g Na2HPO4, 0.4g KCl, 0.48g Kh2PO4 v NaCl

trong 16g 800ml nc ct, pH 7.4.
- Chun b dung dch Blocking: b 50mM m acid boric (pH 8.3) vi
0.5% casein.
Cch pha 100ml: Cn 0.31g acid boric vo 100ml nc. b sung
0.5g casein.
- Chun b dung dch ra: b sung 50mM m phosphate (pH 7.5) vi
0.01% SDS.
 Cch pha m phosphate:

Dung dch mononatri orthophosphate 0,2M (a): 27,8 g NaH2PO4 ha

tan v nh mc n 1000 ml.
Dung dch dinatri hydrophosphate 0,2M (b): 53,05 g Na2HPO4.7H2O
hoc 71,7g Na2HPO4.12H2O ha tan v nh mc n 1000 ml.
Ht 16ml dd a vo 84ml dung dch b. lc u v o pH.
- Ha tan 5mg/mL indoxyl acetate trong methanol.
- m PBS.
Sn xut giy th
- Dng giy lc to mt h trn c kch thc 6mm sau nh 5l
dung dch enzyme AchE ri kh trong 1 gi. Sau nhng vo
dung dch blocking 20 pht nhit phng, sau ra bng cch
nhng chm trong dung dch ra khong 30 pht v nhit kh
trong khong hai gi nhit phng v gi 200C n khi s dng.
- Chun b giy Substrate-coated: ct giy lc vi kch thc
10X10mm. sau nh ln 20l dung dch indoxyl acetate trong
methanol. kh nhit phng v gi bng zipper lock ti
-200C n khi s dng.

2 ming giy trn c dnh vo mt ming plastic ti hai mt khc

nhau ca mt nn gp bng keo dn.

Quy trnh
- Ly mu phn tch ct nh v ngm vo dung dch TBS 10 pht.
- M ming ph ( cover sheet) v loi b film.
- Nh dung dich va ngm bc 1 vo l trn v ti nhit
phng.
- Sau 5 pht b sung thm dung dch m, gp cover sheet li v
thm 5 pht na.
- M cover sheet ri yn 10 pht nhit phng.
- c kt qu.
c kt qu
- Dng tnh: nu vng trn chuyn sang mu xanh.
- m tnh: khng i mu.

Ti liu tham kho

[1]https://chiaseykhoa.wordpress.com/2015/04/29/ngo-doc-thuoc-tru-
sau/

[2]http://www.dieutri.vn/baigiangnoikhoa/3-8-2013/S4278/Ngo-doc-
thuoc-tru-sau-khang-men-Cholinesterase.htm

4. Nhn bit focmon

4.1. Tng quan
nh ngha

Formol hay formaldehyd (HCHO) l hp cht hu c d bay hi,

khng mu, mi cay xc v tan nhiu trong nc. Trong t nhin formol
c sn trong g, khi ng c, khi thuc l, khi g t, du v kh ha
lng, cc sn phm qua ch bin nh sn, du bng, g p, Ngoi
ra, formol cn c sinh ra trong qu trnh chuyn ha sinh vt do
trong t nhin c nhiu loi thc phm c cha formol nh rau c, tri
cy, tht c,Hm lng formol trong thc phm khong 3 23mg/kg.

Vai tr ca formol trong thc phm

Vi tnh cht d dng kt hp vi cc Protein to thnh nhng hp

cht bn, khng thi ra, khng i thiu nhng rt kh tiu ha. Do
formol c s dng bo qun thc phm khng b i thiu. c bit,
formol c lm dng rt ph bin trong cc loi thc phm nh bn,
ph, min, thy sn, ko di thi gian s dng[1].

Tc ng ca formol ln c th
 Khi formol c a vo c th qua ng tiu ha s lm chm
tiu, ri lon tiu ha, vim lot d dy, vim i trng, liu lng
cao, formol c chuyn ha thnh acid formic lm tng hot ng ca
c tim, th nhanh v nng, gim thn nhit, hn m v c th dn n
cht ngi. Khi vo c th, formol s c chuyn ha thnh nhiu hp
cht khc nhau v thi ra qua nc tiu v ng th. C th con ngi
khi tip xc vi formandehyd trong thi gian di d liu lng cao hay
thp cng gy ra cc nh hng nghim trong trn da v h thng h
hp, cc bnh v bch cu v c bit l ung th. Formol cn l tc nhn
gy sai lch v bin di nhim sc th, ph n c thai nu b nhim c th
gy nh hng n s pht trin ca bo thai[1].

Khi tip xc vi formol nng trn 0.1mg/kg s gy ra cay

nim mc, mt, kch thch ng h hp gy chy nc mi, au u,
cm gic nng c hng v kh th. Nu v tnh ung phi dung dch
formandehyd s gy ra cht ngi. Trong c th, formol kt hp vi cc
amin hnh thnh cc dn xut bn vng vi cc men thy phn protein
lm nh hng n qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht dinh dng trong c
th.

Nu b nhim formol nng thng qua h hp hoc tiu ha s gy ra

vim lot d dy, hoi t t bo, nn ma ra mu v gy ra t vong trong
vng vi pht do try tim mch. Liu lng gy cht ngi l 30ml.

4.2.Quy trnh kim tra formol trong thc phm

Nguyn tc
Thuc th Schiff l fuchsin c bn c cha parafuchsin (triamino-
triphenyl-m-tan-chloride) vi axit sulfuric c s dng pht hin
formalin. Khi c s c mt ca aldehyde thuc th Schiff s chuyn
thnh mu tm hng theo phn ng di y:

Ha cht vt liu(Tnh trn 100ml)

- 2,5 ml HCl m c
- 0,5g Fucshin gi mn
- 1,5g Natrimeta disulfit
- 97,5ml nc ct
- 4g than hot tnh
Sn xut thuc th Schiff
- Cho ln lt tng loi ha cht vo chai ti mu theo th t: HCl,
Fucshin, Natrimeta disulfit, nc ct. Khng lc hay o trn.
- Sau 24h nu dung dch khng i qua mu trong sut hoc vng
rm th thm 4g than hot tnh, lc nh, yn 30 pht sau lc
bng giy lc.
Sn xut giy Test Kit Formalin
- Ct giy lc kch thc 4 x 4 cm.
- Cho dung dch thuc th Schiff vo a petri, nhng giy lc
chun b vo, khong 15 pht.
- Vt ra vo a petri kh v kh 24h. Khi ta c c
giy tm ha cht Schiff pht hin formalin.
Quy trnh

- Nu mu thc phm l dng rn th ly 2g ct nh c ht ng cho

vo cc. B sung thm 4-5ml nc ct vo cc. Trn u vi mu
khong 2-3 pht.
 - Vi hi sn sng th ly nc ngm kim tra.
- Nhng giy th mu (6.4) vo mu cn kim tra. em ming giy
trn mt phng ch c kt qu

c kt qu

- Dng tnh: giy th chuyn sang mu tm hng th trong mu

thc phm c cha Formaldehyd.
- m tnh: giy th khng i mu.
Ti liu tham kho

[1]http://luanvan.co/luan-van/de-tai-phu-gia-thuc-pham-su-nguy-hiem-
tiem-tang-53531/

5. Pht hin hypochlorite

5.1. Tng quan
nh ngha

Hypochloride hay cn c gi l chlorua vi c c cng thc l

RClO, thng c s dng nh cht ty trng trong cc hn hp ty
u v ty trng. N dng lm sch cc thit b, tolet, Ngy nay,
dung dch sodium hypochloride c s dng ph bin trong cng
nghip x l nc thi, giy, dt may, dc phm, ha cht, nh l
mt cht ty trng[1]. Hypochlorite c mi xc c trng ca clo v c
mu vng khi dng dung dch.

Vai tr ca hypochloride trong thc phm

Nh kh nng ty trng vt tri ca mnh, hypochloride c

cc nh sn xut thc phm s dng ty trng v ngn s pht trin
ca vi khun c trong thc phm nh: tht c, mng ngm, rau qu
dm, gi , gng no,
 Tc ng ca hypochloride ln con ngi

Khi ht phi hypochloride gy ra cc kch ng cho mt, da, mi, h h

hp v gy ra kh th, ph v au phi. n/ung phi thc phm c
tn d hypocloride (300ml vi ngi ln v 100ml vi tr em) l
nguyn nhn gy nn cc kch ng v ph hy bn trong c th, gy
au bng, tiu chy v nn ma[2];[3]. Tuy nhin, cha c chng c
lin quan n vic hypochliride gy ra ung th ngi[3].

5.2. Quy trnh pht hin hypochloride trong thc phm

Nguyn tc

Mui hypochlorite c kh nng b oxi ha bi HI v gii phng

I2 t do. Iot gii phng c pht hin bng mu xanh tm nh ch th
h tinh bt.
ClO- + H+> Cl- + I2 + H20

Ha cht vt liu

- Ha tan 7g KI vo 100ml nc.

- Ht 200 ml nc, sau b sung 100ml HCl m c, lc u.
Quy trnh

- Ly 2ml nc tri cy ngm, b sung 0.3 ml dung dch KI.

- B sung 2ml HCl, lc u.
- B sung 0.5 ml h tinh bt, lc u v quan st s i mu.
c kt qu

- Dng tnh: dng tnh c mu xanh en nht.

- m tnh: dung dch khng i mu.
Ti liu tham kho
[1]http://ionexchange.net/vat-lieu-loc-nuoc-sach/hoa-chat-co-ban-nganh-
nuoc/chat-tay-trang-cong-nghiep-sodium-hypochlorite.html
[2]http://avanta.vn/test-thu-nhom-2/test-thu-nhanh-hypochlorite-trong-
thuc-pham-871206.html
[3] S.Bull, (2007). Sodium Hypochloride: General Information (version
1) . Health Protection Agency

6. Nhn bit acid v c trong dm

6.1. Tng quan
nh ngha

Gim l mt cht lng c v chua, c hnh thnh t s ln men ca

ru ethylic (C2H5OH).Thnh phn chnh l acid acetic (CH3COOH) c
nng khong 5%. Gim thng c sn xut bng s ln men go,
sau mang i chng ct c gi l gim go. Ngoi ra cn c gim
pha ch t acid acetic nguyn cht vi nc. Tuy nhin, hin nay trn th
trng, c rt nhiu loi gim c pha ch bng acid acetic cng
nghip, c ln nhiu tp cht v cc acid v c nh HCl vi cng thc 1
lt acid acetic pha vi 100l nc s cho ra 101 lt dm. HCl c b
sung vo lm gim pH v tng chua cho gim.

Tc ng ca gim pha ln c th

Tuy nhin, khi gim pha bng ha cht, khng nhng khng c gi tr
dinh dng m cn gy hi cho ngi s dng. Khi mt ngi nng
khong 50kg, n vo khong 176.5 gram acid acetic th c nguy c t
vong ln n 50%. Ngoi ra khi s dng acid acetic pha gim th s
khng m bo cc sn phm c hi c trong , do nh hng ti
sc khe ngi s dng l khng th kim sot. Ty nng acid acetic
cng nghip c pha s nh hng khc nhau ln d dy, khin d dy
b bo mn, git cht men tiu ha v gim pH c th[1].
 6.2. Quy trnh pht hin gim pha trong thc phm
Nguyn tc

Dung dch acid hu c long c pH ln hn 2. Tuy nhin nu c mt

acid v c th pH dung dch s gim xung nh hn 2. Do khi s
dng ch th mu tm metyl s pht hin c axit v c bng s i mu
dung dch.

pH = 0.................pH=1.5................pH=3

Vng Xanh l cy Tm

Ha cht

Metyl violet 0.1%, ng trong mt l nh git.

Quy trnh

- Lc u sn phm, cho 5ml sn phm kim tra vo ng nghim.

Nh t t vo ng nghim 2 3 git ch th metyl violet. Lc u
v quan st mu sc.

c kt qu

- Dng tnh: Dung dch c mu xanh l cy.

- m tnh: dung dch c mu tm.

7. Pht hin phm mu trong bnh ko

7.1. Tng quan
nh ngha

Phm mu thc phm l mt nhm cht c mu c dng lm ph gia

thc phm, to ra hoc ci thin mu sc ca thc phm nhm lm
tng tnh hp dn ca thc phm.Phm mu c chia lm hai loi chnh
l phm mu t nhin v phm mu nhn to.Phm mu t nhin l cc
cht mu c chit xut hoc ch bin t cc nguyn liu t nhin nh
thc vt, ng vt.Phm mu nhn to hay cn gi phm mu tng hp
ha hc l cc sn phm c to ra t cc phn ng tng hp ha hc.

Hu ht cc phm mu hin nay dn xut t than v c chia lm

hai loi, phm mu kim v phm mu acid.Cc phm mu kim c tnh
c hi v khng c php s dng trong thc phm, cn cc phm
mu acid th c php s dng.Mi loi phm mu c php s
dng hin nay u l phm mu dn xut than c tinh acid.

Nhng thc phm c cha phm mu trong danh mc cho php ca B

Y t nu s dng di mc gii hn cho php th khng gy nh hng
cho sc khe. Hin nay trn th trng Vit Nam vn cn tn ti nhiu
loi phm mu b nghim cm s dng trong thc phm nh: blue 1,2;
red 3; green 3; yellow 6; y u l nhng cht gy ung th ng
vt[1].

Tc ng ca cc phm mu c hi ln c th

Cc nghin cu ch ra rng cc phm mu khng nm trong danh

mc cho php ca B Y t hoc c php nhng li s dng qu liu
lng c th gy ra nhng nh hng tc thi nh nn ma, tiu chy,
au bng, mn nga hoc dn n ng c cp tnh v t vong nu
khng c cha tr kp thi.

Nu c th hp th mt t cht c hi trong phm mu th s tch t

li v gy ra cc bnh nguy him nh ung th, bin i gen trong c
th[1]. Mt nghin cu trc y ca cc qun l tiu chun thc phm
Anh cho thy vic s dng thng xuyn thc phm c mu s nh
hng tiu cc n tr, khin ch s IQ gim t nht 5.5 im. Theo c
quan qun tr thc phm v dc phm Hoa K (FDA) th cht Red
No.2 b cm s dng v cht ny c th gy ung th. Mt s phm
mu nhn to khc nh Yellow No.5 hay cn gi l tartrazine hay gy d
ng v nga cho mt s ngi. Cht ny hay c lm nc ung,
trng ming, rau ci ch bin, dc phm,[2]

Nguyn tc

Cc phm mu c tnh kim tan c trong nc hoc cn, khi tc

dng vi amoniac s gii phng ra cht mu kim ca phm mu. Cht
kim ny l sn phm chit c mu (chromobase) s ha tan v nhum
mu ether. Tri li cc sn phm khng mu (leucobase) tuy vn ha tan
c trong ether nhng khng nhum mu ether. Sau dung dch Ether
ny s tc dng vi acid acetic long, cht mu ban u s chuyn sang
dung dch acid v nhum mu dung dch ny.

Hoa cht vt liu

a. Hot cht.

- A xt axetic 5%: 100ml

- Ether etylic: 100ml

- Nc ct hay cn 750 kim ho bng NH40H c (t l 5ml nc ct

hoc cn/5 git NH40H c).

b. Dng c.

- ng nghim c nt nha 10ml : 3 chic

- L thu tinh nt mi 100ml: 3 chic

- ua thu tinh nh bt u: 1 chic

(hay a inox nh bt u)

7.2. Phng php tin hnh. (1052/2002/Q-BYT)

- Ho cht dng cho mi ln th nghim c phn ra cc ng nghim

10ml c nt vn bng nha, to thnh mt b th gm 3 ng:

Cho vo ng 1: 5 ml nc ct hay cn 750 kim ho

Cho vo ng 2: 3-5 ml Ether tylic.

Cho vo ng 3: 3-5 ml axit axetic 5%.

- Qu trnh kim tra pht hin nhanh phm mu gm cc bc nh sau:

+. Chit xut phm mu ra khi thc phm bng cch lc vi nc hay

cn 750. Nu l cn sau khi chit xut phi ui cn bt i bng un nh
hay c cch thu.

+. Ly 3-5 ml dung dch chit xut c em kim ho bng NH40H

c (3-5 git).

+. Thm 5ml Ether sau lc u. yn phn lp, sau gn phn

Ether (c mu hay khng mu) ring ra v ra bng nc ct (nu thy
cn thit).

+. Thm 2-3ml axit axetic long 5% vo dung dch ether, lc u, yn

quan st.

7.3. nh gi.

- Dung dch axit axetic (bn di) c mu: Phm mu kim khng c
php s dng.

- Dung dch axit axetic (bn di) khng mu: Phm mu khng phi
phm mu kim, c php dng.
 m bo nhanh chng, n gin v thun li hn ta lm nh sau:

- Chun b nhiu b, mi b gm 3 ng nghim 10ml c nt vn nha

trong :

ng 1 c: 5ml nc ct hay cn 750 kim ho bng 5 git NH40H c

ng 2 c: 3-5 ml Ether tylic

ng 3 c: 3-5 ml Axit axetic 5%.

- Mi mu ta dng mt b nh trn v thao tc nh sau:

+. Ly 2-3 gam mu cho vo ng 1 (dm nh ra nu l mt hay ko rn,

nu l ru mi phi ui cn bng un nh hay c cch thu.y nt
lc k yn.

+. Gn nc ng 1 vo ng 2.Lc nho, y nt, yn phn lp.

+. Gn lp Ether pha trn sang ng 3. Lc u yn v quan st.

- nh gi:

*. Dung dch axit axetic (bn di) c mu: phm mu kim khng c
php dng.

*. Dung dch axit axetic (bn di) khng c mu: Phm mu khng
phi phm mu kim, c php dng.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] http://sito.vn/loi-ich-va-tac-hai-cua-mau-thuc-pham-doi-voi-suc-
khoe-2.html

[2]http://m.giadinhvietnam.com/nhung-tac-hai-tiem-an-tu-pham-
mau-thuc-pham-d38422.html
8. Pht hin Nitrite
8.1. Tng quan
nh ngha

Nitrite l mt hp cht ha hc bao gm mt nguyn t nito lin kt vi

hai nguyn t oxy (NO2-) c hnh thnh trong qu trnh phn hy hp
cht hu c. Nitrite khi gp oxy s b oxy ha thnh nitrate[2].

Vai tr ca nitrite trong thc phm

Nitrite c mt trong hu ht cc loi thc phm ca con ngi nh cc

loi thc vt v c ng vt. Nitrite c s dng nh l mt cht ph
gia trong thc phm gip thay i mu sc ca c tht v ngn nga s
pht trin ca vi khun, c bit l Clostridium botulinum, vi khun gy
ng c tht. Trong thc phm, nitrite c s dng di cc hp cht
nh Kali nitrite, natri nitrite, v thng c mt trong phomat, nc
gii kht, thy sn ch bin[1],Tiu chun Nitrite trong rau khong
300mg/kg. i vi nc s dng cho ch bin thc phm v n ung
th hm lng nitrit ti a l 3mg/l4.

Gii hn cho php ca nitrit trong nhm thc phm c B Y t quy

nh nh sau:[3]
 Tc hi ca nitrite ln c th

Nitrit l cht c tnh c hi ti sinh vt v con ngi bi n c th

chuyn ha thnh cc dng sn phm c th gy ung th cho con ngi.
Nitrit c tc dng oxi ha huyt sc t Hemoglobin trong hng cu
hnh thnh methemoglobin khng c kh nng vn chuyn oxi cho mu
ging nh Hemoglobin. c bit nguy him hn l c th tr em khng
c enzyme trong mu chuyn ha methemoglobin tr li thnh
hemoglobin, v vy nu b nh hng lu ngy ca Nitrit tr s mc cc
bnh da xanh, d nguy him n tnh mng, c bit i vi tr di 6
thng tui, lm chm qu trnh pht trin ca tr, tch ly trong c th
gy ra cc bnh v ng h hp. Do trong h tiu ha ca ngi trng
thnh c kh nng hp th v thi loi Nitrit nn t b nh hng
bi methemoglobin hn. Khi b ng c Nitrit c th s b gim chc
nng h hp, c cc biu hin nh kh th, nh hng n h h hp.
 Nitrit c khuyn co l c kh nng gy bnh ung th ngi do
nitrit kt hp vi cc axit amin trong thc phm m con ngi n ung
hng ngy hnh thnh mt hp cht nitrosamine-1 l hp cht tin ung
th. Hm lng nitrosamin tch ly cao khin c th khng kp
o thi, tch t dn trong gan c th gy ra hin tng nhim c gan,
ung th gan hoc d dy.

Hm lng Nitrit trong c th cao s gy c ch oxi dn n hin

tng thiu oxi trong mu, c th thiu oxi s b chong vng v c th
ngt khi ang lm vic hay hot ng khc. Trng hp nhim c trm
trng nu khng c cu cha kp thi dn n nguy c t vong cao[2].

8.2. Quy trnh pht hin Nirite trong thc phm

Nguyn tc

mi trng acid, nitrite kt hp vi acid sunfanilic to thnh acid

sunfanilic diazonium, cht ny kt hp vi -naphtylamin to thnh
naphtyamin -azobenzen sunfonic c mu hng theo s phn ng
sau:

Phn ng rt nhy vi mu ngay tc thi nng 1 x 10-5 v sau 5

pht nng 1 x 10-8.Nu khng c Nitrit phn ng khng c mu .
Trong khi tiu chun v sinh ban hnh km theo Quyt nh: 505/BYT-Q
th ung, nc ung, thc phm lng khng c c Nitrit ngha l bng
mt thng sau 10-15 pht khng c phn ng cho mu xy ra.
 Phm vi p dng ca phng php ny l nc n ung, ung, nc
gii kht khng mu.

Ha cht vt liu

- Acid sunfanilic (C6H7NOS3)

- -naphtylamin

Quy trnh
- Thuc th

Cn 0,5g sulfanilic acid, 0,2-naphtylamin, 3g Oxalic acid, 26,3g

NaCl, nghin nh, trn u, chia nh thnh cc test (0,2g/test).

Tin hnh th.

Ly 5ml snphm lng mu phn tch cho vo ng nghim.B sung 0.2g

thuc th, lc u v so snh vi mt ng nghim mu nc ct (khng
c Nitrite) c tin hnh song song trong nhng iu kin nh nhau.

nh gi.

+. Nu thy xut hin mu sau 10-15 pht: C mt ca Nitrite, vi

phm gii hn ti a cho php hin hnh quy nh v Nitrit trong
ung, thc phm lng.

+. Nu khng xut hin mu sau 10 - 15 pht: khng c mt ca

Nitrit, m bo gii hn ti a cho php hin hnh quy nh v Nitrit
trong ung, thc phm lng.

Ch : Nu nc ung c Clo hot ng s lm mu thay i, trong

trng hp ny phi cho thuc th Griess B (Anpha naphtylamin) trc sau
cho thuc th Griess A vo sau
 c kt qu

- Dng tnh: Nu dung dch trong ti c mu hng m.

- m tnh: Nu dung dch khng xut hin mu hng.
Ti liu tham kho
[1] http://anninhthudo.vn/khoe-dep/nguy-hai-cua-nitrit-voi-suc-
khoe/542419.antd
[2] http://nuocsinhhoat.com/tac-hai-nghiem-trong-cua-nitrit-toi-suc-
khoe-con-nguoi.html

[3] Thng T 27/12/2012/TT BYT: Hng Dn Vic Qun L ph Gia

Thc Phm, B Y T.

[4] Quy Chun K Thut Quc Gia V Cht Lng Nc n Ung,

QCVN 01:2009/BYT.

9. Pht hin Nitrate

9.1. Tng quan
nh ngha

Nitrate (NO3-) l mt ion thng tn ti di dng mui v c khi

lng phn t 62.0049g/mol. Ion nitrate l bazo lin hp ca acid nitric.
Hu nh cc mui nitrate v c u ha tan trong nc nhit v p
sut tiu chun. Cc mui nitrate l thnh phn ch yu c trong phn
m v c ngi nng dn s dng bn v kch thch s pht trin
ca cy trng.

Nitrate tn ti t nhin trong rau c vi hm lng an ton cho sc

khe, tuy nhin khi lm dng phn m lm cht kch thch v s
dng gn thi im thu hoch s lm nng nitrate vt ngng cho
php v gy nh hng xu n sc khe ngi s dng.[2]

Tc ng ca nitrate ln c th

Theo nhiu chuyn gia Dinh dng vi liu lng gii hn trung
bnh 200mg nitrate mt ngi hng ngy, lng nitrate n vo t rau, c,
qu ca mt ngi trong nhng trng hp c bit c th cao hn mc
gii hn trn, mc d theo ti nghin cu ti M nm 2010 cho thy
lng nitrate mt nggi n vo hng ngy dao ng t 65mg 73mg;
nhng iu ny khng gy nh hng g n sc khe v trong rau, c
c cha vitamin C- c tnh chng oxy ha, nn s ngn chn nitrate
chuyn thnh nitrite v cng khng th hnh thnh phc cht
nitrosamines nguy hi.[2]

Trong iu kin t nhin nitrate b vi khun trong mi trng tc

ng to phn ng oxy ha chuyn thnh nitrite. Chnh cht ny ngn
tr qu trnh kt hp ca oxy vi hemoglobin (hng cu) to thnh
hp cht bn vng methemoglobin, gy ra hi chng thiu oxy m,
trong y vn gi l hi chng cyanose vi triu chng da, nim xanh
tm, kh th, co git, thm ch t vong. ngi trng thnh do c men
kh nitrate nn kh c th kch hot qu trnh phn gii nitrate - nitrite;
ngc li tr em do h thng tiu ha c pH cao nn cha hnh
thnh men kh ny. Chnh v vy tr em di 12 thng tui, c bit
di 6 thng tui, nu dng ngun nc hoc rau qu nghin c hm
lng nitrate cao d b ng c (nn cn gi l hi chng blue baby).
 Ngoi ra nitrate t n khng phi l cht gy ung th, nhng l nghi
phm gin tip gy ra ung th khi n bin thnh nitrite, ri cht ny kt
hp vi gc amine t do trong tht to thnh phc cht nitrosamines
trong qu trnh x l nhit cao (i vi hp, lp xng, xc xch,
c xng khi). Cn lu thm l kh nng c th gy ung th (d
dy, i trng, tuyn gip, tuyn tin lit) l suy lun t kt qu thc
nghim trn ng vt thi gian di, lin tc cho n thc phm c hm
lng nitrate v nitrite kh cao. Theo T chc Y t th gii th liu
nitrate chp nhn hng ngy (ADI) ca ngi trng thnh l 3,7mg/kg
th trng (khng p dng cho tr em di 1 tui).[1]

Gii hn mui nitrate cho php trong tht hp, tht mui, lap xng,
jam bng l 500mg/kg v ph mt l 50mg/kg.[3] Bng gii hn ti a
hm lng nitrate trong mt s loi rau[4] :

(mg/kg
STT Loi rau )
1 bp ci 500
2 Su ho 500
3 Sp l 500
4 Ci c 500
5 X lch 1500
u n
6 qu 200
7 C chua 150
8 C tm 400
9 Da hu 60
10 Da b 90
11 Da chut 150
12 Khoai ty 250
13 Hnh ty 80
14 Hnh l 400
 15 Bu b 400
16 Ng rau 300
17 C rt 250
18 Mng ty 200
19 Ti 500
20 t ngt 200
21 t cay 400
i vi nc dng n ung, nc dng cho cc c s ch
bin thc phm th nng nitrate ti a cho php l 50mg/l. Hai cht
Nitrit v Nitrat u c kh nng to methaemoglobin. Do vy, trong
trng hp hai cht ny ng thi c mt trong nc n ung th t l
nng (C) ca mi cht so vi gii hn ti a (GHT) ca chng
khng c ln hn 1 v c tnh theo cng thc sau5:

Cnitrat/GHTnitrat + Cnitrit/GHTnitrit<1

9.2. Quy trnh pht hin nitrate trong thc phm

(1052/2002/Q-BYT)
Nguyn tc

Trong mi trng acid acetic c mt ca km (Zn) v kali ioua

(KI), nitrat s b kh thnh NO2 v KI s b oxy ha gii phng I2 t
do. Iot gii phngc pht hin bng mu xanh tm nh ch th h tinh
bt. Ty theo hm lng nitrat c trong sn phm nhiu hay t, iot c
gii phng cng s nhiu hay t, nhanh hay chm.
Phn ng ca qu trnh din bin nh sau:
CH3COOH + Zn (CH3COO)2Zn + H2
H2 +2KI 2HI + 2K
HNO3 + HI NO2 + 4H2O + 1/2I2
NO2 + H2O HNO2
 HNO2 + HI NO + H2O + 1/2I2

Phm vi p dng

Tht p ngm mui, da mui ch bin, bo qun bng Nitrat, nc

ung gii kht khng mu.

Kh nng pht hin trn, di v bng 500m/lt Nitrat tng ng vi

phn ng xut hin mu xanh tm nhanh trong vng 1 pht, sau 2-3 pht
v sau 5-6 pht.

Ha cht vt liu
- Kali Iua (KI) tinh th hay dung dch 5%
- Axt axtic 50%
- Km ht hay km bt tinh khit
- Dung dch h tinh bt 1%.

Ly 1 gam tinh bt (sn, ng, khoai ty...) nho vo 5ml nc ct trong

mt bt men. Thm 100ml nc nng, quy u un cho ti khi thnh
h trong. yn qua m cht gn ly nc trong.

Ch : H tinh bt d hng, cn bo qun bng cch thm 0,25gam Axt

salicylic.

Quy trnh

- Tu theo hm lng Nitrat c trong sm phm, bnh thng ly 10

gam mu hoc hn. Mu em thi nh v ngm trong nc ct, 20ml,
ngm trong 15-20 pht, thnh thong trn u, sau un nng v lc
ngay sau khi si.

- Ra b sn phm bng 2-3ml nc ct, lm sao cui cng c c

10ml nc chit, tin hnh lm phn ng trong ng nghim.
- Thm vo dung dch 3ml dung dch KI5% hay mt t ( 0,10 gam)
tinh th KI. Trn u, lc u.

- Axt ho bng 2ml dung dch axit axtic 50%. Khuy u, thm 2-3
git H tinh bt (mi pha). Li trn u.

- Thm tip tc 1-2 ht km. Theo di phn ng v thi gian bt u

xut hin mu xanh tm v khi mu ny r rt n nh hon ton.

c kt qu

+. Nu mu xanh tm xut hin ngay lp tc, trong vng 1 pht r nt,

n nh hon ton: Hm lng Nitrat cao hn 500mg/kg.

+. Nu sau 2-3 pht mi thy xut hin mu xanh tm v sau 5-6 pht
mi r nt n nh hon ton: Hm lng Nitrat trong khong
500mg/kg.

+. Nu lu sau 5-6 pht mi xut hin mu xanh tm v sau 20-30 pht

mi r nt n nh hon ton: Hm lng Nitrat trong khong 200-
250mg/kg.

Ta ch cn ch nhng mu no c mu xanh tm xut hin trc 1-

2 pht ngha l nhng mu vt qu hm lng ti a cho php hin
nay.

* Ti liu tham kho

[1]http://thucphamvadoisong.vn/van-de-ban-quan-tam/1622-chat-nitrate-
trong-thuc-pham.html

[2]http://maydothucpham.com/nitrat-la-gi-tac-hai-cua-nitrat-doi-voi-suc-
khoe-nguoi-tieu-dung.html
[3]http://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/The-thao-Y-te/Quyet-dinh-867-
1998-QD-BYT-Danh-muc-tieu-chuan-ve-sinh-luong-thuc-thuc-pham-
53096.aspx.

[4] http://www.dinhduongthuycanh.com/blogs/news/1000046080-muc-
gioi-han-toi-da-cho-phep-cua-ham-luong-nitrat-no3-trong-mot-so-san-
pham-rau-cu-qua

[5] Quy Chun K Thut Quc Gia V Cht Lng Nc n Ung,

QCVN 01:2009/BYT.

10. Nhn bit methanol trong ru

10.1. Tng quan
nh ngha

Methanol hay cn gi l methyl alcohol, c cng thc ha hc l

CH3OH, l mt cht lng trong sut, khng mu nhit phng, si
650C.Methanol l mt trong nhng cn c c tnh cao vi ngi v linh
trng, c s dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip di dng
mt dung mi v trong cc sn phm c hp cht methyl v
formaldehyde. Ngoi th trng, methanol c trong cc sn phm nh
dung dch sn xut sn, dung dch ty ra (nh dung dch lau ra my
copy, ra ca knh t, dung mi lm sch g...), cht chng ng
lnh....
Ngy nay, methanol cn c tho lun s dng nh mt ngi nng
lng thay th trong ng c t chy.Khng ch l mt sn phm cng
nghip li ch cao, methanol cn c s dng trong cc phng xt
nghim, trong trng hc.

Nguyn nhn methanol c trong ru

 Nu sn xut ru ng quy tc th lng methanol c trong ru
ethylic s thp di mc cho php.Nu iu ch khng ng cch v s
dng nguyn liu tp th hm lng methanol trong ru rt cao d gy
ng c. Nguyn nhn dn n hm lng ethanol trong ru cao
thng l:
- Dng nguyn liu c ln b (g): Thng ru c chng ct t go
(t, np) hoc t ng ma (dng mt ma). Nguyn liu phi khng
cha cc loi b dng g (cenlulose). Do khi dng loi mt ma
khng sch b, trong qu trnh ln men chng ct, b s phn hy cho
ra methanol.
- Ch t loi cn ethylic km cht lng: thng thng vn c th dng
cn thc phm hay cn dc phavi nc c ru. Mt lng ln
ru bn trn th trng ch theo cch ny. Tuy nhin, nhng nh lm
ru theo kiu ny thng mua cn c cht lng km hn, c gi
thp hn. Loi cn c cht lng km ny vn c hm lng
methanol aldehyt, aceton cao vt tiu chun nn khi pha ra ru s
c nhiu methanol, aldehyt, aceton.
- Dng cn methanol : Cn kh dng trong cng nghip cha
methanol. Methanol c nhit bc hi thp hn ru. Ngi lm
ru thng cho loi cn kh ny vo khi chng ct, khi pha ru (t
cn) hay ch ru thuc, lm cho ru chng ra hn, dy mi hn.
- Do khng loi b phn ru cha methanol lc u: Khi chng ct
ru th giai on u tin s c tp cht methanol, aldehyd, aceton.
Nhng cht ny c mi kh chu khc hn mi ca ru ethylic v
cn phi b i, nhng ngi lm ru li gi li.[1]
Tc ng ca methanol ln c th
 Methanol c chuyn ho rt chm, thng qua alcohol
dehydgenase to thnh formaldehyde ri thnh acid formic v s ng
c thm lng ca anion formate. Ngoi tr mt s t ng vt linh
trng (kh,vn, ngi) th formate khng c cho cc ng vt khc
v th nghin cu trn ng vt khng c p dng, l do cho s khc
bit ny c th l lng folate trong gan ngi qu t, khng
enzyme tetrahydrofolate ti gan chuyn ho formate thnh CO 2 v H2O,
v th nghin cu trn thc nghim cn hn ch nhng quan trng l t
cc v ng c, cc biu hin trong lm sng, cn lm sng cho
nhng kin thc quan trng.
Trong giai on mun, fomate c ch cytocrome oxidase l enzyme
cui cng trong chui vn chuyn in t trong ti th t bo bi vic
gn ion ferric ca mt na enzyme ny trong Heme. Formate c ch h
hp ti th hu qu l tng lactate formalehyde c c tnh cao rt kh
pht hin trong mu v th khng pht hin c bng cc kim tra lm
sng. lm tng chuyn ho ca fomate, th folic acid hay folimic acid
(leucovorin) c vai tr ng gp trn l thuyt, nhng cha dc chng
minh trn lm sng. nc ta hng nm c khong trn 1000 ca ng
c ru v trn 20 ngi t vong (thng k B Y T).Theo WHO, khi
nng methanol trong mu t khong 500mg/l s gy ng c v hm
lng 1500 2000mg/l c th dn n t vong.
Nng methanol cho php trong ru chng ct l 2000 mg/l v
trong ru pha l 100mg/l (TCVN 7043:2013) v trong ung c
pha ch t cn thc phm, nc, ph gia thc phm, v c th b sung
ng l 300mg/l (TCVN 7044:2013).i vi ru vang , hm lng
methanol cho php l 400mg/l v ru vang trng v hng l 250mg/l.

10.2. Quy trnh pht hin methanol trong ru

Nguyn tc

S chuyn ha ca methanol c trong phn mu th thnh

formaldehyd do qu trnh oxy ha vi dung dch kali permanganat trong
acid phosphoric. Phn ng ca formaldehyde c to thnh vi thuc
th Schiff. So snh trc quan mu thu c vi mu ca dung dch o
mu tiu chun c cha lng formaldehyd bit.

Ha cht vt liu
- Kali permanganat
- Acid orthophosphoric
- Acid oxalic
- Acid sulfuric
- Rosanilin hydrochloride (fuchsin gc)
- Natri metabisulfit (Na2S2O5)
- Acid sulfuric
Cch phadung dch Kali permanganat, dung dch 30 g/l trong
acid phosphoric.
- Ha tan 3 g kali permanganat trong mt t nc
- Thm 15,5 ml dung dch acid orthophosphoric, 1,69 g/ml, pha
long n 100 ml bng nc l lc k.
Cch pha dung dch Acid oxalic, dung dch 50 g/l trong acid
sulfuric.
Ha tan 5 g acid oxalic trong 100 ml dung dch acid sulfuric 50%
(theo th tch), c chun bng cch pha long acid sulfuric,
khong 1,84 g/ml, dung dch khong 98 % (theo khi lng), 1 +
1 (theo th tch) vi nc.

Pha thuc th Schiff (6.3)

 Quy trnh
- Ly 5ml dung dch mu cn kim tra
- Thm 2,0 ml dung dch kali permanganat.
- Thm 2,0 ml dung dch acid oxalic v lc u. Trong giai on
ny, dung dch phi l khng mu v khng c mangan kt ta.
- Thm 5 ml thuc th Schiff.
- Quan st v ghi nhn s chuyn mu ca dung dch.

Th trn mu c cha cc cht sau

Glycerol: 0.01 % (v/v).

Ethylene glycol: 0.1 % (v/v).
Sacarose: 3 % (w/v).
Formalehyde: 0.01 % (v/v).
Polyetylene glycol: 0.1 % (v/v).

c kt qu
- Dng tnh: Nu dung dch phn ng chuyn sang mu xanh,
xanh tm, n tm m.
- m tnh: Nu dung dch trong ng Me2 khng chuyn mu hoc
c mu xanh nht.

Ti liu tham kho

[1]http://suckhoedoisong.vn/methanol-thu-pham-gay-chet-nguoi-trong-
ruou-n462.html

11. Kim tra i kht trong du m

11.1. Tng quan
Nguyn nhn i kht ca du m

Du m khi lu s to ra mi hi kh chu. Nguyn nhn l do

cc acid bo khng no trong du m b oxy ha. Qu trnh oxy ha xy
ra ty theo tng mc v ty vo iu kin bo qun. Nu qu trnh
bo qun khng tt th qu trnh oxy ha s xy ra ng thi vi qu
trnh thy phn. Kt qu l cc acid bo b oxy ha thnh cc aldehyd v
cc acid c mi kh chu[1]. Ngoi ra, qua qu trnh ch bin nhit
cao du m s b thy phn v oxy ha thnh glycide v acid bo dng
trans, y l dng ng phn m c th chng ta khng th chuyn ha
c, ri thnh cc cht peroxide, aldehide, cetone (to ra mi i kht)
v acrolein (mt dang cht c). Mt cc cc vitamine c trong du m
cng b ph hy nhit cao to ra cc cht c nh aldehyde,fatty
acid oxide,

nh hng ca du mi i kht ln c th

Khi s dng n chin rn nhiu v du mi dng li nhiu ln,

nguy c mc bnh ung th s tng ln ng k. C th, khi s dng
thng xuyn cc n chin rn nh g rn, khoai ty, bnh rn, t
nht mt tun mt ln s tng nguy c mc cc bnh v ung thu tuyn
tin lit cao hn khi n 1 ln trn thng hoc khng n. ph n th khi
n du chin i chin li nhiu ln s lm tng nguy c ung th bung
trng v d con gp 2 ln. Hn na, cc cht bo bo ha c trong du
m gy nn tnh trng nghn mch mu, dn n tai bin mch mu no,
nhi mu c tim e doa n sc khe. Ngoi ra cc loi thc phm ny
cn nh hng tiu cc ln qu trnh hot ng ca insulin dn n mt
kim sot lng ng trong c th v bnh tiu ng., c bit l ph
n mang thai[2].i vi du m, ch s aldehyd phi m tnh mi t
chun.

11.2. Quy trnh kim tra du m i kht

Nguyn tc
 kim tra i kht ca du m, ta dng phn ng Kreiss kim tra
nng aldehyde c trong du m.Nguyn tc ca phn ng ny l da
trn phn ng to mu ca epialdehyde v phloroglucinol trong mi
trng acid.

Ha cht vt liu
- HCl m c
- Dung dch florogluxin 1% trong ethanol.
Quy trnh
- Ly khong 2g mu xt nghim (mu rn) hoc 2ml mu lng.
- Thm 1ml HCl m c, lc mnh trong 10-15 giy
- Thm 1ml dung dch phloroglucinol 1% trong EtOH 960, lc u
trong 10 giy, yn cho dung dch tch thnh 2 lp v quan st s
i mu ca lp dung dch bn di.
c kt qu
- Du m cha b i kht: Dung dch pha di ti khng xut hin
mu hng.
- Du, m b oxy ha nh: Dung dch pha di ti xut hin mu
hng nht (nht hn hoc tng ng vi mu chun trn ti test).
Du m ny nn s dng ngay.
- Du m b i kht: Dung dch pha di ti xut hin t mu hng
n mu . Du m ny khng nn s dng.
Ty thuc vo mc i kht ca du m m mu sc ca lp dung
dch trong ti s c mu hng mc khc nhau.

Ti liu tham kho

[1]http://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/tinh-chat-lipid.html

[2]http://songkhoe.vn/nguy-co-tiem-an-tu-do-an-chien-ran-s21176-
0-99999.html