Báo Cáo Dây Chuyền Sản Xuất Xúc Xích Tiệt Trùng Của Công Ty Vissan

LVTN: BO CO CNSX XC XCH TIT TRNG CA CTY VISSAN
Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ty VISSAN

1.1 Lch s hnh thnh v c cu t chc ca cng ty
Hnh 1.1: Cng ty VISSAN
Tn Vit Nam: CNG TY VIT NAM K NGH SC SN
Tn ting Anh: VISSAN IMPORT EXPORT CORPORRATION
Tn vit tt: VISSAN
Logo ca cng ty: hnh ba bng mai.
in thoi: 8433970 8432366
Fax: (84 4)8432372
Email:vissan@hcm.fpt.vn
Cng ty Vissan l mt doanh nghip nh nc, do nh nc u t vn. C quan

ch qun l TNG CNG TY THNG MI SI GN.
1.1.1 Lch s hnh thnh
Cng ty VISSAN c u t v a vo hot ng ngy 18/5/1974. Trn c s

vt cht ca nh my VISSAN c. Cng ty c thnh lp theo quyt nh 143/TCQ
ngy 16/3/1976 ca UBND thnh ph H Ch Minh vi tn gi l Cng ty Thc phm I.
L n v chuyn kinh doanh thc phm ti sng v hoch ton kinh doanh c
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 2

lp. Nhim v ca cng ty l thu mua heo, tru b v t chc git m cung cp, phn
phi v tiu th cc qun, trng hc, ch, bnh vin
Nm 1979 thc hin ch trng phn cp qun l cho cc a phng, qun,

huyn. Cng ty ln lt chuyn giao cc mt hng thc phm cho cc n v a phng
qun l.
Cui 1984, 1985, 1986, cng ty tham gia nhiu mt vi s nng nghip pht trin
n heo thnh ph, t chc quy trnh ch bin ti ch v y mnh xut khu.
Trn c s pht trin quy m v mt qun l, cn c vo quyt nh 135/HDBT v

thng t hng dn 15/TT ca b ni thng cng ty c xp hng I (Q 191/QUB
ngy 8/8/1986).
thng nht ngnh tht heo, tru b trn a bn thnh ph theo vn bn

3486/UB ngy 20/8/1987 cng ty tip nhn v thnh lp 12 ca hng thc phm cc
qun, hnh thnh mng li bn l trc tip cho cng ty.
Thng 9/1989 cng ty thc phm I c php kinh doanh xut khu trc tip theo
Q 589/QUB ngy 27/9/1989 sang cc th trng Malaysia, HongKong, Singapore,
i Loan.
Thng 11/1989 Cng ty Thc Phm I chnh thc i tn thnh Cng Ty K Ngh
Sc Sn gi tt l VISSAN, tn giao dch quc t l VISSAN IMPORT EXPORT
CORPORATION trc thuc Tng Cng Ty Thng Mi Si Gn.
1.1.2 a im xy dng
Nh my c t trn khu t rng 20 ha, bao quanh l h thng sng Si Gn.

Cng ty ni vi ng b N Trang Long, gn quc l 13 tin li cho vic vn
chuyn.Bao gm
Mt khu tn tr th sng vi sc cha 10.000 con heo v 4.000 con b.
Ba dy chuyn git m heo vi cng sut 2.400 con/ca (6 gi).
Hai dy chuyn git m b vi cng sut 300 con/ca (6 gi)
H thng kho lnh cng sut ln, cp nhit thay i t 15C n -45C vi sc
cha tng cng trn 1.000 tn.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 3

Dy chuyn sn xut tht ngui vi trang thit b nhp t Php v Ty Ban Nha,
cng sut 3.000 tn/nm.
H thng dy chuyn sn xut xc xch tit trng theo thit b, cng ngh nhp
khu t Nht Bn vi cng sut 9.000 tn/nm.
H thng dy chuyn sn xut ch bin hp vi cng sut 5.000 tn/nm theo

thit b v cng ngh ca Chu u.
Nh my ch bin thc phm ng lnh c cng sut 3.000 tn/nm ti Thnh ph

H Ch Minh.
Hnh 1.2: Mt bng cng ty VISSAN
1.1.3 Chc nng
Cng ty VISSAN l mt n v sn xut ch bin thc phm v cn l mt n v

kinh doanh thng mi v xut nhp khu ca thnh ph.
Hot ng ca cng ty nhm mang li hiu qu kinh t x hi gp phn p ng

v nhu cu thc phm cho ngi dn, tiu th sn phm chn nui cho ngi sn xut,
gp phn gii quyt vn lao ng v c bit l to thm ngun thu nhp cho ngn
sch nh nc.
1.1.4 Phng thc cng c v pht trin ca cng ty
Trc tnh hnh pht trin ca x hi hin nay, ha nhp vo nn kinh t ang
pht trin ca cc nc trong khu vc cng nh cc nc trn th gii cng ty ang mnh
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 4

dn xut khu vo cc th trng mu dch t do nh M v cc nc EU, mt th trng

y tim nng.
Bn cnh cng ty cng t ra phng hng pht trin trong tng lai.
Cung cp y cho nhu cu ni a, cng c v pht trin mng li bn l

trong nc.
Tch cc tm kim th trng nc ngoi, lp cc vn phng i din, xc tin

thng mi, tm kim i tc kinh doanh.
Vi ngun vn hin c cng ty khng ngng hon chnh nh xng, nng cp cc

thit b hin c, lin kt v hp tc vi cc n v trong v ngoi nc khng ngng
nng cao cht lng sn phm, tin ti t tiu chun quc t.
Thng xuyn o to, bi dng cn b, nhn vin c nghip v tay ngh cao,
c k nng lao ng tt. Tng bc tin ti chun ha cn b v nghip v chuyn mn.
1.1.5 T chc nhn s - nhim v quyn hn ca mi thnh vin
Hnh 1.3: S nhn s ca cng ty
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 5

Nhim v quyn hn
a) Gim c
Do gim c s Thng nghip ngh, b nhim v bi nhim do ch tch

UBND TP. H Ch Minh thc hin.
Nhim ca ng l iu hnh mi hot ng ca cng ty theo ng php lut, ng

iu l ca cng ty v cc quyt nh ca c quan ch qun cp trn. Chu trch nhim
trc php lut v c quan ch qun cp trn v hot ng kinh doanh ca nh my.
b) Cc ph gim c
c c quan ch qun b nhim v bi nhim. c 4 ph gim c, c gim

c phn cng nhim v theo chuyn mn hin c ca mnh.
L ngi ph t cho gim c, chu trch nhim trc gim c v phn vic
c phn cng v trch nhim c nhn trc php lut.
Thay mt cho gim c gii quyt mi hot ng kinh doanh theo ng php lut,
ng iu l qun l ca doanh nghip v theo s phn cng ca gim c.
c) Cc phng ban (gm 8 phng ban)
Phng vt t k thut
Sa cha vn hnh, v ln k hoch bo tr v cc thit b my mc cho cng ty.
Sa cha cc cng trnh phc v sn xut.
Hng dn s dng cc trang thit b cho cc n v trong nh my.
Phng KCS
Kim sot, xy dng cc qui ch v v sinh an ton thc phm, kim tra cht
lng sn phm cho nh my.
Kim tra cht lng nguyn liu, sn phm trong qu trnh thu mua v tn tr
sn phm.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 6

Tham gia thc hin nghin cu sn phm mi, nh gi cht lng sn phm v
nhn hiu vi c quan nh nc c thm quyn.
Cp phiu xc nhn cht lng nguyn liu v thnh phm trc khi nhm kho.
Theo di phn tch v nh gi, bo co nh k hoc t xut v cht lng

sn phm ca cng ty cho gim c v c quan qun l cht lng cp trn.
Phng kinh doanh
Thc hin tt c cc hp ng kinh t k kt, m bo vic lp chng t,

trc tip phn phi vt t hong ha v trao i sn phm kinh doanh.
Thc hin k kt hp ng kinh t, hp tc kinh t vi cc tnh v cc thnh

phn kinh t khc.
T chc gii thiu v tiu th sn phm.
Xy dng v xut n v gi c cho tng loi sn phm.
Trc tip thc hin cc hp ng xut nhp khu thc phm, thc hin cc th
tc xut nhp khu, giao dich m phn vi thng nhn nc ngoi.
Thng xuyn nghin cu th trng, xc nh c phm vi th trng cho cc

sn phm hin c, d on nhu cu sn phm v ra k hoch pht trin sn phm trong
tng lai.
T chc mng li kinh doanh, m cc ca hng siu th.
nh gi cc phng tin v hiu qu bn hng, ra cc bin php thch hp

v hiu qu hn.
Phng k ton ti v
t di s lnh o ca gim c ng thi chu s ch o v nghip v k

ton ca k ton trng cp trn.
T chc thc hin cng vic ghi chp, phn nh chnh xc v kp thi cc giao
dch, nm r kim sot ton b ti sn, phn tch cc hot ng ca cng ty.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 7

C trch nhim np ng v y , kp thi cc khon np ngn sch, thanh

ton ng hn cc khon vay, khon n.
T chc kim tra k ton trong ni b, ph bin hng dn thi hnh kp thi cc
k hoch ti chnh, k ton do nh nc qui nh.
Phng k hoch u t
Vch ra k hoch cho cng ty trong nm theo tng thng, tng qu
iu sn xut, nghin cu mu m ph hp vi th hiu ngi tiu dng,

thc hin a dng ho sn phm.
u t trang thit b my mc cho cng ty.
Phng hnh chnh s nghip
m bo ton b cng vic hnh chnh v qun tr ca cng ty.
Tip nhn phn loi cc phn bn, cng vn, ph bin cc ch trng, ch
ca nh nc, tham gia hi ch trin lm, ph bin cc mt hng ca cng ty.
Thc hin vic mua sm vn phng phm v bo h lao ng cp pht cho

cc n v theo yu cu sn phm kinh doanh.
Phng iu hnh sn xut
Cn c vo mc tiu v mc ch s dng, hot ng ca cng ty c nhim v

cho gim c t chc b my hot ng sn xut kinh doanh c hiu qu hn.
Nm bt k hoch iu phi hot ng ng thi ln k hoch v nguyn liu.
phng t chc hnh chnh
Nghin cu b my hot ng xut vi gim c xp xp, iu lao ng

trong cc phng ban, x nghip sao cho hp l.
Thc hin ng ch trng chnh sch v m bo ng phn phi lao ng.
Qun l tt vic lu tr h s cn b cng nhn vin, bo v ti sn, gi gn an

ninh v phng chng chy n.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 8

Nghin cu nng lc trnh xut vi gim c b tr cn b v iu hnh

cng ty cho hp l.
T chc tt vic phc v v tip khch trong v ngoi nc.
Bo m vic lu tr cc loi cng vn v vn th.
1.1.6 Mt bng tng th cng ty VISSAN
B
N
GO
AI
GS
SON
KHU HOA THIEU
KHU SAN
TRAM
XUAT HANG
BM TRUYEN THONG
NC IEN
XNG LO CHUONG HEO

C KH HI
BAIXE
KHU BAO QUAN
KHU SAN XUAT
KHU GIET MO
THT NGUOI
HAM PHAN
PHONG KCS
TRAM
TIEP CONG 2
SAN TENIS CHUONG GIA SUC IEN
SON
G THU
VA
C
CONG 1
Hnh1.4: Mt bng tng th cng ty VISSAN
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 9

1.2 Tnh hnh th trng tiu th
1.2.1 Mng li kinh doanh
12 n v ca hng, trm kinh doanh trc thuc ti a bn cc qun ti Thnh

ph H Ch Minh v cc ch u mi qun l 300 im bn.
12 ca hng gii thiu sn phm v 600 i l hng ch bin ti Thnh ph H

Ch Minh v cc tnh, thnh trn c nc
Chi nhnh VISSAN ti H Ni sn xut v kinh doanh ti th trng pha Bc.
Chi nhnh Vissan ti Nng kinh doanh ti th trng min Trung v Cao
Nguyn.
Vn phng i din VISSAN ti Cng Ha Lin Bang Nga.
Lin tc 7 nm lin t danh hiu hng Vit Nam cht lng cao v c ngi
tiu dng bnh chn l hng Vit Nam c a thch trong nhiu nm lin tip do bo i
on Kt t chc.
ng u danh hiu hng Vit Nam Cht Lng Cao ngnh thc phm ch bin.
t danh hiu Thng hiu Vng ng u trong 100 thng hiu.
1.2.2 Th trng trong nc
Cng ty
Ca hng H thng Sn phm Sn phm Sn phm

gii thiu i l xut khu tiu th bn l
sn phm nh hng,
siu th.
Hnh 1.5: h thng phn phi sn phm
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 10

Mt hng tht ti sng: a s ch phn phi trong TP.HCM v mt s tnh ln

cn.
Mt hng hp: gp nhiu cnh tranh t hng ni n hng ngoi nhp.
Tht ngui v mt hng ch bin truyn thng: tin li, nhanh, gn, hp khu v
v m bo dinh dng cho ngi tiu dng nn bn rt chy
1.2.3 Th trng xut khu
Trc y cng ty xut khu ch yu sang Nga.
Hin nay cng ty v ang m rng th trng sang cc nc khc nh M, Hn

Quc, c
Xut khu s lng ln tht heo, b ng lnh.
1.3 Cc loi sn phm ca cng ty
Hin nay cng ty Vissan c hn 60 sn phm ch bin sn n s ch p ng

mi nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng.
Mt hng tht ti
Mt hng heo: Mt hng b:
1. Tht i. 1. Fillot b.
2. Nc tinh. 2. Thn ngoi.
3. Ba ri. 3. Nc i.
4. Nc dm 4. Nc vai.
5. Thn ni 5. Gu.
6. Thn ngoi. 6. Nm.
7. Sn non. 7. Bp.
8. Gi rt xng. 8. ui
9. Tht xay. 9. Nc xay.
10. Sn gi.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 11

Cc mt hng trn tiu th ch yu TP.HCM do n mang tnh ti sng, kh

khn trong vn chuyn v bo qun.
Mt hng tht ngui
Jambon. Pat. Sn phm xng khi.
1. Jambon da bao. 1. Pat gan heo. 1. Ba ri xng khi.
2. Jambon choix. 2. Pat gan b. 2. Thn ngoi heo.
3. Jambon standard. 3. Pat gan tht. 3. Jambon xng khi.
Saucisse
1. Cerveias 6. Saucisse ti
2. Francfort b (g) 7. Gi la.
3. Francfort heo. 8. Hotdog
4. Chipo 9. Gi th
5. Mortadedelle
Mt hng hp
1.B hm. 8.C sauce c. 15. Heo kho trng
2. B cary. 9.C ng ngm du 16. Heo 2 lt.
3. B nu u. 10. G hm . 17. Jambon hp
4. B xay. 11. Carry g. 18. Pat gan (tht).
5. B 2 lt. 12. B kho. 19. Sn nu u.
6. ui b hm u. 13. G nu u. 20. Soup heo khng gia

v.
7. B sauce c. 14. Heo hm.
21. Soup heo c gia v.
hp chay
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 12

1. B nu u chay. 3. G carry chay.
2. B ragout chay. 4. Heo hm chay.
Mt hng xc xch tit trng
1. Xc xch tit trng heo.
2. Xc xch tit trng b.
3. Xc xch tit trng g.
4. Xc xch tm
Mt hng truyn thng
1.Bp ci cun tht 5. Ch m b. 9. Kh qua dn tht
2. B m chi. 6. Gi th khun. 10. Sn gia v.
3. B vin. 7. H co. 11. Xu mi.
4. Ch gi chay. 8. Honh thnh 12. Lp xng.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 13

Chng 2: Gii thiu xc xch tit trng Vissan
2.1 Lch s xc xch [7]
Xc xch l mt trong nhng loi thc n ch bin c bit t xa xa nht v

chim nhiu v th cao trong sut cc thi k khc nhau ca lc s. T xc xch (sausage)
co xut pht t ting Latin l sals c ngha l bo qun (preserved) hay theo ngha en l
p mui (salted).
Cc ti liu c cho rng xc xch c bit n ln u tin trn th gii l trong

v Odyssey ca Homer c vit vo th k th 8 trc Cng Nguyn. C nhng bng
chng lch s chng t rng ngi Babylon c sn xut v s dng xc xch khong
3500 nm trc y. Xc xch cng tr nn ph bin o Roma. Ti k nguyn Thin Cha
th xc xch b cm. Dn chng phn i mnh lit v cui cng gy p lc bi b diu
cm nay.
Thi Trung C, nhiu loi xc xch khc nhau c sn xut khp Chu u. S
khc nhau ny tu thuc vo kh hu tng vng v tu thuc vo gia v tng vng. Kh
hu m p Italy, min nam Ty Ban Nha v min nam nc Php pht trin xc xch
kh v bn kh. Kh hu lnh nc c, o, an Mch cho ra i xc xch ti v
nu chin.
Sut thi k Trung C, gia v tr thnh mt hng rt quan trng v c gi tr. Yu

cu trong xc xch phi c ht tiu en bi v l hnh thc trao i mu dch ph bin.
vic pht hin ra Westem World l kt qu gin tip ca vic ph bin xc xch khp
ni Chu u v gia v tr nn thit yu trong quy trnh sn xut xc xch. Khi
Colombus thm him, ng tm ra con ng ngn nht n Spice Insland min vin
ng ly th gia v dng trong sn xut xc xch. iu bun ci l ng i ti
vng t m by gi ngi ta thng gi l Jamaica, mt ni gia v rt pht trin.
Vic gia tng cc gia v khc nhau trong xc xch c gi tr khc nhau. Nhiu xc
xch c bit ti cng vi tn thnh ph v min qu m n c lm ra. c bit cc
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 14

loi xc xch nh xc xch Genoa v xc xch Milano c sn xut Genoa v Milan

ca Italia; xc xch Bologna (xc xch hun khi lm bng tht b, tht b, tht ln) t
Bologna, Italia; xc xch FranKurter t Frankurt, c; v Braauschweiger t Brunswick,
c.
Ngi Chu M bn x sn xut ra mt dng xc xch gi l pemmican, bng

cch kt hp trng c kt hp vi tht thnh mt ci bnh v sau xng khi hay phi
kh. Tuy nhin, trong sut v sau ni chin ngnh sn xut xc xch Ch M khng
tht s pht trin mi cho n khi cuc cch mng bng n. Sut trong thi gian , mt
dng ngi nhp c nh c, Italia, Ba Lan, H Lan v an Mch mang theo c cng
thc nu v cc k nng trong vic ch bin xc xch nhm tha mn th hiu v mi v
ca dn tc mnh.
Vai tr ca cy xc xch ngy cng ph hp hn trong li sng hin di nh mn

n ngon gii tr hay l ba chnh nhng nh nhng v nhanh chng. Ngnh cng nghip
xc xch ngy cng php trin v a dng ha trong hnh dng v kch thc v kt qu l
c s pha trn c o v kho lo. hu ht cc my mc trong cng ngh sn xut xc
xch c c gii v t ng ha cao v cho ra sn phm vi nng xut cao
2.2 Phn loi xc xch [4][7]
2.2.1 nh ngha xc xchC nhiu cch gi tn v c nhiu nh ngha miu t

cc loi xc xch khc nhau. Nhng n gin hn chng ta c th hiu: xc xch l
hn hp gm tht cc loi c xay nhuyn, nho trn kt hp vi gia v, ph gia v cc
thnh phn khc. Hn hp ny c nh dng trong mt vt cha thng l cc bao b
c kch thc khc nhau. Sau chng s c ch bin thnh cc dng xc xch khc
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 15

nhau.
Hnh 2.1: M t sn phm xc xch
Xc xch
Khen bm
Mng bao gi
Bao b xc xch rt a dng, c loi c nhi trong rut sc vt nh rut heo,

rut cu Mt s xc xch khc dng bao b collagen lm t da b hoc dng bao b
plastic.
2.2.2 Phn loi xc xch
Xc xch c th phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau, nhng hu ht c phn
loi theo phng php ch bin v theo thnh phn nguyn liu.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 16

Di y l s phn loi mang tnh cht tng i c trng v n gin v xc

xch.
Xc xch ti: y l loi xc xch cha qua ch bin, cn sng v ch c

lm chn khi dng. Chng khng cha cc thnh phn gy c nh mui Nitrit, Tari.
Bao b dng cho loi xc xch ny c th l bao b t nhin v nhn to hay tng hp.
Bo qun nhit 0- 4 oC, thi gian s dng 3 ngy, c th hp, chin, rn trc khi
dng.
Xc xch qua ch bin: Xc xch loi ny c nu chn trong qu trnh sn
xut, gm c cc loi:
Xc xch tt trng: L loi xc xch trong quy trnh ch bin c qu trnh tit
trng. Trong thnh phn c cha nhiu loi gia v, ph gia v c ph liu (nh protein u
nnh) Bao b c dng l loi bao b nhn to nh nha PE, PVC Bo qun nhit
thng, thi gian s dng 3- 6 thng, ch cn bc v trc khi dng.
Xc xch xng khi: L loi xc xch trong qu trnh ch bin c khu xng
khi, khng s dng ph liu. Bao b s dng l loi bao b t nhin nh rut heo,
collagen Bo qun nhit 0 4 oC, thi gian s dng t 2 3 thng. C th dng
lin hay ch bin.
Xc xch hp: Ging nh xc xch xng khi nhng khng c khu xng khi
trong qu trnh ch bin. Bao b tng hp hay t nhin. Bo qun nhit t 0 4 oC,
thi gian bo qun 3 7 ngy.
Xc xch ln men: Loi xc xch ny c c trng l to ra mi v thm

do c s tch ly ca acid lactic to t s ln men ng c b sung vo ca vi
khun. Cc loi xc xch ny c sy kh thay i trng thi ca nguyn liu
trong qu trnh ch bin. Gm 2 loi chnh:
o Xc xch ln men bn kh: bao gm xc xch summer, snack stick
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 17

o Xc xch ln men kh: bao gm xc xch pepperoni, hard salami, genoa

salami
Ngoi ra nhiu loi xc xch c bit n qua tn ca cc thnh phn nguyn

liu s dng to nn s c trng ring cho tng loi xc xch, tn ca cc tnh, thnh
ph, ngi sn xut tm ra loi xc xch ny.
2.2.3 C s khoa hc ca sn phm xc xch
Trong cng ngh sn xut xc xch, kh nng to gel (khi cc phn t protein b
bin tnh tp hp li thnh mt mng li c trt t) ca protein l mt tnh cht rt quan
trng, n c vai tr ch yu trong vic to cu trc v hnh thi sn phm.
Kh nng to gel ca protein l khi protein b bin tnh, cc cu trc bc cao b ph

hy, lin kt gia cc phn t b t, mch peptit b gin ra, cc nhm bn trc n pha
trong by gi xut hin ra ngoi. Cc mch polypeptit b dui ra tr nn gn nhau, tip
xc vi nhau v lin kt li vi nhau m mi v tr tip xc l mt nt, phn cn li hnh
thnh mng li khng gian ba chiu v nh hnh, rn, trong c cha y pha phn
tn. Cc nt mng li c th c to ra do tng tc gia cc nhm ky nc. Khi cc
nhm ny gn nhau tng tc vi nhau hnh thnh lin kt hydrophop (ky nc hay a
bo), cc phn t nc bao quanh chng b y ra v chng c khuynh hng t li.
Tng tc a bo thng n nh v tng cng khi tng nhit , lm cho cc mch
polypeptit st li vi nhau hn, khin cho khi gel cng hn. Cc nt li c th c to
ra do cc lin kt hydro gia cc nhm peptit vi nhau, gia cc nhm OH ca serin,
treonin hoc tirozin vi cc nhm COOH ca acid Glutamic hoc acid aspartic. Lin kt
hydro l lin kt yu, to ra mt linh ng no gia cc phn t vi nhau, do
lm cho khi gel c c mt do nht nh.
Kh nng to gel ca protein chng nhng c s dng to cng, n

hi m cn c ci bin kh nng hp th nc, to dy, to lc lin kt gia cc tiu
phn t cng nh lm bn cc nh tng.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 18

Cc protein cng c th to gel bng cch cho tng tc vi cc cht ng to gel

nh cc polysaccaride nhm to cu ni gia cc ht, do gel to ra c n hi v
cng cao.
Qu trnh xay nhuyn tht heo cng l yu t quan trng quyt nh n cht
lng sn phm. y chnh l giai on m tt c cc nguyn liu, gia v, ph gia, c
nghin mn, o trn v kt dnh thnh mt khi ng nht, to nn mt h nh tng
bn.
2.3 Sn phm xc xch tit trng cng ty
Nc ta mi pht trin cng ngh ch bin xc xch ch yu l xc xch tit trng.

Mt s nh my u t vo dy chuyn ch bin xc xch nh cng ty Vissan, cng ty
c phn thu c sn Seaspimex, cng ty Nm Sao, Tuy nhin, trong cc sn phm
xc xch tit trng ca nh my Vissan th c nhiu ngi a chung hn.
Cng ty Vissan u t mt dy chuyn cng ngh ch bin xc xch tit trng

c thc hin theo quy trnh cng ngh Nht Bn, v ci tin cng thc ch bin ph
hp vi khu v ca ngi Vit Nam.
Mt s sn phm xc xch tit trng ca cng ty Vissan:
Xc Xch Tm
Thnh phn: nc heo, m heo, tm ti, tinh bt bp, mui, ng, tiu v cc gia
v khc.
Hnh 2.2: Xc
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 19
xch tm
Xc Xch Heo
Thnh phn: tht m heo, mui, nitrit, nc, protein u nnh v sa, ng,
hng liu, polyphosphate (E 450), bt ngt (E 621), mi khi, axt ascorbic (E
300), mu thc phm (E 120).
Hnh 2.3: Xc xch heo
Xc Xch G
Thnh phn: nc-m g, mui, nitrit (e 250), protein u nnh, protein sa,
polyphosphate P2O5 (E450), carrageenan (E407), ng, bt ngt, (E621), hng
mortadelle, vitamin c (E301), axt sorbic (E 201), mu thc phm (E 120).
Hnh 2.4: Xc xch g
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 20

Xc xch b
Thnh phn: Nc b, nc heo, m heo, b, tinh bt bp, ng, mui, tiu v cc
gia v khc.
Hnh 2.5: Xc xch b
Chng 3 Nguyn liu

Nguyn liu chnh: Nguyn liu chnh l tht. Ty tng loi xc xch m s
dng cc loi tht khc nhau nh: xc xch heo s dng nguyn liu chnh l tht heo, xc
xch tm nguyn liu l tht heo v mt phn tht tm, xc xch b thi c thm tht b...
nguyn liu tht do cng ty cap bng vic git m v nhp tht ng lnh t cc nc c,
Canada, M.
3.1 Tht heo[1][2][3][5][6]
Tht v nhng sn phm ch bin t tht l mt trong nhng phn c bn trong
khu phn thc n. l ngun quan trng cung cp lng ln protein v cc cht
khong nh st (Fe), ng (Cu), magi (Mg), photpho (P). Ngoi ra tht cn cung cp
nhiu vitamin nh: vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B6v trong tht
cha y cc acid amin khng thay th vi t l kh cn i.
3.1.1 Phn loi: Tht heo l nguyn liu chnh trong qu trnh ch bin xc xch.
N c vai tr quyt nh cht lng ca sn phm. Tht heo c phn thnh cc loi
sau:
a/ Theo % nc
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 21

Tht heo nc: nc chim t l cao >80%.

Tht heo na nc na m: %nc 50%-80%.
Tht heo m: %nc <50%.
b/ Theo trng thi tht
Tht bnh thng: Tht thu c trn tht ca th c ngh ngi trc khi git
m, khng b stress trong sut qu trnh git m. Tht c mu sc ti, b mt ro, khng
r nc, pH ca tht c tr s 5.6 - 6.2.
Tht PSE (pale,soft, excudative: nht mu, mm, r dch): Tht ly t nhng con
th b stress trong qu trnh git m (cng c th do di truyn). pH gim nhanh (pH=5,2
hoc thp hn). Tht loi ny thng nht mu v mm nho. Do pH h thp nn tht loi
ny thng gim kh nng lin kt vi nc v vi sinh vt pht trin thp.
Tht DFD (dark, firm, dry: sm mu, cng, kh): Tht c ly t nhng con vt
b stress trong qu trnh vn chuyn n ni git m. pH ca tht bt thng, ch s pH>
6,4 thun li cho vi sinh vt pht trin. Kh nng tr nc rt tt, s tht cng. Nhng v
gi nc t do nhiu nn to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin.
3.1.2 Cu trc ca tht

Ph thuc vo vai tr, chc nng v thnh phn ha hc, ngi ta chia tht thnh cc
loi m nh sau: m c, m lin kt, m xng, m m, m mu.
M c: l i tng chnh trong cng ngh ch bin tht v m c chim t l cao
nht, c gi tr dinh dng v kinh t. M c gm nhiu b si c, mi si c l mt t
bo c, cu to gm:
Mng c: do cc protein dng si cu to thnh, ch yu l collagen, elastin,

reticulin.
C tng: gm cc dch c tng (cu to t nc v cht ha tan nh protein
tan, hp cht nit phi protein, mui ) v t c (thnh phn ch yu l cc loi protein
nh: actin, myosin, tropomyozin)
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 22

Li c tng
M m: c to thnh t m lin kt hnh li xp cng vi lng ln t bo m.

L ni d tr v cung cp nng lng cho c th. Gm hai loi: m di da v m trong
da. Lng m m trong cu trc tht nhiu hay t ph thuc vo ging loi, gii tnh v
iu kin nui dng.
M lin kt: y l loi m c phn b rng ri, c tc dng lien kt cc si t c,
cc b c li vi nhau, to cu trc chc ch cho tht. M lin kt gm: dy chng, ni
ngoi mc c C chc nng lin kt, tham gia qu trnh trao i cht, bo v v to cu
trc chc ch. Gi tr dinh dng ca m lin kt thp, collagen v eslatin l protein ca
m lin kt.
M xng v m sn
M xng l mt trong cc loi m lin kt. Cht c bn ca m xng bao

gm cc cht hu c thm mui khong, cha trung bnh 20-25% nc, 30% protein, 75-
85% cht kh, 45% hp cht v c.
M sn cu to t cc t bo hnh cu v cht gian bo.
M mu: gm cc thnh phn hu tnh (hng cu, bch cu, tiu cu) v huyt tng
lng
3.1.3 Thnh phn ho hc ca tht heo
Thnh phn ha hc ca tht l nhng cht c bn cu to nn c th ng vt v

cng to ra gi tr dinh dng ca tht. thnh phn ha hc ca t chc tht c nc,
protein, cht bo, cht v c, cc cht ngm ra...
Thnh phn T l (%)
Nc 67-72
Bng 3.1: Thnh phn17-20
Protein cu to nn tht
Thnh phn dinh dng trong
100gr tht heo: Lipid 3-5
Khong 1,5-2,2
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 23

Nc Protein Lipit Glucid Tro Nng lng

Tht heo
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (cal/g)
Nc 72 20 7 0.4 0.6 143
Trung bnh 60.1 16 23 0.3 0.6 286
M 47.5 12.5 39.3 0.2 0.5 406

Bng 3.2: Thnh phn dinh dng tht
heo
Protein: protein ca c tht l thnh phn ch yu ca tht, n chim khong 70
80% t l cht kh. Protein l do cc axit amin lin kt li vi nhau m thnh cho nn
ngi tt cn gi protein l polime ca axit amin.
Thnh phn acid amin khng thay th trong protein tht heo:
Acid amin % Acid amin %
Leusin 7.5 Tryptopan 1.4
Isoleusin 4.9 Phenylalanine 4.1
Lyzin 7.8 Threonin 5.1
Valin 5.0 Arginin 6.4
Methionin 2.5 Histidin 3.2

Bng 3.3: Thnh phn axit amin trong tht heo
Khong: khong
trong t chc tht chim rt t,hm lng trung bnh trong t chc c tht vo khong 0,8
1,5%.
Hm lng cht khong trong tht: (mg/100gr tht)
Tht heo Ca Mg Fe K Na P
Nac 10.9 29 2.2 442 161 150
Trung bnh 13.2 41 2.3 442 129 170
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 24

M 2.5 42 2.5 442 148 180

Bng 3.4: Thnh phn khong trong tht heo
Ngoi ra trong tht cn c mt s
vitamin c hm lng cao nh: vitamin
B1 (0.75-0,95mg/100gr), vitamin B2(0.25-0.4mg%), vitamin B6 (0.42-0.5mg%), acid
pentotenic (0.7-1.5 mg%), v mt s cc vitamin khc nh:vitamin C, vitamin D,
vitamin Ac hm lng nh hn.
3.1.4 Cc dng h hng tht
Tht trong qu trnh bo qun c th b bin cht v h hng. Nguyn nhn l do bo
qun tht trong nhng iu kin khng thch hp, to iu kin thun li cho cc enzim
v vi sinh vt c sn trong tht pht trin. Nhng bin i ny dn n h hng v cm
quan, hnh thnh nhng cht c hi. Nhng hin tng h hng ca tht thng gp l:
nht, thi ra, ln men chua, s thay i mu sc v mc.
Sinh nht: Thng xut hin trn b mt tht p lnh cc bung c m

khng kh tng i cao hn 90%. y l giai on u ca s h hng. Lp nhy ny
gm c nhiu vi khun khc nhau: Micrococus albus, M.cadidus, M.aureus, E.coli,
Steptococus liquefaciens, Bacillus subtilis, B.mycoidesTc sinh nht cn ph thuc
vo nhit . Nhit thch hp cho bo qun tht l 0oC.
Tht b chua: Do vi khun lactic, nm men hoc cc enzim c sn trong tht.
Trong tht c cng nhiu glycogen th cng d b chua. Qu trnh 1n men chua lm cho
pH ca tht gim. V vy, n l qu trnh trc ca qu trnh thi ra. Sn phm ca qu
trnh l cc acid focmic, axtic, butyric, lactic, propioic, xucxinic tht b chua c mu
xm v mi kh chu.
S thi ra tht: Do cc vi sinh vt hiu kh cng nh ky kh pht trin sinh

ra cc enzim proteaza phn gii protein. Sn phm ca qu trnh thi ra gm : hydro
sunfua, indol, statol, butyricto mi kh chu cho tht
Cc vi khun hiu kh gy thi thng gp : Bacerium megatherium, Bacillus

subtilis, B.mensenterium, Proteus vulgaris
Cc vi khun ky kh : Clotridium perfringens, Cl.putrificum, Cl.sporogenes
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 25

Tht mc: Do cc mc Mucor v Aspergilluspht tin trn tht ,lm cho

tht tng tnh kim do phn hu proteinv lipit, to thnh cc acid bay hi, nm mc pht
trin lm cho tht c mi mc, nht dnh v bin mu
S bin mu ca tht: Mu ca tht trong qu trnh bo qun c th chuyn
t bin thnh mu xm, nu, hoc xanh lc do cc vi khun hiu kh pht trin trn b
mt.
Yu cu cm quan tht ti ca cng ty Vissan:
Quan st Tht ti Tht km ti

Mng ngoi ca tht kh. Mng ngoi nht nhiu hoc bt u
Trng thi bn
nht.
ngoi M c mu sc, rn. mi v
bnh thng. M mu ti, rn gim, mi v i.
Dch hot trong, mt khp lng v Dch hot dc, mt khp c nhiu
trong. khp.
B mt vt ct Mu sc binh thng, sng kh. Mu sc ti hn, hi t.

Tht km ti: khi n tay vo li
rn v Rn chc c n hi cao, ly
vt nh v tr li bnh thng nhanh
n hi ngn tay n vo tht khng li
chng.
du vt g khi bo tay ra
Tht i: khi n ngn tay vo vt ngn
tay khng tr li bnh thng.
Ty sng Ty bm vo cht thnh ty sng. Ty trc ra khi ng ty, mi hi

mu sc ti hn.
Thit km ti: nc tht hi c, t
Nc luc Nc luc trong, mi v thm,b
thm ngon, trn mt lp m tch
mt nc nu c nhng git m
thnh nhng git m nh.
to ni ln trn
Tht i: nc luc tht rt c, mi
tht i khng ni m ln.
Bng 3.5: Tiu chun cm quan tht ti ca cng ty

SVTH: LU KIM PHC 26
3.1.5 Nhng bin i trong qu trnh bo qun lnh ng

Ch tiu cm quan tht ng lnh ca cng ty Vissan:
Ch tiu Tht Trng thi ng lnh Trng thi tan
Tht heo Block tht vung ng cng, Tht dai c tnh n hi, khi n
khng c lp dich mng, ngn tay khng c du ln v
Bn ngoi khng ng bng. mt i t t, khng c cc

mch mu ln.
Tht b Nh trn Nh trn
Tht heo Mu hng ti c trng ca Mu hng m.

tht xen ln mu trng c ca
Mu sc m.
Tht b Mu gch m xen ln mu C mu sm.

trng c ca m lien kt.
Tht heo C mi c trng, khng c Khng c mi l.
Mi V mi l.
Tht b Nh trn . Nh trn.

Bng 3.6: Tiu chun cm quan tht ng lnh ca cng ty
Bin i vt l: Do nhit lnh ng thp hn nhit ca dch hot nn

khi tht b ng cng li.
Bin i ha hc: Cht bo b phn hy thnh glycerin v acid bo t do. Sau
6 thng bo qun lng acid bo t do tng ln 0,53%, sau 22 thng tng ln
0,65-1,01% mu sc tht thay i, mi v v cht lng thc phm gim.
Bin i vi sinh vt
Lnh ng lm thit hi cu trc t bo. Khi lm lnh chm th cc tinh th

nc s to ra trong mi trng ngoi bo. p sut thm thu khi u ca n
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 27

b hn ca mi trng ni bo nn nc s to s chuyn t mi trng ni bo ra

mi trng ngoi bo. Tc th lc ion trong mi trng ni bo tng ln ng k, t
bo b teo nguyn sinh cht v protein b bin mt.
Khi lm lnh nhanh s to ra nhiu tinh th nc trong tht v do

s chuyn nc t mi trng ni bo v mi trng ngoi bo l ti thiu. Lc
ny, s bin tnh protein khng ln. Hu qu chnh ca s bin tnh protein l kh
nng gi nc b gim v s chy dch s xut hin khi r ng. Dch chy ra
thng cha vitamin, acid amin, mui khong. Tn tht v gi tr dinh dng thp
nhng tn tht v trng lng c th rt ln.
3.1.6 M heo
M heo l ngun cung cp cht bo. Xc xch trit trng dng tt c cc loi m
nh m lng, m i, m nngnhng khng dng m sa .
M c tc dng lm tng dnh bo, bng, lm tng gi tr cm quan cho
sn phm, gip tn dng ngun nguyn liu v lm gim gi thnh, tng hiu qu kinh t.
Tuy nhin m k nc dng nhiu s b tch lp, v vy ch dng mt lng va phi.
Tiu chun m
Ty theo pH ca tht m dng loi m ph hp: tht c pH cao c phi trn vi

loi m t b phn gii v ngc li. M c dng phi lng sch gia khng st xng,
lng v cc tp cht khc
Tiu chun vi sinh ca nguyn liu tht
+Tng s vi khun hiu kh: 1 000 000/g

+E.coli: 100/g
+Staphilococus aureus: 100/g
+Salmonella: 0/25g
3.2 Ph liu [4][7]
3.2.1 Nc vy
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 28

Nc vy s dng sn xut xc xch tit trng c sn xut ti cng ty.

Nc vy c lm t ngun nc sch dng cho ch bin thc phm, nc phi qua
mt quy trnh s l v kim tra cc chi tiu ca nc.
Nc vy c vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh ch bin, gip cho vic gi
nhit thp (di 12 0C) trong qu trnh xay (do s ma st xy ra gia cc dao v
nguyn liu a vo), ngoi ra n cn l dung mi gip ha tan cc cht ph gia.
Nc vy nh hng n kh nng to nh tng, tham gia vo vic to cu
trc v trng thi ca sn phm thc phm ch bin, ng thi lm tng m ca sn
phm.
3.2.2 Protein u nnh
Nguyn liu c nhp M, Thi Lan.
Protein u nnh c tn thng mi l Supro EX 33. L loi sn phm trch ly t
u nnh vi hm lng protein cao trn 90%, ti to li ngun protein u nnh thnh
mt dng mi em li hiu sut cao.
Mc ch s dng
Ci thin cu trc hay to cu trc trong cc dng sn phm khc nhau nh

(to gel, nh tng ) nh mt cht m thay th mt phn tht.
To s cn bng gia protein ng vt v protein thc vt cng nh to cho
xc xch tit trng c gi tr dinh dng cao.
C kh nng gi nc, lin kt cc thnh phn cht bo, protein nhanh

chng nn c a trc tip vo trong qu trnh to nh tng.
Cc ch tiu protein u nnh trong sn xut
Cc ch tiu Mc cht lng
Mu sc Trng c
Cm quan Thm khng c mi l hay

Mi v
mc
Vi sinh tng s khun hiu kh (khun lac,/g) <4
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 29

Salmonelle m tnh
E.coli m tnh
Tng s t bo nm men (khun lc/g) <100
Bng 3.7 Yu cu k thut ca protein u nnh trong ch bin xc xch
Thnh phn ha hc protein u nnh
Thnh phn ha hc Gi tr
Protein >=90%
m <= 6%
Lipid <=1,6%
Tro <=4,5%
Bng 3.8 Thnh phn ha hc ca Supro EX 33
3.2.3 Nc
Mc ch s dng: nc l mi trng ho tan cc cht ph gia, gia v thc phm.
L cht ha do ca tinh bt, nh m tinh bt to ra c, dai, do
Nc s dng ch bin ti cng ty t tiu chun TCVN
Tiu chun TCVN 5502-1991 ca nc c s trong quy trnh ch bin
Tn ch tiu Mc cht lng
Ch tiu ho hc Mu sc (mg/1Pt) 15
c (NTU_on v o c) 5
Mi v Khng c mi, v l
Hm lng cn khng tan (mg/l) <10
Hm lng cn ha tan (mg/l) <500
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 30

pH 6 - 8,5
cng tnh theo CaCO3 <300
Hm lng Cl2 (mg/l) <0,1
Hm lng nitrit (mg/l) 0,3
Hm lng Fe tng th (mg/l) <0,01
Hm lng Hg m tnh
Tng s vi khun hiu kh (khun lac/ml) <200
Tng s Coliforms m tnh

Ch tiu sinh hc
Tng s Coliforms phn m tnh
Bng 3.9: Tiu chun nc trong sn xut

3.2.4 Tinh bt bin tnh
Cng ty Vissan s dng tinh bt bin tnh l tinh bt bp v tinh bt khoai m.
Tinh bt to ra c, dai, dnh, xp, trong... Trong sn phm xc xch tinh
bt s lin kt vi gel protein lm xc xch c n hi c trng. V protein v tinh bt
u sp xp li phn t to thnh gelv tng tc vi nhau ch yu l lin kt hydro v
lc vanderval v c bit tinh bt c kh nng ng to gel vi protein.
Bt nhuyn, mu trng, khng v.
Mc ch s dng
Tng tnh ht m, nng cao tnh n hi v tnh kt cu ca sn phm.
Nng cao tnh n nh ca sn phm khi r ng, bn nhit.
Nng cao nng sut v h gi thnh sn phm.
3.2.5 Cht x
C hai loi cht x l cht x ha tan v cht x khng ha tan.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 31

Mc ch s dng
To cu trc chc.
Gim tht thot trong qu trnh rn chin.
Ci thin hn s dng.
Nng cao kh nng nhun trng, tiu ha tt.
3. 3 Gia v[2][3]
3.3.1 Mui tinh (NaCl)
Mc ch s dng
To v mn, tng cht lng, cu trc ca sn phm.
Nng cao tnh bn vng cho sn phm v mui c tnh st khun nh

(mui ngn chn hot ng ca vi sinh vt bng cch dehydrate v lm
thay i p sutthm thu dn n hin tng teo nguyn sinh cht ca t
bo vi sinh vt).
Lm tng kh nng kt dnh ca actin v myosin trong tht qua qu trnh

to p sut thm thu.
Khi ha tan trong nc thu nhit nn gp phn gia nhit ca nh

tng.
ng vai tr ca cht kh nh ha.
Tiu chun ca mui trong ch bin
Tn ch tiu Yu cu
Mu sc Trng, trong
Mi Khng c mi
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 32

V Dung dch mui 5% c v mn thun khit,

khng c v l
Dng bn ngoi Kh ro, ti u, trng sch
C ht 115 mm
Hm lng NaCl theo % khi lng kh > 97%
Hm lng cht khng tan trong nc tnh

< 25%
theo % khi lng cht kh
Bng 3.10: Tiu chun mui trong ch bin
3.3.2 Bt ngt (mono
sodium glutamate)
Bt ngt c vai tr quan trng trong ch bin thc phm , to ra v ngt ging nh
tht. Do n c s dng lm tng v ngt cho xc xch. Liu lng ti a l
10g/1kg nguyn liu .
Kch thch tiu ha, hp th.
Liu lng s dng 1% theo khi lng dung dch mui. Ti a l 10g/1kg
nguyn liu
Tiu chun ca bt ngt
Tn ch tiu Yu cu
Trng thi Bt mn, khng vn cc, d tan trong nc, s

lng im en trong 10 cm2 < 2
Mu sc Trng
Mi Thm khng ln chua, khng tanh, khng c

mi l khc
V Ngt c trng ca bt ngt
Hm lng nc < 0,14%
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 33

pH ca dung dch 6,57,0
Hm lng natri glutamat > 80%
Hm lng NaCl < 18%
St < 0,05%
Gc sunfat(SO42-) < 0,002%

Bng 3. 11: Tiu chun ca bt ngt
3.3.3 ng
Tiu chun dng ng
Cc ch tiu Yu cu
Hnh dng Dng tinh th tng i u, ti kh, khng vn
Tinh th cng nh dung dch ng trong nc ct c v

Mi v
ngt, khng c mi v l
Tt c tinh th u trng ng nh. Khi pha trong dung

Mu sc
dch nc ct th thu c dch trong sut.
Bng 2.12: Tiu chun ng trong ch bin
ng c tc dng to v ngt cho sn phm, lm du v mui, lm mm tht.

Ngoi ra ng cn l cht ph gia lm gim hot tnh ca nc. ng cn kt hp vi
mui lm tng p sut thm thu, km hm hot ng ca mt s vi sinh vt khi bo qun.
ng c kh nng lin kt vi nc bng lin kt hydro, bin nc t dothnh
nc lin kt gp phn lm gim hot tnh ca nc, c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
3.3.4. Bt tiu: Bt tiu c s dng trong ch bin xc xch to vi cay
nng ,mi thm lm tng tnh cm quan.
Tiu chun ca bt tiu
Tn ch tiu Yu cu
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 34

Ti, mn, kh, khng ln tp cht, c ht

Trng thi
nh hn 0,2 mm
Mu sc Mu xm
Mi v Cay nng t nhin, mi thm c trng
Nm mc, su mt Khng c
Hm lng m <13%
Cht khng bay hi chit c (% khi lng cht

6%
kh)
Tinh du bay hi (ml/100g khi lng kh) 1
Hm lng piperin (% khi lng kh) 4%
Tro tng s (% khi lng kh) < 6%
Tro khng tan trong axit (% khi lng kh) < 1,2%
Bng 3.13: Tiu chun ca bt tiu

Ngoi ra trong ch bin xc
xch cn dng cc ph gia khc nh: ti, bt tnhm lm cho sn phm c mi v thm
ngon hn.
3.4 Ph gia [2]
Trong ch bin xc xch thng s dng cc ph gia: mui nitrite, hng liu,
tari, vitamin .
Mc ch k thut
Gip sn phm hon thin v mt dinh dng.
Bo qun sn phm lu hn.
Gip cho sn phm bn hn v mt cu trc.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 35

Yu cu c bn
Khng gy hi cho ngi s dng.
Khng lm thay i hoc lm thay i rt t tnh cht ha l, cm quan ca

thc phm.
Trong mt s trng hp ph gia phi c tnh ha tan.
Khng to ra nhng phn ng ph hay nhng sn phm c hi trong thc

phm.
S dng ph gia phi m bo yu cu
S dung vi liu lng ph hp.
Phi l ph gia m b y t cho php.
Phi m bo tiu chun ph gia t cht lng tinh khit dng trong thc
phm
3.4.1 Mui nitrite (NaNO2 )
Tnh nng ca mui nitrite

n nh mu hng t nhin ca tht khi gia nhit, tng mu ca tht x
l.
Tng hng v v cu trc cho sn phm.
Tiu dit v c ch cc vi sinh vt.
Km hm s oxy ha lipid.
C ch chuyn mu ca tht di tc dng ca mui nitric: Trong tht c cha

nhng hp cht c mu t nhin nh mioglobin, cht c cha Fe 2+ trong nhn
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 36

hemoglobin, nu c tc nhn oxy ha no chuyn Fe 2+ thnh Fe3+ th mu tr nn ti

sm. Nh vy gi mu hoc to mu cho sn phmtht ngi ta dng hn hp mui
nitrat v nitrit to mu nhanh hn nhng km bn.
u nhc im
u im : to mu nhanh st trng mnh.
Nhc im: c khi dng hm lng nhiu. Khi nitrit d kt hp vi

hemoglobin to thnh methemoglobin, gy hin tng ngt, nhc u,
bun nn. Mc khc nitrit d s kte hp vi cc axit amin to thnh
nitrozo amin gy c lu di cho c th.
3.4.2 Tari (polyphosphate)
Tari c tnh nng ci thin kh nng nh ho v kh nng gi nc ca tht. c

nhiu loi tari: tari-l, tari-k, tari-p
Liu lng cho php: 9g/1kg nguyn liu (tnh theo P205)
3.4.3 Vitamin C
Vitamin C gip chng oxy ha tht trong qu trnh ch bin, bo qun. N phn
ng vi O2, ngn O2 tip xc phn ng vi cc thnh phn ca tht, vi nitrite nn gip
nh mu cho sn phm, tng nhanh kh nng to mu cho sn phm.
Vitamin C lm gim lng nitrite d (nu c), ngn cn s to thnh nitrosamine,
lm tng gi tr dinh dng cho sn phm. N l loi vitamin rt cn thit i vi c th
con ngi.
Vitamin C chim ly O2 trong khng kh, ngn cn s pht trin ca vi khun hiu
kh.
3.5 Bao b (mang film)
Mc ch s dng
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 37

Hnh thnh cy xc xch c dng nht nh, c trng cho sn phm xc

xch.
Tch bit sn phm vi mi trng bn ngoi bo qun sn phm lu

hn.
Tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm.
m bo sn phm khng b bin i trong cc cng on lm chn, ng

gi, vn chuyn.
Yu cu i vi bao b xc xch tit trng
Khng c hi cho sn phm v sc khe ca ngi tiu dng.
Kn hon ton.
Bn vi nhit cao.
Khng b bin i tnh trong qu trnh bo qun.
B dy lp mng phi u trnh cc s c ng hn cho cy xc xch.
Chng 4: Qui trnh sn xut xc xch tit trng heo
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 38

4.1 Qui trnh cng ngh
M, da Nguyn liu
Lm sch Cp ng, bo qun
Cn Cht
Bao quan
Ra ong Cn
Xay tho
Gia v, Xay nhuyn, phi trn

ph gia
Mng film, nh hnh

dy nhm
Tit trng
Lm ngui
Bao nilon, thng ng gi, v thng

capton
Sn
Phm
Hnh 4.1: S qui trnh
4.2 Thuyt minh qui trnh
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 39

4.2.1 Qu trnh cp ng, bo qun
Giai on cp ng: nguyn liu u thng khng s dng lin, v mt

phn nhp khu nc ngoi nn thng a vo cp ng, tr ng ri sau
mi a vo ch bin.
Mc ch ca qu trnh: bo m nguyn liu, hn ch s pht trin ca

vi sinh vt, c ch cc hot ng sinh ho hc, gip cho qu trnh bo qun tht
c lu. Gip cho qu trnh sn xut lin tc, n nh ngun nguyn liu.
4.2.2 Qu trnh cht
Tht lnh ng c chuyn sang cht nh, lm gim kch thc khi tht
thnh nhng ming nh h tr cho qu trnh xay cng nh phi trn.
Khi tht ng c a vo my cht tht bng cch a ln mt bn ca

my. Bng ti s y khi tht ti trc c li dao.
My da vo lc cht l ch yu. tht cht nh c cha trong xe y t

di trc quay.
V tht khng qu trnh ra li nn phi lun gi tht c sch s. Nhng

mnh tht b rt ra ngoi cn ra li ri mi s dng.
Mc ch
Cht nh cc tng tht ng lnh to thun li cho qu trnh sn

xut.
Nhm ct t lin kt, thay i kch thc ca khi tht tin cho
qu trnh xay nhuyn.
My cht tht Magurit:
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 40

Cng dng: cht nh khi lng tht ng lnh d dng cho qu trnh
xay nhuyn.
Cu to gm
Mt xch truyn ng quay gip cho trc quay.
Trn trc c gn 5 li dao bng inox.
Bng ti hnh ch nht hot ng bng kh nn
Hnh 4.2: My Magurit
Nguyn tc hot ng
Nguyn liu tht 12 kg c t ln bn ca my y vo g ca.
H thng bng ti y block tht v pha di li dao ang quay.
Tht cht ra thnh tng ming nh v c cha trong xe y.
Thng s k thut
M t: 19KW, 400V, 50Hz.
S li dao: 5
4.2.3 Qu trnh cn
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 41

Mc ch ca vic cn l nhm phi liu mt cch chnh xc gia nguyn liu

chnh v cc ph liu trong mt m.
Bin i trong qu trnh cn: Khng c bin i g nhiu, ch yu l cc qu trnh

vt l, tht c th t khi to chuyn thnh dng nh hn.
Phng php thc hin lm bng th cng.
4.2.4 Phi trn v xay nhuyn
Tht sau khi c cht nh v xay th s c chuyn sang xay nhuyn v phi
trn cng vi nhng ph gia v gia v. y l qu trnh rt quan trng quyt nh bn
hn hp nh tng sau xay, l qu trnh m tt c nhng thnh phn nguyn liu, ph gia,
gia v c nghin mn, o trn v kt dnh li thnh mt hn hp ng nht Qu trnh
xay nhuyn s nh hng n ton b nhng qu trnh tip theo, v nu qu trnh khng
t yu cu, nguyn liu khng c xay nhuyn th s gy kh khn cho qu trnh nhi.
V nu h nh tng sau xay nhuyn to thnh khng th s nh hng n qu trnh tit
trng, nh hng n kh nng to gel ca protein, sn phm sau tit trng cng phng
khng p, mt gi tr cm quan.
Nguyn liu a vo xay nhuyn v phi trn gm c tht heo, tht g, m;

protein u nnh, cht x; vy (nu cn), nc; gng (ch dnh cho xc xch b) Hn
hp ny c cho vo my xay trc. Tip theo cho vo hn hp tinh bt bin tnh
pha nc. Sau b sung mui, ng, nitrit, polyphosphate v dung dch mu sen
to mu t nhin cho xc xch, DHA dng dung dch (dnh cho xc xch dinh dng).
Cho my chy n khi nhit t 10oC th m np ra v khi t 12oC th ly ton b hn
hp ra khi cho xay. Lun gi cho h nh tng nhit di 12 oC, v khi vt qu
12oC th h nh tng s tr nn khng bn, c hin tng tch lp gia m, nc v
protein
Bin i trong qu trnh xay nhuyn phi trn
o Bin i vt l l ch yu
Nhit nguyn liu tng.
Kch thc v khi lng ring tng.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 42

cng, kt dnh gia cc thnh phn nguyn liu cng thay i.
o Bin i trng thi ca nguyn liu: trng thi ban u ca nguyn liu
ban u th rn v lng, sau khi phi trn di tc dng ca lc c hc
lm cho trng thi hn hp tr thnh h nh tng ng nht.
o Bin i ha l:
Khng c s to thnh hp cht ha hc mi m ch l s thay i trng

thi.
Tng kh nng lien kt gia cc thnh phn nguyn liu.
My xay my cutter
Cng dng: xay nhuyn v phi trn cc thnh phn nguyn liu to thnh
khi nh tng ng nht.
Cu to
Mt trc quay bi mt, trn c gn 6 li dao hnh cung bng inox. Cc

li dao c th tho lp vo trc ngang vung gc vi cho.
Mt cho quay bng inox cng c quay bng mt, t trn b c nhiu
chn vng chc, quay quanh trc thng ng.
B phn np liu thang nng: gm mt cn trc c b phn lp vo

thng cha nguyn liu c th nng ln h xung gip a nguyn liu
vo cho d dng.
B phn cn vt gm mt cn trc c th iu chnh ln xung theo hnh

cung bng bm thy lc. Trn u c mt bnh nha xoay ngc chiu
kim ng h bng mt nh. Mun khi ng ch cn h cn vt xung
cho, a vt s t ng quay, khi nhc ln th a qut t ng dng li.
Trn cho c mt np nha ln c th nng ln hoc h xung b sung

ph gia vo trong lc cho ang quay m khng lm ph gia b ri ra
ngoi.
Thng s k thut
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 43

Dung tch cho: 300lt
Mt quay dao: 42/50HP, 1500/3000vng/pht
Mt quay cho: 1.7/2.3HP
S lng dao: 6
Tc dao
Tc 1: 100 vng/pht
Tc 2: 200 vng/pht
Tc 3: 1500 vng/pht
Tc 4: 3000 vng/pht
Tc cho
Tc 1: 7.5 vng/pht
Tc 2: 15 vng/pht
n ti thiu: 87dB
n ti a: 106dB
Hnh 4.3: My cutter

4.2.5 nh Hnh
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 44

Qu trnh nhi nhm to cho sn phm c hnh dng, kch thc n nh v ng

nht. Qu trnh nhi chn khng cng vi vic v bao b v ng clip cn c tc dng
hn ch s xm nhp ca oxy v cc loi vi sinh vt gy hi cho sn phm. Hn na, qu
trnh nhi & v bao cn ng vai tr nh mt qu trnh chun b cho qa trnh tit trng,
lm cho sn phm c kt dnh cao, ng thi c nh gel v lm cho sn phm cng
u, tng gi tr cm quan.
Hn hp nh tng sau khi xay nhuyn s c chuyn qua my nhi. Ti y,

hn hp s c a qua mt h thng ng ng v c bao gi. Mt h thng cn
in t s lp chng trnh sn iu khin li dao ct sn phm v nhng khong
bng nhau (tc khi lng tng ng nhau) (Qui trnh ny c 4 loi sn phm: cy xc
xch 20g, 35g, 40g v 70g). Sau , sn phm s c ng clip nhm 2 u v c
a ra khi my nhi chun b cho qu trnh tit trng. Ton b qu trnh c thc
hin ch chn khng nhm hn ch ti a s nhim khun cho sn phm.
Bin i xy ra trong qu trnh nh hnh
Bin i vt l: c nh hnh dng cho sn phm.
Bin i ha l: c nh gel.
Ngoi ra trong qu trnh nh hnh c th b li, cc sn phm b li c cng

nhn lt b bao b v em ti ch li bng cch cho vo nguyn liu em phi trn li.
Cc yu t cn kim tra xc xch cng on nhi
Kim tra xc xch sau khi nh hnh:Chiu di cy xc xch khng qu di

hoc qu ngn. Nu chiu di khng t th phi iu chnh li ngt
dy.
Kim tra khi lng xc xch. Nu khi lng khng hoc ln hn th

phi iu chnh li bm nh lng.
Kim tra chc ca mi hn, khng c ko ra d dng.
Kim tra hai u clip, hai u clip phi chc v khng b dnh tht.
Kim tra date in trn bao b. Date in phi r rng, d c, mc in khng b

lem
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 45

Thit b s dng: My Kap
Nguyn tc hot ng
Nguyn liu c chuyn vo phu cha bng h thng xe nng. Sau
bm tip liu s bm tht t thng cha ln trc khi c bm nh
lng. Gia cc ng ng ca bm tip liu v bm nh lng c s
chnh lch v kch thc, nguyn liu chuyn t ng ln qua ng nh s
to nn s chnh lch p sut, lm tng nhit . Nhm ngn chn tht
ng nhiu s lm tng nhit dn n ph v h nh tng nn cn c
ng hi a tht tr v bn cha.
Mng film c h thng rulo hng film dn qua b phn in date v

c lm kh bng my sy, sau c a qua b phn nh hnh n
ng nhi ca bm nh lng v c hn ti y. Nh s chnh lch p
sut m nguyn liu c nhi vo mng film thnh cy xc xch qua b
phn ngt dy gm c 2 truc rulo kp li y phn xc xch gia 2
cy xc xch dn v hai pha.
Hai dy nhm c dn qua cc trc rulo c ct thnh nhng on nh

kp thnh hnh ch u, phn film khng cha nguyn liu c gom li nh
b phn gom film v gom vo on nhm hnh ch u, sau c kp
cht. Qu trnh ng clip v ct c thc hin ng thi.
Nhng xc xch sau khi nhi c xp ln v, t ln xe y v chuyn

sang phng tit trng, mi xe c 6 v.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 46

Hnh 4.4: Cu to my nhi Kap
Cc s s
Khi vn hnh my KAP thng gp nhng s c nh ht km, ht film, film b ni,

kt km v ng hn b h. Khi c s c th my t ng dng li (nh c lp trnh
sn h thng bo li)
i khi c nhng s c my khng t ng dng li nh khng in c date, km

khng tip, clip b ri, khng ct cy
Cch khc phc
Ht film, ht km: thay film, thay km
Kt km: tho b phn gn km v x l
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 47

Film b ni hoc ng hn b b: ko on film b li v cho my chay tip ngt

b on film b li.
4.2.6 Tit trng
Mc ch: qu trnh tit trng nhm lm chn sn phm, tiu dit vi sinh vt,
ci thin cu trc. nhit v p sut cao, cc thnh phn trong cy xc xch c lm
chn, cy xc xch s trng n ng u. iu kin nh th th cc vi sinh vt cn tn
ti trong cy xc xch s b tiu dit hon ton, k c loi c bo t chu nhit nh
Clostridium Botulinum. Chnh v th, xc xch tit trng c th c s dng ngay m
khng cn ch bin v c th bo qun iu kin bnh thng.
Cch tin hnh: qu trnh tit trng din ra trong 3 giai on: gia nhit, gi
nhit v gii nht
Gia nhit: sau khi xc xch c a vo bn tit trng, nc m bn tr

nc c x vo bn tit trng, lc ny nc c nhit khong 50-60 0C. Nc
c bm tun hon lin tc t bn tit trng qua h thng trao i nhit ri li n
bn tr nc lm nng ln n nhit ci t, qu trnh ny hot ng n khi nhit
ca nc t 1180C v p sut trong bn tit trng la 2,3 atm.
Gi nhit: giai on ny ta gi nhit n nh trong bn tit trng l nhit

1180C v p sut l 2,3 atm, thi gian tit trng ty thuc vo tng loi xc xch, trng
lng v kch thc cuae xc xch (khong 13-18 pht).
Gii nhit
Khi thi gian gi nhit th cn phi h nhit xung a sn phm ra.

Khi qu trnh gi nhit kt thc th van cung cp hn nng c ng li, van
nc m ra, nc qua b phn trao i nhit trong bn tit trng ng thi
bm s hot ng bm nc trong bn ra. Bm s ngng hot ng khi mc
nc trong bn thp, nhit h xung n 500C th sn phm s c ly ra.
Trong qu trinh nhit s gim t t v nu nhit gim t ngt th p sut

cng thay i t ngt lm bin dng sn phm (t ng hn, cy b cong,b
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 48

nhn...) ng thi lm cho cy xc xch b thay i mu sc lm mt gia tr cm

quan.
Cc bin i trong qu trnh tit trng
Bin i vt l: nhit ca cy xc xch tng ln, cu trc thay i, th tch

thay i, cy xc xch trng n, t dng paste chuyn sang dng rn v c tnh n
hi.
Bin i ha l, ha hc: xy ra cc phn ng ha hc gip ci thin cht

lng sn phm, to thnh mt s hp cht mu v mi c trng. Protein c a
v dng d tiu ha v d hp th.
Bin i ha sinh v vi sinh: qu trnh tit trng lm thay i hot ca cc

enzyme, c ch hoc tiu dit hon ton cc vi sinh vt.
Bin i cm quan: thay i mu sc v mi v ca sn phm. Sn phm sau

tit trng s c mu sc thch hp v mi v c trng, thm ngon.
Bin i cu trc t bo: di tc dng ca p sut v nhit cao th cht

nguyn sinh trong t bo b ng t, mng t bo b ph hy khng cn tnh bn thm
thu, khi khng kh v hi nc trong cc gian bo thot ra lm cu trc khi xc
xch tr nn chc v mm.
Yu cu xc xch sau tit trng
Cy xc xch trn thng, cu trc cht v mm mi
Mu sen c trng v mu sc phi ng u.
Mi v thm ngon c trng.
H hng v cch khc phc
Di tc dng ca p sut cao, cy xc xch b nn p v b cong th c mang

ti ch li.
Mi ni khi ng clip khng m bo lm bung clip hoc mng phim b rch

trong qu trnh trng n, s c mang ti ch li.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 49

Bn tit trng
Hnh 4.5: Bn tin trng

Cng dng: Tiu dit vi sinh vt bn trong xc xch v nu chn xc xch.

Cu to

Bn nu sn phm v bn cha nc nng.

B trao i nhit.

Thp gii nhit.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 50


Cc h thng ph tr: cp gi nn, cp hi nc, cp in

Thng s k thut:

Nhit tit trng: 118oC

p sut: 2.3 kg/cm2

Dung tch bn tit trng: 4.1 m3

Dung tch bn tr: 3 m3

p sut lm vic ln nht: 5 kg/cm2

Nhit lm vic ln nht: 150oC.

Nguyn tc hot ng (tit trng trong 3 giai on: gia nhit, gi nhit v
gii nhit)

Giai on gia nhit: van 9 m, nc s c cung cp vo bn 1
theo 3 ng ng. Khi nc trong bn y van 9 s t ng ng li. Lc
ny bm tun hon c bt. Nc trong bn tit trng s c i qua b
phn trao i nhit. Van 7 ng, van 8, 2, 4 m. Hi nng t b phn cp
hi nng i qua van 2 qua b trao i nhit v cung cp nhit cho dng
nc tun hon lm cho nhit nc trong bn tit trng tng ln. Hi
sau khi trao i nhit s ngng t v thot ra ngoi van 4 i vo bn
cha ngng t sau s c bm ti b phn cp hi. Sau khi nhit
trong bn t ti 1180C th qu trnh gia nhit ngng li.

Giai on gi nhit: nc vn tun hon trong bn tit trng, cc
van vn m nh c cn van 2 th t ng ng li. Khi nhit nc
trong bn gim van t ng m cung cp nhit cho hi nc, cn khi
nhit vn gi nguyn th van 2 vn ng nhit nc khng tng
qua 1180C. khi gi nhit thi gian ci t theo tng loi sn phm
th qu trnh gi nhit theo tng loi sn phm kt thc.

Giai on gii nhit: bm tun hon vn hot ng, van 2 v van 4
ng van 1, van 3, bm, qut ht m. Nc mt t bn cha c bm
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 51

xungv qua van 1 i vo b trao i nhit v ly nhit ca dng nc

tun hon lm cho nc trong bn tit trng gim. Nc sau khi trao i
nhit s i qua van 3 v tr li bn cp nc mt, qut ht s ht hi nng
ln trn. Khi nc trong bn h xung nhit l 100 0C th van 8 ng
van 7 m ra nc trong bn s c bm ln bn cha bn trn v tip
tc gii nhit lng nc cn li v khi gii n 500C bm tip mt phn
hai lng nc cn li trong bn, lng nc cn li s x ra ngoi. Gii
nhit n 500C th qu trinh tit trng kt thc lc xc xch c a
ra ngoi khi bn v chuyn qua giai on lm ngui bo n.
4.2.7 Lm ngui
Sau khi tit trng xc xch xong, ly sn phm ra, vn chuyn trn xe y qua
phng thnh phm. Ti y xc xch s c lm ngui t nhin khong 24 gi, sau
sn phm c em i ng gi.
Mc ch
Khi sn phm ng gi m sn phm cn nng s lm bao b bin mu lm

mt cm quan sn phm.
Khi cn nng sn phm c cu trc cha n nh rt kh phn loi, v vy

lm ngui cn to iu kin loi b nhng cy xc xch khng t yu cu.
Ngoi ra ng gi sn phm cn nng th hi nng thot ra s ngng ti

trn bao b lm gim thi gian bo qun, to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin.
Phng php: lm ngui bng phng php t nhin, xc xch vo cc r

nha v ngui t nhin trong kho thnh phm trong mt ngy.
4.2.8 ng gi, v thng.
Sn phm sau khi c lm ngui t nhin s c qua cng on lm sch trc

khi c em i ng gi. y l cng on kh quan trng v cy xc xch sau khi tit
trng cy xc xch vn cn d v nht, y l mi trng thun li cho vi sinh vt pht
trin. Cch tin hnh l lm th cng, cng nhn xc xch ln bn v dng khn sch
lau.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 52

Mc ch ca qu trnh ng gi
Thun tin cho ngi s dng, nng cao tnh cm quan cho sn phm.
Bo qun sn phm trnh nhng va p c hc trong lc vn chuyn. lm

tng kh nng vn ti ca cc phng tin vn chuyn.
Trnh cho sn phm tip xc vi mi trng bn ngoi, gip sn phm

c bo quan lu hn.
Cch tin hnh
Thc hin bng phng php th cng v t ng.
Sau khi ng gi xong th sn phm c a i ng gi vo cc thng

cacton.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 53

Chng 5 Tnh cn bng vt cht _ Tnh nc
5.1 Tnh cn bng vt cht
Nh my a vo sn xut xc xch tit trng heo gm c 4 loi khi lng 20g,

35g, 40g v 70g 4 loi xc xch ny v khi lng l khc nhau nhng thnh phn
nguyn liu ban u l ging nhau.
5.1.1 Tnh cn bng ca mt m xay
5.1.1.1 Thnh phn nguyn liu ca mt m xay xc xch heo tit trng
Tn nguyn liu Khi lng (kg)

Nc heo xc xch 9
Nc r 20
Heo B 6
D c 10
G c da 5
M heo 21
Vai m 66
Nc trc tip 26
Nc quy bt 24
Nh tng 22
Gia v 10
Gel (promix, myogel) 36
Xc xch ti ch 5
Bt bp 30
Tng khi lng nguyn liu 290
Bng 5.1: Thnh phn nguyn liu 1 m
5.1.1.2 Tnh sn lng xc xch qua mt m xay
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 54

Hao ht trong cc cng on ch bin: do cc thnh phn nguyn liu c cht

sau mi em cn li cho trnh hao ht gi c thnh phn khng i nn trong
sn xut ch c 3 cng ot lm gim nng sut sn xut:
Qu trnh xay v phi trn: 0,6%

Qu trnh nhi c 2 loi hao ht l hao ht do thit b khng ti s
dng c 0,5% v hao ht do li k thut m vn ti s dng li c
1,5%.
Qu trnh lm ngui 0,2% tng s xc xch em tit trng.
Khi lng tnh ca m xay sau qua trnh phi trn:
m = 290 * 0.6% = 288.26 kg
Sn lng xc xch sau khi nhi v nh hnh:
Xc xch 20g: S20 = (288.26 *1000 * 98%)/20 = 14120 (cy).
Xc xch 35g: S35 = (288.26 *1000 * 98%)/35 = 8071 (cy).
Xc xch 40g: S40 = (288.26 *1000 * 98%)/40 = 7062 (cy).
Xc xch 70g: S70 = (288.26 *1000 * 98%)/70 = 4035 (cy).
5.1.2 Tnh cn bng vt cht trong 1 ngy
Do nng sut ca phn xng ph thuc hon ton vo cng sut ca my nhi
nn cng sut ca mt ngy sn xut (mt ngy gm 3 ca) ph thuc hon ton vo 11
my nhi (thng mt my nhi t 3 n 4 m xay) ty vo loi xc xch.
S lng xc xch nhi c ca mt my trong mt ngy
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 55

Trong 1 m xay Trong 1 ca sn xut Trong 1 ngy sn xut

Loi xc xch
(cy) (cy) (cy)
20g 14120 42360 127080
35g 8071 24213 72639
40g 7062 21186 63558
70g 4035 16140 48420
Bng 5.2: Sn lng xc xch nhi c 1 my
Do nhu cu ca th trng m s lng xc xch lm ra khc nhau v mi loi nn

trong mt ca sn xut s my nhi cho xc xch 20g l 5 my, 35g, 45g v 70g l 2 my.
S lng xc xch nhi trong 1 ca
S m nhi ca S lng xc xch nhi

Loi xc xch S my nhi
1 my (cy)
20g 5 3 211800
35g 2 3 48426
40g 2 3 42372
70g 2 4 32280
Bng 5.3: Sn lng xc xch nhi trong 1 ca
Vy s m xay sn xut xc xch trong 1 ca l 35 m.
S lng xc xch thnh phm trong 1 ngy sn xut
sn xut c thun li v sn phm tit trng trong thi gian kh di v bn

tit trng cn dng cho sn phm khc nn khi em sn phm i tit trng th s lng
sn phm phi cng sut ca bn tit trng, cng sut ca bn tit trng l xc xch
20g l 21000 cy mt bn mt ln, 35g l 12600 cy, 40g l 10500 cy v 70g l 6300
cy.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 56

Vi hao tn l 0,2% tng xc xch em i tit trng vy xc xch thnh phm ca

mt ngy:
Sn lng xc xch thnh phm trong 1 ngy
Trong 1 m xay (cy) Trong 1 ca (cy) Trong 1 ngy (cy)

Xc xch
Hao tn Thnh phm Hao tn Thnh phm Hao tn Thnh phm
20g 28 14092 420 209580 1260 62874
35g 16 8055 100 50300 300 150900
40g 14 7048 85 41916 255 125748
70g 8 4027 63 31437 189 94311
Bng 5.4: Sn lng xc xch thnh phm
Vy s lng nguyn liu sn xut trong mt ngy
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 57

Khi lng nguyn liu cho tng

Khi lng loi xc xch Tng khi lng
Nguyn liu
mt m (kg) nguyn liu (kg)
20g 35g 40g 70g
Nc heo xc
9 135 54 54 72 945
xch
Nc r 20 300 120 120 160 2100
Heo B 6 90 36 36 48 630
D c 10 150 60 60 80 1050
G c da 5 75 30 30 40 525
M heo 21 315 126 126 168 2205
Vai m 66 990 396 396 528 6930

Nc trc
26 390 156 156 208 2730
tip
Nc quy
24 360 144 144 192 2520
bt
Nh tng 22 330 132 132 176 2310
Gia v 10 150 60 60 80 1050

Gel (promix,
36 540 216 216 288 3780
myogel)
Xc xch ti
5 75 30 30 40 525
ch
Bt bp 30 450 180 180 240 3150
Bng 5.5: Tng s nguyn liu cho 1 ngy lm vic
5.2 Tnh nc
5.2.1 Lng nc cung cp cho phng cht
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 58

Lng nc cung cp cho phng cht tht ch yu l lng nc ra nh xng

v xe gong
Lng nc v sinh nh xng, do phi thng xuyn dn dp nhng mu tht

vn rt ra nn nh nn lng nc v sinh tng i ln khong 2 m3 mt ca sn xut.
Lng nc dng ra xe gong mi m cht: bng 20% th tch xe m mt m

c 2 xe th tch 150 lit mt xe
Vxe = (150 * 20% * 2) * 35 = 2100 lt.
Vcht = 2000 + 2100 = 4100 lt.
5.2.2 Lng nc cung cp cho phng xay
Lng nc dng trong ch bin sn phm
Lng nc trc tip: Vtt = 910 lt
Lng nc quy bt: Vqb = 840 lt
Lng nc dng v sinh nh xng v thit b
Lng nc v sinh nh xng khong 1m3 mt ca.
Lng nc v sinh my xay: 50% th tch tro cha, c 5 m li v sinh 1 ln
Vmx = 300 * 50% * 7 = 1050 lt.
Vxay = 910 + 840 + 1000 + 1050 = 3800 lt.
5.2.3 Lng nc cung cp cho phng nhi nh hnh
Lng nc dng v sinh nh xng 3m3 mt ca.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 59

Lng dng d v sinh my sau mi ca 200 lt mi my
Vnhi = 3000 + 200 * 11 = 5200 lt.
Lng nc cung cp cho ni hi 5m3 cho mi my mi ngy.
Vni = 5000 * 4 = 20000 lt.
Vy tng lng nc cung cp cho xng trong 1 ngy
V = Vni + (Vxay + Vnhi + Vcht) * 3 = (2100 + 3800 + 5200) * 3 + 20000 = 53300lt
Chng 6: An ton lao ng v v sinh cng nghip
6.1 An ton lao ng v phng chy cha chy
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 60

6.1.1 Qui nh an ton lao ng ca cng ty
_ S dng y cc thit b bo h lao ng khi lm vic.

_ Chp hnh tun th bn giao ca, k nhn kim tra nghim tc.
_ Thc hin ng nguyn tc khi vn hnh my mc, thit b, phng chy cha
chy.
_ Phi c rao chn bao che b phn c b phn chuyn ng vn tc cao, cc thit
b u c rle bo v.
_ Mi cng nhn u c trch nhim qun l v bo qun thit b khu m mnh
lm vic, khng t vn hnh iu chnh khu khc.
_ Khng a gin khi lm vic.
_ Chp hnh tt cc nh k bo dng thit b khi my mc c s c phi bo co
v kp thi sa cha.
6.1.2 Phng chy cha chy
Phng chy
_ Vissan c trn 90% nng lng phc v l in. V vy vic qun l ngun in
trong sn xut, sinh hot phi kim tra thng xuyn hng tun.
_ Nu qu ti phi lp thm ph ti, khi lp t phi xem xt.
_ Kim tra bo tr, sa cha ng dy.
_ Mi ngi thc c trch nhim, ngha v ca mnh trong phng chy.
_ Mi ngi phi hiu c cht chy l cht g, dung cht g cha chy.
cha chy
_ Khi c chy th thng bo chy cho mi ngi xung quanh, ngt in, thng tin
cho lnh o, n v cha chy chuyn nghip.
_ Dng cc b phn t c cha chy.
_ T k thut: cp in, n, nm c cc thit b no thuc phn ng chy c
bin php.
_ T cu thng gi trung tm y t.
_ Bo v khng co ngi l vo.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 61

_ Lnh o bo cho lc lng cha chy: ng i ngun nc, cng tc cha

chy, trong gi nguyn hin trng kim tra.
Ngoi ra m bo an ton tnh mng, ti sn v gi gn trt t trong cng ty. Cn

c vo tnh hnh c th ca cng ty ban gim c ra bn ni quy phng chy _ cha
chy nh sau:
1. Phng chy v cha chy l ngha v v trch nhim ca ton th cn b

cng nhn vin (CBCNV). Mi ngi phi tham gia tch cc vo cng tc
phng chy v cha chy.
2. i vi CBCNV ca n v phi c trch nhim bo qun, gi gn v t
phng tin phng chy _ cha chy ng ni qui nh, m bo d thy
d ly khi s dng. Khng s dng thit b phng chy cha chy vo
cng vic khc.
3. Mi CBCNV phi tham gia hc tp phng chy cha chy v tuyn truyn
cho mi ngi tham gia cng tc phng chy cha chy.
4. CBCNV v khch tham quan khng mang cht d chy, cht n vo ni
lm vic. Khng c ty tin s dng cc thit b d gy chy n nh:
bn i, bp in, bp ga... hoc ht thuc l khng ng ni quy nh
trong v ngoi gi lm vic.
5. Phi tun th nghim ngt quy nh v k thut khi s dng in. Cm cu
mc, s dng in sai qui nh. Sau ca lm vic phi kim tra li cc thit
b in, ngt cu dao in khi khng c nhu cu.
6. Cc kho hng ho phi thc hin ng qui trnh xut nhp, khng vt t
hng ha, cc vt dng khc,... p st ng dy in, in bng n.
Hng ho phi sp xp gn gang, bo m khong cch an ton, d kim
tra kim sot, to thun li cho khi vn chuyn cn thit.
7. Cc n v khi c nhu cu un nu, s dng bp ga trong vic sn xut,
th nghim nghin cu,... phi tun thu nghim ngt cc quy nh k
thut, nim yt qui trnh s dng. m bo tuyt i v phng chy
cha chy.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 62

8. Tuyt i khng xe gn my, t vo trong khu vc sn xut, kho hng

ha, phng lm vic.
9. Ht gi lm vic, trc khi ra v CBCNV phi c chc nhim tt ht n,
qut, my lnh v kim tra tnh trng an ton phng chy cha chy trong
khu vc lm vic.
10. CBCNV v khch tham quan khi pht hin chy phi h to bo ng chy,
nhanh chng thng tin qua h thng in thoi hay trc tip bo cho i
phng chy cha chy, Cng an thnh ph _ i phng chy _ cha chy
khu vc bng s 114.
6.2 X l nc thi, ph thi v v sinh cng nghip
6.2.1 X l nc thi
_ Cc loi nc thi t khu tn tr thu c a vo h ch th nht, nc thi sn

xut tp trung vo h cha th hai iu ha lu lng nc.
_ Nc thi t h th nht c bm qua sn lc lc tp cht nh thc n cn
d, lng, phn... sau bm tip sang b lng.
_ Nc thi t h cha th hai cng c bm qua b lng, cc tp cht ni nh
du c gt v mt u ca b.
_ Sau thi gian lu tr b lng, ton b nc thi c bm qua h thc vt x
l tip. Cui cng nc thi s c thi ra sng.
Hin nay do nhu cu th trng, a dng ha sn phm, tng nng sut lm cho lng
nc thi tng ln khng kp x l. Nh my v ng u t xy dng h thng x l
nc thi mi m bo v sinh mi trng.
6.2.2 X l ph thi
_ i vi cc thng carton, bao nilon, s c tp trung li v bn i.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 63

_ Phn gia sc c dn sch s, vn chuyn bng phng tin kn, khng chy
nc, ri vi dc ng, ri vi vo cc ng phn pht sinh trong ngy.
_ Da tru b em bn.
_ Thng xuyn gom dn rc bao b, cc loi pht sinh trong ca sn xut nh v
hnh t, c rt, l chui... em cha trong bao b kn v buc li, sau c tp
trung li x l.
_ Rc sinh hot, ph thi khng tn dng c th c xe rc hng ngy n ly i.
_ Cc loi m vn, by nhy khng th dng sn xut s em lm thc n cho
gia sc.
6.2.3 V sinh cng nghip
Cht lng v sinh thc phm
_ iu kin cht lng v sinh thc phm c cng ty ch trng ngay t khu
nguyn liu. B, heo a vo git m phi l th khe mnh khng c mm bnh.
_ Sau khi git m, heo, b phi c cc bc s th y nh nc kim tra v ng
du cht lng trc khi a vo sn xut ch bin.
_ Tt c sn phm lm ra ch c nhp kho theo quy nh ca phng KCS sau khi
c kt qu kim tra cht lng sn phm.
V sinh cng nhn
Cng nhn v thao tc lm vic ca h l mt trong nhng ngun ly nhim tim

tang, do cng nhn khi vo lm vic trong phn xng ch bin phi tun theo cc qui
tc:
_ Mc qun o bo h lao ng sch s do cng ty cp.

_ Ra sch tay trc khi vo khu vc ch bin.
_ Gi sch tay v qun o bo h lao ng trong khi ch bin.
_ Khng mang bt c cc loi thc n no vo khu vc ch bin.
_ Khng ht thuc l trong khu vc ch bin.
_ Khng khc nh v x mi bt c ch no trong khu vc ch bin.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 64

_ Khng lm vic nu b bnh truyn nhim.

_ Trng hp cn thit phi mang gn tay, khu trang v thit b chng n. Gng
tay sau khi dng xong phi b vo thng rc quy nh.
V sinh my mc
_ Phi ra sch v st trng my mc, thit b mi ngy v sau khi dng.

_ C ra bng dung dich ty ra.
_ Dng vi nc p lc xt ra.
_ Lm kh my mc thit b.
V sinh nh xng
_ V sinh bn gh dng c: tt c cc dng c lao ng nh r, gi ng, xe y v

cc dng c cn thit khc cho qu trnh ch bin u phi gi sch s, dao lun
gi sc bn mi lc.
_ V sinh sn nh v tng vch trong xng ch bin: sn nh v vch tng phi
gi sch s, hng ngy sn nh phi clm sch bng cch dng vi p lc xt.
trc khi ra phi qut dn sn nh, gom nhng vn tht v rau c h vo thng
rc.
NHN XT
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 65

Cng ty Vissan c mt v tr a l kh thun li v mt giao thng ng b, xa

khu dn c nhng khng qu xa trung tm thnh ph, thun li cho hot ng sn xut
cng nh hot ng giao dch bun bn v phn phi sn phm.
B my t chc qun l hot ng ng b t ban gim c n cc phng ban

chc nng, dn n ton b hot ng ca cng ty cng nhp nhng.
Hot ng ca cng ty phong ph a dng t git m gia cng, phn phi v ch

bin thc phm gia sc, i gia sc cao cp xut khu cho n vic ch bin cc mt hng
thu hi sn v nng sn. Sn phm ca nh my cng rt a dng v chng loi. Tng
cng trn 60 mt hng cc loi.
Cng tc kim tra cht lng t lc th cn sng cho n khi git m v ch bin
thc phm c thc hin nghim ngt bi lc lng KCS ca cng ty v cn b th y
ca thnh ph m bo sn phm t cht lng.
Tt c cc nguyn liu c tn dng ti a sn xut, t l sn phm so vi

nguyn liu rt cao.
Sn phm xc xch tit trng l mt th mnh. L mt ngun thu ln ca cngt y

Vissan. sn lng ngy cng tng m vn khng p ng c nhu cu ca th trng
tiu th. t c lng tin cng nh uy tn cho thng hiu ca mnh cng ty
khng ngng sng to, nng cao cht lng sn phm ca cng ty.
Sau y l mt s u v khuyt im ca cng ty:
u im
Dy chuyn sn xut hin i c gii ho.
Xng ch bin y cc ni qui v v sinh an ton thc phm cng nh
cc yu cu v an ton lao ng.
Cc thit b phng chy cha chy c cngt y trang b y . Cng ty
cng ra cc qui nh v phng chy cha chy, CBCNV v ban gim c
cng nhau thc hin tt.
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 66

i ng j thut thng xuyn theo di quy trnh sn xut khi c s c

c th khc phc kip thi.
Khuyt im
Phn xng ch bin nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau gy kh khn cho vic
kim sot qun l.
Din tch nh xng cn kh nh nn vic t my mc, trang thit b, cng
nhn vn hnh cn gp nhiu kh khn trong vic thao tc v i li
SVTH: LU KIM PHC 67

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Báo Cáo Dây Chuyền Sản Xuất Xúc Xích Tiệt Trùng Của Công Ty Vissan

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LVTN: BO CO CNSX XC XCH TIT TRNG CA CTY VISSAN

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ty VISSAN

Hnh 1.1: Cng ty VISSAN

Tn Vit Nam: CNG TY VIT NAM K NGH SC SN

Tn ting Anh: VISSAN IMPORT EXPORT CORPORRATION

Tn vit tt: VISSAN

Logo ca cng ty: hnh ba bng mai.

in thoi: 8433970 8432366

Fax: (84 4)8432372

Cng ty Vissan l mt doanh nghip nh nc, do nh nc u t vn. C quan

1.1.1 Lch s hnh thnh

Cng ty VISSAN c u t v a vo hot ng ngy 18/5/1974. Trn c s

SVTH: LU KIM PHC 2

Nm 1979 thc hin ch trng phn cp qun l cho cc a phng, qun,

Trn c s pht trin quy m v mt qun l, cn c vo quyt nh 135/HDBT v

thng nht ngnh tht heo, tru b trn a bn thnh ph theo vn bn

Nh my c t trn khu t rng 20 ha, bao quanh l h thng sng Si Gn.

Mt khu tn tr th sng vi sc cha 10.000 con heo v 4.000 con b.

Ba dy chuyn git m heo vi cng sut 2.400 con/ca (6 gi).

Hai dy chuyn git m b vi cng sut 300 con/ca (6 gi)

SVTH: LU KIM PHC 3

H thng dy chuyn sn xut ch bin hp vi cng sut 5.000 tn/nm theo

Nh my ch bin thc phm ng lnh c cng sut 3.000 tn/nm ti Thnh ph

Hnh 1.2: Mt bng cng ty VISSAN

1.1.3 Chc nng

Cng ty VISSAN l mt n v sn xut ch bin thc phm v cn l mt n v

Hot ng ca cng ty nhm mang li hiu qu kinh t x hi gp phn p ng

1.1.4 Phng thc cng c v pht trin ca cng ty

SVTH: LU KIM PHC 4

dn xut khu vo cc th trng mu dch t do nh M v cc nc EU, mt th trng

Cung cp y cho nhu cu ni a, cng c v pht trin mng li bn l

Tch cc tm kim th trng nc ngoi, lp cc vn phng i din, xc tin

Vi ngun vn hin c cng ty khng ngng hon chnh nh xng, nng cp cc

1.1.5 T chc nhn s - nhim v quyn hn ca mi thnh vin

Hnh 1.3: S nhn s ca cng ty

SVTH: LU KIM PHC 5

Do gim c s Thng nghip ngh, b nhim v bi nhim do ch tch

Nhim ca ng l iu hnh mi hot ng ca cng ty theo ng php lut, ng

c c quan ch qun b nhim v bi nhim. c 4 ph gim c, c gim

c) Cc phng ban (gm 8 phng ban)

Sa cha vn hnh, v ln k hoch bo tr v cc thit b my mc cho cng ty.

Sa cha cc cng trnh phc v sn xut.

Hng dn s dng cc trang thit b cho cc n v trong nh my.

SVTH: LU KIM PHC 6

Theo di phn tch v nh gi, bo co nh k hoc t xut v cht lng

Phng kinh doanh

Thc hin tt c cc hp ng kinh t k kt, m bo vic lp chng t,

Thc hin k kt hp ng kinh t, hp tc kinh t vi cc tnh v cc thnh

T chc gii thiu v tiu th sn phm.

Xy dng v xut n v gi c cho tng loi sn phm.

Thng xuyn nghin cu th trng, xc nh c phm vi th trng cho cc

T chc mng li kinh doanh, m cc ca hng siu th.

nh gi cc phng tin v hiu qu bn hng, ra cc bin php thch hp

t di s lnh o ca gim c ng thi chu s ch o v nghip v k

SVTH: LU KIM PHC 7

C trch nhim np ng v y , kp thi cc khon np ngn sch, thanh

Vch ra k hoch cho cng ty trong nm theo tng thng, tng qu

iu sn xut, nghin cu mu m ph hp vi th hiu ngi tiu dng,

u t trang thit b my mc cho cng ty.

Phng hnh chnh s nghip

m bo ton b cng vic hnh chnh v qun tr ca cng ty.

Thc hin vic mua sm vn phng phm v bo h lao ng cp pht cho

Phng iu hnh sn xut

Cn c vo mc tiu v mc ch s dng, hot ng ca cng ty c nhim v