Steel (Khmer) PDF

sikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMGMBIEdk
LRFD STEEL DESIGN
GkniBn WIILIAM T. SEGUI

bkERbeday etg qay
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil
qaM 2010
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca Department of Civil Engineering
matika
Contents
I. esckIepIm (Introduction)
1>1> karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgM (Structural Design) ..............................................................1
1>2> bnk (Loads)...............................................................................................................4
1>3> Building Codes .......................................................................................................... 5
1>4> Design Specifications ..................................................................................................5
1>5> eRKOgbgMGMBIEdk (Structural Steel) ...............................................................................6
1>6> rUbragmuxkat;bTdan (standard Cross-sectional Shapes) ............................................11
II. eKalKMnitkgkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMEdk (Concepts in Structural Steel Design)

2>1> TsSnviCakgkarsikSaKNnamuxkat; (Design Philosophies) ...................................... 20
2>2> American Institute of Steel Construction Specification ......................................... 22
2>3> emKuNersIusg; nigemKuNbnkEdleRbIR)as;enAkg AISC Specification
(Load and Resistance Factors Used in the AISC Specification) ............................. 23
2>4> mUldanRbU)ablIetrbs; Load and Resistance Factors
(Probabilistic Basis of Load and Resistance Factors) ............................................. 25
2>5> Manual of Steel Construction ................................................................................. 30
III. eRKOgbgMrgkarTaj (Tension Members)

3>1> esckIepIm (Introduction) ......................................................................................... 30
3>2> ersIusg;KNna (Design strength) ............................................................................. 31
3>3> RkLapmuxkat;suTRbsiTPaB (Effective net area) .................................................... 36
3>4> karteRmobtamEbbqas; (Staggered fasteners) ......................................................... 43
3>5> Block shear ............................................................................................................. 50
3>6> karKNnaGgt;rgkarTaj (Design of tension members) .......................................... 52
3>7> EdksrsEdlmaneFj nigExSkab (Threaded rods and Cables)................................ 59
matika i T.Chhay
mhaviTalysMNg;sIuvil NPIC
3>8> Ggt;rgkarTajenAkgdMbUl (Tension members in roof trusses) ............................... 61

3>9> Ggt;EdltPab;edayknas; (Pin-Connection Members) ........................................... 70
IV. eRKOgbgMrgkarsgt;
Compression Members
4>1> esckIepIm (introduction) .......................................................................................... 73
4>2> RTwsIssr(Column Theory) ....................................................................................... 73
4>3> tRmUvkarrbs; AISC (AISC Requirements) ............................................................ 82
4>4> karKNnamuxkat; (Design) ......................................................................................... 89
4>5> esckIbEnmsRmab;RbEvgRbsiTPaB (More on Effective Length) .............................. 92
4>6>karekagedayrmYl nigedayBt;-rmYl (Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling) . 105
4>7> Built-up Member .................................................................................................... 112
V. Fwm
Beams
5>1> esckIepIm (Introduction) ........................................................................................ 120
5>2> kugRtaMgBt; nigm:Um:g;)asic (Bending Stress and the Plastic Moment) ...................... 121
5>3> lMnwg (Stability) ...................................................................................................... 127
5>4> cMNat;fak;rbs;rUbrag (Classification of Shapes) ..................................................... 129
5>5> Bending Strength of Compact Shapes .................................................................. 130
5>6> Bending Strength of Noncompact Shapes............................................................. 140
5>7> Summary of Moment Strength ............................................................................. 144
5>8> ersIusg;kmaMgkat;TTwg (Shear Strength) ................................................................. 145
5>9> PaBdab (Deflection) ............................................................................................... 152
5>10> karKNnamuxkat; (Design) ................................................................................... 154
5>11> rnRbehagenAkgFwm (Holes in Beam).................................................................. 165
5>12> Open-Web Steel Joists ....................................................................................... 167
5>13> bnHRTFwm nigbnH)atssr (Beam Bearing Plates and Column Base Plate) ...... 171
T.Chhay ii Contents
5>14> Biaxial Bending ................................................................................................. 182

5>15> ersIusg;m:Um:g;Bt;rbs;rUbragepSg (Bending Strength of Various Shape) .............. 190
VI. Fwm-ssr
Beam-Columns
6>1> esckIepIm (Introduction) ....................................................................................... 197
6>2> smIkarGnrkm (Interaction Formulas) .................................................................. 198
6>3> m:Um:g;bEnm (Moment Amplification) .................................................................... 201
6>4> Web Local Buckling in Beam-Columns .............................................................. 204
6>5> eRKagBRgwg nigeRKagGt;BRgwg (Braced versus Unbraced Frame).............................. 206
6>6> Ggt;enAkgeRKagEdlBRgwg (Members in Braced Frames) ....................................... 207
6>7> Ggt;enAkgeRKagEdlminBRgwg (Members in Unbraced Frames) .............................. 217
6>8 KNnamuxkat;Fwm-ssr (Design of Beam-Column) ................................................ 224
6>9> Trusses With Top Chord Loads Between Joints ................................................... 234
VII. tMNsamBa
Simple Connections
7>1> esckIepIm (Introduction) ..................................................................................... 241
7>2> Bolted Shear Connections: Failure Mode ............................................................ 244
7>3> Bearing Strength, Spacing and Edge-distance Requirements ............................. 246
7>4> bULgFmta (Common Bolts) ................................................................................ 253
7>5> bULgersIusg;x<s; (High-Strength Bolts)................................................................... 256
7>6> Shear Strength of High-Strength Bolts ................................................................. 258
7>7> Slip-Critical Connections ..................................................................................... 261
7>8> bULgersIusg;x<s;rgkarTaj (High-Strength Bolts in Tension) ............................... 277
7>9> kmaMgpbrvagkmaMgTaj nigkmaMgTajenAkgbULg (Combined Shear and Tension in
Fasteners) ............................................................................................................ 287
7>10> tMNpSar (Welded connections)........................................................................... 293
7>11> Fillet Welds........................................................................................................ 295
matika iii T.Chhay
VIII. tMNcakpit
Eccentric Connections
8>1> ]TahrN_sMrab;tMNcakpit (Examples of Eccentric Connections) .......................... 306
8>2> tMNcMNakpitedaybULg EtkmaMgkat; (Eccentric Bolted Connections:
Shear only) .......................................................................................................... 307
8>3> tMNcMNakpitedaybULg kmaMgkat;bUknwgkmaMgTaj
Eccentric Bolted Connections: Shear Plus Tension .......................................... 319
8>4> tMNcMNakpitedaypSar EtkmaMgkat;
Eccentric Welded Connections: Shear only........................................................ 323
8>5> tMNcMNakpitedaypSar kmaMgkat; nigkmaMgTaj
Eccentric Welded Connections: Shear and Tension ........................................... 333
8>6> tMNTb;m:Um:g; (Moment-Resisting Connection)......................................................... 339
8>7> Column Stiffeners and other Reinforcement ...................................................... 348
8>8> End Plate Connection.......................................................................................... 361
8>9> esckIsnidan (Concluding Remarks) ................................................................. 369
IX. eRKOgbgMsmas
Composite Construction
9>1> esckIepIm (Introduction)........................................................................................ 370
9>2> karsagsg;edaymankarTb; nigedayminmankarTb;
Shored Versus Unshored Construction .............................................................. 382
9>3> TTwgsabRbsiTPaB (Effect Flange Width ) ............................................................ 384
9>4> Shear Connectors ................................................................................................. 387
9>5> karKNnamuxkat; (Design) ....................................................................................... 390
9>6> PaBdab (Deflections) .............................................................................................. 395
9>7> FwmsmasCamYynwgkRmalBum<Edk (Composite Beams with Formed Steel Deck) .... 399
9>8> taragsRmab;karviPaK nigkarKNnaFwmsmas
Tables for Composite Beam Analysis and Design.............................................. 412
9>9> FwmCab; (Continuous Beams).................................................................................... 419
9>10> ssrsmas (Composite Columns) ....................................................................... 421
T.Chhay iv Contents
X. rtEdkbnH
Plate Girder
10>1> esckIepIm (Introduction) .................................................................................... 428
10>2> karBicarNaTUeTA (General Considerations ) .......................................................... 429
10>3> tRmUvkarrbs; AISC (AISC Requirements) ...................................................... 433
10>4> ersIusg;rgkarBt; (Flexural Strength) ..................................................................... 435
10>5> ersIusg;kmaMgkat; (Shear Strength) ........................................................................ 438
10>6> GnrGMeBInkarBt; nigkmaMgkat; (Interaction of Flexural and Shear) ..................... 444
10>7> Bearing Stiffeners .............................................................................................. 445
10>8> kaKNnamuxkat; (Design) ...................................................................................... 457
Appendix A. karKNna nigkarviPaKedaylkN)asic
Plastic Analysis and Design
A>1> esckIepIm (Introduction) ..................................................................................... 478
A>2> AISC Requirements.............................................................................................. 480
A>3> karviPaK (Analysis) ............................................................................................... 481
A>4> karKNnamuxkat; (Design) ....................................................................................... 488
A>5> karsnidan (Conclusion Remark)........................................................................... 490
Appendix B. karKNnaeRKOgbgMEdkedayQrelIkugRtaMgGnuBaat
Structural Steel Design Based on Allowable Stress
B>1> esckIepIm (Introduction) ...................................................................................... 491

B>2> Ggt;rgkarTaj (Tension members) ...................................................................... 493
B>3> Ggt;rgkarsgt; (Compression members) .............................................................. 494
B>4> Fwm (Beams) ............................................................................................................ 498
B>5> Beam-Columns...................................................................................................... 505
B>6> snidan (Concluding Remarks) ............................................................................... 510
matika v T.Chhay
I. esckIepIm
Introduction
1>1> karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgM Structural Design
karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMsMNg;GKar eTaHCaeRKOgbgMGMBIEdk bGMBIebtugBRgwgedayEdkk

eday KWeKtRmUv[kMNt; nigeRCIserIsmuxkat;smrmrbs;Ggt;eRKOgbgMTaMgGs; edIm,ITb;Tl;nwg bnk
xageRkATaMgGs;EdlmanGMeBImkelIeRKOgbgM. kgkrNICaeRcIn sabtkrmantYnaTIrcnam:UtGKar
edayrYmmankarerobcMcMnYnCan;rbs;GKar nigkarerobcMbg;tamCan;nImYy ehIyvisVkreRKOgbgMRtUveFVI
karkgEdnkMNt;nkarrcnaenH. CakarEdlRbesIrbMputKW visVkr nigsabtkrRtUvshkarKakgdMeNIr
karrcna nigsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMenHedIm,IbBab;KMeragedayTTYl)aneCaKCy. dMeNIrkarnkarsikSa
KNnaeRKOgbgMRtUv)ansegbdUcteTA sabtkrCaGksMercnUvesaPNPaBrbs;GKar ehIyvisVkr
CaGksikSaKNnamuxkat;rbs;eRKOgbgMRbkbedaylkNesdkic nigedayFananUvsirPaBdl;sMNg;
GKar. visVkreRKOgbgMRtUvKitCacMbgnUvsuvtiPaB bnab;mkKWkareRbIR)as; niglkNesdkic. lkN
esdkicenAkgsMNg;KW sMedAelIkareRbIR)as;nUvsmar nigkmaMgBlkmy:agmanRbsiTPaB.
karsikSaKNnadlKWTamTarnUvbg;eRKagy:ageRcIn edayrYmmankarteRmobGgt; nigkartPab;
Ggt;tamEbbEpnxusKa ehIyeFIVkareRbobeFobnUvlkNesdkicrbs;va. sRmab;bg;eRKagnImYy
EdlRtUveFVIkarGegt eKRtUvsikSaKNnamuxkat;rbs;Ggt;nImYy. edIm,IeFVIVdcU enH)an CadMbUgeKRtUv
karsikSaviPaKeRKOgbgM ehIyKNnakmaMg nigm:Umg: ;Bt;rbs;Ggt;nImYy. CamYynwgTinnyTaMgenH
GksikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMGaceRCIserIsmuxkat;)any:agsmRsb. b:uEn munnwgeFVIkarsikSaviPaKRKOg
bgM eKRtUvsMercCadMbUgnUvsmarsRmab;eRbIR)as;kgeRKOgbgM EdlCaTUeTAmanebtugBRgwgedayEdk
eRKOgbgMGMBIEdk nigbnSMnsmarTaMgBIr. CakarRbesIbMput eKKYrerobcMnUvCeRmIsnkarsikSaKNna
BIsmarTaMgenH.
enAkgesovePAenH manEtkarENnaMBIkarsikSaKNnamuxkat;eRKOgbgMGMBIEdk nigkartPab;
rbs;vaEtb:ueNaH. visVkreRKOgbgMRtUveRCIserIs nigepgpat;RbBneRKOgbgMTaMgGs;edIm,ITTYl)annUv
karsikSaKNnaRbkbedaylkNesdkic nigsuvtiPaB.
munnwgerobrab;BIeRKOgbgMGMBIEdk eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvsal;RbePTGgt;nImYyrbs;eRKOgbgMCamun
sin. rUbTI 1>1 bgajBI truss CamYynwgkmaMgcMcMNucbBarEdlGnuvtRtg;tMNnGgt;xagelI. eday
esckIepIm 1 T.Chhay
rkSanUvkarsnt;nkarviPaK truss tMN pinned nigkmaMgGnuvtEtelItMN Ggt;rbs; truss CaGgt;

rgkmaMgBIr (two-force member) EdlrgkmaMgsgt; bkmaMgTajtamGkS. sRmab; truss TRm
samBaEdlrgbnkdUcbgajkgrUb 1>1 Ggt;xagelICaGgt;rgkarsgt; ehIyGgt;xageRkamCaGgt;
rgkarTaj. Ggt;RTnugGacCaGgt;rgkarTaj brgkarsgt;edayGaRsyeTAelITItaMg TisTRmuy nig
TItaMgrbs;bnk.
RbePTepSgeTotrbs;Ggt;RtUv)anbgajCamYynwgeRKagtMNrwg (rigid frame) enAkgrUbTI

1>2. Ggt;rbs;eRKagenHRtUv)antPab;y:agrwgedayTwkbnSar nwgGacsnt;CaeRKOgbgMCab;. enARtg;
TRm Ggt;RtUv)anpSarPab;eTAnwgbnHctuekaNEdlPab;edaybULgeTAnwgRKwHebtug. edaydak;eRKag
enHRsbKa ehIyPab;BYkvaedayGgt;bEnm Edlbnab;mkRtUv)anRKbedaysmardMbUl nigbiT)aMg
edaysmarCBaaMgedIm,IbegIt)anCaRbBnsMNg;TUeTA. karlMGitsMxan;minRtUv)anerobrab;eT b:uEnGKar
BaNiCkmxattUcRtUv)ansagsg;tamlkNEbbenH. karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgM nigkarsikSaviPaK
eRKagnImYyrbs;RbBncab;epImCamYynwgeRKagkgbg;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 1>2 b. cMNaMfa TRm
RtUv)anbgajCaTRmsnak; (hinges or pinned) minEmnTRmbgb; (fixed). RbsinebIeCIgtagman
lTPaBrgmuMrgVilscesIg bRbsinebIkartPab;manlkNbt;Ebn (flexible) RKb;RKan;edIm,IGnuBaat
[manmuMrgVil enaHeKcat;TukvaCaTRmsnak; (pinned). karsnt;enAkgviFITUeTAnkarsikSaviPaKeRKOg
bgMKW kMhYcRTg;RTaymantmtUc EdlmannyfamMurgVildtictYcrbs;TRmGaceFVI[TRmmanlkNCa
tMNsnak; (pinned) )an.
enAeBlEdleKTTYl)annUvragFrNImaRtrbs;eRKag niglkxNTRmehIy eKGackMNt;kardak;
bnk)an. karkMNt;bnkenHTak;TgnwgkarEckrMElkbnksrubTaMgGs;eTAeRKagnImYy. RbsinebI
eRKagEdlBicarNargbnkdMbUlBRgayesI enaHeRKagnImYyEdlTTYlnUvcMENkrbs;bnkenHnwgman
TRmg;CabnkBRgayesIEdlmanlkNCabnat;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 1>2 b.
T.Chhay 2 Introduction
sRmab;kardak;bnkEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 1>2 b eRKagnwgxUcRTg;RTaydUcbgajenAkgrUb

edayExSdac;. Ggt;nImYyrbs;eRKagRtUv)ancat;cMNat;fak;edayGaRsyeTAelIRbePTnkareFVIkar
EdlsMEdgedayrUbragEdlxUcRTg;RTay. Ggt;edk AB nig BC rgkarBt;begag (bending or
flexure) RtUv)aneKehAfaFwm (beam). Ggt;bBar BD Edlrgm:Um:g;KU (couple) EdlbBanBIFwm
nImYy b:uEnsRmab;eRKagsIuemRTIdUcbgaj vamantmdUcKa EtTisedApyKa dUcenHeKGacecal

m:Um:g;KU (couple) enH)an. dUcenH Ggt; BD rgEtkmaMgsgt;tamGkSEdl)anBIbnkbBar. enA
kgsMNg; Ggt;rgkarsgt;bBardUcGVIEdl)anerobrab;RtUv)aneKehAfassr (column). cMENkGgt;
bBarBIrepSgeTot AE nig CF minRtwmEtRTnUvkmaMgsgt;tamGkSb:ueNaHeT b:uEnvaEfmTaMgTb;Tl;
nwgkarBt;begagEdlmantmFMeTotpg. Ggt;EbbenHRtUv)aneKehAfa beam-column. Cak;Esg
RKb;Ggt;TaMgGs; eTaHCaRtUv)ancat;cMNat;fak;CaFwm bssrkeday kvaenAEtrgbnktamGkS nig
m:Um:g;Bt;Edr b:uEnenAkgkrNICaeRcIn eKGacecal\TiBlNaEdlmantmtUc)an.
bEnmBIelIRbePTGgt;Edl)anBNnaxagelI esovePAenHnwgerobrab;BIkarKNnakartPab; nig
Ggt;BiessdUcteTA composite beam, composite column nig plate girder.
esckIepIm 3 T.Chhay
1>2> bnk Loads
kmaMg (force) EdlmanGMeBIelIeRKOgbgMRtUv)aneKehAfabnk (load). bnkRtUv)anEckecj

CaBIrRbePTFMKW bnkefr (dead load) nigbnkGefr (live load). bnkefrCabnkEdlsitenACa
GciRny_EdlrYmmanTmn;rbs;eRKOgbgMxng EdleK[eQaHfabnkpal;xn (self-weight). bEnmBI
elIbnkpal;xn (self-weight) bnkefr (dead load) enAkgGKarrYmmanTmn;rbs; nonstruc-tural
component EdlmandUcCa floor covering, partition nig suspended ceilings CamYynwgRbBn
GKisnI smaremkanic nigRbBnTwk. RKb;bnkEdl)anerobrab;CabnkEdlTak;TgeTAnwgTMnajEpn

dIehIyRtUv)aneKehAfa gravity loads. bnkGefrEdlGacCa gravity load CabnkEdlminenAsit
esrdUcbnkefreT. vaGac bminGacmanGMeBIelIeRKOgbgMRKb;eBl ehIyTItaMgrbs;vakminCab;lab;
Edr. bnkGefrrYmman eRKOgsgarwm smar Tmn;rbs;mnusSEdlrs;enAelIGKar. CaTUeTAeKminGac
kMNt;TMhMrbs;bnkGefr (live load) )anCak;lak;dUcbnkefr (dead load) eT dUcenHTMhMrbs;vaCa
TMhM)a:n;san. kgkrNICaeRcIn eKRtUveFVIkarGegteTAelIGgt;eRKOgbgMsRmab;TItaMgepSgrbs;bnk
Gefr (live load) EdlkareFVIEbbenHeKnwgminemIlrMlgBIlkxN)ak;deRKaHfak;eLIy.
RbsinebIeKGnuvtbnkGefreTAelIeRKOgbgMyWt edaymindkecj bdak;eLIgvijsarcuHsar
eLIg enaHeKviPaKeRKOgbgMCalkNsaTic. RbsinebIeKGnuvtbnky:agelOn dUckgkrNIeRKOgbgM
RT]bkrN_scclt eKRtUvKitbBal\TiBlTgic. RbsinebIbnkRtUv)andak; nigdkcuHeLIgeRcIndg
kgmYyCIvitrbs;eRKOgbgM fatigue stress nwgkayCabBaaEdleKRtUvykmksikSa. bnkTgicekItman
cMeBaHGKarkgkMrittictYc dUcCaGKar]sSahkm cMENk fatigue load KWkMrnwgekItmanNas; eRBaHmun
nwg fatigue kayCabBaa luHRtaEtvdnkardak;bnkmanrab;Ban;dg. edaymUlehtuenH RKb;lkxN
bnkTaMgGs;EdlmanenAkgesovePAenHRtUv)aneKKitCabnksaTic ehIyeKminBicarNaBI fatigue eT.
edaysarFmCatiminzitefrrbs;xl;bk;xb; nigbWtenAelIpxageRkArbs;GKar eKcat;Tukxl;
kgCMBUkbnkGefrEdr. b:uEnedaysarkarKNnabnkxl;manlkNsKsaj eKcat;TukvakgCMBUk
dac;edayELk. edaysarbnkxag (lateral load) man\TiBly:agxaMgcMeBaHGKarx<s; dUcenH xl;
manlkNminsMxan;cMeBaHGKarTabeT b:uEn uplift nRbBndMbUlRsalGacmaneRKaHfak;. eTaHbICa
xl;manvtmanRKb;eBlkeday keKminBicarNavaCajwkjykgkarsikSaKNnaEdr ehIyeKkmincat;
TukvaCa fatigue load eT.
bnkrBaydICaCMBUkBiessmYyeTotEdleKcaM)ac;BicarNaBIvasRmab;EtTItaMgPUmisaRsNaEdl
GacekItmanrBaydIb:ueNaH. karsikSaviPaKeRKOgbgMEdlrg\TiBlrBaydITamTarkarsikSaviPaK
structures response eTAnwgclnarbs;dIEdlbegIteLIgedayrBaydI. eBlxHeKeRbIviFIgayRsYl
Edl\TiBlrBaydIRtUv)an simulate edayeRbIRbBnkmaMgedk EdlmanlkNdUcCasm<aFxl;eday

dak;va[manGMeBItamCan;nImYyrbs;GKar.
RBwlCaRbePTbnkGefrmYyEbbeTotEdlRtUvKitkgCMBUkdac;edayELk. RBwlGacKrCaBMnUk.
bnkGefrepSgeTotkRtUv)ancat;TukkgCMBUkdac;edayELkEdr dUcCasm<aF hydrostatic nig
sm<aFdI.
1>3> Building Codes
GKarRtUv)ansikSaKNna (design) nigsagsg;edayGaRsyelIGVIEdl)anEcgenAkg building

code EdlCaksarc,ab;EdlmantRmUvkarTak;TgeTAnwgsuvtiPaBrbs;eRKOgbgM suvtiPaBelIGKIPy
karerobcMRbBnTwk karerobcMRbBnxl; nigkarsMrYlkareRbIR)as;dl;CnBikar. Building code min)an

pl;nUvlMnaMsikSaKNna (design) eT b:uEnvakMNt;nUvtRmUvkarkgkarsikSaKNna (design). lkN
sMxan;sRmab;visVkreRKOgbgMKWbBatBIbnkGefrGb,brmaEdlmanGMeBIelIGKar.
bcb,n eKman building code mYyEdlGacsMrYldl;kargarrbs;visVkrEdlsikSaKNnaeRKOg
bgMTaMgenAshrdGaemric kdUcbNaRbeTsepSgKW International Building Code (IBC).
1>4> Design Specifications
pyBI building code, design specification pl;nUvkarENnaMlMGitsRmab;karsikSaKNna

Ggt;eRKOgbgM nigkartPab;rbs;va. Design Specification tMNag[karGnuvtvisVkmdlEdlQr
elIkarsikSaRsavRCavcugeRkaybMput. vaRtUv)anEksMrYl nigeFVI[kan;EtRbesIreLIgtamxYb. dUcKa nwg
building code Edr design specification RtUv)aneKsresreLIgkgTRmg;c,ab;edayGgkarEdlmin
rkplcMeNj.
Specification EdlvisVkreRKOgbgMcab;GarmN_eRcInKW specification Edle)aHBum<pSayeday
GgkardUcxageRkam
esckIepIm 5 T.Chhay
!> American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC): Specification enHpl;[sRmab;

sikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMGMBIEdk nigkartPab;rbs;va. vaCa Specification cMbgEdlykcit
Tukdak;edayesovePAenH (AISC, 1993).
@> American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO):
Specification enHRKbdNb;elIkarsikSaKNnas<an highway nigeRKOgbgMTak;TgepSg
eTot. vapl;RKb;smarTaMgGs;EdleRbICaTUeTAsRmab;s<anEdlmandUcCa Edk ebtugBRgwg

edayEdk nigeQI (AASHTO, 1992, 1994).
#> American Railway Engineering Association (AREA): ksarenHRKbdNb;elIkar
sikSaKNnas<ansRmab;rfePIg nigeRKOgbgMEdlTak;TgepSgeTot (AREA, 1992).
$> American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI): specification enHedaHRsayCamYynwg cold-
formed steel Edlmanerobrab;enAkgkfaxN 1>6 kgesovePAenH (AISI, 1996).
1>5> eRKOgbgMGMBIEdk Structural Steel

eKeRbIR)as;EdkdMbUgbgs;sRmab;smartUctaMgBIRbEhl 4000qaMmunRKisskraC
(Murphy, 1957). smarenHmanTRmg;Ca wrought iron EdlplitedaykardutEr:EdkenAkgePIg.
enAkgGMLg cugstvtSr_TI 18 nigedImstvtSr_TI 19 cast iron nig wrought iron RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;

sMNg;s<an. EdksMNg; (steel) CasMelahn iron nigkarbUn. EdkmansarFatuminsuT nigkabUn
ticCag cast iron EdlRtUv)aneKeRbIsRmab;sMNg;Fn;Fn;dMbUgkgstvtSr_TI 19. CamYynwgkarmk
dl;nkarEkERbrbs; Bessemer enAkgqaM 1855 Edkcab;epImCMnYs wrought iron nig cast iron kg
sMNg;.
lkNrbs;EdkEdlvisVkreRKOgbgMcab;GarmN_xaMgCageKKWdaRkamnlTplEdkTaj. Rb
sinebIsMNakKMrUBiesaFn_rgkmaMgtamGkS P dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 1>3 a enaHkugRtaMg (stress) nig
bERmbRmYlrageFob (strain) GacRtUv)ankMNt;tamrUbmndUcxageRkam
L
f =
P
A
ni g =
L
Edl f = kugRtaMgkmaMgTajtamGkS
A = RkLapmuxkat;
= strain tamGkS
L= RbEvgrbs;sMNakKMrU
L = kMhUcRTg;RTay
RbsinebIeKbegInbnkBIsUneTAdl;cMNucdac; (fracture) kugRtaMg nig strain RtUv)aneKKNna

tamCMhannImYy ExSekagTMnak;TMngrvagkugRtaMg nigbERmbRmYlrageFob (stress-strain curve)
RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 1>3 b. ExSekagenHsRmab;RbePTEdksVit (ductile, mild or steel) .
TMnak;TMngrvagkugRtaMg nig strain manlkNCabnat;BIcMNucsUnrhUtdl;EdnkMNt;smamaRt
(proportional limit) EdlkgcenaHenHsmareKarBtamc,ab;hUk (Hooks law). bnab;mkvaeTA
dl;cMNuc yield xagelIy:agelOnrYcFak;mkcMNuc yield xageRkam. bnab;BI enaHkugRtaMgenArkSa

tmefr eTaHbICa strain enAEtbnekIneLIgkeday. enARtg;tMNak;kalnkardak;bnkenH sMNak
KMrUBiesaFn_enAEtbnlUtEvg eTaHbICaeKminbegInbnkkeday EtbnkkminRtUv)andkEdr. tMbn;kug
RtaMgefrenHRtUv)aneKehAfatMbn;)asic (plastic range or yield plateau). enARtg; strain Edlman
tmRbEhl 12dgn strain enAtMbn; yield, strain hardening cab;epImekItman ehIyeKRtUvkar
esckIepIm 7 T.Chhay
bnkbEnm bkugRtaMgbEnm edIm,IeFVI[mansac;lUtbEnm b strain. eRkayeBl vaeTAdl;cMNuc

kugRtaMgGtibrma sMNakKMrUcab;epIm neck down EdleFVI[kugRtaMgcab;epImfycuH Et strain enAEtbn
ekIneLIgdEdl ehIyekItman fracture.
eTaHbICamuxkat;RtUv)ankat;bnykgGMLgeBldak;bnkkeday (Poisson effect) keKenAEt
eRbIRkLapmuxkat;edImedIm,IKNnakugRtaMgTaMgGs;. kugRtaMgEdl)anBIkarKNnatamviFIenH RtUv)an
eKsal;faCa engineering stress. RbsinebIeKeRbIRbEvgedImedIm,IKNna strain enaHvaRtUv)aneKehA
fa engineering strain.
EdkEdlRtUv)aneKBiesaFedIm,ITTYl)andaRkamdUcbgajkgrUbTI 1>3 b Ca ductile eRBaHva
man lTPaBrgkMhUcRTg;RTayFMmunnwgeFVIkardl; fracture. eKGacvas;PaBsVit (ductility) edayeRbI
sac;lUt (elongation) EdlkMNt;edayrUbmn
L f Lo
e= 100 (1.1)
Lo
Edl e= sac;lUt KitCaPaKry
L f = RbEvgrbs;sMNakKMrUenAeBldac;
Lo = RbEvgedIm
EdneGLasic (elastic limit) rbs;smarCakugRtaMgEdlsitenAcenaHEdnsmamaRt nigcMNuc

yeild xagelI. smarEdlrgkugRtaMgkgtMbn;enH sMNakKMrUnwgminmankMhUcRTg;RTayeRkayeBl
eKdkbnkeT. KngnkardkbnknwgsitenAtamKngnkardak;bnk ehIyvaminman permanent

strain eT. tMbn;rbs; stress-strain diagram enH RtUv)aneK[eQaHfa EdneGLasic (elastic rage).
eRkABI elastic limit KngnkardkbnknwgsitenAelIExSRtg;EdlRsbeTAnwgKngnkardak; bnk

ehIyvanwgman permanent strain. ]TahrN_ RbsinebIeKdkbnkRtg;cMNuc A kgrUbTI 1>3 b
KngnkardkbnknwgsitenAelIExS AB Edlpl;nUv permanent strain OB .
rUbTI 1>4 bgajBIkMENdlrbs; stress-strain curve. Proportional limit, elastic limit,
upper nig lower yield point KWsitenAelIcMNucEtmYyEdleKehAfa yield point EdlkMNt;edaykug
RtaMg Fy . cMNucmYyeTotEdlvisVkreRKOgbgMRtUvcab;GarmN_KWkugRtaMgGtibrma EdleK[eQaHfa

ultimate tensile strength Fu . rUbragrbs;ExSekagenHCaKMrUsRmab; mild structural steel TaMgGs;
EdlvaxusKaBImYyeTAmYyedaytm Fy nig Fu . pleFobkugRtaMgelI strain kgEdneGLasic
RtUv)ankMNt;eday E EdleKehAfa youngs modulus or modulus of elasticity. E mantM;lesI

29,000ksi 2 10 MPa sRmab;RKb;eRKOgbgMEdkTaMgGs;.
5
rUbTI 1>5 bgajBIRbePT stress-strain curve sRmab; high-strength steels EdlmanPaBsVit

tUcCag mild steels. eTaHbIvamanEpk linear elastic nig tensile strength keday Etvaminman yield
point b plastic plateau eT. edIm,IeRbI higher strength steel enH[dUcnwgkareRbIR)as; ductile steel
eKRtUvkartmkugRtaMg Fy dUcenHeKGaceRbIdMeNIrkar nigrUbmndUcKasRmab;RKb;RbePTEdkTaMg Gs;.

dUcEdl)anbgajBImun sRmab;EdkEdlrgkugRtaMgeRkABItMbn; elastic limit enAeBleKdkbnk
vanwgsitenAelIKngExSEdlRsbnwgKngdak;bnk EtvamineTAdl;cMNuc strain esIsUneT. dUcenHva
man residual strain b permanent strain eRkayeBldkbnk. Yield stress sRmab;EdkCamYy
nwgRbePT stress-strain curve EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 1>5 RtUv)aneKehAfa yield strength Edl
RtUv)ankMNt;Ca kugRtaMgRtg;cMNucnkardkbnkEdlRtUvnwg permanent strain nbrimaNkMNt;Na
mYy. eKeRCIserIs yk strain esInwg 0.002 ehIyviFInkarkMNt; yield strength enHRtUv)aneKehAfa
0.2% offset method. dUcEdl)anerobrab;BImun CaTUeTAeKRtUvkarlkNBIrsRmab; structural
strength design KW Fy nig Fu edayminKitBIrUbragrbs; stress-strain curve nigminKitBIrebob
EdlTTYl)an Fy eT. sRmab;mUlehtuenH eKeRbItYTUeTA yield stress ehIyvaGacmannyCa yield

point b yield strength.
lkNepSgrbs;eRKOgbgMEdkEdlrYmbBalTaMg strength nig ductility RtUv)ankMNt;eday

smasFatuKImI (chemical composition). Edk (steel) CasMelahEdlFatupSMcMbgrbs;vaCa iron.
esckIepIm 9 T.Chhay
sarFatupSMrbs;eRKOgbgMEdkTaMgGs; eTaHCakg brimaNtictYckeday KWkabUnEdlCasarFatucUlrYm

kgkarbegIn strength b:uEnvakat;bny ductility. karekIneLIgnPaKrykabUnKWbegIn strength
Etkat;bny ductility EdleFVI[karpSarmankarBi)ak. sarFaturYmpSMdTeTotrbs;EdksMNg;rYm
mans<an; (copper), manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum nig silicon. eRKOgbgMEdk
RtUv)anerobcMCaRkumEdlGaRsyeTAnwgsarFatupSMrbs;vadUcxageRkam
!> Plain carbon steel: EdlPaKeRcInCa iron nigkabUnticCag 1%
@> Low-alloy steel: man iron nigkabUn EdlrYmpSMCamYynwgsarFatuepSgeTot CaTUeTAtic
Cag 5% . sarFatubEnmKWedIm,IbegInersIusg; Etvanwgkat;bnyPaBsVit.
#> High-alloy or specialty steel: mansarFatupSMRsedogKanwg low-alloy steel Edr Etman
sarFatubEnmeRcInPaKryCag. EdkenHmanersIusg;FMCag plain carbon steel nigman
KuNPaBBiessdUcCakarkarBarERcH.
Graderbs;EdksMNg; (structural steel) RtUv)ankMNt;eday American Society for Testing

and Material (ASTM). GgkarenHbegItbTdanedIm,IkMNt;smareTAtamsarFatupSM lkN nigkar
eFVIkarrbs;va (ASTM, 1996a). EdkeRKOgbgMEdleKcUlciteRbIsBVfCa mild steel EdlsMKal;Ca

ASTM A36 bsresry:agxI A36 . vaman stress-strain curve dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 1>3 b nig 1>4
ehIymanlkNrgkarTajdUcxageRkam
Yield stress: Fy = 36 Ksi 250 MPa
Tensile strength: Fu = 58ksi 400 MPa eTA 80ksi 550MPa

Edk A36 RtUv)ancat;fak;Ca plain carbon steel ehIyvamansarFatupSM eRkABI iron dUcxageRkam
Carbon: 0.26% Gtibrma
Phosphorous: 0.04% Gtibrma
Sulfur: 0.05% Gtibrma
PaKryenHCatmRbhak;RbEhl tmCak;EsgGaRsynwgTRmg;nkarplitEdk. Edk A36 Ca

ductile steel Edlmansac;lUt (elongation) EdlkMNt;edaysmIkar 1.1 KW 20% edayQrelIRbEvg
edIm Lo = 8in. 200mm .

eKRtUvplitEdk A36 edayeKarBtambTdanrbs; ASTM. tm yield strength nig tensile
strength Edl)anbgajCatRmUvkarGb,brma EtvaGacFMCagtmenH. Tensile strength RtUv)aneK
[enAkgcenaHtmmYy eRBaHlkNenHminGacTTYl)anedaysuRkitdUc yield strength eT.

CaTUeTA EdkEdlman yield stress FMCag 36ksi 250MPa RtUv)anKitCa high-strength
steel. High-strength steel EdleKniymeRbI eRcInCaRbePTEdkEdlman yield strength
50ksi 345MPa nigman tensile strength 65ksi 450MPa b 70ksi 480 MPa ehIyeKkman
EdkEdlman yield strength 100ksi 690MPa . Ca]TahrN_ ASTM A242 Ca low-alloy,

corrosion resistant steel Edlman yield strength 42ksi 290MPa / 46ksi 320MPa nig
50ksi 345MPa CamYynwg tensile strength EdlRtUvKanwg 63ksi 435MPa / 67 ksi 460 MPa
nig 70ksi 480MPa . cMENksmasFaturYmpSMKImIrbs;vamandUcxageRkam

Carbon: 0.15% Gtibrma
Manganese 1.00% Gtibrma
Phosphorus: 0.15% Gtibrma
Sulfur: 0.05% Gtibrma
Copper: 0.20% Gtibrma
Edk A242 minEmn ductile dUc A36 . sac;lUtEdlQrelIRbEvgedIm 8in. 200mm esInwg 18%
ebIeRbobeFobCamYysac;lUtrbs; A36 EdlmantmesInwg 20% .
1>6> rUbragmuxkat;bTdan (Standard Cross-sectional Shapes)
eKalbMNgcMbgkgkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMEdkKWkareRCIserIsmuxkat;EdlsmRsbsRmab;
esckIepIm 11 T.Chhay
Ggt;nImYy. CaTUeTA kareRCIserIsenHtRmUv[eRCIserIsrUbragmuxkat;tambTdanEdleRbIR)as;y:ag

TUlMTUlayCagkartRmUv[plitrUbragEdlmanxat niglkNBiess. kareRCIserIsrUbragEdkEdl
manRsab; (off-the shelf) CaCMerIsEdlmanlkNesdikcCag eTaHbICavaeRbIsmareRcInCagbnicbnc
kedaykI. RbePTnrUbragbTdanEdlFMCageKRtUv)anplitedaykarhUtekA (hot-rolling). enAkg
dMeNIrplitkmEdleFVIeLIgenAkgeragcRkplitEdk (mill) EdkEdlrlayEdl)anBILsEdkRtUv)an
cak;cUleTAkgRbBnBum<EdlCab; edayTuk[EdkeLIgrwg b:uEneKminGnuBaat[vaRtCak;eBj eljeT.
EdkekAqgkat; roller CaesrI EdlKab[eTACarUbragEdlcg;)an. karhUtEdkkgeBlEdlvaenAekA
GnuBaat[vaxUcrUbragedaymin)at;bg; ductility rbs;va dUckrNIhUtRtCak;eT. kgGMLgeBlhUt
Ggt;EdllUtRbEvgehIyRtUv)ankat;tamRbEvgbTdan EdlCaTUeTAmanRbEvgGtibrma BI 65 ft 20m
eTA 75 ft 23m ehIyEdlvaRtUv)ankat;Cabnbnab;eTAtamRbEvgrbs;eRKOgbgMenA eragCageTAtam
karkMNt;rbs;bg;.
muxkat;xHrbs; hot-rolled shape EdlRtUv)aneRbICaTUeTARtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 1>6. xat

nigkMNt;sMKal;rbs;rUbragbTdanRtUv)ankMNt;enAkg ASTM standard (ASTM, 1996). W-shape
EdleKGacehA)anfa rUbragsabTUlay (wide flange shape) EdlpSMeLIgedaysabBIrEdlEjk
edayRTnugmYy. rUbragenHmanGkSsIuemRTIBIr. kMNt;sMKal;KMrUrbs;vaKW W 18 50 Edl W bgajBI
RbePTrUbrag/ elx 18 Ca nominal depth EdlRsbeTAnwgRTnug nig 50 CaTmn;rbs;EdkkgmYy
ktaRbEvg. W-shape n nominal size TaMgGs;RtUv)andak;CaRkumEdlmankm<s;BIsabxagkgeTA
sabxagkgdUcKa b:uEnmankMras;sabxusKa.
American Standard b S-shape KWRsedogKaeTAnwg W-shape Edr edaymansabBIrRsbKa
RTnugmYy nigmanGkSsIuemRTIBIr. PaBxusKarbs;vaKWsmamaRtrbs;muxkat; sabrbs; W FMCagRTnug

cMENksabrbs; S tUcCagRTnug. elIsBIenH pxagkg nigpxageRkArbs;sabn W-shape man
lkNRsbKa Etpxagkgnsabrbs; S-shape eTrEdleFVI[kMras;xagcugtUcCagkMras;enAEk,r
RTnug. kMNt;sMKalrbs; S-shape KW S18 70 Edl S bgajBIRbePTrbs;rUbrag nigelxTaMg
BIrtYCakm<s; nigTmn;kgmYyktaRbEvg erogKa. rUbragenHRtUv)aneKehAfa I-beam.
EdkEkg (angle shape) GacmaneCIgesI beCIgminesI. kMNt;sMKal;KMrUKW L6 6 b 3
4
L6 3 5 8 . elxTaMgbItYKW RbEvgeCIgTaMgBIrrbs;vaEdlvas;BIcugeTAEkgxageRkA nigkMras;rbs;va.
kgkrNIEdkEkgEdlmaneCIgminesI eCIgEvgRtUv)ansresrmun. kMNt;sMKal;rbs;EdkEkgmin)an

R)ab;BITmn;eT.
American Standard Channel b C-shape mansabBIr nigRTnugmYy EtmanGkSsIuemRTIEt
mYy. kMNt;sMKal;KMrUrbs;vaKW C 9 20 . nimitsBaaenHKWRsedogKanwg W- nig S-shape Edr Edl

manelxmYytYtMNag[km<s; nigmYytYeTottMNag[Tmn;kgmYyktaRbEvg. b:uEnsRmab; channel
km<s;manRbEvgCak;EsgCag. pxagkgrbs;sabKWdUcKanwg S-shape Edr. eKenAman
Miscellaneous Channel EdlCa]TahrN_ MC10 25 KWRsedogKanwg American Standard
Channel Edr.
Structural Tee RtUv)anpliteLIgedaykat; W-, M- b S-shape Rtg;km<s;Bak;kNal.
eBlxHeKehArUbragenHfa split-tee. buBVbTnnimitsBaarbs;rUbragenHKW WT, MT b ST GaRsy

eTAelIrUbragedImrbs;vamuneBlkat;. ]TahrN_ WT18 115 man nominal depth 18in. nigmanTmn;
115lb / ft ehIyvaRtUv)ankat;ecjBI WT 36 230 . dUcKasRmab; ST- nig MT-shape.
edaymin)anbgajkgrUbTI 1>6 eKenAman hot-rolled shapes EdlmanlkNRsedogeTAnwg

W-shape EdrKW HP- nig M-shapes. eKeRbI HP shape sRmab;ssrRKwH EdlvamanpsabRsbKa
nigmanTTwgesInwgkm<s; ehIykMras;sabdUcKanwgkMras;RTnug. GkSr M tMNag[ Miscellaneous

epSg EdlrUbragenHminRtUvKanwgRbePTrUbragn W, HP b S eT. TaMg M- nig HP-shape
RtUv)ansMKal;kgTRmg;dUcKanwg W-shape Edr ]TahrN_ M 14 18 nig HP14 117 .
rUbragEdlRtUv)aneKeRbICajwkjab;Edr RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 1>7. Edkr)ar (bar) Gac
manmuxkat; mUl kaer nigctuekaNEkg. RbsinebITTwgrbs;muxkat;ctuekaNEkgmanRbEvgtUcCag
8in. 20cm eKcat;TukrUbragenHCaEdkr)ar (bar) ehIyvaRtUv)ansMKal;edayTTwgmunkMras; ( 8 3 4 )
EtpymkvijvaRtUv)ancat;TukCaEdkbnH (plate) ehIykMNt;sMKal;rbs;vaRtUv)annaMmuxedaykMras;

munTTwg ( 12 10 ). Edkr)ar (bar) nigEdkbnH (plate) RtUv)anpliteday hot-rolling.
rUbTI 1>7 kbgajBImuxkat;RbehagEdr EdlGacplitBIEdkbnH (plate) EdlRtUv)anBt;eTACa

rUbragEdlcg;)anehIypSartamefr beday hot-working edIm,IplitrUbragEdlKanefr. rUbragenH
RtUv)ankt;sMKal;eday HSS sRmab;muxkat;EdkRbehag. muxkat;RbehagrYmman TIbmUl nigTIbRCug
EdlmanrUbragkaer nigctuekaN.
eKenAmanrUbragepSgeTot b:uEneyIgelIkykEtrUbragEdleKniymeRbICaTUeTAmkbgaj
b:ueNaH. kgkrNICaeRcIn rUbragbTdanmYynwgbMeBjtRmUvkarsRmab;karsikSaKNna. Rbsinvamin
manrUbragbTdanEdlRtUvnwgkarsikSaKNnaeT eKcaM)ac;eFVI built-up section dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI
1>8. eBlxH standard shape RtUv)anbEnmeday cross-sectional element dUckrNIEdleKpSar
cover plate Pab;eTAnwgsabmYy bsabTaMgBIrrbs; W-shape. kareFVI built-up section CaviFIdman
RbsiTPaBkgkarbegInlTPaBRTRTg;rbs; standard shape. eBlxHeKRtUveRbI built-up shape

edaysarKan standard rolled shape NaEdlmuxkat;rbs;vamanRkLap bm:Um:g;niclPaBFMlm. enA
kgkrNIEbbenH eKeRbI plate girder EdlGacmanrUbragCa I-shaped section EdlmansabBIr nig
RTnugmYy bmuxkat;RbGb; EdlmansabBIr nigRTnugBIr. eKGacpSarFatupSMbBalKaedayrcnaedIm,I
TTYl)annUvlkNEdlcg;)an. eKGacbegIt built-up shape edayPab; standard rolled shape BIr
beRcInbBalKa. bnSMnrUbragEdleRbICaTUeTAKWEdkEkgDubEdlRtUv)andak;xgTl;xg ehIyRtUv)an
Pab;tamcenaHnRbEvgrbs;va.
RbePTepSgeTotrbs;EdksRmab;eRKOgbgMKW cold-formed steel. Structural steel RbePTenH

RtUv)anbegIteLIgedaykarBt;snwkbnHEdkesIgedaymineRbIkMedA. muxkat;KMrURtUv)anbgajenAkgrUb
TI 1>9. Cold-formed shape RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;RTTmn;Rsalb:ueNaH. Cold-working nwgbegIn
yield point b:uEnvanwgkat;bnyPaBsVitrbs;Edk nigeRkamlkxNCak;EsgeKGaceRbIvakgkarsikSa
KNna (AISI, 1993). KuNsm,tirbs;vaKWrUbragrbs;vagayRsYlkgkarbegIt. edaysarmuxkat;

rbs;vaesIg instability CaktacMbgkgkarsikSaKNna cold-formed structure.
II. eKalKMnitkgkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMEdk
Concepts in Structural Steel Design
2>1> TsSnviCakgkarsikSaKNnamuxkat; Design Philosophies
karsikSaKNnaGgt;eRKOgbgMtMrUvnUvkareRCIserIsmuxkat;EdlmansuvtiPaB nigmanlkN
esdkic edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkmaMgEdlGnuvtBIxageRkA. CaTUeTA lkNesdkicmannyfabrimaNEdk
Gb,brma. brimaNenHRtUvnwgmuxkat;EdlmanTmn;kgmYyktaRbEvgRsalCageK ehIyRtUvnwgmux
kat;EdlmanRkLaptUcCageKpgEdr. edIm,ITTYl)annUveKalbMNgenH visVkreRKOgbgMkRtUvsMerc
eFVIy:agNaeGayvamanlkNsuvtiPaBpgEdr. eKmanviFIkgkarKNnabIsMxan;xusKaKW
!> sRmab; allowable stress design eKRtUveRCIserIsGgt;EdlmanlkNmuxkat;dUcCa RkLa
p nigm:Um:g;niclPaBFMRKb;RKan;edIm,IkarBarkugRtaMgGtibrmakMueGayFMCagkugRtaMg
GnuBaat. kugRtaMgGnuBaatKWsitenAkgtMbn;eGLasicrbs;smar ehIyvamantmtUcCag
yield stress Fy emIlrUbTI 1>4. tmrbs;kugRtaMgGnuBaatGacesInwg 0.6 Fy . eKTTYl
)ankugRtaMg GnuBaatedayEck yield stress Fy b ultimate tensile stress F CamYynwg

u
emKuNsuvtiPaB. eKGacehAviFIkgkarKNnaenHfa elastic design b working stress

design. Working stress CakugRtaMgEdl)anBIbnkeFVIkar (working load or service
load). Ggt;Edl)anKNnarYcehIy GacrgkugRtaMgmineGayFMCagkugRtaMgGnuBaatenAeBl
rgbnkeFVIkar.
@> Plastic design KWQrelIkarsnt;lkxN)ak; (failure) CaglkxNbnkeFVIkar. Ggt;
RtUv)aneRCIserIsedayeRbIlkxNvinicyeGayeRKOgbgM)ak;eRkambnkEdlFMCagbnkeFVI
kar. kar)ak; (failure) kmannyfavamanPaBdabFMelIslub. eKeRbIBak plastic enATI
enHeRBaH enAeBl)ak; Epkrbs;Ggt;nwgrg strain FM EdlvamantmFMRKb;RKan;edIm,I eGay
Ggt;sitenAkgtMbn;)asic emIlrUbTI 1>3 b. enAeBlEdlmuxkat;TaMgmUlrbs;Ggt;
kayeTACa)asicenATItaMgRKb;RKan; plastic hinge nwgekIteLIgenATItaMgenaH Edl
begIt)anCa collapse mechanism. edaysarbnkCak;EsgtUcCag failure load
edaymanemKuNsuvtiPaBEdleKsal;faCa emKuNbnk (load factor). Ggt;EdlKNna
T.Chhay 16 Concepts in Structural Steel Design

tamviFIenH nwgmansuvtiPaB eTaHbICakarKNnaQrelIGVIEdlekItmanenAeBl)ak;keday.

dMeNIrkarnkarsikSaKNnaenHRtUv)ansegbdUcteTA
KuN working load b service load CamYynwgemKuNbnkedIm,ITTYl)an
z
failure load.
kMNt;lkNmuxkat;EdlcaM)ac;edIm,ITb;Tl; failure eRkamGMeBInbnkem

z
KuN. Ggt;EdlmanlkNEbbenHKWmanersIusg;RKb;RKan; ehIyvanwgCit

nwg)ak; enAeBlEdlGgt;rgbnkemKuNEbbenH.
eRCIserIsrUbragmuxkat;EdlRsalCageKEdlmanlkNEbbenH.
z
Ggt;EdlKNnaedayRTwsI)asicnwgeTAdl;cMNuc)ak;eRkamGMeBIbnkemKuN Etvamansuvti-
PaBeRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkarCak;Esg.
#> Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) manlkNRsedogKanwg plastic design
Rtg;eKKitlkxNeBl)ak;. eKGnuvtemKuNbnkeTAelIbnkeFVIkar ehIyeKRtUveRCIserIs
Ggt;EdlmanersIusg;RKb;RKan;edIm,IkarBarbnkemKuN. elIsBIenH ersIusg;Edl)anBIRTwsI
RtUv)ankat;bnyedaykarGnuvtemKuNersIusg;. lkNvinicyEdlRtUvbMeBjkgkareRCIs
erIsGgt;enHKW
bnkemKuN (factored load) ersIusg;emKuN (factored strength) (2.1)
CaTUeTA enAkgsmIkarenH bnkemKuNCaplbUknbnkeFVIkarTaMgGs;EdlRtUv)anTb;Tl;

edayGgt;eRKOgbgM edayKuNnwgemKuNbnkeTAtamRbePTbnk. Ca]TahrN_ bnkefr
RtUv)anKuNedayemKuNbnkEdlxusBIbnkGefr. ersIusg;emKuNCaersIusg;RTwsIEdl
KuNCamYynwgemKuNersIusg;. dUcenHeKGacsresrsmIkar 2.1 dUcxageRkam
bnk emKuNbnk ersIusg; emKuNersIusg; (2.2)
bnkemKuNCa failure load EdlmantmFMCagbnkeFVIkarsrubCak;Esg dUcenHCaTUeTAem

KuNbnkEtgEtFMCag 1.0. b:uEn ersIusg;emKuNRtUv)ankat;bny dUcenHemKuNersIusg;
eKalKMnitkgkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMEdk 17 T.Chhay
EtgEttUcCag 1.0. bnkemKuNCabnkEdlnaMeGayeRKOgbgM bGgt;eTAdl;cMNucEdn

kMNt;. kgnysuvtiPaB sanPaBkMNt;GacCa fracture, yielding b buckling
ehIyersIusg;emKuN CaersIusg;EdlmanRbeyaCn_rbs;Ggt;Edlkat;bnyBIersIusg;RTwsI
edayemKuNersIusg;. sanPaBkMNt;kGacCasanPaBkMNt;nkareRbIR)as; dUcCaPaBdab
GnuBaatGtibrma.
2>2> American Institute of Steel Construction Specification
sRmab;karsikSaKNnamuxkat;Ggt;rbs;eRKOgbgMGMBIEdk nigkartPab;rbs;va specification

of the American Institute of Steel Construction Ca design specification EdlmansarsMxan;.
vaRtUv)aneKsresr nigeFVIkarEkERbtamsmykaleday AISC committee EdlrYmmanvisVkreRKOg

bgM GksikSaRsavRCavBIsMNg;Edk plitkr nigGksagsg;sMNg;Edk. Allowable stress design
CaviFIdMbUgEdlRtUv)aneKeRbIsRmab;sMNg;EdleFVIBIeRKOgbgMEdktaMgBIkare)aHBum<pSayrbs; AISC
Specification elIkTImYy kgqaM 1923. enAqaM 1986 AISC )ane)aHpSay specification dMbUg
sRmab; load and resistance factor design sRmab;sMNg;GMBIEdk rYmCamYynwg Manual of Steel
Construction. eKalbMNgnksarTaMgBIrKWpl;nUvCeRmIssRmab;karKNnatam allowable stress
design eGay)aneRcIndUc karKNnatam plastic design. kare)aHBum<elIkTIBIrrbs; Manual (AISC,
1994) rYmman AISC Specification 1993.
Load and resistance factor design minEmnCaKMnitfIeT. taMgBIqaM 1974 vaRtUv)aneKeRbIenA
RbeTskaNada EdlenATIenaHeKehAviFIenHfa limit state design. ehIyvakCaeKalkarN_rbs;

European building code pgEdr. enAshrdGaemric LRFD CaviFInkarKNnaEdlRtUv)anGnuBaat
sRmab;ebtugBRgwgedayEdkCaeRcInqaMmkehIy ehIyvaCaviFIdMbUgEdlGnuBaatenAkg American

Concrete Institutes Building Code EdlvaRtUv)aneKsal;Ca Strength design (ACI, 1995).
Highway bridge design standard pl;eGayTaMg allowable stress design (AASHTO, 1992) nig
load and resistance-factor design (AASHTO, 1994).

2>3> emKuNersIusg; nigemKuNbnkEdleRbIR)as;enAkg AISC Specification

Load and Resistance Factors Used in the AISC Specification
smIkar 2.2 GacRtUv)aneKsresreGaykan;EtmanlkNsuRkitEfmeTotdUcxageRkam
Q i i Rn (2.3)
Edl = bnk kmaMg bm:Um:g;

Qi
= emKuNbnk
i
R = nominal resistance or strength

n
= emKuNersIusg;
R RtUv)aneKehAfa ersIusg;KNna (design strength). GgxageqVgnsmIkar 2.3, Q KWCa
n i i
plbUkncMnYnbnkKNna bnkemKuN TaMgGs;EdlmanGMeBIelIeRKOgbgM. emKuNbnk GaRsy

eTAnwgRbePTbnk nigkarbnSMbnk (load combination). bnkemKuN RtUv)anykeTAeFVIkarsikSa
KNnasRmab;tmEdlFMCageKkgcMeNamsmIkarpSMbnkTaMg ^ xageRkam. xageRkamCakarbnSMbnuk
EdleGayeday General Provision enAkgCMBUk A
1 .4 D A$-!
1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5( L orSorR )
r A$-@
1.2 D + 1.6( L orSorR) + (0.5 Lor 0.8W )
r A$-#
1.2 D + 1.3W + 0.5 L + 0.5( L orSorR )
r A$-$
1 .2 D 1 .0 E + 0 .5 L + 0 .2 S A$-%
0.9 D (1.3Wor1E ) A$-^
Edl D = bnkefr (Dead load)
L = bnkGefr (Live load)
L = bnkdMbUlGefr (Roof live load)

r
S = bnkRBwl (Snow load)
R = bnkePg bTwkkk (Rain or ice load)
W = bnkxl; (Wind load)
E = bnkrBaydI (Earthquake load)
eyIgeXIjfa smIkar A$-@/ sRmab;bnkGefr L esI 1.6 EtsRmab;smIkar A$-@ vij

= 0.5 . mUlehtuKWbnkGefr RtUv)aneKepatsMxan;sRmab;smIkar A$-@ bnkmYykgcMeNam
bnkTaMgbI L / S b R RtUv)aneKepatsMxan;sRmab;smIkar A$-#.
r
emKuNersIusg; mantmenAcenaHBI 0.75 eTA 1.
]TahrN_ 2>1 ssr Ggt;rgkarsgt; enACan;xagelIrbs;GKarrgbnkdUcxageRkam

bnkefr (Dead load): 485kN
bnkGefrelIkRmal (Floor live load): 205kN

bnkGefrelIdMbUl (Roof live load): 84.5kN
bnkRBwl (Snow): 89kN
a. kMNt;karbnSMbnktam AISC Edllub nigtmbnkemKuNEdlRtUvKa

b. RbsinebIemKuNersIusg; = 0.85 . etI nominal strength EdlRtUvkaresIb:unan?
dMeNaHRsay
a. bnSMbnkEdllubCabnSMbnkEdlbegItbnkemKuNFMCageK. eyIgnwgBinitsmIkarnImYy
EdlmanBak;Bnnwgbnkefr D / bnkGefrEdl)anBI]bkrN_ smar nigmnusSEdlmanGMeBI
elIkRmal L / bnkGefrEdlmanGMeBIelIdMbUl Lr nigbnkRBwl S .
(A4-1): 1.4 D = 1.4(485) = 679kN
(A4-2): 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5( Lrb S b R) . eday S > Lr ehIy R = 0 dUcenHeyIg
caM)ac;sikSakarbnSMbnkEtmgKt; edayeRbI S
1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5S = 1.2(485) + 1.6(205) + 0.5(89 ) = 954.5kN
(A4-3): b S b R) + (0.5L b 0.8W )
1 .2 D + 1 .6 ( L r
sRmab;bnSMbnkenH eyIgeRbI S CMnYseGay Lr ehIy R = W = 0

1.2 D + 1.6 S + 0.5 L = 1.2(485) + 1.6(89 ) + 0.5(205) = 826.9kN
(A4-4): b S b R) . smIkarenHRtUv)ankat;bnymk
1.2 D + 1.3W + 0.5 L + 0.5( Lr
Rtwm 1.2D + 0.5L + 0.5S ehIytamkarGegt eyIgeXIjfasmIkarenHpl;nUv

lTpltUcCagbnSM (A4-2) nig (A4-3).

(A4-5): . edaysar E = 0 dUcenHsmIkarenHRtUv)ankat;

1 .2 D 1 .0 E + 0 .5 L + 0 .2 S
bnymkRtwm 1.2D + 0.5L + 0.2S EdllTplTTYl)anBIsmIkarenHtUcCag

lTplEdlTTYl)anBIsmIkar (A4-4).
(A4-6): 0.9 D (1.3W b 1.0 E ) . smIkarenHmanemKuNbnkefrtUcCagsmIkardT
naMeGaylTplrbs;smIkarenHtUcCaglTplrbs;smIkardT.
cemIy bnSMbnkEdllubKW (A4-2) ehIybnkemKuNKW 954.5kN .
b. RbsinebIeKCMnYsbnkemKuNxagelIeTAkgsmIkar 2.3 eyIgTTYl)an
i Qi Rn
954.5 0.85Rn
Rn 1123kN
cemIy nominal strength EdlRtUvkarKW 1123kN .
2>4> mUldanRbU)ablIetrbs; Load and Resistance Factors

Probabilistic Basis of Load and Resistance Factors
TaMgemKuNbnk TaMgemKuNersIusg;EdlkMNt;eday AISC KWQrelIeKalkarN_RbU)ablIet.
emKuNersIusg;karBarPaBminCak;lak;nlkNrbs;smar RTwsInkarsikSaKNna nigkarsagsg;.
TinnynkarBiesaFRtUv)anbgajkgTMrg; histogram b bar graph dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2>1
EdlmanGkSGab;sIustMNageGaytmrbs;sMNakKMrU bRBwtikarN_ (event) nigGkSGredaentMNag
eGaycMnYnsMNakKMrUEdlmantmCak;lak; bPaBjwkjab; (frequency) nkarekIteLIgntmCak;
lak;. r)ar (bar) nImYyGactMNageGaytmsMNakKMrUmYy bEdnntmmYy. RbsinebIGredaen
KitCaPaKry RkaPicnwgtMNageGaykarEbgEck relative frequency. kgkrNIEbbenH plbUkrbs;
GredaennwgesI 100% . RbsinebIGkSGab;sIusCaRBwtikarN_ ehIyeRbInUvsMNakKMrURKb;RKan; Gredaen
nImYyGacsMEdgCaRbU)ablIetedaysresrCaPaKryntmsMNakKMrU bRBwtikarN_EdlekItman.
Relative frequency kGacsresrCaTMrg;TsSPaKpgEdr EdlmantmenAcenaHBI 0 nig 1.0 . dUcenH
plbUkrbs;GredaennwgesI 1.0 ehIyRbsinebIr)ar (bar) nImYymanTTwgkta dUcenHRkLapsrub

rbs;daRkamknwgesI 1.0 pgEdr. lTplenHbBaak;faRbU)ablIetEdlesInwg 1.0 nwgnaMeGayRBwti-
karN_sitenAkgEdnkMNt;rbs;daRkam. elIsBIenH Rb)ablIetntmCak;lak;EdltUcCag Edlnwg
ekIteLIgnwgesIRkLaprbs;daRkamEdlenAxageqVgrbs;tmenaH. RbU)ablIetnRBwtkarN_Edl
mantmsitenAcenaH a nig b enAkgrUbTI 2>1 esInwgRkLaprbs;daRkamenAcenaH a nig b .
munnwgdMeNIrkarsikSaKNna eyIgRtUvsal;BIrUbmnxHEdleRbIenAkgRbU)ablIet. mFmPaK

(mean) x nsMnMutmsMNakKMrU b population CatmmFmnBVnEdl
1 n
x= xi
n i =1
Edl xi CatmsMNakKMrU ehIy n CacMnYnrbs;tm. Median CatmkNalrbs; x ehIy mode

CatmEdlekItmanjwkjab;CageK. Variance v CaxatEdlvas;BIbERmbRmYlnTinnyTaMgGs;BI
mean ehIyRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam
v=
1 n
(
xi x
n i =1
)2
Standard deviation s Cabskaern variance
s=
1 n
(
xi x
n i =1
)2
dUcKanwg variance Edr standard deviation CargVas;nbERmbRmYlTaMgmUl b:uEnvamanxat niglMdab;n

GaMgtg;sIuetCa data. Coefficient of variation V CaplEckrvag standard deviation elI mean.
s
V =
x

RbsinebIeKCMnYskarEbgEck frequency Cak;EsgedayGnuKmn_Cab;tamRTwsIEdlesIrEtesIKanwgTin-

ny (data) enaHeKehAGnuKmn_enHCa probability density function. GnuKmn_EbbenHRtUv)an
bgajenAkgrUbTI 2>2. GnuKmn_RbU)ablIetRtUv)anKNnaedayeGayRkLapsrubEdlenABIeRkam
ExSekagesIcMnYnkta. sRmab;GnuKmn_ f (x)
+
f (x )dx = 1.0
EdlmannyfaRbU)ablIetntmsMNakKMrU bRBwtikarN_EdlnwgekIteLIgesInwg 1.0 . RbU)ablIetn

RBWtikarN_enAcenaH a nig b enAkgrUbTI 2>2 esInwgRkLapeRkamExSekagcenaH a nig b
a f (x )dx
b
enAeBlEdleKeRbI probability density function eKsnt;eRbInimitsBaaxageRkam

= mean
= standard deviation
eKalkarN_RbU)ablIetrbs;emKuNbnk nigemKuNersIusg;EdleRbIeday AISC RtUv)anbgaj

enAkg ASCE structural journal (Ravindra and Galambos, 1978). \TiBlbnk Q nigersIusg; R
CaGBaat ehIyvaGaRsyeTAnwgemKuNCaeRcIn. eK)a:n;san nigTTYl)anbnkBIkarvas;eRKOgbgMCak;
Esg ehIyersIusg;RtUv)anKNna nigkMNt;edaykarBiesaF. Q nig R RtUv)anbMEbkeGaydac;BIKa
ehIy GacbgajCa frequency distribution histogram bbgajCa theoretical probability density

function.
RbsinebIeKsg;daRkamn probability density sRmab;\TiBlbnk Q nigersIusg; R enAelI

RkaPicEtmYy dUcenAkgrUbTI 2>3 tMbn;EdlRtUvKanwg Q > R bgajBI failure ehIy Q < R bgajBI
survival. RbsinebIkarEbgEck Q nig R RtUv)andak;bBalKaeTAkgGnuKmn_EtmYy tmviCmann
R Q RtUvKanwg survival. dUcKa RbsinebIeKeRbI probability density function R / Q emKuN
suvtiPaB survival RtUv)ansMEdgedaytm R / Q FMCag 1.0 . RbU)ablIetEdlRtUvKanwg failure

CaRbU)ablIetEdl R / Q tUcCag 1.0 .
R
PF = P < 1
Q
edaydak;elakarItenEBeTAelIGgsgxagnvismIkarxagelIeyIgTTYl)an
R R
PF = P ln < ln1 = P ln < 0
Q Q
ExSekagEbgEck frequency n ln(R / Q ) RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2>4. eKGackMNt;TMrg;Edlman

lkNsg;danGBaat ln(R / Q ) Ca
R R
ln ln
Q Q m
U=
ln (R / Q )

R
Edl ln = tmmFm (mean value) n QR
Q m
ln (R / Q ) = standard deviation n QR

eyIgGacsresrRbU)ablIetn failure Ca
R R
PF = P ln < 0 = P U ln ( R / Q ) + ln < 0
Q Q m

R R
ln ln
Q m Q m
= P U < = Fu
ln (R / Q ) ln( R / Q )

Edl Fu Ca cumulative distribution function n U bCaRbU)ablIetEdl U minFMCag argument

rbs;GnuKmn_. RbsinebIeyIgyk
R
ln
Q m
= (2.4)
ln (R / Q )
R
enaH ln = ln ( R / Q )
Q m
eKGacbgajGBaat CacMnYnn standard deviations BIeKaln mean value ln(R / Q ) . edIm,I

suvtiPaB/ mean value RtUvEttUcCagsUn ehIyCavi)ak RtUv)aneKehAfa safety index b
reliability index. tmenHkan;EtFM kMritsuvtiPaBkan;EtFM. enHmannyfaRbU)ablIetn failure Edl
bgajedaypqUtenAkgrUbTI 2>4 nigmankMNt;sMKal; PF nwgmantmtUc. Reliability index

CaGnuKmn_n\TiBlbnk Q nigersIusg; R . kareRbI reliability index dUcKasRmab;RKb;RbePTGgt;
EdlrgRKb;RbePTbnk dUcKanwgkarpl;eGayGgt;nUversIusg;RKb;RbePTEdr. tmkMNt; (target
value) rbs; EdlbgajenAkgtarag 2>1 RtUv)aneRCIserIs nigeRbIenAkgkarKNnaemKuNbnk
nigemKuNersIusg;sRmab; AISC Specification EdlQrelIkaresIeLIgeday Ravindra and

Galambos (1978) ehIyk)anbgajfa
Rm 0.55V R
= e (2.5)
Rn
Edl nersIusg; R
Rm = mean value
Rn = nominal resistance bersIusg;tamRTwsI
VR = emKuNbERmbRmYlrbs; R
smIkar 2.5 CasmIkarsRmab;emKuNersIusg; EdleGayenAkg Commentary to the
Specification.
tarag 2>1 Edntm (target value) rbs;

lkxNbnk
RbePTeRKOgbgM
b
D + (L S ) D+L+S D+L+E
Ggt; 3.0 2.5 1.75
tMN 4.5 4.5 4.5
2>5> Manual of Steel Construction
manBIrPaK EdlPaKTImYymancMNgeCIgfa Structural Members, Specifications

Manual
and Codes man 7Epk Edlerobrab;BIkarKNnaGgt; ehIyPaKTIBIrmancMNgeCIg connections

man 5Epk EdlniyayBIkarKNnatMN. esovePAenHepatCasMxan;eTAelIPaKTImYyEdlEckecjCa

7Epk.
Part1. Dimensions and Properties: EpkenHmanBtmanlMGitBI standard rolled-shapes,
pipe nig structural tubing EdlrYmmanTMhMmuxkat; niglkNsMxan;TaMgGs; dUcCaRkLap
nigm:Um:g;niclPaB. EdkEdlmanerobrab;enAkg manual enHRtUv)anGnuBaateday AISC

Specification sRmab;eRbIR)as;enAkgsMNg;GKarEdlrYmmandUcxageRkam
ASTM A36: Carbon structural steel

ASTM A529: High-strength, carbon-manganese structural steel
ASTM A572: High-strength, low-alloy structural steel
ASTM A242: Corrosion-resistant, high-strength, low-alloy structural steel
ASTM A588: Corrosion-resistant, high strength, low-alloy structural steel
ASTM A852: Quenched and temped low-alloy structural plate
ASTM A514: High-strength, quenched and tempered alloy structural steel plate
Part2. Essentials of LRFD: EpkenHENnaMy:agsegbBImUldanrbs; load and resistance

factor design rbs;eRKOgbgMEdk nigman]TahrN_CaelxbgajpgEdr.
Part3. Column Design: EpkenHmantaragCaeRcInsRmab;sRmYlldl;karKNnaTaMgGgt;
rgkarsgt;tamGkS nig beam-columns. taragPaKeRcInKWsRmab;EdkEdlman yield stress

36ksi 250 MPa nig 50ksi 345MPa .
Part4. Beam and Girder Design: EpkenHkdUcEpkTI 3EdrKWvaman design aid CaeRcInrYm
mantarag nigRkaPic. Design aid PaKeRcInmanniyayBItMrUvkarrbs; AISC Specification

b:uEn design aid xHdUcCa Beam diagrams and Formula KWTak;Tgnwg structural analysis.
kgEpkenHkmanerobrab;BIdMeNIrkarKNnaFwm nig girder ehIyman]TahrN_bgajBIkarsikSa
KNnaeTotpg.
Part5. Composite Design: EpkenHerobrab;BIeRKOgbgMsmas EdlCaTUeTACaFwm bssr.
eRKOgbgMsmaspSMeLIgedaysmarBIrRbePTKW EdkeRKOgbgM nigebtugGarem:. CaFmta eK

eRbIFwmsmasenAeBlEdlRbBnFwmRsbRTkMralxNebtugGarem:. enAkgkarGnuvt element
EdlpSarPab;eTAnwgsabxagelIRtUv)anbgb;enAkgebtugedIm,IPab;smarTaMgBIr. ssrsmas
GacCaEdkeRKOgbgMbgb;enAkgebtugGarem: bEdkRbehagEdlbMeBjedayebtug. EpkenH

man design aid nig]TahrN_bgajpgEdr.
Part6. Specifications and Codes: EpkenHman AISC Specification nig Commentary,
specification sRmab;bULgersIusg;x<s; (RCSC, 1994) nigksardTeTot.
Part7. Miscellaneous Data and Mathematical Tables: EpkenHniyayBI wire, sheet
steel niglkNepSgrbs;Edk nigsmarsMNg;dTeTot. ehIykmanrYmbBalTaMgrUbmn
KNitviTa nigemKuNsRmab;bMElgxat.
PaKTIBIr EdlpSMeday 5Epk mantaragsRmab;CYykgkarKNnakartPab;edaykarpSar
nigedaybULgCamYynwgtaragEdlpl;eGayy:aglMGitelI standard connection.
AISC Specification RKan;EtCaEpkdtUcmYyrbs; Manual. Bak nigtmefrCaeRcInEdleRbI
enAkgEpkxHrbs; Manual RtUv)anbgajedIm,IsRmYldl;dMeNIrkarsikSaKNna ehIyvaminmansresr

enAkg specification eT.

cMeNaT
cMNaM bnksmtikmTaMgGs;CabnkeFVIkar (service load).
@>#>!> ssrenACan;xagelIrbs;GKarrgbnksgt;Edl)anBI bnkefr = 137kN / bnkGefr = 7.5kN /

bnkGefrEdlmanGMeBIelIdMbUl = 85kN nigbnkRBwl = 90kN .
k> kMNt;karbnSMbnkEdlmanlkNlub nigbnkemKuN.
x> RbsinebIemKuNersIusg;esInwg 0.85 . etI nominal strength tRmUvkarrbs;ssrmantmb:unan?
@>#>@> ssrrgbnkEdl)anBI bnkefr = 115kN / bnkGefr = 67kN / bnkGefrEdlmanGMeBIelI
dMbUl = 22kN / bnkRBil = 35kN / bnkePg = 22kN nigbnkxl; 35kN . bnkTaMgGs;Cabnk
sgt;elIkElgEtbnkxl;EdlGacCabnkTaj bbnksgt;.
k> kMNt;karbnSMbnkEdlmanlkNlub nigbnkemKuN.
x> RbsinebIemKuNersIusg;esInwg 0.85 . etI nominal strength tRmUvkarrbs;ssrmantmb:unan?
@>#>#> bnkenAelIFwmdMbUlrYmmanbnkGefr 2.9kN / m / bnkGefrEdlmanGMeBIelIdMbUl 1.9kN / m
nigbnkRBwl 2.0kN / m . kMNt;bnkemKuNEdleKeRbIsRmab;sikSaKNnaFwmenH. etIbnSMbnkmYy
NaEdllub?
@>#>$> eKnwgsikSaKNnaFwmsRmab;RbBndMbUl nigRbBnkRmalsRmab;GKarkariyaly. kMNt;bnSM
bnkEdllub nigbnkemKuNsRmab;krNIxageRkam
k> dMbUl bnkefr 1.4kN / m / bnkefrEdlmanGMeBIelIdMbUl 1.0kN / m / bnkRBil 1.0kN / m
2 2 2
nigbnkTwkePgEdl)anBIkm<s;Twk 10cm .
x> kRmal bnkefr 3.0kN / m nigbnkGefr 3.8kN / m
2 2
@>#>%> CaerOy eKEtgsikSaKNnasMNg;GKarGMBIEdkCamYynwgRbBnBRgwgGgt;RTUg (diagonal

bracing system) edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgbnkxag kmaMgtamTisedkEdlekItBIbnkxl; nigbnkrBaydI.
kMNt;bnSMbnk nigbnkemKuNEdllubsRmab;bnkEdl)anBI bnkefr = 59kN / bnkGefr = 31kN /

bnkGefrEdlmanGMeBIelIdMbUl = 5.8kN / bnkRBil = 5.8kN bnkxl; = 670kN nigbnkrBaydI
= 717 kN .
cMeNaT 29 T.Chhay
III. eRKOgbgMrgkarTaj
Tension Members
3>1> esckIepIm (Introduction)
eRKOgbgMrgkarTaj CaeRKOgbgMsMNg;EdlrgkmaMgTajtamGkS. vaRtUv)aneKeRbIsRmab;
eRKOgbgMeRcInRbePT rYmbBalTaMgeRKOgbgM truss ExSkabsRmab; suspension bridge nig cable-
stayed bridge, RbBnBRgwgGKar nigs<an ExSkabsRmab;RbBndMbUlBrpgEdr. sRmab;Ggt;rg
karTaj RkLapmuxkat;CaGkkMNt;lTPaBTb;Tl;eTAnwgkmaMgxageRkA. EdkEdlmanmuxkat;mUl

nig EdkEkghUtekA (rolled angle shape) RtUv)aneKeRbICaTUeTA. eBlxH muxkat; built-up BI
muxkat;hUtekA (rolled shape) bmuxkat;pSMKaBImuxkat;hUtekACamYynwgEdkbnH (plate) RtUv)aneK
eRbIR)as;kgkrNITb;Tl;CamYybnkFM. muxkat; built-up PaKeRcInCa double-angle section rUb
TI3>1 CamYynwgmuxkat;KMrUepSgeTot. edaysarEtkareRbIR)as;muxkat;enHmanPaBTUlMTUlay
taraglkNnbnSMmuxkat;Ekg (combinations of angles) epSgkRtUv)anbBaleTAkg AISC
Manual of steel Construction.
Figure 3.1
kugRtaMgenAkgGgt;rgkarTajtamGkSKW
P
f =
A
RbsinebIRkLapmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;rgkarTajERbRbYltamRbEvg enaHkugRtaMgnwgERbRbYltam
muxkat;Edr. CaFmta eRKOgbgMrgkarTajEdlPab;edaybULg EtgEtmanRbehag. vtmanrbs;Rb
T.Chhay 30 Tension Members
ehagEtgman\TiBleTAelIkugRtaMg. enAkgkrNIenH eKecalmuxkat;Rbehag. RkLapmuxkat;suT

(net area b net section) Camuxkat;suTEdlminKitmuxkat;Rbehag RkLapeBj (gross area) Camux
kat;eBjEdlKitrYmTaMgmuxkat;Rbehag. CaerOy Ggt;rgkarTajEtgPab;edaybULgenAxagcug rUb

TI3>2.
Figure 3.2
karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMrgkarTaj KWCakareRCIserIsGgt;Edlmanmuxkat;RKb;RKan; edIm,ITb;

Tl;nwgkugRtaMgEdl)anBIbnkemKuN. kgkrNIEdleKsal;muxkat;Ggt; eKGacKNnaersIusg;KNna
(design strength) ehIyeKeFVIkareRbobeFobvaCamYybnkemKuN. CaTUeTA karsikSaviPaK (analysis)
CadMeNIrkarKNnaviPaK cMENkkarsikSaKNnamuxkat; (design) CadMeNIrkarKNnasarcuHsareLIg

ehIyRtUvkarkarsakl,g nigmankMhusecosminput.
3>2> ersIusg;KNna (Design strength)

eRKOgbgMrgkarTajGacminCab;edaysanPaBkMNt; (limit state) BIry:ag
- kMhUcRTg;RTayelIslb; (excessive deformation) edIm,IkarBarsanPaBEbbenH bnkenAelI
muxkat;eBj (gross section) RtUvEtmantmtUcRKb;RKan; EdlnaM[kugRtaMgenAelImuxkat;
eBj (gross section) man tmtUcCagkugRtaMgyal (yield stress) F .y
Pn < Fy Ag
eRKOgbgMrgkarTaj 31 T.Chhay
Edl Pn = nominal strength in yielding

Fy = yield strength
Ag = gross section area
- kardac; (fracture) edIm,IkarBarsanPaBEbbenH kugRtaMgenAelImuxkat;suT (net section) RtUv

EtmantmtUcCagersuIsg;dac; (tensile strength) F . u
Pn < Fu Ae
Edl Pn = nominal strength in yielding

Fu = tensile strength
RkLapmuxkat;suTRbsiTPaB (effective net area). kgkrNIxH A mantm
Ae = e
esIRkLapmuxkat;suT (net section) A EtkgkrNIxHvamantmtUcCag A .

n n
eTaHbICa enAelImuxkat;suT (net section) ekItmanyal (yield) munkeday EtkMhUc

RTg;RTayenAelIRbEvgntMNmantmtUcCagkMhUcRTg;RTayenAelIEpkrgkarTajEdlenAsl;.
mUlehtuKWsac;lUtsrub (total elongation) CaplKuNrvagRbEvgedIm nigsac;lUteFob (strain)
GnuKmneTAnwgkugRtaMg. sanPaBkMNt; (limit state) seRmc[muxkat;eBj (gross section)
rgkugRtaMgyal (yield stress) KWedaysarEtsac;lUtsrubmantmFMCag minEmneday
sarkaryal (yielding) muneT.
emKuNersIusg; = 0.9 sRmab;karyal (yielding)
t
emKuNersIusg; = 0.75 sRmab;kardac; (fracture)

t
BIsmIkar !># eyIgGacsresr

Q i i t Pn
b Pu t Pn
Edl P CabnSMbnkemKuNEdlmantmFMCageK.
u
edaysareKmansanPaBkMNt; (limit state) cMnYnBIr dUcenHsanPaBTaMgBIrRtUvbMeBjlkxN

xageRkam
Pu 0.9 Fy Ag sRmab;;muxkat;eBj (gross section)

Pu 0.75 Fu Ae sRmab;muxkat;suT (net section)
tmtUcCageKkgcMeNamtmTaMgBIrCaersIusg;KNnarbs;Ggt;rgkarTaj.
RkLapBitR)akdEdldkecjBIRkLapmuxkat;eBj (gross area) edaymanvtman
RbehagKWGaRsyeTAnwgdMeNIrkarplit. sRmab;karGnuvtTUeTA rnEdlecaHedaylkNbTdan
drill or punch oversized holes eKRtUvbUkbEnm 2mm eTAelIGgt;pitrbs;bULg. sRmab; drill or
punch standard holes eKRtUvbUkbEnm 4mm eTAelIGgt;pitrbs;bULgEdleKeRbIR)as;. sRmab;
rnRTEvg (slotted holes) eKRtUv)aneKbUkbEnm 2mm eTAelIGgt;pitrbs;bULg. xageRkamCatarag

bgajBIGgt;pitbULg nigGgt;pitrn.
Nominal Hole Dimensions, mm
Ggt;pitbULg xatRbehag Hole Dimensions
Bolt Diameter Standard Oversize Short-Slot Long-Slot
(Dia.) (Dia.) (Width Length) (Width Length)
M16 18 20 1822 18 40
M20 22 24 2226 2250
M22 24 28 2430 2455
M24 27 [a] 30 2732 2760
M27 30 35 3037 3067
M30 33 38 3340 3375
M36 d+3 d+8 (d + 3)(d + 10) (d + 3) 2.5d
[a]Clearance provided allows the use of a 1-in. bolt if desirable. ( RtUvKa 25mm )
]TahrN_3>1 r)arEdkm:ak A36 Edlmanmuxkat; 125 12.5mm RtUv)aneRbICaGgt;rgkarTaj.

2
vaRtUv)antPab;eTAnwg gusset plate CamYynwgbULg M16 cMnYn 4 RKab; rUbTI3>3. edaysnt;fa

effective net area A esInwg net area cUrkMNt;ersIusg;KNna (design strength).
e
Figure 3.3
dMeNaHRsay
EdkEdlmanm:ak A36 man F = 250MPa nig F
y u = 400MPa
sRmab; yielding n gross section

Ag = 125 12.5 = 1562.5mm 2
ersIusg; nominal
Pn = Fy Ag = 250 1562.5 = 390kN
ersIusg;KNna (design strength)

t Pn = 0.9 390 = 351kN
sRmab; fracture n net section
An = Ag Aholes
= 1562.5 2 (12.5 20) = 1062.5mm 2
Ae = An = 1062.5mm 2 sRmab;Et]TahrN_enHb:ueNaH
ersIusg; nominal
Pn = Fu Ae = 400 1062.5 = 425kN
t Pn = 0.75 425 = 348.75kN
dUcenH ersIusg;KNna (design strength) Pt n = 348.75kN tmtUcCagCacemIy
\TiBlnkugRtaMgpM (stress concentration) minRtUv)aneKBicarNakgkrNIenHeT EtFatuBit

kugRtaMgenARtg;rnmantmRbEhlbIdgkugRtaMgmFmEdlekItmanenAelI net area ehIykugRtaMgenA
Rtg; fillet nmuxkat;hUtekA mantmFMCagkugRtaMgmFmelIsBIrdg. edaysarEtPaBsVit bPaB

hUtlYs (ductile) rbs;EdkEdlTItaMgEdlman overstress RtUv)anecalsRmab;karKNnaTUeTA.
eRkamlkxNCak;Esg EdkGac)at;bg;PaBsVitrbs;va ehIy stress concentration GaceFVI[r)ar
dac;Pam. sanPaBenHrYmman fatigue loading nigeRkamsItuNPaBTabEmnETn.
Figure 3.4
]TahrN_3>2 r)arrgkarTajmuxkat;EkgeTal L89 89 9.5 Rtv)anPab;eTAnwg gusset plate

CamYynwgbULg M22 cMnYn 3 RKab; rUbTI3>4. r)arEdkenH manm:ak A36 . bnkefr DL = 155kN
nigbnk LL = 67kN . viPaKmuxkat;enH edaysnt; effective net area A esIeTAnwg 85% rbs; net
e
area .
dMeNaHRsay
bnSMbnk (load combination)
(A4-1): 1.4 DL = 1.4 155 = 217 kN
(A4-2): 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL = 1.2 155 + 1.6 67 = 293.2kN > 217 kN
Pu = 293.2kN

gross section: Ag = 1610mm 2
t Pn = t Fy Ag = 0.9 250 1610 = 362.25kN
net section: An = 1610 (9.5 26) = 1363mm 2
Ae = 0.85 1363 = 1158.55mm 2
t Pn = t F y u Ae = 0.75 400 1158.55 = 347.57 kN < 362.25kN
eday P < P
u t n (293.2kN < 347.57kN ) dUcenH r)armansuvtiPaBedaybMeBjlkxN.
enAkg]TahrN_xagelIenH eyIgeXIjfabnSMMbnk (A4-2) RtUv)anykmkeFVIkarKNna. enA

eBlmanEtbnkefr nigbnkGefreFVIGMeBIelIeRKOgbgM ehIybnkefr tUcCagbnkGefr *dg enaHeKeRbI
bnSMbnk (A4-2) edIm,IeFVIkarKNna. sRmab;]TahrN_xagmux eyIgnwgmineFVIkarepgpat;bnSMbnk
1.4 D (A4-1) eT edaysarEtvaminGacFMCagbnSMbnk (A4-2)eT.
3>3> RkLapmuxkat;suTRbsiTPaB (Effective net area)

kgcMeNamktaCaeRcInEdlman\TiBleTAelIkareFVIkarrbs;r)arrgkarTaj rebobnkartPab;
CaktamYyEdlsMxan;CageK. tMNPaKeRcInEtgEteFVI[r)arcuHexSay karKNnanUv\TiBlrbs;vaRtUv
)aneKehAfa Joint efficiency . ktaenHCaGnuKmn_eTAnwgPaBsVitrbs;smar (ductility of material)
KMlatrbs;eRKOgPab; (fastener spacing) kugRtaMgpMenARtg;Rbehag (stress concentra-tion) TRmg;
nkarplitrYmTaMg)atuPUtEdleKsal;faCa shear leg. ktaTaMgenHnaM[mankarkat;bnyRbsiTPaB
rbs;r)ar b:uEn shear lag CaktamYyEdlsMxan;CageK.
Shear lag ekItmanenAeBlEdlmuxkat;r)arTaMgmUlminRtUv)antPab; dUcCaenAeBlEdleCIg
magrbs;EdkEkgRtUv)anPab;edaysarbULgeTAnwg gusset plate rUbTI3>5. sarsMxan;rbs;kart

Pab;edayEpk eFVI[Epkrbs;r)arEdltPab;rgbnkFM (overload) ehIyEpkEdlmintPab;minrg
kugRtaMgeBjelj. karbnayRbEvgtMbn;tPab;CyY kat;bny\TiBlenH. karRsavRCavEdleFVIeLIg
eday Munse nig Chesson (1963) )ansMNUmBr[Kit shear lag kgkarkat;bny net area.
edaysarEt shear lag man\TiBleTAelIkartPab;edaybULg nigkartPab;edaykarpSar enaH effec-
tive net area RtUv)aneKGnuvtcMeBaHtMNTaMgBIrRbePTenH.
Effective net area sRmab;tMNbULg
Ae = UAn
Effective net area sRmab;tMNpSar

Ae = UAg

Figure 3.5
U CaemKuNkat;bnyRbsiTPaB (reduction factor)

x
U = 1 0.9 (AISC Equation B3-2)
L
x CacmayBITIRbCMuTmn;rbs;mxu kat;eTAbg;nkartPab;.
L CaRbEvgnkartPab;.
RbsinebIr)artPab;edaymanlkNsIuemRTI x RtUveRCIserIsyktmtUcCageK rUbTI3>6.
Figure 3.6
CaRbEvgtPab;tamTisedAbnkeFVIGMeBI rUbTI3>7. sRmab;tMNbULg L RtUv)aneKvas;BI

L
cugmagrbs;GkSbULg eTAcugmageTotrbs;GkSbULg. sRmab;tMNpSar L RtUv)anvas;BIcugtMNmag

eTAtMNmag. RbsinebI kMNat;EdlpSarmanRbEvgtamTisedAkmaMg RbEvgkMNat;EdlmanRbEvgEvg
CagRtUv)anykmkKNna.
Figure 3.7
tmmFm Lx sRmab;kartPab;edaybULgsRmab;Ggt;rgkarTajepSg Commentary to

AISC B3 [tm U CMnYs[karKNna 1 . tmmFm U sRmab;tMNbULgmanBIrRbePT
x
L
sRmab;kartPab;eday fastener BIrkgmYyCYrtamTisedAbnkeFVIkar nigsRmab;karPab;eday fastener
bIb eRcInkgmYyCYr. eK[tm U bIepSgKa EdleKaeBtamlkxNxageRkam
!> sRmab;EdkEdlmanmuxkat; W, M, S EdlmanpleFobTTwgelIkm<s;y:agtic 2
3
nigsRmab; muxkat; T Edlkat;ecjBImuxkat;TaMgbIxagelI ehIyRtUv)anPab;enAnwgsabCamYynwg

fastener y:agticbIkgmYyCYrtamTisedAbnkeFVIGMeBI
U = 0 .9
@> sRmab;RKb;TRmg;muxkat;epSgeTot rYmTaMgmuxkat; built-up CamYynwg fastener y:agtic
bIkgmYyCYr
U = 0.85
#> sRmab;RKb;Ggt;TaMgGs; CamYynwg fastener y:agticBIrkgmYyCYr
U = 0.75
rUbxageRkamnwgbgajnUv beRmIbRmas;c,ab;TaMgenH rUbTI3>8.
eKkGaceRbIR)as;tm U mFmsRmab;tMNpSarEdr. ebIeTaHCamin)anbriyaykg Com-
mentary keday EtvaCaectnarbs; AISC, 1989b. c,ab;enHdUcKa EtelIkElgsRmab;karpl;[
EdleqIytbeTAnwg fastener BIrminRtUv)anGnuvt. tmmFm U sRmab;tMNpSarmandUcxageRkam

!> sRmab;EdkEdlmanmuxkat; W, M, S EdlmanpleFobTTwgelIkm<s;y:agtic nig 2
3
sRmab;muxkat; T Edlkat;ecjBImuxkat;TaMgbIxagelI ehIyRtUv)anPab;enAnwgsab

U = 0 .9
@> sRmab;RKb;TRmg;muxkat;epSgeTot
U = 0.85
krNIBiesssRmab;kartedaykarpSar
AemantmtUcCag A enAeBlEdlmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;xHb:eu NaHminRtUv)antPab;. sRmab;
n
Ggt;rgkarTajdUcCa bnHEdk br)ar dUcbgajkg]TahrN_3>1 effective net area RtUv)anyk

eBj dUckarKNna net area. EteTaHCay:agNa vamankrNIelIkElgsRmab;c,ab;enH sRmab;bnH
Edk bEdkr)arEdltPab;edaykarpSartambeNay (longitudinal weld) Epkxagcugrbs;va rUbTI
3>9 .
Ae = UAn
Edl U =1 sRmab; l 2w
U = 0.87 sRmab; 1.5w l < 2w
U = 0.75 sRmab; w l < 1.5w
l= RbEvgkarpSar > w
w = cmaycenaHkarpSar EdlGacykTTwgrbs; plate b bar
AISC B3k[nUvkrNIBiessmYysRmab;Ggt;edaykarpSarEt transverse weld b:ueNaH

A = RkLapmuxkat;EdlpSar
e
Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9
rUbTI3>10 bgajBIPaBxusKarvagkarpSartambeNay (longitudinal weld) nigkarpSar

tamTTwg (transverse weld). karEdlpSarEt transverse weld CakarxusFmta EdleKmineRbIkg
plitkmeT.
Figure 3.10
]TahrN_TI3>3 kMNt; effective net area sRmab;Ggt;rgkarTaj rUbTI3>11.

dMeNaHRsay A = A An g holes
An = 3.72 10 3 (12.7 20) 2 10 6 = 3.212 10 3 m 2

eCIgEtmagb:ueNaHrbs;mxu kat;RtUv)anPab; dUcenH net area RtUvEtkat;bny. BItaraglkN
kgEpkTI1 rbs; Manual cmayBITIRbCMuTmn;eTApxageRkAneCIgrbs; L152 152 12.7 KW
x = 4.25 10 2 m
RbEvgtPab;KW L = 75 2 = 150mm
Figure 3.11
42.5
U = 1 = 0.717 < 0.9
150
Ae = UAn = 0.717 3.212 10 3 = 2.3 10 3 m 2
eKGaceRbItmmFm U BI Commentary . edaysarEtmuxkat;minEmn W, M, S b GkSr T
ehIymanbULgeRcInCagBIrkgmYyCYrtamTisbnkeFVIGMeBI U = 0.85
Ae = 0.85 3.212 10 3 = 2.73 10 3 m 2
tm U TaMgBIrGacTTYlyk)anTaMgBIr Ettm U Edl)anBIkarKNnatam AISC Equation
B3-2 mantmsuRkitCag. EteTaHCay:agNakeday ktmmFm U manRbeyaCn_sRmab;karKNna
dMbUg (preliminary design) enAeBlEdlmuxkat;BitR)akd nigBtmanlMGitGMBIkarpSarminTan;RtUv

)andwgenaH.
]TahrN_TI3>4 RbsinebIGgt;kg]TahrN_TI3>3 RtUv)anpSardUcbgajkgrUbTI3>12 cUrkMNt;

effective net area
dMeNaHRsay dUckg]TahrN_TI3>3 manEtEpkmuxkat;tPab; nig reduced effective net area
RtUv)aneRbI. karPab;RtUv)aneFIVeLIgCamYynwgkarpSartambeNay nigtamTTwg dUcenHvaminEmnCa
krNIBiesssRmab;Ggt;pSareT.
x 42.5
U = 1 = 1 = 0.7 < 0.9
L 140
cemIy A e = UAg = 0.7 3.72 10 3 = 2.604 10 3 m 2

Figure 3.12
3>4> karteRmobtamEbbqas; (Staggered fasteners)

RbsinebIkartPab;Ggt;eFIVeLIgCamYynwgbULg enaH net area nwgmantmGtibrmakgkrNI
EdleRKOgPab; (fastener) RtUv)andak;EtmYyCYr. eBlxH edaysarEtKMlatRtUv)ankMNt; dUcCaTMhM
a enA kgrUbTI3>13 (a) caM)ac;eFVI[eKRtUvEteRbIeRKOgPab;eRcInCagmYyCYr. RbsinebIdUcenH kar
kat;bnyRkLapmuxkat;RtUv)ankat;bny RbsinebIeRKOgPab;RtUv)anteRmobtamEbbqas; staggered

pattern dUcbgaj. eBlxH Staggered fasteners RtUv)aneKtRmUv[erobtamlkNFrNImaRtdUc
bgajkgrUbTI13 (b). kgkrNIepSgeTot muxkat;xHEdlkat;tamrnnwgkat;tamrnEdlmancMnYntic

CagRbsinebIeRKOgPab;minRtUv)anteRmobtamEbbqas;eTenaH.
RbsinebIcMnYnn stagger mancMnYnticlm enaHkarPab;Gacdac;tamExSKng abcd dUckgrUbTI
3>13 (c). kgkrNIEbbenH eKminGacGnuvtTMnak;TMng f = P A )aneT ehIykugRtaMgenAkgmuxkat;
tamExSeRTt bc KWCabnSMnkugRtaMgTaj nigkugRtaMgkmaMgkat;. viFIsaRsRbhak;RbEhl (approxi-
mate) CaeRcIn RtUv)aneKesIeLIgedIm,IBnl;GMBIRbsiTPaBrbs; staggered hole. elak Cochran
(1922) )anesInUvkar eRbIR)as;RkLapsuT (net area) EdlesInwgplKuNrvagkRmas;bnH nig
TTwgsuT (net width). karKNnaRkLapRtUv)aneFVIeLIgdUcteTA kMNt;ExSdac;EdlGacekIteLIg)an

edIm,IeFVIkarGegt nig[TTwgsuT (net width) esInwgTTwgdk[
s2
d'= d (2-1)
4g
sRmab;muxkat;dac;tam staggered hole bdk d sRmab;muxkat;dac;tam unstaggered hole. d Ca
Ggt;pitRbehag s (pitch) CaRbEvgKMlatrvagrnBIrCitKatamTisedARsbnwgbnk nig g (gage) Ca
RbEvgKMlatRbehagtamTTwg. AISC specification keRbInUvviFIsaRsdUcKaenHEdr b:uEnkgTRmg;xus

Kabnic. Epk B2 tRmUv[TTwgsuTRtUv)anKNnaedaydkplbUkGgt;pitRbehagBITTwg ehIybUk
2
bEnmExSeRTt tamCYrmYyEdlmantm 4s g .
Figure 3.13
s2
wn = w g d +
4g
enAeBlEdlkardac;GacekIteLIgtamTRmg;eRcIn eKRtUveFVIkarGegtRKb;lTPaBnkardac;TaMg
Gs; ehIy (net width) EdlmantmtUcCageKbMputRtUv)anykmkeRbI. cMNaMfa viFIsaRsenHmin)an
pl;nUvTRmg;nwgkardac;CamYyExSRsbeTAnwgTisedAbnkeFVIGMeBIenaHeT.
]TahrN_TI3>5 KNna net area EdltUcbMputsRmab;bnHEdlbgajkgrUbTI3>14 . RbehagTaMg

Gs;sRmab;bULgGgt;pit 25mm .

Figure 3.14
dMeNaHRsay Ggt;pitRbehagRbsiTPaB (effective hole diameter) KW 30mm

sRmab;ExSbnat; abcd
wn = 410 2(30) = 350mm
sRmab;ExSbnat; abcde
2(75) 2
wn = 410 3(30) + = 341.6mm < 350mm
4(130)
cemIy A n = twn = 20 341.6 = 6832mm 2
edaysarEteRKOgPab; (fastener) nImYyTb;Tl;kmaMgesIKa karsnt;EdleRbIenAkgkar

KNnatMNsamBa kgCMBUkTI 7 samExSdac;EdlmanlkNepSgKa GaceFVI[muxkat;Rtg;kEng
dac;rgkmaMgepSgKa. ]TahrN_ ExS abcde kgrUbTI3>14 muxkat;rbs;Ggt;Rtg;kEngdac;rgkmaMg
eBj 100% EdlExS ijfh eFVI[muxkat;rbs;Ggt;Rtg;kEngdac;Tb;Tl;Et 8 / 11 nkmaMgEdl Gnuvt.
mUlehtuKW kmaMg 3 / 11 EdlbBanBIGgt;RtUv)anTb;edayeRKOgPab; munnwg ijfh TTYlbnk.
enAeBlEdl eRKOgPab; (fastener) RtUv)anPab;CaCYrenAelIeCIgTaMgBIrrbs;EdkEkg ehIykar
Pab;manlkNqas; (staggered) KaeTAvijTAmk enaHedIm,ITTYl)anRkLap net area dMbUgeKRtUv
BnatEdkEkgedIm,ITTYl)anbnHEdksmmUl. bnHEdkenHRtUv)anviPaKdUcbnHEdkdTeTotEdr.
karBnatRtUv)aneFVIeLIgtamRTnugEdkEkgEdlpl;[nUvTTwgEdkbnHesIeTAnwgplbUkRbEvgeCIgrbs;
vadknwgkRmas;EdkEkg. AISC B2 kMNt;faRbEvg g Edlkat;tamRTnugEkgrbs;EdkEkgRtUv)andk

edaykRmas;EdkEkg. dUcenH RbEvg g enAkgrUbTI3>15 EdlRtUv)anykeTAeRbIkgtY s 2 / 4 g nwgman
tmesInwg 75 + 50 12 = 113mm .
Figure 3.15
]TahrN_TI3>6 cUrrk design tensile strength rbs;EdkEkgdUcbgajkgrUbTI 3>16. Edk A36

RtUv)aneKykmkeRbIEdlmanRbehagsRmab;bULg 22mm.
dMeNaHRsay KNna net width
wg = 203 + 152 12.7 = 342.3mm
Ggt;pitRbehagRbsiTPaB effective hole diameter esI 28mm

sRmab;ExSbnat; abdf w = 342.3 (2 28) = 286.3mm
n
2
sRmab;ExSbnat; abceg w = 342.3 (3 28) + 4(3863) .5 = 263.98mm
n
Figure 3.16

edaysarEt bnk 1 / 10 RtUv)aneprBIGgt;edayeRKOgPab;enARtg;cMNuc d enaHExSrdac;

potential failure line enHRtUvEtTb;nwgbnkEt 9 / 10 . dUcenH net width 263.98mm RtUvEtKuNnwg
10 / 9 edIm,ITTYl)an net width EdlGaceRbobeFobCamYynwgExSbnat;EdlTb;nwgbnkeBj 100% .
dUcenHExSbnat; abceg man w = 263.98 10 / 9 = 293.31mm

n
sRmab;ExSbnat; abcdeg
g cd = 76 + 57 12.7 = 120.3mm
(38) 2 (38) 2 (38) 2
wn = 342.3 (4 28) + + + = 243.74mm
4 63.5 4 120 4 76
eday net width Edldac;tamExS abcdeg mantmtUcCageK dUcenHkrNIenHRtUv)aneKykmk
KNna net area
An = 12.7 243.74 = 3095.5mm 2
edaysarEteCIgTaMgBIrrbs;EdkEkgRtUv)anPab; dUcenH
Ae = An = 3095.5mm 2
ersIusg;KNnaKW
t Pn = 0.75Fu Ae = 0.75 400 3095.5 = 928.65kN
t Pn = 0.5Fy An = 0.9 250 4390 = 987.75kN
cemIy ersIusg;KNnaKW 928.65kN
cMNaMfa plKuNrvag gross width nwgkRmas;EdkEkgKWCa gross area krNIRtwmRtUvRbsinebI

eCIgrbs;EdkEkgmanragctuekaNEkg. mUlehtuKWfa eKGacTTYl)anragctuekaNEkgedaydkp
enARtg;rbt;Ekg nigbUkbEnmpenARtg;cugEdkEkg.
AISC Specification min)anpl;karENnaMsRmab;karerobeRKOgPab;tamEbbqas;enAelI
rolled shape eRkABIEdkEkgeT. bnHEdksmmUlmanPaBsKsajedaysarkRmas;Ggt;manPaBxus
Ka dUckrNIEdk channel nig wide flange . enAkgkrNIEbbenH eKesI[eRbIRkLap RbesIrCag

TTWg nigdkGgt;pitrn Edl[edaysmIkar (2-1).
enAkg]TahrN_TI3>7 RKb;rnRbehagTaMgGs;sitenAEtmYyEpknmuxkat;.
]TahrN_TI3>7 kMNt;RkLapmuxkat;suTGb,brma (smallest net area) sRmab;Edk American

Standard Channel dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI3>17. RbehagsRmab;bULgEdlmanGgt;pit 16mm.
dMeNaHRsay A n = Ag t w (d b d')
d = 20mm
ExSbnat; abc
An = Ag t w d = 2460 11.1 20 = 2238mm 2
ExSbnat; abcd
An = Ag t w (d sRmab;RbehagRtg; b) t w (d ' sRmab;RbehagRtg; c)
50 2
= 2460 11.1 22 11.1 22 = 2064.1mm
2
4 75
cemIy RkLapmuxkat;Gb,brma (smallest net area) KW 2064.1mm 2
enAeBlEdlEpkCaeRcInrbs;muxkat;manRbehag eKeRbIviFIsaRsedaHRsayxusKabnic. eTaHbICa

EdkEdlmanrUbragepSgBIEdkEkgminGacBnattamviFIEdlEdkEkgBnatkeday keKmanviFIsaRs
epSgeTotkgkarBnatrUbragEdkTaMgenaHEdr. viFIsaRskgkarBnatEdkTaMgenaHRtUv)anbgajkgrUbTI
3>18 nigkg]TahrN_TI3>8.

Figure 3.18
]TahrN_TI3>8 kMNt;ersIusg;KNnarbs;Edk S-Shape dUcbgajkgrUbTI3>19. RbehagKWsRmab;bU

LgEdlmanGgt;pit 20mm . eRbIEdk A36 .
Figure 3.19
dMeNaHRsay KNnaRkLap net area

A = A (t Ggt;pitRbehag )
n g
Ggt;pitRbehagRbsiTPaB = 24mm
sRmab;ExS ad
An = 9470 4 24 15.8 = 7953.2mm 2
2
sRmab;ExS abcd RbEvg g sRmab;eRbIenAkgtY 4s g KW
g t 89 14
+ g1 w = + 70 = 107.5mm
2 2 2 2
edayKitRbehagRtg; b nigRtg; c CaRbehagEdlerobqas; eKTTYl)an
382
An = 9470 4 15.8 24 2 14 24 = 7375.23mm 2

4 107.5

kardac;tamExS abcd mantmtUcCageK. edaysarRKb;EpkTaMgGs;rbs;muxkat;RtUv)anPab; dUcenH
Ae = An = 7375.23mm 2
sRmab; net section
t Pn = 0.75Fu Ae = 0.75 400 7375.23 = 2212.57kN
t Pn = 0.5Fy An = 0.9 250 9470 = 2130.75kN
cemIy ersIusg;KNnaKW 2130.75kN
3>5> Block shear

sRmab;rUbsNannkartPab;xH kMNat; bbknsmarenAxagcugnGgt;GacrEhk. ]Ta-
hrN_ kartPab;rbs;Ggt;ragEkgeTalrgkarTaj dUcbgajkgrUbTI3>20 gayrg)atuPUtEbbenH Edl
eK[eQaHfa block shear kardac;TaMgbk. sRmab;krNIEdl)anbgajkgrUb pEdlqUtGac
dac;edaykmaMgkat;TTwg (shear) tammuxkat;beNay ab nigkmaMgTaj (tension) tammuxkat;TTwg
bc. RbFanbT enHmin)anbgajy:agc,as;kg AISC Chapter D (Tension Members) eT
b:uEnkfaxNdMbUg )anENnaMeyIgeTAkan; Chapter J (Connections, Joints, and Fasteners),

Section J4.3 (Block Shear Rupture Strength).
nitiviFIKWQrenAelIkarsnt;fa muxkat;dac;mYyKWdac;eday fractures nigmYyeTotdac;eday

yielding. enHmannyfa muxkat;EdlrgkugRtaMgTaj yield naM[muxkat;EdlrgkugRtaMgkmaMgkat;
TTwg fracture bpymkvij. muxkat;TaMgBIrenH naMmknUvPaBFn;srub ehIyersIusg;rbs; block shear

KWCaplbUknPaBFn;nmuxkat;TaMgBIr.
PaBFn;Fmta (nominal strength) enAkgGgt;rgkarTajKW Fu Ant sRmab; fracture nig
Fy Agt sRmab; yield Edl Ant KWCa net area nig Agt KWCa gross area tambeNaymuxkat;rgkar
Taj bc enAkgrUbTI3>20. edayykkugRtaMg yield sRmab;maMgkat; nigkugRtaMg ultimate sRmab;

Figure 3.20
kmaMgkat;esI 60% nkugRtaMgkmaMgTaj enaHersIusg;dac;Fmta (nominal fracture strength) sRmab;

kmaMgkat;KW 0.6Fu Anv nigersIusg; yield sRmab;kmaMgkat;KW 0.6Fy Agv Edl Anv KWCa net area nig
Agv KWCa gross area tambeNaymuxkat;rgkmaMgkat; ab enAkgrUbTI20.
eKGacmanTRmg;nkardac;Ca2rebob.
sRmab;kmaMgkat; yield nigkmaMgTaj fracture ersIusg;KNnaKW
Rn = [0.6 Fy Agv + Fu Ant ] (AISC Equation J4-3a)
sRmab;kmaMgTaj yield nigkmaMgkat; fracture ersIusg;KNnaKW

Rn = [0.6 Fu Anv + Fy Agt ] (AISC Equation J4-3a)
sRmab;krNITaMgBIr = 0.75 . BIeRBaH sanPaBkNt; (limit state) KW fracture smIkarEdl

lub KWsmIkarNaEdlmantY fracture FMCag.
]TahrN_TI3>9 kMNt;ersIusg; block shear rbs;Ggt;rgkarTajdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI
3>21. rnRbehagRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;Ggt;pit 22mm nigEdkRbePT A36RtUv)aneRbI.
dMeNaHRsay
RkLapmuxkat;kmaMgkat;KW
Agv = 9.5 190 = 1805mm 2
Figure 3.21
edaysarEtman 2.5 Ggt;pitrn

Anv = 9.5 [190 2.5 28] = 1140mm 2
RkLapmuxkat;kmaMgTaj
Agt = 9.5 39 = 370.5mm 2
Ant = 9.5 [39 0.5 28] = 237.5mm 2

edayeRbI AISC Equation J4-3a eKTTYl)an
Rn = [0.6 Fy Agv + Fu Ant ]
= 0.75 [0.6(250 )(1805) + 400 237.5]
= 0.75 [270750 + 95000] = 274.3kN

edayeRbI AISC Equation J4-3b eKTTYl)an
Rn = [0.6 Fu Anv + Fy Agt ]
= 0.75 [0.6(400 )(1140 ) + 250 370.5]
= 0.75 [273600 + 92625] = 274.7kN

smIkarTI 2 mantY fracture FM tYEdlman F dUcenHsmIkarTI 2 lub.
u
cemIy ersIusg;KNnasRmab; block shearKW 274.7kN .
3>6> karKNnaGgt;rgkarTaj Design of tension members

karKNnaGgt;rgkarTaj KWkarKNnark gross area nig net area RKb;RKan;sRmab;Ggt;Edl
rgkarTaj. RbsinebIGgt;enaHRtUv)anPab;edaytMNbULg enaHeKRtUvkarnUvmuxkat;smRsbsRmab;Rk
LapEdl)an)at;bg;edaysarrntMN. sRmab;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat;ctuekaNEkg karKNnaman

lkNRsYlCag. RbsinebImuxkat; rolled shape RtUv)aneRbImuxkat;EdlRtUvkat;bnyminGacRtUv)an
BakrN_TukCamun)an BIeRBaHkRmas;rbs;muxkat;enARtg;cMNucrnminRtUv)andwg.
karBicarNabnab;kgkarKNnaGgt;rgkarTajKW PaBrlas; (slenderness). RbsinebIGgt;
rbs;eRKagbgMmanmuxkat;tUceFobeTAnwgRbEvgrbs;va enaHGgt;enaHmanlkNRsav (slender). kar
KNnaEdlmanlkNsuRkit KWpleFobrlas; (slenderness ration) RL Edl L CaRbEvgrbs;Ggt;
nig r Ca kaMniclPaB (radius of gyration) nRkLapmuxkat;Gb,brma. kaMniclPaB (radius of
gyration) Gb,brma KWRtUvKanwgGkS minor principal nmuxkat;. tmrbs; radius of gyration
RtUv)anerobCataragsRmab;muxkat; rolled shape TaMgGs;enAkgtaraglkN (properties tables)

enAkgEpkTI1 n Manual.
sRmab;Ggt;rgkarsgt; slenderness mansarsMxan;sRmab;ersIusg; (strength) b:uEn slender-
ness minsUvCasMxan;sRmab;Ggt;rgkarTajb:unaneT. eTaHCay:agNakeday enAkgsanPaBxH vaCa
karRbesIrsRmab;karkMNt;nUv slenderness sRmab;Ggt;rgkarTaj. RbsinebIbnkcMGkSenAkg Ggt;

rgkarTajRsav (slender tension member) ehIyrgbnktamTTwg (transverse load) eTaHtUckI
krMjrEdleKminR)afacg;)an bPaBdabnwgekItmaneLIg. Ca]TahrN_ krNIenHGacekIteLIgsRmab;
EdkBRgwg (bracing rod) EdlmanlkNmintwgRbQmnwgkmaMgxl;. sRmab;krNIenH AISC B7
)anesInUv slenderness ratio GtibrmaesInwg 300. tmenHRKan;EtCatmesI (commended value)
BIeRBaH slenderness minmanPaBsMxan;sRmab;Ggt;rgkarTajeT ehIytmenHGacRtUv)anykFMCag
enHenAeBlEdlkaleTsBiessGnuBaat[. EdntmenHminRtUv)anGnuvteTAelIExSkabeT ehIy
specification k)anelIkElgcMeBaHEdksrsEdr.
bBaasMxan;kgkarKNnaRKb;muxkat;TaMgGs; rYmbBalTaMgkarKNnaGgt;rgkarTaj KWkarrk

muxkat; EdlplbUkbnkemKuNTaMgGs;mni RtUvelIsersIusg;rbs;Ggt;. Edl
Q Rn
sRmab;Ggt;rgkarTaj smIkarenHmanrag
Pu t Pn b t Pn Pu
Edl Pu KWCaplbUkbnkemKuN. edIm,IKNna yielding

0.9 Fy Ag Pu b Ag
Pu
0.90 Fy
edIm,IeCosvag fracture
0.75Fu Ae Pu b Ae
Pu
0.75Fu
Slenderness ratio RtUv)anbMeBjRbsinebI

L
r
300
Edl r Ca radius of gyration Gb,brma nig L CaRbEvgGgt;.
]TahrN_TI3>10 Ggt;rgkarTajEdlmanRbEvg 1750mm RtUvTb;nwgbnkefreFVIkar (service dead

load) 80kN nigbnkGefreFVIkar (service live load) 233kN . eRCIserIsGgt;Edlmanmux
kat;ctuekaNEkg. eRbIEdk A36 nigtMNRtUv)ansnt;eRbIbULgEdlmanGgt;pit 24mm mYyCYr.

dMeNaHRsay
Pu = 1.2 80 + 1.6 233 = 468.8kN
468.8 103
muxkat;caM)ac; A g =
Pu
0.9 Fy
=
0.9 250
= 2083.6mm 2
.8 10 3
muxkat;caM)ac; A = 0.75P F = 468
e
u
0.75 400
= 1562.7mm 2
u
edaysarEt A = A sRmab;Ggt;enH gross area EdlRtUvKanwg muxkat;caM)ac; net area

e n
enHKW
Ag = An + Ahole
= 1562.7 + 28 t

sakl,g t = 25mm
Ag = 1562.7 + 28 25 = 2262.7mm 2
edaysarEt 2262.7 > 2083.6 dUcenHmuxkat;caM)ac;KW 2262.7mm 2
Ag 2262.7
wg = = = 90.5mm
t 25
sakl,gmuxkat; 25 92
epgpat; slenderness ratio
92 253
I min = = 119791.7mm 4
12
A = 25 92 = 2300
BI I = Ar eyIgTTYl)an
2
I min 119791.7
rmin = = = 7.22mm
A 2300
L 1750
= = 242.4 < 300 (OK)
r 7.22
cemIy eRbIEdkEdlmanmuxkat; 25 92 .
Ggt;enAkg]TahrN_TI3>10 manTTwgtUcCag 20mm EdlRtUv)aneKcat;fak;vaCaEdkr)ar

(bar) CaCagEdkbnH (plate). Edkr)arKYrRtUv)ankMNt;eday[TTwgrbs;vaERbRbYlmg 5mm nig
kRmas;rbs;vaERbRbYlmg 2mm RbBncMNat;fak;Cak;lak;RtUv)anpl;[kgEpkTI1 n Manual

eRkamcMNgeCIg Bars and Plates.
RbsinebIEdkEkgRtUv)aneRbICaGgt;rgkarTaj ehIykartPab;RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayeRbIbULg
enaHvacM)ac;RtUvmanp TMhM RKb;RKan;sRmab;bULg. vaGacekItmanbBaaenAeBlEdleKeRbIbULgBIr
CYrenAelIeCIgmYy. rnRbehagRtUv)aneKecaHenATItaMgdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI3>22 (a) sRmab;karplit
TUeTA eday)andkecjBIrUbTI 9-5 enAkgEpkTI9 n Manual (VOL. II). cmayKMlat Rbehag
tamTTwg gage g1 RtUv)aneKeRbIenAeBlEdleKmanbULgmYyCYr ehIy g 2 nig g3 RtUv)aneKeRbIenA
eBlEdleKmanbULgBIrCYr. rUbTI3>22 (b)bgajfaeCIgEdkEkgRtUvmanRbEvgy:agxIbMput 127mm
edIm,IGnuBaat[eRbIbULgBIrCYr)an.
Figure 3.22
KMlatRbehagtamTTWgsRmab;EdkEkg (mm)
Leg 203 178 152 127 102 89 76 64 51 44 38 35 32 25
g1 114 102 89 76 64 51 44 35 26 25 22 22 19 16
g2 76 64 57 51
g3 76 76 64 44
(b)
]TahrN_TI3>11 KNnaGgt;rgkarTajEdlmanmuxkat;EdkEkgeCIgminesIKa (unequal-leg angle)

RbEvg 4.6m Tb;nUv service dead load 155kN nig service live load 310kN . eRbIEdkRbePT
A36 . kartRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI23.
Figure 3.23
dMeNaHRsay
bnkemKuN (factored load) P
u = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2(155) + 1.6(310) = 682kN

nigmuxkat;caM)ac; Ag =
Pu
=
682
t Fy 0.9(250)
= 3031.1mm 2
ehIymuxkat;caM)ac; A = PF = 0.75682(400) = 2273.3mm

e
u 2
t u
kaMniclPaB (radius of gyration) KYrmantmy:agtUcbMput

L 4600
r= = = 15.33mm
300 300
edIm,IrknUvmuxkat;RsalbMputsRmab;bMeBjlkxNTaMgenH eyIgrkEdk (unequal-leg angle) Edlman
RkLapeBj (gross area) EdlGacTTYlyk)anmantmtUcbMput rYcehIyepgpat; effective net
area. kaMniclPaB (radius of gyration) kGacRtUv)anepgpat;edaykarRtYtBinitpgEdr. eday
sarkarteFVIeLIgedaymanbULgBIrCYr enaHeCIgEdlRtUv)aneFVIkartPab;RtUvmanTTwgtUcbMput 127mm

emIlkgtaragKMlatRbehagtamTTWgsRmab;EdkEkg rUbTI3>22. eyIgcab;epImBItaraglkN
sRmab;EdkEkgeTal (table of properties for single angle) enAkgEpkTI1 n Manual nigerobnUv
muxkat;EdkRsalCageKtamlMdab;BItUceTAFM minEmnlMdab;dUcKaenAkgtarageT. muxkat;xageRkam
GacRtUv)anerob.
L152 102 12.7 : A = 3060mm nig r = 22.1mm
g
2
min
L127 89 15.9 : A = 3180mm nig r = 20mm

g
2
min
L 203 102 11.1 : A = 3300mm nig r = 22.1mm

g
2
min
L178 102 12.7 : A = 3400mm nig r = 22.15mm

g
2
min
cMNaMfa sRmab;EdkEkg GkS X nig Y Edl)anbgajenAkgtaragminEmnCaGkSem (principal

axes)eT EtGkS Z eTIbCaGkSem (principle axis) r = r . EtsRmab;EdkEkgDub (double-angle
min z
shape) GkS X nig Y KWCaGkSem.
sakl,g L152 102 12.7 . muxkat;enHman gross area EdlRtUvKaBitR)akdeTAnwgRkLapcaM)ac;

RbesIrCagmuxkat;bIeTot RkLaprbs;vaRtUv)an[enAkgtarag.
An = Ag Aholes = 3060 2(24)(12.7 ) = 2450.4mm 2
edaysarRbEvgtminRtUv)andwg AISC Eq. B3-2 minGacRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IKNna shear lag factor

U . dUcenH eyIgeRbI U = 0.85 / tmmFmEdl)anBI Commentary. ]TahrN_TI8 kgCMBUkTI 7
tMNsamBabgajlMGitGMBItMN nigtm U mFmGacRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,ITTYl)annUvmuxkat;sakl,g

bnab; tm U BI AISC Eq. B3-2 GacRtUv)aneKKNna.

Ae = UAn = 0.85 2450.4 = 2082.84mm 2 < 2273.3mm 2 minl N.G.
sakl,g L127 89 15.9
An = 3180 2(24)(15.9) = 2416.8mm 2
Ae = 0.85 2416.8 = 2054.28mm 2 < 2273.3mm 2 minl N.G.
eTaHbICamuxkat;enHman gross area FMCagmuxkat;munkeday Etvamin)anbegIn net area eT. mUlehtu
KWRkLapEdlRtUvdksRmab;rnmantmFM edaysarEtkRmas;eCIg.
sakl,g L203 102 11.1
An = 3300 2(24)(11.1) = 2767.2mm 2
Ae = 0.85 2767.2 = 2352.12mm 2 > 2273.3mm 2 (OK)
cemIy muxkat;enHbMeBjRKb;lkxNtRmUvkar dUcenHeRbI L203 102 11.1 ttameCIgEdlman
RbEvg 203mm .
enAeBlEdlEdkrag (structural shape) bEdkbnHRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IpMCa built-up shape vamin

RtwmEtRtUv)anpMenAEtxagcugGgt;b:ueNaHeT b:uEnvakRtUv)anpMenAcenaHtamRbEvgbeNayrbs;vapg
Edr. eKminRtUvkarkarpMEdlmanlkNCab;rhUteT. karpMEbbenHRtUv)aneKehAfa stitching ehIy
eRKOgPab;rbs;vaRtUv)aneKehAfa stitch bolts. karGnuvtTUeTAKWkMNt;TItaMg stitching Edl L / r sM
rab;EpkpMnImYy minelIs L / r sRmab;muxkat; built-up. AISC D2 ENnaMfa Edkrag built-up Edl
EpkpMrbs;vaRtUv)anEckeday filler EdlRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;Pab;enAcenaH filler enaH tmGtib,rma
L / r sRmab;EpkmYyminRtUvelIs 300. Edkrag built-up EdlekIteLIgedayEdkbnH bedaykarpM
rvagEdkbnH nigEdkragRtUv)aneBalenAkg AISC Section J3.5 of Chapter J (Connections joints,

and Fasteners). CaTUeTA KMlatrbs;eRKOgPab; bkarpSarminKYrelIs 24dg nkRmas;EpkesIgbMput
rbs;bnHEdk b 300mm . RbsinebIGgt;CaEdk weathering EdlsitenAkgbriyakasgayrgERcHsIu

enaHKMlatGtibrmaKW 24dg nkRmas; b 175mm .

3>7> EdksrsEdlmaneFj nigExSkab Threaded rods and Cables

enAeBl slenderness minRtUv)anBicarNaEdksrs rod Edlmanmuxkat;mUl nigExSkab
(cable) RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;CaTUeTAsRmab;Ggt;rgkarTaj. Edksrs nigExSkabxusKaRtg; Edk
srstan; EtExSkabekItBIExSlYskabCaeRcInvNbBalKaehIymanrUbragdUcExSBYr. Edksrs nig

ExSkab RtUv)aneKeRbICaerOysRmab;RbBndMbUlBr kdUcCa hanger nig suspension member
sRmab;s<an. EdksrskRtUv)aneRbIenAkgRbBn bracing enAkgkrNIxH vaRtUv)aneKeFVIeRbkugRtaMg
edIm,IkarBarvaBIPaBrlg; (slack) enAeBlEdlbnkxageRkARtUv)andk. rUbTI3>24 bgajBIviFItEdk
srs nigExSkabKMrU.
enAeBlcugmagrbs;EdksrsRtUv)aneFVI[maneFj (thread) eBlenaH upset end RtUv)an
eRbI. EpkEdlmaneFjRtUv)ankat;ecjedIm,IBRgIkmuxkat;. enAkEngeFj muxkat;EdkRtUv)ankat;
bny EtkareFVI upset end )anbegInmuxkat;Edk[FM. tambTdan upset end EdlmaneFj CaTUeTA
man net area enARtg;kEngeFj eRcInCagRtg;EpkEdlKaneFj. eTaHCa upset end mantmfk
eday EteKkmincaM)ac;eRbIvaRKb;krNIeT.
RkLapmuxkat;RbsiTPaB (effective cross-sectional area) enARtg;EpkeFjRtUv)aneK[
eQaHfa stress area ehIyvaCaGnuKmn_eTAnwgGgt;pit unthreaded nigcMnYneFjkg 1inch . pleFob
rvag stress area nig nominal area ERbRbYl b:uEnvamantmtUcbMputRbEhl 0.75 . dUcenH ersIusg;
rgkarTaj nominal rbs;Edk threaded GacRtUv)ansresrdUcxageRkam
Pn = As Fu
= 0.75 Ab Fu
Edl As = stress area

Ab = nominal (unthreaded) area
smIkarenHpl; nominal strength EdlRtUv)anbgajenAkgtarag Table J3.2 enAkg Section
J3.6 n AISC Specification. emKuNersIusg; (resistance factor) enAkgkrNIenH t = 0.75 .
RbsinebI upset end RtUv)aneKeRbI enaHlTPaBrgkarTajenAGgt;eFjEdlFMRtUvFMCag Fy KuNnwg

unthreaded body area (AISC Table J3.2, footnote c).
Figure 3.24
]TahrN_TI3>12 Edk threaded RtUv)aneKeRbICaGgt;sRmab;BRgwgEdlRtUvEtTb;Tl;nwg

service tensile load Edlbnkefr 9kN nigbnkGefr 26.5kN . etIGgt;pitEdkTMhMb:uNaRtUv)aneRbI
RbsinebIeKeRbI A36?
dMeNaHRsay bnkemKuN (factored load)
Pu = 1.2(9) + 1.6(26.5) = 53.2kN
edaysar P P
t n u
t (0.75Fu )Ag Pu
muxkat;caM)ac; A g =
Pu
=
53.2
t (0.75)Fu 0.75(0.75)400
= 236.44mm 2
BI A = d4
2
g
Ggt;pitcaM)ac; d = 4 236

.44
= 17.35mm
cemIy eRbIEdk threaded EdlmanGgt;pit 18mm (A g = 254.47mm2 ).
edIm,IkarBarkarxUcxatkgeBlsagsg; EdksrsminRtUvRsav brlas; (slender) eBkeT.

eTaHbIminmankarTamTarBI specification keday EtsRmab;karGnuvtTUeTA Ggt;pitGb,brmaEdlRtUv
eRbI RtUvmantm 16mm .
ExSkabkgrUbragCa strands b wire rope RtUv)aneKeRbIenAkgkarGnuvtEdlTamTar high

strength EtPaBrwg (rigidity) minmanlkNsMxan;eT. bEnmBIelIkareRbIR)as;vaenAkgRbBns<anBr
nigdMbUl vakRtUv)aneKeRbIenAkgeRKOgelIkdak;dUcCa hoist nig derrick EdleKeRbIvadUcCaExSeyag

sRmab;GKarx<s; nigsRmab;BRgwgtambeNayenAkgGKarEdleFVIBIEdk. PaBxusKarvag strand nig
wire rope KWbgajenAkgrUbTI3>25. Strand CakarrYmpSMKansrslYsCaeRcInrMuvNKa ehIy wire
rope CakarrYmpSMKan strand CaeRcInrMuvNKa.
kareRCIserIsExSkabEdlRtwmRtUvsRmab;bnkEdl[CaTUeTAQrenAelIkarBicarNaGMBI ersIu
sg; (strength) nigkMhUcRTg;RTay (deformation). bEnmBIelIsac;lUteGLasicFmta karlUtdMbUg
EdlbNalmkBI seating b shifting nsrslYsmYy EdlCalTplvaeFVI[ExSkabmankarlUt
Gciny_. sRmab;mUlehtuenH CaTUeTAExSkabRtUv)aneKTajBntmun (prestretched). Wire rope
nig strand RtUv)aneKpliteLIgBIEdkEdlmanesIusg;x<s;CagEdksMNg;Fmta ehIyminmanEcgenAkg
AISC Specification eT. ersIusg;dac;rbs;ExSkabnImYy kdUcCakarlMGitBIkarttMNr GacTTYl)an
BI manufacturers literature. TinnymanRbeyaCn_sRmab;RbePTenHmanenAkg Cable Roof

structures (Bethlehem Steel, 1968).
3>8> Ggt;rgkarTajenAkgdMbUl Tension members in roof trusses

Ggt;rgkarTajCaeRcInEdlvisVkrKNna CaeRKOgbgM trusses. enAeBleRKOgbgM trusses
RtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkgsMNg; CaTUeTAvamannaTIcbM gkgkarRTRbBndMbUlEdleKRtUvkarElVgEvg. va
RtUv)aneKykmkeRbIenAeBlEdlf nigTmn;Fwmmantmx<s;. eRKOgbgM trusses RtUv)anKitCaFwm
CeRmA (deep beam) EdlykecjnUvEpnRTnugy:ageRcIn. dMbUl trusses RtUv)aneRbICaerOyenAkg
sMNg;shRKas eTaHbICasMNg;RbePTenHRtUvkareRKagrwg (rigid frame) keday. dMbUl trusses KMrU

EdlRTeday load-bearing wall RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3>26. sMNg;RbePTenH CaTUeTA cugmag
rbs; trusses EdlPab;eTAnwgCBaaMgRtUv)aneKKitCaTRm pinned nigTRmmageTotRtUv)aneKKitfaCa
TRm roller. dUcenH trusses GacRtUv)aneKviPaKCaeRKOgbgMsaTickMNt;. CBaaMgEdlCaTMrGaceFVIBI
ebtugBRgwgedayEdk bkebtug \d bbnSMnsmarTaMgenH.
CaFmta dMbUl trusses EtmanKMlatesIKatambeNayGKar nigcgPab;KaeTAvijeTAmkeday
sarFwmbeNayEdleKehAfa drENg (purlin) nigedayEdkExVg (X-bracing). tYnaTIcMbgrbs;d
rENgKWbBanbnkeTAGgt;xagelI (top chord) rbs; trusses b:uEnvakGaccUlrYmedayEpkxHkgkar
BRgwgRbBn. CaTUeTAEdkBRgwg (bracing) RtUv)andak;enAkgbg;nGgt;xagelI nigGgt;xageRkam
b:uEnvamincaM)ac;enARKb;ElVg (bay) TaMgGs;eT edaysarkmaMgxag (lateral forces) GacRtUv)anbBanBI
ElVgEdlTb;mYyeTAElVgEdlTb;mYyeTot edaysardrENg.
vaCakarRbesIrbMputEdldrENgRtUv)andak;enAelItMNrbs; trusses. dUenH trusses Gac
RtUv)anKitCaeRKOgbgMtMNsnak; (pin-connected structure) EdlRTbnkEtRtg;tMN. EteBlxH
kRmaldMbUlminGaclatsnWgelIcmayrvagtMN dUcenHeKRtUvkardrENgkNal (intermediate
purlin). enAkgkrNIEbbenHGgt;xagelInwgrgm:Um:g;Bt;FM kdUcCakmaMgsgt;tamGkS (axial
compression) ehIy vaRtUv)aneKKNnaedayKitCa Fwm-ssr (beam-column) EdlmanBnl;kg
CMBUkTI6.
Sag rod CaGgt;rgkarTajEdlRtUv)aneRbIedIm,Ipl;TRmxagsRmab;drENg. bnkPaKeRcIn
EdlGnuvtmkelIdrENgmanTisQr dUcenHvanwgmanbgMkmaMgRsbeTAnwgmMuCMraldMbUlEdlnwgeFVI
[drENgekagenAkgTisedAenaH rUbTI 3>27. Sag rod GacRtUv)andak;enAcMNuckNal b
cMNucmYyPaKbI bGacjwkenAtambeNaydrENg GaRsyeTAnwgcMnYnTRmEdlRtUvkar. KMlatrbs;
sag rod CaGnuKmn_eTAnwgKMlat trusses, mMuCMralrbs;Ggt;xagelI/ ersuIsg;rbs;drENgTb;nwg
karBt;RbePTenH rUbragPaKeRcInrbs;EdkEdleRbICadrENgmanlkNexSayNas;sRmab;karBt;
tamTisenH nigcMnYnTRmEdlpl;edaydMbUl. RbsinebIeKeRbI bnHEdk CaTUeTAvaRtUv)aneKPab;y:ag
rwgCamYydrENg dUcenHeKmincaM)ac;RtUvkar sag rod eT. EteBlxH EtTmn;pal;rbs;drENgKWva
RKb;RKan;kgkarbgbBaaenH dUcenHeKcaM)ac;dak; sag rod edIm,IRT kgGMLgeBlsagsg;muneBldak;
kRmaldMbUl.
RbsinebIeKeRbI sag rod eKcaM)ac;KNnavaedIm,IRTbgMbnkdMbUlEdlRsbeTAnwgdMbUl. Ggt;

nImYycenaHdrENgRtUv)ansnt;[RTGVITaMgGs;BIxageRkamva dUcenHGgt;xagelIRtUv)anKNna
sRmab;bnkenAelIpdMbUlEdlmanGMeBIelIGgt;enaH BIcugdMbUldl;kMBUldMbUldUcbgajenAkg rUbTI
3> 28. eTaHbICakmaMgenAkgGgt;nImYyxusKakeday EtCakarGnuvtTUeTAeKeRbITMhMEtmYysRmab;
RKb;Ggt; sag rod enaH. kareRbIR)as;nUvmuxkat;dUcKasRmYldl;kargarsagsg; brimaNEdkelIs
minCaFMb:unaneT.
rUbTI 3>29 a bgajBIkarcgPab;drENgenARtg;RBMdMbUl. Tie rod cenaHdrENgxagRtUvTb;

nwgbnkBIRKb; sag rod TaMgGs;EdlenAsgagsabdMbUl. kmaMgTajenAkgGgt;edkmYyCabgMkmaMg
rbs;Ggt; sag rod EdlenAxagelI. daRkamGgesrI (free-body diagram) rbs;drENgkMBUl
RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 3>29 b .
]TahrN_TI3>13 Fink trusses EdlmanKMlat 6m KitBIGkSeTAGkS ehIyRTdrENg

W 150 0.18 dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 3>30 a. drENgRtUv)anRTeday sag rod enAcMNuckNal.
edayeRbIEdk A36 KNna sag rod nig tie rod enAdrENgkMBUlsRmab;bnk service load dUcxag
eRkam
kRmaldMbUlEdk (metal deck) 0.1kN / m 2
Built-up roof: 0.25kN / m 2

RBwl 0.85kN / m elIbg;edk
2
Tmn;drENg 0.18kN kgmYyEm:RtRbEvg
dMeNaHRsay
KNnabnk
TTwgrgbnksRmab; sag rod nImYy = 6m / 2 = 3m
RkLaprgbnksRmab;kRmaldMbUl nig Built-up roof = 3 14 = 42m 2
bnkefr kRmaldMbUl nig Built-up roof = (0.1 + 0.25) 42 = 14.7kN

Tmn;drENgsrub = 0.18 3 9 = 4.86kN
bnkefrsrub = 14.7 + 4.86 = 19.56kN
prgbnkRBwl = 3 13.6 = 40.8m 2
bnkRBwlsrub = 34.68kN
RtYtBinitbnSMbnk
(A4-2) 1.2 D + 0.5S = 1.2 19.56 + 0.5 34.68 = 40.8kN
(A4-3) 1.2 D + 1.6 S = 1.2 19.56 + 1.6 34.68 = 79kN
bnSMbnk A4-3 lub. tamkarGegt A4-1, A4-4 nig A4-5 nwgminmantmFMeT.

sRmab;bgMkmaMgRsbeTAnwgpdMbUl rUbTI 3>30 b
3.6
T = 79 = 20.3kN
14
muxkat;EdkEdlRtUvkar A = (0.T75F ) = 0.7520(0..37510 400) = 90.2mm

3
2
g
t u
cemIy eRbIEdk threaded rod Ggt;pit 16mm A = 201mm

g
2
Edk tie rod EdlPab;drENgenARBMdMbUl rUbTI 3>30 c

14
P = 20.3 = 20.9kN
13.6
muxkat;EdkEdlRtUvkar A = (0.T75F ) = 0.7520(0..37510 400) = 90.2mm

3
2
g
t u
cemIy eRbIEdk threaded rod Ggt;pit 16mm A = 201mm

g
2
sRmab;ragFrNImaRtrbs; truss nigkardak;bnk Ggt;xageRkam (bottom chord) nwgrgkug

RtaMgTaj ehIyGgt;xagelI (top chord) nwgrgkugRtaMgsgt;. Ggt;RTnugxHrgkugRtaMgTaj nigxH
eTotrgkugRtaMgsgt;. enAeBleKbBal\TiBlxl;kgkarviPaK Tisxl;epSgKaRtUv)aneKykmk
BicarNa eBlenaHkmaMgenAkgGgt;RTnug (web member) xHGacnwgERbRbYlcenaHkugRtaMgsgt;
nigkugRtaMgTaj. kgkrNIEbbenH Ggt;EdlrgGMeBIRtUv)anKNnaeday[mannaTICaGgt;rgkarsgt;
pg nigrgkarTajpg.
sRmab; truss Edlcab;bULg (bolted truss) muxkat;EdkEkgDub (double-angle section)
RtUv)aneRbICajwkjab;sRmab;Ggt;xagelI (top chord) nigGgt;RTnug (web member) . karKNnaenH
sRmYldl;karPab;Ggt;EdlCYbKaenARtg;dMNedayGnuBaatnUvkareRbIR)as;bnHEdkeTal (single
gusset plate) dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 3>31. enAeBlGgt;xagelIrbs;eRKOgbgM truss EdlpSareRbI
Edkmuxkat;GkSret EdkRTnugEdlmanmuxkat;EdkEkgGacpSarPab;CamYyeCIg (stem) rbs;Edkmux

kat;GkSret. RbsinebI kmaMgenAkgGgt;RTnug (web member) mantmtUc eKGaceRbIEdkEkgeTal
(single angle) ebIeTaHbIkareFVIkarEbbenaH)ankat;bnybg;sIuemRTIBI truss ehIybNal[Ggt;RTnug

rgbnkcakpitkeday. CaTUeTAGgt;xagelI nigGgt;xageRkam (chord member) CaGgt;Cab; ehIy
eKGackat;vaCakMNat;RbsinebIcaM)ac;.
CakarBitEdlfa chord member CaGgt;Cab; ehIytMNRtUv)ancab;bULg bpSarEdleKmin

Gacsnt;fa truss CaeRKOgbgMtMN pin-connected )aneT. PaBrwgrbs;tMNBitCanaMmknUvm:Um:g;Bt;enA
kgGgt; b:uEnCaTUeTAvamantmtUc ehIyRtUv)anBicarNavaCakmaMgrg (secondary effect) dUcenH
kgkarGnuvtTUeTAeK)anecalva. EtkarBt;EdlbNaledaysarbnkxageRkAEdlGnuvtedaypal;
eTAelIGgt;cenaHtMN RtUvEtykmkKitBicarNadac;xat. eyIgKitkrNIenHenAkgemeronTI 6.
ExSeFVIkar (working line) nGgt;rbs;eRKOgbgM truss TaMgGs;RtUvkat;KaRtg;tMNnImYy.
sRmab; truss EdlPab;edaybULg CYrrbs;bULg (bolt line) Ca working line ehIysRmab; truss pSar
GkSTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;TwkbnSarCa working line. karsnt;kgdMeNIrkarviPaK truss RbEvgGgt;RtUv)an
vas;BIcMNuceFVIkar (working point) eTA working point.
]TahrN_TI3>14 eRCIserIsmuxkat;GkSretsRmab;Ggt;xageRkam (bottom chord) rbs;eRKOgbgM

dMbUl Warren truss dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 3>32 a. Truss RtUv)anpSar nigmanKMlatcmay 6m .
snt;fakarPab;rbs;Ggt;xageRkamRtUv)aneFVIeLIgdaykarpSarbuitkaMtambeNay (longitudinal fillet
weld) enAnwgsabRbEvg 230mm . edayeRbIEdk A36 CamYynwgTinnybnkxageRkam xl;minRtUv
)anBicarNaenAkg]TahrN_enHeT.
drENg (purlin) M 200 0.097
RBwl 0.95kN / m elIbg;edk
2
kRmaldMbUlEdk (metal deck): 0.1kN / m 2
dMbUl 0.2kN / m
2
kRmalGIusULg; 0.15kN / m2
dMeNaHRsay
KNnabnk
RBwl = 0.95 6 12 = 68.4kN

bnkefr kRmaldMbUlEdk 0.1kN / m 2

elIkElgdrENg = dMbUl 0.2kN / m 2
kRmalGIusULg; 0.15kN / m 2
srub 0.45kN / m 2
bnkefrsrub = 0.45 6 12 = 32.4kN

Tmn;drENgsrub = 0.097 6 12 = 7kN
snt;faTmn; truss esI 10% nbnkepSg
0.1(68.4 + 32.4 + 7 ) = 10.78kN
bnkenAelItMNxagkgKW
32.4 10.78
D= + + 0.097 6 = 6kN
8 8
68.4
S= = 8.55kN
8
enAelItMNxageRkA RkLaprgbnkKWesInwgBak;kNalRkLaprgbnkrbs;tMNxagkg. bnkenAelI
tMNxageRkAKW
32.4 10.78
D= + + 0.097 6 = 3.28kN
28 28
68.4
S= = 4.3kN
28
karbnSMbnk A4-3 nwgTTYl)antmFMCageK
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6S
enAelItMNxagkg P = 1.2 6 + 1.6 8.55 = 20.88kN
u
enAelItMNxageRkA P = 1.2 3.28 + 1.6 4.3 = 10.82kN

u
Truss EdlrgbnkRtUv)anbgajenAkg rUbTI 3>32 b.
Ggt;xageRkamRtUv)anKNnaedaykMNt;kmaMgkgGgt;nImYyrbs;Ggt;xageRkam nigeFVIkar
eRCIserIsmuxkat;smrmedIm,ITb;nwgkmaMgEdlFMCageK. enAkg]TahrN_enH kmaMgenAkgGgt; IJ
mantmFMCageK. GgesrI (free body) enAxageqVgmuxkat; a-a RtUv)anbgajenAkg rUbTI 3>32 c.
M E = 83.9(6) 10.82(6) 20.88(4.5 + 3.0 + 1.5) 1.2 FIJ = 0

FIJ = 208.8kN
sRmab;muxkat;eBj (gross section)
.8 10 3
muxkat;EdlRtUvkar A = 0.F9F = 208
g
IJ
0.9 250
= 928mm 2
y
sRmab; net section

208.8 10 3
muxkat;EdlRtUvkar A = 0.75
e
F
F
= IJ
0.75 400
= 696mm 2
u
sakl,g WT125 0.09

Ag = 1140mm 2 > 928mm 2
kartPab;eFVIeLIgedaykarpSartambeNay ehIyGgt;minEmnCaEdkbnH bEdksrs dUcenHkartPab;

enHminsitenAkgkrNIBiessNamYysRmab;Ggt;EdlpSarEdlrg shear leg.
x 34.5
U =1 =1 = 0.85 < 0.9
L 230
Ae = UAg = 0.85 1140 = 969mm 2 > 696mm 2 (OK)
RbsinebIGgt;xageRkamRtUv)anBRgwgenA panel point

L 1500
= = 75.4 < 300 (OK)
r 19.9
cemIy eRbIEdk WT125 0.09
3>9> Ggt;EdltPab;edayknas; (Pin-Connection Members)

enAeBlGgt;RtUv)antPab;edayknas; rnRbehagRtUv)aneFVIeLIgenAcugTaMgsgagrbs;Ggt;
nigEpkEdlvaRtUvPab; ehIyknas;RtUv)ansktamrnenaH. kareFVIEbbenHedIm,IkMu[Ggt;rgm:Um:g;Bt;.
Ggt;rgkarTajEdltPab;tamTRmg;EbbenHRbQmnwgkar)ak;eRcInRbePT EdlRtUv)anerobrab;enAkg
AISC D3 nigRtUv)anBnl;dUcxageRkam.
Eyebar CaRbePTBiessrbs;Ggt;EdlPab;edayknas; (pin-connected member) EdlenA
xagcugrbs;vamanrnknas; dUcbgajkgrUbTI 3>33. ersIusg;KNnaKWQrelIersIusg;yalrbs;mux

kat;eBj. k,nlMGitsRmab;KNnaTMhM eyebar manenAkg AISC D3 EtminRtUv)anykmkerobrab;enA
TIenHeT. Eyebar RtUv)aneRbIy:agTUlMTUlayenAeBlmun vaCaGgt;rgkarTajEdleRbIenAkg truss

s<an benAkgs<anBr. vaminRtUv)aneKeRbIeT naeBlbcb,n.
Ggt;EdltPab;edayknas;KYrRtUv)anKNnasRmab;sanPaBkMNt;dUcxageRkam rUbTI 3>34
!> kugRtaMgTajenAelI net effective area rUbTI 3>34 a
t = 0.75 / Pn = 2tbeff Fu (ASIC Equation D3.1)
@> kugRtaMgkmaMgkat;enAelI net effective area rUbTI 3>34 b

sf = 0.75 / Pn = 0.6 Asf Fu (ASIC Equation D3.21)
#> kugRtaMg bearing . tRmUvkarenHmanenAkg chapter J (Connections, Joints and
fastener) rUbTI 3>34 c

= 0.75 / Pn = 1.8Fy Apb (ASIC Equation J8-1)
$> kugRtaMgTajenAelI gross area

= 0.9 / Pn = Fy Ag (ASIC Equation D1-1)
Edl t= kRmas;rbs;EpkEdltPab;
beff = 2t + 16 b KitCa mm
b = cmayBIpxagrbs;rnknas;eTApxagrbs;Ggt; EdlEkgeTAnwgTisrbs;kmaMg
Asf = 2t (a + d / 2)
a= cmayBIpxagrbs;rnknas;eTApxagrbs;Ggt; EdlRsbeTAnwgTisrbs;kmaMg
d = Ggt;pitknas;
A pb = projected bearing area = dt
tRmUvkarbEnmsRmab;karkMNt;TMhMrbs;knas; nigGgt;manbkRsayenAkg AISC D3.

IV. eRKOgbgMrgkarsgt;
Compression Members
4>1> esckIepIm (introduction)
eRKOgbgMrgkarsgt; CaeRKOgbgMsMNg;EdlrgEtkmaMgsgt;tamGkS. bnkEdlGnuvttam
GkSbeNaykat;tamTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;muxkat;Ggt; ehIykugRtaMg (stress) GacesInwg f a = P A Edl
f a RtUv)anKitfamantMlesIKaelImuxkat;TaMgmUl. b:uEnCak;EsgeKminEdlTTYl)ansanPaBlEbb
enHeT eKminGaceCosputBIkmaMgcakpitxH)aneLIy. CalTpleKnwgTTYl)ankarBt; b:uEnvaGac

RtUv)aneKKitkmaMgrg (secondary load) nigGacRtUv)anecalRbsinebIlkxNnkardak;bnkesIrEt
dUcKanwgRTwsI. karBt;minGacRtUvecaleT RbsinebIvaCam:Um:g;Bt;Edl)anBIkarKNna. eyIgnwgKit
sanPaBenHenAkgCMBUkTI6.
CaTUeTA Ggt;rgkarsgt;EdlekItmanenAkgGKar nigs<anKW ssr CaGgt;bBarEdlman
tYnaTIcMbgKWRTnUvbnkbBar. Ggt;rgkarsgt;kRtUv)aneRbIenAkgeRKOgbgM truss nigCaeRKOgbgMn
RbBnBRgwgpgEdr. Ggt;rgkarsgt;EdlmanRbEvgxIminRtUv)aneKcat;cMNat;fak;Ca column eT Etva
RtUv)aneKehAfa strut.
4>2> RTwsIssr (Column Theory)
edayBicarNaGgt;rgkarsgt;Evg ehIyRsavdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>1 a . RbsinebIbnktam

GkS P RtUv)andak;yWt enAeBlmYybnkenaHnwgmantmRKb;RKan;edIm,IeFVI[Ggt;KansirPaBehIy
eRKOgbgMrgkarsgt; 73 T.Chhay
ragrbs;Ggt;nwgekagdUcbgajedayExSdac;. bnkEdleFVI[Ggt;ekagRtUv)aneKehAfa critical

buckling load. RbsinebI Ggt;manRbEvgxI ehIyFat;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>2 b enaHeKRtUv karbnk
EdlmantmFMCagmunedIm,IeFVI[Ggt;enaHsitkgsanPaBKansirPaB. RbsinebIGgt;enaH kan;EtxI

kar)ak;nwgekIteLIgeday compressive yielding Cageday buckling. munnwg)ak; kugRtaMgsgt; P A
nwgrayesIenAelImuxkat;RKb;cMNucTaMgGs;nbeNayRbEvgrbs;ssr eTaHCa)ak;eday yielding b
k)ak;eday buckling. bnkEdleFVI[ buckling ekItman CaGnuKmn_eTAnwg slendernesss ehIy
sRmab;Ggt;EdlRsavxaMg bnkenHnwgmantmtUcNas;.
RbsinebIGgt;manlkNRsavxaMg EdlkugRtaMgmunnwg buckling EdltUcCagEdnsmamaRt
(proportional limit) EdlGgt;sitenAkglkNeGLasic critical buckling load RtUv)an[dUc
xageRkam
2 EI
Pcr = 2
L
$>!
Edl E Cam:UDuleGLasic (modulus of elasticity), I Cam:Um:g;niclPaBnRkLapmuxkat; (moment
of inertia of the cross-sectional are) EdleFobnwgGkSemEdltUc (minor principal axis), L CaRb
Evgrbs;Ggt;cenaHTRm. edIm,I[smIkar $>! manny luHRtaEtGgt;sitkgsanPaBeGLasic

ehIycugrbs;vaGacviledayesrI EtminRtUvrMkileTAxageT. cugTRmenHbMeBjlkxNedayTRmsnak;
(hinge) b pinned dUcbgajkgrUbTI 4>2 . TMnak;TMngdKYr[cab;GarmN_enHRtUv)anrkeXIjdMbUgbMput
edayGkR)aCJKNitviTaCnCatisVIseQaH Leonhard Euler Edle)aHBum<enAkgqaM 1759. bnkeRKaH

fak; (critical load) enH enAeBlxHRtUv)aneKehAfa Euler load b Euler buckling load . smIkarTI
$>! RtUv)aneKbgajedIm,IeFVI[eCOedaykarBiesaFy:ageRcIn. karsMraybBaak;rbs;smIkarenH RtUv)an
[edIm,IbgajBIPaBsMxan;rbs;lkxNcugTRm.
T.Chhay 74 Compression members

edIm,IgayRsYlkgkarbkRsay Ggt;RtUv)andak;[edkelIGkS x dUcEdl[kgrUbTI 4>3.

TRm roller Edldak;enATIenHedIm,ITb;Ggt;min[clteTAelI bcuHeRkam. bnksgt;tamGkS
RtUv)anGnuvt ehIyekIneLIgsnSwm. bnkxagbeNaHGasnRtUv)andak;edIm,IeFVI[Ggt;dabdUcrUb
ragEdlbgajedayExSdac; ehIyGgt;nwgRtLb;eTArkrUbragedImvijenAeBlEdlbnkbeNaHGsn
enaHRtUv)aneKdkecjRbsinebIbnktamGkSmantmtUcCag critical buckling load . Critical
buckling load, Pcr RtUv)ankMNt;CabnkEdlmantmFMRKb;RKan;edIm,IrkSarUbragdabrbs;Ggt;enA
eBlEdlbnkxagbeNaHGasnRtUv)aneKdakecj.
smIkarDIepr:g;Esl (differential equation) sRmab;rUbragdabrbs;Ggt;eGLasicEdlrgkar

Bt;KW
d2y
dx 2
=
M
IE
$>@
Edl x Cacmayrbs;cMNucEdlsitenAelIGkSbeNayrbs;Ggt;/ y CaPaBdabrbs;Ggt;enARtg;
cMNucenaH/ nig M Cam:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNucenaH. E nig I RtUv)anbgajBIxagelI b:uEnm:Um:g;niclPaB
I enATIenHKWeFobnwgGkSnkarBt;. smIkarenHRtUv)anTajeday Jacob Bernoulli ehIyRtUv)an
bMEbkeday Euler EdleRbIR)as;vasRmab;bBaaekagrbs;ssr. BI rUbTI 4>3 eyIgeXIjfaenAeBl

EdlGgt;ekagedaysarbnktamGkS Pcr enAcmay x BITRmxageqVgeyIgmanPaBdab y ehIy
m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNucenaHKW Pcr y . enaHsmIkar $>@ GacsresrdUcxageRkam
Pcr
y"+ y=0
EI
Edl RBIm KWCaDIepr:g;Esltam x . smIkarenHCa second order, linear, ordinary differential
equation CamYynwgemKuNefr ehIymandMeNaHRsay
y = A cos(cx) + B sin(cx)
Edl c = PEIcr
ehIy A nig B Catmefr. tmefrTaMgenH RtUv)ankMNt;edayGnuvtnUvlkxNRBMEdndUcxageRkam
Rtg; x = 0 / y = 0 0 = A cos(0) + B sin(0) enaH A = 0
Rtg; x = L / y = 0 0 = B sin(cL)
lkxNcugeRkayenHtRmUv[ sin(cL) = 0 RbsinebI B 0 cemIyminsMxan; EdlRtUvKanwg P = 0 .
sRmab; sin(cL) = 0 /
cL = 0, , 2 , 3 , ... = n , n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
BI c = Pcr
EI
eyIgTTYl)an cL =
ehIy Pcr = n L2 EI
2 2
Pcr Pcr 2
L = n , L = n 2 2

EI EI
tmCaeRcInrbs; n RtUvKanwgrUbragekag (buckling mode) epSg. n = 1 bgajnUvrUbragekagTImYy

(first mode). n = 2 KWrUbragekagTIBIr (second mode).l. tm n = 0 CakrNIKanbnk EdlCa
krNIminsMxan;. rUbragnkarekagTaMgenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>4. tm n minGacFMCagmYy

elIkElgEtGgt;rgkarsgt;RtUv)anTb;BIkardabenARtg;cMNucEdleFVI[kMeNagbt;Ebn.
dUcenHdMeNaHRsayrbs;smIkarDIepr:g;EslKW
nx
y = B sin
L
ehIyemKuN B CatmminkMNt;. lTplenHRtUv)aneRbICacemIy linear kgsmIkarDIepr:g;EsltM
Nag)atuPUt nonlinear.
sRmab;krNIFmtarbs;Ggt;rgkarsgt;EdkKanTRmenAcenaHcugsgagrbs;va n = 1 enaH
smIkar Euler RtUv)ansresrCa
2 EI
Pcr = 2
L
$>#
vamanlkNgayRsYlCagkgkarsresrsmIkar $># kgTRmg;dUcxageRkam
2 EI 2 EAr 2 2 EA
Pcr = = =
L2 L2 (L / r )2
Edl A CaRkLapmuxkat; nig r CakaMniclPaB (radius of gyration) EdleFobnwgGkSEdlekag.
pleFob L / r Ca slenderness ratio. Ggt;EdlmanlkNkan;EtRsav tm slenderness ration
kan;EtFM.
RbsinebI critical load RtUv)anEckedayRkLapmuxkat; enaHeKnwgTTYl)an critical
buckling stress dUcxageRkam
2E
P
Fcr = cr = $>$
A 2
(L / r )
sRmab;kugRtaMgrgkarsgt; karekagnwgekIteLIgtamGkSEdlRtUvKanwg r . karekagnwgekIteLIg
Pam enAeBlEdlbnkEdlGnuvtmkelIGgt;esInwgbnkEdl[kgsmIkar $># ehIyssrnwgKanesr
PaBeFobGkSem (principal axis) EdleFVI[ slenderness ratio mantmFMCageK. CaTUeTAvaCa
GkSEdlmanm:Um:g;niclPaBtUcCageK eyIgnwgBinitkrNIenHenAeBleRkay. dUcenHm:Um:g;niclPaB
Gb,brma nigkaMniclPaBGb,brmaRtUv)aneRbIenAkgsmIkar $># nig $>$.
]TahrN_4>1 ssrEdlmanmuxkat W 300 0.73 RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IRTbnksgt;tamGkS 645kN .

ssrenHmanRbEvg 6m nigmanTRm pinned enAcugsgag. edaymikKitBIemKuNbnk nigemKuN
ersIusg; cUreFVIkarGegtBIesrPaBrbs;Ggt;enH. eKminRtUvkardwgBIm:akrbs;EdkeT edaysar critical
buckling load CaGnuKmn_nm:UDuleGLasic minEmn yield stress b ultimate tensile strength.
dMeNaHRsay sRmab; W 300 0.73

tmGb,brmarbs; r = r = 49.8mm
y
tmGtibrmarbs; Lr = 6000
49.8
= 120.5
2 EA 2 200 103 9.48 103

Pcr = = 10 3 = 1288.7kN
(L r )
2
120.5 2
cemIy edaysarbnkGnuvtKW 645kN tUcCag P enaHssrrkSasirPaBehIymanemKuNsuvtiPaB

cr
RbqaMgnwg bucklingesInwg 1288.7 / 645 = 2.0 .
eRkaymkeK)anrkeXIjfa smIkarrbs; Euler minGaceRbICamYyGgt;rgkarsgt;EdlFat; xI

nigminRsav. mUlehtuKWfa slenderness ratio tUcrbs;Ggt;bNal[man buckling stress FM
BIsmIkar $>$. RbsinebI buckling stress FMCag proportional limit rbs;smar enaHTMnak;TMng
rvag stress nig strain nwgminmanlkNCa linear eT ehIym:UDuleGLasic E nwgminGacyk
mkeRbI)aneT. kg]TahrN_ 4>1 buckling stress KW Pcr / A = 1288.7 / 9.48 = 136MPa EdltUc
Cag proportional limit sRmab;RKb;eRKOgbgMEdkTaMgGs;. enAkgqaM 1889 Friedrich
Engesser )anesIeLIgdMbUgkgkareRbIR)as; tangent modulus Et enAkgsmIkar $>#. sRmab;smar
EdlmanExSekag stress-strain dUckgrUbTI 4>5/ E ElgCatmefrsRmab;kugRtaMgEdlFMCag

proportional limit Fpl . Tangent modulus Et RtUv)ankMNt;Ca slope nbnat;b:HeTAnwgExSekag
stress-strain sRmab;tmrbs; f EdlsitenAcenaH Fpl nig Fy . RbsinebI buckling stress Pcr / A
sitenAkgtMbn;enH vaRtUv)anbgajdUcxageRkam
2 Et I
Pcr =
L2
$>%
smIkar $>% dUcKanwgsmIkar Euler RKan;EtCMnYs E eday Et .
ExSekag stress-strain EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>5 manlkNxusKaBIrUbEdl)anbgajBImun
sRmab; ductile steel enAkgrUbTI 1>3 nig1>4 edaysarEtvamantMbn; nonlinear . ExSekag
enHCaRbePTnkarBiesaFkarsgt;rbs;Edk W-shape RbEvgxI EdleKehAfa stub column.
Nonlinearity CalTpldMbUgnvtmanrbs; residual stress enAkg W-shape. enAeBlEdlEdk hot-
rolled shape Tuk[RtCak; muxkat;TaMgmUlrbs;EdkminRtUv)anRtCak;edayGRtadUcKaeT. ]TahrN_

enAcugsabrbs;EdkRtCak;elOnCagkEngCYbKarvagsab nigRTnug. karRtCak;minRBmKaEbbenH

begIt[
mankugRtaMgenACab;kgEdkrhUt. ktaepSgeTotdUcCakarpSar nigkarBt;RtCak;edIm,IbegIt Fwmekag
GacCaktabNal[man residual stress b:uEndMeNIrkareFVI[RtCak;CaktacMbg.
cMNaMfa Et mantmtUcCag E ehIysRmab; L / r EdlmantmdUcKaRtUvKa eKnwgTTYl)an

critical load Pcr tUc. edaysarEtPaBERbRbYlrbs; Et karkMNt;tm Pcr enAkg inelastic range
edayeRbIsmIkarTI $>% BitCamankarBi)ak. CaTUeTA trial-and-error approach RtUv)aneRbICamYynwg

ExSekag stress-strain dUcbgajkgrUbTI 4>5 edIm,IkMNt; Et sRmab;tmsakl,grbs;tm Pcr .
sRmab;mUlehtuenH design specification CaeRcIn rYmTaMg AISC Specification manrUbmnEdl)an
BIkarBiesaF (empirical formulas) sRmab; inelastic column.
sRmab;RKb;smarTaMgGs; critical buckling stress RtUv)ansg;CadaRkamCaGnuKmn_eTAnwg
slenderness dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>6 . ExSekag tangent modulus b:HeTAnwgExSekag Euler Rtg;
cMNucEdlRtUvKanwg proportional limit rbs;smar. bnSMExSekagenH RtUv)aneKehAfa column

strength curve EdlBNnaBIesrPaBrbs;RKb;ssrTaMgGs;. eRkABI Fy , E nig Et EdlCalkN
rbs;smar ersIusg;CaGnuKmn_nwg slenderness ratio.
RbEvgRbsiTPaB (effective Length)

TaMgsmIkar Euler nigsmIkar tangent modulusQrelIkarsnt;dUcxageRkam
!> ssrmanlkNRtg;l
@> bnkGnuvttamGkS KancMNakpit
#> ssrmanTRm pinned enAcugsgag
lkxNBIrdMbUgmannyfa Kanm:Um:g;Bt;enAkgGgt;mugeBlekag (buckling). dUc)anerobrab;
BIxagedIm m:Um:g;cdnxHnwgekItman b:uEnvaRtUv)anecalkgkrNICaeRcIn. tRmUvkarsRmab;TRm
pinned CakarkMNt;mYyEdlBi)ak Edlkarpl;[RtUv)aneFVIsRmab;lkxNTRmepSgeTot. lkxN
TRm pinned tRmUv[Tb;Ggt;BIkarrMkilxag b:uEnminTb;nwgkarvilCMuvijTRmeT. CakarBit karbegIttMN

pinned EdlKankkitKWminGaceFVIeTA)anlenaHeT dUcenHlkxNTRmenHRKan;EtmanlkNRbhak;
RbEhlb:ueNaH. Cak;EsgssrTaMgGs;RtUvEtxUcRTg;RTaytamGkSedayesrI.
lkxNcugepSgeTotGacRtUv)anBnl;enAkgsmIkarTI $>#. CaTUeTA m:Um:g;Bt;GacCaGnuKmn_
n x EdlCalTplenAkg nonhomogeneous differential equation. vamanlkxNRBMEdnxusBI
smIkaredIm EtviFIsaRsKNnadUcKaTaMgRsug. smIkarEdlCacemIysRmab; Pcr manTRmg;dUcKa.
]TahrN_ edayBicarNaGgt;rgkarsgt;EdlmanTRmmYyCa pinned nigmYyeTotCa fixed Tb;nwg
karvil nigkarrMkil dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>7 . smIkar Euler sRmab;krNIenH EdlRtUv)anbkRsay
tamrebobdUcsmIkar $># eKTTYl)an

2.05 2 EI
Pcr =
L2
2.05 2 EA 2 EA
b Pcr =
(L / r)2
=
(0.70 L / r ) 2
dUcenHGgt;rgkarsgt;enHmanlTPaBRTbnkesInwgGgt;EdlmanTRm pinned sgagEdr Et
RbEvgrbs;vaRtUv)anKitRtwm 70% bueNaH. eKnwgTTYl)ansmIkarkgTRmg;RsedogKaenHsRmab;
ssrEdlmanlkxNTRmepSg.
Column-buckling problem GacRtUv)anbegItCarUbmnkgTRmgCa forth-order differential
equation CMnYs[smIkar $>@. kareFVIEbbenHedIm,IgayRsYlkgkaredaHRsayCamYylkxNRBMEdn
eRkABITRm pinned . edIm,IPaBgayRsYl smIkarsRmab; critical buckling load nwgRtUv)ansresrkg

TRmg;dUcxageRkam
2 EA 2 Et A
Pcr = b P = $>^ a/ $>^ b
(KL / r ) (KL / r )
2 cr 2
Edl KL CaRbEvgRbsiTPaB (effective length) nig K CaemKuNRbEvgRbsiTPaB (effective length

factor). emKuNRbEvgRbsiTPaBsRmab;Ggt;rgkarsgt; fixed-pinned KW 0.70 . sRmab;cugsgag
manTRm fixed Tb;nwgkarvil nigrMkil enaH K = 0.50 . tmrbs; K sRmab;krNITaMgenH nigkrNI

epSgeTotmanenAkgtarag C_C2.1 enAkg Commentary to the AISC Specification. enAkg
taragenaH eK[tmrbs; K cMnYnBIr mYyCatmtamRTwsI nigmYyeTotCatmsRmab;karKNna
(recommended design value) EdlRtUv)anykmkeRbIenAeBlEdleKmanlkxNTRmesIrl\texaH.

dUcenH luHRtaEtTRm fixed KWbgb;\texaHeTIbtmKNnaEdlmanlkNsnSMsMcCagRtUv)anykmk
eRbI. EtcMNaMfa tmtamRTwsI nigtmsRmab;karKNnamantmdUcKasRmab;lkxN (d)nig (f)
enAkg Commentary Table C-C2.1. mUlehtuKWfaPaBEdlminGaceFVI)anrbs;TRmsnak;Kankkit
Edll\texaH brbs;TRm pinned )anbegIt[mankarTb;nwgkarvil nigeFVI[tm K fycuH. dUcenH
kareRbItmtamRTwsIkg krNITaMgBIrKWmantmtUc.
kareRbIRbEvgRbsiTPaB KL CMnYs[RbEvg L min)aneFVI[mankarpas;brTMnak;TMng Edl)an
erobrab;kngmkeT. ExSekagersIusg;ssr (column strength curve) Edl)anbgajenAkg rUbTI 4>6
minmankarpas;breT ebIRKan;EteFVIkarpas;breQaHGkSGab;sIusmk KL enaH. Critical buckling
stress EdlRtUvKanwgRbEvgEdl[ eTaHCaRbEvgBitR)akd bRbEvgRbsiTPaBkeday keQaHrbs;vaelI
GkSGredaenenArkSadEdl.
4>3> tRmUvkarrbs; AISC (AISC Requirements)
tRmUvkarCamUldansRmab;Ggt;rgkarsgt;RtUv)anerobrab;enAkg Chapter E of the AISC

Specification. TMnak;TMngrvagbnk nigersIusg; smIkar @># manTRmg;
Pu c Pn
Edl Pu = plbUkbnkemKuN
Pn = nominal compressive strength = Ag Fcr
Fcr = critical buckling stress
emKuNersIusg;sRmab;Ggt;rgkarsgt; = 0.85
c =
CMnYs[kareRbIsmIkar critical buckling stress Fcr CaGnuKmn_n slenderness ration KL / r
specification eRbInUv slenderness parameter

KL Fy
c = (AISC Equation E2-4)
r E
vaCa)a:ra:Em:RtKanxat ebIeTaHCasmIkarmanlkNsmarcUlrYmkeday. sRmab;ssreGLasic
(elastic column) smIkar $>$ GacRtUv)ansresrCa
2E 1
Fcr = = Fy
(LK / r ) 2
c2

edIm,IKitbBalnUv\TiBlrbs;PaBminRtg;dMbUg (initial crookedness) smIkarxagelIRtUv)ankat;bny

dUcxageRkam
0.877
Fcr = Fy
2c
sRmab; inelastic column EdleRbI tangent modulus equation smIkar $>^ b RtUv)anCMnYseday
(
Fcr = 0.658c Fy
2
)
Edl)anKitpgEdrnUv initial crookedness. dUcenHdMeNaHRsayedaypal;GacTTYl)an edayeCos
vagnUv trial-and error approach EdlmanCab;CamYynwgkareRbIR)as; tangent modulus equation.
RbsinebIeKyk c = 1.5 CaRBMEdnrvagssreGLasic nigssrminEmneGLasic enaH AISC equation
sRmab; critical buckling stressGacRtUv)ansegbdUcxageRkam
sRmab; c 1.5
(
Fcr = 0.658c Fy
2
) (AISC Equation E2-2)
sRmab; c > 1.5

0.877
Fcr = Fy (AISC Equation E2-3)
c2
tRmUvkarTaMgenHRtUv)anbgajCalkNRkaPicenAkgrUbTI 4>8.
AISC Equation E2-2 nig E2-3 RtUv)ansegbBIsmIkarcMnYn 5 Edlman c 5 lMdab;

(Galambos, 1988). smIkarTaMgenHQrelIkarBiesaF nigRTwsIEdlKitbBalnUv residual stress nig
initial out-of straightness esInwg L / 1500 / Edl L CaRbEvgGgt;.
esInUvpleFobPaBrlas;Gtibrma (maximum slenderness ration) KL / r esInwg

AISC
200 sRmab;Ggt;rgkarsgt;. eTaHbICamankarkMNt;EtmYykeday EtenAkgkarGnuvtn_eKGacyk
pleFobkMNt;FMCagenH edaysarssrEdlmanlkNRsavCag nigmanersIusg;tUc ehIyvanwgmin

manlkNesdkic.
]TahrN_4>2 kMNt;ersIusg;sgt;KNnarbs; W 360 1.08 EdlmanRbEvg 6m nigmanTRm pinned.

eRbIEdk A36 .
dMeNaHRsay Slenderness ratio
1.0(6000)
tmGtibrmarbs; KLr = KL
r
=
63
= 95.24 < 200 (OK)
y
KL Fy 95.24 250
c = = = 1.072
r E 200000
sRmab; c < 1.5
Fcr = (0.658)c Fy = (0.658)1.072 (250 ) = 154.5MPa

2 2
Pn = Ag Fcr = 14100 154.5 10 3 = 2177kN
c Pn = 0.85 2177 = 1850kN

cemIy ersIusg;sgt;KNna (design compressive strength) = 1850kN .
enAkg]TahrN_ 4>2/ eday ry < rx enaHvanwgmanersIusg;FMCagtamTis x . EdkTIbRCugmux

kat;kaer: Camuxkat;EdlmanRbsiTPaBCageKsRmab;Ggt;rgkarsgt; edaysar ry = rx enaHersIusg;
rbs;vanwgesIKaTaMgBIrTis. eBlxHEdkTIbmUlRbehagkRtUv)aneRbICaGgt;egkarsgt;sRmab;mUl
ehtudUcKa.
rUbragnkar)ak;Edl)anBicarNayUrmkehIyKWsMedAeTAelIkarekagedaykarBt; (flexural
buckling) dUcGgt;rgkarBt; enAeBlEdlvaKanesrPaB. sRmab;muxkat;xH Ggt;nwg)ak;edayrmYl
(twisting) KWekagedayrmYl (torsional buckling) bedaybnSMn twisting nig bending (flexural-
torsional buckling). eyIgnwgBicarNavaenAkgEpkTI 4>6.

sirPaBedaytMbn; Local Stability

ersIusg;EdlRtUvKanwg buckling mode minGacnwgekIteLIg)aneT RbsinebIEpkrbs;muxkat;
manlkNesIgeBkEdlnwgekItman local buckling. GesrPaBRbePTenHKWCakarekagedaytMbn; b
wrinkle enAtMbn;epSgKa. RbsinebIvaekIteLIg muxkat;KanRbsiTPaBeBj)anyUr hIyGgt;nwg)ak;.
muxkat;rUbragGkSr I nig H Edlmansab bRTnugesIgnwggayrg)atuPUtenH ehIyeKKYrEteCogvagkg

kareRbIR)as;va. RbsinebImindUecaHeT ersIusg;sgt;Edl[eday AISC Equation E2-2 nig E2-3
RtUvEtkat;bny. karvas;EvgnUvPaBgayrgnUv)atuPUtenHKWKNnapleFobTTwgelIkRmas; (width-
thickness ratio) rbs;Epknmuxkat;nImYy. EpkBIrRbePTRtUv)anBicarNa unstiffened element
EdlRCugmYytambeNayTisedAbnkminRtUv)an support, nig stiffened element EdlRCugTaMg

sgagrbs;vaRtUv)an support.
tmkMNt;rbs; width-thickness ratio RtUv)an[enAkg AISC B5, Local Buckling Edl
rUbragrbs;muxkat;RtUv)ancat;cMNat;fak;Ca compact, noncompact b slender GaRsyeTAtamtm
rbs;pleFob. sRmab;Epkrgkarsgt;esI dUcCaGgt;rgkmaMgsgt;tamGkS ersIusg;RtUv)ankat;bny
RbsinebIrUbragman slender element. Width-thickness ratio RtUv)an[eQaHsMKal;CaTU eTAfa .
GaRsyeTAnwgEpkrbs;muxkat; GacCapleFob b / t b h / tw EdlnwgRtUv)anbgajenA TIenH.
RbsinebI FMCagtmkMNt; r rUbragKW slender ehIyeKrkviFIedIm,IkarBar local buckling.
sRmab;rUbrag compact nig uncompact nwgRtUvykmkniyaykgCMBUkTI5 sRmab;rUbragGkSr I nig
H sabrbs;vaRtUv)ancat;TukCa unstiffened element ehIyTTwgrbs;sabGacRtUv)anKitEtBak;
kNal.
edayeRbI AISC notation eyIg)an
b bf / 2 bf
= = =
t tf 2t f
Edl b f nig t f CaTTwg nigkRmas;rbs;sab. lImItx<s;KW

250
r =
fy
RTnugrbs;rUbragGkSr I nig H Ca stiffened element ehIy stiffened width KWCacmaycenaH root

rbs;sab. Width-thickness parameter KW
h
=
tw
Edl h CacmaycenaH root rbs;sab ehIy tw CaTTwgsab. lImItx<s;bMputKW
665
r =
fy
tmrbs;pleFob b f / 2t f nig h / tw RtUv)anerobcMdak;enAkg dimension and properties tables in

Part 1 of the manual.
Stiffened element nig unstiffened element rbs;rUbragmuxkat;CaeRcInRtUv)anbgajenAkg
rUbTI 4>9. EdnkMNt; r Edl)anmkBI AISC B5 RtUv)an[sRmab;krNInImYy.

]TahrN_ 4>3 Gegt;ssrenAkg]TahrN_ 4>2 sRmab; local buckling.

dMeNaHRsay sRmab; W 360 1.08 / b = 256mm / t = 19.9mm / nig
f f
bf 256
= = 6.43
2t f 2 19.9
tmn b f / 2t f kRtUv)andak;enAkg properties table.

250
= 15.8 > 6.43 (OK)
250
h
tw
= 25.3 BI
properties table
665 665
= = 42 > 25.3 (OK)
fy 250
cemIy Local instability minmanbBaa.
eKkGnuBaat[eRbIrUbragmuxkat;EdlminbMeBjtRmUvkar width-thickness ration pgEdr k

b:uEnGgt;EbbenaHminRtUv)anGnuBaat[RTbnkFn;dUcrUbragmuxkat;EdlbMeBjlkxNeT. ma:gvij
eTot design strength kGacRtUv)ankat;bnyedaysarEt local buckling. dMeNIrkarTUeTAkgkar
GegtmandUcxageRkam.
- RbsinebI width-thickness ration eyagtam FMCag r Appendix B of the
Specification nigKNnaemKuNkat;bny (reduction factor) Q .

Fy
- KNna c dUcFmta c = KL
r E
- RbsinebI Qc 1.5 / Fcr = Q 0.658Qc2 Fy (AISC Eq. A-B5-15)

- RbsinebI Qc > 1.5 / Fcr = 0.877

Fy (AISC Eq. A-B5-16)
c
2
- Design strength KW c Pn = 0.85 Ag Fcr

kgkrNICaeRcIneKGacrk rolled shape EdlbMeBjtRmUvkar width-thickness ratio dUcenHeK
mincaM)ac;eFVInUvdMeNIrnkarKNnaenHeT. enAkgesovePAenH eyIgBicarNaEtGgt;rgkarsgt;Edlman
< r bu:eNaH.
taragsRmab;Ggt;rgkarsgt; Tables for Compression Members

Manual mantaragEdlmanRbeyaCn_CaeRcInsRmab;karviPaK nigkarKNna. sRmab;Ggt;rg
karsgt;Edl strength rbs;valubeday flexural buckling RbePTEdl)anBicarNakngmk/ tarag

3-36, 3-50 nig 4 enAkg Numerical Value section rbs; Specification nig column load table
enAkg part 3 rbs; Manual, Column Design, manRbeyaCn_CageK. tarag 3-36 [nUvtm
c Fcr CaGnuKmn_n KL / r sRmab; Fy = 36ksi = 250 MPa . tarag 3-50 sRmab; F = 50ksi y
= 350 MPa nig tarag 4 [ c Fcr / Fy CaGnuKmn_n c . RKb; Manual table TaMgGs;sRmab;
Fy = 50ksi = 350 MPa xusBItaragsRmab; Fy = 36ksi = 250 MPa edaykarpat;BNRbepH.
Column load table [ design strength rbs;rUbragEdleRCIserIssRmab;tmRbEvgRbsiTPaB
(effective length) CaeRcIn. tarag 3-36 nig 3-50 bBab;edaylImItx<s;bMput KL / r = 200 ehIy
column load table rYm bBaltm KL EdlRtUvKanwg KL / r = 200 . kareRbIR)as;nUvtarag
nImYyRtUv)anbgajenA kg]TahrN_xageRkam.
]TahrN_ 4>4 KNna design strength rbs;Ggt;rgkarsgt;rbs; W14 74 EdlmanRbEvg 20 ft

nigmanTRm pinned renAcugsgag edayeRbI ! Table 3-36 @ Table 4 nig # column load
table . eRbIEdk A36 .
dMeNaHRsay
Slenderness ratio:
1.0(20 12 )
tmGtibrma KLr = KL
r
=
2.48
= 96.77 < 200 (OK)
y
KL Fy 96.77 36
c = = = 1.085
r E 29000
! sRmab; Fy = 36ksi / eyIgeRbI Table 3-36 .
tmrbs; c Fcr RtUv)an[sRmab;tm KL / r Kt;/ sRmab;tm KL / r TsSPaK eyIgGaceFVIkarrMkil
ex,seLIg (rounded up) beFVI linear interpolation. enAkgesovePAenHeyIgnwgeRbI linear
interpolation sRmab;RKb;taragTaMgGs;elIkElgEtmankarbgajR)ab;. sRmab; KL / r = 96.77
c Fcr = 18.69ksi
c Pn = c Ag Fcr = Ag (c Fcr ) = 21.8(18.69 ) = 407 kips

@ BI Table 4 sRmab; c = 1.085 eyIg)an

Fcr
c = 0.519
Fy

c Pn = Ag c
Fcr Fy = 21.8(0.519 )(36 ) = 407 kips
Fy

# Column load table in Part 3 of the Manual [ design strength sRmab;muxkat;rUbrag W, HP,
pipe, tube, double-angle, WT nig single-angle. tmenAkgtaragsRmab;rUbragsIuemRTI (W, HP,
pipe nig tube)RtUv)anKNnaedayeRbI radius of gyrationsRmab;rUbragnImYy. sRmab;]TahrN_
enH k = 1.0 dUcenH

KL = 1.0(20 ) = 20 ft
sRmab; W 14 74 / Edk A36 nig KL = 20 ft eyIgTTYl)an
c Pn = 407 kips .
tmEdl)anBI Table 3-36, 3-50 nig 4 KWQrelI flexural buckling nig AISC Equation E2-
2 nig E2-3. dUcenH local stability RtUv)ansnt; ehIy width-thickness ratio nwgminFMCagtm
kMNt;eLIy. Design strength enAkg column load table )anKitbBalenAkarkat;bnycaM)ac;

enAeBlEdl width-thickness ratio FMCagtmkMNt;.
4>4> karKNnamuxkat; (Design)
kareRCIserIsnUv rolled shape EdlmanlkNesdkic edIm,ITb;nwgbnksgt;Edl[man

lkNsamBaCamYynwgkareRbIR)as; column load tables. emIltaragCamYynwg effective length
ehIyrMkiltamTisedk rhUtdl;eyIgrkeXIjnUv design strength EdleyIgcg;)an bmantmFMCag
bnicbnc. kgkrNIxH eyIgRtUvbnrkrhUtdl;eyIgGacrk)anrUbragEdlmanTmn;RsalCageK. CaTU
eTArUbrag (W, WT, etc) RtUv)aneKeFVIkarsMercmuneK. CaerOy TMhM nigrUbragrbs;muxkat;
RtUv)andwgmun edaytRmUvkarsabtkm nigtRmUvkardTeTot. dUcEdl)anbgajBIxagedIm RKb;tm
EdlmanenAkgtaragRtUvKanwg slenderness ratio tUcCagbesInwg 200 . rUbragGt;sIuemRTI
(structural tees and the single and double-angles) RtUvkarnUvkarBicarNaBiessEdlnwgmanbk
RsayenAkgEpk 4>6.
]TahrN_ 4>5 Ggt;rgkarsgt;RTnUv service dead load 165kips = 734kN nig service live load
535kips = 2380kN . Ggt;enHmanRbEvg 26 ft = 7925mm ehIymanTRm pinned sgag. eRbIEdk
A36 nigerIsrUbrag W 14 .
dMeNaHRsay KNnabnkemKuN (factored load)

Pu = 1.2 165 + 1.6 535 = 1054kips b 4689kN
dUcenH required design strength c Pn = 1054kips

BI column load table sRmab; KL = 26 ft / W 14 176 man design strength c Pn = 1150kips
cemIy eRbI W 14 176 .
]TahrN_ 4>6 eRCIserIsrUbrag W EdlmanTmn;RsalCageKbMputEdlGacRTbnksgt;emKuN

Pu = 190kips = 845kN . RbEvgRbsiTPaBKW 24 ft = 7315m . eRbIEdk ASTM A572 Grade 50.
dMeNaHRsay viFIdsmrmenATIenHKWdMbUgeyIgerIsrUbragEdlRsalCageKenAkg nominal size nI

mYy ehIybnab;mkeTIberIsrUbragEdlRsalCageKelIrUbragTaMgGs;. CeRmIsmandUcxageRkam
W 4 / W 5 nig W 6 KanrUbragNamYyenAkgtaragEdlGacyk)an
W8 W 8 58 / c Pn = 194kips
W 10 W 10 49 / c Pn = 239kips
W 12 W 12 53 / c Pn = 247 kips
W 14 W 14 61 / c Pn = 276kips
cMNaMfa load capacity minsmamaRtnwgTmn;eT bRkLapmuxkat;eT. eTaHbICa W 8 58 man

design strength tUcCageKkgcMeNamCeRmIsTaMgbYn EtvamanTmn;Fn;CageKbnab; W 14 61 .
sRmab;rUbragEdlKanenAkg column load table, eKRtUveRbI trial-and-error approach.
dMeNIrkarTUeTAKWsnt;rUbrag bnab;mkKNna design strength rbs;va. RbsinebIersIusg;tUceBk
KansuvtiPaB bFMeBk KanlkNesdkic eKRtUveFVIkarsakl,gepSgeTot. viFIsaRskgkareFVI
trial selection mandUcxageRkam

!> snt;tmsRmab; critical buckling stress Fcr . karBinit AISC equation E2-2 nig E2-
3 bgajfatm Fcr GtibrmatamRTwsICa yield stress Fy .
@> BItRmUvkarKW c Pn Pu / yk
c Ag Fcr Pu enaH Ag PFu
c cr
#> eRCIserIsrUbragEdlRtUvKanwgRkLapcaM)ac;.
$> KNna Fcr nig c Pn sRmab;rUbragsakl,g.
%> eFVIkarEktRmUveLIgvijRbsinebIcaM)ac;. RbsinebI design strength mantmEk,rtmRtUvkar
TMhMEdlmanenAkgtaragbnab;GacRtUv)ansakl,g. RbsinebImindUecaHeT eFVIkarKNna
eLIgvijTaMgRsug. eRbItm Fcr EdlrkeXIjsRmab;tmsakl,gCatmsRmab;CMhan
TI !>.
^> RtYtBinit local stability RtYtBinit width-thickness ration). EktRmUveLIgvijRbsin
ebIcaM)ac;.
]TahrN_ 4>7 eRCIserIsrUbrag W 460 rbs;Edk A36 EdlGacRTbnkemKuN (factored load)
4688kN . RbEvgRbsiTPaBKW 7925mm .
dMeNaHRsay sakl,g Fcr = 165.5kN BIrPaKbIn Fy

Pu 4688 103
Required Ag = = = 33.325 10 3 m 2
c Fcr 0.85 165.5
sakl,g W 460 2.8
Ag = 36.39 10 3 m 2 > 33.325 10 3 m 2

KL 7925
= = 111.8 < 200 (OK)
rmin 70.9
KL Fy 111.8 250
c = = = 1.258 < 1.5
r E 200000
eRbI AISC Equation E2-2
2
Fcr = 0.658c Fy = (0.658)(1.258) (250) = 128.9 MPa
2

c Pn = 0.85 Ag Fcr = 0.85 36.39 10 3 128.9 103 = 3987 kN < 4688kN (N.G)
sakl,g Fcr = 128.9MPa tmEdleTIbnwg)anBIkarKNnasRmab; W 460 2.8

Pu 4688 10 3
Required Ag = = = 42.787 10 3 m 2
c Fcr 0.85 128.9
sakl,g W 460 3.41
Ag = 44.39 10 3 m 2 > 42.787 10 3 m 2

KL 7925
= = 109.5 < 200 (OK)
rmin 72.4
KL Fy 109.5 250
c = = = 1.232 < 1.5
r E 200000
2
Fcr = 0.658c Fy = (0.658)(1.232 ) (250 ) = 132.45MPa
2

c Pn = 0.85 Ag Fcr = 0.85 44.39 10 3 132.45 103 = 4997.5kN > 4688kN (O.K)
edaysarrUbragenHminmanenAkg column load table dUcenHeKRtUvkarRtYtBinit width-thickness

ration
bf 250
= 2 .8 < = 15.8 (O.K)
2t f 250
h 665
= 13.8 < = 42.2 (O.K)
tw 250
cemIy eRbIEdk W 460 3.41
RbsinebIeKeRbI table 3-36 b table 3-50 tmsakl,grbs; c Fcr manlkNgayRsYlkg

kareRbIenAkgsmIkar
Pu
Required Ag =
c Fcr
4>5> esckIbEnmsRmab;RbEvgRbsiTPaB (More on Effective Length)

enAkgEpk 4>2 column theory )anENnaMBIRbEvgRbsiTPaB. RKb;gGt;rgkarsgt;TaMg
RtUv)anKitCaTRm pinned edayminKitBIlkxNcugTRmBitR)akd EdlnegeFVI[RbEvgRbsiTPaB KL
mantmxusBIRbEvgBitR)akd. CamYynwgkarEkERbenH load capacity rbs;Ggt;rgkarsgt;Ca
GnuKmn_Etnwg slenderness parameter c . enAeBlEdleKsal;lkNrbs;smar vaCaGnuKmn_eTA
nwg slenderness ration KL .
RbsinebIGgt;rgkarsgt;manTRmepSgKaenAelIGkSemrbs;va enaHvanwgmanRbEvgRbsiTPaB
epSgKaenAelIGkSTaMgBIr. enAkgrUbTI 4>10 W -shape RtUv)aneRbICassr ehIyenAEpkxagelIva
RtUv)anBRgwgedayGgt;edkenAelITisTaMgBIrEdlEkgKa. Ggt;TaMgenHkarBarkarrMkilrbs;ssrRKb;
TisedA EtkarlMGitrbs;ssrminRtUv)anbgajEdlGnuBaat[karviltictYcekItman. eRkamlk-
xNenH Ggt;GacnwgRtUv)anKitCaTRm pinned enAEpkxagelI. sRmab;mUlehtudUcKa tMNedIm,I
RTTRmenAxageRkamkGacKitCatMN pinned Edr. CaTUeTA eKBi)aknwgTTYl lkxN rigid b fixed
Nas; luHRtaEteKdak;lkxNBiess. tMNFmta CaTUeTAxiteTArktMN hinge b pinned . enARtg;
Bak;kNalkm<s;ssrRtUv)anBRgwgEttamTismYy. tMNkarBarEtkarrMkil EtvaminTb;karvileT. kar
BRgwgenHkarBarkarrMkiltamGkSexSayrbs;muxkat; b:uEnmin)anTb;karrMkilTisxaMgeT. dUc)anbgaj
enAkgrUbTI 4>10 RbsinebIGgt;ekagtamGkSxaMg RbEvgRbsiTPaBrbs;vaKW 7.9m b:uEnkarekagtam
TisexSayGacekagkgrUbrag second buckling mode RtUvKanwgRbEvgRbsiTPaB 3.95m . eday
sarersIusg;rbs;vaRcassmamaRteTAnwgkaern slenderness ratio ssrnwgekagkgTisedA Edlman

slenderness ration FMCageK dUcenHeKRtUveRbobeFob K x L / rx CamYynwg K y L / ry . enAkgrUbTI
4>10 pleFob 7900 / rx RtUv)aneRbobeFobCamYynwg 3950 / ry Edl rx nig ry KitCa mm ehIy

pleFobEdlmantmFMCageKRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;kMNt; nominal axial compressive strength Pn .
]TahrN_4>8 Edk W 300 0.95 manRbEvg 7.2m RtUv)anRTedayTRm pinned sgag

ehIyTb;tamTis exSayRtg;cMNucmYyPaKbI dUcbgajkgrUbTI 4>11. eRbIEdk A36 kMNt; design
compressive strength .
dMeNaHRsay
K x L 7200
= = 53.7
rx 134.1
K y L 2400
= = 31.3
ry 76.7
K x L / rx mantmFMCag dUcenHvamanlkNlub. BI table 3-36 CamYynwg KL / r = 53.7
c Fcr = 26.29ksi = 26.29 6.895 = 181.3MPa

c Pn = Ag (c Fcr ) = 12.32 103 181.3 10 3 = 2233.6kN
cemIy Design strength = 2233.6kN

Design strengthEdl[enAkg column load table KWQrelIRbEvgRbsiTPaBtamGkS y .

dMeNIrkarsRmab;eRbIR)as;taragenHCamYynwg K x L GaceFVIeTA)anedaydwgBIedImehtuEdleKTTYl)an
tmenAkgtaragenH. edaycab;epImCamYynwgtm KL eKnwgTTYl)an c Pn edaydMeNIrkarRsedog
KanwgdMeNIrkarxageRkam
- KL RtUv)anEckeday ry edIm,ITTYl)an KL / ry .
- KNna slenderness parameter c = rKL FEy
y
- KNna Fcr
- KNna design strength c Pn = 0.85 Ag Fcr
dUcenHersIusg;Edl)anerobCataragKWQrelItmrbs; KL EdlesInwg K yL . RbsinebIlTPaBRT
RTg;eFobnwgTisedA x eKGaceRbItaragedayCMnYs
KxL
KL =
rx / ry
enaHbnkEdlenAkgtaragnwgQrelI
KL K x L /( rx / ry ) K x L
= =
ry ry rx
pleFob rrx RtUv)an[enAkg column load table sRmab;rUbragnImYy.

y
]TahrN_ 4>9 Ggt;rgkarsgt;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>12 manTRm pinned sgagehIyenA

RtUv)anTb;tamTisenABak;kNalkm<s;ssr. Service load KW 400Kips Edlbnkefr nigbnkGefr
mantmesIKa. eRCIserIs W-Shape EdlmanTmn;RsalCageK.
dMeNaHRsay Factored load = Pu = 1.2 200 + 1.6 200 = 560kips
edaysnt;faTisedAexSaylub ehIyBinitemIlkg column load table CamYynwg KL = 9 feet .
cab;epImCamYynwgrUbragtUcCageK dMbUgeyIgrk)anrUbrag W 10 77 CamYynwg design strength
632kips .
RtYtBinitGkSxaMg
KxL 18
= = 10.40 ft > 9 ft
rx / ry 1.73
KxLmanlkNlubsRmab;rUbragenH
emIltaragCamYy KL = 10.4 feet . W 10 77 enAEtCarUbragRsalCageKsRmab; W 10 CamYynwg
design strength 612kips eRkayeBleFVI interpolation.
bnGegtelI W 12 72
KxL 18
= = 10.3 ft > 9 ft
rx / ry 1.75
KxL enAEtlub ehIyman design strength 592kips .

kMNt;rUbragEdkRsalCageKsRmab; W 14 . rUbragEdlRsalCageKKW W 14 74 EtvaFn;CagrUbrag
Edl)anrkBIelIkmun.
cemIy eRbIEdk W 12 72
RKb;eBlTaMgGs;EdlGaceFVIeTA)an GkKNnaKYrEtbEnmTRmsRmab;TisedAexSayrbs;ssr.
RbsinebImindUcenaHeT Ggt;nwgKanRbsiTPaB vamanersIusg;FMEtmYyTis. enAeBl K x L mantm
xusKaBI K y L enaH K y L nwglub elIkElgEt rx / ry tUcCag K x L / K y L . enAeBlpleFobTaMgBIr
esIKa ssrnwgmanersIusg;esIKakgTisedATaMgBIr. sRmab; W-shape enAkg column load table
rx / ry sitenAcenaH 1.6 nig 1.8 elIkElgsRmab;rUbragEdlRsalCagxH.
]TahrN_ 4>10 ssrEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>13 RTnUv factored axial load 840 Kips . eRbIEdk
A36 ehIyeRCIserIs W-Shape.

dMeNaHRsay K x L = 20 ft nigtmGtibrmarbs; K y L = 8 ft
RbEvgRbsiTPaB K x L manlkNlubenAeBlEdl
KxL
> K yL
rx / ry
bkenAeBlEdl
r
KxL
rx / ry
> K yL KxL > x
ry
(
K yL

)

kgkrNIenH
K x L 20
kyL
=
8
= 2.5 b k x L = 2.5K y L
edaysar K x L mantmFMCag K y L qay enaH K x L RbEhlCanwglub. mUlehtuKWfatm
rx / ry EdlmanenAkgtaragPaKeRcInmantmtUcCag 2.5 dUcenH k x L = 2.5 K y L TMngCanwgFMCag
(rx / ry )K y L . sakl,g rx / ry = 1.7

K x L 20
= = 11.76 > K y L
rx / ry 1.7
rMkillTpl[eTACa KL = 12 ft ehIyBinitemIlenAkg column load table. sakl,g W 10 112

c Pn = 865kips
tmBitR)akd rK/xrL = 120.74 = 11.5 ft < 12 ft
x y
c Pn > 840kips EdlRtUvkar

edayeFVI interpolation c Pn = 876kips RtYtBinit W 12 106
KxL 20
= = 11.4 ft
rx / ry 1.76
sRmab; KL = 12 ft
c Pn = 853kips > 840 ft (OK)
GegtrUbrag W 14 . sRmab; rx / ry = 1.7 pleFobRbEhlsRmab;RKb;krNIEdlGacekItman
K x L 20
= = 11.76 ft > K y L = 8 ft
rx / ry 1.7
sRmab; KL = 12 ft / W 14 109 EdlmanlTPaBRTRTg; 905kips CarUbragEdlRsalCagsRmab;
W 14 . RbEvg 12 ft CatmEdlmanlkNsnSMsMcnRbEvgRbsiTPaBBitR)akd rUbragenHKWRKb;

RKan;.
cemIy eRbI W 12 106 RsalCageKkgcMeNambIrUbragEdl)ansikSa

sRmab;ssrdac;edayELk (isolated column) EdlminEmnCaEpkrbs;eRKagCab;

(continuous frame), Table C-C2.1 enAkg Commentary to the specification manlkNRKb;
RKan;CaTUeTA. EtsRmab;eRKagrwg (rigid frame) enAkgrUbTI 4>14. ssrenAkgeRKagenHminman

lkNkraC EtvaCaEpkrbs;rcnasm<nCab;. elIkElgsRmab;ssrEdlenACan;eRkamssrRtUv)an
Tb;enAcugsgagrbs;va edayFwmnwgssrdTeTot. eRKagenHkCa unbraced frame mannyfaeRKag
GacmanbMlas;TItamTisedk ehIyssrTaMgGs;rgnUv sidesway. RbsinebIeKeRbI Table C-C2.1
sRmab;eRKagenH ssrCan;eRkameKmanlkxNRbhak;RbEhlnwglkxN (f) ehIytmrbs; K = 0
GacRtUv)aneRbI. sRmab;ssrEdldUcssr AB tmrbs; K = 1.2 EdlRtUvKanwglkxN (c) Gac
RtUv)aneRCIserIs. EtdMeNIrkarEdlsmRsbCaghwg KWKitGMBIkRmitnkarTb;Edlpl;[edaytMN
rbs;Ggt;.
karTb;nwgkarvilEdlpl;[edayFwm brtenAxagcugssrCaGnuKmn_eTAnwg rotational
stiffness rbs;Ggt;EdlRbsBVKaenARtg;cMNucenaH. Rotational stiffness rbs;Ggt;CasmamaRteTA
nwg EI / L / Edl I Ca moment of inertia rbs;muxkat;eFobnwgGkSnkarBt;. Gaylord nig

Stallmeyer (1992) )anbgajfaemKuNRbEvgRbsiTPaB K GaRsynwgpleFobrbs; column
stiffness elI girder stiffness enAxagcugrbs;Ggt;nImYy EdlGacsMEdgCa
G=
Ec I c / Lc = I c / Lc $>&
E I /L g g I /L
g g g
Edl Ec I c / Lc = plbUk stiffness rbs;ssrTaMgGs;EdlenAcugrbs;ssrEdlBicarNa

E g I g / Lg = plbUk stiffness rbs;rtTaMgGs;EdlenAcugrbs;ssrEdlBicarNa
Ec = E g = E =m:UDuleGLasicrbs;eRKOgbgMEdk
RbsinebIssrEdlRsavxaMg (very slender column) RtUv)anPab;eTAnwgrtEdlmanmuxkat;FM
enaHrtnwgkarBarkarvilrbs;ssry:agmanRbsiTPaB. cugrbs;ssrmanlkN approximately
fixed enaH K nwgmantmtUc. lkxNenHRtUvKanwgtmtUcbMputrbs; G Edl[edaysmikar $>&.
b:uEn cugrbs;ssrmaM (stiff column) EdlPab;eTAnwg flexible beam Gacnwgpl;karvileday

esrIdl;ssr EdlRtUvKanwglkxNTRm pinned Edl[tm G nig K FM.
TMnak;TMngrvag G nig K RtUv)andak;enAkg Jackson-Mooreland Alignment Chart
(Johnston, 1976) EdlRtUv)anpliteLIgvijenAkg Figure C-C2.2 enAkg Commentary . edIm,I
TTYl)antm K BIr nomogram mYykgcMeNamTaMgBIr dMbUgKNnatm G enAcugnImYyrbs;ssr

eday[mYyCa G A nigmYyeTotCa GB . Pab; G A nig GB edaybnat;Rtg; ehIyGantm K
enAelIbnat;kNal. emKuNRbsiTPaBEdlTTYl)anCatmEdleFobTAnwgGkSnkarBt; EdlCaGkS
EkgeTAnwgbg;rbs;eRKag. karviPaKdac;edayELkGaceFVIeLIgsRmab;karekagEdleFobnwgGkSmYy
eTot. CaFmta beam-to-column connection enAkgTisedAenHnwgminbBanm:Um:g; sidesway
RtUv)ankarBareday bracing ehIy K GacnwgykesI 1.0 .
]TahrN_ 4>11 eRKagrwgEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>15 CaeRKag unbraced frame . Ggt;nImYy

RtUv)andak;eday[RTnugrbs;vasitenAkgbg;rbs;eRKag. kMNt;emKuNRbEvgRbsiTPaB K x
sRmab;ssr AB nig BC .
dMeNaHRsay ssr AB
sRmab;tMN A
G=
I c / Lc = 347 / 3.6 + 445 / 3.6 = 220 = 0.95
I g / Lg 560 / 6 + 762 / 5.5 231.9
sRmab;tMN B
G=
I c / Lc = 445 / 3.6 + 445 / 4.6 = 220.3 = 0.95
I g / Lg 560 / 6 + 762 / 5.5 231.9
BI alignment chart sRmab; sidesway uninhibited CamYynwg G A = 0.95 nig GB = 0.95 / K = 1.3
sRmab;ssr AB .
ssr BC
sRmab;tMN B KNnadUcmun
G = 0.95
sRmab;tMN C Rtg;TRm pinned . sanPaBrbs;vamanlkNdUceTAnwgssrEdlmaMxaMgPab;eTAnwg
infinity flexible girder Edlrtman stiffness esIsUn. dUcenHpleFobPaBrwgRkajrbs;ssr
(column stiffness) elIPaBrwgRkajrbs;rt (girder stiffness) mantmesIGnnsRmab;snak;Kan
kkiteBjelj (perfectly frictionless hinge).

lkxNcugenHGaceFVIeTA)ansRmab;karsanenAkgkarGnuvt dUcenH eyIgGacyk G = 10 sRmab;
tMNenH.
BI alignment chart CamYynwg G A = 0.95 nig GB = 10 / K = 1.85 sRmab;ssr BC .
dUcEdl)anKUsbgajenAkg]TahrN_4>11 sRmab;TRm pinned G KYrRtUv)anykesInwg
10.0 sRmab; TRm fixed G KYrRtUv)anykesInwg 1.0 . lkxNTRm fixed RtUvKanwgrtEdlrwgmaMxaMg
(infinitely stiff girder) nig flexible column EdlRtUvKanwgtmtamRTwsI G = 0 . kgkareRbIR)as;
alignment chart enAkg Commentary )anENnaM[eRbI G = 1.0 edaysarEteKBi)annwgTTYl)anTRm
fixed eBjelj.
Unbraced frame manlTPaBTb;nUvkmaMgxagedaysartMNEdlTb;nwgm:Um:g;rbs;va. Ca
erOyeRKagbEnmedayRbBnBRgwgtamrUbragepSg eRKagEbbenHRtUv)aneKehAfa braced frame.

karTb;kmaMgxagbEnmGaceFVIeLIgkgTRmg;Ca diagonal bracing dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>16 b rigid
shear wall. kgkrNIepSgeTot ssrRtUv)anTb;eday panel b bay sRmab;km<s;TaMgmUlrbs;eRKag.
TRmenHbegItCa cantilever structure EdlTb;nwgbMlas;TItamTisedk ehIykpl;nUvTRmtamTisedk

sRmab;ElVgdTeTot. GaRsyeTAnwgTMhMrbs;eRKOgbgM ElVgeRcInCagmYyGacRtUv)anBRgwg. ssr
EdlCaGgt;rbs; braced frame RtUv)ankarBarBI sidesway nigmankarTb;karvilenAxagcugrbs;vaxH.
dUcenH vaCaRbePTGgt;sitenAkgcenaHkrNI (a) nig (d) enAkg Table C-C2.1 rbs; Commentary
ehIy K sitenAcenaH 0.5 nig 1.0 . dUcenH 1.0 CatmEdltUcsRmab;Ggt; n braced frame
ehIyCatmEdl AISC C2.1 ENnaM[eRbI elIkElgEtmankarviPaKNamYyeFVIeLIg. karviPaKGaceFVI
eTA)anedayeRbI alignment chart sRmab; braced frame . kareRbI nomogram nwgpl;lT-

plCa effective length factor EdltUcCag 1.0 bnicbnc ehIyeKnwgTTYl)ankarsnSMsMcxH . *
CamYynwg design aid xH eKeRbI alignment chart kglkxNEdleKbegItvaeLIg. lkxN

TaMgenHmanenAkg Section C2 of the Commentary to the Specification ehIyminRtUv)anerobrab;
enATIenHeT. RKb;lkxNTaMgGs;nwgRtUv)anbMeBjesIrEtTaMgGs;CaTUeTA RbsinebIdUcenaHeT PaBxus
KaenaHCaEpkmYyKYr[RbugRbyt. lkxNmYyEdlminRtUv)anbMeBjCaTUeTAenaH KWtRmUvkarEdlfa
RKb;karRbRBwteTArbs;Ggt;sitkglkNeGLasic. RbsinebI slenderness parameter c tUcCag
1.5 ssrnwgekageday inelastic ehIyemKuNRbEvgRbsiTPaBEdlTTYl)anBI alignment chart nwg
mantmtUcEmnETn. ssrPaKeRcInsitenAkgRkumenH. dMeNIrkargayRsYlkgkarkMNt; K sRmab;

inelastic column GnuBaat[eRbI alignment chart (Yura, 1971 and Dique, 1973). edIm,IbkRsay
*
RbsinebIeRKagRtUv)anBRgwgTb;nwg sidesway tMN beam-to-column minRtUvkar moment resisting ehIyRbBnBRgwgGac
RtUv)anKNnaedIm,ITb;nUvRKb; sidesway tendency . b:uEnRbsinebItMNminEmnCa moment resisting vanwgminmanPaBCab;
rvagssr nigrt ehIyeKminGaceRbI alignment chart . sRmab; braced frame RbePTenH K x KYrRtUvykesInwg 1.0 .
dMeNIrkarenH eyIgcab;epImCamYynwg critical buckling load sRmab; inelastic column Edl[eday

smIkar $>^ b. edayEckvanwgRkLapmuxkat;eKTTYl)an buckling stress
2 Et
Fcr =
(KL / r )2
rbs;ssrenAkgkrNIenHCasmamaRtnwg Et I c / Lc ehIytmEdlsmRsb
Rotational stiffness
rbs; G sRmab;eRbIenAkg alignment chart KW

Ginelastic =
Et I c / Lc = Et G
elastic
EI g / Lg E
eday Et tUcCag E enaH Ginelastic nwgtUcCag Gelastic ehIy effective length factor K nwgRtUv)an
kat;bny CalTpleKTTYl)ankarKNnamYyEdlmanlkNesdkicCag. edIm,IkMNt; Et / E Edl
eK[eQaHfa emKuNkat;bnyPaBrwgRkaj (stiffness reduction factor SRF)/ BicarNaTMnak;TMng
xageRkamsRmab;ssrEdlmanTRmcug pinned
Fcr (inelastic) 2 Et / (L / r )2 Et
= = $>*
F cr ( elastic)
2
E / (L / r )
2 E
AISC eRbItmRbhak;RbEhlsRmab;Epk inelastic n column strength curve dUcenHsmIkar $>*

CatmRbhak;RbEhlenAeBlEdl AISC Equation E2-2 nig E2-3 RtUv)aneRbIsRmab; Fcr . Rbsin
ebI eyIg[
P P /
Fcr = cr u c
A A
enAeBlEdl Fcr (inelastic) / Fcr (elastic) CaGnuKmn_n Pu /(c A) . ]TahrN_ sRmab;
Pu / (c A) = 180 MPa nig F y = 250 MPa
Fcr (inelastic) 180 MPa = 0.658c F y = 0.658c (250 )

2 2
2c = 0.785
0.877 0.877
Fcr (elastic) = Fy = 250 = 279.3MPa
2c 0.785
dUcenHemKuNkat;bnyPaBrwgRkajKW
Fcr (inelastic) 180
SRF = = = 0.644
Fcr (elastic) 279.3

edaysar c efr enaH SRF kCaGnuKmn_n Pu / A . tmrbs; SRF EdlCaGnuKmn_n Pu / A

RtUv)an[enAkg Table 3-1 in Part 3 of the Manual.
]TahrN_ 4>12 rUb 4>17 bgajBI rigid unbraced frame. Ggt;TaMgGs;RtUv)andak;edayeFVIy:ag

Na[karBt; eFobnwgGkSxaMg. TRmxagRtUv)andak;enAtMNnImYyedaytMNFmtaEdlBRgwgkgTis
edAEkgeTAnwg eRKag. kMNt;emKuNRbEvgRbsiTPaBedayeFobnwgGkSnImYysRmab;Ggt; AB .
bnktamGkSemKuNenAelIGgt;enHKW 180kips ehIyeKeRbIEdk A36 .
dMeNaHRsay KNnaemKuNeGLasicrbs; G
sRmab;tMN A /
(I c / Lc ) = 170 / 12
=
14.17
= 1.52
(I g / Lg ) 88.6 / 20 + 88.6 / 18 9.35
sRmab;tMN B
(I c / Lc ) = 2(170 / 12) = 28.3 = 1.35
(I g / Lg ) 190 / 20 + 190 / 18 21.0
BI alignment chart sRmab; unbraced frames, K x = 1.43 / edayQrelI elastic behavior dUcenH
KxL Fy 1.43(12 )(12 ) 36
c = = = 0.5512
rx E 4.19 29000
edaysar c tUcCag 1.5 enaHeKRtUveRbIemKuN K inelastic Edl[
Pu 180
= = 18.5ksi
A 9.71
BI Table 3-1in Part 3 of the Manual emKuNkat;bnyPaBrwgRkaj SRF = 0.83
sRmab;tMN A
Ginelastic = SRF Gelastic = 0.83 1.52 = 1.26
sRmab;tMN B
Ginelastic = SRF Gelastic = 0.83 1.35 = 1.12
cemIy BI alignment chart K x = 1.37 . edaysarlkxNTRmFmtasRmab;eRKag enaH K y esInwg
1.

RbsinebIcugssrCaTRm fixed (G=1.0) b pinned (G=10.0) tmrbs; G minRtUv)anKuNnwg SRF

eT.
4>6>karekagedayrmYl nigedayBt;-rmYl (Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling)

enAeBlEdlGgt;rgkarsgt;edaybnkcMGkS kayCaKansirPaBminEmn locally unstable
vaGacekagkgrUbragmYykgcMeNamrUbragbI dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>18.
!> karekagedaykarBt; (flexural buckling) eyIg)anBicarNakarekagRbePTenHtaMgBImunrhUtmk
dl;eBlenH. vaCaPaBdabEdlekIteLIgedaykarBt; (bending or flexure) CMuvijGkSEdlRtUv
nwgpleFobPaBrwgRkaj (slenderness ratio) FMCageK rUbTI 4>18 a. CaTUeTAvaCa minor
principle axis EdlmankaMniclPaB (radius of gyration) tUcCageK. Ggt;rgkarsgt;Edlman
muxkat;RKb;rUbragGac)ak;tamTRmg;enH.
@> karekagedayrmYl (torsional buckling) kar)ak; (failure) edayRbePTenHKWbNaledaykarmYl
(twisting) tamGkSbeNayrbs;Ggt;. vaGacekIteLIgEtCamYynwgGgt;EdlmanlkNRsav
xaMg ehIymanmuxkat;sIuemRTIDub (double symmetrical cross section) rUbTI 4>18 b.

Standard hot-rolled shapes mingaynwgrgnUvkarekagedayrmYlenHNas; b:uEnGgt; built-up BI

bnHesIggayeRKaH nigKYreFVIkarGegt. rUbragExVgbgajnUvPaBgayrgeRKaHBiesssRmab;RbePT

nkarekagenH. rUbragenHGac)anmkBIkarpMBIbnHdUcbgajenAkgrUb b built-up BImMubYnTl;xgKa.
#> karekagedaykarBt;-rmYl (flexural-torsional buckling) kar)ak;RbePTenHbegIteLIgedaybnSM

nkarekagedaykarBt; nigkarekagedayrmYl. Ggt;ekag nigrmYlkgeBlEtmYyrUbTI4>18 c.
karekagRbePTenHGacekIteLIgEtCamYymuxkat;EdlmanrUbragminsIuemRTI TaMgrUbragEdlman
GkSsIuemRTImYyTis dUcCa channel, structural tee, double-angle shape nig equal-leg sigle
angles nigrUbragEdlKanGkSsIuemRTI dUcCa unequal-leg single angle.
AISC Specification tRmUvnUvkarviPaKBI torsional b flexural-torsional buckling enAeBl
smrm. Section E3 of the Specification erobrab;BIGgt; double angle nig tee-shaped ehIy
Appendix E3 pl;nUvviFITUeTAEdlGaceRbIsRmab;RKb;rUbragminsIuemRTI.
dMbUgeyIgerobrab;BIviFIEdlmanenAkg Appendix E3. vaQrenAelIkareRbIR)as; slenderness

parameter e CMnYs[ c . eyIgTTYl e dUcxageRkam. BI Euler buckling stress/

2E
Fe =
(KL / r )2
Slenderness ratio GacsresrCa
KL 2E
=
r Fe
RbsinebI Fe RtUv)ankMNt;Ca elastic buckling stress EdlRtUvnwgrUbragnkar)ak;Edllub eTaHeday

flexural, torsional b flexural-torsional enaH slenderness ratio EdlRtUvKaKW
KL 2E
=
r e Fe
ehIy slenderness parameter EdlRtUvKaKW

(KL / r )e Fy Fy ( KL / r ) e2 Fy
e = = =
E 2E Fe
dMeNIrkarKNnamandUcxageRkam
!> kNt; Fe sRmab; torsional elastic buckling b flexural-torsional elastic buckling BIsmIkar
Edl[enAkg Appendix E3.
@> KNna effective slenderness parameter, e .
#> KNna critical stress Fcr BIsmIkarFmta (AISC Equations E2-2 and E2-3) b:uEneRbI e CMnYs
[ c . bnab;mk design strength KW
c Pn = c Ag Fcr
Edl c = 0.85 dUcKasRmab; flexural buckling.

smIkarsRmab; Fe Edl[enAkg AISC Appendix E3KWQrelI well-established theory
Edlmankg Theory of Elastic Stabality (Timoshenko and Gere, 1961). elIkElgsRmab;kar
pas;brxHenAkg notation vamansmIkardUcKaenAkgesovePAenaH edayKankarsRmYl. sRmab;
doubly symmetrical shapes (torsional buckling)/
2 EC w 1
Fe = + GJ (AISC Equation A-E3-5)
(K z L )2 I x + I y
sRmab; singly symmetrical shape (flexural-torsional buckling)/

Fey + Fez
4 Fey Fez H
Fe =
( )
1 1 (AISC Equation A-E3-6)
2H Fey + Fez 2

sRmab;rUbragEdlKanGkSsIuemRTI (flexural-torsional buckling)/
(Fe Fex )(Fe Fey )(Fe Fez ) Fe2 ( Fe Fey )(xo / r o )2
(AISC Equation A-E3-7)
Fe2 (Fe (
Fex ) yo / r o )
2
=0
smIkarcugeRkayCasmIkardWeRkTI3 dUcenHrbs; Fe KWtUcNas;. CasMNagl PaBcaM)ac;kgkaredaH
RsaysmIkarenHKWticbMput edaysareKkMreRbIrUbragminsIuemRTICaGgt;rgkarsgt;Nas;. GgEdl
min)ankMNt;BImunEdleRbIenAkgsmIkarTaMgbIenHRtUv)ankMNt;dUcteTA
C w = warping constant
Kz = emKuNRbEvgRbsiTPaBsRmab;karekagedayrmYl EdlQrelIbrimaNnkarTb;cug
RbqaMgnwgkarrmYltamGkSbeNay.
G = shear modulus
J = torsional constant esIeTAnwg polar moment of inertia sRmab;Etmuxkat;mUl
2E
Fex = (AISC Equation A-E3-10)
(K x L / rx )2
2E
Fey =
(K y L / ry )2
(AISC Equation A-E3-11)
Edl y CaGkSsIuemRTIsRmab; singly symmetric shapes.

2 EC w 1
Fez = + GJ (AISC Equation A-E3-12)
(K z L )2 Ar o2
x2 + y2
H = 1 o o (AISC Equation A-E3-9)
2
ro
Edl xo nig yo CakUGredaenn shear center rbs;muxkat;edayeFobnwgTIRbCMuTmn;. Shear
center CacMNucenAelImuxkat;EdlbnkeFVI[Ggt;ekagedayminrmYl. Shear center RtUv)anniyay
lMGitenAkgCMBUk 5.
2 Ix + I y
r o = xo2 + yo2 + (AISC Equation A-E3-8)
A
eKGacrktmefrEdleRbIenAkgsmIkarTaMgbIsRmab; Fe enAkgtarag torsion properties nig
flexural-torsional properties enAkg part 1 of the Manual . sRmab; W, M, S nig HP shapes,

J nig Cw RtUv)an[. eK[tm J / Cw / r o nig H RtUv)an[sRmab; channel, single angle nig

structural tee. taragsRmab; double angle [tm r o nig H J nig C w esInwgBIrdgn
tmEdl[sRmab; single angle.

dUc)anbgajBIxagelI eKkRmnwgviPaKkarekagedayrmYlsRmab;muxkat;sIuemRTIDub. dUcKa
eKkRm eRbIrUbragKanGkSsIuemRTICaGgt;rgkarsgt; ehIyeKkMrnwgviPaK flexural-tensional buckling
n Ggt;RbePTenHEdr RbsinebIman eKcaM)ac;RtUvEtviPaKva. sRmab;ehtuplTaMgenH eyIgkMNt;kar
BicarNaelIrUbrag flexural-torsional buckling CamYynwgGkSsIuemRTImYy. elIsBIenH double angle
EdlCa built-up shape CaRbePTrUbragEdleKniymeRbIeRcIn.
sRmab; singly symmetrical shape, flexural-torsional buckling stress Fe TTYl)anBI
AISC Equation A-E3-6. enAkgsmIkarenH y RtUv)ankMNt;CaGkSsIuemRTI edayminKitBITisedA
rbs;Ggt;ehIy flexural-torsional buckling RtUv)anKitEttamGkSmYyenH flexural buckling

tamTisenHnwgminekItman. GkS x RbQmEtnwg flexural buckling. dUcenH sRmab; singly
symmetrical shape eKGacmanersIusg;BIrKW flexural-torsional buckling tamGkS y GkSsIuemRTI
b flexural buckling eFobGkS x . edIm,IkMNt;mYyNamanlkNlub KNnaersIusg;EdlRtUvnwg

GkSnImYy ehIyeRbItmNaEdltUcCag.
]TahrN_ 4>13 KNna design compressive strength rbs; WT13.5 80.5 . RbEvgRbsiTPaB
tamGkS x KW 25 feet 6inches RbEvgRbsiTPaBtamGkS y KW 20 feet ehIyRbEvgRbsiTPaBtam
GkS z KW 20 feet . eRbIEdk A36 .
dMeNaHRsay KNna design compressive strength sRmab;GkS x
K x L 25.5(12)
= = 77.27
rx 3.96
KL Fy 77.27 36
c = = = 0.8666 < 1.5
r E 29000
Fcr = (0.658)c F y = (0.658)0.8666 (36) = 26.29ksi
2 2
c Pn = c Ag Fcr = 0.85(23.7 )(26.29 ) = 530kips

KNna flexural-torsional buckling strength CMuvijGkS y

2E 2 (29000 )
Fey = = = 52.17 ksi
(K y L / ry )2 (74.07) 2
2 EC w 1
Fez = + GJ
(K z L )
2 2
Ar o
2 (29000 )(42.7 )
+ 11200(7.31)
1
= = 107.7 ksi
(20 12 ) 23.7(5.67 )
2 2
Fey + Fez = 52.17 + 107.7 = 159.9ksi
Fey + Fez 4 Fey Fez H

Fe = 1 1
2H

(
Fey + Fex 2

)
159.9 4(52.17 )(107.7 )(0.813)
= 1 1 = 45.81ksi
2(0.813) (159.9)2
Fy 36
e = = = 0.8865
Fe 45.81
edaysartmenHtUcCag 1.5 eRbI AISC Equation E2-2 CamYynwg e CMnYs[ c

2
Fcr = 0.658e F y = (0.658)(0.8865) (36) = 25.91ksi
2

c Pn = c Ag Fcr = 0.85(23.7 )(25.91) = 522kips (controls)
cemIy Design strength = 522kips
cMNaMfa enAeBlEdl Fcr nig Fe RtUv)anKNna karKNnasRmab; flexural buckling CMuvij

GkS x nig flexural-torsional buckling CMuvijGkS y manlkNdUcKa. dUcenHbnab;BI Fcr nig Fe
RtUv)anKNna TaMg c nig e GacRtUv)anKNna ehIytmEdltUcCagRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNna
strength . kareFVIEbbenHedIm,Ikat;bnykarcaM)ac;kgkarKNna strength sRmab;GkSTaMgBIr.
dMeNIrkarviPaK flexural-torsional buckling elI double-angle nig tee Edl[enAkg AISC

Section E3 CakarEksRmYldMeNIrkarviPaKEdl[enAkg AISC Appendix E3. vakmankarEkERb
kMNt;cMNaMxHdUcCa BI Fe eTACa Fcrft / Fey eTACa Fcry nig Fez eTACa Fcrz . kugRtaMg Fcry
RtUv)anrkBI AISC E2 nigQrelI flexural buckling eFobGkS y .
edIm,ITTYl)an Fcrz eyIgGacecalGkSTImYyrbs; AISC Equation A-E3-12 enaH
GJ
Fcrz =
2
Ar o
karlubecalenHGacGnuBaat)an BIeRBaHsRmab; double-angle nig tee GgTImYymantmtUc
Gacecal)anebIeFobnwgGgTIBIr.
Flexural buckling stress Fcry RtUv)anKNnaCamYynwgsmIkarFmtarbs; AISC Chapter E
edayeRbI KL / r EdlRtUvKanwgGkS y GkSsIuemRTI.

bnab;mkeTot nominal strength GacRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam
Pn = Ag Fcrft
Fcry + Fcrz 4 Fcry Fcrz H

Edl Fcrft = 1 1
( )
(AISC Equation E3-1)
2H Fcry + Fcrz 2

RKb;GgTaMgGs;Edl)anmkBI Appendix E3 rkSadEdl. dMeNIrkarenH RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;Et
double-angle nig tee eRBaHvapl;nUvcemIysuRkitCagkareRbIdMeNIrkarEdl[enAkg Appendix E3.
]TahrN_ 4>14 KNna design strength rbs;rUbragenAkg]TahrN_TI 4>13 edayeRbIsmIkarrbs;

AISC Equation E3.
dMeNaHRsay BI]TahrN_ 4>13 flexural buckling strength sRmab;GkS x KW 530kips ehIy

K y L / ry = 74.07 . BI AISC E2-4, slenderness parameter KW
KL Fy 74.07 36
c = = = 0.8307 < 1.5
r E 29000
BI AISC Equation E2-2,
2 (0.8307 )2 (36) = 26.97ksi
Fcr = Fcry = 0.658c F y = (0.658)

BI AISC E3,
GJ 11200(7.31)
Fcrz = = = 107.5ksi
Ar o
2
23.7(5.67 )2
Fcry + Fcrz = 26.97 + 107.5 = 134.5ksi

Fcrft = 1 1
2H
(
Fcry + Fcrz 2 )


134.5 4(26.97 )(107.5)(0.813)

= 1 1 = 25.48ksi
2(0.813) ( )2

134 . 5
c Pn = c Ag Fcrft = 0.85(23.7 )(25.48) = 513 (Control)
cemIy Design strength = 513kips
lTplenAkg]TahrN_ 4>13 nig 4>14 bgajBIkMhuskgkareRbIR)as; Appendix E3

sRmab; rUbragenHmanlkNminsnSMsMc. viFIsaRsEdleRbIenAkg]TahrN_ 4>14 EdlQrelI
AISC Specification E3 EtgEtRtUv)aneRbIsRmab; double angle nig tee. b:uEnkgkarGnuvt ersIusg;
rbs; double angle nig tee PaKeRcInGacrk)anenAkg column load table. taragTaMgenaH KWQrelI
viFIsaRsEdlesIeLIgeday AISC E3 ehIykGaceRbIedIm,Iepgpal;lTplrbs;]TahrN_ 4>14.
taragpl;nUvtm design strength BI EdlmYyCa flexural buckling eFobGkS x nigmYyeTotCa
flexural-torsional buckling eFobGkS y .
taragTaMgenaHkpl;pgEdrsRmab;Ggt;rgkarsgt; single-angle. Design strength Edl

[edayminQrelIRTwsI flexural-torsional buckling RtUv)an[enAkg specification dac;edayELk
sRmab; single-angle member enAkg Part 6 of the Manual, Specification and Codes.
4>7> Built-up Member
RbsinebIeKsal;lkNmuxkat; (cross-sectional properties)rbs;Ggt;rgkarsgt; built-up

karviPaKrbs;vamanlkNRsedogKasRmab;Ggt;rgkarsgt;epSgeTot RbsinebIEpkpMrbs;muxkat;t
Pab;)anl. AISC E4 mankarlMGitCaeRcInEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkartPab;enH CamYynwgtRmUvkardac;
edayELksRmab;Ggt;EdlpMeday rolled shape mYy beRcIn nigGgt;EdlpMeday plate bbnSMn
plate nig Edkrag (shape). munnwgBicarNaBIbBaatPab; eyIgnwgrMlwkBIkarKNnalkNmuxkat;rbs;
rUbrag built-up.
Design strength rbs;Ggt;rgkarsgt; built-up CaGnuKmn_eTAnwg slenderness parameter
c . dUcenHeKRtUvkMNt;GkSem nigkaMniclPaBEdlRtUvKanwgGkSTaMgenaH. sRmab;muxkat;

homogenous GkSemRtYtsIunwgGkSTIRbCMuTmn;. viFIsaRskgkarKNnaRtUv)anbgajenAkg]TahrN_
4>15. EpkpMrbs;muxkat;RtUv)ansnt;fatPab;)anl.
]TahrN_ 4>15 ssrEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>19 RtUv)anplitedaykarpSarEdkbnH 4" 38 " BIelI

sabrbs;Edk W 18 35 . EdkpMTaMgBIrCaEdk A36 . RbEvgRbsiTPaBeFobGkSTaMgBIrKW 15 feet .
edaysnt;EdkpMTaMgBIrRtUv)antPab;edayeFVIy:agNa[Ggt;manRbsiTPaBeBj ehIyKNna design
strength edayQrelI flexural buckling.
dMeNaHRsay CamYynwgkarbEnmEdkBIelI rUbragmanlkNminsIuemRTIbnic b:uEn\TiBl flexural-

torsionalRtUv)anecal.
GkSsIuemRTIbBarCaGkSemmYyEdleKminRtUvkarKNna. eKnwgrkGkSemedkedayeRbI
principle of moment plbUkm:Um:g;RkLaprbs;FatupSMnImYyeFobnwgGkSNamYy enAkg]Ta-
hrN_enH GkSedksitenAEpkxagelIrbs; plateRtUv)aneRbI RtUvEtesInwgm:Um:g;RkLapsrub.

eyIgeRbItarag 4>1 edIm,IsRmYldl;karKNna.
tarag 4>1
Component A y Ay
Plate 1.500 0.1875 0.2812
W 10.3 9.225 95.02
11.8 95.30
y=
Ay 95.30
= = 8.076in
A 11.8
CamYynwgTItaMgrbs;GkSTIRbCMuTmn;edkEdl)anKNnaxagelI eyIgGacKNnam:Um:g;niclPaB
eFobnwgGkSenHedayeRbI parallel-axis theorem
I = I + Ad 2
Edl I= m:Um:g;niclPaBeFobGkSTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLappSM
A = RkLaprbs;EpkpSM
I = m:Um:g;niclPaBeFobGkSRsbeTAnwgGkSTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLappSM

cmayEkgrvagGkSBIr
d=
karcUlrYmBIRkLappSMnImYyRtUv)anKNna nigRtUv)anbUkedIm,ITTYl)anm:Um:g;niclaPaBrbs;
composite area. tarag 4>2 CataragEdlbEnmBIelItarag 4>1 edayrYmbBalkarKNnaenH.
sRmab;GkSQr
y = (3 8)(4)3 + 15.3 = 17.30in 4
1
12
controle
Iy 17.30
ry = = = 1.211in
A 11.8
tarag 4>2
Component A y Ay I d I + Ad 2
Plate 1.500 0.1875 0.2812 0.01758 7.889 93.37`
W 10.3 9.225 95.02 510 1.149 523.6
11.8 95.30 617.0= I x
KL Fy 15(12) 36
c = = = 1.667 > 1.5
r E 1.211 29000
0.877 0.877
Fcr = Fy = (36) = 11.36ksi
2c (1.667 )2
c Pn = c Ag Fcr = 0.85(11.8)(11.36 ) = 114kips
cemIy Design strength = 114kips .
tRmUvkarkartPab;sRmab; Built-up Members EdlpSMeLIgeday Rolled Shapes

rUbrag built-up EdleKniymCageKKWrUbragEdlpMeLIgeday rolled shap EdleK[eQaH fa
double-angle shape. Ggt;RbePTenHnwgRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbgajBItRmUvkarsRmab;Ggt; built-up Rb
ePTenH. rUbTI 4>20 bgajGgt;rgkarsgt;rbs; truss EdlPab;eTAnwg gusset plate enAxagcugnImYy

rbs;va. edIm,IrkSa back-to-back seperation rbs; angle tambeNayRbEvg fillers nig spacers
EdlmankRmas;esInwg gusset plate RtUv)andak;enA angles edayKMlatesIKa. KMlatRtUvEtmantm
tUcRKb;RKan;edIm,IeFVI[ built-up member enHeFVIkarCalkNEtmYy. RbsinebIGgt;ekageFobGkS x
flexural buckling eRKOgPab; (connector) minrgnUvbnkKNnaNamYyeT ehIybBaankartPab;
KWsamBaedayrkSaTItaMgrbs;Ggt;TaMgBIr. edImI,Fanafa built-up member eFVIkarCalkNEtmYy

AISCtRmUvfa stiffness rbs;FatupSMnImYyminRtUvFMCagbIPaKbYnn stiffness rbs; built-up

member eT.
a 3 KL

ri 4 r
Edl a= KMlatrbs;eRKOgPab;
ri = kaMniclPaBGb,brmarbs;FatupM
KL / r = maximum slenderness ratio rbs; built-up member
RbsinebIGgtekageFobGkSsIuemeRTI EdlvargnUv flexural-torsional buckling eFobGkS

y eRKOgPab;rgnUvkmaMgkat;. lkxNenHGacRtUv)anemIleXIjedayBicarNa planks BIrEdleRbICa
Fwm RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>21. RbsinebI plank minRtUv)anPab; vanwgrGiltampb:H enAeBl

Edlvargbnk ehIyvanwgeFVIkarCaFwmBIrdac;edayELkBIKa. enAeBlEdlvaRtUv)anPab;edaybULg
beRKOgPab;epSgeTotdUcCa EdkeKal plank TaMgBIrnwgeFVIkarEtmYy ehIyersIusg;Tb;nwgkarrGil
nwgbegItCakmaMgkat;enAkgbULg. kareFVIkarEbbenHekItmanenAkg double-angle shape enAeBl
karekageFobnwgGkS y . RbsinebIFwm plank RtUv)andak;eday[karekagekItmaneFobnwgGkSepSg
eTot GkS b enaH plank TaMgBIrnwgekagkglkNdUcKa ehIyKankarrGil nigKankmaMgkat;.
kareFVIkarenHmanlkNRsedogKanwgkarekageFobGkS x rbs; double-angle shape . enAeBlEdl
eRKOgPab;rgnUvkmaMgkat; eKRtUvkar modified slenderness ratio EdlmantmFMCagtmBitR)akd.
BicarNaeRKOgPab;BIrRbePT ! snug-tight bolt nig @ pSar b fully tightned

ASIC E4
bolt . karbriyaylMGitBIkartPab;manenAkgCMBUkTI7. Column load table sRmab; double-angle
KWQrelIkarpSar b fully tightened bolt. sRmab;krNIenH

2 2
KL KL 2 a
( )
= + 0.82 (AISC Equation E4-2)
r m r o 1 + 2 rib
Edl (KL / r )o = original unmodified slenderness ratio
(KL / r )m = modified slenderness ratio
rib = kaMniclPaBrbs;FatupSMeFobGkSRsbeTAGkSnkarekagrbs;Ggt;
h
= separation ratio =
2rib
h= cmayrvagTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;FatupSM EkgeTAnwgGkSnkarekagrbs;Ggt;
enAeBlEdleRKOgPab;Ca snug-tight bolts
2 2
KL KL a
= + (AISC Equation E4-1)
r m r o rib
Column load tablesRmab; double-angle shape bgajBIcMnYneRKOgPab;caM)ac;sRmab;
flexural-torsional buckling strength Edl[tamGkS y . cMnYneRKOgPab;sRmab; flexural buckling
strength tamGkS x RtUv)ankMNt;tamPaBcaM)ac;Edlfa slenderness rbs; angle mYyminRtUvFMCagbI
PaKbYnn slenderness rbs; double-angle shape TaMgmUleT.
]TahrN_ 4>16 KNna design strengthrbs;Ggt;rgkarsgt;EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>22. Edl

rag angle BI 5 3 12 RtUv)andak;eday[eCIgEvgTl;xgKa ehIyXatBIKa 38 inch . RbEvg
RbsiTPaB KL = 16 feet nigman fully tightened intermediate connectors cMnYn 3 . eRbIEdk A36 .

dMeNaHRsay
KNna flexural buckling strength sRmab;GkS x
KL 16(12)
= = 120.8
rx 1.59
KL Fy 120.8 36
c = = = 1.355 < 1.5
r E 29000
Fcr = (0.658)c Fy = (0.658)(1.355) (36) = 16.69ksi
2 2
c Pn = c Ag Fcr = 0.85(7.5)(16.69) = 106kips
sRmab;GkS y
KL 16(12
= = 153.6
ry 1.25
edIm,IkMNt; flexuaral-torsional buckling strength sRmab;GkS y eRbI modified slenderness ratio

edayQrelIKMlatrbs;eRKOgPab;. KMlatrbs;eRKOgPab;KW
16(12)
a= = 48in
4
bnab;mk a a
= =
48
ri rz 0.648
= 74.07 < 0.75(153.6 ) = 115.2 (OK)
rib = ry = 0.829in
h = 2(0.75) + = 1.875in
3
8
h 1.875
= = = 1.131
2rib 2(0.829)
BI AISC Equation E4-2, modified slenderness ration KW
2 2
KL KL 2 a
=
r m
+ 0.82
r o

(
1 + 2 rib )
(153.6)2 + 0.82 (1.131) 2 48
2 2
=
[1 + (1.313) ] 0.829 = 158.5
tmenHRtUv)aneRbICMnYs[ KL / ry sRmab;KNna Fcry

KL Fy 158.5 36
c = = = 1.778 > 1.5
r E 29000


0.877 0.877
Fcry = Fy = (36 ) = 9.987ksi
c (1.778)
2 2
GJ 11200(2 0.322)
Fcrz = = = 151.4ksi
2
Ar o 7 .5( 2 .52 )2
Fcry + Fcrz = 9.987 + 151.4 = 161.4ksi

Fcrft = 1 1
2H
(Fcry + Fcrz 2)

161.4 4(9.987 )(151.4 )(0.645)
= 1 1 = 9.748ksi
2(0.645) ( )2

161 . 4
c Pn = c Ag Fcrft = 0.85(7.50 )(9.748) = 62.1kips (control)
cMNaMfa lTplenAkg]TahrN_enHmantmRsedogKanwgtmEdl[enAkg column load table

cemIy Design strength KW 62kips
]TahrN_ 4>17 KNnaGgt;rgkarsgt;EbEvg 14 feet edIm,IRTbnkemKuN 50kips . eRbIEdkrUbrag

double angle EdlmaneCIgxITl;xgKa nigmanKMlatBIKa 3 8 inch . Ggt;RtUv)anTl;BRgwgenARtg;
Bak;kNalRbEvgedIm,ITb;nwgkarekageFobGkS x GkSEdlRsbeTAnwgeCIgEvg. kMNt;cMnYneRKOg

Pab;enAkNalEdlRtUvkar EdkEdlBRgwgenABak;kNalRbEvgRtUv)anpl;eRKOgPab;mYy. eRbIEdk
A36 .
dMeNaHRsay BI column load table eRCiserIs 2L3 12 3 14 EdlmanTmn; 10.8lb / ft .

smtPaBrbs;muxkat;enHKW 51kips edayQrelIkarekageFobGkS y CamYynwgRbEvgRbsiTPaB
14 feet . ersIusg;EdlRtUvKanwg flexural buckling eFobGkS x KW 60kips EdlQrelIRbEvg
RbsiTPaB 7 feet .
karekageFobGkS y eFVI[eRKOgPab;rgkmaMgkat; dUcenHcMnYneRKOgPab;RKb;RKan; RtUv)andak;
edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkmaMgenH. taragbgajfa vaRtUvkareRKOgPab;cMnYn 3 .
cemIy eRbI 2L3 12 3 14 CamYynwgeRKOgPab;cMnYn 3 sRmab;RbEvg 14 feet .

tRmUvkarcaM)ac;nkartPab;sRmab; built-up member EdlpSMeLIgeday plate b both plate

CamYynwg shapes
enAeBlEdl built-up member EdlpSMeLIgeday rolled shapes BIr beRcInedaymanKMlat
dac;BIKa plate RtUv)aneRbIedIm,ItPab; shape. AISC E4 mankarlMGitCaeRcInGMBItRmUvkarcaM)ac;
sRmab;kartPab; nigTMhMrbs; plate . tRmUvkarcaM)ac;nkartPab;RtUv)an[bEnmsRmab; built-up
compression member dTeTotEdlpSMeLIgeday plate b plate CamYynwg shape .

V. Fwm
Beams
FwmCaGgt;rbs;eRKOgbgMEdlRTbnkTTwg dUcenHehIy)aneFVI[vargnUvkarBt; (flexural or
bending). RbsinebImanvtmanbnktamGkSkgbrimaNmYyFMKYrsm vanwgRtUv)aneKehAvafa beam-
column EdlnwgRtUvbkRsayenAkgCMBUkTI6. enAkgGgt;eRKOgbgMxHEdlmanvtman axial load
kgtmtictYc Et\TiBldscesIgenHRtUv)aneKecalenAkgkarGnuvtCaeRcIn ehIyeK)ancat;TukvaCa

beam. CaTUeTAFwmRtUv)aneKdak;kgTisedk nigrgnUvbnkbBar EtvamincaM)ac;EtkgkrNIEbbenHeT.
Ggt;eRKOgbgMEdlRtUv)aneKcat;TukCa beam RbsinebIvargnUvbnky:agNaEdleFVI[vaekag(bending).

rUbragmuxkat; (cross-sectional shape)EdlRtUv)aneKeRbICaTUeTArYmman W-, S- nig M-shapes.
eBlxH chanel shape kRtUv)aneRbIdUcCaFwmEdlpSMeLIgBIEdkbnH kgTRmg; I-, H- b box shape.
Doubly symmetric shape dUcCa standard rolled W-, M- nig S-shape CarUbragEdlman
RbsiTPaBCaeK.
CaTUeTA rUbragEdl)anBIkarpSMrbs;EdkbnHRtUv)aneKKitCa plate girder b:uEn AISC Speci-

fication EbgEck beam BI plate girder edayQrelIpleFobTTwgelIkRmas; (width-thickness ratio)
rbs;RTnug. rUbTI 5>1 bgajTaMg hot-rolled shape nig built-up shapeCamYynwgTMhMEdlRtUv

eRbIsRmab; width-thickness ratios. Rbsin
t
h 2555

F
xat IS
t
h

970
F
xat US
w y w y
Ggt;eRKOgbgMRtUv)aneKcat;TukCa beam edayminKitfavaCa rolled shape bCa built-up. EpkenH

RtUv)anerobrab;enAkg chapter F of the Specification, Beams and Other Flexural Members
ehIyvakCaRbFanbTEdlRtUvykmkniyayenAkgCMBUkenH. RbsinebI
T.Chhay 120 Beams

h 2555
tw
>
Fy
xat IS h
tw

970
Fy
xat US
enaHGgt;eRKOgbgMRtUv)aneKcat;TukCa plate girder nwgRtUv)anerobrab;enAkg Chapter G of the
specification, Plate Girders. enAkgesovePAenHeyIgnwgniyayBI plate girder kgCMBUkTI 10.
edaysarEt slenderness rbs;RTnug plate girder RtUvkarBicarNaBiessenABIelI nigBIeRkamEdl

caM)ac;sRmab;Fwm.
RKb; standard hot-rolled shape EdlGacrk)anenAkg Manual KWsitenAkgRbePT beams.
Built-up shape PaKeRcInRtUv)ancat;cMNat;fak;Ca plate girder b:uEn built-up shape xHRtUv)ancat;
TukCaFwmedaykarkMNt;rbs; AISC.
sRmab; beams/ TMnak;TMngeKalrvag\TiBlbnk (load effects) nig strength KW
M u b M n
Edl Mu = bnSMnm:Um:g;emKuNEdlFMCageK
b = emKuNersIusg;sRmab;Fwm = 0.9
M n = nominal moment strength
Design strength, b M n enAeBlxHRtUv)aneKehAfa design moment.
5>2> kugRtaMgBt; nigm:Um:g;)asic (Bending Stress and the Plastic Moment)
edIm,IGackMNt; nominal design strength M n dMbUgeyIgRtUvBinitemIlkarRbRBwteTA

(behavior) rbs;Fwmtamrynkardak;bnkRKb;lkxN taMgBIbnktUcrhUtdl;bnkEdlGaceFVIeday
Fwm)ak;. BicarNaFwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>2 a EdlRtUv)andak;edayeFVIy:agNa[vaekageFobnwg

GkSem GkS x x sRmab; I- nig H-shape. sRmab; linear elastic material nigkMhUcRTg;RTaytUc
karBRgaykugRtaMgBt;RtUv)anbgajenAkg rUbTI 5>2 b CamYynwgkugRtaMgEdlRtUv)ansnt;faBRgay
esItamTTwgrbs;Fwm. kmaMgkat;RtUv)anBicarNaedayELkenAkgEpkTI 5>7. BI elementary
mechanics of materials/ kugRtaMgRtg;cMNucNamYyGackMNt;)anBI flexural formula
fb =
My
Ix
%>!
Edl M CamU:m:g;Bt;enAelImuxkat;EdlBicarNa/ y CacmayEkgBIbg;NWt neutral plane) eTAcMNuc
Edlcg;dwg nig I x Cam:Um:g;niclPaBnmuxkat;EdleFobnwgGkSNWt. sRmab; homogeneous
Fwm 121 T.Chhay
material GkSNWtRtYtsIuKanwgGkSTIRbCMuTmn;. smIkar %>! KWQrenAelIkarsnt;fa karBRgay strain

manlkNCabnat;BIelIdl;eRkam Edlma:geToteyIgGacsnt;fa muxkat;Edlrab (plane) munrgkar
Bt;enArkSarabdEdleRkaykarBt;. el;IsBIenH muxkat;FwmRtUvEtmanGkSsIuemRTIbBar ehIybnkRtUv
EtsitenAkgbg;EdlmanGkSsIemRTIenaH. FwmEdlminbMeBjtamklxNTaMgenH RtUv)anBicarNaenA
kgEpkTI 5>13. kugRtaMgGtibrmanwgekItenAsrsEpkxageRkAbMput Edl y mantmGtibrma.
dUcenH vamantmGtibrmaBIrKW kugRtaMgsgt;GtibrmarnAsrsEpkxagelIbMput nigkugRtaMgTaj
GtibrmaenAsrsEpkxageRkambMput. RbsinebIGkSNWtCaGkSsIuemRTIkugRtaMgTaMg BIrenHnwgmantm
esIKa.
sRmab;kugRtaMgGtibrma smIkar %>! GacsresrkgTRmg;
f max =
Mc
=
M
Ix Ix / c Sx
=
M
%>@
Edl c CacMNayEdkBIGkSNWteTAsrsrEpkxageRkAbMput ehIy S x Cam:UDulmuxkat;eGLasicnmux
kat; (elastic section modulus) . sRmab;RKb;rUbragmuxkat; section modulus mantmefr. sRmab;
mux kat;minsIuemRTI S x nwgmantmBIr mYysRmab;srsEpkxagelIbMput nigmYyeTotsRmab;srs
EpkxageRkambMput. tmrbs; S x sRmab; standard rolled shape RtUv)andak;kg dimension and
properties table enAkg Manual.
T.Chhay 122 Beams

smIkar %>! nig %>@ mantmeTA)ankgkrNIbnktUclmEdlsmarenAEtsitenAkg linear

elastic range. sRmab;eRKOgbgMEdk vamannyfakugRtaMg f max minRtUvFMCag f y ehIymannyfa
m:Um:g;minRtUvFMCag
M y = Fy S x
Edl M y Cam:Um:g;Bt;EdleFVI[FwmeTAdl;cMNuc yielding.
enAkgrUbTI 5>3 FwmTRmsamBaCamYynwgbnkcMcMNcu enAkNalElVgRtUv)anbgajnUvkardak;

bnktamdMNak;kalCabnbnab;. enAeBl yielding cab;epIm karBRgaykugRtaMgenAelImuxkat;Elg
Fwm 123 T.Chhay
manlkNCabnat; ehIy yielding nwgrIkralBIsrsEpkxageRkAeTAGkSNWt. kgeBlCamYyKa

tMbn;Edlrg yield nwglatsnwgtambeNayFwmBIGkSkNalrbs;FwmEdlm:Um:g;Bt;mantmesInwg
M y enATItaMgCaeRcIn. tMbn;Edlrg yield enHRtUv)angajedaypBNexAenAkgrUbTI 5>3 c nig d.
enAkgrUbTI 5>2 b yielding eTIbnwgcab;epIm. enAkgrUbTI 5>2 c yielding )anrIkralcUleTAkgRTnug

ehIyenAkgrUbTI 5>2 b muxkat;TaMgmUl)an yield. eKRtUvkarm:Um:g;bEnmkgtmCamFm vaesIRb
Ehl 12% n yield moment edIm,InaMFwmBIdMNak;kal (b) eTAdMNak;kal (d) sRmab; W-shape .
enAeBleKeTAdl;dMNak;kal (d) RbsinebIenAEtbEnmbnkeTotFwmnwg)ak; enAeBlEdlFatuTaMgGs;
rbs;muxkat;)aneTAdl; yield plateau rbs; stress-strain curve ehIy unrestrict plastic flow nwg
ekIteLIg. Plastic hing RtUv)aneLIgRtg;GkSrbs;Fwm ehIysnak;enHCamYynwgsnak;BitR)akdenA
xagcugrbs;FwmbegIt)anCa unstable machanism . kgeBl plastic collapse, mechanism motion
RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>4. Structural analysis EdlQrelIkarBicarNa collapse mechanism
RtUv)aneKehAfa plastic analysis. karENnaMBI plastic analysis nig design RtUv)anerobrab;enAkg
Appendix A kugesovePAenH.
lTPaBm:Um:g;)asic EdlCam:Um:g;EdlRtUvkaredIm,IbegItsnak;)asic GacRtUv)anKNnay:ag

gayRsYlBIkarBicarNakarBRgaykugRtaMgRtUvKa. enAkgrUbTI 5>5 ersultg;kugRtaMgsgt; nigkug
RtaMgTajRtUv)anbgaj Edl Ac CaRkLapmuxkat;Edlrgkarsgt; nig At CaRkLapmuxkat;Edl
rgkarTaj. RkLapTaMgenHCaRkLapEdlenABIxagelI nigBIxageRkamGkSNWt)asic (plastic
neutral axis) EdlmincaM)ac;dUcKanwgGkSNWteGLasc i . BIsanPaBlMnwgrbs;kmaMg eyIg)an
C =T
Ac F y = At F y
Ac = At
T.Chhay 124 Beams

dUcenHGkSNWt)asicEckmuxkat;CaBIcMENkesIKa. sRmab;rUbragEdlsIemRTIeFobnwgGkSnkarBt;
GkSNWteGLasic nigGkSNWt)asicKWdUcKa. m:Um:g;)asic M p Ca resisting couple EdlbegIteLIg
edaykmaMgBIresIKa nigmanTisedApyKa b
A
M p = Fy ( Ac )a = Fy ( At )a = Fy a = Fy Z
2
Edl A= RkLapmuxkat;srub
a = cmayrvagGkSNWtrbs;RkLapBak;kNalTaMgBIr
A
Z = a = m:UDulmuxkat;)asic (plastic section modulus)
2
]TahrN_ 5>1 CamYynwg built-up shape EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>6 cUrkMNt; k elastic section
modulus S nig yielding moment M y nig x plastic section modulus Z nig plastic moment
M p . karekageFobnwgGkS x ehIyEdkEdleRbIKW A572 Grade 50 .
dMeNaHRsay
k edaysarvamanlkNsIuemRTI enaH elastic neutral axis GkS x sitenABak;kNalmuxkat;
TItaMgrbs;TIRbCMuTmn;. m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;GacRtUvkMNt;)anedayeRbIRTwsIbTGkS
Rsb (parallel axis theorem) ehIylTplnkarKNnaRtUv)ansegbenAkgtarag 5>1.
tarag 5>1
Fwm 125 T.Chhay
Component I A d I + Ad 2
Flange 260417 5000 162.5 132291667
Flange 260417 5000 162.5 132291667
Web 28125000 - - 28125000
Sum 292.71106
Elastic section modulus KW

I 292.71 10 6 292.71 10 6
S= = = = 1.67 10 6 mm 3
c 25 + (300 / 2 ) 175
Yield moment KW
M y = Fy S = 345 1.67 = 576.15kN .m
cemIy S = 1.67 106 mm3 nig M y = 576.15kN .m

x edaysarrUbragenHmanlkNsIuemRTIeFobnwgGkS x / enaHGkSenHEckmuxkat;CaBIrcMEnkesIKa
ehIyGkSenHkCa plastic neutral axis Edr. TIRbCMuTmn;rbs;pBak;kNalxagelIRtUv)an
kMNt;edayeRbI principle of moment. Kitm:Um:;g;eFobGkSNWtnmuxkat;TaMgmUl rUbTI 5>6
ehIykarKNnaRtUv)anerobCatarag 5>2.
tarag 5>2
Component A y Ay
Flange 5000 162.5 812500
Web 1875 75 140625
Sum 6875 953125
y=
Ay = 953125 = 138.64mm
A 6875
rUbTI 5>7 bgajfadXas;m:Um:g;rbs;m:Umg: ;KUrEdlekItmanenAxagkgKW

a = 2 y = 2(138.64) = 277.28mm
T.Chhay 126 Beams

ehIy plastic section modulus KW

A
Z = a = 6875 277.28 = 1.906 10 6 mm 3
2
Plastic moment KW
M p = F y Z = 345 1.906 = 657.6kN .m
cemIy Z = 1.906 106 mm3 nig M p = 657.6kN .m
]TahrN_ 5>2 KNna plastic moment, M p sRmab; W 10 60 rbs;Edk A36 .

dMeNaHRsay BI dimensions and properties tables enAkg Part1 of the Manual
A = 17.6in 2
A 17.6
= = 8.8in
2 2
TIRbCMuTmn;sRmab;RkLapBak;kNalGacrk)anBIkgtaragsRmab; WT-shapes EdlRtUv)an
kat;ecjBI W-shapes. rUbragEdlRtUvKarbs;vaKW WT 5 30 ehIycmayBIpxageRkAbMputrbs;sab
eTATIRbCMuTmn;KW 0.884in dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>8.
a = d 2(0.884 ) = 10.22 2(0.884 ) = 8.452in
A
Z = a = 8.8(8.452) = 74.38in 3
2
lTplEdlTTYl)anenHmantmRbhak;RbEhlnwgtmEdl[enAkg dimensions and properties
tables PaBxusKabNalmkBIkarKitcMnYnxg;eRkayex,s
cemIy M p = Fy Z = 36(74.38) = 2678in. kips = 223 ft kips
5>3> lMnwg (Stability)
Fwm 127 T.Chhay

RbsinebIFwmGacrkSalMnwgrbs;va)anrhUtdl;vasitkglkxN)asiceBjelj enaH nominal
moment strength RtUv)aneKKitfamantmesInwg plastic moment capacity Edl
Mn = M p
pymkvij M n < M p .
dUckrNIssrEdr PaBKanlMnwgGacmannyCalkNsrub bGacmannyCalkNedaytMbn;.
karekagrbs;Ggt;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>9 a. enAeBlFwmekag tMbn;rgkarsgt; EpkxagelI
GkSNWt manlkN nigkareFVIkarRsedognwgssr ehIyvanwg buckle RbsinebIEpkrbs;muxkat;man
lkNRsavRKb;RKan;. EtvamindUcssr edaysartMbn;rgkarsgt;rb;muxkat;RtUv)anTb;edayEpkEdl
rgkarTaj ehIyPaBdabmkxageRkA (flexural buckling) RtUv)anbegIteLIgeday twisting (torsion).
karbegItnUvPaBKanlMnwgenHRtUv)aneKehAfa lateral-torsional buckling (LTB). eKGacbgar
Lateral-torsional buckling )aneday lateral bracing tMbn;rgkarsgt; CaBiesssabEdlrgkar
sgt;CamYynwgcenaHRKb;RKan;. karBRgwgenHRtUv)anbgajlkNnimitsBaaenAkgrUbTI 5>9 b. dUcGVI

EdleyIg)aneXIj moment strength GaRsyeTAnwgRbEvgEpkEdlmin)anBRgwgEdlCacmayrvag
cMNucnTRmxag (lateral support) .
eTaHbICaFwmGacTTYlm:Um:g;RKb;RKan;edIm,IeFVI[vaeTAdl;lkxN)asiceBjelj vakRtUv
GaRsyfaetIva)anrkSa cross-sectional integrity bGt;. vanwg)at;bg; integrity RbsinebIEpkrgkar
sgt;NamYyrbs;muxkat; buckle. RbePT buckling GacCa compression flange buckling Edl
eKehAfa flange local buckling (FLB) b buckling nEpkrgkarsgt;rbs;RTnug EdleKehAfa web
local buckle (WLB). dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkgCMBUk 4 RbePT local buckling epSgeTotekIteLIg
edayGaRsynwg width-thickness ratio rbs;Epkrgkarsgt;rbs;muxkat;.
T.Chhay 128 Beams

rUbTI 5>10 bgajBI\TiBlrbs; local and lateral-torsional buckling. FwmR)aMdac;eday

ELkRtUv)anbgajenAkgRkaPicnbnk-PaBdab. ExSekagTI ! CaExSekagbnk-PaBdabrbs;FwmEdl
KanlMnwg edayviFINakeday ehIy)at;bg;lTPaBRTbnkrbs;vamuneBlvaeTAdl; first yield rUbTI
5>3 b. ExSekag @ nig # RtUvKanwgFwmEdlGacRTbnkedayqgkat; first yield bu:Enmin)anyUrRKb;
RKan;edIm,IbegItsnak;)asic nigTTYl)an plastic collapse. RbsinebIvaGaceTAdl; plastic collapse
enaHExSekagbnk-PaBdabnwgmanlkNdUcExSekag $ b %. ExSekag $ sRmab;krNIm:Um:g;esIenA
eBjRbEvgFwmTaMgmUl ehIyExSekag % sRmab;FwmEdlrgm:Um:g;ERbRbYl (moment gradient) .
eKGacTTYl)ankarKNnaRbkbedaysuvtiPaBCamYynwgFwmEdlRtUvKanwgExSekagNamYynExSekag
TaMgenH b:uEnExSekag ! nig @ bgajBIkareRbIsmaredayKanlkNRbsiTPaB.
5>4> cMNat;fak;rbs;rUbrag (Classification of Shapes)
AISC cat;cMNat;fak;rUbragmuxkat;Ca compact, noncompact b slender GaRsynwgtm
rbs; width-thickness ratios. sRmab; I- nig H-shapes pleFobsRmab;sab (unstiffened element)

KW b f / 2t f ehIypleFobsRmab;RTnug (stiffened element) KW h / t w . eKGacrk)an karcat;cMNat;
fak;rbs;muxkat;enAkg Section B5 of the specification, Local Buckling in Table B5.1. vanwg
RtUv)ansegbdUcxageRkam. edayyk
= width-thickness ratio
p = upper limit for compact category
r = upper limit for noncompact category
enaH RbsinebI p ehIysabPab;eTAnwgRTnugCab;Kandac; enaHrUbragmanlkN compact.
Fwm 129 T.Chhay

RbsinebI p < r enaHrUbragmanlkN uncompact.

RbsinebI > r enaHrUbragmanlkN slender.
cMNat;fak;RtUvQrelI width-thickness ratio rbs;muxkat;EdlmantmFMCag. ]TahrN_ RbsinebI
RTnugCa compact ehIysabCa noncompact enaHrUbragRtUv)ancat;cMNat;fak;Ca noncompact .
tarag 5>3 RtUv)andkRsg;ecjBI AISC Table B5.1 nigman width-thickness ratio sRmab;muxkat;
hot-rolled I- nig H-shape.
tarag 5>3 Width-thickness parameters*

p r
Element
IS US IS US
bf 170 65 370 141
Flange
2t f Fy Fy Fy 69 F y 10
h 1680 640 2550 970
Web
tw Fy Fy Fy Fy
* sRmab; hot-rolled I- nig H-shape rgkarBt;
5>5> Bending Strength of Compact Shapes
FwmGac)ak;edayvaTTYlm:Um:g; M p ehIyvakayCa)asiceBjelj bkvaGac)ak;eday

!> lateral-torsional buckling (LTB), eday elastically b inelastically
@> flange local buckling (FLB), eday elastically b inelastically
#> web local buckling (WLB), eday elastically b inelastically
RbsinebIkugRtaMgBt;Gtibrma (maximum bending stress) tUcCagEdnsmamaRt
(proportional limit) enAeBlEdl buckling ekIteLIg failure enHRtUv)aneKehAfa elastic. RbsinebI
minGBawgenH vaCa inelastic. sUmemIlkarbkRsayEdlTak;TgenAkgEpk 4>2 rbs;emeronTI 4 .

edIm,IgayRsYl CadMbUgeyIgcat;cMNat;fak;FwmCa compact, noncompact b slender. kar
erobrab;enAkgEpkenHGnuvtcMeBaHFwmBIrRbePT ! hot-rolled I-nig H-shape ekageFobGkSxaMg
ehIyEdlbnkenAkgbg;nGkSexSay ehIy 2 channels ekageFobGkSxaMg ehIybnkdak;tam
shear center bkRtUv)anTb;RbqaMgnwgkarrmYl. Shear center CacMNucenAelImuxkat; EdltamcMNuc
enHbnkTTwgRtUv)ankat;tam RbsinebIFwmekagedayKankarrmYl. vanwgekItmancMeBaH I-nig H-

T.Chhay 130 Beams
Shapes . eKminBicarNaGMBI Hybrid beam Edlsab nigRTnugrbs;vamanersIusg;epSgKaeT ehIy

smIkar AISC xHnwgRtUv)anEkERbbnicbncedIm,IeqIytbeTAnwgkarkMNt;enH edayeKCMnYs Fyf nig
F yw EdlCa yield strength rbs;sab nigRTnugeday F y .
eyIgcab;epImCamYynwg compact shape EdlRtUv)ankMNt;CarUbragEdlRTnugrbs;vaRtUv)an

Pab;eTAsabCab;\tdac; ehIyEdlbMeBjnUvtRmUvkar width-thickness ratio xageRkamsRmab;sab nig
RTnug
bf bf
2t

170
F
nig t
h 1680

F
xatCa IS
2t

65
F
nig t
h

640
F
xatCa IS
f y w y f y w y
sRmab;RKb; standard hot-rolled shape Edl)anrayeQaHenAkg Manual )aneKarBlkxNxag

elI dUcenHeKRtUvkarBinitEtpleFobsabb:ueNaH. rUbragPaKeRcInkbMeBjtRmUvkarrbs;sabEdr
dUcenH vaRtUv)ancat;cMNat;fak;Ca compact. RbsinebIFwmCa compact ehIymanTRmxagCab; b
unbraced length xI enaH nominal moment strength, M n Ca plastic moment capacity eBjrbs;
rUbrag M p . sRmab;Ggt;EdlminmanTRmxagRKb;RKan; moment resistance RtUv)ankMNt;eday

lateral-torsional buckling strength EdlmanlkNCa elastic b inelastic .
RbePTTImYy (laterally supported compact beam) CakrNIEdlFmta nigsamBaCageK.

AISC F1.1 [ nominal strength Ca
Mn = M p (AISC Equation F1.1)
Edl M p = F y Z 1 .5 M y
tmkMNt;eday 1.5M y sRmab; M p KWedIm,IkarBarbnkEdleFVIkarelIslb;

nigRtUv)anbMeBj enAeBlEdl
Fy Z 1.5Fy S b ZS 1.5
sRmab; I- nig H-shape ekageFobGkSxaMg enaH Z / S EtgEttUcCag 1.5 Canic. b:uEnsRmab; I- nig
H-shape ekageFobGkSexSay enaH Z / S nwgminEdltUcCag 1.5 eT.
]TahrN_ 5>3 FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>11 CaEdl A36 EdlmanrUbrag W16 31 . vaRTkM

ralxNebtugGarem:Edlpl;nUv continuous lateral support dl;sabrgkarsgt;. Service dead
Fwm 131 T.Chhay
load KW 450lb / ft . bnkenHRtUv)andak;BIelIFwm vaminRtUv)anKItbBalbnkpal;rbs;FwmeT. Service

live load KW 550lb / ft . etIFwmenHman moment strength RKb;RKan;beT?
dMeNaHRsay Service dead load srub edayrYmbBalTaMgTmn;rbs;FwmKW

wD = 450 + 31 = 481lb / ft
sRmab;FwmTRmsamBargbnkBRgayesI m:Um:g;Bt;GtibrmaekItmanenAkNalElVgesInwg
1
M max = wL2
8
Edl w CabnkEdlmanxatkmaMgelIktaRbEvg ehIy L CaRbEvgElVg. enaH
1 0.481 30 2
M D = wL2 = = 54.11 ft kips
8 8
0.55 30 2
ML = = 61.88 ft kips
8
edaysar dead load tUcCag live load min)an 8 dg enaHbnSMbnk A4-2 nwgmantmFMCageK
M u = 1.2 M D + 1.6 M L = 1.2 54.11 + 1.6 61.88 = 164 ft kips
ma:gvijeTot bnkGacRtUv)anKitemKuNmun
wu = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL = 1.2 0.431 + 1.6 0.550 = 1.457kips / ft
1 1.457 30 2
M u = wu L2 = = 164 ft kips
8 8
RtYtBinit compactness
bf
2t
= 6.3 BI Part 1 of the Manual
f
65
Fy
=
65
36
= 10.8 > 6.3 dUcenH sabCa compact .
h
tw
<
640
Fy
sRmab;RKb;rUbragenAkg Manual
dUcenH W 16 31 Ca compact sRmab;Edk A36 .
edaysarFwmCa compact ehIymanTRmxag
M n = M p = Fy Z x = 36(54.0 ) = 1944in kips = 162 ft kips
T.Chhay 132 Beams
RtYtBinitsRmab; M p 1.5M y
Zx 54
= = 1.15 < 1.5 (OK)
S x 47.2
b M n = 0.90(162 ) = 146 ft kips < 164 ft kips (NG)
cemIy Design moment tUcCagm:Um:g;emKuN dUcenH W 16 31 minRKb;RKan;.
eTaHbICakarRtYtBinitsRmab; M p 1.5M y RtUv)aneFVIenAkg]TahrN_xagelI b:uEnvamin
caM)ac;sRmab; I- nig H-shape ekageFobGkSxaMg ehIyvaminRtUv)aneFVIdEdlenAkgesobePAenHeT.
Strength momentrbs; compact shape CaGnuKmn_nwg unbraced length, Lb EdlRtUv)ankM

Nt;CacmayrvagcMNucnTRmxag bkarBRgwg. enAkgesovePAenH bgajcMNucnTRmxageday X
dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>12. TMnak;TMngrvag nominal strength M n nig unbraced length RtUv)an
bgajenAkgrUbTI 5>13 . RbsinebI unbraced length minFMCag L p FwmRtUv)anBicarNamanTRm
xageBj ehIy M n = M p . RbsinebI Lb FMCag L p b:uEntUcCag besI)a:ra:Em:Rt Lr enaHersIusg;nwg
QrelI inelastic LTB . RbsinebI Lb FMCag Lr enaHersIusg;nwgQrelI elastic LTB .
Fwm 133 T.Chhay

eKGacrksmIkarsRmab; theorical elastic lateral-torsional buckling strength enAkg

Theory of Elastic Stability (Timoshenko and Gere, 1961) nigCamYykarpas;brnimitsBaaxH
smIkarenHmanragdUcxageRkam
2
E
Mn = EI y GJ + I y C w %>#
Lb Lb
Edl Lb = unbraced length
G = shear modulus = 77225 MPa b = 11200ksi sRmab;eRKOgbgMEdk

J = torsional constant
C w = warping constant ( mm 6 )
RbsinebIm:Um:g;enAeBlEdl lateral-torsional buckling ekIteLIgFMCagm:Um:g;EdlRtUvKanwg first yield
enaH strength QrenAelI inelastic behavior. m:Um:g;EdlRtUvKanwg first yield KW
M r = FL S x (AISC Equation F1-7)
Edl FL CatmEdltUcCageKkgcMeNam ( Fyf Fr ) nig Fyw . enAkgsmIkarenH yield stress enA
kgsabRtUv)ankat;bnyeday Fr kugRtaMgEdlenAsl; (residual stress) . sRmab; nonhybrid
member, F yf = F ym = Fy ehIy FL EtgEtesInwg F y Fr . teTAmuxeTotenAkgCMBUkenH eyIg
CMnYs FL eday Fy Fr . Ca]TahrN_ eyIgsresr AISC Equation E1-7 Ca

(
M r = F y Fr S x) (AISC Equation F1-7)
T.Chhay 134 Beams

EdlkugRtaMgEdlenAsl; Fr = 10ksi = 69MPa sRmab; rolled-shapes nig Fr = 16.5ksi = 114MPa

sRmab; welded built-up shapes. dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>13 RBMEdnrvag elastic behavior nig
inelastic behavior KW unbraced length Lr Edltmrbs; Lr RtUv)anTTYlBIsmIkar %># enAeBl
Edl M n RtUv)andak;[esI M r . eKTTYl)ansmIkarxageRkam

Lr =
ry X 1
(Fy Fr ) (
1 + 1 + X 2 F y Fr 2 ) (AISC Equation F1-6)
Edl
EGJA
X1 =
Sx 2
2
(AISC Equation F1-8 and F1-9)
4C w S x
X2 =
I y GJ
dUckrNIssrEdr inelastic behavior rbs;FwmmanlkNsKsajCag elastic behavior CaTUeTAeK

eRcIneRbIrUbmnEdl)anmkBIkarBiesaF (empirical formulas). CamYynwgkarEktRmUvdtictYc AISC
)an[eRbIsmIkarxageRkam
Lb L p
M n = M p (M p M r ) %>$
L L
r p
790ry 300ry
Edl Lp =
Fy
xat IS Lp =
Fy
xat US (AISC Equation F1-4)
Nominal bending strength rbs; compact beam RtUv)anbgajedaysmIkar %># nig %>$ rgnUv
upper limit M p sRmab; inelastic beam RbsinebIm:Um;g;EdlGnuvtBRgayesIelI unbraced length
Lb . RbsinebIdUcenaHeT vaman moment gradient ehIysmIkar %># nig %>$ RtUv)anEksRmYl
edayemKuN Cb . emKuNenHRtUv)an[eday AISC F1.2 kgTRmg;

12.5M max
Cb = (AISC Equation F1-3)
2.5M max + 3M A + 4 M B + 3M C
Edl M max =tmdac;xatrbs;m:Um:g;GtibrmaenAkg unbraced length (including the end points)
M A = tmdac;xatrbs;m:Um:g;enAcMNucmYyPaKbYnn unbraced length
M B = tmdac;xatrbs;m:Um:g;enAcMNucBak;kNaln unbraced length
M C = tmdac;xatrbs;m:Um:g;enAcMNucbIPaKbYnn unbraced length
enAeBlm:Um:g;Bt;BRgayesI tm Cb esInwg
Fwm 135 T.Chhay
12.5M
Cb = = 1.0
2.5M + 3M + 4 M + 3M
]TahrN_ 5>4 kMNt; Cb sRmab;FwmTRmsamBaRTbnkBRgayesICamYyEtnwgkarTb;xagenAxagcug

b:ueNaH.
dMeNaHRsay edaysarlkNsuIemRTI m:Um:g;GtibrmasitenAkNalElVg dUcenH
1
M max = M B = wL2
8
dUcKa edaysarlkNsIuemRTI m:Um:g;enAcMNucmYyPaKbIesIm:Um:g;enAcMNucbIPaKbYn. BIrUbTI 5>14
wL L wL L wL 2 wL2 3
M A = MC = = = wL2
2 4 4 8 8 32 32
12.5M max 12.5(1 / 8)
Cb = = = 1.14
2.5M max + 3M A + 4 M B + 3M C 2.5(1 / 8) + 3(3 / 32) + 4(1 / 8) + 3(3 / 32)
cemIy Cb = 1.14
rUbTI 5>15 bgajBItmrbs; Cb sRmab;krNIFmtaCaeRcInnkardak;bnk nigTRmxag.

sRmab; unbraced cantilever beams, AISC kMNt;tm Cb = 1.0 . tm 1.0 CatmtUc
edayminKitBIrrUbragrbs;Fwm nigkardak;bnk b:uEnkgkrNIxHvaCatmEdltUcEmnETn. karkMNt;
TaMgGs;n nominal moment strength sRmab; compact shapes GacRtUv)ansegbdUcxageRkam
sRmab; Lb L p /
M n = M p 1 .5 M y (AISC Equation F1-1)
T.Chhay 136 Beams

sRmab; L p < Lb Lr /

(
M n = Cb M p M p M r ) LLb LL p M p (AISC Equation F1-2)
r p
sRmab; L p > Lr /
M n = M cr M p (AISC Equation F1-12)
2
E
Edl M cr = Cb EI y GJ + I y C w (AISC Equation F1-13)
Lb Lb
C S X 2 X 12 X 2
= b x 1 1+
Lb / ry 2 Lb / ry 2 ( )
tmefr X1 nig X 2 RtUv)ankMNt;BImun ehIyRtUv)anrayCataragenAkg dimensions and
properties tables in the Manual.
Fwm 137 T.Chhay

\TiBlrbs; Cb eTAelI nominal strength RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI5>16. eTaHbICa strength

smamaRtedaypal;eTAnwg Cb keday EtRkaPicenH)anbgajy:agc,as;BIsarsMxan;rbs; upper limit
M p edayminKitBIsarsMxan;rbs;smIkarEdlRtUveRbIsRmab; M n .
]TahrN_ 5>4 kMNt; design strength b M n sRmab; W14 68 rbs;Edk A242 Edl
k> TRmxagCab;
x> unbraced length = 20 ft / Cb = 1.0
K> unbraced length = 20 ft / Cb = 1.75
dMeNaHRsay
k> BI Part 1 of the Manual /W 14 68 KWsitenAkg shape group 2 /dUcenHvaGacman yield stress
F y = 50ksi / kMNt;faetIrUbragenHCa compact, noncompact b slender.
bf 65
= 7.0 <
2t f 50
rUbragenHKW compact dUcenH

M n = M p = Fy Z x = 50(115) = 5750in. kips = 479.2 ft kips
cemIy b M n = 0.9(479.2) = 431 ft kips

x> Lb = 20 ft nig Cb = 1.0 . KNna L p nig Lr
T.Chhay 138 Beams

300ry 300 2.46

Lp = = = 104.4in. = 8.7 ft
Fy 50
BI torsion properties tables in Part 1 of the Manual,

J = 3.02in 4 nig C w = 5380in 6
eTaHbICa X1 nig X 2 RtUv)anerobCataragenAkg dimensions and properties table in part 1 of

the Manual eyIgnwgKNnavaenATIenHsRmab;bgaj
EGJA 29000(11200)(3.02)(20)
X1 = = = 3021ksi
Sx 2 103 2
2 2
C S 5380 103 2
X 2 = 4 w x = 4 = 0.001649ksi
I y GJ 121 11200 3.02
ry X 1
Lr = 1 + 1 + X 2 ( F y Fr ) 2
( F y Fr )
2.46(3021)
= 1 + 1 + 0.001649(50 10 )2 = 316.8in = 26.40 ft
(50 10)
edaysar L p < Lb < Lr strength QrelI inelastic LTB nig
(
M r = F y Fr S x = ) (50 10)(103) = 343.3 ft kips
12
Lb L p
(
M n = Cb M p M p M r )
Lr L p

20 8.7
= 1.0 479.2 (479.2 343.3)
26.4 8.7
cemIy b M n = 0.90(392.4) = 353 ft kips
K> Lb = 20 ft nig Cb = 1.75 . Design strength sRmab; Cb = 1.75 KWesInwg 1.75 dgn Design
strength sRmab; Cb = 1.0 . dUcenH
M n = 1.75(392.4 ) = 686.7 ft kips > M p = 479.2 ft kips
Nominal strength minGacFMCag M p / dUcenHeRbI nominal strength M n = 479.2 ft kips

cemIy b M n = 0.90(479.2) = 431 ft kips
mantaragmanRbeyaCn_
Part 4 of the Manual of Steel Construction, Beam and Girder Design,
CaeRcInsRmab;viPaK nigKNnaFwm. Ca]TahrN_ Load Factor Design Selection Table raynUvrUbrag

Fwm 139 T.Chhay
EdleRbICaTUeTAsRmab;Fwm EdlRtUv)anerobCalMdab;n Z x . edaysar M p = Fy Z x rUbragkRtUv)an

erobCalMdab;n design moment b M p . tmefrdTeTotEdlmanRbeyaCn_kRtUv)anerobCatarag
EdlrYmman L p nig Lr EdlCaEpkmYyEdlKYr[FujRTan;kgkarKNna.
Plastic Analysis
enAkgkrNICaeRcIn m:Um:g;emKuNGtibrma M u nwgRtUv)anTTYlBI elastic structural analysis
edayeRbIbnkemKuN. eRkamlkxNc,as;las; ersIusg;EdlcaM)ac; (required strength) sRmab;rcna
sm<nEdlminGackMNt;edaysaTic (statically inderteminate structure) RtUv)anrkedayeRbI plastic
analysis. AISC GnuBaat[eRbI plastic analysis RbsinebIrUbrag compact nigRbsinebI
Lb L pd
24800 + 15200(M 1 / M 2 )
Edl L pd =
Fy
ry xat SI (AISC Equation F1-17)
M1 =m:Um:g;EdltUcCageKkgcMeNamm:Um:g;cugTaMgBIrsRmab; unbraced segment

M 2 = m:Um:g;EdlFMCageKkgcMeNamm:Um:g;cugTaMgBIrsRmab; unbraced segment
pleFob M1 / M 2 viCmanenAeBlEdlm:Um:g;begIt reverse curvature enAkg unbraced

segment. enAeBlenH Lb Ca unbraced length EdlenACab;nwgsnak;)asicEdlCaEpkmYyn failure
mechanism. b:uEnRbsinebIeKeRbI plastic analysis, nominal moment strength M n EdlenACab;nwg
snak;cugeRkayEdlminenAEk,rsnak;)asicRtUv)anKNnatamviFIdUcKasRmab;FwmEdlviPaKedayviFIeG
Lasic ehIyvaRtUvEttUcCag M p .
5>6> Bending Strength of Noncompact Shapes
dUckarkt;cMNaMBImun standard W-, M-, nig S-shapes PaKeRcInCa compact sRmab; F = y
250 MPa nig F y = 350 MPa . cMnYntictYcb:ueNaHCa noncompact edaysar width-thickness ratio
rbs;sab b:uEnKanrUbragmYyNaCa slender eT. edaysarmUlehtuTaMgenH AISC Specification edaH

Rsay noncompact nig slender flexural member enAkg]bsm<n (Appendix F). enAkgesovePA
enH eyIgnwgBicarNa slender flexural member enAkgCMBUkTI10.
T.Chhay 140 Beams

CaTUeTA FwmGac)ak;eday lateral-torsional buckling, flange local buckling b web local

buckling. RKb;RbePTnkar)ak;GacsitenAkgEdneGLasic b inelastic range. RTnugrbs;RKb;
rolled shapes enAkg Manual Ca compact dUcenH noncompact shapes CaRbFanbTsRmab;Etsan
PaBkMNt; (limit states) n lateral-torsional buckling nig flange local buckling. ersIusg;EdlRtUv
nwgsanPaBkMNt;TaMgBIrRtUv)anKNna ehIyeKyktmEdltUcCageK. BI AISC Appendix F CamYy
bf
=
2t f
RbsinebI p < r / enaHsabCa noncompact ehIy buckling Ca inelastic eyIgnwgTTYl)an

p
(
Mn = M p M p Mr )
r p
(AISC Equation A-F1-3)

Edl p =
170
Fy
IS sRmab;
p =
65
Fy
sRmab; US
r =
370
F y Fr
sRmab; IS r =
141
F y Fr
sRmab; US
(
M r = Fy Fr S x )
kugRtaMgEdlenAesssl; = 69MPa = 10ksi sRmab; rolled shapes GgenHRtUv)an
Fr =
kMNt;sRmab; nonhybrid beam
]TahrN_ 5>6 FwmTRmsamBamYymanRbEvg 40 feet RtUv)anTb;xagenAxagcugrbs;va ehIyvargnUv

service load dUcxageRkam
Dead load = 400lb / ft edayrYmbBalTaMgTmn;Fwm

Live load = 1000lb / ft
RbsinebIeKeRbI AISC A572 Grade 50 etI W14 90 RKb;RKan;bGt;?
dMeNaHRsay bnkemKuN nigm:Um:g;emKuNKW
wu = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL = 1.2(0.40) + 1.6(1.00) = 2.08kips / ft
1 2.08(40 )2
M u = wu L2 = = 416.0 ft kips
8 8
kMNt;lkNrUbragmuxkat; faetICa compact, noncompact b slender
Fwm 141 T.Chhay

bf
= = 10.2
2t f
65 65
p = = = 9.19
Fy 50
141 141
r = = = 22.3
Fy Fr 50 10
eday p < < r dUcenHrUbragenHKW noncompact. RtYtBinitlTPaBRTRTg;edayQrelIsanPaB

kMNt;rbs; flange local buckling
50(157 )
M p = Fy Z x = = 654.2 ft kips
12
Mr ( )
= Fy Fr S x = (50 10 )
143
12
= 476.7 ft kips
p
Mn (
= M p M p Mr )
r p
= 652.4 (654.2 476.7 ) 10.2 9.19 = 640.5 ft kips
22.3 9.19
Design strength EdlQrenAelI FLBdUcenH

b M n = 0.9(640.5) = 576 ft kips
RtYtBinitlTPaBRTRTg;EdlQrelIsanPaBkMNt;rbs; lateral-torsional buckling. BI Load
Factor Design Selection Table
L p = 15 ft nig Lr = 38.4 ft
Lb = 40 ft > Lr
dUcenHvanwg)ak;edayeGLasic LTB.
BI Part 1 of the Manual/
I y = 362in 4
J = 4.06in 4
C w = 16000in 6
sRmab;FwmTRmsamBaRTbnkBRgayesICamYynwgTRmxagenAxagcugsgag
Cb = 1.14
AISC Equation F1-13 [
2
E
M n = Cb EI y GJ + I y C w M p
Lb Lb
T.Chhay 142 Beams
2
29000
= 1.14 29000(362 )(11200 )(4.06 ) + (362 )(16000 )
40(12) 40 12

= 1.14(5412 ) = 6180in. kips = 515.0 ft kips
M p = 654.2 ft kips > 515.0 ft kips
edaysar 515.0 < 640.5 dUcenH LTB lub ehIy

b M n = (0.90)515.0 = 464 ft kips > M u = 416 ft kips (OK) /
cemIy eday M u < b M n enaHFwmman moment strength RKb;RKan;.
lkNkMNt;rbs; noncompact shapes RtUv)ansRmYleday Load Factor Design Selection

Table. Noncompact shapes RtUv)ankMNt;sMKal;eday footnote farUbragCa noncompact sRmab;
F y = 250 MPa = 36ksi b F y = 350 MPa = 50ksi . Noncompact shapes kRtUv)anerobcMenAkg
taragedaylkNxusEbkKadUcxageRkam
!> sRmab; noncompact shapes tmEdlmanenAkgtaragrbs; b M p CatmBitR)akd
rbs; design strength EdlQrelI flange local buckling. enAkg]TahrN_TI 5>6
eyIg)an KNnatmenHesInwg 576 ft kips b:uEntmRtwmRtUvenAkgtarag b M p KW
0.90(654.2 ) = 589 ft kips
@> tm L p enAkgtaragCatmrbs; unbraced length Edl nominal strength EdlQr elI
inelastic lateral torsional buckling esInwg nominal strength EdlQrelI flange local
buckling dUcenH nominal strength sRmab; unbraced length GtibrmaGacRtUv)an
KitCaersIusg;EdlQrelI web local buckling. rMlwkfa L p sRmab; compact shapes

Ca unbraced length GtibrmaEdl nominal strength GacRtUv)anKitesInwg plastic
moment. sRmab;rUbragenAkg]TahrN_5>6 karKNna nominal strength EdlQrelI
FLB eTAersIusg;EdlQrelI inelastic LTB (AISC Equation F1-2) CamYynwg
Cb = 1.0
Lb L p
M n = M p (M p M r ) %>%
L L
r p
Fwm 143 T.Chhay

tmrbs; M r nig Lr RtUv)anTTYlBI]TahrN_ 5>6 ehIynwgminRtUv)anpas;br. b:uEn

tmrbs; L p RtUvEt)anKNnaBI AISC Equation F1-4
300ry 300(3.70)
Lp = = = 157.0in. = 13.08 ft.
Fy 50
CMnYstmxagelIkgsmIkar %>% eyIgTTYl)an

L 13.08
640.5 = 654.2 (654.2 476.7 ) b
38.4 13.08
Lb = 15.0 ft.
enHCatmbBalkgtaragCa L p sRmab; W = 14 90 CamYynwg Fy = 50ksi . cMNaMfa
300ry
Lp =
Fy
GaceRbIsRmab; noncompact shapes. RbsinebIeFVIEbbenH lTplEdlTTYl)anenAkg

smIkarsRmab; inelastic LTB EdlRtUv)aneRbIenAeBl Lb minmantmFMRKb;RKan; enaH
ersIusg;EdlQrelI FLB nwglub.
5>7> Summary of Moment Strength
viFIsaRskgkarKNna nominal moment strength sRmab; I- nig H-shaped sections Edl

ekageFobnwgGkS x nwgRtUv)ansegbenATIenH. GgTaMgGs;EdlmanenAkgsmIkarxageRkamRtUv)an
kMNt;rYcehIyBImun ehIyelxsmIkarrbs; AISC minRtUv)anbgajenATIenHeT.
karsegbenHsRmab;Et compact shapes nig noncompact shapes Etb:ueNaH minmansRmab;
slender shapes eT.
!> kMNt;faetIrUbrag compact bGt;

@> RbsinebIrUbrag compact, RtYtBinitsRmab; lateral-torsional buckling dUcxageRkam
RbsinebI Lb L p vaminEmn LTB ehIy M n = M p
RbsinebI L p < Lb Lr / vaman inelastic LTB ehIy

(
M n = Cb M p M p M r ) LLb LL p M p
r p
RbsinebI Lb > br / vaman elastic LTB ehIy
T.Chhay 144 Beams
2
E
Lb Lb
#> RbsinebIrUbrag noncompact edaysarsab/ RTnug bTaMgBIr enaH nominal strength nwgCa
tmtUcCageKnersIusg;EdlRtUvKanwg flange local buckling, web local buckling nig
lateral-torsional buckling.
k> Flange local buckling

RbsinebI p vaminman FLB.
RbsinebI p < r sabCa noncompact, ehIy
p
(
Mn = M p M p Mr
r p
) Mp

x> Web local buckling
RbsinebI p vaminman WLB.
RbsinebI p < r RTnugCa noncompact, ehIy
p
(
Mn = M p M p Mr
r p
) Mp

K> Lateral-torsional buckling
RbsinebI Lb L p vaminman LTB.
RbsinebI L p < Lb Lr / vaman inelastic LTB ehIy

(
M n = Cb M p M p M r ) LLb LL p M p
r p
RbsinebI Lb > br / vaman elastic LTB ehIy
2
E
Lb Lb
5>8> ersIusg;kmaMgkat;TTwg (Shear Strength)

ersIusg;kmaMgkat;rbs;FwmRtUvEtRKb;RKan;edIm,IbMeBjTMnak;TMng
Vu vVn
Fwm 145 T.Chhay

Edl Vu =kmaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaEdll)anBIkarbnSMbnkemKuNFMCageK
v = emKuNersIusg;sRmab;kmaMgkat;TTwg = 0.9
Vn = nominal shear strength/
BicarNaFwmsamBaenAkgrUbTI 5>17. enAcmay x BITRmxageqVgnigsitenAelIGkSNWtrbs;

muxkat; sanPaBrbs;kugRtaMgRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>17 d . edaysarFatuenHsitenAelIGkS
NWt vaminrgnUvkugRtaMgBt;eT. BI elementary mechanics of materials/ kugRtaMgkmaMgkat;TTwg
(shearing stess) KW
fv =
VQ
Ib
%>^
Edl fv = kugRtaMgkmaMgkat;TTwgbBar nigedkenARtg;cMNucEdleyIgBicarNa

V = kmaMgkat;TTwgbBarenARtg;muxkat;EdlBicarNa
Q = m:Um:g;RkLapTImYyeFobGkSNWt rvagcMNucEdlBicarNanwgEpkxagelIbEpkxageRkam
rbs;muxkat;
T.Chhay 146 Beams
m:Um:g;niclPaBeFobnwgGkSNWt
I=
b = TTwgrbs;muxkat;enAcMNucEdlBicarNa
smIkar %>^ KWQrelIkarsnt;fakugRtaMgmantmefreBjelITTwg b dUcenHvapl;tmsuRkit

sRmab;Et b mantmtUc. sRmab;muxkat;ctuekaNEkgEdlmankm<s; d nigTTwg b tmlMeGog
sRmab; d / b = 2 KWRbEhl 3% . sRmab; d / b = 1 tmlMeGogKW 12% nigsRmab; d / b = 1/ 4
tmlMeGogKW 100% (Higdon, Ohlsen, and Stiles, 1960). sRmab;mUlehtuenH smIkar %>^ min
GacGnuvt)ansRmab;sabrbs; W-shape dUcKasRmab;RTnugrbs;va.
rUbTI 5>18 bgajBIkarBRgaykugRtaMgkmaMgkat;sRmab; W-shape. ExSdac;CakugRtaMgmFm

V / Aw EdlBRgayenAkgRTnug ehIytmenHminxusKaBIkugRtaMgGtibrmaenAkgRTnugeRcIneT. eyIg
eXIjc,as;ehIyfa RTnugnwg yield y:agyUrmunnwgsabcab;epIm yield. edaysarbBaaenH yielding
rbs;RTnugsMEdgnUvsanPaBlImItkMNt;mYy. edayyk shear yield stress esInwg 60% n tensile
yield stress eyIgGacsresrsmIkarsRmab;kugRtaMgenAkgRTnugenAeBl)ak;Ca
V
f v = n = 0.60 Fy
Aw
Edl Aw = RkLapmuxkat;rbs;RTnug. dUcenH nominal strength EdlRtUvKanwgsanPaBkMNt;enHKW
Vn = 0.6 Fy Aw
ehIyvaGacCa nominal strength in shear RbsinebIRTnugminman shear buckling. RbsinebIvaekIt

eLIgvanwgGaRsynwgpleFob width-thickness ratio h / t w rbs;RTnug. pleFob h / t w rbs;RTnug
EdlRsavxaMgmantmFMNas; enaHRTnugGacnwg buckle in shear eday inelastic b elastic. TMnak;TM
ngrvag shear strength nig width-thickness ration manlkNRsedogKanwgTMnak;TMngrvag flexural
Fwm 147 T.Chhay
strength nig width-thickness ratio sRmab; FLB b WLB nigrvag flexural strength nig
unbraced length sRmab; LTB. TMnak;TMngRtUvbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>19 nigRtUv)an[enAkg AISC
F2.2 dUcxageRkam
sRmab; h / t w < 418 / Fy sRmab; US/ h / t w < 1100 / Fy sRmab; IS

RTnugmanesrPaB
Vn = 0.6 Fy Aw (AISC Equation F2-1)
sRmab; 418 / Fy < h / t w 523 / Fy sRmab; US/ 1100 / Fy h / t w < 1375 / Fy
sRmab; IS enaH inelastic web buckling GacnwgekIteLIg

418 / Fy 1100 / Fy
Vn = 0.6 Fy Aw
h/t
sRmab; US Vn = 0.6 F y Aw
h/t
sRmab; IS
w w
(AISC Equation F2-1)
sRmab; 523 / Fy < h / t w 260 sRmab; US/ 1375 / Fy h / t w < 260 sRmab; IS
enaH sanPaBkMNt;KW elastic web buckling
Vn =
132000 Aw
sRmab; US Vn =
910 Aw
sRmab; IS (AISC Equation
(h / t w )
2
(h / t w )
2
F2-1)
Edl Aw =RkLapmuxkat;rbs;RTnug = dt w KitCa mm 2
d = km<s;srubrbs;Fwm
Vn = nominal strength KitCa KN
RbsinebI h / t w > 260 enaHeKRtUvkar web stiffener ehIyvaRtUv)anbriyayenAkg Appendix

F2 b Appendix G sRmab; plate girder .
AISC Equation F2-3 KWQrelI elastic stability theory, ehIy Equation F2-2 CasmIkar
Edl)anBIkarBiesaFsRmab;tMbn; inelastic Edlpl;nUvkarpas;brrvagsanPaBkMNt; web yielding

nig elastic web buckling.
kmaMgkat;CabBaaEdlkRmekItmansRmab; rolled steel beams karGnuvtTUeTAKWbnab;BIKNna
FwmsRmab; flexural ehIyeyIgnwgRtYtBinitmuxkat;EdlTTYl)ansRmab;kmaMgkat;TTwg.
T.Chhay 148 Beams

]TahrN_ 5>7 RtYtBinitFwmenAkg]TahrN_ 5>6 sRmab;kmaMgkat;TTwg.

dMeNaHRsay BI]TahrN_ 5>6/ wu = 2.080kips / ft nig L = 40 ft . Edk W 14 90 CamYynwg
F y = 50ksi RtUv)aneRbI. sRmab;FwmTRmsamBaRTbnkBRgayesI kmaMgkat;GtibrmaekItmanenA
elITRm ehIyesInwgkmaMgRbtikm
w L 2.080(40)
Vu = u = = 41.6kips
2 2
BI dimensions and properties tables in Part 1 of the Manual, web width-thickness ratio rbs;
W 14 90 KW
h
= 25.9
tw
418 418
= = 59.11
Fy 50
edaysar h / t w < 418 / Fy enaHersIusg;RtUv)anRKb;RKgeday shear yielding rbs;RTnug

Vn = 0.6 F y Aw = 0.6 F y (dt w ) = 0.6(50 )(14.02 )(0.44 ) = 185.1kips
vVn = 0.90(185.1) = 167kips > 41.6kips (OK)
cemIy Shear design strength FMCagkmaMgkat;emKuN dUcenHFwmmanlkNRKb;RKan;.
Fwm 149 T.Chhay

tm vVn EdlRtUv)anerobCataragenAkg factored uniform load table enAkg part 4 of

the Manual dUcnHkarKNnarbs;vaminmanRbeyaCn_sRmab; standard hot-rolled shapes.
,
Block Shear
Block shear Edl)anBicarNasRmab;tMNenAkgGgt;rgkarTaj kGacekItmanenAkgRbePT
xH rbs;tMNenAkgFwmEdr. edIm,IsRmYlkgkartPab;BIFwmmYyeTAFwmmYyeTot eday[nIv:UsabxagelI
esIKa enaHRbEvgdxIrbs;sabxagelIrbs;FwmmYyRtUvEtkat;ecj b coped. RbsinebI coped beam
RtUv)antPab;edaybULgdUckgrUbTI 5>20 kMNt; ABC cg;rEhkecj. bnkEdlGnuvtenAkgkrNI
enHnwgCaRbtikmbBarrbs;Fwm dUcenHkmaMgkat;nwgekItenAtamExS AB ehIynwgekItmankmaMgTaj
tam BC . dUcenH block shear strength nwgCatmEdlkMNt;rbs;Rbtikm.
eyIg)anerobrab;BIkarKNna block shear strength enAkgCMBUkTI3rYcehIy b:uEneyIgnwgrMlwk
vaeLIgvijenATIenH. kar)ak;GacekIteLIgedaybnSMn shear yielding nig tendion fracture beday
shear fracture nig tension yielding. AISC J4.3, Block Shear Rupture Strength, [smIkar
BIrsRmab; block shear design strength

Rn = [0.6 Fy Agv + Fu Ant ] (AISC Equation J4.3a)
[
Rn = 0.6 Fu Anv + Fy Agt ] (AISC Equation J4.3b)
Edl = 0.75
Agv = gross area rgkmaMgkat; enAkgrUbTI 5>20 RbEvg AB KuNnwgkRmas;RTnug
Anv = net area rgkmaMgkat;
Agt = gross area rgkmaMgTaj enAkgrUbTI 5>20 RbEvg BC KuNnwgkRmas;RTnug
Ant = net area rgkmaMgTaj
smIkarEdlmanlTplFMCagKWCasmIkarEdlmantY fracture FMCag.
T.Chhay 150 Beams

]TahrN_ 5>8 kMNt;RbtikmemKuNGtibrma EdlQrelI block shearEdlGacRTFwmdUcbgajkg

rUbTI 5>21.
dMeNaHRsay Ggt;pitRbehagRbsiTPaBKW 3 / 4 + 1/ 8 = 7 / 8in. .
gross nig net shear areas KW
Agv = (2 + 3 + 3 + 3)t w = 11(0.300) = 3.300in.2

7
Anv = 11 3.5 (0.300) = 2.381in.2
8
gross nig net tension areas KW
Agt = 1.25t w = 1.25(0.300) = 0.375in.2
7
Ant = 1.25 0.5 (0.300) = 0.2438in.2
8
AISC Equation J4.3a [
[ ]
Rn = 0.6 Fy Agv + Fu Ant = 0.75[0.6(36 )(3.3) + 58(0.2438)] = 64.1kips
AISC Equation J4.3b [

[ ]
Rn = 0.6 Fu Anv + Fy Agt = 0.75[0.6(58)(2.381) + 36(0.3750 )] = 72.3kips
tY fracture enAkg AISC Equation J4.3b mantmFMCag Edl 82.86>14.14 dUcenHsmIkarenH

mantmFMCag.
cemIy RbtikmemKuNGtibrmaEdlQrelI block shear=72.3kips.
Fwm 151 T.Chhay

5>9> PaBdab (Deflection)

bEnmBIelIsuvtiPaB eRKOgbgMRtUvEt serviceable . eRKOgbgMEdlman serviceable CaeRKOg
bgMEdleFVIkar)anl minbNal[GkEdleRbIR)as;vamanGarmN_favaKansuvtiPaB. sRmab;Fwm edIm,I
TTYl)an serviceable eKRtUvkMNt;bMlas;TIbBar bPaBdab. PaBdabFMCaTUeTAekItmancMeBaH flexible
beam EdlGacmanbBaaCamYynwgrMjr. PaBdabGacbgbBaaeTAdl;Ggt;dTeTotEdlPab; eTAnwgva
edaybNal[mankMhUcRTg;RTaytUc. elIsBIenH GkeRbIR)as;sMNg;nwgeXIjPaB GviCmanedaysar

PaBdabFM ehIyeFVIkarsnidanxusfasMNg;KansuvtiPaB.
sRmab;krNITUeTArbs;FwmTRmsamBaEdlRTbnkBRgayesIdUckr UbTI 5>22 PaBdabbBar
GtibrmaKW
5 wL4
=
384 EI
eKGacrk)anrUbmnPaBdabsRmab;FwmeRcInRbePT niglkxNdak;bnkenAkg Part 4, Beam
and Girder Design,of the Manual. sRmab;sanPaBminFmtaeKGaceRbI standard analytical
method dUcCa method of virtual work CaedIm. PaBdabCa serviceability limit state minEmnCa
sanPaBkMNt;sRmab;ersIusg;eT dUcenHCaTUeTAPaBdabRtUv)ankMNt;CamYy service loads.

karkMNt;dsmrmsRmab;PaBdabGtibrmaGaRsyeTAnwgtYnaTIrbs;Fwm nwgkarRbmaNBIPaB
xUcxatEdlekItBIPaBdab. AISC Specification pl;nUvkarENnaMtictYcEdlmanEcgenAkg Chapter
L, Serviceability Design Consideration, faeKRtUvEtRtYtBinitPaBdab. eKGacrk)ankarkMNt;
dsmrmsRmab;PaBdabBI governing building code. tmxageRkamCaPaBdabGnuBaatGtibrma

srub service dead load bUknwg service live load.
T.Chhay 152 Beams
L
Plastered construction:
360
L
Unplastered floor construction:
240
L
Unplastered roof construction:
180
Edl L CaRbEvgElVg.
eBlxHeKcaM)ac;eRbIkarkMNt;PaBdabCatmelx CagkareRbIPaBdabCatmRbPaK. eBlxH

karkMNt;RtUv)anKitcMeBaHPaBdabEdlbNalEtBI live load, edaysarCaerOy dead load
deflection RtUv)ankarBarkgeBlsagsg;.
]TahrN_ 5>9 RtYtBinitPaBdab;rbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkg rUbTI 5>23. PaBdabGtibrmasrub

GnuBaatKW 240
L
.
dMeNaHRsay PaBdabGtibrmasrubGnuBaat = 240
L
=
9100
240
= 38mm
Total service load = 7.3 + 8 = 15.3kN / m
5 wL4 5 15.3 9100 4
Maximum total deflection = = = 32.2mm < 38mm (OK)
384 EI 384 2 105 212 10 6
cemIy FwmbMeBjlkxNPaBdab
Fwm 153 T.Chhay

Ponding CaPaBdabmYyEdlb:HBal;dl;suvtiPaBrbs;eRKOgbgM. vaeRKaHfak;bMputsRmab;

RbBnkRmalxNrabesIGaceFVI[TwkePgdk;. RbsinebIRbBnbgrTwksHkgGMLgeBlePgTmn;rbs;
Twk Edldk;elIkRmaleFVI[kRmaldab EdlvabegIt)anCaGagsRmab;skTwkkan;EteRcIn.
RbsinebIkrNI enHekIteLIg\tQb;Qr enaHeRKOgbgMGacnwg)ak;. AISC specificationtRmUvfaRbBn
dMbUlRtUvEtmanPaBrwgRkajRKb;RKan;edIm,IkarBar ponding, elIsBIenH vaerobrab;BIkarkMNt;m:Um:g;
niclPaB nig)a:ra:Em:RtdTeTotenAkg Section K2, Ponding.

karKNnamuxkat;FwmtRmUvkareRCIserIsrUbragmuxkat;EdlmanersIusg;RKb;RKan; nigbMeBj
tRmUvkar serviceability. enAeBleyIgKitBIersIusg; flexure EtgEtmaneRKaHfak;CagkmaMgkat; dUc
enHkarGnuvtTUeTAKWeKKNnamuxkat;sRmab; flexure rYcehIyRtYtBinitkmaMgkat;tameRkay. viFI
saRskg karKNnamuxkat;RtUv)anerobrab;xageRkam
!> kMNt;m:Um:g;emKuN/ M u . vadUcKanwg required design strength, b M n . Tmn;rbs;Fwm
CaEpkrbs; desd load b:uEnvaminRtUv)andwgenARtg;cMNucenH. eKGacsnt;tmenH bkeK
ecalvasin bnab;mkeKnwgRtYtBinitvaeLIgvijeRkayeBleKeRCIseIsrUbragehIy.
@> eRCIserIsrUbragEdlbMeBjnUvtRmUvkarersIusg;enH. eKGacGnuvttamviFImYykgcMeNamviFI
BIrxageRkam
k> eRkayeBlsnt;rUbragEdk KNna design strength rYcehIyeRbobeFobvaCamYy
nwgm:Um:g;emKuN. epogpat;eLIgvijRbsinebIcaM)ac;. eKGaceRCIserIsrUbragsnt;
y:aggayRsYlEtenAkgsanPaBkMNt;mYycMnYn ]TahrN_ 5>10.
x> eRbI beam design charts in Part 4 of the Manual. eKcUlcitviFIenH ehIyva
RtUv)anBnl;enAkg]TahrN_ 5>10 xageRkam.
#> RtYtBinit shear strength.
$> RtYtBinitPaBdab.
T.Chhay 154 Beams

]TahrN_ 5>10 eRCIserIs standardhot-rolled shape of A36 sRmab;FwmEdlbgajenAkg rUbTI

5>24. FwmenHmanTRmxagCab; ehIyRtUv)anRT uniform service live load 5kips / ft . PaBdab
GtibrmaGnuBaatsRmab;bnkGefrKW L / 360 .
dMeNaHRsay snt;Tmn;FwmesI 100lb / ft .

wu = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL = 1.2(0.10 ) + 1.6(5.00 ) = 8.120kips / ft
1 8.12(30)2
M u = wu L2 = = 913.5 ft kips = requiredb M n
8 8
snt;farUbrag compact. sRmab;rUbrag compact ehIymanTRmxagCab;
M n = M p = Z x Fy
BI b M n M u /
b F y Z x M u
Mu 913.5(12)
Zx = = 338.3in.3
b Fy 0.90(36)
CaFmta Load Factor Design Selection Table erob rolled shapes EdlRtUv)aneRbICaFwmeday
tm plastic section modulus fycuH. elIsBIenH RtUv)andak;CaRkumedayrUbragenAxagelIeKenAkg
Rkum GkSrRkas; rUbragEdlRsalCageKEdlman section modulus RKb;RKan;edIm,IbMeBj section
modulus EdlfycuHenAkgRkum. kg]TahrN_enH rUbragEdlmantmEk,rnwg section modulus
requirement KW W 27 114 CamYynwg Z x = 343in.3 b:uEnrUbragEdlRsalCageKKW W 30 108 Ca
mYynwg Z x = 343in.3 . edaysar section modulusminsmamaRtedaypal;nwgRkLap karEdlman

section modulus FMCamYynwgRkLaptUc dUcenHTmn;kGacRsaleTAtamRkLap.
sakl,g W 30 108 . rUbrag compact dUcEdl)ansnt; noncompact shapesRtUv)ankM

Nt;cMNaMenAkgtarag dUcenH M n = M p dUcEdl)ansnt;.
Fwm 155 T.Chhay

Tmn;rbs;vaFn;Cagkarsnt;bnic dUcenHeKRtUvKNna required strength eLIgvij eTaHbICa

W 30 108 manlTPaBRTRTg;FMCaglTPaBRTRTg;tRmUvkaredayrUbragsnt;keday EtvaPaKeRcIn
EtgEtmanlTPaBRTRTg;FMCaglTPaBRTRTg;tRmUvkaredayrUbragsnt;.
wu = 1.2(1.08) + 1.6(5.00 ) = 8.130kips / ft
8.130(30 )2
Mu = = 914.6 ft kips
8
BI Load Factor Design Selection Table,
b M p = b M n = 934 ft kips > 914.6 ft kips (OK)
CMnYs[kareRCIserIsrUbragEdlQrelI required section modulus, eKGaceRbI design strength

b M p edaysarvasmamaRtedaypal;nwg Z x ehIyvakRtUv)anrayenAkgtarag. bnab;mkeTot
epgpat;kmaMgkat;
w L 8.13(30 )
Vu = u = = 122kips
2 2
BI factored uniform load tables /
vVn = 316kips > 122kips (OK)
cugeRkaybMput epgpat;PaBdab. PaBdabGtibrmaGnuBaatsRmab;bnkGefrKW L / 360
L 30 12
= = 1in.
360 360
5 wL L4 5 (5.00 / 12 )(30 12 )4
= = = 0.703in. < 1in. (OK)
384 EI x 384 29000(4470 )
dff
Beam Design Charts
eKmanRkaPic nigtaragCaeRcInsRmab;visVkrEdlGnuvt ehIyRkaPic nigtaragCMnYyTaMgenHCYy
sRmYly:ageRcIndl;dMeNIrkarKNnamuxkat;. vaRtUv)aneKeRbIy:agTUlMTUlayenAkg design office
b:uEnvisVkrRtUvEteRbIvaedayRbyt. enAkgesovePAenHmin)anENnaMnUvRkaPic nigtaragTaMgGs;enaH
lMGitGs;eT b:uEnRkaPic nigtaragxHmansarsMxan;kgkarENnaM CaBiessKW ExSekag design moment
versus unbraced length Edl[enAkg Part 4 of the Manual.
T.Chhay 156 Beams

ExSekagenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>25 EdlbgajBIRkaPic design moment b M n Ca

GnuKmn_n unbraced length Lb sRmab; particular compact shape. eKGacsg;RkaPicEbbenH
sRmab;muxkat;epSgCamYynwgtmCak;lak;n Fy nig Cb edayeRbIsmIkarsmRsbsRmab;
moment strength.
Manual chartrYmmanRKYsarnExSekagsRmab; rolled shapes CaeRcIn. ExSekagTaMgenHRtUv

)anbegIteLIgCamYy Cb = 1.0 . sRmab;ExSekagepSgeTotrbs; Cb KuN design moment Edl)an
BItarageday Cb . RtUvcaMfa b M n minGacFMCag b M p b sRmab; noncompact shapes b M n
QrelI local buckling. beRmIbRmas;rbs;RkaPicRtUv)anbgajbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>26 Edl ExS
ekagEbbenHBIrRtUv)anbgaj. cMNucNakedayenAelIRkaPicenH dUcCacMNucCYbKanExSdac;BIrbgaj
BI design moment nig unbraced length. RbsinebIm:Um:g;Ca required moment capacity enaH ExS
ekagEdlenABI elIcMNucenaHRtUvKanwgFwmEdlman moment capacity FMCag. ExSekagEdlenAxag
saMKW sRmab;FwmEdl man required moment capacity Cak;lak; eTaHbIsRmab; unbraced length
FMCag keday. dUcenH enA kgkarKNnamuxkat; RbsinebIeyIgdak; unbraced length nig required
design strength cUleTAkgRkaPic ExSekagenABIelI nigenABIsaMcMNucenaH RtUvKanwgFwmEdlGacTTYl
yk)an. RbsinebIeKKitTaMg ExSekagdac; enaHExSekagsRmab;rUbragRsalCagsitenABIelI nigBIxag

saMExS ekagdac;. cMNucenAelI ExSekagEdlRtUvnwg L p RtUv)anbgajeday solid circle ehIy Lr
Fwm 157 T.Chhay

RtUv)anbgajeday open circle. eKmanExSekagBIrRbePT mYysRmab; Fy = 36ksi = 250MPa nig

mYyeTotsRmab; Fy = 50ksi = 350 MPa .
kg]TahrN_ 5>10 required design strength EdlrYmbBalTaMgTmn;Fwmsnt; KW 913.5
ft kips ehIyvaman continuous lateral support. sRmab;TRmxagCab; eKGacyk Lb = 0 .
BIRkaPic Fy = 36ksi ExSekagRkas;TImYyenABIelI 913.5 ft kips KW W 30 108 EdldUcKa

nwgkareRCIserIs enAkg]TahrN_ 5>10. eTaHbICa Lb = 0 minRtUv)anbgajenAkgRkaPicBiessk
eday ktmtUcbMputrbs; Lb EdlbgajKWtUcCag L p sRmab;RKb;rUbragenAelITMBrenaH.
ExSekagFwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>25 KWsRmab; compact shape dUcenHtmrbs; b M n

sRmab;tmtUcEdlRKb;RKan;rbs; Lb KW b M p . dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkgEpk 5>6 RbsinebIrUb
ragCa noncompact tmGtibrma b M n nwgQrelI flange local buckling. vaCakarBitEdl
maximum unbraced length sRmab; b M n xagelInwgxusKaBItm L p EdlTTYlCamYynwg AISC
Equation F1-4. The moment strength rbs; noncompact shape RtUv)anbgajCalkNRkaPic
enAkgrUbTI 5>27 Edl maximum design strength RtUv)ankMNt;sMKal;eday b M 'n ehIy

maximum unbraced length EdlRtUvnwg b M ' n xagelIRtUv)ansMKal;eday L' p .
eTaHbICaRkaPicsRmab; compact nig noncompact shapes manlkNRsedogKakeday k

b M n nig Lb RtUv)aneRbIsRmab; compact shapes Et b M 'n nig L' p RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;
noncompact shapes.
T.Chhay 158 Beams

]TahrN_ 5>11 FwmEdlbgajenAkg rUbTI 5>28 RtUvRTbnkcMcMNucGefrBIrEdlmYymantm

20kips Rtg;cMNucmYyPaKbYn. PaBdabGtibrmaminRtUvFMCag L / 240 . Lateral support RtUv)an
pl;[enAcugrbs;Fwm. eRbIEdk A572 Grade50 nigeRCIserIs rolled shape.
Fwm 159 T.Chhay

dMeNaHRsay RbsinebIeKecalTmn;rbs;Fwm enaHkMNat;FwmcenaHbnkcMcMNucrgnUvm:Um:g;efr.

M A = M B = M C = M max
ehIy Cb = 1.0
eTaHRbsinCaeKKitTmn;pal;rbs;Fwmkeday kvaGacRtUv)anecaledayeFobnwgbnkcMcMNuc
ehIy Cb kenAEtmantmesI 1.0 EdlGnuBaat[eKGaceRbIRkaPicedayKankarEkERb.
edayminKitBITmn;FwmbeNaHGasn eyIgTTYl)an
M u = 6(1.6 20 ) = 192 ft kips
BIRkaPic CamYynwg Lb = 24 ft sakl,g W 15 53
b M n = 219 ft kips > 192 ft kips (OK)
\LveyIgKitBITmn;Fwm
M u = 192 +
1
(1.2 0.053)(24)2 = 197 ft kips < 219 ft kips (OK)
8
kmaMgkat;TTwgKW
1.2(0.053)(24 )
Vu = 1.6(20 ) + = 32.8kips
2
BI factored uniform load tables/
vVn = 112kips > 32.8kips (OK)
PaBdabGtibrmaGnuBaatKW
L 24(12 )
= = 1.2in.
240 240
BI Beam Diagrams nig Formulas section in Part 4 of the Manual/ PaBdabGtibrma
enAkNalElVg sRmab;bnkBIresIKaEdlRtUv)andak;sIuemRTIKaKW
=
Pa
24 EI
(
3L2 4a 2 . )
Edl P= GaMgtg;sIuetbnkcMcMNuc
a. =cmayBITRmeTAbnk
L = RbEvgElVg
=
20(6 12 )
24 EI
[ ]
3(24 12 )2 4(6 12 )2 =
13.69 10 6
EI
sRmab;Tmn;pal;rbs;Fwm PaBdabGtibrmaksitenAkNalElVgEdr dUcenH
T.Chhay 160 Beams

5 wL4 5 (0.053 / 12 )(24 12 )4 0.04 10 6

= = =
384 EI 384 EI EI
PaBdabsrub
13.69 10 6 0.04 10 6 13.73 10 6
= + = = 1.114in. < 1.2in. (OK)
EI EI 29000(425)
eTaHbICaRkaPicQrelI Cb = 1.0 keday b:uEneKkGaceRbIvay:agRsYledIm,IKNnamuxkat;enA

eBlEdl Cb minesInwg 1.0 edayEck required design strength eday Cb munnwgdak;vaeTAkgRka
Pic. ]TahrN_ 5>12 nwgbgajBIbeckeTsenH.
]TahrN_ 5>12 eRbIEdk A36 ehIyeRCIserIs rolled shapes sRmab;FwmenAkg rUbTI 5>29. bnkcM
cMNucCa service live load ehIybnkBRgayesIKW 30% Cabnkefr nig 70% CabnkGefr.
Lateral bracing RtUv)anpl;[enAcug nigkNalElVg. vaminmankarkMNt;sRmab;PaBdabeT.
dMeNaHRsay edaysnt;Tmn;FwmesI 100lb / ft. enaH

wD = 0.30(3) + 0.10 = 1kips / ft.
wL = 1.2(1.0 ) + 1.6(0.7 3) = 4.560kips / ft.
Pu = 1.6(9 ) = 14.4kips
bnkemKuN nigRbtikmRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>30.
m:Um:g;EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;KNna Cb m:Um:g;Bt;enAcmay x BIcugxageqVgKW
x
M = 61.92 x 4.590 x = 61.92 x 2.280 x 2
2
sRmab; x 12 ft
Fwm 161 T.Chhay

sRmab; x = 3 ft / M A = 61.92(3) 2.280(3)2 = 165.2 ft kips

sRmab; x = 6 ft / M B = 61.92(6) 2.280(6)2 = 289.4 ft kips
sRmab; x = 9 ft / M C = 61.92(9) 2.280(9)2 = 372.6 ft kips
sRmab; x = 12 ft / M max = M u = 61.92(12) 2.280(12)2 = 414.7 ft kips
12.5M max
Cb =
2.5M max + 3M A + 4 M B + 3M C
12.5(414.7 )
= = 1.36
2.5 414.7 + 3 165.2 ) + 4(289.4 ) + 3(372.6 )
( ) (
bBaleTAkgRkaPicCamYynwg unbraced length Lb = 12 ft nigm:m:gU ;Bt;KW
M u 414.7
= = 305 ft kips
Cb 1.36
sakl,g W 21 62
b M n = 343 ft kips sRmab; Cb = 1
edaysar Cb = 1.36 design strength BitR)akdKW
b M n = 1.36(343) = 466 ft kips
b:uEn design strength minRtUvelIs b M p EdlesIRtwmEt 389 ft kips TTYl)anBIRka
Pic dUcenH design strength BitR)akdRtUvEtesInwg
b M n = 389 ft kips < M u = 414.7 ft kips (N.G.)
sRmab;rUbragsakl,gbnab; eyIgRtUvrMkileLIgelIeTArkExSekagCab;Rkas;bnab;enAelIRkaPic
eyIgTTYl)an W 21 68 . sRmab; Lb = 12 ft design strength Edl)anBIRkaPicKW
385 ft kips sRmab; Cb = 1.0 . ersIusg;sRmab; Cb = 1.36 KW
b M n = 1.36(385) = 524 ft kips > b M p = 432 ft kips
dUcenH b M n = b M p = 432 ft kips > M u = 414.7 ft kips (OK)
Tmn;FwmKW 68lb / ft EdltUcCagTmn;snt; 100lb / ft . (OK)
kmaMgkat;TTwgKW
Vu = 61.92kips
lTplBitR)akdnwgtUcCagenHbnic edaysarTmn;pal;rbs;FwmtUcCagbnksnt;
BI factored uniform load table
T.Chhay 162 Beams

cemIy eRbI W 21 68
RbsinebItRmUvkarPaBdabRKb;RKgelIkarKNnamuxkat; eKRtUvkMNt;m:Um:g;niclPaBcaM)ac;Gb,-
brma ehIyeKRtUvrkrUbragRsalCageKEdlRtUvnwgtmenH. kargarenHRtUv)ansRmYly:ageRcIneday
sar moment of inertia selection table in part 4 of the Manual. ]TahrN_ 5>13 nwgbgajBIkar
eRbIR)as;taragenH ehIynwgBnl;pgEdrBIviFIsaRskgkarKNnamuxkat;FwmenAkgRbBnkRmalxN.
]TahrN_ 5>13 EpknRbBneRKagkRmalRtUv)anbgajenAkg rUbTI 5>31. kRmalebtugBRgwg

edayEdkmankRmas; 4in. RtUv)anRTeday floor beams EdlmanKMlatBIKa 7 ft. . Floor beams
RtUv)anRT eday girders EdlRtUv)anbnedayssr. eBlxH floor beamsRtUv)aneKehAfa filler
beams. bEnmBIelITmn;rbs;rcnasm<n bnkrYmmanbnkGefrBRgayesI 80 psf nig movable
partitions EdlRtUv)anKitCabnkBRgayesI 20 psf elIpkRmal . PaBdabsrubGtibrmaminRtUv
elIsBI 1/ 360 nRbEvgElVg. eRbIEdk A36 nigKNnamuxkat;rbs; floor beams. snt;fa kRmal
pl;nUv continuous lateral support rbs; floor beams.
Fwm 163 T.Chhay

dMeNaHRsay
eRbIebtugGarem:Tmn;FmtaEdlmanTmn; 150lb / ft 3 sRmab;KNnabnkefr. Tmn;GacRtUv)anKitCa
bnk kgmYyktapedayKuNTmn;maDnwgkRmas;kRmalxN.
Tmn;kRmalxN = 150 124 = 50 psf
snt;faFwmnImYyRTnUvTTwgrgbnk (tributary width) 7 ft. rbs;kRmalxN.
kRmalxN 50(7) = 350lb / ft
Partition 20(7 ) = 140lb / ft
Tmn;Fwm = 40lb / ft )a:n;san
srub = 530lb / ft service dead load
eTaHbI partition Gacclt)an b:uEn national model building codes KitvaCabnkefr (BOCA,
1996; ICBO, 1997;nig SBCC, 1997). eyIgkKitvaCabnkGefrEdrenATIenH.
bnkGefr 80(7) = 560lb / ft

ehIybnkemKuNsrubKW
wu = 1.2wD + 1.6wL = 1.2(0.53) + 1.6(0.56) = 1.532kips / ft
kartPab;kRmal-Fwmpl;nUv no moment restraint ehIyFwmRtUv)anKitCaFwmEdlRTedayTRmsamBa.
1 1.532(30 )2
M u = wu L2 = = 172.4 ft kips
8 8
T.Chhay 164 Beams
BI beam design chart CamYynwg Lb = 0 sakl,g W 18 35

b M u = 179.5 ft kips > 172.4 ft kips (OK)
kmaMgkat;TTwgKW
1532(30 )
Vu = 22.98kips
2
BI factored uniform load tables
PaBdabGtibrmaGnuBaatKW
L 30(12 )
= = 1in.
360 360
5 wL4 5 (0.35 + 0.14 + 0.035 + 0.56)(30)4 (12 )3
= = = 1.3in. > 1in. (N.G.)
384 EI 384 29000(510 )
edayedaHRsaysmIkarPaBdabsRmab; required moment of inertia TTYl)an
5wL4 384 5(1.085)(30 )4 (12 )3
I required = = = 682in.4
384 E required 384(29000)(1)
Moment of Inertia Selection Table RtUv)anerobcMeLIgkgviFIdUcKanwg Load Factor Design

Selection Table dUcenHkareRCIserIsrUbragEdlRsalCageKCamYynwgm:Um:g;niclPaBRKb;RKan;man
lkNsamBa. BI I x Table sakl,g W 21 44

I x = 843in.4 > 682in.4 (OK)
b M n = 257.5 ft kips > 172.4 ft kips (OK)
Tmn;rbs;rUbragenHFMCagkarsnt;dMbUgbnic b:uEnTmn;EdlbEnmenHminGaceRbobeFobnwg moment
capacity dFMenaH)aneT.
5>11> rnRbehagenAkgFwm (Holes in Beam)

RbsinebIkartPab;FwmRtUv)aneFVIeLIgCamYybULg sab bRTnugrbs;FwmRtUv)anecaHRbehag
bxYg. elIsBIenH eBlxHRTnugFwmRtUv)anecaHrnFM edIm,Irt;eRKOgbrikaepSgdUcCa bMBugExSePIg
GKisnI bMBugxl;CaedIm. eKcUlcitecaHrnenAelIRTnugFwmRtg;kEngNaEdlmankmaMgkat;TTwgtUc
Fwm 165 T.Chhay

ehIyrnRbehagRtUv)anecaHenAelIsabRtg;kEngNaEdlmanm:Um:g;tUc. b:uEneKminGaceFVIEbbenH)an
rhUteT dUcenHeKRtUvKitBI\TiBlrbs;rnRbehag.
sRmab;rnRbehagtUc dUcsRmab;bULg \TiBlrbs;vanwgtUc CaBiesssRmab; flexure eday
mUlehtuBIr. TI1KW karkat;bnymuxkat;tUc. TI2KW muxkat;EdlenAEk,rmin)ankat;bny ehIykar
pas;brmuxkat;nPaBminCab;tUcFMCag weak link.
dUcenH AISC B10 GnuBaat[ecalnUv\TiBlrbslrnRbehagenAeBlEdl
0.75 Fu A fn 0.9 Fy A fg (AISC Equation B10-1)
Edl A fg = gross flange are

A fn = net flange are
RbsinebIeKminCYbnUvlkxNenHeT flexural properties RtUvEtQrelIRkLapsabrgkarTajRbsiT

PaB
5 Fu
A fe = A fn (AISC Equation B10-3)
6 Fy
]TahrN_ 5>14 KNna elastic section modulus EdlRtUv)ankat;bny S x sRmab;muxkat;Edl

bgajenAkgrUbTI 5>32. eKeRbIEdk A36 nigRbehagsRmab;bULgGgt;pit 1in. .
dMeNaHRsay A fg = b f t f = 7.635(0.81) = 6.184in 2

Ggt;pitRbehagRbsiTPaBKW
1 1
dh =1+ =1 in.
8 8
net flange area KW
A fn = A fg d h t f = 6.184 2(1.125)(0.810 ) = 4.362in.2
T.Chhay 166 Beams

BI AISC Equation B10-1

0.75Fu A fn = 0.75(58)(4.362 ) = 189.7kips
nig 0.9Fy A fg = 0.9(36)(6.184) = 200.4kips

edaysar 0.75Fu A fn < 0.9Fy A fg eyIgRtUvEtKitrnRbehag. edayeRbI AISC Equation B10-3
[RkLapsabRbsiTPaB
5 Fu 5 58
A fg = A fn = 4.362 = 5.856in.2
6 Fy 6 36
RkLapsabenHRtUvKanwgkarkat;bnyeday 6.184 5.856 = 0.328in.2 . GkSNWteGLasicsitenA

cmay y BIkMBUlrbs;muxkat;
20.8(18.47 / 2 ) 0.328(18.47 0.405)
y= = 9.094in.
20.8 0.328
m:Um:g;niclPaBEdlRtUv)ankat;bnyKW
I x . = 1170 + 20.8(9.094 9.235)2 0.328(9.094 18.06 )2 = 1144in.4
Sx sRmab;sabxagelIKW
I 1144
Sx = x = = 126in.3
y 9.094
Sx sRmab;sabxageRkamKW
Ix 1144
Sx = = = 122in.3
d y 18.47 9.094
cemIy The reduced elastic section modulus sRmab;EpkxagelIKW 126in.3 nigsRmab;Epkxag
eRkamKW 122in.3 .
FwmEdlmanrnRbehagFMenAelIRTnug RtUvkarkarKNnaBiessEdlminmanerobrab;enAkgesov
ePAenHeT. Design of Steel and Composite Beam with Web Openings KWCakarENnaMdmanRb
eyaCn_sRmab;RbFanbTenH (Darwin, 1990).
5>12> Open-Web Steel Joists
CaRbePT truss EdlplitrYcCaeRscdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>33.

Open-web steel joists
Open-web steel joists xHEdlmanTMhMtUc eRbIr)arEdkmUlCab;sRmab;eFVICaGgt;RTnug (web
Fwm 167 T.Chhay

member) ehIyvaRtUv)aneKehA bar joists. vaRtUv)aneKeRbIenAkgkRmal nigRbBndMbUlsRmab;

eRKOgbgMCaeRcIn. sRmab;RbEvgElVgEdl[dUcKa open-web steel joists manTmn;RsalCag rolled
shapes ehIyGvtmanrbs;RTnugtan;GnuBaat[eKrt;RbBnbrikary:agRsYl. GaRsyeTAnwgRbEvg
ElVg open-web steel joist manlkNesdkicCag rolled shapes eTaHbICavaKaeKalkarN_ENnaM

sRmab;karkMNt;vakeday.
eKGacrk open-web steel joists CamYynwgkm<s;sg;dar niglTPaBRTbnkBIeragcRkCaeRcIn.
Open-web steel joist xHRtUv)anKNnaedIm,IeFVIkarCa floor b roof joists ehIy open-web steel
joists xHeTotRtUv)anKNnaedIm,IeFVIkarCa girder EdlRTRbtikmEdlRbmUlpMBI joists. AISC
Specification min)anerobrab;BI open-web steel joists eT EtsabnmYyepSgeTotEdleKehAfa Steel
Joist Institute (SJI) manBiBNnaBIva. ral;kareRbIR)as; steel joists rYmTaMgkarKNna nigkarplit
RtUv)ane)aHBum<pSayenAkg Standard Specifications, Load Tables, nig Weight Table for Steel
Joists and Joist Girders (SJI, 1994).
eKGaceRCIserIs open-web steel joists CamYynwg the aid of the standard load tables (SJI,
1994) ehIytaragmYyenAkgcMeNamenaHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>34 . CamYynwgkarpSMKarvag
ElVg nig joist eKnwgTTYl)antmbnkmYyKUr. elxxagelICa total service load capacity KitCa
pounds kgmYy foot ehIyelxenAxageRkamCa service live load kgmYy foot EdlnwgbegItPaBdab
esInwg 1/ 360 nRbEvgElVg. eTaHbICabnkenAkgtaragCa service load capacities keday keK

GaceRbItaragenHy:aggayRsYlCamYynwgviFI LRFD EdleyIgnwgbgajenATIenH. elxdMbUgnelx
sMKal;Cakm<s;rbs; open-web steel joist EdlKitCa in. . taragk[pgEdr nUvTmn;Rbhak;RbEhl
EdlKitCa pound kgmYy foot nRbEvg.
eKGacrk open-web steel joists EdlRtUv)anKNnaedIm,ImannaTICa floor or roof joist Edl
pyBImannaTICa girder Ca open-web steel joist (K-series, both standard and KCS), longspan
steel joists (LH-series), nig deep longspan steel joist (DLH-series). enAeBleyIgrMkilesrIeLIg
kan;Etx<s; eyIgnwgTTYl)anRbEvgElVg niglTPaBRTbnkkan;EtFM. Ca]TahrN_ 8K1 manRbEvg

ElVg 8 ft. niglTPaBRTbnk 550lb / ft. b:uEn 72DLH19 GacRTbnk)an 497lb / ft. elIRbEvg 144 ft. .
T.Chhay 168 Beams

edayelIkElg KCS joists, open-web steel joists TaMgGs;RtUv)anKNnaCa trusses EdlRT

edayTRmsamBa CamYynwgbnkBRgayesIenAelI top chord. kardak;bnkenHeFVI[ top chord rgnUv
bending kdUc axial compression dUcenH top chord RtUv)anKNnaCa beam-column emIlCMBUk 6.
edIm,IFananUvsirPaBrbs; top chord eKRtUvPab; the floor or roof deck kgviFIEbbNaedIm,IeFVI[ man
continuous lateral support.
Fwm 169 T.Chhay

TaMg top nig bottom chord members rbs; K-series joists RtUv)anplitedayEdkEdlman
yield stress 50ksi . lTPaBRTbnkrbs; K-series joists RtUv)anepgpat;edaykarBiesaF ehIy
emKuNsuvtiPaBGb,brmaRtUv)anbgaj[eXIjesInwg 1.65 .
viFIsaRsdsamBasRmab;eRbIR)as; standard load tables CamYynwg LRFD RtUv)anENnaMeday
SJI (1994) ehIyRtUv)anbgajenATIenH kgTRmg;EkERbbnicbnc. BicarNa TMnak;TMngeKal LRFD
smIkar @>#
i Qi Rn
vaRtUv)ansresrsRmab;bnkBRgayesIkgTRmg;Ca
wu wn %>&
Edl wu CabnkBRgayesIemKuN nig wn Ca nominal uniform load strength of the joist. Rbsin
ebIeyIgeRbIpleFobmFmn nominal strength elI allowable strength esInwg 1.65 eyIgGac *
sresr nominal strength eday

wn = 1.65wsji
Edl wsji Ca allowable strength (allowable load) Edl[enAkg standard load tables.
Design strength KW
( )
wn = 0.9 1.65wsji = 1.485wsji 3 2 wsji
\LveyIgGacsresrsmIkar %>& Ca
wu 3 2 wsji
sRmab;eKalbMNgnkarKNna eyIgGacsresrTMnak;TMngenHCa
required wsji = 2 3 wu
]TahrN_ 5>15 eRbI load table Edl[enAkg rUbTI 5>34 eRCIserIs open-web steel joist sRmab;
RbBnkRmal nigbnkxageRkam.
Joist spacing = 3 ft
Span length = 20 ft
bnkKW kRmalxNkRmas; 3in.
*
cMNaMfaemKuNsuvtiPaBsRmab; K-series joists RtUv)ankMNt;edaykarBesaFEdleFVIeLIgedayplitkr.
T.Chhay 170 Beams
bnkefrepSgeTot = 20 psf
bnkGefr = 50 psf
dMeNaHRsay sRmab;bnkefr
kRmalxN 50 123 = 37.5 psf
bnkefrepSgeTot = 20 psf
Tmn;rbs; joist = 3 psf ]bma
srub = 60.5 psf
wD = 60.5(3) = 181.5lb / ft
sRmab;bnkGefr 50 psf
wL = 50(3) = 150lb / ft
bnkemKuNKW
wu = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL = 1.2(181.5) + 1.6(150 ) = 457.8lb' ft
bMElgbnkenHeTACa required service load
wu = (457.8) = 305lb / ft
2 2
required wsji =
3 3
rUbTI 5>34 bgajfa joist xageRkambMeBjnUvtRmUvkarnbnkxagelI 12K 5 Tmn;RbEhl
7.1lb / ft / 14 K 3 Tmn;RbEhl 6lb / ft nig 16 K 2 Tmn;RbEhl 5.5lb / ft . edayminman
karkMNt;sRmab;km<s; dUcenHeyIgerIsnUv joist NaEdlRsalCageK.

cemIy eRbI 16K 2 .
5>13> bnHRTFwm nigbnH)atssr (Beam Bearing Plates and Column Base Plate)
viFIKNnabnHRTssrmanlkNRsedogKanwgviFIKNnabnHRTFwm ehIyedaysarmUlehtu
enH eyIgnwgBicarNavaCamYyKa. elIsBI karkMNt;kRmas;rbs;bnH)atssrtRmUv[mankarBicarNa
BI flexure dUcenHvaRtUv)anelIkykmkerobrab;enATIenH EdlminEmnenAkgCMBUk 4. kgkrNITaMgBIr
tYnaTIrbs;bnHEdkKWEbgEckbnkEdlRbmUlpM (concentrated load) eTAsmarEdlRTva.
bnHRTFwmmanBIrRbePTKW mYysRmab;bBanRbtikmrbs;FwmeTATRm dUcCaCBaaMgebtug nig
mYyeTotsRmab;bBanbnkeTAsabxagelIrbs;Fwm. dMbUg BicarNaTRmFwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI
Fwm 171 T.Chhay
5>35 . eTaHbICaFwmCaeRcInRtUv)antPab;eTAssrbeTAFwmepSgeTotkeday EtRbePTnTRmEdl

bgajenATIenH RtUv)aneRbICaerOy CaBiessenARtg; bridge abutments. karKNnaBIbnHRTrYmman
bICMhan
!> kMNt;TMhM N EdleKGackarBar web yielding nig web crippling.
@> kMNt;TMhM B EdlRkLap B N manTMhMRKb;RKan;edIm,IkarBarsmarEdlRT CaTUeTAKW
ebtug BIkarEbk.
#> kMNt;kRmas; t EdlbnHRTman bending strength RKb;RKan;.
karBNnaBI Web yielding and web crippling manenAkg Chapter K of AISC Specifica-
tion, Strength Design Consideration. cMENk bearing strength rbs;ebtugRtUv)anniyayenA
kg Chapter J, Connections, Joints, and Fasteners.
Web Yielding
Web yielding KWCakarpHEbkedaykarsgt; (compressive crushing) rbs;RTnugFwmEdl
bNalBIkarGnuvtn_kmaMgsgt;edaypal;eTAsabEdlenABIxagelI bBIxageRkamRTnug. kmaMgenH
GacCakmaMgRbtikmBITRmnRbePTdUcbgajkg rUbTI 5>35 bvaGacCabnkEdlbBaneTAsabeday
ssr bFwmepSgeTot. Yielding ekIteLIgenAeBlEdlkugRtaMgsgt;enAelImuxkat;edktamryRTnug
xiteTArkcMNuc yield. enAeBlbnkRtUv)anbBantamrybnHEdk web yielding RtUv)ansnt;faekIt
manenAEk,rmuxkat;EdlmanTTwg t w . enAkg rolled shape muxkat;enARtg;cugnBitekag (toe of the
fillet) Edlmancmay k BIpxageRkArbs;sab TMhMenHRtUv)anerobCatarag enAkg dimensions and
properties tables in the Manual). RbsinebIbnkRtUv)ansnt;faEbgEckxnvaeday slope 1 : 2.5
T.Chhay 172 Beams

dUcbgajenAkg rUbTI 5>36 RkLapenARtg;TRmrgnUv yielding KW (2.5k + N )t w . edayKuN

RkLapenHnwg yield stress [ nominal strength sRmab; web yielding enARtg;TRm
Rn = (2.5k + N )F y t w (AISC Equation K1-3)
The bearing length N enARtg;TRmmikKYrtUcCag k . enARtg;bnkxagkg beNayrbs;muxkat;rgnUv

yielding KW
2(2.5k ) + N = 5k + N
The nominal strength KW
Rn = (5k + N )F y t w (AISC Equation K1-2)
The design strength KW Rn , Edl = 1.0
Web Cripplimg
Ca buckling rbs;RTnugEdlbNalBIkmaMgsgt;EdlbBantamrysab.
Web crippling
sRmab;bnkxagkg nominal strength sRmab; web crippling KW

1.5
N t w Fy t f
Rn = 135t w2 1 + 3 (AISC Equation K1-4)
d t f tw

sRmab;bnkenARtg; bEk,rTRm minFMCagBak;kNalkm<s;FwmBIcug nominal strength KW
1.5
N t w Fy t f
Rn = 68t w2 1 + 3

d t f tw
sRmab; N
d
2 (AISC Equation K1-5a)

1.5
2 N t w F y t f
b Rn = 68t w 1 + 4 0.2
d t f t w
sRmab; N
d
> 2 (AISC Equation K1-5b)

emKuNersIusg;sRmab;sanPaBkMNt;enHKW = 0.75
Fwm 173 T.Chhay
Concrete Bearing Strength

smarEdleRbIsRmab;RTFwmGacCa ebtug \d bsmarepSgeTot b:uEnCaTUeTAvaCaebtug.
smarenHRtUvEtTb;nwg bearing load EdlGnuvtedaybnHEdk. The nominal bearing strength
EdlbBaak;enAkg AISC J9 dUcKaenAkg American Concrete Institutes Building Code (ACI,
1995). RbsinebI plate RKbeBjelIprbs;TRm enaH nominal strength KW
Pp = 0.85 f 'c A1 (AISC Equation J9-1)
RbsinebI plate minRKbeBjelIprbs;TRmeT enaH nominal strength KW

Pp = 0.85 f 'c A1 A2 / A1 (AISC Equation J9-2)
Edl ersIusg;rgkarsgt; 28frbs;ebtug

f 'c =
A1 = bearing area R
A2 = full area rbs;TRm
RbsinebI A2 mincMCamYy A1 enaH A2 KYrmantmFMCag A1 EdlvamanragFrNImaRtRsedog

Kanwg A1 dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>37. AISC tRmUv[
A2 / A1 2
The design bearing strength KW c Pp Edl c = 0.60 .
m
T.Chhay 174 Beams
Plate Thickness
enAeBlEdlbeNay nigTTwgrbs;bnHTRmRtUv)ankMNt;ehIy bearing pressure mFm
RtUv)anKitCabnkBRgayesIeTAelI)atn plate EdlRtUv)ansnt;RTedayTTwg 2k EdlenAkNalFwm
nigbeNay N dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>38. bnab;mkeTotbnHRtUv)anBicarNafaekageFobGkSRsb
eTAnwgElVgFwm. dUcenH bnHRtUv)anKitCa cantilever EdlmanRbEvgElVg n = (B 2k )/ 2 nigTTwg
N . edIm,IgayRsYl TTwg 1in. RtUv)anBicarNa CamYynwgbnkBRgayesIKitCa lb / in. EdlesInwg
bearing pressure EdlKitCa lb / in.2 .
BIrUbTI 5>38 m:Um:g;GtibrmaenAkgbnHKW

Ru n R n2
Mu = n = u
BN 2 2 BN
Edl Ru / BN Ca bearing pressure mFmrvagbnH nigebtug. sRmab;muxkat;ctuekaNEkg
EdlekageFobGkSexSay (minor axis) enaH nominal moment strength M u esInwg plastic moment
capacity M p . dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>39 plastic moment sRmab;muxkat;ctuekaNEkg
EdlmanTMhMTTwgmYykta nigkRmas; t KW
t t t2
M p = Fy 1 = Fy
2 2 4
Fwm 175 T.Chhay

edaysar b M n RtUvEttUcCag M u
b M n M u
t 2 Ru n 2
0 .9 F y
4 2 BN
2 Ru n 2 2.222 Ru n 2
t
0.9 BNF y
b t
BNF y
%>* / %>(
]TahrN_ 5>16 KNna bearing plate edIm,IEbgEckRbtikmrbs; W 21 68 CamYynwgRbEvgElVg

15 ft. 10in. KitBIGkSeTAGkSrbs;TRm. Service load srub EdlKitbBalTaMgTmn;FwmKW 9kips / ft
Edlmanbnkefr nigbnkGefresIKa. FwmRtUv)anRTenABIelICBaaMgebtugGarem:Edlman

f 'c = 3500 psi . TaMgbnHEdk nigFwmCaEdk A36 .
dMeNaHRsay bnkemKuNKW
wu = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL = 1.2(4.5) + 1.6(4.5) = 12.6kips / ft.
ehIyRbtikmKW
w L 12.6(15.83)
Ru = u = = 99.73kips
2 2
kMNt;RbEvgrbs; bearing N EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IkarBar web yielding. BI AISC Equation K1-3,
design strength sRmab;sanPaBkMNt;enHKW
Rn = (2.5k + N )Fy t w
sRmab; Rn Ru /
1[2.5(1.438) + N ](36 )(0.430 ) 99.73
N 2.85in.
eRbI AISC Equation K1-5edIm,IkMNt;tmrbs; N EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IkarBar web crippling. snt;
N / d 0.2 nigsakl,gTRmg;TIBIrrbs;smIkar. sRmab; Rn Ru /
1.5
2 N t w Fy t f
68t w 1 + 4 0.2 Ru
d t f tw

4N 0.43 36(0.685)
1.5
0.75(68)(0.43)2 1 + 0.2 99.73
21.13 0.685 0.43
N 5.27in. (controls)
T.Chhay 176 Beams
RtYtBinitkarsnt;
N 5.268
= = 0.25 > 0.2 (OK)
d 21.13
sakl,g N = 6in. . kMNt;TMhM B BI bearing strength. karsnt;EdlmansuvtiPaBKWRkLapeBj
TaMgGs;rbs;TRmRtUv)aneRbI.
c (0.85) f 'c A1 Ru
0.6(0.85)(3.5)A1 99.73
A1 55.87in 2
tmGb,brmarbs;TMhM B KW
A 55.87
B= 1 = = 9.31in.
N 6
TTwgsabrbs; W 21 68 KW 8.270in. EdleFVI[bnHEdkFMCagsabbnic EdleKcg;)an. sakl,g
B = 10in. .
kMNt;kRmas;bnHEdkEdlcaM)ac;
B 2k 10 2(1.438)
n= = = 3.562in.
2 2
BIsmIkar %>(
2.222 Ru n 2 2.222(99.73)(3.562)2
t= = = 1.14in.
BNF y 10(6)(36 )
cemIy eRbI PL1 14 6 10 .

RbsinebIFwmminRtUv)anBRgwgxagenARtg;cMNucrgbnk kgviFIEbbNaedIm,IkarBarbMlas;TIxag
rvagsabrgkmaMgsgt; nigsabrgkmaMgTaj eTenaH Specification tRmUv[Gegt sidesway web
buckling (AISC K1.5). enAeBlbnkGnuvteTAelIsabTaMgBIr eKRtUvRtYtBinit compression
buckling (AISC K1.6).
Fwm 177 T.Chhay

Column Base Plate

dUcKanwgkarKNna beam bearing plateEdr karKNna column base plate tRmUv[mankar
BicarNaBI bearing pressure eTAelIsmarEdlRT nig bending rbs;bnHEdk. PaBxusKadFMbMputKW
bending enAkg beam bearing plate KWmYyTis b:uEn column base plate rgnUv bending BIrTis.
elIsBIenHeTot web crippling nig web yielding minEmnCabBaaenAkgkarKNna column base plate
eT.
Column base plateGacRtUv)ancat;cMNat;fak;CabnHFM bbnHtUc EdlbnHtUcmanTMhMRbhak;

RbEhlTMhMssr. elIsBIenH bnHtUceFVIkarxusKa enAeBlvargbnkRsal nigeBlvargbnkFn;.
kRmas;rbs;bnHFMRtUv)ankMNt;BIkarBicarNan bending rbs;EpknbnHEdllyecjBI
ssr. Bending RtUv)ansnt;faekItmaneFobnwgGkSenAkm<s;Bak;kNalrbs;bnHEk,rRCugrbs;sab
ssr. GkSBIrRsbeTAnwgRTnugmancmayBIKa 0.80b f nigGkSBIreTotRsbeTAnwgsabmanKMlatBIKa
0.95d . kgcMeNamceRmok cantilever 1in. BIrEdlsMKal;eday m nig n dUcenAkgrUbTI 5>40 tm
EdlFMCag eKRtUv)aneRbICMnYs[ n enAkgsmIikar %>* edIm,IKNnakRmas;bnH b

t l
2 Pu
0.9 BNF
%>!0
y
T.Chhay 178 Beams

Edl l CatmFMCageKkgcMeNam m nig n . viFIenHsMedAdUceTAnwg cantilever method.

bnH)attUcEdlRTTmn;RsalRtUv)anKNnaedayeRbI Murray-Stockwell method (Murray,
1983). enAkgviFIenH EpknbnkssrEdlGnuvtenAkgRBMEdnrbs;muxkat;ssr BIelIRkLap
b f d RtUv)ansnt;faEbgEckesIenAelIRkLap H-shaped dUcbgajkg rUbTI 5>41. dUcenH
bearing pressure KWRbmUlpMenAEk,rExSRBMrbs;ssr. kRmas;bnHRtUv)ankMNt;BI flexural analysis
rbs;ceRmok cantilever nTTwgkta nignRbEvg c . viFIenHpl;lTplCasmIkar

tc
2 Po
0.9 A F
%>!!
H y
Edl P
Po = u b f d
BN
= bnkenAkgRkLap b f d
= bnkenAelIRklap H-shape
AH = Rklap H-shape
c = TMhMEdlcaM)ac;edIm,I[kugRtaMg o esIeTAnwg design bearing stress rbs;smarEdlRT.

P
A
H
cMNaMfasmIkar %>!! manTRmg;RsedogKanwgsmIkar %>!0 edayeRbIkugRtaMg Pu / BN

EdlCMnYseday Po / AH .
sRmab;bnHEdlRTTmn;Fn; RBMEdnrvagbnHRTTmn;Rsal nigbnHRTTmn;Fn;minRtUv)ankMNt;
Cak;lak;/ Thornton (1990a) EdlesIrnUvkarviPaKedayQrelIkarBt;BIrTisrbs;EpknbnHrvagRT
Fwm 179 T.Chhay

nug nigsab. dUcEdl)anbgajenAkg rUbTI 5>42 kMNat;nbnHenHRtUv)ancat;Tukfa fixed enAnwgRT

nug/ TRmsamBaenAnwgsab nigTMenrenARCugmYyeTot. kRmas;EdltRmUvkarKW
2 Pu
t n'
0.9 BNF y
Edl n'=
1
4
db f %>!@
viFITaMgbIenHRtUv)anbBalKaeday Thornton (1990b) ehIykarsegbmandUcxageRkam. kM

ras;bnHEdlcaM)ac;KW
t l
2 Pu
0.9 BNF
%>!#
y
Edl l = max(m, n, n' )

2 X
= 1
1 1 X
4db P
X = u
f
(
d + b 2 P
f c p)
1
n'= db f
4
c = 0.60
Pp = nominal bearing strength BI AISC Equation J9-1 b J9-2.
T.Chhay 180 Beams

CamYynwgsmIkarxagelIenH eKmincaM)ac;kMNt;fabnHFM btUc rgbnkRsal bFn;. Gacyk

esInwg 1.0 (Thornton, 1990b).
viFIenHRsedogKaeTAnwgGVIEdl[enAkg Part 11 of the Manual (Volume II), Connections
for Tension and Compression.
]TahrN_ 5>17 eKeRbI W10 49 CassrnwgRtUv)anRTeday concrete pierdUcbgajkgrUbTI 5>43.

pxagelIrbs; piermanTMhM 18in. 18in. . KNnabnH A36 sRmab;bnkefr 98kips nig bnkGefr
145kips . ersIusg;ebtugKW f 'c = 3000 psi .
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2(98) + 1.6(145) = 349.6kips
KNna required bearing area
c Pp Pu
c (0.85) f 'c A1 A2 / A1 Pu
0.6(0.85)(3)A1 18(18) / A1 349.6
A1 161.1in.2
RtYtBinit
A2 / A1 = 18(18) / 161.1 = 1.41 < 2 (OK)
m:ageTot bnHRtUvEtmanTMhMFMCagTMhMssr dUcenH
b f d = 10.00(9.98) = 99.8in.2 < 161.1in.2 (OK)
Fwm 181 T.Chhay

sRmab; B = N = 13in. . A1 = 13(13) = 169in.2

TMhMrbs;ceRmok cantilever m nig n GacRtUv)ankMNt;BI rUbTI 5>43 b
N 0.95d 13 9.48
m= = = 1.76in
2 2
N 0.8b f 13 8
n= = = 2.5in.
2 2
BIsmIkar %>!@
9.98(10) = 2.497in.
1 1
n' = db f =
4 4
edayyk = 1.0 eKTTYl)an
l = max(m, n, n') = max(176,2.5,2.497 ) = 2.5in.
BIsmIkar %>!#/ required plate thickness KW
2 Pu 2(349.6)
t =l = 2.5 = 0.893in.
0.9 BNFy 0.9(13)(13)(36)
cemIy eRbI PL113 13 .
5>14> Biaxial Bending
T.Chhay 182 Beams

Biaxial bending ekItmanenAeBlEdlFwmrgnUvlkxNbnkEdlbegIt bending tamTaMgGkS

xaMg (major or strong axis) nigGkSexSay (minor or weak axis). dUckrNIbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>44
EdlbnkcMcMNuceTaleFVIGMeBIeTAelIGkSbeNayrbs;Fwm b:uEneRTteFobeTAnwgGkSeKalnImYyrbs;
muxkat;. eTaHbICakardak;bnkenHmanlkNTUeTACagkardak;bnkBIelIkmunkeday kvaenAEtCakrNI
Biess edaysarbnkkat;tam shear center rbs;muxkat;. The shear center KWCacMNucEdlbnkeFVIGM
eBIelIFwmedaymin[FwmrgrmYl (no twisting nor torsion). TItaMgrbs; shear center GacRtUv)an
kMNt;BI elementary mechanics of materials edayKNna internal resisting torsional moment
EdlbMEbkBIrMhUrkmaMgkat;enAkgmuxkat;eTA external torque.
TItaMgrbs; shear center sRmab;muxkat;TUeTACaeRcInRtUv)anbgajenAkg rUbTI5>45 a Edl

shear center RtUv)ansMKal;eday o. tmrbs; eo EdlkMNt;TItaMgrbs; shear center sRmab;
channel shapes RtUv)anerobcMCataragenAkg Manual. CaTUeTA shear center EtgEtsitenAelIGkS
sIuemRTI dUcenH shear center nwgsitenAelITIRbCMuTmn;rbs;muxkat;EdlGkSsIuemRTITaMgBIrkat;Ka. rUbTI

Fwm 183 T.Chhay
5>45 b bgajTItaMgdabrbs;FwmBIrepSgKa enAeBlbnkGnuvtkat;tam shear center nigminkat;tam

shear center .
krNITI1 bnkEdlGnuvtkat;tam shear center

RbsinebIbnkeFVIGMeBIkat;tam shear center bBaaFwmrgnUvm:Um:g;Bt;FmtakgTisedAEkgBIr.
dUcbgajkg rUbTI 5>46 bnkGacRtUv)anbMEbkCakMub:Usg;ctuekaNEkgkgTisedA x nigTisedA y
EdlkMub:Usg;bnknImYybegIt bending eFobGkSepSgKa.
edIm,IedaHRsayCamYybnkpb mundMbUgeyIgsakl,gemIl chapter H of the Specification,

Manuals Under Combined Forces and Torsion ehIyemIleTACMBUkTI6 kgesovePAenH sin.
The Specification edaHRsaybnkpbCadMbUgtamrykareRbI interaction formulas EdlKitBIsarsM
xan;n\TiBlbnknImYyEdlmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgersIusg;EdlRtUvKanwg\TiBlnbnkenaH. ]Tahr-
N_ RbsinebIman bending eFobEtnwgGkS x /
M ux b M nx b MMux 1.0
b nx
Edl M ux = m:Um:g;Bt;emKuNeFobGkS x
M nx = nominal moment strength eFobGkS x
dUcKa RbsinmanEt bending eFobGkS y enaH

M uy b M ny b MMuy 1.0
b ny
Edl M uy = m:Um:g;Bt;emKuNeFobGkS y
T.Chhay 184 Beams
M ny = nominal moment strength eFobGkS y

enAeBlmanRbePT bending TaMgBIr viFI interaction formula tRmUv[plbUkpleFobTaMgBIrtUcCag
besInwg 1.0 Edl
M uy
M ux
M
+
M
1.0 %>!$
b nx b ny
tamkarBit tRmUvkarenHGnuBaat[ designer dak;bnkkgTisedAmYyEdlminmandak;enAelITisedA

mYyeTot. AISC Section H1 bBalpleFobsRmab;bnktamGkS nig[ interaction formulas BIr
EdlmYysRmab;bnktamGkStUc nigmYyeTotsRmab;bnktamGkSFM eyIgnwgsikSamUlehtusRmab;
krNIenHenAkgCMBUk 6. CamYynwgm:Um:g;Bt;BIrTis ehIyKanbnktamGkS rUbmnsRmab;bnktam
GkStUcKW
Pu M ux M uy
+ + 1.0 (AISC Equation H1-1b)
2Pn b M nx b M ny
RbsinebIbnktamGkS Pu = 0 enaHsmIkarenHRtUvKanwgsmIkar %>!$.

mkdl;cMNucenH eKminBicarNaersIusg;rbs;muxkat; I- nig H-shaped EdlekageFobGkS
exSayeT. RbsinebIeFVIEbbenH vanwgmanlkNsmBa. RKb;rUbragEdlekageFobnwgGkSexSayrbs;
vaminGac buckle kgTisedAepSgeToteT dUcenH lateral-torsional buckling minEmnCasanPaBkM
Nt;eT. RbsinebIrUbragmanlkN compact enaH
M ny = K py = F y Z y 1.5M yy
Edl M yy = Fy S y = yield moment sRmab;GkS y . sRmab;muxkat; I- nig H-shaped Edlekag

eFobGkSexSay Ednx<s;bMput 1.5M yy nwglubCanic Z y / S y nwgFMCag 1.5 Canic. RbsinebIrUbrag
Ca noncompact ersIusg;Edl[eday AISC Equation A-F1-3 sRmab; flange local buckling b
web local buckling. RKb; standard shapes EdlRtUv)anerobCataragenAkg Manual manRTnug
compact dUcenHvaGacekItmanEt flange local buckling Etb:ueNaH.
]TahrN_ 5>18 W 21 68 RtUv)aneRbICaFwmTRmsamBaEdlmanRbEvg 12 feet . sabrgkarsgt;

RtUv)andak;TRmxagEtenAxagcug. bnkeFVIGMeBItamry shear center CamYym:Um:g;emKuN
Fwm 185 T.Chhay

M ux = 200 ft kipsehIy M uy = 25 ft kips . RbsinebIeKeRbI A36 etIFwmenHbMeBjlkxN

rbs; AISC Specification? snt;fam:Um:g;TaMgBIrEbgEckesIenAelIRbEvgrbs;Fwm.
dMeNaHRsay eKTTYl)anTinnyxageRkamsRmab; A36 BI Load Factor Design Selection Table.
rUbragCa compact ehIy
L p = 7.5 ft , Lr = 22.8 ft
b M p = 432 ft kips, b M r = 273 ft kips
The unbraced length Lb = 12 ft , dUcenH L p < Lb < Lr ehIysanPaBkMNt;EdllubKWsitenAkg

elastic lateral-torsion buckling enaH

(
b M nx = b Cb M p M p M r ) LLb LL p
r p

(
= Cb b M p b M p b M r ) LLb LL p b M P
r p
edaysarm:Um:g;Bt;BRgayesI/ Cb = 1.0 ehIy

12 7.5
b M nx = 1.0432 (432 273) = 385.2 ft kips
22.8 7.5
ma:gvijeTot eKGacTTYl b M nx BI beam design charts
edaysarrUbrag compact dUcenHvaKan flange local bucklingehIy
b M ny = b M py = b Z y Fy = 0.90(24.4 )(36 ) = 790.6in. kips = 65.88 ft kips
RtYtBinit Zy
Sy
=
24.4
15.7
= 1.55 > 1.5
dUcenHeRbI M ny = 1.5M yy = 1.5 F y S y = 1.5(36 )(15.7 ) = 847.8in. kips = 70.75 ft kips
b M ny = 0.9(70.75) = 63.59 ft kips
BIsmIkar %>!!
M ux M uy 200 25
+ = + = 0.912 < 1.0 (OK)
b M nx b M ny 385.2 63.59
cemIy W 21 68 RKb;RKan;
T.Chhay 186 Beams

krNITI2 bnkEdlGnuvtminkat;tam shear center

enAeBlEdlbnkGnuvtminkat;tam shear center rbs;muxkat; lTplKWFwmnwgrg flexure bUk
nwg torsion. RbsinebIGaceFVIeTA)an rUbragFrNImaRtrbs;eRKOgbgM nigtMNrKYrRtUvEkERbedIm,IbM)at;cM
Nakpit. bBaarbs; torsion enAkg rolled shapes KWsKsaj ehIyeyIgnwgedaHRsayvaCamYyviFIRb
hak;RbEhl. eKGacrkkarerobrab;EdllkNlMGitsRmab;RbFanbT nig design aid RKb;RKan; enA
kg Torsional Analysis of Structural Steel Members (AISC, 1997). lkxNnkardak;bnkEdl
eFVI[ekItman torsion RtUv)anbgajenAkg rUbTI 5>47 a. bnkpbRtUv)andak;enAelIGkSrbs;sab
xagelI b:uEnExSskmrbs;vaminkat;tam shear center rbs;muxkat;eT. RbsinebIeyIgKitBIsanPaBlM
nwg eyIgGacrMkilkmaMgeTA shear center edaybEnm couple. dUcenHeKTTYl)anRbBnlMnwgEdlpSM
eLIgedaykmaMgEdl[eFVIGMeBIkat;tam shear center bUknwg twisting moment dUcEdl)anbgaj.
enAkg rUbTI 5>47 b eKmankMub:Usg;bnkEtmYyEdlRtUvedaHRsay EtKMnitKWEtdUcKa.
rUbTI 5>48 bgajBIviFIEdlsRmYlkgkaredaHRsaykrNITaMgBIrenH. enAkgrUbTI5>48 a eK

snt;sabxagelIpl;nUversIusg;srubeTAnwgkMub:Usg;bnkedk. enAkg rUbTI5>48 b m:Um:g;rmYl (twisting
moment) RtUv)anTb;eday couple EdlpSMeLIgedaybnkBIresIKaeFVIGMeBIelIsabnImYy. tamviFIRb
hak;RbEhl eKGacsnt;fasabnImYyTb;nwgkmaMgdac;edayELkBIKa. dUcenH bBaaRtUv)ankat;bny
Fwm 187 T.Chhay
eTACakrNIn bending rbs;rUbragBIr EdlrUbragnImYyTTYlbnktamry shear center. kgsan

PaBnImYyEdl)anBiBNnaenAkg rUbTI 5>48 muxkat;EtRbEhlBak;kNalb:ueNaH RtUv)anBicarNa
famanRbsiTPaBtamGkS y dUcenH enAeBlBicarNaersIusg;rbs;rbs;sabeTal eRbItmEtBak;
kNalrbs; Z y sRmab;muxkat;EdlmanenAkgtarag.
Design of Roof Perlins

drENgdMbUl (roof purlin) CaEpknRbBndMbUlCRmal (sloping roof system) EdlrgnUvm:U
m:g;Bt;BIrTis (biaxial bending) nRbePTEdleTIbnwgBNna. sRmab; roof purlin EdlbgajenAkg
rUbTI 5>49 bnkmanTisedAbBar EtGkSnkarBt;KWeRTt. lkxNnkardak;bnkenHRtUvnwgrUbTI
5>48 a. kMub:Usg;EkgeTAnwgdMbUlnwgbegIt bending eFobGkS x ehIykMub:Usg;RsbBt;FwmeFobGkS
y rbs;va. RbsinebI purlin RtUv)anRTedayTRmsamBaenAnwg trusses ( b rigid frame rafter) m:Um:g;
Bt;GtibrmaeFobGkSnImYyKW wL2 / 8 Edl w CakMub:Usg;rbs;bnk. RbsinebIeKeRbI sag rods vanwg

pl;nUv lateral support tamGkS x ehIynwgCaTRmsRmab;GkS y EdltRmUv[Kit purlin CaFwmCab;.
sRmab; sag rods EdlmanKMlatesI eKGaceRbIrUbmnsRmab;FwmCab;enAkg Part 4 of the Manual.
]TahrN_ 5>19 RbBndMbUl trusses EdlbgajenAkg rUbTI 5>50 EdlmanKMlatBIKa 15 ft. . d

rENgRtUv)andak;enAelItMN nigenAelIcMNuckNalrbs;Ggt;xagelI. eKdak; sag rods enAkNal
purlin nImYy. bnk gravity srub EdlrYmbBalTaMgTmn;drENgsnt;KW 30 psf npdMbUl CamYy
T.Chhay 188 Beams

nwgpleFobbnkGefrelIbnkefresInwg 1.0 . edaysnt;favaCalkxNdak;bnkeRKaHfak; cUreRbIEdk

A36 nigeRCIserIs W-shape Edlmankm<s; 6in. sRmab;drENg.
dMeNaHRsay sRmab;lkxNbnkenH bnkefr bUknwg roof live load edayKanxl; nigRBil

bnSMbnk (A4-3) nwgmantmFMCageK
wu 1.2wD + 1.6 Lr = 1.2(15) + 1.6(15) = 42 psf
TTwgnprgsMBaFEdlmanGMeBIelIdrENgKW
15 10
= 7.906 ft.
2 3
enaH bnkelIdrENg = 42(7.906) = 332.1lb / ft
kMub:Usg;Ekg = 10
3
(332.1) = 315.1lb / ft
kMub:Usg;Rsb = 110 (332.1) = 105.0lb / ft

nig M ux = 18 (0.3151)(15)2 = 8.862 ft kips
CamYynwg sag rods Edldak;enAcMNuckNaldrENgnImYy enaHdrENgCaFwmCab;BIrElVgtamTis
exSay. BI Beam Diagrams and Formulas section in Part 4 of the Manual, m:Um:g;Bt;enAelI
TRmxagkgCamYynwgkarrgbnkEtmYyElVgKW
1
M= wL2
16
Edl w=bnkBRgayesI
L = RbEvgElVg ElVgBIresIKa
CamYynwgbnkenAelIElVgTaMgBIr m:Um:g;GacTTYleday superposition

wL2 (2 ) = wL2
1 1
M = M max =
16 8
dUcenH M uy =
1
8
(0.105)(15 / 2)2 = 0.7382 ft kips
Fwm 189 T.Chhay

edIm,IeRCIserIsrUbragsakl,g eRbI beam design charts nigeRCIserIsrUbragCamYynwgersIusg;tam

GkSxaMgFM. sRmab; unbraced length 15 / 2 = 7.5 ft / sakl,g W 6 9 .
sRmab; Cb = 1.0 / b M nx = 14.0 ft kips . BI rUbTI 5>15 b Cb = 1.3 sRmab;lkxNbbnk nig
lkxNTRmxagnFwmenH. dUcenH
b M nx = 1.30(14.0) = 18.20 ft kips
b:uEn b M px = 16.8 ft kips < 18.20 ft kips
dUcenHeRbI b M nx = 16.8 ft kips
rUbragenH compact dUcenH
b M ny = b M py = b Z y Fy = 0.9(1.72 )36 = 55.73in. kips = 4.644 ft kips
Zy
b:uEn Sy
=
1.72
1.11
= 1.55 > 1.5
dUcenH
( ) ( )
b M ny = b 1.5M yy = b 1.5F y S y = 0.9(1.5)(36)(1.11) = 53.95in. kips = 4.496 ft kips
edaysarbnkRtUv)anGnuvtenAelIsabxagelI eRbIlTPaBenHEtBak;kNaledIm,ITb;Tl;nwg\TiBl
rmYl. BIsmIkar %>!$
M ux M uy 8.862 0.7382
+ = + = 0.856 < 1.0 (OK)
b M nx b M ny 16.8 4.496 / 2
kmaMgkat;TTwgKW
0.3151(15)
Vu = = 2.363kips
2
BI factored uniform load table
vVn = 19.5kips > 2.363kips (OK)
cemIy eRbI W 6 9 .
5>15> ersIusg;m:Um:g;Bt;rbs;rUbragepSg (Bending Strength of Various Shape)
W-, S- nig M-shapes Ca hot-rolled shapes EdleKeRbICaTUeTAsRmab;Fwm ehIy bending
strength rbs;vaRtUv)anerobrab;BIxagedIm. b:uEneBlxHeKkeRbIrUbragepSgeTotCa flexural mem-
bers Edr ehIykgEpkenHnwgniyaysegbBIkarpl;[rbs; AISC. smIkarTaMgGs;)anBI Chapter F
T.Chhay 190 Beams

b Appendix F of the Specification. eK[ Nominal strength sRmab; compact nig noncompact
hot-rolled shapes b:uEnminEmnsRmab; slender shapes brUbragEdlpSMeLIgBIEdkbnHeT. kgEpkenH
min)anpl;nUv]TahrN_CatmelxeT Et]TahrN_ 6>11 bBalnUvkarKNnaBI flexural strength

rbs; structural tee-shape.
dUcEdl)anerobrab;BIxagedIm smIkarKWsRmab; nonhybrid section ( Fyw = Fyf = Fy ) nig
sRmab;krNIBt;Etb:ueNaH minmanbnktamGkSeT.
I. Channels
A. Width-thickness parameters for flexure
1. sab
bf
=
tf
/ p =
65
Fy
nig r =
141
F y 10
sRmab; US
bf
=
tf
/ p =
170
Fy
nig r =
370
F y 69
sRmab; IS
2. RTnug
=
h
tw
/ p =
640
Fy
nig r =
970
F y 10
sRmab; US
=
h
tw
/ p =
1680
Fy
nig r =
2550
Fy
sRmab; IS
B. Bending eFobGkSxaMg [CamYy ! bnkGnuvtkat;tam shear center ehIysitenA
kgbg;RsbnwgRTnug b @ karTb;RbqaMgnwgkarrmYlenAcMNucbnkGnuvt nigenARtg;
TRm] M n dUcKasRmab; I-shapes emIlEpk 5>5 nig 5>6.
C. Bending eFobGkSexSay M n dUcKasRmab; I-shapes emIlEpk 5>14.
II. Rectangular Structural Tubes
A. Width-thickness parameters emIlrUb 5>51
1. sab
=
b
t
/ p =
190
Fy
nig r =
238
Fy
sRmab; US
=
b
t
/ p =
500
Fy
nig r =
625
Fy
sRmab; IS
2. RTnug
Fwm 191 T.Chhay
=
h
t
/ p =
640
Fy
nig r =
970
Fy
sRmab; US
=
h
t
/ p =
1680
Fy
nig r =
2550
Fy
sRmab; IS
RbsinebIeKmindwgTMhMBitR)akd b nig h EdlbgajenAkg rUbTI 5>51 eKGac)a:n;
sanedayykTTwgsrub bkm<s;srubdknwgbIdgkRmas; lkNrbs;EdkTIb
RCugEdlmanenAkg Manual KWQrelIkaMxageRkAEdlesInwg 2t .
B. Bending eFobGkSxaMg bnkenAkgbg;sIuemRTI

1. rUbrag compact
sRmab;rUbrag compact ersIusg;nwgQrelIsanPaBkMNt;n lateral-torsional
buckling (LTB).
sRmab; Lb L p
M n = M p 1.5M y (AISC Equation F1-1)
sRmab; L p < Lb Lr

(
r p
sRmab; Lb > Lr
Edl M cr =
57000Cb JA
Lb / ry
M cr =
393000Cb JA
Lb / ry
xat IS
3750ry JA
Lp =
Mp
T.Chhay 192 Beams

25855ry JA
Lp =
Mp
xat IS
57000ry JA
Lr =
Mp
393000ry JA
Lr =
Mp
xat IS
M r = Fy S x (AISC Equation F1-11)
2. rUbrag noncompact The nominal strength esInwgtmEdltUcCageKntm

Edl)anKNnasRmab;sanPaBkMNt; lateral torsional buckling (LTB), flange
local buckling (FLB) b web local buckling (WLB). sRmab;sanPaB
nImYy n local buckling TaMgBIr ersIusg;RtUv)ankMNt;BIsmIkarxageRkam

p
(
Mn = M p M p Mr )
r p

C. Bending eFobGkSexSay vaminmansanPaBkMNt; LTB sRmab;RKb;rUbragEdlrg
karBt;eFobGkSexSayrbs;va.
1. rUbrag compact
2. rUbrag nonompact RtYtBinit FLB nig WLB CamYynwg AISC Equation A-F-
1-3.
III. Square Structural Tubes
A. Width-thickness parameters
=
b
t
/
p =
190
Fy
nig r =
238
Fy
sRmab; US
=
b
t
/ p =
500
Fy
nig r =
625
Fy
sRmab; IS
B. Nominal bending strength
vaminmansanPaBkMNt; LTB sRmab;rUbragkaer bctuekaNEkgeT.
1. rUbrag compact
Fwm 193 T.Chhay

2. rUbrag nonompact ersIusg;RtUv)ankMNt;eday local buckling eday WLB b

FLB edayykmYyNaEdl M n tUcCageK.
p
(
Mn = M p M p Mr
r p
)


IV. Solid Rectangular Bars
sRmab; rectangular bars sanPaBkMNt;EdlGacGnuvt)anKW LTB sRmab;GkSBt;
xaMg local buckling minEmnCasanPaBkMNt;sRmab;GkSBt;xaMg bkexSay.
A. Bending eFobGkSxaMg
sRmab; Lb L p
sRmab; L p < Lb Lr

(
r p
sRmab; Lb > Lr
Edl M cr =
57000Cb JA
Lb / ry
M cr =
393000Cb JA
Lb / ry
xat IS
3750ry JA
Lp =
Mp
25855ry JA
Lp =
Mp
xat IS
57000ry JA
Lr =
Mp
393000ry JA
Lr =
Mp
xat IS
M r = Fy S x (AISC Equation F1-11)
B. Bending eFobGkSexSay
V. Tees and double-anfle Shapes
T.Chhay 194 Beams

1. Tees
a. sab
bf
=
2t f
nig r =
95
Fy
eKmineRbI p sRmab; US
bf
=
2t f
nig r =
250
Fy
eKmineRbI p sRmab; IS
b. RTnug
=
d
tw
nig r =
127
Fy
=
d
tw
nig r =
333
Fy
2. Double angles with separators, either leg
=
b
t
r = nig
76
Fy
=
b
t
nig r =
200
Fy
3. Double angles in continuous contact, outstanding leg

=
b
t
r = / 95
Fy
p eKmineRbI
US sRmab;
=
b
t
/ r =
250
Fy
B. CamYybnkenAkgbg;sIuemRTI
EI y GJ
M n = M cr = B + 1+ B2 (AISC Equation F1-15)
Lb
Edl M n 1 .5 M ysRmab; stem rgkarTaj
M n 1.0 M y sRmab; stem rgkarsgt;
d Iy
B = 2.3 (AISC Equation F1-16)
Lb j
M y = Fy S x
Fwm 195 T.Chhay

eKeRbIsBaabUksRmab; B enAeBlEdl stem rgkarTaj ehIysBaadkenAeBlEdl

stem rgkarsgt;enARKb;kEngTaMgGs;tambeNay unbraced length.
C. Bending eFobGkSexSay
sRmab; nonslender shapes ( r )

M n = M p 1 .5 M y
VI. Solid circular and square shapes
M n = M p 1 .5 M y
VII. Hollow circular shapes
=
D
t
/
p =
2070
Fy
nig r =
8970
Fy
sRmab; US
=
D
t
/ p =
14270
Fy
nig r =
61850
Fy
sRmab; IS
Edl D CaGgt;pitxageRkA
B. Norminal bending strength:
vaminmansanPaBkMNt; LTB sRmab;rUbragmUl bkaer. ersIusg;RtUv)ankNt;
eday local buckling.
sRmab; p
M n = M p 1 .5 M y
sRmab; p < r
600
Mn = + Fy S (AISC Appendix F, Table A-F1.1)
D/t
T.Chhay 196 Beams

VI. Fwm-ssr
Beam-Columns
enAeBlEdlGgt;eRKOgbgMCaeRcInRtUv)anKitCassrrgkmaMgtamGkS bCaFwmEdlrgEtkmaMg
Bt; (flexural loading) Fwm nigssrCaeRcInrgnUvkmaMgTaMgBIrKw kmaMgBt; nigkmaMgtamGkS. vaCakar
Bit CaBiesssRmab;eRKOgbgMsaTicminkMNt;. sUm,IEtTRm roller rbs;FwmsamBaGacpl;nUvkmaMg
kkitEdlGacTb;FwmclttambeNay enAeBlEdlbnkGnuvtEkgnwgGkSbeNayrbs;Fwm. b:uEnkg
krNIBiessenH CaTUeTA\TiBlrg TIBIrmantmtUc ehIyGacecal)an. ssrCaeRcInRtUv)anCa
Ggt;rgkmaMgsgt;suTCamYynwgkMrwtlMeGogEdlGacecal)an. RbsinebIssrCaGgt;sRmab;eRKOg
bgMmYyCan; ehIyTRmrbs;vaTaMgBIrRtUv)anKitCaTRm pinned FwmnwgrgEt bending EdlCalTplBI
bnkcMNakpitEdleRKaHfak;tictYc.
b:uEn sRmab;Ggt;eRKOgbgMCaeRcIn \TiBlTaMgBIrnwgmantmFM EdlGgt;TaMgenaHRtUv)aneK
ehAfa beam-columns. BicarNa rigid frame enAkgrUbTI 6>1. sRmab;lkxNbnkEdl[Ggt;
edk AB minRtwmEtRTbnkbBarBRgayesIeT EfmTaMgCYyGgt;bBaredIm,ITb;nwgbnkxagcMcMNuc P .
Ggt; CD CakrNIEdleRKaHfak;Cag eRBaHvaTb;;nwgbnk P1 + P2 edayminmanCMnYyBIGgt;bBar
NaeT. mUlehtuKWfa x-bracing EdlbgajedayExSdac; karBar sidesway enACan;xageRkam.
sRmab;karbgajTisedArbs; P2 Ggt; ED nwgrgkmaMgTaj ehIyGgt; CF nwgFUrRbsinebI bracing
element RtUv)anKNnaedIm,ITb;EtkmaMgTaj. b:uEnsRmab;krNIenH Ggt; CD RtUvbBanbnk
P1 + P2 BI C eTA D .
Fwm-ssr 197 T.Chhay

Ggt;bBarrbs;eRKagenHkRtUv)anKitCa beam-columns. enACan;xagelI Ggt; AC nig BD

nigekageRkam\TiBlrbs; P1 . elIsBIenH enARtg; A nig B m:Um:g;Bt;RtUv)anbBanBIGgt;edktamry
tMNrwg. karbBanm:Um:g;enHkekIteLIgenARtg; C nig D ehIyvaBitsRmab;RKb; rigid frame eTaHbI
m:Um:g;TaMgenHtUcCagm:Um:g;Edl)anBIbnkxagkeday. ssrCaeRcInenAkg rigid frames Ca beam-
columns ehIy\TiBlrbs;m:Um:g;Bt;minRtUv)anecal. b:uEn ssrrbs;GaKarmYyCan;EdlenAdac;BIeK
GacRtUv)anKitCaGgt;rgkmaMgsgt;cMGkS.
eBlxH]TahrN_epSgeTotrbs; beam-columns GacCYbenAkg roof trusses. eTaHbICaFmta
top chord RtUv)anKitCaGgt;rgkmaMgsgt;tamGkSkeday RbsinebI purlins RtUv)andak;enAcenaH
tMN kmaMgRbtikmrbs;vanwgbegItCa bending Edldac;xatRtUv)anKitkgkarKNna. krNIenHnwg

RtUv)anerobrab;enAkgCMBUkenH.
6>2> smIkarGnrkm (Interaction Formulas)

vismPaBrbs;smIkar @># GacRtUv)ansresrkgTRmg;xageRkam
i Qi 1.0 ^>!
Rn
b resistance
load effects
1.0
RbsinebIman resistance eRcInRbePTBak;Bn smIkar ^>! GacRtUv)ansresrkgTRmg;eKal

rbs; interaction formulas. dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkgCMBUk 5 Rtg;Epkm:Um:g;Bt;BIrTis plbUkn
pleFob load-to-resistance RtUv)ankMNt;RtwmmYykta. ]TahrN_ RbsinebIeKGnuvtTaMgm:Um:g;Bt;
nigkmaMgtamGkS interaction formulas GacsresrCa
Pu
+
Mu
c Pn b M n
1 .0 ^>@
Edl Pu = bnksgt;tamGkSemKuN
c Pn = compressive design strength
Mu = m:Um:g;Bt;emKuN
b M n = design moment
sRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;BIrTis vanwgmanpleFobm:Um:g;Bt;BIr
T.Chhay 198 Beam-Column

M ux M uy
Pu
+ +
c Pn b M nx b M ny
1.0

^>#

Edl x nig y sMedAelIkarBt;eFobGkS x nigGkS y .
smIkar ^># CasmIkareKalrbs; AISC sRmab;Ggt;rgkarBt; nigrgkmaMgtamGkS. eK[
smIkarBIrenAkg Specification: mYysRmab;bnkcMGkSEdlmantmtUc nigmYyeTotsRmab;bnkcM
GkSEdlmantmFM. RbsinebIbnktamGkSmantmtUc tYbnktamGkSRtUv)ankat;bny. sRmab;
bnktamGkSEdlmantmFM tYkmaMgBt;RtUv)ankat;bnybnic. tRmUvkarrbs; AISC RtUv)an[enAkg
Chapter H, Members Under Combined Forces and Torsion, ehIyRtUv)ansegbdUcxageRkam
sRmab; PPu 0.2

c n
Pu 8 M ux M uy
+ + 1.0 (AISC Equation H1-1a)
c Pn 9 b M nx b M ny

sRmab; Pu
c Pn
< 0 .2
Pu M ux M uy
+ + 1.0 (AISC Equation H1-1b)
2c Pn b M nx b M ny

]TahrN_6>1 bgajBIkarGnuvtn_smIkarTaMgenH.
]TahrN_6>1 Fwm-ssrEdlbgajenAkg rUbTI6>@ manTRm pinned enAcugsgag ehIyrgbnkem

KuNdUcbgaj. karBt;KWeFobnwgGkSxaMg. kMNt;faetIGgt;enHbMeBjsmIkarGnrkmrbs; AISC
Specification beT.
dMeNaHRsay dUcEdl)anbkRsayenAkgEpk 6>3 m:Um:g;EdlGnuvtenAkg AISC Equations H1-1a

nig b eBlxHnwgRtUv)anbegInedaym:Um:g;bEnm (moment amplification). eKalbMNgn]TahrN_
enHKWbgajBIrebobeRbIsmIkarGnrkm.
BI column load table ersIusg;KNnakmaMgsgt;tamGkS (axial compression design
strength) rbs; W 8 58 CamYynwg F y = 50ksi nigRbEvgRbsiTPaB K y L = 1.0 17 = 17 ft KW
c Pn = 365kips
edaysarkarBt;eFobGkSxaMg m:Um:g;KNna (design moment) b M n sRmab; Cb = 1.0 GacTTYl
Fwm-ssr 199 T.Chhay
)anBI beam design chart in Part 4 of the Manual.

sRmab; unbraced length Lb = 17 ft /
b M n = 202 ft kips
sRmab;lkxNbnk niglkxNcugsRmab;bBaaenH Cb = 1.32 emIlrUbTI 5>15 c.
sRmab; Cb = 1.32 /
b M n = 1.32(202) = 267 ft kips
b:uEnm:Um:g;enHFMCag b M p = 224 ft kips EdlTTYl)andUcKaBI beam design charts / dUcenH
design moment RtUv)ankMNt;Rtwm b M p . dUcenH
b M n = 224 ft kips
m:Um:g;Bt;GtibrmaenAkNalElVgKW
22(17 )
Mu = = 93.5 ft kips
4
kMNt;faetIsmIkarGnrkmmYyNalub
Pu
=
200
c Pn 365
= 0.547 > 0.2 dUcenHeRbI AISC Eq.H1-1a.
Pu 8 M ux M uy
= 0.5479 + 8 93.5 + 0 = 0.919 1.0
+ + (OK)
9 224
cemIy Ggt;enHbMeBj AISC Specification.

6>3> m:Um:g;bEnm (Moment Amplification)

viFIBImunsRmab;karKNnaGgt;rgkarBt; nigkmaMgtamGkSGaceRbI)ansRmab;EtkmaMgtamGkS
mantmminFMeBk. vtmanrbs;bnktamGkS elIkElgenAeBlvamantmtUc begItm:Um:g;TIBIrEdl
RtUv)anKitbBalkgkarKNna. rUb TI 6>3 bgajBIFwm-ssrCamYybnktamGkS nigbnkTTwgGkS
BRgayesI. Rtg;cMNuc O NamYyEdlmanmanm:Um:g;Bt;EdlbegIteLIgedaybnkBRgayesInwgm:Um:g;
bEnm Py EdlbegIteLIgedaybnktamGkSeFVIGMeBIcMNakpitBIGkSbeNayrbs;Ggt;. m:Um:g;TIBIr
enaH mantmkan;EtFMenAkEngNaEdlmanPaBdabkan;EtFM. kgkrNIenH Rtg;km<s;Bak;kNalm:Um:g;
srubesInwg wL2 / 8 + P . vaCakarBitEdl m:Um:g;bEnmbegItPaBdabbEnmBIelIPaBdabEdl)anBI
bnkTTwgGkS. edaysareKminGacrkPaBdabsrubedaypal; bBaaenHCa nonlinear ehIyeday
sarEteKminsal;PaBdab eKkminGacKNnam:Um:g;)anEdr.
viFIviPaKeRKOgbgMFmta (ordinary structural analysis methode) Edlminykragpas;TImk

KitRtUv)aneKKitCa viFIdWeRkTImYy (first-order method). eKeRbI Iterative numerical technique
EdleKehAfa viFIdWeRkTIBIr (second-order method) edIm,IrkPaBdab nigm:Um:g;TIBIr b:uEnviFIenHmin
GaceRbIsRmab;karKNnaedayd EdlvaRtUv)aneRbICaTUeTACamYynwgkmviFIkMuBTr. Design codes
nig specifications bcb,nPaKeRcIn rYmbBalTaMg AISC Specification GnuBaatkareRbIR)as; second-
Fwm-ssr 201 T.Chhay

order analysis b moment amplification method. viFIenHtRmUvkarKNnam:Um:g;Bt;GtibrmaEdl)an

BIlTplBI flexural loading bnkTTwgGkS bm:Um:g;cugGgt; eday first-order analysis bnab;mk
KuNnwgemKuNm:Um:g;bEnm (moment amplification factor) edIm,IKitm:Um:g;TIBIr.
rUbTI 6>4 bgajGgt;TRmsamBaCamYynwgbnkcMGkS nigPaBminRtg;dMbUg (initial out-of-
straightness). PaBdabdMbUg (initial crookedness) enHGacsMEdgeday
x
yo = e sin
L
Edl e CabMlas;TIGtibrmadMbUg EdlekIteLIgenAkNalElVg.
sRmab;RbBnkUGredaendUcEdl)anbgaj eKGacsresrTMnak;TMngExSkMeNag-m:Um:g;
(moment-curvature relationship) dUcxageRkam
d2y M
=
2 EI
dx
m:Um:g;Bt; M ekIteLIgedaysarcMNakpitnkmaMgtamGkS Pu eFobGkSrbs;Ggt;. cMNak
pitenHpSMeLIgeday initial crookedness yo bUknwgPaBdabbEnm y EdlekItBIkarBt;. enARtg;TI
taMgNamYy m:Um:g;KW
M = Pu ( yo + y )
edayCMnYssmIkarenHeTAkgsmIkarDIepr:g;Esl eyIgTTYl)an
d2y P x
= u e sin + y
dx 2 EI L
d2y P Pe x
+ u y = u sin
dx 2 EI EI L

EdlCa ordinary, nonhomogenous differential equation. edaysarvaCasmIkardWeRkTIBIr

dUcenHvamanlkxNRBMEdnBIr. sRmab;lkxNTRmEdlbgaj lkxNRBMEdnKW
enARtg; x = 0 / y = 0 nigenARtg; x = L / y = 0
enHmannyfa PaBdabesIsUnenAcugsgag. GnuKmn_EdlbMeBjTaMgsmIkarDIepr:g;Esl nig
lkxNRBMEdnKW
x
y = B sin
L
Edl B Catmefr. CMnYsvaeTAkgsmIkarDIepr:g;Esl eyIgTTYl)an
2 xP x Pe x
B sin + u B sin = u sin
L2 L EI L EI L
eKTTYl)antmefr
Pe
u
EI = e e
B= =
Pu 2 2 EI Pe 1
1 Pu
EI L2 Pu L2
Edl Pe =
2
EI
= Euler buckling load
2
L
dUcenH y = B sin Lx = (P / Pe ) 1 sin Lx

e u
M = Pu ( yo + y )
x e x
= Pu e sin + sin
L (Pe / Pu ) 1 L
m:Um:g;GtibrmaekItenARtg; x = L / 2
e
M max = Pu e +
(Pe / Pu ) 1
(P / P ) 1 + 1
= Pu e e u
(Pe / Pu ) 1
1
= Mo
1 (Pu / Pe )
Edl M o minEmnCam:Um:g;bEnmGtibrma (unampliflied maximum moment). kgkrNIenH
vaTTYl)anBI initial crookedness b:uEnCaTUeTAvaGacCalTplnbnkTTwgGkS bm:Um:g;cug. dUcenHem
Fwm-ssr 203 T.Chhay

KuNm:Um:g;bEnm (moment amplification factor) KW

1
1 (Pu / Pe )
^>$
dUcEdl)anerobrab;mkehIy TRmg;emKuNm:Um:g;bEnmrbs; AISC GacxusEbkBIsmIkar ^>$
bnic.
]TahrN_6>2 eRbIsmIkar ^>$ edIm,IKNnaemKuNm:Um:g;bEnmsRmab;Fwm-ssrn]TahrN_ 6>1.

dMeNaHRsay edaysar Euler load Pe CaEpkrbs;emKuNm:Um:g;bEnm eKRtUvKNnavasRmab;GkSn
karBt; EdlkgkrNIenHKWGkS x . eKGacsresr Euler load Pe edayeRbI effective length nig
slenderness ratio dUcxageRkam
2 EAg
Pe =
(KL / r )2
emIlCMBUk 4 smIkar $>^ a. sRmab;GkSnkarBt;
KL K x L 1.0(17 )(12)
= = = 55.89
r rx 3.65
2 EAg 2 (29000)(17.1)
Pe = = = 1567kips
(KL / r )2 (55.89)2
BIsmIkar ^>$
1 1
= = 1.15
1 (Pu / Pe ) 1 (200 / 1567 )
EdlbgajkarekIneLIg 15% BIelIm:Um:g;Bt;. m:Um:g;bEnmKW
1.15 M u = 1.15(93.5) = 107.5 ft kips
cemIy emKuNm:Um:g;bEnm 1.15
6>4> Web Local Buckling in Beam-Columns

karkMNt;rbs; design moment tRmUv[RtYtBinitmuxkat;sRmab; compactness . enAeBl
EdlKanbnktamGkS RTnugrbs;RKb;rUbragEdlmanenAkgtaragsuTEt compact. RbsinebImanvt
manbnktamGkS RTnugTaMgenaHGacnwgmin compact. enAeBlEdleyIg[ = h / t w /
RbsinebI p rUbragKW compact.
RbsinebI p < r rUbragKW noncompact.

RbsinebI > r rUbragKW slender.
ASIC B5 enAkg Table B5.1 erobrab;nUvkarkMNt;xageRkam
2.75Pu
sRmab; PPu 0.125 / p = 640F
1
P
xat US
b y y b y
1680 2.75Pu
p =
Fy
1
b Py

xat IS

sRmab; PPu /
> 0.125 p = 2.33 Pu 253
191

Fy b Py Fy
xat US
b y
500 P 665
p =
Fy
2.33 u
b Py Fy
xat IS
970 P
sRmab;tmepSgrbs; Pu
b Py
/r =
F y
1 0.74 u
b Py
xat US
2550 P
r =
Fy
1 0.74 u
b Py
xat IS
Edl Py = Ag Fy / bnktamGkScaM)ac;edIm,IeTAdl;sanPaBkMNt; yielding.
edaysar Pu CaGBati eKminGacRtYtBinit compactness rbs;RTnug nigminGacerobcMCata
ragTukCamun)aneT. b:uEn rolled shape xHbMeBjnUvkrNIdGaRkk;bMput 665 / Fy EdlmannyfarUb
ragenaHmanRTnug compact edayminTak;TgnwgbnktamGkS. rUbragEdlmanenAkg column load
table in Part 3 of the Manual EdlminbMeBjlkxNRtUv)ankMNt;bgaj enaHeKRtUvRtYtBinit
compactness rbs;RTnugrbs;va. rUbragEdlmansabmin compact kRtUv)ankMNt;bgaj dUcenHRKb;
rUbragTaMgGs;Edlmin)anbgaj enaHmannyfarUbragTaMgenaHKW compact.
]TahrN_6>3 Edk A36 EdlmanrUbrag W 12 65 RtUv)andak;[rgm:Um:g;Bt; nigbnktamGkSem

KuN 300kips . RtYtBinit compactness rbs;RTnug.
dMeNaHRsay rUbragenHKW compact sRmab;RKb;tmbnktamGkS BIeRBaHminmankarkMNt;cMNaMNa
mYyenAkg column load table. b:uEn edIm,Ibgaj eyIgRtYtBinit width-thickness ratio rbs;RTnug
Fwm-ssr 205 T.Chhay

Pu Pu 300
= = = 0.4848 > 0.125
( )
b Py b Ag Fy 0.9(19.1)(36)

dUcenH p = 2.33 Pu = 191 (2.33 0.4848) = 58.74
191

Fy b Py 36

253 253
= = 42.17 < 58.74
Fy 36
dUcenH p = 58.74
BI dimensions and properties tables/
h
= = 24.9 < 58.74
tw
dUcenH RTnugKW compact. cMNaMfa sRmab;RKb;tmrbs; Fy enaH th nwgmantmtUcCag

w
253 / Fy EdlCatmEdltUcbMputrbs; p dUcenHRTnugrbs; W 12 65 nwgenAEtCa compact.
6>5> eRKagBRgwg nigeRKagGt;BRgwg (Braced versus Unbraced Frame)

AISC Specification erobrab;BI moment amplification in Chapter C, Frames and other
Structures. eKmanemKuNbEnmBIrEdleRbIenAkg LRFD: mYyedIm,IKitBIm:Um:g;bEnmEdlCalTplBI
PaBdabrbs;Ggt; nigmYyeTotsRmab;KitBI\TiBl sway enAeBlEdlGgt;CaEpkrbs; unbraced

frame. viFIenHmanlkNRsedogKaeTAnwgviFIEdleRbIenAkg ACI Building Code sRmab;ebtug
BRgwgedayEdk (ACI, 1995). rUbTI 6>5 nwgbgajBIGgt;TaMgBIr. enAkg rUbTI 6>5 a Ggt;RtUv)anTb;
RbqaMgnwg sidesway ehIym:Um:g;TIBIrGtibrmaKW P EdlRtUvbEnmeTAelIm:Um:g;GtibrmaenAkgGgt;
enaH. RbsinebIeRKagminRtUv)anBRgwg vanwgelceLIgnUvm:Um:g;TIBIr EdlbgajenAkg rUbTI 6>5 b Edl
begIteday sidesway. m:Um:g;TIBIrenHmantmGtibrma P EdlbgajBIkarbEnmnm:Um:g;cug.
edIm,IKItBI\TiBlTaMgBIrenH emKuNm:Um:g;bEnm B1 nig B2 RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;m:Um:g;BIrRbePT.
m:Um:g;bEnmEdleRbIsRmab;KNnaRtUv)anKNnaBIbnkemKuN nigm:Um:g;emKuNdUcxageRkam
M u = B1M nt + B2 M lt (AISC Equation C1-1)
Edl M nt = m:Um:g;GtibrmaEdlsnt;faminman sidesway ekIteLIg eTaHbICaeRKagBRgwgbminBRgwg

keday nt mannyfa no translation
m:Um:g;GtibrmaEdlekIteLIgeday sidesway ekIteLIg lt mannyfa lateral transla-

M lt =
tion. m:Um:g;enHGacekItBI lateral load bedaysar unbalanced gravity loads .
bnkTMnajGacbegIt sidesway RbsinebIeRKagGt;sIuemRTI bkbnkTMnaj enaHRtUv)an

dak;edayminmanlkNsIuemRTI. M lt nwgmantmesIsUnRbsinebIeRKagRtUv)anBRgwg.
B1 = emKuNm:Um:g;bEnmsRmab;m:Um:g;EdlekIteLIgenAkgGgt;EdlRtUv)anBRgwgTb;nwg sidesway.
B2 = emKuNm:Um:g;bEnmsRmab;m:Um:g;Edl)anBI sidesway.
eyIgnwgerobrab;BIkarkMNt;emKuNTaMgBIr B1 nig B2 enAkgEpkxageRkam.
6>6> Ggt;enAkgeRKagEdlBRgwg (Members in Braced Frames)

emKuNm:Um:g;bEnmEdl[edaysmIkar ^>$ RtUv)anbMEbksRmab;Ggt;EdlBRgwgRbqaMgnwg
sidesway. rUbTI 6>6 bgajBIGgt;RbePTenHEdlrgm:Um:g;enAxagcugesIKaEdlbegIt single-
curvature bending kMeNagEdlbegItkarTaj nigkarsgt;enAEtEpkmagrbs;Ggt;. m:Um:g;bEnm
GtibrmaekItenARtg;Bak;kNalkm<s; EdlPaBdabmantmFMbMput. dUcenHm:Um:g;TIBIrGtibrma nigm:U

m:g;emGtibrmaRtUv)anbUkbBalKa. eTaHRbsinebIm:Um:g;enAxagcugminesIKakeday RbsinebIm:Um:g;mYy
vilRsbTisRTnicnaLika nigmYyeTotvilRcasRTnicnaLika vanwgbegIt single-curvature bending
ehIym:Um:g;emGtibrma nigm:Um:g;TIBIrGtibrmanwgekIteLIgenAEk,Ka.
Fwm-ssr 207 T.Chhay

vanwgminEmnCakrNIeT enAeBlEdlm:Um:g;enAcugEdlGnuvtbegIt reverse-curvature bending

dUcbgajenAkg rUbTI 6>7 . enAeBlenH m:Um:g;emGtibrmaKWenAcugmag ehIym:Um:g;TIBIrGtibrmaekIt
eLIgenAcenaHcugTaMgBIr. m:Um:g;bEnmGacFMCag btUcCagm:Um:g;cugGaRsynwgbnktamGkS.
dUcenHm:Um:g;GtibrmaenAkg beam-column GaRsynwgkarEbgEckm:Um:g;Bt;enAkgGgt;. kar
EbgEckenHRtUv)anKitedayemKuN Cm EdlGnuvtenAkgemKuNm:Um:g;bEnm B1 . emKuNm:Um:g;bEnm
Edl[edaysmIkar ^>$ RtUv)anbMEbksRmab;krNIGaRkk;bMput dUcenH Cm nwgminRtUvFMCag 1.0 .
TRmg;cugeRkayrbs;emKuNm:Um:g;bEnmKW
Cm
B1 = 1 (AISC Equation C1-2)
1 (Pu / Pe1 )
Edl Pe1 = Ag 2Fy =

2
EAg
c (KL / r )2
enAeBlKNna Pe1 eRbI KL / r sRmab;GkSnkarBt; ehIyemKuNRbEvgRbsiTPaB K 1 .0 Edl
RtUvKanwglkxNEdlBRgwg.
karKNnaemKuN Cm
emKuN Cm GnuvtEtelIlkxNEdlBRgwgEtb:ueNaH. eKmanGgt;BIrRbePT EdlmYyman
bnkTTwgGkSGnuvtenAcenaHcug nigmYyeTotminmanbnkTTwgGkS.
rUbTI 6>8 b nig c bgajBIkrNITaMgBIrxagelIenH Ggt; AB Ca beam-column EdlRtUvKit.
!> RbsinebIminmanbnkTTwgGkSeFVIGMeBIenAelIGgt;
M
C m = 0.6 0.4 1 (AISC Equation C1-3)
M2
CapleFobnm:Um:g;Bt;enAcugrbs;Ggt;. M1 Catmdac;xatnm:Um:g;cugEdltUcCag
M1 / M 2
eK ehIy M 2 CatmFMCag enaHpleFobnwgviCmansRmab;Ggt;EdlekagkgTRmg; reversecurvature

nigGviCmansRmab; single-curvature bending rUbTI 6>9 . Reverse curvature pleFobviCman
ekIteLIgenAeBlEdl M1 nig M 2 vilRsbRTnicnaLikaTaMgBIr bRcasRTnicnaLikaTaMgBIr.
@> sRmab;Ggt;rgbnkTTwgGkS eKGacyk Cm = 0.85 RbsinebIcugrbs;vaRtUv)anTb;RbqaMg
nwgkarvil nigesInwg 1.0 RbsinebIcugrbs;vaminRtUv)anTb;nwgkarvil pinned. CaTUeTAkarTb;cug
(end restraint) ekItBIPaBrwgRkaj (stiffness) rbs;Ggt;EdlPab;eTAnwg beam-column. lkxN
TRm pinned CalkxNmYyEdlRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;TajrkemKuNm:Um:g;bEnm dUcenHvaminmankarkat;

bnytmemKuNm:Um:g;bEnmsRmab;krNIenHeT EdlvaRtUvKanwg Cm = 1.0 . eTaHbICalkxNcugBit
Fwm-ssr 209 T.Chhay
R)akdsit enAcenaHkarbgb;eBj (fully fixity) nigknas;Kankkit (frictionless pin) keday eKGac

eRbItmNa mYyk)anEdr eRBaHvanwgpl;lTplCaTIeBjcit.
viFIsaRsEdl)aneFVI[RbesIreLIgsRmab;Ggt;rgbnkxagTTwgGkS krNITIBIr RtUv)anpl;

[enAkg section C1 of the commentary to the Specification. emKuNkat;bnyKW
P
Cm = 1 + u
Pe1
sRmab;Ggt;TRmsamBa
2 o EI
= 1
M o L2
Edl o CaPaBdabGtibrmaEdlekItBIbnkxagTTwgGkS ehIy M o Cam:Um:g;GtibrmaenA
cenaHTRmEdl)anBIbnkxagTTwgGkS. emKuN RtUv)anKNnaBIsanPaBFmtaCaeRcInehIyRtUv)an
pl;[enAkg commentary Table C-C1.1.
]TahrN_6>4 Ggt;EdlbgajenAkg rUbTI 6>10 CaEpkrbs; braced frame. bnk nigm:Um:g;RtUv)an

KNnaCamYybnkemKuN ehIykarBt;KWwFobnwgGkSxaMg. RbsinebIeKeRbI A572 Grade 50 etIGgt;
enHRKb;RKan;beT? KL = KL y = 14 ft .
dMeNaHRsay kMNt;faetIRtUveRbIrUbmnGnrkmmYyNa
KL K y L 14(12)
maximum = = = 55.63
r ry 3.02
BI AISC Table 3-50, c Fcr = 33.89ksi dUcenH

c Pn = Ag (c Fcr ) = 19.1(33.89 ) = 647.4kips
Pu 420
= = 0.6487 > 0.2
c Pn 647.4
dUcenHeRbI AISC Equation H1-1a.
enAkgbg;nkarBt;
Fwm-ssr 211 T.Chhay

KL K x L 14(12 )
= = = 31.82
r rx 5.28
Ag F y 2 EAg 2 (29000 )(19.1)
Pe1 = = = = 5399kips
2c (K x L / rx )2 (31.82)2
M 70
C m = 0.6 0.4 1 = 0.6 0.4 = 0.9415
M2 82
Cm 0.9415
B1 = = = 1.021
1 (Pu / Pe1 ) 1 (420 / 5399)
BI Beam design charts,CamYynwg Cb = 1.0 nig Lb = 14 ft. moment strength KW
b M n = 347 ft kips
sRmab;tm Cb BitR)akd edayeyagtamdaRkam:Um:g;enAkg rUbTI 6>10
12.5M max 1.25(82 )
Cb = = = 1.06
2.5M max + 3M A + 4 M B + 3M C 2.5(82 ) + 3(73) + 4(76 ) + 3(79 )
dUcenH b M n = Cb (347) = 1.06(347) = 368 ft kips
b:uEn b M p = 358 ft kips BItarag < 368 ft kips
dUcenHeRbI b M n = 358 ft kips
m:Um:g;emKuNKW M nt = 85 ft kips M lt = 0
BI AISC Equation C1-1,
M u = B1M nt + B2 M lt = 1.021(82 ) + 0 = 83.72 ft kips = M ux
BI AISC Equation H1-1a,
Pu 8 M ux M uy
= 0.6487 + 8 83.72 = 0.857 < 1.0
+ + (OK)
9 358
cemIy Ggt;enHKWRKb;RKan;.
]TahrN_ 6>5 Fwm-ssredkEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>11 rgnUv service live loads dUcEdlbgaj

kgrUb. Ggt;enHRtUv)anBRgwgxagenAxagcugrbs;vaTaMgBIr ehIykarBt;KWeFobnwgGkS x . RtYtBinit
faetIGgt;enHRKb;RKan;tam AISC Specification.

Pu = 1.6(20 ) = 32.0kips
ehIym:Um:g;GtibrmaKW
M nt =
(1.6 20)(10) + (1.2 0.035)(10)2 = 80.52 ft kips
4 8
Ggt;enHRtUv)anBRgwgTb;nwgkarbMlas;TIxagcug dUcenH M lt = 0 .
KNnaemKuNm:Um:g;bEnm
sRmab;Ggt;rgbnkxagEdlRtUv)anBRgwgTb;nwg sidesway ehIy unrestrained end enaH Cm = 1.0 .
tmEdlsuRkitCagEdl)anBI AISC Commentary Table C-C1.1 KW
P
C m = 1 0 .2 u
Pe1
sRmab;GkSnkarBt;
KL K x L 1.0(10 )(12 )
= = = 34.19
r rx 3.51
2 EAg 2 (29000)(10.3)
Pe1 = = = 2522kips
(KL / r )2 (34.19)2
32.0
Cm = 1 0.2 = 0.9975
2522
emKuNm:Um:g;bEnm
Cm 0.9975
B1 = = = 1.010 > 1.0
1 (Pu / Pe1 ) 1 (32.0 / 2522 )
sRmab;GkSnkarBt;
M u = B1M nt + B2 M lt = 1.010(80.52 ) + 0 = 81.33 ft kips
Fwm-ssr 213 T.Chhay

edIm,ITTYl design strengths dMbUgemIleTA column load tables in Part 3 of the Manual Edl [
c Pn = 262kips
BI beam design charts in Part 4 of the Manual sRmab; Lb = 10 ft nig Cb = 1.0
b M n = 91.8 ft kips
edaysarTmn;FwmtUcNas;ebIeRbobeFobnwgbnkGefrcMcMNuc enaH Cb = 1.32 BI rUbTI 5>13 c.
b M n = 1.32(91.8) = 121 ft kips
m:Um:g;enHFMCag b M p = 93.6 ft kips EdlTTYl)anBI beam design chart dUcKa dUcenH design
strength RtUv)ankMNt;RtwmtmenH. dUcenH
b M n = 93.6 ft kips
RtYtBinitrUbmnGnrkm
Pu 32.0
= = 0.1221 < 0.2
c Pn 262
dUcenHeRbI AISC Equation H1-1b
Pu M ux M uy 0.1221 81.33
+ + = + + 0 = 0.930 < 1.0 (OK)
2c Pn b M nx b M ny
2 93.6
cemIy W 8 35 KWRKb;RKan;
]TahrN_ 6>6 Ggt;EdlbgajenAkg rUbTI6>12 eFVIBIEdk A242 EdlmanrUbrag W 12 65 ehIy

RtUvRTnUvbnksgt;tamGkSemKuN 300kips . enAcugTMenrmagCa pinned nigcugmageTotrgnUvm:Um:g;
emKuN 135 ft kips eFobGkSxaMg nig 30 ft kips eFobGkSexSay. eRbII K x = K y = 1.0 cUreFVIkar
GegtBIGgt;enH.
dMeNaHRsay dMbUg kMNt; yield stress Fy . BI Table 1-2, Part 1 of the Manual, W12 65
CarUbragRkumTIBIr. BI Table 1-1, Edk A242 manersIusg;EtmYyKW Fy = 50ksi .
bnab;mkeTot rk compressive strength. sRmab; KL = 1.0(15) = 15 ft axial compressive design
strength BI column load table KW
c Pn = 626kips
cMNaMfa taragbgajfasabrbs; W12 65 KW noncompact sRmab; Fy = 50ksi .
KNnam:Um:g;Bt;eFobGkSxaMg (strong axis bending moment).

= 0.6 0.4(0 ) = 0.6
M1
Cmx = 0.6 0.4
M2
K x L 15(12 )
= = 34.09
rx 5.28
2 EAg 2 (29000 )(19.1)
Pe1x = = = 4704kips
(K x L / rx )2 (34.09)2
C mx 0.6
B1x = = = 0.641 < 1.0
1 (Pu / Pe1x ) 1 (300 / 4704)
dUcenH eRbI B1x = 1.0
M ux = B1x M ntx + B2 x M ltx = 1.0(135) + 0 = 135 ft kips
BI beam design charts CamYy Lb = 15 ft / b M nx = 342 ft kips sRmab; Cb = 1.0 ehIy
b M px = 357.8 ft kips . BI rUbTI 5>15 g, Cb = 1.67 ehIy
Cb (b M nx for Cb = 1.0 ) = 1.67(342) = 571 ft kips

lTplenHFMCag b M px dUcenHeRbI b M nx = b M px = 357.8 ft kips
KNna m:Um:g;Bt;eFobGkSexSay (weak axis bending moment).
= 0.6 0.4(0) = 0.6
M1
Cmy = 0.6 0.4
M2
K yL 15(12)
= = 59.60
ry 3.02
Fwm-ssr 215 T.Chhay

2 EAg 2 (29000)(19.1)
Pe1 y = = = 1539kips
(K y L / ry )2 (59.60)2
C mx 0.6
B1 y = = = 0.745 < 1.0
( )
1 Pu / Pe1 y 1 (300 / 1539)
dUcenH eRbI B1y = 1.0

M uy = B1 y M nty + B2 y M lty = 1.0(30 ) + 0 = 30 ft kips
edaysarsabrbs;rUbragenH noncompact enaHersIusg;m:Um:g;Bt;eFobGkSexSayRtUv)ankMNt;eday

FLB.
bf
= = 9.9
2t f
65 65
p = = = 9.192
Fy 50
141 141
r = = = 22.29
Fy 10 50 10
edaysar p < < r

p
(
Mn = M p M p Mr
r p
) (AISC Equation A-F1-3)

50(44.1)
M p = M py = F y Z y = = 183.8 ft kips
12
( )
M r = M ry = F y Fr S y = (50 10)(29.1) = 1164in. kips = 97.0 ft kips
edayCMnYscUleTAkgsmIkar AISC Equation A-F1-3 eyIgTTYl)an

9.9 9.192
M n = M ny = 183.8 (183.8 97.0 ) = 179.1 ft kips
22.29 9.192
b M ny = 0.90(179.1) = 161.2 ft kips
rUbmnGnrkm[
Pu 300
= = 0.4792 > 0.2
c Pn 626
dUcenHeRbI AISC Equation H1-1a
Pu 8 M ux M uy
= 0.4792 + 8 135 + 30 = 0.980 < 1.0 (OK)
+ +
9 357.8 161.2
6>7> Ggt;enAkgeRKagEdlminBRgwg (Members in Unbraced Frames)

Fwm-ssrEdlcugrbs;vaGacrMkil)an m:Um:g;dMbUgGtibrmaEdl)anBI sidesway CaTUeTAeRcIn
sitenAelIEtcugmag. dUcEdl)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>5 m:Um:g;TIBIrGtibrmaEdl)anBI sidesway Etg
EtsitenAelIcugmag. dUcenHsRmab;krNIenH m:Um:g;TImYy nigm:Um:g;TIBIrGtibrmaCaTUeTARtUv)anbUk
bBalKa ehIyminRtUvkaremKuN Cm eT karBit Cm = 1.0 . eTaHbICaenAeBlEdlmankarkat;bny
kva mantmtictYc nigGacecal)an. cUrBicarNaFwm-ssrEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>13. m:Um:g;esIKa
enAxagcug)anmkBI sidesway BIbnkedk. bnktamGkS EdlCaEpkmYynbnkEdlmanGMeBIelI
Fwm-ssrminbNal[man sideswayRtUv)anKitbBaleTAkgm:Um:g;cugEdr.
emKuNm:Um:g;bEnmsRmab; sidesway moments B2 RtUv)an[smIkarBIr. eKGaceRbIsmIkar

NamYyk)anEdr GaRsynwgPaBgayRsYlsRmab;GkKNna
1
B2 = (AISC Equation C1-4)
1 Pu ( oh / HL )
b B2 =
1
1 ( Pu / Pe 2 )
(AISC Equation C1-5)
Edl Pu = plbUkbnkemKuNenAelIRKb;ssrenAelICan;EdlBicarNa
Fwm-ssr 217 T.Chhay
oh = drift (sidesway displacement) rbs;Can;EdlBIcarNa

H = plbUknbnkedkTaMgGs;EdlbegIt oh
L = km<s;Can;
Pe 2 = plbUkn Euler loads rbs;ssrTaMgGs;enAelICan;EdlBicarNa enAeBlEdl
KNna Pe2 eKRtUveRbI KL / r sRmab;GkSnkarBt; ehIy K CatmEdlRtUvKanwg

unbraced condition.
plbUkn Pu nigplbUkn Pe2 GnuvteTARKb;ssrEdlsitenAkgCan;EdlBicarNaCamYyKa.

eKeRbIplEckrvagplbUkbnkTaMgBIrsRmab;smIkarxagelIedaysar B2 GnuvtsRmab; unbraced
frames ehIyRbsinebI sidesway nwgekItman enaHssrTaMggs;enAkgCan;EdlBicarNanwg sway kg
eBlCamYyKa. enAkgkrNICaeRcIn eRKOgbgMRtUv)anKNnaenAkgbg; dUcenH Pu nig Pe2 KWsRmab;

ssrenACan;rbs;eRKag ehIybnkxag H CabnkxagEdleFVIGMeBIenAelIeRKag nigBIelICan;Edl
BicarNa. CamYynwg oh EdlekIteLIgeday H pleFob oh / H GacQrelIbnkemKuN b
bnkKanemKuN. TRmg;epSgeTotrbs; B2 RtUv)an[eday AISC Equation C1-5 manlkNRs
edognwgsmIkarsRmab; B1 elIkElgsRmab;plbUk.
AISC Equations C1-4 nig C1-5 RtUv)anbMEbkedayviFIBIrepSgKa b:uEnenAkgkrNICaeRcInva
nwgpl;nUvlTpldUcKa (Yura, 1988). enAkgkrNICaeRcInEdltm B2 TaMgBIrxusKaxaMg tYnbnk

cMGkSrbs;rUbmnGnrkmnwglub ehIylTplcugeRkaynwgminxusKaeRcIneT. dUcEdl)anerobrab;BI
xagedIm kareRCIserIsKWsitenAelIPaBgayRsYl vaGaRsynwgtYenAkgsmIkar.
kgkrNIEdl M nt nig M lt eFVIGMeBIenAcMNucBIrepSgKaenAelIGgt; dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>14
AISC Equation C1-1 nwgpl;nUvlTplEdlsnSMsMc.
rUbTI 6>14 bgajbEnmeTotBI superposition concept. rUbTI 6>14 a bgajBI braced frame
rgnUvTaMgbnkTMnaj (gravity load) nigbnkxag (lateral load). m:Um:g;enA M nt enAkgGgt; AB
RtUv)anKNnaedayeRbIEt gravity load. edayPaBsIuemRTI eKminRtUvkar bracing edIm,IkarBar
sidesway BIbnkenH. m:Um:g;enHRtUv)anbEnmCamYyCamYynwgemKuN B1 edIm,IkarBar\TiBl P .
M lt m:Um:g;EdlRtUvKanwg sway EdlbegIteLIgedaybnkedk H nwgRtUv)anbEnmeday B2 edIm,I
karBarnwg\TiBl P .
enAkg rUbTI 6>14 b unbraced frame RTEtbnkbBar. edaysarkardak;bnkenHminsIuemRTI

vanwgman sidesway bnic. m:Um:g; M nt RtUv)anKNnaedayBicarNafaeRKagRtUv)anBRgwg kgkrNI
enH edaysarTRmedkkkit nigkmaMgRbtikmRtUvKaEdleKehAfa tMNTb;nimit (artificial joint
restraint AJR). edIm,IKNnam:Um:g; sidesway eKRtUvykTRmkkitecj ehIyCMnYsedaykmaMgEdlman
tmesInwg artificial joint restraint b:uEnmanTisedApyKa. kgkrNIenH m:Um:g;TIBIr P nwgmantm

tUcNas; ehIyeKGacecal M lt )an.
RbsinebITaMgbnkxag nigbnkTMnajminsIuemRTI eKGacbEnmkmaMg AJR eTAelIbnkxagBit
R)akd enAeBlEdl M lt RtUv)ankMNt;.
]TahrN_ 6>7 Edk W 12 65 RbePT A572 grade 50 RbEvg 15 ft sRmab;eRbICassrenAkg

unbraced frame. bnkcMGkS nigm:Um:g;cugTTYl)anBI first-order analysis nbnkTMnaj bnkefr
Fwm-ssr 219 T.Chhay

nigbnkGefr RtUv)anbgajenAkg rUbTI 6>15 a . eRKagmanlkNsIuemRTI ehIybnkTMnajk

RtUv)andak;sIuemRTIEdr. rUbTI 6>15 b bgajBIm:Um:g;nbnkxl;Edl)anBI first-order analysis. m:U
m:g;Bt;TaMgGs;KWeFobnwgGkSxaMg. emKuNRbEvgRbsiTPaB K x = 1.2 sRmab;krNI sway nig
K x = 1.0 sRmab;krNI nonsway ehIy K y = 1.0 . kMNt;faetIGgt;enHeKarBtam AISC
Specification beT?
dMeNaHRsay karbnSMbnkTaMgGs;Edl[enAkg AISC A4.1 suTEtmanbnkGefr ehIyelIk

ElgEtkarbnSMbnkTImYyecj EdlkarbnSMbnkTaMgGs;manbnkxl; bbnkGefr bTaMgBIr. Rbsin
ebIRbePTbnk E, Lr , S , nig R enAkg]TahrN_enHminRtUv)anbgaj lkxNnkarbnSMbnk
RtUv)ansegbdUcxageRkam
1 .4 D (A4-1)
1 .2 D + 1 .6 L (A4-2)
1.2 D + (0.5 L or 0.8W ) (A4-3)
1.2 D + 1.3W + 0.5L (A4-4)
1 .2 D + 0 .5 L (A4-5)
0.9 D 1.3W (A4-5)
enAeBlEdlbnkefrtUcCagbnkGefrR)aMbIdg enaHbnSMbnk (A4-1) GacminRtUvKit. bnSM

bnk (A4-4) nwgmantmFMCag (A4-3) dUcenH (A4-3) Gacdkecj)an. bnSMbnk (A4-5) kGac
ecal)anedaysarvanwgpl;eRKaHfak;tUcCag (A4-2). cugeRkay karbnSMbnk (A4-6) nwgmineRKaH

fak;dUc (A4-4) ehIykGacdkecj)anBIkarBicarNa EdlenAsl;EtbnSMbnkBIrEdlRtUveFVIkarGegtKW

(A4-2)nig (A4-4)
1.2 D + 1.6 L nig 1.2 D + 1.3W + 0.5L
rUbTI 6>16 bgajBIbnktamGkS nigm:Um:g;Bt;EdlKNnaecjBIbnSMbnkTaMgBIrenH

kMNt;GkSeRKaHfak;sRmab;ersIusg;kmaMgsgt;tamGkS
K y L = 15 ft
K x L 1.2(15)
= = 10.29 ft < 15 ft
rx / ry 1.75
dUcenHeRbI KL = 15 ft
BI column load tables CamYynwg KL = 15 ft / c Pn = 626kips
sRmab;lkxNbnk (A4-2)/ Pu = 454kips / M nt = 104.8 ft kips nig M lt = 0 eday
sarEtsIuemRTI vaminmanm:Um:g; sidesway. emKuNm:Um:g;Bt;KW
M 90
Cm = 0.6 0.4 1 = 0.6 0.4 = 0.2565
M2 104.8
sRmab;GkSnkarBt;
KL K x L 1.0(15)(12 )
= = = 34.09
r rx 5.28
krNIenHKan sidesway dUcenHeKeRbI K x sRmab; braced condition. enaH
2 EAg 2 (29000)(19.1)
Pe1 = = = 4704kips
(KL / r )2 (34.09)2
emKuNm:Um:g;bEnmsRmab;m:Um:g; nonsway KW
Cm 0.2565
B1 = = = 0.284 < 1.0
1 (Pu / Pe1 ) 1 (454 / 4704 )
dUcenHeRbI B1 = 1.0
M u = B1M nt + B2 M lt = 1.0(104.8) + 0 = 104.8 ft kips
BI beam design charts CamYynwg Lb = 15 ft
b M n = 343 ft kips sRmab; Cb = 1.0
Fwm-ssr 221 T.Chhay

b M p = 358 ft kips
rUbTI 6>17 bgajBIdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;m:Um:g;nbnkTMnaj. karKNna

Cb KWQrelItm dac;xat dUcsBaaenAkgdaRkamenHminmansarsMxan;eT. dUcenH
12.5M max
Cb =
2.5M max + 3M A + 4M B + 3M C
12.5 (104.8)
= = 2.24
2.5(104.8) + 3(41.3) + 4(74) + 3(56.1)
sRmab; Cb = 2.24
b M n = 2.24(343) > b M p = 358 ft kips

kMNt;smIkarGnrkmEdlsmRsb
Pu 454
= = 0.7252 > 0.2
c Pn 626
eRbIsmIkar AISC Equation H1-1a.
Pu 8 M ux M uy
= 0.7252 + 8 104.8 + 0 = 0.985 < 1.0
+ + (OK)
9 358
sRmab;lkxNbnk (A4-4), Pu = 212kips / M nt = 47.6 ft kips ehIy

M lt = 171.6 ft kips . sRmab; unbraced condition/
M 40.5
Cm = 0.6 0.4 1 = 0.6 0.4 = 0.2597
M2 47.6
Pe1 = 4704kips Pe1 minGaRsynwglkxNbnk
Cm 0.2597
B1 = = = 0.272 < 1.0
1 (Pu / Pe1 ) 1 (212 / 4704 )
dUcenH B1 = 1.0
eyIgminmanTinynRKb;RKan;edIm,IKNnaemKuNm:Um:g;bEnm[)ansuRkitsRmab; sway
moment B2 BI AISC Equation C1-4 b C1-5. RbsinebIeyIgsnt;fapleFobrvagbnktamGkS
EdlGnuvtmkelIGgt; nig Euler load capacity mantmdUcKasRmab;RKb;ssrenAkgCan; nigsRmab;

ssrEdleyIgBicarNa enaHeyIgGacsresr Equation C1-5
1 1
B2 =
1 ( Pu / Pe2 ) 1 (Pu / Pe 2 )
sRmab; Pe2 eRbI K x EdlRtUvnwg unbraced condition
KL K x L 1.2(15)(12 )
= = = 40.91
r rx 5.28
Fwm-ssr 223 T.Chhay

2 EAg 2 (29000)(19.1)
Pe 2 = = = 3266kips
(KL / r )2 (40.91)2
BI AISC Equation C1-5/
1 1
B2 = = 1.069
1 (Pu / Pe 2 ) 1 (212 / 3266)
m:Um:g;bEnmsrubKW
M u = B1M nt + B2 M lt = 1.0(47.6) + 1.069(171.6) = 231.0 ft kips
eTaHbICam:Um:g; M nt nig M lt mantmxusKakeday kBYkvaRtUv)anEbgEckdUcKa ehIy Cb
nwgenAdEdl . enARKb;GRtaTaMgGs; BYkvamantmFRKb;RKan;Edl b M p = 358 ft kips Ca design
strength edayminKitBIm:Um:g;NamYyeLIy.
Pu 212
= = 0.3387 > 0.2
c Pn 626
dUcenHeRbI AISC Epuation H1-1a
Pu 8 M ux M uy
= 0.3387 + 8 231.0 + 0 = 0.912 < 1.0
+ + (OK)
9 358
cemIy Ggt;enHbMeBjtRmUvkarrbs; AISC Specification.
6>8 KNnamuxkat;Fwm-ssr (Design of Beam-Column)

edaysarenAkgrUbmnGnrkmmanGBatiCaeRcIn enaHkarKNnamuxkat;Fwm-ssrCadMeNIrkar
KNnaEdlRtUvkarCacaM)ac;nUv trial-and-error process. sRmab;kareRCIserIscugeRkay KWeKeRCIserIs
rUbragNakan;EtEk,r kan;Etl. muxkat;sakl,gRtUv)aneRCIserIs nigRtUv)anepgpat;eLIgvijeday
eRbIrUbmnGnrkm. dMeNIrkardmanRbsiTPaBbMputkgkareRCIserIsmuxkat;sakl,gRtUv)anbegIteLIg
CadMbUgsRmab; allowable stress design (Burgett, 1973), ehIyRtUv)anTTYl ykmkeRbIsRmab;
LRFD Edlmanerobrab;enAkg part 3 of the Manual, Column Design. lkNsMxan;sRmab;viFI
enHKWCa karbMElgBIm:Um:g;Bt;eTACabnktamGkSsmmUl. bnkEdl)anBIkarbMElgRtUv)anykeTA

bEnmelIbnkCak;Esg ehIyrUbragEdlRtUvRTbnksrubRtUv)aneRCIserIsBI column load tables.
bnab;mkeKRtUvBinitrUbragsakl,genHCamYy Equation H1-1a b H1-1b. bnktamGkSRbsiTPaB
srubRtUv)an[eday
Pu eq = Pu + M ux m + M uy mu
Edl Pu = bnjktamGkSemKuNCak;Esg
M ux = m:Um:g;emKuNeFobGkS x
M uy = m:Um:g;emKuNeFobGkS y
m = tmefrEdlmanenAkgtarag
n = tmefrEdlmanenAkgtarag
eKalkarN_nkarviFIenHGacRtUv)anRtYtBinitedaysresrsmIkar ^># eLIgvijdUcxageRkam.

dMbUgKuNGgTaMgBIreday c Pn
PM c Pn M uy
Pu + c n ux + c Pn
b M nx b M ny
b Pu + (M ux a constant ) + (M uy a constant ) c Pn
GgxagsaMnvismIkarCa design strength rbs;Ggt;EdlBicarNa ehIyGgxageqVgGacCa
bnkemKuNxageRkAEdlRtUvTb;Tl;. tYnImYynGgxageqVgmanxatkmaMg dUcenHtmefrCaGkbM
Elgm:Um:g;Bt; M ux nig M uy eTACakMub:Usg;bnktamGkS.
tmefrmFm m RtUv)anKNnasRmab;RkumepSgKarbs; W-shape ehIyRtUv)an[enAkg
Table 3-2 in Part 3 of the Manual. tm u RtUv)an[enAkg column load table sRmab;rUbrag
nImYyEdlmanenAkgtarag. edIm,IeRCIserIsrUbragsakl,gsRmab;Ggt;CamYynwgbnktamGkS nigm:U

m:g;Bt;eFobGkSTaMgBIr eKRtUvGnuvtdUcxageRkam.
!> eRCIserIstmsakl,g m edayQrelIRbEvgRbsiTPaB KL . yk u = 2.0
@> KNnabnksgt;tamGkSRbsiTPaB
Pu eq = Pu + M ux m + M uy mu
eRbIbnkenHedIm,IeRCIserIsrUbragBI column load tables.

#> eRbItm u Edl[enAkg column load tables nigtmfIrbs; m BI Table 3-2 edIm,I
KNnatmfIrbs; Pu eq . eRCIserIsrUbragepSgeTot.
$> eFVIeLIgvijrhUtdl;tm Pu eq ElgERbRbYl.
Fwm-ssr 225 T.Chhay

]TahrN_ 6>8 Ggt;eRKOgbgMxHenAkg braced frame RtUvRTbnksgt;tamGkSemKuN 150kips nig

m:Um:g;cugemKuN 75 ft kips eFobnwgGkSxaMg ehIy 30 ft kips eFobnwgGkSexSay. m:Um:g;TaMgBIr
enHeFVIGMeBIenAelIcugmag cugmageTotCaTRm pinned. RbEvgRbsiTPaBeFobnwgGkSnImYyKW 15 ft .
minmanbnkxageFVIGMeBIelIGgt;enHeT, eRbIEdk A36 nigeRCIserIs W-shape EdlRsalCageK.
dMeNaHRsay emKuNm:Um:g;bEnm B1 Gacsnt;esInwg 1.0 edIm,IeFVIkareRCIserIsmuxkat;sakl,g.
sRmab;GkSnImYy
M ux = B1M ntx 1.0(75) = 75 ft kips
M uy = B1M nty 1.0(30 ) = 30 ft kips
BI Table 3-2, part 3 of the Manual, m = 1.75 edayeFVI interpolation

eRbItmedIm u = 2.0
Pu eq = Pu + M ux m + M uy mu = 150 + 75(1.75) + 30(1.75)(2.0 ) = 386kips
cab;epImCamYynwgrUbragtUcCageKenAkg column load tables, sakl,g W 8 67 c Pn = 412kips /

u = 2.03
m = 2.1
Pu eq = 150 + 75(2.1) + 30(2.1)(2.03) = 435kips
tmenHFMCag design strength= 412 ft kips dUcenHeKRtUvsakl,gmuxkat;epSgeTot.

sakl,g W10 60 c Pn = 416kips / u = 2.0
m = 1.85
Pu eq = 150 + 75(1.85) + 30(1.85)(2.00 ) = 400kips < 416kips (OK)
dUcenH W 10 60 CarUbragsakl,gEdlGaceRbIkar)an. RtYtBinit W 12s nig W 14s . sakl,g

W 12 58 c Pn = 397kips / u = 2.41
m = 1.55
Pu eq = 150 + 75(1.55) + 30(1.55)(2.41) = 378kips < 397 kips (OK)
dUcenH W 12 58 CarUbragsakl,gEdlGaceRbIkar)an. W14 EdlRsalCageKsRmab;eFVIkarCamYy

nwgbnkxageRkAKW W 14 61 EtvaFn;Cag W 12 58 . dUcenHeRbI W 12 58 CarUbragsakl,g
Pu 150
= 0.3778 > 0.2
c Pn 397

dUcenHeRbI AISC Equatiom H-1-1a

KNnam:Um:g;Bt;eFobGkS x
K x L 15(12 )
= = 34.09
rx 5.28
2 EAg 2 (29000)(17.0)
Pe1 = = = 4187kips
(KL / r )2 (34.09)2
C m = 0.6 0.4(M 1 / M 2 ) = 0.6 0.4(0 / M 2 ) = 0.6 sRmab;GkSTaMgBIr
Cm 0 .6
B1 = = = 0.622 < 1.0
1 (Pu / Pe1 ) 1 (150 / 4187 )
dUcenHeRbI B1 = 1.0
M ux = B1M ntx = 1.0(75) = 75 ft kips
bnab;mk kMNt; design strength. BI beam designth curves, sRmab; Cb = 1 nig Lb = 15 ft /
b M n = 220 ft kips . BIrUbTI 5>15g, Cb = 1.67 . sRmab; Cb = 1.67 design strength KW
Cb 220 = 1.67(220) = 367 ft kips

m:Um:g;enHFMCag b M p = 233 ft kips
KNnam:Um:g;Bt;eFobGkS y
K yL 15(12 )
= = 71.71
ry 2.51
2 EAg 2 (29000)(17.0)
Pe1 = = = 946.2kips
(KL / r )2 (71.71)2
Cm 0.6
B1 = = = 0.713 < 1.0
1 (Pu / Pe1 ) 1 (150 / 946.2 )
dUcenHeRbI B1 = 1.0
M uy = B1M nty = 1.0(30 ) = 30 ft kips
W 12 58CarUbrag compact sRmab;RKb;tmrbs; Pu dUcenH nomical strength KW M py 1.5M yy .

Design strength KW
b M ny = b M py = b Z y F y = 0.90(32.5)(36 ) = 1053in. kips
= 87.75 ft kips
Fwm-ssr 227 T.Chhay

b:uEn Z y / S y = 32.5 / 21.4 = 1.52 > 1.5 Edlmannyfa b M ny KYrEtykesInwg

b (1.5M yy ) = b (1.5 F y S y ) = 0.90(1.5)(36 )(21.4 ) = 1040in. kips = 86.67 ft kips
BI AISC Equation H1-1a,

Pu 8 M ux M uy
= 0.3778 + 8 75 + 30
+ +
9 233 86.67
= 0.972 < 1.0 (OK)
ebIeTaHbICaviFIEdleTIbnwgbgajsRmab;eRCIserIsrUbragsakl,gqab;rkeXIjkeday kviFIEdl
manlkNsmBaCagenHRtUv)anesIeLIgeday Yura (1988). bnktamGkSEdlsmmUlEdlRtUv)an
eRbIKW
2 M x 7.5M y
Pequiv = P +
d
+
b
^>%
Edl P = bnktamGkSemKuN
M x = m:Um:g;emKuNeFobGkS x
M y = m:Um:g;emKuNeFobGkS y
d = km<s;Fwm
b = TTwgFwm
tYTaMgGs;enAkgsmIkar ^>@ RtUvEtmanxatRtUvKa.
]TahrN_ 6>9 eRbI Yuras method edIm,IeRCIserIsrUbragsakl,g W12 sRmab;Fwm-

ssrn]TahrN_ 6>8.
dMeNaHRsay BIsmIkar 6>5 bnktamGkSsmmUlKW
2 M x 7.5M y 2(75 12 ) 7.5(30 12 )
Pequiv = P + + = 150 + + = 525kips
d b 12 12
EdlTTwg b RtUv)ansnt;esInwg 12inches . BI column load tables, sakl,g W 12 72
c Pn = 537kips .
CamYynwg Yuras method eKTTYl)anrUbragsakl,gFMCag Manual method Etvaminy:agdUcenH
rhUteT.
enAeBlEdltYm:Um:g;Bt;lub ]TahrN_ Ggt;manlkNCaFwmCagssr Yura ENnaMfa bnk

tamGkSRtUvbMElgeTACam:Um:g;Bt;smmUleFobGkSGkS x . bnab;mkrUbragsakl,gRtUv)aneRCIserIs
BI beam design charts in part 3 of the Manual. m:Um:g;smmUlKW
d
M equiv = M x + P
2
karKNnamuxkat;Fwm-ssrEdlminBRgwg Design of Unbraced Beam-Column
karKNnamuxkat;dMbUgrbs;Fwm-ssrenAkg braced frame RtUv)anbgajrYcehIy. emKuNm:U

m:g;bEnm B1 RtUv)ansnt;esI 1.0 edIm,IeRCIserIsmuxkat;sakl,g bnab;mk B1 RtUv)ankMNt;sRmab;
rUbragenaH. sRmab;Fwm-ssrRbQmnwg sidesway emKuNm:Um:g;bEnm B2 EdlQrelIGBatiCaeRcIn
Edlminsal;rhUtdl;ssrTaMgGs;enAkg eRKagRtUv)aneRCIserIs. RbsinebI AISC Equation C1-4
RtUv)aneRbIsRmab; B2 enaHeKminman sidesway deflection oh sRmab;karKNnamuxkat;dMbUgeT.
Rb sinebIeKeRbI AISC Equation C1-5 enaHeKGacminsal; Pe2 . viFIxageRkamRtUv)anesIeLIg
edIm,Irk B2 .
viFITI1> snt; B2 = 1.0 . bnab;BIeRCiserIsrUbragsakl,g KNna B2 BI AISC Equation C1-5 eday
snt;fa Pu / Pe2 KWdUcKanwg Pu / Pe2 sRmab;Ggt;EdlBicarNa
dUcenAkg]TahrN_6>7.
viFITI2> eRbIkarkMNt;dMbUg (predetermined limit) sRmab; drift index oh / L EdlCapleeFob
story drift elIkm<s;Can;. kareRbInUv drift index GnuBaatGtibrmasRmab; serviceability
requirement RsedogKanwgkarkMNt;PaBdabrbs;Fwm. eKENnaM[eRbI drift index cenaHBI
1 / 500 eTA 1 / 200 . cMNaMfa oh Ca drift EdlekItBI H dUcenHRbsinebI drift index
QrenAelI service load enaHbnkxag H RtUvEtCa service load Edr.
]TahrN_ 6>10 rUbTI 6>18 bgajBI single-story unbraced frame EdlrgnUvbkefr bnkGefrelI
dMbUl nigxl;. rUbTI 6>18 a bgajBI service gravity load nig rUbTI6>18 b bgajBI service wind
Fwm-ssr 229 T.Chhay
load EdlrYmbBalTaMg uplift b suction enAelIdMbUl. eRbIEdk A572 grade 50 nigeRCIserIs

rUbrag W 12 sRmab;ssr Ggt;bBar. KNnamuxkat;sRmab; drift index 1/ 400 edayQrelI
service wind load. m:Um:g;Bt;eFobnwgGkSxaMg ehIyssrnImYyBRgwgxagenAxagcug nigKl;.
dMeNaHRsay eRKagenHCaeRKagsaTicminkMNt;mYydWeRk. karviPaKrcnasm<nminkMNt;minRtUv)aneFVI

enATIenHeT. lTplnkarviPaKeRKagRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>19edaysegb. bnktamGkS nig
m:Um:g;cugRtUv)an[dac;edayELkBIKasRmab;bnkefr bnkGefr bnkxl;EdlmanGMeBIelIdMbUl nig
bnkxl;xag. bnkbBarTaMgGs;RtUv)andak;sIuemRTIKa ehIycUlrYmEtCamYynwgm:Um:g; M nt b:ueNaH.
bnkxagbegItm:Um:g; M lt .
bnSMbnkEdlBak;BnCamYynwgbnkefr D / bnkGefrelIdMbUl Lr nigbnkxl; W KWdUcxageRkam
A4-2: 1.2 D + 0.5 Lr
Pu = 1.2(14 ) + 0.5(26) = 29.8kips
M nt = 1.2(50 ) + 0.5(94 ) = 107 ft kips
M lt = 0
A4-3: 1.2 D + 1.6 Lr + 0.8W
Pu = 1.2(14 ) + 1.6(26 ) + 08( 9 + 1) = 52.0kips
M nt = 1.2(50 ) + 1.6(94 ) + 0.8( 32 ) = 184.8 ft kips
M lt = 0.8(20 ) = 16.0 ft kips

A4-4: 1.2 D + 0.5 Lr + 1.3W
Pu = 1.2(14 ) + 0.5(26 ) + 1.3(26 ) = 19.4kips

M nt = 1.2(50 ) + 0.5(94 ) + 1.3( 32 ) = 65.4 ft kips
M lt = 1.3(20 ) = 26 ft kips
bnSMbnk A4-3 pl;nUvtmFMCageK.
sRmab;eKalbMNgnkareRCIserIsrUbragsakl,g snt;fa B1 = 1.0 . tmrbs; B2 Gac

RtUv)anKNnaBI AISC Equation C1-4 nig design drift index
1 1 1
B2 = = = = 1.107
1 Pu ( oh / HL ) 1 ( Pu / H )( oh / L ) 1 [2(52.0 ) / 2.7](1 / 400)
bnkedkKanemKuN H RtUv)aneRbIBIeRBaH drift index KWQrelI drift GtibrmaEdlbNalmkBI
service load. dUcenH
M u = B1M nt + B2 M lt = 1.0(184.8) + 1.107(16 ) = 202.5 ft kips

edayminsal;TMhMrbs;Ggt; eKminGaceRbI alignment chart sRmab;emKuNRbEvgRbsiTPaB)aneT.
Table C-C2.1 enAkg Commentary to the Specification bgajfakrNI (f) RtUvKay:agxaMgeTAnwg
lkxNcugsRmab;krNI sidesway n]TahrN_enH ehIyEdl K x = 2.0 .

sRmab; braced condition, eKeRbI K x = 1.0 . edaysarEtGgt;TaMgGs;RtUv)anBRgwgTisedA
mYyeTotEdr enaHeKyk K y = 1.0 . bnab;mk eKGaceRCIserIsmuxkat;sakl,gEdlman[enAkg
Fwm-ssr 231 T.Chhay
Part 3 of the Manual . BI Table 3-2 emKuNm:Um:g;Bt; m = 1.5 sRmab; W12 CamYynwg KL = 15 ft .
Pu eq = Pu + M ux m + M uy mu = 52.0 + 202.5(1.5) + 0 = 356kips
sRmab; KL = K y L = 15 ft / W 12 53 man design strength c Pn = 451kips . sRmab;GkS x

K x L 2.0(15)
= = 14.2 ft < 15 ft
rx / ry 2.11
dUcenH KL = 15 ft lub
sakl,g W 12 53 . sRmab; braced condtition
K x L 1.0(15)(15)
= = 34.42
rx 5.23
2 EAg 2 (29000 )(15.6)
Pe1x = = = 3769
(K x L / rx )2 (34.42)2
M 0
C m = 0.6 0.4 1 = 0.6 0.4 = 0.6
M2 M2
BI AISC Equation C1-2
Cm 0 .6
B1 = = = 0.608 < 1.0
1 (Pu / Pe1 ) 1 (52.0 / 3769 )
dUcenHeRbI B1 = 1.0
cMNaMfa B1 = 1.0 Catmsnt;dMbUg ehIyedaysarEt B2 minRtUv)anpas;br enaHtm
M u = 202.5 ft kips Edl)anKNnaBIdMbUgkminRtUv)anpas;brEdr. BI beam design chart in Part
4 of the manual CamYynwg Lb = 15 ft design moment sRmab; W 12 53 CamYynwg Cb = 1.0 KW
b M n = 262 ft kips
sRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;EdlERbRbYlsmamaRtBIsUnenAcugmag eTAGtibrmaenAcugmageTot
tmrbs; Cb = 1.67 emIlrUbTI 5>15 g. dUcenHtmEdlEktRmUvn design moment KW
b M n = 1.67(262) = 438 ft kips
b:uEn m:Um:g;enHFMCag plastic moment capasity b M p = 292 ft kips / EdleKGacek)anenA
kg charts. dUcenH design strength RtUv)ankMNt;Rtwm
b M n = b M p = 292 ft kips
kMNt;rUbmnGnrkmEdlsmRsb

Pu 52
= = 0.1153 < 0.2
c Pn 451
dUcenHeRbI AISC Equation H1-1b:
Pu M ux M uy 0.1153 202.5
+ + = + + 0 = 0.751 < 1.0 (OK)
2c Pn b M nx b M ny
2 292
edaysarlTplenHtUcCag 1.0 xaMg dUcenHsakl,grUbragEdltUcCagenHBIrTMhM.

sakl,g W12 45 . sRmab; KL = K y L = 15 ft, c Pn = 299kips . sRmab;GkS x
K x L 2.0(15)
= = 11.3 ft < 15 ft
rx / ry 2.65
dUcenH KL = 15 ft lub
sRmab; braced condtition
K x L 1.0(15)(15)
= = 34.95
rx 5.15
2 EAg 2 (29000 )(13.2 )
Pe1x = = = 3093
(K x L / rx )2 (34.95)2
BI AISC Equation C1-2,
Cm 0 .6
B1 = = = 0.610 < 1.0
1 (Pu / Pe1 ) 1 (52.0 / 3093)
dUcenHeRbI B1 = 1.0
BI beam design charts CamYynwg Lb = 15 ft m:Um:g;KNnasRmab; W12 45 CamYynwg
Cb = 1.0 KW
b M n = 201 ft kips
sRmab; Cb = 1.67
b M n = 1.67(201) = 336 ft kips > b M p = 242.5 ft kips
dUcenH design strength KW

b M n = b M p = 242.5 ft kips
kMNt;rUbmnGnrkmEdlsmRsb
Pu 52.0
= = 0.1739 < 0.2
c Pn 299
Fwm-ssr 233 T.Chhay

dUcenHeRbI AISC Equation H1-1b:

Pu M ux M uy 0.1739 202.5
+ + = + + 0 = 0.922 < 1.0 (OK)
2c Pn b M nx b M ny
2 242.5
cemIy eRbI W12 45 .
enA]TahrN_6>10 karkMNt; drift index CaviFIkgkarKNna ehIyeKminmanviFINaedIm,I

KNnaemKuNm:Um:g;bEnm B2 . RbsinebIeKminR)ab; drift index tmrbs; B2 GacRtUv)ankMNt;ecj
BI AISC Equation C1-5 dUcxageRkam edayeRbIlkNrbs; W 12 45
K x L 2.0(15)(12 )
= = 69.90
rx 5.15
2 EAg 2 (29000)(13.2)
Pe 2 x = = = 773.2kips
(K x L / rx )2 (69.90)2
1 1
B2 = = = 1.072
1 ( Pu / Pe 2 ) 1 [2(52.0) / 2(773.2 )]
6>9> Trusses With Top Chord Loads Between Joints

RbssinebIGgt;rgkarsgt;rbs; truss RtUvRTbnkEdlmanGMeBIenAcenaHcugsgagrbs;va enaH
vanwgRtUvrgnUvm:Um:g;Bt; kdUcCabnksgt;tamGkS dUcenHGgt;enHCa beam-colum. krNIenHGacekIt
manenAelI top chord of the roof truss edaydrEngsitenAcenaHtMN. eKkRtUvKNna top chord of
an open-web steel joist Ca beam-column Edr BIeRBaH open-web steel joist RtUvRTbnkTMnajEdl
BRgayesIenAelI top chord rbs;va. edIm,IkarBarbnkenH eKRtUveFVIm:UEdl truss CakarpSMeLIgeday

man continuous chord member nig pin-connected web members. bnab;mkeKGacedaHRsayrk
bnktamGkS nigm:Um:g;Bt;edayeRbIkarviPaKeRKOgbgMdUcCag stiffness method. eK)anesIeLIgnUvviFI
saRsdUcxageRkam
!> KitGgt;nImYyrbs; top chord CaFwmbgb;cug. eRbIm:Um:g;bgb;cugCam:Um:g;GtibrmaenAkg
Ggt;. Cak;Esg top chord CaGgt;Cab; CagCaesrInGgt;tMNsnak; dUcenHkarcat;TukenH
manlkNsuRkitCagkarEdlcat;TukGgt;nImYyCaFwmsmBa.
@> bEnmkmaMgRbtikmBIFwmbgb;cugenHeTAbnkenARtg;tMNedIm,ITTYl)anbnkelItMNsrub.
#> viPaK truss CamYynwgbnkRtg;tMNTaMgenH. bnktamGkSEdlCalTplenAkg top chord

member Cabnksgt;tamGkSEdlRtUvykeTAeRbIkgkarKNna.
viFIenHRtUv)anbgajCalkNdaRkamenAkg rUbTI 6>20. ma:gvijeTot eKGacrkm:Um:g;Bt;

nigRbtikmrbs;Fwmedaycat;Tuk top chord CaFwmCab;EdlmanTRmenARtg;tMNnImYy.
]TahrN_ 6>11 rUbTI 6>21 bgajBI parallel-chord roof trussEdl top chord RTdrENgenA
Rtg;tMN nigenARtg;cenaHtMN. bnkemKuNEdlbBanedaydrENgRtUv)anbgaj. KNnamuxkat;
top chord. eRbIEdk A36 nigeRCIserIs structural tee Edlkat;ecjBI W-shape.
dMeNaHRsay m:Um:g;Bt; nigkmaMgelItMNEdlbNalmkBIbnkEdlmanGMeBIenAcenaHtMNRtUv)anrk

edaycat;Tuk top chord nImYyCaFwmbgb;cug. BI Part 4 of the Manual, Beam and girder
Design,m:Um:g;bgb;cugsRmab;Ggt; top chord nImYyKW
PL 2.4(10 )
M = M nt = = = 3.0 ft kips
8 8
Fwm-ssr 235 T.Chhay

m:Um:g;cug nigkmaMgRbtikmTaMgenHRtUv)anbgajenAkg rUbTI 6>22 a. enAeBlEdleKbEnmkmaMg

RbtikmeTAelIbnkelItMN enaHeKTTYl)ankardak;bnkdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>22 b. kmaMgsgt;
GtibrmatamGkSnwgekItmanenAkgGgt; DE nwgenAkgGgt;EdlenAEk,r EdlenAxagsaMGkSrbs;
ElVg nigGacRtUv)anrkedayBicarNalMnwgrbs;GgesrIrbs;Epkrbs; truss EdlenAxageqVgmuxkat;
a-a
M I = (19.2 2.4 )(30 ) 4.8(10 + 20 ) + FDE (4 ) = 0

FDE = 90kips rgkarsgt;
KNnamuxkat;sRmab;bnktamGkS 90kips nigm:Um:g;Bt; 3.0 ft kips
Table 3-2 in Part 3 of the Manual min)anpl;[sRmab; structural tee. eKGaceRbI Yuras
method (Yura, 1988) Edl)anbegIteLIgsRmab;Ggt; I- nig H-shape. eKRtUvkarrUbragtUc BIeRBaH
bnktamGkStUc ehIym:Um:g;ktUcebIeFobnwgbnktamGkS. RbsinebIeKeRbI tee Edlmankm<s; 6in.

2 M x 7.5M y 2(3)(12)
Pequiv = P + + = 90 + + 0 = 102kips
d b 6
BI column load table CamYynwg K x L = 10 ft nig K y L = 5 ft / sakl,g WT 6 17.5
c Pn = 124kips . m:Um:g;Bt;KWeFobnwgGkS x ehIyGgt;RtUv)anBRgwgRbqaMgnwg sidesway
/
M nt = 3.0 ft kips M lt = 0
edaysarmankmaMgxagmanGMeBIelIGgt; ehIycugRtUv)anTb;enaH Cm = 0.85 Commentary

approach minRtUv)aneRbIenATIenHeT. KNna B1
KL K x L 10(12 )
= = = 68.18
r rx 1.76

2 EAg 2 (29000)(5.17 )
Pe1 = = = 318.3kips
(KL / r )2 (68.18)2
Cm 0.85
B1 = = = 1.185
1 P1 / Pe1 1 90 / 318.3)
( ) (
m:Um:g;bEnmKW
M u = B1M nt + B2 M lt = 1.185(3.0 ) + 0 = 3.555 ft kips
RbsinebImuxkat;RtUv)ancat;fak;Ca slender enaH nominal moment strength rbs; structural tee
nwgQrelI local buckling EtRbsinebImindUecaHeT vanwgQrelI lateral-torsional buckling emIl
AISC Equation F1.2c nig Epk 5>14 kgesovePAenH. sRmab;sab
bf 6.560
= = = 6.308
2t f 2(0.520)
95 95
r = = = 15.83 >
Fy 36
Fwm-ssr 237 T.Chhay

sRmab;RTnug
d 6.25
= = = 20.83
t w 0.300
127 127
r = = = 21.17 >
Fy 26
edaysar < r sRmab;TaMgsab nigRTnug rUbragminEmnCa slender eT ehIy lateral-torsional

buckling lub. BI AISC Equation F1-15/
EI y GJ 2
M n = M cr = B + 1+ B (AISC Equation F1-15)
Lb
1 .5 M ysRmab;eCIg btYxnrgkarTaj
1.0 M y sRmab;eCIg btYxnrgkarsgt;
BI AISC Eqution F1-16,

6.25 12.2
B = 2.3(d / Lb ) I y / J = 2.3 = 1.378
5(12 ) 0.369
ehIy nominal strength BI AISC Equation F1-15 KW`
29000(12.2)(11200)(0.369) 2
Mn = 1.378 + 1 + (1.378)
5(12 )
= 2002( 1.378 + 1.703) = 6168in. kips b 650.5in. kips
tmviCmanrbs; B RtUvKanwgkmaMgTajenAkgtYxnrbs; tee ehIysBaaGviCmanRtUv)aneRbIedIm,ITTYl

ersIusg;enAeBltYxnrgkmaMgsgt;. sRmab;kardak;bnkenAkg]TahrN_enH m:Um:g;GtibrmaekItman
enATaMgcugbgb; nigkNalElVg dUcenHersIusg;RtUv)anRKb;RKgedaykmaMgsgt;enAkgtYxn ehIy
M n = 650.5in. kips = 54.12 ft kips
RbQmnwgtmGtibrman
1.0(36 )(3.23)
1.0 M y = 1.0 Fy S x = = 9.690 ft kips < 54.21 ft kips
12
dUcenHeRbI M n = 9.690 ft kips
b M n = 0.90(9.690) = 8.721 ft kips
kMNt;rkrUbmnGnrkmEdlRtUveRbI
Pu 90
= = 0.7258 > 0.2
c Pn 124

dUcenHeRbI AISC Equation H1-1a:

Pu 8 M ux M uy
= 0.7258 + 8 3.555 + 0
+ +
9 8.721
= 1.09 > 1.0 (N.G)
enAkg]TahrN_enH m:Um:g;Bt;mantmtUc ehIydUcKasRmab; bending strength dUcenHehIyeFVI[tY
m:Um:g;Bt;rbs;rUbmnGnrkmmantmFM. kgkareRCIserIsmuxkat;EdlsmRsb GkKNnaRtUvdwgc,as;
fa bending strength nig axial compressive strength mantmFM. rUbragbnab;enAkg column load
tables KW WT 6 20 CamYynwg axial compressive strength 133kips . tamkarGegtenAelI
dimensions and peoperties tables bgajfaeyIgkMBugbBalRkumrUbragEdlmanGkS x CaGkS
exSay. dUcenHkarBt;rbs;eyIg\LvenHKWeFobnwgGkSexSay ehIyvaKansanPaBkMNt; lateral-

torsional buckling. elIsBIenH RbsinebIrUbrag slender enaH nominal strength nwgQrelI yielding
ehIyesInwg plastic moment capacity EdlRtUvnwgEdlx<s;bMputRtwm 1.5M y .

dUcenHsakl,g WT 6 20 c Pn = 133kips . dMbUg KNna B1
KL K x L 10(12 )
= = = 76.43
r rx 1.57
2 EAg 2 (29000)(5.89)
Pe1 = = = 288.6kips
(KL / r )2 (76.43)2
Cm 0.85
B1 = = = 1.235
1 (P1 / Pe1 ) 1 (90 / 288.6 )
m:Um:g;bEnmKW
M u = B1M nt = 1.235(3.0) = 3.705 ft kips
RtYtBinit slenderness parameters. sRmab;sab
bf 8.005
= = = 7.772 < r = 15.83
2t f 2(0.515)
sRmab;RTnug = td = 50..970
295
= 20.2 < r = 21.17
w
edaysarkarBt;eFobnwgGkSexSay
5.30(36 )
M n = M p = Z x Fy = = 15.9 ft kips
12
RbQmnwgtmGtibrman
Fwm-ssr 239 T.Chhay
1.5(36 )(2.95)
1.5M y = 1.5 Fy S x = = 13.28 ft kips
12
edaysarEt M p > 1.5M y
b M n = b (1.5M y ) = 0.90(13.28) = 11.95 ft kips
kMNt;rkrUbmnGnrkmEdlRtUveRbI
Pu 90
= = 0.6767 > 0.2
c Pn 133
dUcenHeRbI AISC Equation H1-1a:
Pu 8 M ux M uy
= 0.6767 + 8 3.705 + 0 = 0.952 < 1.0
+ + (OK)
9 11.95
cemIy eRbI WT 6 20 .

VII. tMNsamBa
Simple Connections
kartPab;rbs;eRKOgbgMEdkCaEpkmYyEdlmansarsMxan;bMput. kartPab;Edlminman
lkNminRKb;RKan; EdleKGac[eQaHfa weak link enAkgeRKOgbgM GacbegItnUvkar)ak;Ca
eRcInkrNI. kar)ak;rbs;Ggt;eRKOgbgMKWkRmnwgekIteLIgNas; kar)ak;rbs;rcnasm<nPaKeRcInKW
bNalmkBIkar KNnakartPab; nigkarlMGitkartPab;. bBaaenHbNalmkBIkarTTYlxusRtUvkg
karKNnakartPab;. kgkrNIxH kartPab;minRtUv)anKNnaedayvisVkrEdlKNnaGgt;rbs;eRKOg
bgMeT EtvaRtUv)anpl;[edayplitkrEdlpt;pg;smarsRmab;KMerageTAvij. b:uEnvisVkreRKOgbgM
Edlplitbg;KNna CaGkTTYlxusRtUvkgkarKNnaTaMgGs;rYmTaMgkartPab;. kgkrNIEdltMN
RtUv)anKNnaedayvisVkrepSgeTot epSgBIvisVkrEdlKNnaGgt;eRKOgbgM dUcenHeKRtUvkarvisVkr
EdlmanCMnajc,as;las;kgkarKNnakartPab;.
eRKOgbgMEdkTMenIbRtUv)antPab;edaykarpSar nigedaybULg ersIusg;x<s; bFmta beday

bnSMnkartPab;TaMgBIr. BIeBlmun kartPab;eFVIeLIgedaykarpSar bedayrIev. enAkgqaM 1947
Research Council of Riveted and Bolted Structural Joints RtUv)anbegIteLIg ehIy Specifi-
cation dMbUgrbs;vaRtUv)anecjpSayenAkgqaM 1951. ksarenH)anGnuBaat[CMnYs edaybULg
ersIusg;x<s;sRmab;rIev. taMgBIeBlenaHmk bULgersIusg;x<s;TTYl)anRbCaRbiyPaBy:agelOn ehIy

eKkgakmkeRbIbULgersIsg;x<s;enAkgsMNg;sIuvilvij. eKmanmUlehtuCaeRcInkgkarpas;brenH.
kmkrBInak;EdlKanCMnajGacdMeLIgbULgersIusg;x<s;)an cMENkkardMeLIgrIevvij eKRtUvkarkmkr
tMNsamBa 241 T.Chhay
EdlmanCMnajdl;eTAbYnnak;. elIsBIenHeTot vapl;nUvsemg nigeRKaHfak;tictYckgRbtibtkarN_

tPab;rIev edaysarkarpl;kMedAkgkardMeLIgrIev. b:uEnkartPab;edayrIevkenAEtmanerobrab;enAkg
AISC Specfication nig Manual of steel construction edaysarEtsMNg;cas;eRbItMNrIev dUcenH
karyl;dwgBIkarRbRBwteTArbs;vamansarsMxan;Nas;sRmab;karvaytmersIusg; nigkarCYsCulnUv
sMNg;TaMgenaH. karKNna nigkarviPaKtMNrIevmanlkNRsedogKanwgtMNbULgFmtaEdr Etvaxus
KaRtg;lkNsmarEtb:ueNaH.
tMNpSarmanGtRbeyaCn_eRcInCagtMNbULg. kartPab;edaykarpSarmanlkNsamBa nig
RtUvkarrnticCagtMNbULg. kartPab;EdlmanlkNsKsajCamYynwgeRKOgPab;GacmanlkN
gayRsYlCamYynwgkarpSar dUckrNIkgrUbTI 7>1. muneBlEdlkarpSarmanlkNeBjniym kar
dMeLIgrUbrag built-up RbePTenHRtUv)anplitedayrIev. edIm,IPab;bnHEdksabeTAnwgbnHEdkRTnug
EdkEkg (angle shape) RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbMElgbnkcenaHFatuTaMgBIr. RbsinebIeKbEnmbnHEdkBIelI
mYyeTot enaHplitplsMercnwgmanlkNkan;EtsKsaj. b:uEnkartPab;edaykarpSarmanlkN
gayRsYlCag. b:uEnsRmab;tMNpSar eKRtUvkarkmkrCMnajxagpSar ehIyvaBi)akkgkarGegt nig
cMNayR)ak;eRcIn. EtKuNvibtienHeKGacedaHRsay)anedaykarpSarenAkgeragCagCMnYs[kar
pSarenAkardanenARKb;eBlEdlGaceFVIeTA)an. enAeBlEdlkartPab;eFVIeLIgedaybnSMnkarpSar nig
bULg enaHeKeRcInpSarenAeragCag ehIycab;bULgenAkardan. sRmab; single-plate beam-to-
column connectioction EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>2 bnHEdkRtUv)anpSarPab;eTAnwgsabrbs;ssrenA
eragCag ehIycab;bULgCamYynwgRTnugrbs;FwmenAkardan.
edIm,IBicarNaBIkarRbRBwteTAnRbePTepSgrbs;tMN eKRtUvEbgEckvaeTAtamRbePTnkar
dak;bnk. rUbTI 7>3 a bgajBI tension member lap splice EdlmaneRKOgPab;rgnUvkmaMgkat;. dUc
Ka tMNpSarenAkgrUbTI 7>3 b RtUvTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgkat;TTwg. tMNrbs; bracket eTAnwgsabssr
T.Chhay 242 Simple Connections
dUckgrUbTI 7>3 c edaykarpSar bedaybULg eFIV[eRKOgPab; bTwkbnSarrgnUvkmaMgkat;enAeBl

EdlbnkGnuvtmkelIva. tMNBrEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>3 d dak;[eRKOgPab;rgkmaMgTaj.
kartPab;EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>3 e begItTaMgkmaMgkat;TTwg nigkmaMgTajenAkgeRKOgPab;CYr
xagelI. ersIusg;rbs;eRKOgPab;KWGaRsyelIfaetIvargnUvkmaMgkat; bkmaMgTaj bkkmaMgTaMgBIr.
karpSarmankmaMgexSaysRmab;kugRtaMgkmaMgkat; ehIyCaTUeTAvaRtUv)ansnt;fadac;edaykmaMgkat;
edayminKitBITisedAnkardak;bnk.
enAeBlEdlkmaMgkgeRKOgPab;mYy bkmaMgkgmYyktaRbEvgrbs;TwkbnSarRtUv)ankMNt;
vaCaerOgmYyEdlgayRsYlkgkarkMNt;PaBRKb;RKan;rbs;tMN. karkMNt;enHQrelIeKalkarN_n
kartPab;cMbgBIr. RbsinebIExSskmrbs;kmaMgpbEdlRtUvTb;Tl;kat;tamTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;tMN enaH

EpknImYyrbs;tMNRtUv)ansnt;faTb;Tl;nwgbnkEdlEbgEckesI ehIytMNEbbenHRtUv)aneK[
eQaHfa tMNsamBa. enAkgtMNEbbenH EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>3 a nig b eRKOgPab;nImYy
nigRbEvgktrbs;TwkbnSarnwgTb;Tl;nUvkmaMgesIKa*. bnab;mkeKGacrklTPaBTb;Tl;bnkrbs;
tMNedayKuNlTPaBTb;Tl;kmaMgrbs;eRKOgPab;nImYy bRbEvgktarbs;TWkbnSar CamYynwgcMnYn
eRKOgPab;srub bRbEvgsrubrbs;TwkbnSar. kartPab;nkmaMgcakpit RtUv)anerobrab;enAkgCMBUkTI 8
EdlExSskmrbs;bnkmineFVIGMeBIkat;tamTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;tMN. kartPab;enAkgrUbTI 7>3 d nig e Ca
RbePTntMNenH. kgkrNIenHbnkRtUv)anTb;Tl;esIKaedayeRKOgPab;nImYy bRbEvgktarbs;Twk
bnSareT ehIykarkMNt;nkarEbgEckbnkKWCaktadsKsajkgkarKNnanRbePTtMNenH.
AISC Specification erobrab;BIkartPab;EdlrYmman bULg rIev nig karpSarenAkg Chapter
J, Connections, Joints and Fasteners. EtenAkgesovePAenH eyIgmin)anBicarNaBItMNrIeveT.
7>2> Bolted Shear Connections: Failure Mode

munnwgBicarNaBIersIusg;Cak;lak;rbs;bULg eyIgRtUvBicarNaBIrebobnkardac;EdlGacekIt
manenAelItMNEdlmaneRKOgPab;rgkmaMgkat;TTwg. eKmanrebobnkardac;FMBIr kardac;rbs;eRKOg
Pab; nigkardac;rbs;EpkEdlRtUvPab;. BicarNa lap joint EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>4 a. kardac;rbs;
eRKOgPab;GacRtUv)ansnt;fanwgekIteLIgdUcEdl)anbgaj. kmaMgkat;TTwgmFmenAkgkrNIenHKW
*
Cak;EsgvamancMNakpittUcenAkgtMNTaMgBIrenH EtvaRtUv)anecal
P P
fv = =
A d 2 / 4
Edl P CabnkEdlmanGMeBIelIeRKOgPab;nImYy A CaRkLapmuxkat;rbs;eRKOgPab; nig d CaGgt;
pitrbs;va. enaHbnkenHGacsresrCa
P = fv A
eTaHbICakardak;bnkkgkrNIenHmincMcMNuclkeday kcMNakpitmantmtUcEdlGacecal)an. kar
tenAkgrUbTI 7>4 b manlkNRsedogKa EtkarviPaKdaRkamGgesrIrbs;eRKOgPab;bgajfamuxkat;
nImYyrgEtBak;kNalbnksrub beKGacniyayfamuxkat;TaMgBIrTb;Tl;nUvkmaMgsrub. kgkrNIenH
kmaMg P = 2 f v A ehIybnkenHRtUv)aneKehAfa double shear. karbEnmbnHenAkgkartnwgbegIn
cMnYnbg;kat; ehIyvanwgkat;bnykmaMgenAkgbg;nmI Yy. b:uEn vanwgbegInRbEvgrbs;eRKOgPab; ehIy
vanwgrgkugRtaMgBt;.
rebobnkadac;mYyeTotsRmab; shear connection Bak;Bnnwgkardac;rbs;EpkEdlRtUv)an
Pab; ehIyCaTUeTAvaRtUv)anEbgEckCaBIrEpk
!> kardac;EdlbNalBI karTaj kmaMgkat; bm:Um:g;Bt;FMenAkgEpkEdlRtUvtPab;. RbsinebI
Ggt;rgkarTajRtUv)antPab; kmaMgTajelI gross area nig effective net area RtUv)anGegt.
GaRsynwgrUbragnkartPab; block shear kRtUv)anBicarNa. eKkRtUvRtYtBinit block shear enA
kgkartPab; beam-to-column Edlmanerobrab;enAkgCMBUkTI 3 nigTI5 ehIyvakRtUv)anerobrab;enA
kg AISC J4.3. GaRsynwgRbePTnkartPab; nigkardak;bnk ral;kartPab;eTAnwg gusset plate
nig framing angle TamTarnUvkarviPaKsRmab; kugRtaMgkat; kugRtaMgTaj kugRtaMgBt; nig block shear.
karKNnakartPab;rbs;Ggt;rgkarTajRtUv)aneFVIeLIgRsbKaCamYynwgkarKNnaGgt;rgkarTajBI
eRBaHdMeNIrkarTaMgBIrenHTak;TgKaeTAvijeTAmk.
@> kardac;rbs;EpkEdlRtUvPab;edaysar bearing EdlbegIteLIgedayeRKOgPab;. RbsinebI
RbehagmanTMhMFMCageRKOgPab;bnicbnc ehIyeRKOgPab;RtUv)ansnt;faRtUv)andak;y:agENnenAkg
Rbehag pb:HrvageRKOgPab; nigEpkEdlRtUvPab;nwgekItmaneRcInCagBak;kNalnbrimaRtrbs;
eRKOgPab;enAeBlEdlbnkGnuvt. krNIenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>5. kugRtaMgnwgERbRbYlBI
GtibrmaenARtg; A eTAsUnenARtg; B . edIm,IgayRsYl eKeRbIkugRtaMgmFmEdlRtUv)anKNna
edayEckkmaMgnwgpRbeyalb:H.
dUcenH bearing stees RtUv)anKNnaeday f p = P /(dt ) Edl P CakmaMgEdlGnuvt

mkelIeRKOgPab;/ d CaGgt;piteRKOgPab; nig t CakRmas;rbs;EpkEdlrgnUv bearing. dUcenH
bearing load KW
P = f p dt
karKNna bearing GacmanlkNsKsajedaysarvtmanrbs;bULgEdlenAEk,r beday

sarcmayBIrneTARCugEKmkgTisedArbs;bnkmancmayxI dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>6. KMlatrvagbU
Lg nigcmayBIrneTARCugEKmman\TiBlelI bearing strength.
7>3> Bearing Strength, Spacing and Edge-distance Requirements

Bearing strengthminTak;TgnwgRbePTrbs;eRKOgPab;eT BIeRBaHkugRtaMgEdlRtUvBicarNasit
enAelIEpkEdlRtUvPab; minEmnenAelIeRKOgPab;eT. sRmab;mUlehtuenH bearing strength kdUcCag
tRmUvkarKMlat nig edge-distance kminTak;TgnwgRbePTeRKOgPab;Edr ehIyvaRtUv)anBicarNamunkug

RtaMgkat;kgbULg nigersIusg;Taj.
karpl;[rbs; AISC Specification sRmab; bearing strength kdUcCatRmUvkarepSgsRmab;
bULgersIusg;x<s; KWQrelIkarpl;[rbs; specification of the Research Council on Structural
Connections of the Engineering Foundation (RCSC, 1994). kare)aHBum<pSayfIrbs;ksarenH
minTan;CaEpkrbs; AISC Specification (AISC, 199a) EtvaRtUv)aneRbIenAkgesovePAenH drabNa

manlkNminRtUvKa eKnwgeRbIkarpl;[eday AISC. enAeBlsmIkarenAkg RSCS Specification
RtUv)anbgajelxsmIkarmkBIksarenaHnwgRtUv)aneRbI ]TahrN_/ RCSC Equation LRFD 4.3.
karerobrab;xageRkam EdlQrelI Commentary EdlENnaMeday RCSC Specification nwgBnl;BI
eKalkrN_rbs;smIkar RCSC sRmab; bearing strength.
rebobdac;EdlGacekItmanEdl)anBI bearing FM KWkmaMgkat;rEhk (shear tear-out) enAxag
cugrbs;FatuEdlRtUvtPab; dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>7 a. RbsinebIpdac;manlkNldUcrUbTI 7>7 b,
failure load enAelIpmYynpTaMgBIresInwg shear fracture stress KuNnwgRkLapkat; b
Rn
= 0.6 Fu Lc t
2
Edl rbs;EpkEdlRtUvPab;
0.6 Fu = shear fracture strees
Lc = cmayBIRCugEKRmbs;RbehageTAcugrbs;EpkEdlRtUvPab;
t = kRmas;rbs;EpkEdlRtUvPab;
ersIusg;srubKW
Rn = 2(0.6 Fu Lc t ) = 1.2 Fu Lc t &>!
kmaMgkat; tear-out enHekItmanenAxagcugrbs;EpkEdlRtUvtPab; dUcEdlbgaj benAcenaH
rnBIrkgTisedAn bearing load. edIm,IkarBarsac;lUtFMrbs;Rbehag eKRtUvkMNt;EdnkMNt;x<s;bMput
rbs; bearing load Edl[edaysmIkar &>!. EdkkMNt;enHsmamaRteTAnwg fracture stress KuNnwg
bearing area b
Rn = C Fu bearing area = CFu dt &>@

Edl C = tmefr
d = Ggt;pitbULg

t= Ggt;rbs;EpkEdlRtUvtPab;
RCSC Specification eRbIsmIkar &>! sRmab; bearing strength RbQmnwgEdnkMNt;Edl[eday

smIkar &>@. RbsinebIeKminKitkMhUcRTg;RTay tmefr C GacykesInwg 3.0 . RbsinebIkMhUcRTg;
RTayFMRtUv)anKit C GacykesInwg 2.4 ehIyCaTUeTAvaCatmEdleKykmkeRbI. tmenHRtUvKanwg
sac;lUtrbs;RbehagRbEhl 1 / 4in. = 6mm RCSC, 1994. enAkgesovePAenH eyIgBicarNa
kMhUcRTg;RTaysRmab;karKNna. RCSC bearing strength sRmab;bULgeTalGacRtUv)ansMEdgCa
Rn Edl
= 0.75
nig Rn = 1.2 Lc tFu 2.4dtFu RCSC Equation LRFD 4.3
Edl Lc = clear distance enAkgTisRsbnwgbnkEdlGnuvt BIcg u nrnbULgeTARCugEKmrbs;rnEdl
enAEk,r beTARCugEKmrbs;smar.
t = kRmas;rbs;eRKOgPab;
d = Ggt;pitbULg minEmnGgt;pitrbs;RbehageT
Fu = ultimate tensile stress rbs;EpkEdlRtUvPab; minEmnrbs;bULg
rUbTI 7>8 bgajbEnmeTotBIcmay Lc . enAeBlEdlKNna bearing strength sRmab;bULg eKRtUv

BicarNacmayBIbULgenaHeTAbULgEdlenAEk,r beTARCugEKmkgTisedArbs; bearing load elIEpk
EdlRtUvPab;. sRmab;krNIEdl)anbgaj bearing load sitenAEpkxageqVgrbs;rnnImYy. dUcenH

ersIusg;sRmab;bULg ! RtUv)anKNnaCamYy Lc Edlvas;eTAbULg @ ehIyersIusg;sRmab;bULg @
RtUv)anKNnaCamYy Lc Edlvas;eTARCugEKmrbs;EpkEdlRtUvPab;.
RCSC Equation LRFD 4.3 mantmsRmab; standard, oversized, short-slotted and long
slotted holes CamYynwg slot EdlRsbeTAnwgbnk. eyIgeRbIEt standard holes enAkgesovePAenH
RbehagEdlmanGgt;pitFMCagGgt;pitbULg 1/16in. = 2mm .

enAeBlEdlKNnacmay Lc eRbIGgt;pitRbehagCak;Esg nigmincaM)ac;bUkbEnm 2mm dUc
EdlRtUvkarenAkg AISC B.2 sRmab;KNna net area rbs;Ggt;rgkarTaj. ma:gvijeTot eRbIGgt;
pit d + 1 / 16in. = d + 2mm minEmn d + 1 / 8in. = d + 4mm . RbsinebI h bgajBIGgt;pitRbehag
enaH
h = d + 1 / 16in.
karKNnarbs; bearing strength BI RCSC Equation LRFD 4.3 GacRtUv)ansRmYlxHdUcxageRkam.
EdnkMNt;nwgmanRbsiTPaBenAeBl
1.2 Lc tFu = 2.4dtFu
b eRkayeBlEdlsRmYlehIy
Lc = 2d
TMnak;TMngenHGacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNnaenAeBlEdlEdnkMNt; 2.4dtFu lub
RbsinebI Lc 2d eRbI Rn = 1.2Fu Lct
RbsinebI Lc > 2d eRbI Rn = 1.2Fu dt

Spacing and Edge-Distance Requirments

edIm,IrkSacenaHTMenrrvagexAbULg nigedIm,Ipl;nUvTIFaRKb;RKan;sRmab; wrench socket AISC
J3.3 tRmUvfaKMlatBIGkSeTAGkS (center-to-center spacing) rbs;eRKOgPab; enARKb;Tis minRtUv
tUcCag 2 2 3 d ehIyCakarniymKWminRtUvtUcCag 3d Edl d CaGgt;piteRKOgPab;. cmayBIRCugEKm

smar RKb;Tis Edlvas;BIGkSrbs;Rbehag RtUv)an[enAkg AISC Table3.4 CaGnuKmn_eTA
nwgTMhMrbs;bULg nigRbePTrbs;RCug sheared, rolled or gas cut. KMlat nigcmayeTARCugEKm
EdlsMKal;eday s nig Le RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>9.
Summary fo Bearing Strength, Spacing and Edge-Distance Requirements

(standard hole)
a. Bearing strength:
Rn = 0.75(1.2 Lc tFu ) 0.75(2.4dtFu ) (RCSC Equation LRFD 4.3)
b eyIgGacsresrma:geTot
RbsinebI Lc 2d / Rn = 0.75(1.2 Lc tFu )
RbsinebI Lc > 2d / Rn = 0.75(2.4dtFu )
b. KMlat nigsMgayeTARCugEKmGb,brma sRmab;RKb;Tis TaMgRsbnwgExSskm nigEkgnwgExS

skm
s 2 23 d CakareBjniym 3d
Le tmBI AISC J3.4
sRmab; single- nig double-angle shapes CaTUeTA gage distances RtUv)an[enAkg Part 9 of
the Manual, Volume II (emIlEpk 3>6)EdlGaceRbICMnYs[tmGb,brma.

]TahrN_ 7>1 RtYtBinit KMlatbULg nigcmayeTARCugEKmsRmab;kartPab;EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI

7>10.
dMeNaHRsay BI AISC J3.3, KMlatGb,brmasRmab;RKb;TisTaMgGs;KW

3
2 2 3 d = 2.667 = 2in.
4
KMlatCak;Esg = 2.5in. > 2in. (OK)
cmayeTARCugEKmGb,brmasRmab;RKb;TisTaMgGs;EdlTTYlBI AISC Table J3.4. RbsinebI
eyIgsnt; sheared edges krNIEdlGaRkk;CageK enaHcmayeTARCugEKmGb,brmaKW 1 1 4 in.
dUcenH
cmayeTARCugEKmCak;Esg = 1 14 in. (OK)
edIm,IKNna bearing strength eRbIGgt;pitrn
1 3 1 13
h=d+ = + = in.
16 4 16 16
RtYtBinit bearing TaMgelIGgt;rgkarTaj nig gusset plate. sRmab;Ggt;rgkarTaj nigEdl
enAEk,rRCugEKmrbs;Ggt;CageK
h 13 / 16
Lc = Le = 1.25 = 0.8438in.
2 2
Rn = (1.2 Lc tFu ) (2.4dtFu )
1
(1.2 Lc tFu )0.75(1.2)(0.8438) (58) = 22.02kips
2
3 1
(2.4dtFu ) = 0.75(2.4) (58) = 39.15kips > 22.02kips
4 2
dUcenHyk Rn = 22.02kips / bolt
sRmab;rnepSgeTot
13
Lc = s h = 2.5 = 1.688in.
16
Rn = (1.2 Lc tFu ) (2.4dtFu )
1
(1.2 Lc tFu ) = 0.75(1.2)(1.688) (58) = 44.06kips
2
(2.4dtFu ) = 39.15kips < 44.06kips
sRmab;Ggt;rgkarTaj bearing strength KW
Rn = 2(22.02) + 2(39.15) = 122kips > 65kips (OK)
sRmab; gusset plat nigrnEdlenAEk,rRCugEKmrbs;bnHCageK
h 13 / 16
Lc = Le = 1.25 = 0.8438in.
2 2
Rn = (1.2 Lc tFu ) (2.4dtFu )
3
(1.2 Lc tFu ) = 0.75(1.2)(0.8438) (58) = 16.52kips
8
3 3
(2.4dtFu ) = 0.75(2.4) (58)
4 8
= 29.36kips > 16.52kips
sRmab;rndTeTot
13
Lc = s h = 2.5 = 1.688in.
16
Rn = (1.2 Lc tFu ) (2.4dtFu )
3
(1.2 Lc tFu ) = 0.75(1.2)(1.688) (58) = 33.04kips
8
3 3
(2.4dtFu ) = 0.75(2.4) (58) = 29.36kips < 33.04kips
4 8
dUcenHyk Rn = 33.04kips
bearing strength sRmab; gusset plate KW
Rn = 2(16.52) + 2(29.36) = 91.8kips

gusset plate man bearing strength tUcCag bearing strength rbs;Ggt; dUcenH gusset plate lub
Rn = 91.8kips > 65kips (OK)

cemIy tRmUvkar bearing strength, KMlat nig cmayeTARCugEKmmanlkNRKb;RKan;.
KMlatbULg nigcmayeTARCugEKmenAkg]TahrN_ 7>1 mantmdUcKasRmab;Ggt;rgkarTaj

nig gusset plate. vaxusKaEtkRmas; dUcenH gusset plate lub. sRmab;krNIdUc]TahrN_enH eKRtYt
BinitEteRKOgbgMNaEdlmankRmas;esIgCag. b:uEnRbsinebIcmayeTAcugEKmmantmxusKa dac;xat
eKRtUvEtRtYtBinitTaMgGgt;rgkarTaj nig gusset plate.
7>4> bULgFmta (Common Bolts)

eyIgcab;epImkarerobrab;BIersIusg;rbs;eRKOgPab;CamYynwg bULgFmta EdlxusKaBIbULger-
sIusg;x<s;minRtwmEtlkNsmarb:ueNaHeT EfmTaMgkmaMgrwtbNwgbULgeTotpg. bULgFmta Edl
eKsal;Ca unfinished bols RtUv)ansMKal;Ca ASTM A307.
Design shear strength rbs; A307 KW Rn / EdlemKuNersIusg; = 0.75 ehIy nominal
shear strength KW
Rn = Fv Ab
Edl Fv = ultimate shearing stress
Ab = RkLapmuxkat;rbs;EpkEdlKaneFjrbs;bULg EdleKsal;Ca nominal bolt area

b nominal body area
Ultimate shearing stress RtUv)an[enAkg AISC Table J3.2 KW 24ksi = 165MPa Edl
[ nominal strength
Rn = Fv Ab = 24 Ab
]TahrN_ 7>2 kMNt; design strength rbs;kartPab;EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>11 edayQrelI

kmaMgkat;TTwg nig bearing.
dMeNaHRsay kartPab;GacRtUv)ancat;cMNat;fak;CatMNsamBa ehIyeRKOgPab;mYyRtUv)anBicar-
NaedIm,ITb;Tl;karEbgEckkmaMgesIKa. kgkrNICaeRcInvamanlkNgayRsYlkgkarkMNt;ersIusg;
rbs;eRKOgPab;mYy rYcbnab;mkKuNnwgcMnYneRKOgPab;srub.
Shear strength: vaCakrNI single shear ehIy design shear strength rbs;bULgmYyKW
Rn = Fv Ab = 0.75(24 Ab )
Nominal bolt area KW
d 2 (3 / 4)2
Ab = = = 0.4418in 2
4 4
dUcenH design shear strength sRmab;bULgmYyKW
Rn = 0.75(24 )(0.4418) = 7.952kips
sRmab;bULgBIrKW
Rn = 2(7.952) = 15.9kips
Bearing strength: edaysarcmayeTARCugEKRmbs;Ggt;rgkarTaj nigrbs; gusset plate dUcKa enaH
beaing strength rbs; gusset plate nwglub BIeRBaHkRmas;rbs;vaesIgCagkRmas;rbs;Ggt;rgkarTaj.
sRmab;karKNna bearing strength eRbIGgt;pitRbehag

1 3 1 13
h=d+ = + = in.
16 4 16 16
sRmab;rnEdlenAEk,rRCugEKRmbs; gusset plate CageK
h 13 / 16
Lc = Le = 1.5 = 1.094in.
2 2
3
2d = 2 = 1.5in.
4
edaysar Lc < 2d
3
Rn = (1.2 Lc tFu ) = 0.75(1.2)(1.094) (58) = 21.42kips
8
sRmab;rndTeTot
13
Lc = s h = 3 = 2.188in. > 2in.
16

dUcenH Rn = (2.4dtFu ) = 0.75(2.4) 34 83 (58) = 29.36kips

Bearing strength sRmab;tMNKW
Rn = 21.42 + 29.36 = 50.8kips

Bearing strength enHFMCag shearing strength dUcenH shear strength lub ehIyersIusg;rbs;tMNKW
Rn = 15.9kips
cMNaMfaRKb;tRmUvkarKMlat nigcmayeTARCugEKmTaMgGs;RtUvEtRKb;RKan;. sRmab; sheared edge
cmayeTARCugEKmEdlTamTareday AISC Table J3.4 KW 1 1 4 in. = 30mm ehIykarTamTarenHKW
RKb;RKan;sRmab;TaMgTisbeNay nigTisTTwg. KMlatbULgKW 3in = 75mm EdlFMCag 2 d = 2
3
2.667( 3
4 ) = 2in. .
cemIy edayQrelI shear nig bearing, design strength rbs;tMNKW 15.9kips . cMNaMfa sanPaB
kMNat;dTepSgeTotEdlminTan;)anRtYtBinitdUcCa kugRtaMgTajenAelI net area rbs;Ggt;Gacnwg
CaGkkMNt; design strength.
]TahrN_ 7>3 r)arEdk 4 3 / 8in. RtUv)aneRbICaGgt;rgkarTajedIm,ITb;Tl;nwg service dead load

8kips nig service live load 22kips . Ggt;enHRtUv)anKNnaeRkamkarsnt;fa bULg A307 Ggt;
pit 3 / 4in. mYyCYrRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IPab;Ggt;enHeTA gusset plate EdlmankRmas; 3 / 8in. . TaMgGgt;
rgkarTaj nig gusset plate CaEdk A36 . etIeKRtUvkarbULgb:unanRKab;?
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2(8) + 1.6(22) = 44.80kips
KNnalTPaBrbs;bULgmYy. BI]TahrN_ 7>2 shear strength KW
Rn = 7.952kips / bolt
sRmab; eKminsal;KMlat nigcmayeTARCugEKm dUcenHeyIgsnt;fa EdnkMNt;
bearing strength,
2.4dtFu nwglub enaHeyIgTTYl)an

3 3
Rn = 0.75(2.4) (58) = 29.36kips / bolt
4 8

Bearing strength Cak;EsgsRmab;tMNenHnwgGaRsyelItmrbs; Lc sRmab;bULgnImYy. enA

eBl EdltmenHRtUv)ankMNt;enAkgkarKNnacugeRkay enaH bearing strength RtUv)anRtYtBinit
eLIgvijb:uEn shear enAEtTMngCalub.
cMnYnbULgEdlRtUvkarKW
44.80kips
= 5.63bolts
7.952kips / bolt
cemIy eRbIbULg A307 Ggt;pit 3 / 4in. cMnYnR)aMmYyRKab;.
7>5> bULgersIusg;x<s; (High-Strength Bolts)

bULgersIusg;x<s;sRmab;tMNrbs;eRKOgbgMmanBIry:agKW ASTM A325 nig ASTM A490 .
karpl;[rbs; AISC sRmab;ersIusg;x<s;KWCaEpkxHrbs;karpl;[rbs; specification of the
Research Council on Structural Connections of the Engineering Foundation (RCSC, 1994).
bULg A490 man ultimate tensile strength FMCagbULg A325 ehIyRtUv)ankMNt;faman

nominal strength FMCag. bULg A490 RtUv)andak;[eRbIR)as;ryeBly:agyUrbnab;BIbULg
A325 RtUv)aneRbICaTUeTA sRmab;eRbICamYyEdkEdlmanersIusg;x<s; Bethlehem, 1969. bULg
A490 mantmfCag A325 b:uEnCaTUeTAeKRtUvkarvacMnYnticCag.
kgkrNIxH bULg A490 nig A325 RtUv)andMeLIgCamYynwgkRmittwgEdleFVI[BYkvargnUv

kmaMgTajFMEmnETn. ]TahrN_ kmaMgTajdMbUgenAkgbULg A325 Ggt;pit 5 / 8in. GacFMesInwg
19kips = 85KN . bBaInkmaMgTajGb,brmasRmab;tN M TaMgenaHRtUvkarRtUv)an[enAkg AISC
Table J3.1, Minimum Bolt Tension. tmnImYyesInwg 70% nersIusg;TajGb,brmarbs;bULg.
eKalbMNgEdleKRtUvkarkmaMgTajFMEbbenHKWedIm,ITTYl)ankmaMgrwtEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>12.
bULgEbbenHRtUv)aneKehAfa fully tensioned.
enAeBlEdlexARtUv)anmYlPab;eTAnwgbULg EpkEdlRtUvPab;rgnUvkmaMgsgt; ehIybULglUt.
daRkaGgesrI (free body diagram) enAkgrUbTI 7>12 a bgajfakmaMgsgt;srubEdlmanGMeBIelI
EpkEdlRtUvPab;esInwgkmaMgTajenAkgbULg. RbsinebIeKGnuvtkmaMgxageRkA P kmaMgkkitnwg
ekItmanenAcenaHEpkPab;. kmaMgGtibrmaEdlGacekItmanKW
F = N

Edl CaemKuNkkitsaTicrvagEpkEdlRtUvPab; ehIy N CakmaMgsgt;EdlmanGMeBIenAelIpxag

kg. tmrbs; GaRsynwglkxNprbs;Edk ]TahrN_dUcCa prbs;vamanlabfaM bmanERcHsIu.
dUcenHbULgnImYyenAkgkartPab;RtUvmanlTPBedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgbnk P = F . RbsinebIkmaMgkkit
minFM vanwgminman bearing b shear. RbsinebI P FMCag F slip ekIteLIg enaH shear nig bearing nwg
CH\TiBldl;lTPaBrbs;tMN.
kardMeLIg (Installation)
etIeKTTYl)ankmaMgTajFMEdlmanPaBsuRkitedayrebobNa? bcb,neKmanviFIsaRsEdl
GnuBaat[cMnYnbYnsRmab;kardMeLIgbULgersIusg;x<s; (RCSC, 1994).
!> Turn-of-the-nut method. viFIenHQrelIlkNbnk-kMhUcRTg;RTay (load-deforma-
tion characteristic) rbs;eRKOgPab; nigEpkEdlRtUvPab;. exAEdlmYlPab;eTAnwgbULgGaceFVI[
bULg lUtsac;. TMnak;TMng stress-strain sRmab;smarbULgGacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNnakmaMgTaj

enAkgbULg. dUcenHsRmab;RKb;TMhM nigRbePTrbs;bULg cMnYnCMumYlexAEdlRtUvkaredIm,IbegItkmaMg

TajGacRtUv)anKNna. Table 5 enAkg high-strength bolt specification (RCSC, 1994) [nUvcMnYn
CMurbs;exAEdlRtUvkarsRmab;TMhMepSgrbs;bULgkgTMrg;pleFobRbEvgelIGgt;pit. viFIsaRsenHeK
eRbI ordinary spud wrench.
@> Calibrated wrench tightening. kgviFIsasenHeKRtUveRbI torque wrench. kmaMgrmYl
EdlRtUvkaredIm,ITTYlkmaMgTajkMNt;enAkgbULgRtUv)ankMNt;edaykarrwtbNwgbULgenHCamYy]b
krN_EdlbgajkmaMgTaj.
#> Alternated wrench bolts. eKRtUvkar wrench BiessedIm,IdMeLIgbULg. karRtYtBinitkar
gardMeLIgenHmanlkNgayRsYlCaBiess.
$> Direct tension indicators. smarEdleKniymeRbIenAkgviFIsaRsenHKW washer Edlman
protrusion enAelIprbs;va. enAeBlEdleKrwtbULg protrusion rgnUvkmaMgsgt;EdlsmamaRteTA
nwgkmaMgTajenAkgbULg.
7>6> Shear Strength of High-Strength Bolts

Design shear strength rbs;bULg A325 nig A490 KW Rn EdlemKuNersIusg; = 0.75 . dUc
KanwgbULgFmtaEdr nominal shear strength rbs;bULgersIusg;x<s;RtUv)an[eday ultimate
shearing stress KuNnwg nominal bolt area. EtbULg A307 mindUcbULg A325 nig A490 Rtg; shear
strength rbs;bULgersIusg;x<s;GaRsynwgeFjrbs;bULgsitenAkgbg;kat;b minsitenAkgbg;kat;.
edIm,IsRmYlkgkareRbI reduced cross-sectional area enAeBlEdlEpkEdlmaneFjrgnUvkmaMgkat;

TTwg enaH ultimate shearing stress rbs;vaRtUvKuNnwg 0.75 EdlCapleFobRbhak;RbEhlnRkLa
pEdlmaneFj elIRkLapEdlKaneFj. ersIusg;RtUv)an[enAkg AISC Table J3.2 ehIyRtUv)an
segbenAkgtarag 7>1 . AISC Table J3.2 sMedAeFjenAkgbg;kat;Ca not excluded from shear
planes ehIysMedAeFjEdlminenAkgbg;kat;Ca excluded from shear planes. RbePTTImYy
eFjsitenAkgbg;kat; eKsMedACaRbePTtMN N ehIybULg A325 nRbePTenHGacsmal; eday

A325 N . karsMKal; X GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbgajfaeFjminsitenAkgbg;kat;eT ]TahrN_
A325 X .

tarag 7>1
Nominal shear strength
eRKOgPab; Rn = Fv Ab
US IS
A325 / eFjenAkgbg;kat; 48 Ab 330 Ab
A325 / eFjminenAkgbg;kat; 60 Ab 415 Ab

A490 / eFjenAkgbg;kat; 60 Ab 415 Ab
A490 / eFjminenAkgbg;kat; 75 Ab 520 Ab
]TahrN_7>4 kMNt; design strength rbs;tMNEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>13. Gegt bolt shear,

bearing nig tensile strength rbs;Ggt;. bULgEdleRbICaRbePT A325 Ggt;pit 7 / 8in. ehIyeFj
rbs;vaminsitenAkgbg;kat;. Ggt;CaRbePTEdk A572 Grade 50 .
dMeNaHRsay shear strength sRmab;bULgmYy

(7 / 8)2
Ab = = 0.6013in.2
4
Rn = Fv Ab = 0.75(60)(0.6013) = 27.06kips
sRmab;bULgbI
Rn = 3(27.06) = 81.2kips
Bearing strength sRmab;karKNna bearing strength eRbIGgt;pitrn

1 7 1 15
h=d+ = + = in.
16 8 16 16
RtYtBinit bearing EdlekItmanTaMgelI Ggt;rgkarTaj nig gusset plate. sRmab;Ggt;rgkarTaj
nigbULgEdlenAEk,rRCugEKmCageKrbs;Ggt;
h 15 / 16
Lc = Le = 1.25 = 0.7812in.
2 2
2d = 2(7 / 8) = 1.75in.
edaysar Lc < 2d
1
Rn = (1.2 Lc tFu ) = 0.75(1.2)(0.7812) (65) = 22.85kips
2
sRmab;RbehagepSgeTot
15
Lc = s h = 2.75 = 1.812in. > 2d
16
7 1
dUcenH Rn = (2.4dtFu ) = 0.75(2.4) (65) = 51.19kips
8 2
Bearing strength sRmab;Ggt;rgkarTajKW
Rn = 22.85 + 2(51.19) = 125kips
KNna bearing strength rbs; gusset plate. sRmab;rnEdlenAEk,rRCugEKRmbs; gusset CageK
h 15 / 16
Lc = Le = 1.5 = 1.031in. < 2d
2 2
3
dUcenH Rn = (1.2 Lc tFu ) = 0.75(1.2)(1.031) (65) = 22.62kips
8
sRmab;RbehagdTeTot
15
Lc = s h = 2.75 = 1.812in. > 2d
16
7 3
dUcenH Rn = (2.4dtFu ) = 0.75(2.4) (65) = 38.39kips
8 8
Bearing strength rbs; gusset plate KW
Rn = 22.62 + 2(38.92) = 99.4kips
Gusset plate man strength tUcCag dUcenH bearing strength sRmab;tMNKW
Rn = 99.4kips
RtYtBinit tensile strength rbs;Ggt;rgkarTaj.
Tension on the gross atea:

1
t Pn = t Fy Ag = 0.90(50) 3 = 67.5kips
2
Tension on the net area: muxkat;TaMgGs;rbs;Ggt;RtUv)antPab; dUcenHvaminman shear lag eT
dUcenHeyIg)an Ae = An . eRbIGgt;Rbehag
1 7 1
h = d + = + = 1.0in.
8 8 8
Design strength KW
t Pn = t Fu Ae = t Fu t (wg h ) = 0.75(65) [3 1(1.0)] = 48.8kips
1
2
karTajenAelI net section mantmtUcCageK
cemIy Design strength rbs;tMNKW 48.8kips
7>7> Slip-Critical Connections

eKcat;cMNat;fak;kartPab;EdleRbIbULgersIusg;x<s;Ca slip-critical connection b bearing-
type connection. Slip-critical connection CakartPab;EdleKminGnuBaat[man slip EdlminRtUv
FMCagkmaMgkkit. sRmab; bearing-type connection eKGnuBat[man slip ehIy shear nig bearing
ekIteLIgFmta. enAkgRbePTeRKOgbgMxH CaBiesss<an kmaMgEdlmanGMeBIelItMNGacekIteLIgCa
lkNxYb. kgkrNIEbbenH fatigue rbs;eRKOgPab;GackayCaeRKaHfak;RbsinebIeKGnuBaat[man
slip rYmCamYynwgkarekIteLIgsarcuHsareLIg enaHeKRtUvRtYtBinit slip-critical connec-tion. enAkg
eRKOgbgMCaeRcIn eKGnuBaat[man slip ehIy bearing-type connection RtUvEt RKb;RKan;. bULg

A307 RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;Et bearing-type connection. sRmab; slip-critical connection eKcaM)ac;
RtUvEteFVIkardMeLIg[)anl edIm,ITTYlnUvkmaMgTajdMbUgRKb;RKan;dUcEdl)anerobrab;. AISC J1.11

erobrab;BIsanPaBkMNt;EdlbULgersIusg;x<s;RtUvEtmankmaMgTajeBj. enAkg bearing-type
connection tRmUvkarcaM)ac;EtmYyKt;kgkardMeLIgbULgKWeKRtUvpl;nUvkmaMgTajRKb;RKan;edIm,I[p
b:HKaGacTb;Tl;Ka)aneTAvijeTAmk. kardMeLIgenHbegItnUv snug-tight condition Edl)anerobrab;

enAkg turn-of-the-nut method.
eTaHbICatamRTwsI slip-critical connection minRbQmnwg shear nig bearing keday keKRtUv

Etman shear strength nig bearing strength RKb;RKan;sRmab;krNI overload EdlGaceFVI[ekItman

slip.
edIm,IkarBar slip eKRtUvmanEdnkMNt;sRmab; service load b factored load. eTaHbICakar

karBar slip mansarsMxan;sRmab; serviceability requiremnent keday k AISC Specification
GnuBaat[ slip-critical strength GacQrelI service load b factored load.
dUcEdl)anerobrab;BIxagelI lTPaBTb;nwg slip CaGnuKmn_nplKuNrvagemKuNkkitsaTic
nig normal force cenaHEpkPab;. TMnak;TMngenHRtUv)anbgajenAkg RCSC Specification Edl
eyIgeRbIenATIenHsRmab; slip-critical connection (RCSC, 1994). Slip-critical strength rbs;tMN
KW Rstr Edl = 1.0 sRmab; standard hole ehIy
Rstr = 1.13Tm N b N s (RCSC Equation LRFD 5.3)
Edl = mean slip coefficient emKuNkkitsaTic = 0.33 sRmab;p Class A
Tm = kmaMgTajrbs;eRKOgPab;Gb,brmaEdl)anBI AISC Table J3.1 b RCSC Table 4
N b = cMnYnbULgenAkgtMN
N s = cMnYn slip plan bg;kat;
p Class A CapEdlmanEdkGuksIutenAprbs;va. enAkg Specification manENnaMnUvRbePTp

CaeRcIneTot EtenAkgesovePAenH eyIgeRbIEtp Class A Edlpl;nUv slip coefficient tUcCageKbMput.
Slip-critical design strength sRmab;bULgmYyn single shear KW
Rstr = (1.13Tm N b N s ) = 1.0(1.13)(0.33)Tm (1)(1)

= 0.373Tm kips
]TahrN_ 7>5 kartPab;EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>14 eRbIbULg A325 Ggt;pit 3 / 4in. EdleFj

rbs;vasitenAkgbg;kat;. eKminGnuBaat[man slip. TaMgGgt;rgkarTaj nig gusset plate CaRbePT
Edk A36 . kMNt; design strength.
dMeNaHRsay Shear strength: sRmab;bULgmYy
(3 / 4 )2
Ab = = 0.4418in.2
4
Rn = Fv Ab = 0.75(48)(0.4418) = 15.90kips

sRmab;bULgbYnRKab;
Rn = 4(15.90) = 63.60kips
Slip-critical strength: edaysareKminGnuBaat[man slip enaHkartPab;enHRtUv)ancat;Ca slip-
critical. BI AISC Table J3.1 kmaMgTajkgbULgGb,brmaKW Tm = 28kips . BIsmIkar &>#/
Rstr = 0.373Tm = 0.373(28) = 10.4kips / bplt

sRmab;bULgbYn
Rstr = 4(10.4) = 41.6kips
Bearing strength: edaysarcmayeTARCugEKmmanRbEvgdUcKa ehIy gusset palte esIgCagr)ar enaH
eyIgenwgeRbI gusset plate EdlmankRmas; 3 / 8in. edIm,IKNna bearing strength.
Ggt;pitRbehag
1 3 1 13
h=d+ = + = in.
16 4 16 16
sRmab;RbehagEdlenACitRCugEKRmbs; gusset plate CageK
h 13 / 16
Lc = Le = 1.5 = 1.094in.
2 2
3
2d = 2 = 1.5in.
4
edaysar Lc < 2d
3
Rn = (1.2 Lc tFu ) = 0.75(1.2)(1.094) (58) = 21.42kips / bolt
8
sRmab;dTeTot
13
Lc = s h = 3 = 2.188in. > 2d
16
dUcenH Rn = (2.4dtFu ) = 29.36kips / bolt
Bearing strength sRmab;kartMNKW
Rn = 2(21.42) + 2(29.36) = 102kips

RtYtBinit tensile strength rbs;Ggt;rgkarTaj
karTajenAelI gross area:
1
t Pn = t Fy Ag = 0.90(36) 6 = 97.2kips
2
karTajenAelI net area: muxkat;TaMgmUlrbs;Ggt;RtUv)antPab; dUcenHvaKan shear lag eT enaHeyIg
TTYl)an Ae = An .
Ggt;pitRbehag
1 3 1 7
h=d+ = + = in.
8 4 8 8
Design strength KW
( ) 1 7
t Pn = t Fu Ae = t Fu t wg h = 0.75(58) 6 2 = 92.4kips
2 8
Block shear stredngth: failure block sRmab; gusset plate manTMhMdUcTMhMsRmab;Ggt;rgkarTaj
Edr EtxusKaRtg;kRmas; rUbTI 7>14 b. Gusset plate EdlmankRmas;esIgCagnwgmanersIusg;tUc
Cag. vaman shear-failure plane cMnYnBIr
Agv = 2
3
(3 + 1.5) = 3.375in.2
8
edaysarvaman 1.5 Ggt;pitRbehagkgmYyCYredkrbs;bULg
3 7
Anv = 2 (3 + 1.5) (1.5) = 2.391in.2
8 8
sRmab;RkLaprgkarTaj
Agt =
3
(3) = 1.125in.2
8
3 7
Ant = 3 = 0.7969in.2
8 8
AISC Equation J4-3a [
[ ]
Rn = 0.6 Fy Agv + Fu Ant = 0.75[0.6(36 )(3.375) + 58(0.7969 )]

= 0.75[72.90 + 46.22] = 89.3kips

AISC Equation J4-3b [
[ ]
Rn = 0.6 Fy Anv + Fy Agt = 0.75[0.6(58)(2.391) + 36(1.125)]
= 0.75[83.21 + 40.50] = 92.8kips

tY fracture EdlBak;Bnnwg Fu enAkgsmIkarTIBIrmantmFMCagenAkgsmIkarTImYy dUcenH AISC
Equation 4.3b lub.
design strength sRmab; block shear = 92.8kips
kgcMeNamsanPaBkMNt;TaMgGs;Edl)aneFVIkarGegt eyIgeXIjfaersIusg;EdlRtUvKanwg slip man

tmtUcCageK.
cemIy Design strength rbs;tMNKW 41.6kips
]TahrN_ 7>6 Ggt;rgkarTajkRmas; 5 / 8in. RtUv)antPab;eTAnwg splice plate kRmas; 1 / 4in.

cMnYnBIr dUcEdl)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>15. bnkEdl)anbgajCabnk service load. eKeRbIEdk
A36 nig bULg A325 Ggt;pit 5 / 8in. . RbsinebIeKGnuBaat[man slip etIeKRtUvkarbULg
b:unanRKab;? GkSrbs;bULgnImYyEdlbgajKWCaCYrrbs;bULgkgTisTTwgrbs;bnHEdk.
dMeNaHRsay Shear: sRmab; shear, norminal bolt area KW

(5 / 8)2
Ab = = 0.3068in.2
4
snt;fa eFjbULgsitenAkgbg;kat;. enaH design strength sRmab;bULgmYyKW
Rn = Fv Ab 2planes of shear = 0.75(48)(0.3068)(2) = 22.09kips
Bearing: Beating force enAelIGgt;rgkarTajkRmas; 5 / 8in. nwgFMCag bearing force enAelI splice
plate kRmas; 1 / 4in. nImYy BIrdg. edaysarbnksrubenAelI splice plates esInwgbnkenAelIGgt;
rgkarTaj enaH splice plate nwgmaneRKaHfak;enAeBlEdlkRmas;srubrbs; splice plate esIgCag

kRmas;rbs;Ggt;rgkarTaj. eRbIGgt;pitRbehag
1 5 1 11
h=d+ = + = in.
16 8 16 16
sRmab;RbehagEdlenAEk,rRCugEKmCageK
h 11 / 16
Lc = Le = 1.5 = 1.156in.
2 2
5
2d = 2 = 1.25in.
8
edaysar Lc < 2d / bearing strength KW
1 1
Rn = (1.2 Lc tFu ) = 0.75(1.2)(1.156) + (58) = 30.17kips / bolt
4 4
sRmab;rndTeTot
11
Lc = s h = 3 = 2.312in. > 2d
16
5 1 1
dUcenH Rn = (2.4dtFu ) = 0.75(2.4) + (58) = 32.62kips / bolt
8 4 4
Shearing strength kgbULgmYyKWtUcCagtm bearing TaMgBIr dUcenHersIusg;rbs;tMNKW 22.09kips .
bnkemKuNKW
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2(25) + 1.6(25) = 70kips
cMnYnbULgEdlRtUvkar =
total load
load per bolt
70
= = 3.17bolts
22.09
cemIy eRbIbULgbYn EdlkgmYyCYrmanBIrRKab; enAelIRCugnImYyrbs; splice. bULgcMnYn R)aMbI
RKab;GacRtUvkarsRmab;kartPab;enH.

]TahrN_ 7>7 C 6 13 EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>16 RtUv)aneRCIserIsedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgbnkTajem

KuN 108kips . Ggt;enHRtUv)anPab;eTAnwg gusset plate kRmas; 3 / 8in. CamYynwgbULg A325 Edl
manGgt;pit 7 / 8in. . ]bmafaeFjrbs;bULgsitenAkgbg;nkmaMgkat;TTwg ehIyeKGnuBaat[man
slip sRmab;kartPab;enH. kMNt;cMnYn nigeFVIkarteRmobbULgy:agNaedIm,ITTYl)anRbEvgtPab; h
Gb,brma. eKeRbIEdk A36 .
dMeNaHRsay kMNt;lTPaBrbs;bULgeTal
kmaMgkat;TTwg
(7 / 8)2
Ab = = 0.6013in.2
4
Rn = Fv Ab = 0.75(48)(0.6013) = 21.65kips
bearing edaysarkRmas;rbs; gusset plate esIgCaRTnugrbs;Edk channel dUcenH bearing
strength rbs; gusset plate nwgtUcCagEdk channel. snt;faRbEvg Lc EdlRsbnwgkmaMgEdl
GnuvtmantmFMCag 2d sRmab;bULgTaMgGs;. enaH

7 3
Rn = (2.4dtFu ) = 0.75(2.4) (58) = 34.26kips
8 8
enaH kmaMgkat;TTwglub. dUcenH
cMnYnbULgEdlRtUvkar = 21108.65 = 4.99
eTaHbICabULg 5 pl;nUversIusg;RKb;RKan;keday keKsakl,gbULg 6RKab;EdlGacerobCalkN
sIuemRTI edaymanbULg 3RKab;BIrCYr dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>17. bULgBIrCYrRtUv)aneRbIedIm,I
TTYl)anRbEvgtPab;Gb,brma. eyIgmin)andwgfaetIkarKNnamuxkat;Ggt;rgkarTajenHQrelI
karsnt;eRKOgPab;b:unanCYr dUcenHlTPaBTb;karTajrbs;Edk channel CamYynwgbULgBIrCYrRtUv)an

RtYtBinitmunnwgdMeNIrkarKNnakartPab;bn.
karTajenAelI gross area:

t Pn = 0.90 Fy Ag = 0.90(36 )(3.83) = 124kips
net area
An = 3.83 2(1.0)(0.437 ) = 2.96in.2
edaysareyIgminTan;sal;RbEvgtPab;BitR)akd dUcenHeyIgRtUveRbItmmFmrbs; U BI
Commentary.
Ae = UAn = 0.85(2.96) = 2.51in.2

kmaMgTajenAelI net area
t Pn = 0.75Fu Ae = 0.75(58)(2.51) = 109kips lub
dUcenH lTPaBrbs;Ggt;rgkarTajKWQrelIbULgBIrCYr.
RtYtBinitKMlat nigRbEvgeTARCugEKmtamTisEkgnwgkmaMg. BI AISC J3.3
KMlatGb,brma = 2.667 78 = 2.33in.
BI AISC Table J3.4
RbEvgeTARCugEKmGb,brma = 1 18 in.
KMlat 3in. nigRbEvgeTARCugEKm1 1 2 in. nwgRtUv)aneRbIkgTisEkgnwgkmaMg.
eKGackMNt;RbEvgtPab;Gb,brmarbs;kartPab;edayeRbIKMlat nigRbEvgeTARCugEKmGnuBaat
Gb,brmakgTisbeNay RsbnwgkmaMg. KMlatGb,brmakgTisnImYyKW 2 2 3 d = 2.33in. .
sakl,g 2 1 2 in. . RbEvgeTARCugEKmGb,brmaKW 1 18 in. . cmayGb,brmaTaMgenHnwgRtUv)aneRbI

sRmab;epgpat; bearing strength rbs;kartPab;. sRmab;karKNna bearing strength

eKeRbIGgt;pit rn
1 7 1 15
h=d+ = + = in.
16 8 16 16
sRmab;RbehagEdlenAEk,rRCugEKmrbs; gusset plate CageK
h 15 / 16
Lc = Le = 1.125 = 0.6562in.
2 2
2d = 2(7 / 8) = 1.75in.
edaysar Lc < 2d bearing strength KW
3
Rn = (1.2 Lc tFu ) = 0.75(1.2)(0.6562) (58) = 12.85kips / bolt
8
sRmab;RbehagdTeTot
15
Lc = s h = 2.5 = 1.562in. < 2d
16
dUcenH Rn = (1.2LctFu ) = 0.75(1.2)(1.562) 83 (58) = 30.58kips / bolt
Bearing strength srubsRmab;kartPab;KW
Rn = 2(12.85) + 4(30.58) = 148kips > Pu = 108kips (OK)
rUbTI 7>18 bgajBIkartPab;sakl,gsRmab;RtYtBinitemIl block shear enAkg gusset
plate sRmab;ragGrNImaRtn failure block enAkgEdl channel KWdUcKa b:uEn gusset plate man
kRmas;esIgCag.
Shear areas:
Agv = (2.5 + 2.5 + 1.125)(2) = 4.594in.2
3
8

ehIyedaysarEtvamanRbehag 2.5 enAtampkat;nImYy

Anv =
3
[6.125 2.5(1.0)](2) = 2.719in.2
8
Tension area
Agt = (3) = 1.125in.2
3
8
ehIy Ant = (3 1.0) = 0.75in.2
3
8
RtYtBinitsRmab; tension yield nig shear fracture CamYynwg AISC Equation J4-3a:
Rn = [0.6 Fy Agv + Fu Ant ]
= 0.75[0.6(36 )(4.594 ) + 58(0.75)] = 0.75[99.23 + 43.50] = 107.0kips

RtYtBinitsRmab; tension fracture nig shear yield CamYynwg AISC Equation J4-3b:
Rn = [0.6 Fu Anv + Fy Agt ]
= 0.75[0.6(58)(2.719 ) + 36(1.125)] = 0.75[94.62 + 40.50] = 101.3kips

tY fracture tYEdlBak;Bnnwg Fu enAkgsmIkarTIBIrmantmFMCagtY fracture enAkgsmIkarTImYy
dUcenH smIkarTIBIrlub.
Design strength sRmab; block shear = 101.3kips < 108kips (N.G.)
viFIEdlsamBabMputkgkarbegIn block shear strength sRmab;kartPab;enHKWbegIn shear area eday

begInKMlatbULg. RbsinebIeKbegInKMlat AISC Equation J4-3b enAEtlubdEdl. ebIeTaHbICaKM
latEdlRtUvkarGackMNt;eday trial and error keday keKGacedaHRsayedaypal;dUcEdleyIg
nwgeFVIenATIenH. BI AISC Equation J4-3b, eK[
0.75[0.6(58)Anv + 40.50] = 108kips
dUcenHeKRtUvkar Anv = 2.974in.2
Anv =
3
(2s + 1.125 2.5)(2) = 2.974in.2
8
dUcenH s = 2.67in.
yk s = 3in.
CamYynwgKMlat 3in. net shear area KW
Anv =
3
(3 + 3 + 1.125 2.5)(2) = 3.469in.2
8
ehIy block shear strength BI AISC Equation J4-3b KW
[
Rn = 0.6 Fu Anv + Fy Agt ]
= 0.75[0.6(58)(3.469 ) + 36(1.125)] = 0.75[120.7 + 40.50] = 120.9kips
edayeRbIKMlat nigRbEvgeTARCugEKmEdl)ankMNt; dUcenHRbEvgGb,brmaKW
h = 1.125 + 2 3 + 1.125 = 8.5in
cemIy eRbIkartPab;lMGitEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>19.
karteRmobbULgenAkg]TahrN_ 7>7 manlkNsIuemRTIeFobnwgGkSRsbnwgGkSTIRbCMu

Tmn;. dUcenHkmaMgpbEdlTb;Tl;kmaMgEdlpl;[edayeRKOgPab;keFVIGMeBItamGkSenH ehIyrag
FrNImaRt enHRtUvKanwgkartPab;samBa. RbsinebIeKRtUvkarcMnYnbULgess ehIyeKeRbIBIrCYr vanwg
minmanPaBsIuemRTIeT ehIykartPab;nwgmanlkNcakpit. kgkrNIEbbenH GkKNnamuxkat;nwg
manCeRmIseRcIn ! minKitcMNakpit edaysnt;fa\TBlenHGacecal)an/ @ KitcMNakpit/ #
eRbIkartM erobqas; (staggered pattern) EdlGacrkSanUvPaBsIuemRTI/ b $ bEnmcMnYnbULgedIm,I
TTYl)ankarteRmobEdlmanlkNsIuemRTI. visVkrPaKeRcInRbEhlCanwgeRCIserIsCeRmIscugeRkay.
]TahrN_ 7>8 Ggt;rgkarTajRbEvg 13 ft nigkartPab;rbs;vaRtUv)anKNnasRmab; service dead

load 8kips nig service live load 22kips . eKminGnuBaat[man slip sRmab;kartPab;enHeT.
Ggt;enHRtUv)antPab;eTAnwg gusset plate kRmas; 3 / 8in. dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>20. eRbIEdkEkg
eTal (single angle) sRmab;Ggt;rgkarTaj. eRbIbULg A325 nigEdk A572 grade
50 sRmab;Ggt;rgkarTaj nig gusset plate.

dMeNaHRsay bnkemKuNEdlRtUvTb;Tl;KW
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2(8) + 1.6(22 ) = 44.8kips
edaysarTMhMbULg nigkarteRmobbULgCH\TiBldl; net area rbs;Ggt;rgkarTaj eyIgnwgcab;epIm
CamYynwgkareRCIserIsbULg. yuTsaRsKWkareRCIserIssRmab;karsakl,g/ kMNt;cMnYnbULgEdlRtUv
kar/ rYcbnab;mksakl,gTMhMepSgeTotRbsinebITMhMEdl)ansakl,gFMeBk btUceBk. Ggt;pitbU
LgsitenAcenaHBI 1/ 2in. 13mm eTA 1 12 in. 38mm edayekIneLIgmg 1 / 8in. 3mm
sakl,gbULg 5 / 8in. . Nominal bolt area KW
(5 / 8)2
Ab = = 0.3068in.2
4
Shear strength KW
Rn = Fv Ab = 0.75(48)Ab = 0.75(48)(0.3068)
= 11.04kips / boltedaysnt;faeFjsitenAkgbg;kat;
edayeKminGnuBaat[man slip dUcenHkartPab;enHCa slip-critical. eyIgsnt;p Class A ehIy
sRmab;bULgGgt;pit 5 / 8in. kmaMgTajGb,brmaKW Tm = 19kips BI AISC Table J3.1). BI RCSC
Equation LRFD 5.3, slip critical strength sRmab;bULgeTalKW
Rstr = (1.13Tm N b N s ) = 1.0(1.13)(0.33)(19)(1)(1) = 7.085kips / bolt

eday slip-critical strength tUcCag shear strength dUcenH slip-critical strength lub. eyIgnwgkM
Nt;cMnYnbULgedayQrelI slip-critical strength ehIyRtYtBinit bearing bnab;BIeRCIserIsGgt;
edaysar bearing strength minGackMNt;)an Tal;EteKsal;kRmas;Ggt;sin. dUcenH
cMnYnbULg = load
total load
=
44.8
per bolt 7.085
= 6.3bolts

dUcenHeKRtUvkarbULgy:agtic 7 RKab;. RbsinebIeKeRbIBIrCYr eKRtUvbEnmbULgmYyRKab;edIm,IrkSaPaB

sIuemRTI. rUbTI 7>21 bgajBIkarteRmobbULgEdlmanCaeRcInTRmg;.
karteRmobbULgTaMgenHeKGaceRbI)anTaMgGs; EtRbEvgnkartPab;GacRtUv)ankat;bnyedayeRbITMhM
bULgFM nigcMnYntic.
sakl,gbULgEdlmanGgt;pit 7 / 8in. . Nominal bolt area KW
(7 / 8)2
Ab = = 0.6013in.2
4
Shear strength KW
Rn = 0.75(48)Ab = 0.75(48)(0.6013)
edaysnt;faeFjsitenAkgbg;kat;
= 21.65kips / bolt
kmaMgTajGb,brmasRmab;bULg A325 Ggt;pit 7 / 8in. KW Tm = 39kips dUcenH slip-critical

strength KW
Rstr = (1.13Tm N b N s ) = 1.0(1.13)(0.33)(39)(1)(1) = 14.54kips / bolt lub

eKRtUvkarbULgEdlmanGgt;pit 7 / 8in. cMnYn
44.8
= 3.1bolts
14.54
dUcenHeyIgeRbIbULg A325 EdlmanGgt;pit 7 / 8in. cMnYn 4 RKab;. BI AISC J3.3, KMlatGb,brmaKW

7 7
s = 2.667d = 2.667 = 2.33in. bsRmab;karniym/ 3d = 3 = 2.62in.
8 8
BI AISC Table J3.4, cmayeTARCugEKmKW
Le = 1.5in. edaysnt; sheared edges
edaysakl,gkarteRmobdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>22 eRCIserIsGgt;rgkarTaj. Gross area Edl

RtUvkarKW
Pu 44.8
Ag = = 0.996in.2
0.9 Fy 0.9(50 )
Effective net area EdlRtUvkarKW

Pu 44.8
Ae = = 0.9190in.2
0.75Fy 0.75(36 )
edaysar effective net area KW A = UA / net area EdlRtUvkarKW

e n
requiredAe
An =
U
BIkarteRmobbULgEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>22/ CamYynwgbULgeRcInCagBIrkgTisnkmaMgEdlGnuvt
tmmFmrbs; U BI Commentary to the AISC Specification KW 0.85 . enAeBlEdleKeRCIserIs
Ggt;rYcehIy eKGackMNt;tm U CamYynwg AISC Equation B3-2. dUcenH
0.9190
An = 1.08in.2
0.85
cMNaMfa net area EdlRtUvkarKWFMCag gross area EdlRtUvkar. kaMniclPaBGb,brmaEdlRtUvkarKW

L 13(12 )
rmin = = = 0.52in.
300 300
sakl,g L3 1 2 2 12 14
Ag = 1.44in.2 > 0.996in.2 (OK)
rmin = rz = 0.544in. > 0.52in. (OK)
sRmab;karKNna net area, eRbIGgt;pitrn 7 8 + 18 = 1.0in.
1
An = Ag Ahole = 1.44 1.0 = 1.190in.2 > 1.08in.2 (OK)
4
KNna U CamYynwg AISC Equation B3-2:

x
U =1 0.9
L
0.785
= 1 = 0.913
9
edaysartmenHFMCag 0.9 / dUcenHeRbI U = 0.9 . Effective net area KW
Ae = UAn = 0.9(1.190) = 1.071in.2 > 0.9190in.2 (OK)
RtYtBinit bearing strength. cmayeTARCugEKmsRmab;EdkEkgesInwgcmayeTARCugEKmsRmab;
gusset plate ehIyedaysarEdkEkgmankRmas;esIgCag gusset plate dUcenHeyIgeRbIEdkEkgEdl
mankRmas; 1 / 4in. sRmab;KNna bearing strength. sRmab;karKNna bearing strength,

eyIgeRbIGgt;pitRbehag
1 7 1 15
h=d+ = + = in.
16 8 16 16
sRmab;RbehagEdlenAEk,RCugEKmGgt;CageK
h 15 / 16
Lc = Lc = 1.5 = 1.031in.
2 2
2d = 2(7 / 8) = 1.75in.
1
Rc = (1.2 Lc tFu ) = 0.75(1.2)(1.031) (65) = 15.08kips / bolt
4
sRmab;RbehagdTeTot
15
Lc = s h = 3 = 2.062in. > 2d
16
7 1
dUcenH Rn = (2.4dtFu ) = 0.75(2.4) (65) = 25.59kips / bolt
8 4
Bearing strength srubsRmab;kartPab;KW
Rn = 15.08 + 3(25.59) = 91.9kips > Pu = 44.8kips (OK)
RtYtBinit block shear. CamYynwgbULgEdlPab;enAelIeCIgEvgCamYynwgcmayKMlat emIlCMBUk
III/ rUbTI 3>22 failure block RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>23. Shear area KW
Agv =
1
(1.5 + 9) = 2.625in.2
4
Anv = [1.5 + 9 3.5(1.0 )] = 1.750in.2
1
4
Ggt;pitRbehagmancMnYn 3.5
Tension area KW
Agt =
1
(1.5) = 0.3750in.2
4
Ant = [1.5 0.5(1.0 )] = 0.25in.2
1
4
Ggt;pitRbehagmancMnYn 0.5
AISC Equation J4-3a [
[
Rn = 0.6 Fy Agv + Fu Ant ]
= 0.75[0.6(50 )(2.625) + 65(0.25)] = 0.75(78.75 + 16.25) = 71.2kips
AISC Equation J4-3b [
[
Rn = 0.6 Fu Anv + Fy Agt ]
= 0.75[0.6(65)(1.75) + 50(0.375)] = 0.75(68.25 + 18.75) = 65.2kips
smIkar J4-3bmantY fracture FMCag dUcenHsmIkarenHlub. dUcenH block shear strength KW
Rn = 65.2kips > Pu = 44.8kips (OK)

cemIy eRbI L3 12 2 12 14 CamYynwgkartPab;enAelIeCIgEvg. eRbIbULg A325 Ggt;pit 7 8 in.

dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>24.
7>8> bULgersIusg;x<s;rgkarTaj High-Strength Bolts in Tension

enAeBlEdlkmaMgTajEdlGnuvtelIbULgedayKankmaMgTajedIm (initial tension) kmaMg
TajenAkgbULgesInwgkmaMgEdlGnuvt. b:uEn RbsinebIbULgrgeRbkugRtaMg EpkdFMrbs;kmaMgEdl
GnuvtRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbnrkmaMgsgt; bkmaMgrwt (clamping force) enAelIEpkEdlRtUvtPab; dUcEdl
kMNt;eday Kulak, Fisher, nig Struik (1987) ehIyRtUv)anbkRsayenATIenH. rUbTI 7>25 bgajBI
tMNBr (hanger connection) EdlpSMeLIgeday structural tee shape EdlRtUv)ancab;bULgeTAnwg
sabxageRkamrbs; W-shape nigrgnUvkmaMgTaj. bULgeTal nwgcMENknEpkEdlRtUvtPab; RtUv
)ansikSamun nigeRkayeBldak;bnk.
daRkamGgesrIrbs;kartPab;muneBldak;bnkRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>26 a. ral;kmaMg

TaMgGs;CakmaMgkg. edIm,IPaBgayRsYl kmaMgTaMgGs;RtUv)ansnt;sIuemRTIeFobGkSrbs;bULg
ehIycMNakpitminRtUv)anKit. RbsinebIeKBicarNaEpkEdlRtUvtPab;dac;edayELk kmaMgrYmman
kmaMgTajrbs;bULg To nigkmaMgrwt Ekg (normal clamping force) N o EdlbgajenATIenHRtUv)an
BRgayesI. edIm,I[manlMnwg eKRtUvkar To = N o . enAeBlEdleKGnuvtkmaMgxageRkA kmaMgenAelI
kartPab;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>26 b Edl F tMNag[kmaMgTajsrubEdlGnuvtmkelIbULg
mYy. rUbTI 7>26 c bgajkmaMgEdlmanGMeBIelIdaRkamGgesrIrbs;Epknsabrbs; structural tee
nigEpkEdlRtUvKarbs;bULg. bUkkmaMgtamTisGkSbULg eyIgTTYl)an
T =F+N

kmaMg F nwgbegInkmaMgTajrbs;bULg ehIyeFVI[valUt)an b . kmaMgsgt;enAkgsab

rbs; structurel atee nwgRtUv)ankat;bny CalTplvamanbMlas;TI fl EdlmanTisdUc b . TMnak;
TMngrvagkmaMgGnuvtn_ nigbERmbRmYlkmaMgTajrbs;bULgGacRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam
BI elementary mechanics of materials, kMhUcRTg;RTaytamGkSrbs;bnktamGkSEdl

GnuvtelIGgt;KW
=
PL
AE
&>$
Edl P = kmaMgtamGkS
L = RbEvgedIm
A = RkLapmuxkat;
E = m:UDuleGLasic
BIsmIkar &>$ eyIgGacTajrkkmaMg

AE
P=
L
&>%
dUcenHbERmbRmYlkmaMgenAkgbULgEdlRtUvKaeTAnwgkMhUcRTg;RTay b KW
A E
T = b b b
Lb
&>^
BIsmIkar &>% eKTTYl)anbERmbRmYlkmaMg N
A fl E fl fl
N =
L fl
&>&
Edl L fl CakRmas;rbs;sab. RbsinEpkEdlRtUvPab; sabTaMgBIr enAb:HKa kMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;
bULg b nigkMhUcRTg;RTaysab fl nwgesIKa. edaysar E fl esIresInwg Eb (Bickford, 1981),
ehIy A fl FMCag Ab
A fl E fl fl A E
>> b b b
L fl Lb
dUcenH N >> T
pleFob N elI T sitenAcenaHBI 0.05 eTA 0.1 (Kulak, Fisher, nig Struik, 1987). dUcenH T
minRtUvFMCag 0.1N EdlbgajfakmaMgEdlGnuvtPaKeRcInKWbnrkmaMgsgt;rbs;EpkEdlRtUvtPab;.
KNnakmaMgEdlRtUvkaredIm,IeFVI[EpkEdlRtUvPab;XatecjBIKa emIlrUbTI 7>27. enAeBlEdlEpk
TaMgBIrXatecjBIKa
T =F
b To + T = F &>*
enAeBlEdlCitdl;cMNucEdlRtUvXatKa sac;lUtrbs;bULg nigKMlatrbs;sabKWesIKa
A E A E
T = b b b = b b fl
Lb Lb
&>(
Edl fl CakMhUcRTg;RTayEdlRtUvKanwgkmaMgsgt;edIm N o . BIsmIkar &>$
N o L fl
fl =
A fl E fl
CMnYsvaeTAkgsmIkar &>( eyIg)an

A E N o L fl Ab Eb / Lb
N o = Ab Eb / Lb

T = b b = To 0.1To
Lb A fl E fl A fl E fl / L fl

A fl E fl / L fl

BIsmIkar &>*
To + 0.1To = F b F = 1.1To

dUcenH enAxNeBlEdlcab;epImXat kmaMgTajenAkgbULgFMCagkmaMgTajedImEdlmanenAeBl

dMeLIgbULgRbEhl 10% . b:uEn enAeBlEdlEpkEdlRtUvPab;Xatecj kmaMgxageRkAEdlekIneLIg
nwgRtUv)anTb;edaykmaMgEdlekIneLIgRtUvKaenAkgbULg. RbsinebIeKsnt;fakmaMgTajenAkgbULg
RtUv)andak;[esIkmaMgxageRkA RbsinebIKankmaMgTajedIm ehIykartPab;rgnUvbnkrhUtdl;Epk
EdltPab;XatecjBIKa enaHkmaMgTajenAkgbULgRtUv)anKNnaticCag 10% . sRmab;krNIenH
bULgersIusg;x<s;RtUvrgnUveRbkugRtaMgtamtmEdlmanenAkg AISC Table J3.1 eTaHCakartPab; enH
Ca slip-critical bminEmnkeday. CarYm eKRtUvKNnakmaMgTajenAkgbULgedayKitbBalTaMgkmaMg
TajedIm.
Prying Action
sRmab;kartPab;PaKeRcInEdleRKOgPab;rgkmaMgTaj kMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;EpkEdlRtUvPab;
GacbegInkmaMgTajEdlGnuvteTAelIeRKOgPab;. RbePT hanger connection Edl)anerobrab;xag
elICaRbePTkartPab;EdlmanlkNeFVIkardUcEdl)anerobrab;. kmaMgTajbEnmRtUv)aneKehAfa
prying force ehIyRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>28 EdlrUbenHbgajBIkmaMgenAelIGgesrIrbs;
hanger. muneBlEdlbnkxageRkAGnuvt kmaMgsgt;Ekg (normal compressive force) N o RbmUl
pMenAelIGgSrbs;bULg. enAeBlEdlbnkGnuvt RbsinebIsab flexible RKb;RKan; enaHvanwgxUcRTg;

RTaydUcEdlbgaj ehIykmaMgsgt;nwgrMkileTAxagcugrbs;sab. karBRgaykmaMgeLIgvijenH nwg
EkERbTMnak;TMngrvagbnkTaMgGs; ehIykmaMgTajrbs;bULgnwgekIneLIg. b:uEn RbsinebIEpkEdl
RtUvPab;manlkNrwgRKb;RKan; vanwgminmankarpas;brkmaMgeT ehIykminman prying action Edr.
eKTTYl)antmGtibrmarbs; prying force enAeBlEdlkac;RCugrbs;sabenAEtb:HCamYynwgEpk
EdlRtUvPab;dTeTot.
enAkgkartPab;RbePTenH bending EdlekIteLIgeday prying force EtgEtmanlkNlub

kgkarKNnaEpkEdlRtUvPab;. AISC J3.6 tRmUv[KitbBal prying force eTAkgkarKNnakmaMg
TajEdlGnuvtelIeRKOgPab;.
viFIsaRssRmab;karKNna prying force EdlQrelI Guide to design Criteria for Bolted

and Riveted Joints (Kulak, Fisher, nig Strick, 1987) manenAkg Manual in Part 11, Connec-
tions for Tension and Compression (Volume II). krNICak;lak;EdlRtUv)anRtYtBinitCakart
Pab; structural tee shape ehIyEdkEkgKUrEdlxgTl;xg ( a pair of back-to-back angle) nwg

RtUv)anKitkgpvdUcKaEdr. viFIEdlbgajenATIenHmanTMrg;xusKabnicEtpl;nUvlTpldUcKa.
viFIEdleRbIKWQrelIKRmUEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>29. RKb;kmaMgTaMgGs;KWsRmab;EteRKOg
Pab;mYy. dUcenH T CakmaMgTajemKuNxageRkAEdlGnuvteTAelIEtbULgmYy/ Q Ca prying force
EdlRtUvKanwgbULgmYy nig Bc CakmaMgbULgsrub. Prying force )anrMkileTAcugrbs;sab ehIy
vamantmGtibrma.
smIkarxageRkamRtUv)anbMEbkBIsmIkarlMnwgrbs;GgesrIkgrUbTI 7>29. BIplbUkm:Um:g;Rtg;
muxkat; B-B enAkgrUbTI 7>29 b
Tb M a a = Qa &>!0
BIrUbTI 7>29 c
M b b = Qa &>!!
cugeRkay/ kmaMglMnwgRtUvkarKW
Bc = T + Q &>!@
smIkarlMnwgTaMgbIenHGacbBalKaedIm,ITTYl)ansmIkareTalsRmab;kmaMgbULgsrub EdlrYmbBal
TaMg\TiBl prying force. dMbUgeyIgkMNt;Gefr CapleFobrvagm:Um:g;kgmYyktaRbEvgtam
beNayGkSbULgelIm:Um:g;kgmYyktaRbEvgenARtg;pKl;. sRmab;GkSbULg/ RbEvgCa net length,
dUcenH
/ ( p d ') M b b M b b
M
= b b
M aa / p
=
1
=
M a a 1 d ' / p M a a
&>!#
Edl p = RbEvgrgsMBaFrbs;sabsRmab;bULgmYy emIlrUbTI 7>29 a
d ' = Ggt;pitrbs;RbehagbULg
d' net area at bolt line
= 1 =
p gross area at web face
(
M a a = design strength at a a = b M p = b pt 2f F y / 4 )
eyIgGacbBalsmIkarlMnwgbI &>!0-&>!@ edIm,ITTYl)ankmaMgbULgsrub/ Bc :

b
Bc = T 1 + &>!$
(1 + ) a
CamYynwg bnkEdlTTYl)anBIsmIkar &>!$ eyIgnwgTTYl)ankMhUcRTg;RTayFMEdleFVI[kugRtaMgTaj
pbenAkgbULgminRtYtsIuKaCamYyGkSrbs;bULg. dUcenH kmaMgkgbULgEdl[edaysmIkar &>!$
minRtUvKaCamYynwglTplBiesaFn_. edIm,ITTYl)anlTplEdlcg;)an luHRtaEtkmaMg Bc rMkileTA
kan;Kl;rbs; tee edaybrimaN d / 2 Edl d CaGgt;pitbULg. dUcenHtm b nig a RtUv)anEkERbCa
b' = b
d
2
ni g a' = a +
d
2
edIm,I[RtUvnwglTplBiesaFn_kan;Etl tmrbs; a minRtUvFMCag 1.25b eT
CamYynwgkarpas;brenHeyIgGacsresrsmIkar &>!$ Ca
b'
Bc = T 1 + &>!%
(1 + ) a '
eyIgGackMNt; BIsmIkar &>!% eday[kmaMgenAkgbULg Bc esIeTAnwg design tensil strength
EdleyIgsMKal;Ca B . lTplEdlTTYl)anKW
=
[(B / T ) 1](a' / b') &>!^
{1 [(B / T ) 1](a' / b')}
eKGacmansanPaBkMNt;BIr tensil failure rbs;bULg nig bending failure rbs; tee. eK
snt;fa failure rbs; tee ekItmanenAeBlEdlsnak;)asic (plastic hinges) ekItmanRtg;muxkat; a-a,
Rtg;Kl;rbs; tee, nigenARtg;muxkat; b-b. edayehtuenHvanwgbegItCa beam mechanism. m:Um:g;nTI
taMgTaMgenHnwgesInwg M p EdlCalTPaBm:Um:g;)asicnRbEvgrbs;RbEvgrgsMBaFrbs;sabsRmab;bU
LgmYy. RbsinebItmdac;xatrbs; EdlTTYl)anBIsmIkar &>!^ tUcCag 1.0 enaHm:Um:g;enARtg;
GkSbULgtUcCagm:Um:g;enARtg;Kl; tee Edlvabgajfa beam mechanism minRtUv)anbegIteT ehIy
sanPaBkMNt;RtUv)ankMNt;Ca tensile failure rbs;bULg. kmaMgbULg Bc kgkrNIenH nwgesInwg
design strength B . RbsinebItmdac;xatrbs; 1.0 enaH plastc hinges nwgekItmanenARtg; a-a
nig b-b ehIysanPaBkMNt;KW flexural failure rbs;sabrbs; tee. edaysarEtm:Um:g;Rtg;kEngTaMg

BIrenHRtUv)ankMNt;Rtwmm:Um:g;)asic M p enaH KYrEtUv)ankMNt;esInwg 1.0 .
smIkarlMnwgbI &>!0-&>!@ kGacRtUv)anrYmbBalKakayCasmIkarEtmYysRmab;kMNt;kRmas;
sab t f . BIsmIkar &>!0 nig &>!! eyIgGacsresr
Tb' M a a = M b b
Edl b' RtUv)anCMnYs[ b . BIsmIkar &>!#
Tb' M a a = M a a &>!&
[ M a a esInwg design strength eKTTYl)an
pt 2f F y
M a a = b M p = b
4
Edl t f CakRmas;sabEdlRtUvkar. CMnYs M a a eTAkgsmIkar &>!& eyIgTTYl)an
4Tb'
tf =
b pFy (1 + )
Edl b = 0.90
tf =
4.444Tb'
pF y (1 + )
&>!*
karKNnakartPab;EdlrgnUv prying action CatMeNIrkarKNna trial-and-error. enAeBl
eRCIserIsTMhM nigcMnYnrbs;bULg eyIgRtUvEtKiteRtomTuksRmab; prying force. kareRCIserIskRmas;
tee mankarlM)akCagedaysarvaTak;TgeTAnwgkareRCIserIsbULg nigTMhM tee. eKGaceRbI Prelimi-
nary Hanger Connection Selection Table EdlmanenAkg Part 11 of the Manual sRmab;CYy
sRmYldl;kareRCIserIsrUbragsakl,g. enAeBlEdleKeRCIserIsmuxkat;sakl,g/ dwgcMnYnbULg nig

karteRmobbULgrYcehIy eKGaceRbIsmIkar &>!% nig &>!* edIm,Iepgpat;.
RbsinebIkRmas;sabCak;EsgxusBItmEdlRtUvkar tmCak;Esgrbs; nig Bc kGacxusBIGVI
EdleK)anKNnakngmkEdr. RbsinebIeKRtUvkmaMgbULgCak;Esg EdlrYmbBalTaMg prying force
Q enaHeKRtUvkMNt; eLIgvijdUcxageRkam.
M b b = Tb' M a a
BIsmIkar &>!#/
M b b
=
M a a
Tb' M a a Tb' / M a a 1
= =
M a a
eday[ M a a esIwTAnwg design moment eK)an

pt 2 F
f y
M a a = b M p = 0.90
4

Tb'
1
0.90 pt 2f F y / 4
1 4.444Tb'
enaH =

=
pt 2 Fy
1 &>!(

f
eKGacrkkmaMgbULgsrubBIsmIkar &>!%
]TahrN_ 7>9 WT10.5 66 RbEvg 8in. RtUv)anPab;eTAnwg)atsabrbs;Fwm dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI

7>30. Hanger enHrgnUvbnkemKuN 90kips . kMNt;cMnYnbULg A325 Ggt;pit 7 / 8in. EdlRtUvkar
nigepgpat;nUvPaBRKb;RKan;rbs; tee. EdkEdleRbICaRbePTEdk A36 .
dMeNaHRsay RkLapbULgKW
(7 / 8)2
Ab = = 0.6013in.2
4
ehIy design strength rbs;bULgmYyKW
B = Rn = Ft Ab = 0.75(90 )(0.6013) = 40.59kips

cMnYnbULgEdlRtUvkarKW 90 / 40.59 = 2.22 . cMnYnbULgGb,brmaEdlRtUvkarKW 4 edIm,IrkSaPaBsIuem-

RTI. BITMhMEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>30
b=
(5.5 0.650) = 2.425in.
2
a=
(12.44 5.5) = 3.470in.
2
1.25b = 1.25(2.425) = 3.031in. < 3.470in.
yk a = 3.031in.
d 7/8
b' = b = 2.425 = 1.988in.
2 2
d 7/8
a ' = a + = 3.031 + = 3.468in.
2 2
bnkxageRkAemKuNkgmYybULg edayKitTaMg prying force KW T = 90 / 4 = 22.5kips .
KNna
1 7 1
d'= d + = + = 1in.
8 8 8
8
p= = 4in.
2
d' 1
= 1 = 1 = 0.75
p 4
KNna
B 40.59
1 = 1 = 0.8040
T 22.5
a ' 3.468
= = 1.744
b' 1.988
BIsmIkar &>!^/
=
[(B / T ) 1](a' / b') = 0.8040(1.744) = 4.65
{1 [(B / T ) 1](a' / b')} 0.75[1 0.8040(1.744)]
edaysar > 1.0 / yk = 1.0 . BIsmIkar &>!*
4.444Tb' 4.444(22.5)(1.988)
tf = =
pF y (1 + ) 4(36 )(1 + 0.75)
= 0.888in. < 1.035in. (OK)
TaMgcMnYnbULgEdleRCIserIs nwgkRmas;sabKWRKb;RKan; ehIyminRtUvkarkarKNnateTAmuxeToteT.
b:uEn edIm,IbgajBIviFIsaRsKNna eyIgKNna prying force edayeRbIsmIkar &>!( nig &>!%. BI
smIkar &>!(/

1 4.444Tb' 1 4.444(22.5)(1.988)
= 2 1 = 1 = 0.3848
pt F y 0.75 4(1.035)2 (36 )
f
BIsmIkar &>!%/ kmaMgbULgsrub edayKitTaMg prying force KW
b'
Bc = T 1 +
(1 + ) a '
0.75(0.3848) 1.988
= 22.51 + = 25.39kips
1 + 0.75(0.3848) 3.468
Prying force KW
Q = Bc T = 25.39 22.5 = 2.89kips
cemIy WT10.5 66 RKb;RKan;. eRbIbULg A325 Ggt;pit 7 / 8in.
RbsinebIkRmas;sabminRKb;RKan; eKGacsakl,g tee shape EdlmanTMhMFMCag bkeRbIcMnYn

bULgbEnmedIm,Ikat;bny T EdlCakmaMgxageRkAkgmYybULg. Prying force enAkg]TahrN_
7>9 bEnmRbEhl 13% eTAelIkmaMgxageRkA. karecalnUvkmaMgTajbEnmenHnwgpl;nUvplvi)ak
y:agFn;Fr.
7>9> kmaMgpbrvagkmaMgTaj nigkmaMgTajenAkgbULg (Combined Shear and Tension

in Fasteners)
enAkgsanPaBCaeRcInkartPab;EtgRbQmnwgkmaMgkat; nigkmaMgTaj. tMNEdlTTYlbnk
cMNakpitRtUv)anerobrab;enAkgCMBUkTI 8. b:uEn sRmab;tMNsamBaxH eRKOgPab;sitkgsanPaB
kmaMgpb. rUbTI 7>31 bgajBIkMNat; structural tee EdlPab;eTAnwgsabrbs;ssrkgeKalbMNg
edIm,IPab;Ggt;BRgwg (bracing member). Ggt;BRgwgenHRtg;)andak;tMrg;y:agNaedIm,I[ExSskm
rbs;kmaMgkat;tamTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;kartPab;. bgMkmaMgbBarnwgeFVI[eRKOgPab;rgkugRtaMgkat; ehIy
bgMkmaMgedknwgbegItkmaMgTaj EdlGacmankarpSMCamYynwg prying force. edaysarExSskm
rbs;kmaMgeFVIGMeBIkat;tamTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;tMN eRKOgPab;nImYyRtUv)ansnt;faTTYlkugRtaMgedaycM
ENkesIKa.

kgkrNIbgMkmaMgepSgeTot eKGaceRbIviFIrUbmnGnrkm (interaction formula approach) .

ersIusg;kmaMgkat; nigersIusg;kmaMgTajsRmab;bULgRbePT bearing KWQrelIlTplnkarBiesaF
nwgRtUv)anykBI elliptical interaction curve EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>32. smIkarrbs;ExSenHKW
2 2
Pu Vu
+ = 1.0
(Rn )t (Rn )v
Edl Pu = kmaMgTajemKuNenAelIbULg
(Rn )t = design strength rbs;bULgrgkarTaj
Vu = kmaMgkat;TTwgemKuNenAelIbULg
(Rn )v = design strength rbs;bULgrgkarkat;
bnSMkmaMgkat; nigkmaMgTajEdlGacTTYlyk)anKWvaCYbKaRtg;kEngEdlsitenABIeRkamExS
ekag. enHCatRmUvkarrbs; RCSC Specification Edl
2 2
Pu Vu
+ 1 .0 (RCSC Equation LRFD 4.2)
(Rn )t (Rn )v

sRmab; slip-critical connection EdlbULgrgnUvkmaMgkat; nigkmaMgTaj \TiBlrbs;kmaMg

TajKWbnrbny clamping force EdleFVI[mankarkat;bnykmaMgkkit. AISC Specification kat;
bny slip-critical shear strength sRmab;krNIenH. BI AISC Appendix J, slip-critical shear
strength RtUv)anKuNedayemKuN
Tu
1 (AISC Equation A-J3-2)
1.13Tm N b
Edl kmaMgTajemKuNenAelItMN
Tu =
Tm = kmaMgTajbULgedImEdl)anBI AISC Table J3.1
N b = cMnYnbULgenAkgtMN
cMNaMfa RCSC Equation LRFD 4.2 Edl)anbgajenATIenHRtUv)anGnuvteTAelIbULgeTal Et

AISC Equation A-J3-2 Edl)anbgajenATIenHGnuvteTAelItMNTaMgmUl. smIkarnImYyGac
RtUv)anEkERbedIm,IGnuvtsRmab;viFIepSgeTot.
]TahrN_ 7>10 eKeRbI WT10.5 31 Ca bracket edIm,IbBan service load 60kips eTAssr
W 14 90 dUcEdl)anbgajenAkgrUUbTI 7>31. bnkpSMeLIgedaybnkefr 15kips nigbnkGefr
45kips . eKeRbIbULg A325 Ggt;pit 7 / 8in. cMnYn 4 RKab;. TaMgssr nig bracket eFVIBIEdk A36 .
snt;fatRmUvkarKMlat nigcmayeTARCugEKmTaMgGs;KWRKb;RKan; edayrYmbBalTaMgPaBcaM)ac;sRmab;

kareRbIR)as; design strengn GtibrmasRmab; bearing dUcCa [2.4dtFu ] nigkMNt;nUvPaBRKb;RKan;
rbs;bULgsRmab;kartPab;xageRkam
! bearing types connection EdlmaneFjsitenAkgbg;kat;. @ slip-critical connection
EdlmaneFjsitenAkgbg;kat;.
1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2(15) + 1.6(45) = 90kips
! sRmab; bearing-type connection EdlmaneFjsitenAkgbg;kat; kmaMgkat;TTwgsrubKW
3
(90) = 54kips
5
kmaMgkat;TTwgsRmab;bULgmYyKW

54
Vu = = 13.5kips
4
(7 / 8) 2
nig Ab =
4
= 0.6013in. 2
(Rn )v = Fv Ab = 0.75(48)(0.6013)
= 21.65kips > 13.5kips
Bearing strength sabrbs; tee lub KW
7
Rn = (2.4dtFu ) = 0.75(2.4) (0.615)(58)
8
= 56.18kips > 13.5kips (OK)
kmaMgTajsrubKW
4
(90) = 75kips
5
kmaMgTajsRmab;bULgmYyKW
72
Pu = = 18kips
4
BI AISC Table J3.2,
(Rn )t = Ft Ab = 0.75(90 )(0.6013) = 40.59kips > 18kips (OK)
BI RCSC Equation LRFD 4.2,

2 2
Pu Vu 18
2
13.5
2
+ = + = 0.585 < 1.0 (OK)
(Rn )t (Rn )v 40.59 21.65
cemIy kartPab;manlkNRKb;RKan;Ca . edIm,IkMu[Bi)akyl;kgkar
bearing-type connection
bnSMbnkrbs;]TahrN_enH prying action minRtUv)anrYmbBaleTAkgkarviPaKeT.

@ sRmab; slip-critical connection, EdlmaneFjsitenAkgbg;kat; BIEpk ! shear, bearing/
and tension strength KWmanlkNRKb;RKan;. BI RCSC Equation LRFD 5.3, slip-critical strenght
KW
Rstr = (1.13Tm N b N s )
BI AISC Table J3.1, kmaMgTajsRmab;bULg A325 Ggt;pit 7 / 8in. KW
Tm = 39kips
RbsinebIeyIgsnt;pb:HCa Class A, slip coefficent KW = 0.33 nigsRmab;bULgbYnRKab;
Rstr = (1.13Tm N b N s ) = 1.0(1.13)(0.33)(39)(4)(1) = 58.17kips
edaysarvamankmaMgTajenAelIbULg/ slip-critcal strength RtUv)ankat;bnyedayemKuN

Tu 72
1 = 1 = 0.5916
1.13Tm N b 1.13(39 )(4 )
dUcenHresIusg;Edl)ankat;bnyehIyKW
Rstr = 0.5916(58.17 ) = 34.4kips < 54kips (N.G.)
cemIy kartPab;minmanlkNRKb;RKan;Ca slip-critical connection eT.
kartPab;edaybULgEdlrgnUvkmaMgkat;TTwg nigkmaMgTajGacRtUv)anKNnaedaypal;. eK
GaceRbI RCSC Equation 4.2 edIm,IedaHRsayTMhMbULgdUcxageRkam
2 2 2 2
Pu Vu Pu Vu
+ = +
(Rn )t (Rn )v Ft Ab Fv Ab
2 2
P 1 V 1
= u + u
Ft ( Ab )2 Fv ( Ab )2
Edl Pu =kmaMgTajsrubenAelItMN
Ft = ultimate tensile stress rbs;bULg
Vu = kmaMgkat;TTwgsrubenAelItMN
Fv = ultimate shear stress rbs;bULg
Ab = RkLapmuxkat;bULgsrub
CMnYseTAkg RCSC Equation LRFD 4.2, eyIg)an

2 2
Pu 1 V 1
+ u 1 .0
2 F
Ft ( Ab ) v ( Ab )2
2 2
P V
b Ab u + u &>@0
Ft Fv
Edl Ab CaRkLapmuxkat;bULgsrub
]TahrN_ 7>11 tMNEdlrgbnkcMpitrgnUv service load shear force 50kips nig service tensile
force 100kips . bnk
Cabnkefr nig 75% CabnkGefr. eRKOgPab;rgnUv single shear
25%
ehIy baring strength nwgRtUv)anKNnaCamYynwgEpkEdlRtUvPab;EdlmankRmas; 5 / 16in. . snt;

fa KMlat nigcmayeTARCugEKmTaMgGs;manlkNRKb;RKan; nigsnt;faeKGnuBaat[eRbI bearing

strength Gtibrma (2.4dtFu ) . kMNt;cMnYnbULg A325 Ggt;pit 3 / 4in. EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;krNIxag
eRkam
! bearing-type connection CamYynwgeFjsitenAkgbg;kat;
@ slip-critical connection CamYynwgeFjsitenAkgbg;kat;
pb:HTaMgGs;man clean mill scale.
karKNnaenHmin)anBicarNa prying action sMxan;eT.
dMeNaHRsay kmaMgkat;TTwgemKuN = 1.2[0.25(50)] + 1.6[0.75(50)] = 75kips
kmaMgTajemKuN = 1.2[0.25(100)] + 1.6[0.75(100)] = 150kips
! sRmab; bearing-type connection CamYynwgeFjsitenAkgbg;kat; smIkar &>@0 [
2 2 2
P V 150 75
Ab u + u = + = 3.046in.2
Ft Fv 0.75(90) 0.75(48)
RkLaprbs;muxkat;eTalKW
(3 / 4 )2
Ab = = 0.4418in.2
4
dUcenHcMnYnbULgEdlRtUvkarKW
Ab 3.046
= = 6.89
Ab 0.4418
sakl,gbULg 7 RKab; ehIyRtYtBinit bearing:
Rn = (2.4dtFu ) 7
7 5
= 0.75(2.4) (58)(7 ) = 171kips > 75kips
8 16
eKminRtUvkarRtYtBinitKMlat nigcmayeTARCugEKmsRmab;karKNnacugeRkayeT
cemIy eRbIbULg 7 RKab;. RbsinebIeKerobbULgCaBIrCYr enaHeRbIbULg 8 RKab;edIm,IPaBsIuemRTI
@ sRmab; slip-critical connection, slip-critical strength Edl[eday RCSC Equation LRFD
RtUv)anKuNedayemKuNkat;bnyrbs; AISC Equation A-J3-2:

Rstr = (1.13Tm N b N s )1
Tu
1.13T N
&>@!
m b

BI AISC Table J3.1, sRmab;bULg A325 Ggt;pit 3 / 4in. / Tm = 28kips . CMnYs Tm eTAkgsmIkar
&>@!/ eyIg)an
Tu
Rstr = (1.13Tm N b N s )1
1.13Tm N b

= 1.0(1.13)(0.33)(28)(N b )(1)1
150

1.13(28)N b
4.741
= 10.441 = 10.44( N b 4.741)
N b
dak;lTplEdlTTYl)anenH nigkmaMgkat;TTwgEdlGnuvt[esIKa enaHeyIgGacrkcMnYnbULgEdl

RtUvkaredIm,IkarBar slip
10.44(N b 4.741) = 75kips
N b = 11.9
edaysarbULg 7 RKab;RKb;RKan;sRmab; shear, bearing nig tension dUcenHeKminRtUvkarRtYt
BinitsanPaBkMNt;TaMgenHeT.
cemIy eRbIbULg A325 Ggt;pit 3 / 4in.
7>10> tMNpSar (Welded connections)

karpSarCadMeNIrkareFVI[EpkEdlRtUvPab;Cab;Ka. ]TahrN_ Ggt;rgkarTajEdlman lap
joint dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>33 a GacRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedaykarpSartamcugTaMgsgagrbs;EpkEdl
RtUvPab;. kMBs;dtUcbMputrbs;smarRtUv)anrlay eRkayBITuk[RtCak; eRKOgbgMEdk nig weld

metal eFVIkardUcEpkEdlCab;KaenAkEngtMN. EdkbEnmRtUv)andak;BI special electrode EdlCaEpk
rbs;crnGKisnIeTAelIEpkEdlRtUvPab; b base metal.

enAkgdMeNIrkar shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>34 F

GKisnI (current arc) kat;tamcenaHrvag electrode nig base metal edayrMlayEpkEdlRtUvPab;
nigdak;Epkrbs;eGLicRtUteTAkg base metal Edlrlay. Specail coating enAelI electrode begIt
protective gaseous shield edaykarBar molten weld metal BIGuksIutkmmunnwgvarwg. eKrMkil
electrode kat;tamtMN ehIy weld bead RtUv)andak; TMhMrbs;vaGaRsynwgGRtandMeNIrrbs;
electrode. enAeBlEdlTwkbnSaRtCak; impuriries elceLIgenAelIp EdlbegItCa coating EdleK
ehAfa slag ehIy slag enHRtUv)anykecjmunnwglabfaMelIGgt; bEpkepSgEdlRtUv)anbegIteLIg

eday electrode.
CaTUeTA Shielded metal arc welding EdlRtUv)aneFIVeLIgedayd ehIyCadMeNIrkareKeRbICa

sklenAelIkardan. sRmab;karpSarenAeragCag eKniymeRbIdMeNIrkarsVyRbvt bBak;kNalsVy
Rbvt. karRtYtBinitKuNPaBsRmab;kartPab;edaykarpSarKWmanlkNBi)ak edaykarTwkbnSarEdl
minlsitenABIeRkamp bkPaBminldtictYcEdlmanenApbnSar GaceKcputBIExSEPkrbs;eyIg)an.
sRmab;karpSarenARtg;kEngEdleRKaHfak;eKRtUvkarCagpSarEdlmanCMnajRtwmRtUv ehIyeKRtUveRbI
beckeTsBiessdUcCa radiography b ultresonic testion.
eKniymeRbIkarpSarBIrRbePTKW fillet weld nig groove weld. Lap joint EdlbgajenAkgrUb
TI 7>33 a nig b RtUv)anbegIteLIgeday fillet weld . Groove weld RtUv)aneRbIsRmab; butt, tee
nig corner dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>35 a nig b. rUbTI 7>36 bgajBI plug and slot wled Edl
eBlxHva RtUvkaredIm,IbEnmBIelIkarpSartamRCug. rnragmUl bRTEvgRtUv)ankat;ecjBIEpkmYyedIm,I
GacbMeBjTwkbnSar)an.
kgcMeNamkarpSarTaMgBIrRbePTenH eyIgnwgelIkykkar pSar fillet weld mkbkRsaylMGit

enATIenH. karKNnasRmab; complete penetration groove weld minmanlkNminsMxan;Edlkar
pSar manersIusg;dUcKanwg base metal nigEpkEdlRtUvPab;. ersIusg;rbs; partial penetration
groove weld GaRsyeTAnwgbrimaNn penetration. dMeNIrkarnkarKNna groove weld Rsedog
KanwgkarKNna fillet weld.
7>11> Fillet Welds

karKNna nigkarviPaKsRmab; fillet weld KWQrelIkarsnt;famuxkat;rbs;TwkbnSarCa
RtIekaNEkgEdlmanmMu 45o dUcbgajkgrUbTI 7>37. TTwgrbs; fillet weld RtUv)ansMKal;eday w .
TMhMTWkbnSarbTdanKWekIneLIgmg 1 / 16in. = 2mm . eTaHbICaRbEvgrbs;karpSarGacrgnUvbnk tam

TiskmaMgkat;/ kmaMgsgt; nigkmaMgTajkeday kfillet weld manersIusg;exSaysRmab;kmaMgkat;
ehIyvaEtg EtRtUv)aneKsnt;fadac;edaysarkmaMgenH. kardac;RtUv)ansnt;ekItmantambg;Edl
kat;tam throat rbs;TwkbnSar. sRmab; fillet weld EdlbegIteLIgCamYy shielded metal arc
process, throat CaRb EvgEkgBIRCugEKm b root rbs;TwkbnSareTAGIub:Uetnus nigmantmesI 0.707
dgnTMhMTwkbnSar. Effective throad thickness sRmab;TwkbnSarEdl)anBI arc welding process

manTMhMFMCag. dUcenH kgesovePAenH eyIgsnt;eRbI shielded metal arc welding process.
dUcenHsRmab;RbEvg L Edlrg bnk P / kugRtaMgkmaMgkat;eRKaHfak;KW
P
fv =
0.707 w L
Edl w CaTTwgTwkbnSar
RbsinebIeKeRbI weld ultimate shearing stress/ FW enAkgsmIkarenH eKGacsresr

nominal load capacity rbs;TwkbnSardUcxageRkam
Rn = 0.707 w L FW
ehIy nominal design strength KW
Rn = 0.707 w L FW &>@@

ersIusg;rbs; fillet weld GaRsyeTAnwgkareRbIR)as; weld metal EdlCaGnuKmn_eTAnwg

RbePT electrode. ersIusg;rbs; electrode RtUv)ankMNt;Ca ultimate tensile strength rbs;vaCamYy
nwgersIusg; 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, nig 120ksi b 415, 480, 550, 620, 690, nig 830MPa sRmab;
shielded metal arc welding process. nimitsBaasRmab;kMNt; electrod KWGkSr E Edlbn
edayelxBIrxg; bbIxg;EdlbgajBIersIusg;rbs;vaCa ksi . edaysarEtersIusg;CalkNdMbUg Edl

design engineer ykcitTukdak; CaTUeTAGkSrBIrxg;cugeRkayRtUv)anbgajeday XX ehIykMNt;
smal;kayCa E70 XX b E 70 EdlbgajBI electrode CamYy ultimate tensile strength 70ksi .

eKKYreRCIserIs electrode [RtUvKaCamYynwg base metal. sRmab; grade rbs;EdkEdleRbIR)as;TUeTA
eKBicarNaEt electrode BIrRbePTb:ueNaHKW
eRbI electrode E70 XX CamYynwgEdkEdlman yield strength tUcCag 60ksi
eRbI electrode E80 XX CamYynwgEdkEdlman yied strength 60ksi b 65ksi
nimitsBaasRmab; electrode nigkarpl;[rbs; AISC Specification EdledaHRsayCamYy
nwgTwkbnSarRtUv)andkRsg;ecjBI Structural Welding Code rbs; American Welding Society
(AWS, 1996). eKGacrk)annUvlkxNEdlminmanEcgenAkg AISC Specification enAkg AWS
Code.
Design strength rbs;TwkbnSarRtUv)anbgajenAkg AISC Table J2.5. Ultimate shearing
stress FW enAkg fillet weld esInwg 0.6 dgn tensile strength rbs; weld metal EdlRtUv)ansM
Kal;eday FEXX . dUcenH design stress KW FW Edl = 0.75 nig FW = 0.60FEXX . sRmab;
electrode FmtaTaMgBIr design strengths (stresses) RtUv)anbgajdUcxageRkam
E 70 XX : FW = 0.75[0.60(70)] = 31.5ksi
E 80 XX : FW = 0.75[0.6(80)] = 36ksi
tRmUvkarbEnmKWfakmaMgkat;TTwgemKuNenAelI base metal minKYrbegIt stress FMCag FBM Edl
FBM Ca nominal shear strength rbs;smarEdlRtUvPab;. dUcenHbnkemKuNsRmab;tMNRtUv)an
kMNt;Rtwm
Rn = FBM area of base metal subject to shear
AISC J5, Connecting elements [ shear yielding strength Ca Rn Edl
= 0.90
R n = 0 .6 A g F y (AISC Equation J5-3)
nig Ag CaRkLapEdlrgkmaMgkat;TTwg. dUcenH shear strength rbs; base metal CasresrCa

FBM = 0.90(0.6) F y = 0.54 F y
dUcenH enAeBlEdlbnksitenAkgTisdUcGkSrbs;TwkbnSar eKRtUveFVIkarGegt base metal edayeRbI

TMnak;TMngnsmIkar &>@#. eKGacBnl;BItRmUvkarenHedayRtYtBinitkartPab; bracket edaykar
pSar EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>38. edaysnt;fa bnksitenAEk,rcugEdlpSaredayeyIgGacecal
cMNakpit. RbsinebITWkbnSarTaMgBIrmanTMhMdUcKa design strength rbs;TwkbnSarmagkgRbEvg
ktaGacRtUv)anrkBIsmIkar &>@@ Ca
0.707 w FW
b:uEnBIsmIkar &>@#/ ersIusg;rbs; bracket plate Tb;nwgkmaMgkat;kgmYyktaRbEvgKW
t FBM
Cak;Esg TwkbnSaminGacTb;Tl;nwgbnkeRcIndUc base metal kgkrNIenHvaCa bracketeT. eKdac;
xatRtUvEteFVIkarGegtenHenAeBlEdl base metal rgnUvkmaMgkat;TTwg.
kgkrNIkartPab;edaykarpSarCaeRcIn eTaHbICakarviPaKkI karKNnakI vamanPaBgayRsYl
EdleKykersIusg;kgmYyktaRbEvgrbs;karpSar EdlGacCaersIusg;rbs;TwkbnSar bCaersIusg;rbs;
base metal EdlmYyNatUcCagmksikSa. viFIenHnwgRtUv)anbgajenAkg]TahrN_xageRkam.
]TahrN_ 7>12 eKeRbIEdkbnHCaGgt;rgkarTajedayPab;eTAnwg gusset pate dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI

7>39. karpSarCaRbePT fillet welds 3 / 16in. EdleFVIeLIgCamYynwg electrode E70 XX . EpkEdl
RtUvPab;CaRbePTEdk A36 . snt;faersIusg;Tajrbs;Ggt;RKb;RKan; cUrkMNt; design strength rbs;

tMNpSar.
dMeNaHRsay edaysarkarpSarmanlkNsIuemRTIeFobnwgGkSrbs;Ggt; EpknImYyrbs;TwkbnSar

nwgrgnUvkmaMgEdlEbgEckesI. manEtRbEvgsrubrbs;TwkbnSar CamYynwgkmaMgGnuvtpbkat;tamTI
RbCMuTmn;rbs;TwkbnSar edayminKitcMNakpittictYc/ TItaMg nigTisedArbs;TwkbnSarnImYyminTak;
TgeT.
ersIusg;rbs; weld metal sRmab; electrode KW E 70
FW = 31.5ksi
3
0.707 w FW = 0.707 (31.5) = 4.176kips / in.
16
RtYtBinit ersIusg;rbs; base metal kRmas;tUcCageKlub. BIwsmIkar &>@#/
Rn = FBM area subject to shear
1
= FBM t = 0.54 F y t = 0.54(36) = 4.86kips / in.
4
ersIusg;rbs;TwkbnSarlub. sRmab;kartPab;
Rn = 4.176kips / in. (4 + 4)in. = 33.4kips
cemIy ersIusg;rbs;tMNKW 33.4kips
]TahrN_ 7>13 RbePTtMNEdleRbIenAkg]TahrN_ 7>12 RtUvTb;nwgkmaMgemKuN 40kips . etI

eKRtUvkarRbEvgTwkbnSarsrub RbePT filet weld 3 / 16in. EdleRbI electrode E70 XX b:unan?
dMeNaHRsay ersIusg;rbs;TwkbnSarkgmYyktaRbEvgEdl)anBI]TahrN_TI 7>12 KW

Rn = 4.176kips / in.
RbEvgsrubEdlRtUvkarKW
40
= 9.58in.
4.176
cemIy RbEvgsrubKW 10in. EdlRtUvKanwg 5in. sRmab;mag.
karKNnakartPab;edaykarpSarTamTarnUvkarBicarNanUv TMhMTwkbnSarGb,brma nigGtibrma
nigRbEvgTwkbnSar. tRmUvkarTaMgenHsRmab; fillet welds RtUv)anbgajenAkg AISC J2.2b
ehIyRtUv)an segbdUcxageRkam
TMhMGb,brma
TMhMGb,brmaEdlGnuBaatCaGnuKmn_eTAnwgkRmas;rbs;EpkEdlRtUvPab;Rkas;CageK ehIy
RtUv)an[enAkg AISC Tabel J2.4.
TMhMGtibrma
tambeNayRCugEKRmbs;Ggt;EdlmankRmas;tUcCag 1 / 4in. = 6.5mm TMhM fillet weld
GtibrmaesInwgkRmas;rbs;Ggt;enaH. sRmab;Ggt;EdlRkas;CagenH TMhMGtibrmaKW t 1 / 16in b
t 2mm Edl t CaTMhMrbs;Ggt;.
RbEvgGb,brma
RbEvgGb,brmaGnuBaatsRmab; fillet weld KWbYndgTMhMTwkbnSar. karkMNt;enHmintwgEtgeT
b;uEnRbsinebIminGacpl;RbEvgTwkbnSarenH)an eKGaceRbIRbEvgxICagenH)an RbsinebI effective size
rbs;TwkbnSarRtUv)aneKykesInwgmYyPaKbYnnRbEvfTwkbnSar. kartPab;RbePTEdl)anbgajenA
kgrUbTI 7>40 EdldUcKanwg]TahrN_BImun CakrNIBiesssRmab; shear lag sRmab;kartPab;eday
TwkbnSar Edl)anerobrab;enAkgCMBUkTI 3. AISC B3 )anbgajfaRbEvgTwkbnSarenAkgkrNIenHmin
RtUvtUcCagcmayrvagTwkbnSareT KW L W .

End returns
enAeBlEdlTwkbnSarlatsnwgdl;kac;RCug vaRtUvEtbnCMuvijRCugenaH dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI
7>41. mUlehtusRmab;karbn EdleKehAfa end return KWCakarkarBarkugRtaMgRbmUlpM (stress
concentration) nigFanafaTMhMTwkbnSarRtUv)anrkSaelIRbEvgeBjrbs;TwkbnSar. End return KYrEt
manRbEvgy:agticesIBIrdgTMhMTwkbnSar. RbEvgrbs; end return GacRtUv)anKitbBaleTAkgkar

KNna load capacity bkeKGacecalva)an.
CaTUeTAkarpSarEdlmanTMhMtUcmantmefakCagkarpSarEdlmanTMhMFM. TMhMGtibrmaEdl
eFVICamYynwgkarpSarmgmanTMhMRbEhl 5 / 16in. ehIykarpSareRcIndgnwgbEnmtm. elIsBIenH
sRmab; load capacity EdleKsal; eTaHbICaTwkbnSartUcbegItRbEvgEvgCag EtTwkbnSarTMhMFMEdl
begItRbEvgxInwgRtUvkarbrimaN weld metal eRcInCag.
]TahrN_TI 7>14 r)arEdk A36 EdlmanTMhM 4 1 / 2in. RtUv)aneRbICaGgt;rgkarTajedIm,ITb;Tl;

nwg service dead load 6kips nig service live load 18kips . eKPab;vaeTAnwg gusset plate Edlman
kRmas; 3 / 8in. dUcEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>42. KNnakartPab;edaypSar.
dMeNaHRsay enAkgkartPab;enH base metal CaEdk A36 dUcenHeyIgRtUveRbI electrode E70 XX .

edaysarEtRbEvgTwkbnSarminRtUv)ankMNt; dUcenHeyIgeRbITMhMGb,brmaGnuBaat
TMhMGb,brma = 163 in. (AISC Table J2.4)

sakl,g electrode E70 XX fillet weld 3 / 16in. . lTPaBkgmYyktaRbEvgKW

3
0.707 w(FW ) = 0.707 (31.5) = 4.176kips / in.
16
lTPaBrbs; base metal KW
3
0.54 F y t = 0.54(36) = 7.29kips / in.
8
ersIusg;rbs;TwkbnSartUcCag dUcenHeRbIvaedIm,IKNna.
bnkemKuN
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2(6) + 1.6(18) = 36kips
ehIy RbEvgEdlRtUvkar =
36
4.176
= 8.62in.
RbEvgGtibrma = 4 163 = 0.75in < 8.62in (OK)
sRmab; end return,

RbEvgGb,brma = 2 163 = 0.375in. yk 1in.
sRmab;kartPab;RbePTenH RbEvgrbs;TwkbnSarxagRtUvEtFMCagcmayrvagTwkbnSar EdlkgkrNIenH
KW esInwg 4in. . RbEvgTwkbnSarsrubrYmbBalTaMg end return
2(4 + 1) = 10in. > 8.62in. EdlRtUvkar
cemIy eRbI electrode E70 XX fillet weld 3 / 16in. CamYynwgRbEvg 10in. dUcEdlbgajenAkgrUb
TI 7>43.
nimitsBaasRmab;karpSar
karpSarRtUv)ankMNt;enAelI design drawing edaynimitsBaasg;dar Edlpl;nUvviFIgayRsYl
sRmab;BNnaBItRmUvkarrbs;karpSar. PaBlMGitRtUv)an[enAkg Part 8 of the Manual, Bolts,
Welds, and Connected Elements(Volume II), ehIyminRtUv)anbgajenATIenHGs;eT. enAkg

esovePAenH eyIgpl;EtkarENnaMy:agsegbBInimitsBaabTdansRmab; fillet welds dUcEdlbgajenA
kgrUbTI 7>44.
nimitsBaaeKalKWExSedk (reference line) EdlrYmmanBtmanBI RbePT/ TMhM nigRbEvgrbs;
TwkbnSar rYmCamYynwgk,alRBYjEdlbgajBITItaMgEdlRtUvpSar. RtIekaNEkgEdlmanRCugQrenA
xageqVgRtUv)aneRbIedIm,Ibgaj fillet weld. RbsinebIrUbRtIekaNenHenABIeRkam reference line kar
pSarKWsitenAxagrbs;k,alRBYj. Etpymkvij ebIrUbRtIekaNenHsitenAxagelI reference line vij
enaHkarpSarRtUvsitenAmageTotrbs;kartPab; EdlGac)aMg bmin)aMgenAkgbg;. elxenAelI
reference line rab;BIeqVgmksaM manTMhMTwkbnSar nigRbEvgTwkbnSar. vaKYrRtUv)andak;tamlMdab;Ebb
enH. RbsinebITaMgxagmux nigxageRkayrbs;tMNEdlPab;edaykarpSar BtmanTaMgGs;RtUvEtbgaj

enAelI reference line TaMgelI nigeRkam. edIm,IkMNt;viFIsRsEdlRtUveRbI bedIm,Ipl;BtmanbEnm eK
Gacdak;knyRBYjenAxagcugrbs; reference line ehIykarkMNt;bgajGacdak;enAEk,renaH. Rbsin
ebIminmanBtmanbEnmeT knyRBYjenaHRtUv)andkecj. cugeRkayrUbdgTg;CatiGacRtUv)andak;enA
kEng Edl reference line kac;edIm,IbgajfapSarenAkardan.

]TahrNI 7>15 bnHEdk A36 TMhM 3 / 4 8in. RtUv)aneRbICaGgt;rgkarTajehIyRtUv)anPab;eTAnwg

gusset plate TMhM 3 / 8in. dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>45. RbEvgrbs;karPab;minRtUvelIsBI 8in. . KNna
karpSaredIm,IbegItkmaMgTajeBjdl;Ggt;.
dMeNaHRsay design strength rbs;Ggt;QrelI gross area rbs;vaKW

3
t Pn = 0.90 F y Ag = 0.90(36) (8) = 194.4kips
4
bnab;mk KNna design strength rbs;Ggt;edayQrelI net area rbs;va. sRmab;kartPab;Ggt;
bnH RbsinebIkarpSarsitenAEttamRCugxag enaH Ae = UAg . EtRbsinebImankarpSartamTisTTwg
enA xagcugGgt; enaH Ae = Ag . snt;ykkrNITIBIr enaHeyIg)an
3
t Pu = 0.75Fu Ae = 0.75(58) (8) = 261kips
4
KNnasRmab;bnkemKuN 194.4kips nigeRbI electrode E 70
FW = 31.5ksi
BI AISC Table J2.4 TMhMTwkbnSarGb,brmaKW 1 / 4in. . sakl,g fillet weld E 70 TMhM 1 / 4in.
1
Design strength kgmYyktaRbEvgrbs;TwkbnSar = 0.707 (31.5) = 5.568kips / in.
4
ersIusg;rbs; base metal = 0.54Fy t = 0.54(36) 83 = 7.290kips / in.
RbEvgTwkbnSarEdlRtUvkar = 194 .4
5.568
= 34.9in.
tamsmtikm RbEvgEdlGacpSar)anKW 8 + 8 + 8 = 24in. dUcenHeKminGaceRbITMhMTwkbnSar 1 / 4in. eT.

RbsinebIRbEvgRtUv)ankMNt;Rtwm 24in. enaHBIsmIkar &>@@ TMhMTwkbnSarEdlRtUvkarKW
Rn 194.4
= = 0.364in.
0.707 L FW 0.707(24 )(31.5)
sakl,g 3 / 8in.
TMhMTwkbnSarGtibrma = 34 161 = 16 11 3
in. > in.
8
(OK)
RbEvgTwkbnSar = 4 8 = 1.5in. < 24in.

3
(OK)
cemIy eRbIkarpSardUcbgajkgrUbTI 7>46.

VIII. tMNcakpit
Eccentric Connections
8>1> ]TahrN_sRmab;tMNcakpit (Examples of Eccentric Connections)
tMNcakpitCatMNmYyEdlkmaMgpbminkat;tamTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;eRKOgPab; bTWkbnSar. Rbsin

ebItMNmanbg;sIuemRTI eKeRbITIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLapkmaMgkat;rbs;eRKOgPab; bTwkbnSarCacMNuc
eKal (reference point) ehIycmayEkgBIExSskmrbs;kmaMgeTATIRbCMuTmn;RtUv)aneKehAfa cMNak
pit. eTaHbICatMNCaeRcInGacrgnUvkmaMgcakpit EtkgkrNICaeRcIncMNakpitTaMgenaHmantmtUc
EdlGacecal)an.
kartPab; framed beam EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>1 a CaRbePTmYyntMNcakpit. kart
Pab;enH eTaHCakgTRmg;tPab;edaybULg bedaypSarkeday vaRtUv)aneKeRbICaTUeTAsRmab;tPab;Fwm
eTAssr. eTaHbICacMNakpitkgtMNRbePTenHGacecal)ankeday EtvaRtUv)anykmkbgajenATI
enH. vamankartPab;BIrepSgKaKW kartPab;BIEdkEkgeTAEdkFwm nigkartPab;EdkEkgeTAEdkssr.
kartPab;TaMgenHbgajBItMNcakpiteKalBIrRbePT tMNcMNakpitEdlbegItEtkmaMgkat;TTwgenAkg
eRKOgPab; bTwkbnSar nigtMNcMNakpitEdlbegItTaMgkmaMgkat;TTwg nigkmaMgTaj.
RbsinebIeKBicarNaFwm nigEdkEkgdac;edayELkBIssr dUcEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>1 b

enaHvabgajy:agc,as;fa Rbtikm R eFVIGMeBIcMNakpit e BITIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLaprbs;eRKOgPab;enA
T.Chhay 306 Eccentric Connections
kgRTnugFwm. dUcenHeRKOgPab;TaMgenHrgTaMgkmaMgkat;TTwg nigm:Um:g;KU (couple) EdlsitenAelI

rbs;tMN ehIybegItCakugRtaMgkmaMgkat;rmYl (torsional shearing stress).
RbsinebIssr nigEdkEkgRtUv)anpac;ecjBIFwm dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>3 c enaHeyIgeXIj
y:agc,as;fa eRKOgPab;enAkgsabssrrgnRbtikm R EdlmanGMeBIenAcMNakpit e BIbg;rbs;eRKOg
Pab; edaybegIt couple dUcBImun. b:uEn kgkrNIenH bnkminsitenAkgbgr; bs;eRKOgPab; dUcenH
couple eFVI[EpkxagelIrbs;tMNrgkugRtaMgTaj ehIyEpkxageRkamrgkugRtaMgsgt;. dUcenH eRKOg
Pab;enAEpkxagelIbMputrbs;tMNrgTaMgkmaMgkat;TTwg nigkmaMgTaj.
eTaHbICa eyIgeRbIkartPab;edaybULgenATIenHedIm,Ibgajkeday kkartPab;edaykarpSar
Gacbgajy:agsmBaBIkarrgEtkmaMgkat;TTwg bkmaMgkat;TTwgrYmTaMgkmaMgTaj.
RbtikmbnkemKuNGtibrmasRmab;tMN framed beam epSgRtUv)an[enAkg Table 9-2
rhUtdl; 9-12 in Part 9 of the Manual, Simple Shear and PR Moment Connections (Volume
II). cMNapitEdltUcEmnETnsRmab;tMNenHGacecal)an ehIyeKBicarNaEtkmaMgkat;TTwgEt
b:ueNaH.
8>2> tMNcMNakpitedaybULg EtkmaMgkat; (Eccentric Bolted Connections: Shear only)

rUbTI 8>2 EdlbgajBI column bracket connection Ca]TahrN_BItMNedaybULgEdlrg
kmaMgkat;TTwgcakpit. eKmanviFIBIrsRmab;edaHRsaybBaaenH traditional elastic analysis viPaK
eGLasicburaN nigviFIEdlmanlkNsuRkitCag b:uEnsKsajCag Ca ultimate strength
analysis viPaKersIusg;cugeRkay. viFITaMgBIrenHnwgRtUv)anbgaj.
tMNcakpit 307 T.Chhay

Elastic Analysis
enAkgrUbTI 8>3 a, RkLapkmaMgkat;TTwgrbs;eRKOgPab; nigbnkRtUv)anbgajdac;eday
ELkBIssr nig bracket plate. eKGacdak;bnkcMNakpit P CamYynwgbnkdUcKaEdlmanGMeBIRtg;
TIRbCMuTmn;rYmCamYynwg couple, M = Pe Edl e CacMNakpit. RbsinebIeyIgeFVIEbbenH bnknwgman
GMeBIcMpit ehIyeKsnt;faeRKOgPab;nImYyTb;Tl;nUvcMENkbnkesIKa KW pc = P / n Edl n CacMnYn
eRKOgPab;. kmaMgeRKOgPab;Edl)anBI couple Gacrk)anedaysnt;fakugRtaMgkmaMgkat;TTwgenAkg
eRKOgPab;CalTplrbs; torsion nmuxkat;EdlekItBIRkLapmuxkat;rbs;eRKOgPab;. RbsinebI
eyIgeFVIkarsnt;EbbenH kugRtaMgkMMlaMgkat;enAkgeRKOgPab;nImYyGacRtUv)anrkBIrUbmnkmaMgrmYl
fv =
Md
J
*>!
Edl d = cmayBITIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLapeTAcMNucEdlkugRtaMgkMBugRtUv)ankMNt;
J = m:Um:g;niclPaBb:UElrba;RkLapeFobTIRbCMuTmn;
ehIykugRtaMg f v EkgeTAnwg d . eTaHbICarUbmnkmaMgrmYlGnuvtn_)anEtcMeBaHragsIuLaMg EteKeRbIva

enATIenHedIm,IsnSMsMc edaysar yielding stress mantmFMCagkugRtaMgBitR)akd.
RbsinebIeKeRbIRTwsIbTGkSRsb (parallel-axis theorem) ehIyeKecalm:Um:g;niclPaBb:UElr

nRkLapeFobGkSTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;va enaHeKGackMNt; J sRmab;RkLapsrubKW
J = Ad 2 = A d 2
edayRKb;eRKOgPab;manRkLap A dUcKa. enaHsmIkar *>! GacRtUv)ansresrCa
Md
fv =
A d 2
ehIykmaMgkat;enAkgeRKOgPab;nImYyEdlekIteLIgeday couple KW
Md Md
Pm = Af v = A =
2
A d d2
dUcenHbgMkmaMgkat;TTwgTaMgBIrEdl)ankMNt;RtUv)anbUkbEnmedaybBaredIm,ITTYl)ankmaMgpb P
dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>3 b EdleyIgykeRKOgPab;enAxagsaMEpkxageRkameKbMputmkbgaj. enA
eBlEdleKkMNt;)ankmaMgpbFMCageKbMput TMhMeRKOgPab;kRtUv)aneRCIserIsedIm,ITb;Tl;kmaMgenaH.
eKminGaceFVIkarGegtedIm,IrkeRKOgPab;EdleRKaHfak;CaeKeT KWeKRtUveFVIkarKNnaCatmelx.
CaTUeTA vamanlkNgayRsYlCagkgkareFVIkarCamYynwgbgMkmaMgctuekaNEkg. sRmab;
eRKOgPab;nImYy bgMkmaMgedk nigbgMkmaMgQrEdl)anBIkmaMgkat;TTwgedaypal;KW
Py
pcx = x
P
n
ni g pcy =
n
Edl Px nig Py CabgMkmaMgtamTis x nigTis y rbs;kmaMgsrub P dUcEdl)anbgajenAkgrUbTI
8>4. eKGacrkbgMkmaMgedk nigQrEdlekIteLIgedaycMNakpitdUcxageRkam.
cmayBITIRbCMuTmn;rbs;tMNeTAeRKOgPab;nImYy
(
d 2 = x2 + y2 )
Edl cMNucrYmrbs;RbBnkUGredaenKWCaTIRbCMuTmn;nRkLapkmaMgkat;rYmrbs;eRKOgPab;. kmaMgpb
tamTis x rbs; pm KW
y y Md y Md My
p mx =
d
pm =
d d 2
=
2
d x +y 2
(=
) (
x + y2
2
)
dUcenH pmy = Mx
(
x2 + y2 )
ehIykmaMgeRKOgPab;srubKW
p= ( p x )2 + ( p y )2
Edl p x = pcx + p mx
p y = pcy + p my
RbsinebI P bnkEdlGnuvteTAelItMN CabnkemKuN enaHkmaMg p enAelIeRKOgPab;Ca bnkem

KuNedIm,ITb;Tl;nwg shear nig bearing EdlCa design strength EdlRtUvkar.
]TahrN_ 8>1 kMNt;kmaMgrbs;eRKOgPab;EdleRKaHfak;enAkg bracket connection Edl)anbgaj

enAkgrUbTI 8>5.
dMeNaHRsay TIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkumeRKOgPab;GacRtUv)anrkedayeRbIGkSedkkat;tameRkam nigeday

GnuvteKalkarN_m:Um:g;
2(5) + 2(8) + 2(11)
y= = 6in.
8
bgMkmaMgQr nigkmaMgedkKW
Px =
1
5
(50) = 22.63kips nig Py =
2
5
(50) = 44.72kips
edayeyageTAtamrUbTI 8>6 a, eyIgGacKNnam:Um:g;rbs;bnkeFobTIRbCMuTmn;

M = 44.72(12 + 2.75) 22.36(14 6 ) = 480.7in. kips RsbRTnicnaLika
rUbTI 8>6 b bgajBITisedArbs;bgMkmaMgbULg nigTMhMnbgMkmaMgbULgEdlRtUvKaEdlekIteLIg

edaym:Um:g;KUr (couple). edayeRbITisedATaMgenH nigTMhMEdlRtUvKaCakarnaMpvEdlkmaMgTaMgenaH
RtUv)anbUktamc,ab;RbelLRkam. eyIgGacsnidan)anfaeRKOgPab;xagsaMEpkxageRkameKbMput
nwgmankmaMgpbFMCageKbMput.
bgMkmaMgedk nigbBarrbs;eRKOgPab;nImYyEdl)anBIkmaMgcMpitKW
= 2.795kips nig pcy =
22.36 44.72
pcx = = 5.590kips
8 8
sRmab; couple
( ) [ ]
x 2 + y 2 = 8(2.75)2 + 2 (6 )2 + (1)2 + (2 )2 + (5)2 = 192.5in 2

My 480.7(6 )
p mx =
(x +y 2
) 2
=
192.5
= 14.98kips
Mx 480.7(2.75)
(x 2 + y 2 )
p my = = = 6.867kips
192.5
p x = 2.795 + 14.98 = 17.78kips

p y = 5.590 + 6.867 = 12.46kips
P= (17.78)2 + (12.46)2 emIlrUbTI 8>6 c

= 21.7 kips
cemIy kmaMgbULgEdleRKaHfak;KW 21.7kips . karGegtBITMhM nigTisedArbs;bgMkmaMgedk

nigbBarbBaak;fakarsnidanfaeRKOgPab;Edl)aneRCIserIsBitCamaneRKaHfak;Emn.
Ultimate Strength Analysis

viFIEdlerobrab;BIxagmuxmanlkNgayRsYlkgkarGnuvt b:uEnminsuRkit. kgkarviPaK KW
)ansnidanfaTMnak;TMngbnk-kMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;eRKOgPab;manlkNsmamaRt Cabnat; ehIy
fa yield stress minRtUvFM. karBiesaFn_bgajfavaminEmnCakrNI ehIyfaeRKOgPab;nImYyminman
shear yield stress BitR)akdeT. viFIsaRsEdlBNnaenATIenHkMNt; ultimate strength rbs;tMN
edayeRbITMnak;TMngminsmamaRtbnk-kMhUcRTg;RTayEdlkMNt;edaykarBiesaFn_ sRmab;eRKOgPab;
nImYy.
karsikSaedaykarBiesaFEdlraykarN_enAkg Crawford and Kulak (1971) edayeRbI
bULgRbePT bearing A325 Ggt;pit 3 / 4in. nigEdkbnH A36 b:uEnlTplGaceRbIsRmab;bULg
A325 EdlmanTMhMepSgCamYynwgEdkRbePTepSgCamYynwglTpllMeGogtictYc. viFIenHnwgpl;
nUvlTpllMeGogenAeBleRbICamYybULg slip-critical nigCamYybULg A490 (AISC, 1994).

kmaMgbULgEdlRtUvnwgkMhUcRTg;RTay KW
(
R = Rult 1 + e )
(
= 74 1 e10 )0.55 *>@
Edl Rult = kmaMgkat;TTwgrbs;bULgenAeBldac; = 74kips = 330MPa
e = eKalrbs;elakenEB = 2.718
= emKuNkat;bny = 10
= emKuNkat;bny = 0.55

Ultimate strength rbs;tMNKWQrelIkarsnt;dUcxageRkam

!> enAeBldac; RkumeRKOgPab;vilCMuvij instantaneous center (IC).
@> kMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;ERKOgPab;mYysmamaRteTAnwgcmayBI IC nwgeFVIGMeBIEkgeTAkaMn
rgVil.
#> eKGacTTYl)anlTPaBrbs;tMNenAeBlEdl ultimate strength rbs;eRKOgPab;enAqaybM
putBI IC. rUbTI 7>8 bgajBIkmaMgbULgCakmaMgTb;Tl;EdleFVIGMeBIRbqaMgnwgkmaMg
Gnuvtn_.
$> EpkEdlRtUvPab;RtUvEtrwg.
Cavi)aknkarsnt;TIBIr kMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;eRKOgPab;nImYyKW
=
r
max =
r
(0.34)
rmax rmax
Edl cmayBI IC eTAeKOgPab;
r=
rmax = cmayeTAeRKOgPab;EdlenAqaybMput
max = kMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;eRKOgPab;qaybMputenA ultimate = 0.34in. EdlkMNt;eday
karBiesaFn_
CamYynwg elastic analysis, vamanPaBgayRsYlCagkgkareFVIkarCamYynwgbgMkmaMgctuekaNEkg b

Ry = R
x
r
b y
Rx = R
r

Edl x nig y Cacmayedk nigcmaybBarBI instantaneous center eTAeRKOgPab;. enAxNeBl

dac; lMnwgRtUv)anrkSa ehIysmIkarlMnwgbIxageRkamRtUv)anGnuvteTAelIRkumeRKOgPab; eyageTAelI
rUbTI 8>7
m
Fx = (R x )n Px = 0 *>#
n =1
m
M IC = P(ro + e ) (rn Rn ) = 0 *>$
n =1
ehIy Fy = (R y )n Py = 0
m
*>%
Edl Gnu)at n kMNt;nUveRKOgPab;mYy nig m CacMnYnsrubrbs;eRKOgPab;. viFIsaRsTUeTAKWsnt;TI
taMg instantaneous center bnab;mkkMNt;tmRtUvKarbs; P EdlbMeBjsmIkarlMnwg. RbsinebI
GBawgEmn TItaMgenHKWRtwmRtUv ehIy P CalTPaBrbs;tMN. viFIsaRsCak;lak;KWdUcxageRkam
!> snt;tmsRmab; ro .
@> edaHRsayrk P BIsmIkar *>$.
#> CMnYs ro nig P eTAkgsmIkar *># nig *>%.
$> RbsinebIsmIkarTaMgenaHRtUv)anbMeBjCamYynwgkRmitlMeGogEdlGacTTYlyk)an kar
viPaKenHRtUv)anbBab;. EtebImindUecaHeT eKRtUveFVIkareRCIserIstmsakl,g ro fI ehIy
eKRtUveFVIkarKNnaeLIgvij.
sRmab;krNITUeTAnbnkbBar smIkar *># nwgRtUv)anbMeBjedaysVyRbvt. edIm,IPaBgay
RsYl nigkMu[)at;bg;PasPaB eyIgBicarNaEtkrNIenH. EteTaHbICamYykarsnt;enH karKNna
sRmab; trial problem CaeRcInmanlkNlM)ak EdlRtUvkarCMnYykMuBTrCacaM)ac;. Epk (B) rbs;
]TahrN_ 8>2 RtUv)aneFVIkarCamYynwgCMnYyBI standard spreadsheet program sRmab; personal
computers.
]TahrN_ 8>2 Bracket connection EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>8 RtUvRTkmaMgemKuNcakpit 53kips .

tMNRtUv)anKNnaeday[manbULgBIrCYrQr EdlkgmYyCYrmanbULg 4 RKab; EtbULgmYyRKab;
RtUv)andkecaledayKanectna. RbsinebIeKeRbIbULg bearing-type A325 EdlmanGgt;pit 7 / 8in.
etItMNenHmanlkNRKb;RKan;bGt;? snt;faeFjbULgsitenAkgbg;kat;. eRbIEdk A36 nigGnuvt
nUvkarviPaKxageRkam (a) elastic analysis; (b) ultimate strength analysis.
dMeNaHRsay a. Elastic analysis. sRmab;RbBnkUGredaenEdlmanKl;enARtg;pitrbs;bULgxag

eRkamEpkxageqVg rUbTI 8>9
2(3) + 2(6 ) + 1(9 )
y= = 3.857in.
7
3(3)
x= = 1.286in.
7
( )
x 2 + y 2 = 4(1.286 )2 + 3(1.714 )2 + 2(3.857 )2 + 2(0.857 )2 + 2(2.143)2 + 1(5.143)2 = 82.29in.2
e = 3 + 5 1.286 = 6.714in.
M = Pe = 53(6.714 ) = 355.8in. kips RsbRTnicnaLika
53
pcy = = 7.571kips pcx = 0
7
BITisedA nigTMhMEdlRtUvKaEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>9 bULgeRkameKEpkxagsaMRtUv)ancat;TukfaCa
bULgEdlmaneRKaHfak;CageK
My 355.8(3.857 )
p mx =
( )
x2 + y2
=
82.29
= 16.68kips
Mx 355.8(1.714 )
(x + y )
Pmy = = = 7.411kips
2 2 82.29
p x = 16.68kips
p y = 7.571 + 7.411 = 14.98kips
p= (16.68)2 + (14.98)2 = 22.4kips

edIm,IkMNt; design strength rbs;bULgrg bearing eRbIGgt;pitrn

1 7 1 15
h=d+ = + = in.
16 8 16 16
sRmab;rnEdlenAEk,rRCugEKmCageK eRbI Le = 2in. enaH
h 15 / 16
Lc = Le = 2 = 1.513in.
2 2
7
2d = 2 = 1.75in.
8
eday Lc < 2d bearing strength KW
Rn = (1.2 Lc tFu ) = 0.75(1.2)(1.531)(0.455)(58) = 36.4kips / bolt
sRmab;rnepSgeTot eRbI s = 3in. enaH
15
Lc = s h = 3 = 2.062in. > 2d
16
7
dUcenH Rn = (2.4dtFu ) = 0.75(2.4) (0.455)(58) = 41.56kips / bolt
8
tm bearing TaMgBIrFMCagkmaMgkgmYybULg dUcenH bearing strength KWRKb;RKan;.
sRmab; shear
(7 / 8)2
Ab = = 0.6013in.2
4
Rn = Fv Ab = 0.75(48)(0.6013) = 21.6kips < 22.4kips (N.G.)
cemIy tMNminbMeBjlkxNeday elastic analysis.

b.eyIgedaHRsaytamviFI ultimate strength analysis CamYynwgCMnYyrbs; standard spreadsheet

software. lTplrbs;tmsakl,gcugeRkayrbs; ro = 1.57104in. RtUv)an[enAkgtarag 8>1.
RbBnkUGredaen nigelxerogbULgRtUv)anbgajenAkgtarag 8>10.

tarag 8>1
eKalenARtg; eKalenARtg;
eRKOg
bULgelx ! IC
Ry
Pab; r R rR
x' y' x y
1 0.000 0.000 0.285 -3.857 3.868 0.255 70.774 273.731 5.221
2 3.000 0.000 3.285 -3.857 5.067 0.334 72.553 367.598 47.045
3 0.000 3.000 0.285 -0.857 0.903 0.060 47.649 43.046 15.050
4 3.000 3.000 3.285 -0.857 3.395 0.224 69.563 236.188 67.310
5 0.000 6.000 0.285 2.143 2.162 0.143 63.631 137.555 8.398
6 3.000 6.000 3.285 2.143 3.922 0.259 70.891 278.061 59.377
7 0.000 9.000 0.285 5.143 5.151 0.340 72.631 374.107 4.023
srub 1710.287 206.424

BIsmIkar *>$
P(ro + e ) = rR
rR 1710.29
P= = = 206.424kips
ro + e 1.57104 + 6.71429
Edl e RtUv)anyk 5 xg;eRkayex,sedIm,IsuRkitPaBx<s;.
BIsmIkar *>%
F y = R y P = 206.424 206.424 = 0.00
bnkEdlGnuvtminmnabgMkmaMgedk dUcenHsmIkar *># RtUv)anbMeBjedaysVyRbvt.

bnk 206.424kips EdleTIbnwg)ankMNt;Ca failure load sRmab;kartPab; ehIyRtUv)anQr
enAelIeKalkarN_EdleRKOgPab;EdleRKaHfak;eTAdl; ultimate load capacity. RbsinebIbnkdac;
rbs;tMNRtUv)anKuNedaypleFob fasterner design strength elI fasterner ultimate strength
74kips (Crawford nig Kulak, 1971), eyIgnwgTTYl)anlTPaBrbs;tMN.
BI a. design strength rbs;bULgmYy EdlQrelI shear KW 21.6kips .

bnkemKuNGtibrma = 206(21.6 / 74) = 60.1kips > 53kips (OK)
cemIy kartPab;manlkNRKb;RKan;eday ultimate strength analysis.
Table 8-18dl; 8-25 enAkg Part 8 of the Manual (Volume II) pl;[emKuNsRmab;viPaK
bKNnaKMrUFmtanRkumbULgEdlrgnUvbnkcakpit. sRmab;kartMeobbULgnImYyEdl)anBicarNa
taragTaMgenaHpl;nUvtm C EdlCapleFob connection failure load elI fasterner ultimate
strength. edImI,TTYl)anbnktMNEdlmansuvtiPaB tmefrenHRtUv)anKuNeday design strength
rbs;eRKOgPab;EdleRbI. sRmab;bnkcakpitminRtUv)anbBaleTAkgtaragTaMgenHeT dUcenH eKGac

eRbI elastic method EdlCaviFImansuvtiPaB. BitNas; kmviFIkMuBTr b spreadsheet software kRtUv
)aneRbIedIm,IKNna ultimate strength anlysis.
]TahrN_ 8>3 eRbItaragenAkg Part 8 of the Manual edIm,IkMNt; factored load capacity Pu Edl
QrelI bolt shear sRmab;tMNEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>11. bULg bearing-type A325 Ggt;pit
3 / 4in. edayeFjsitenAkgbg;kat;. bULgrgnUv single shear.

design strength rbs;bULgGgt;pit 3 / 4in. Edlrg single shear KW

rn = (48)Ab = 0.75(48)(0.4418) = 15.90kips
eday C = Pu / rn /
Pu = Crn = 1.53(15.90 ) = 24.3kips
cemIy lTPaBbnkemKuNGtibrma (maximum factored load capacity) rbs;tMNKW 24.3kips .
8>3> tMNcMNakpitedaybULg kmaMgkat;bUknwgkmaMgTaj

Eccentric Bolted Connections: Shear Plus Tension
sRmab;kartPab;EdleKeRbI tee stub bracket dUckgrUbTI 8>12 bnkcMNakpitbegIt couple
EdlGacbegInkmaMgTajenAkgCYrxagelIrbs;eRKOgPab; ehIykat;bnykugRtaMgTajenAkgCYrxag
eRkam. RbsinebIeRKOgPab;CabULgEdlKankugRtaMgTajedIm bULgxagelInwgRtUv)andak;[rgkug
RtaMgTaj ehIybULgxageRkamnwgminrg\TiBl. edayminKitBIRbePTrbs;eRKOgPab; bULgnImYy
nwgrgnUvcMENkkmaMgkat;esIKa.

RbsinebIeRKOgPab;CabULgersIusg;x<s;EdlrgeRbkugRtaMg pb:Hrvagsabssr nigsab

bracket nwgrgkarsgt;esI munnwgkmaMgxageRkAGnuvtmk. Bearing pressure nwgesInwgkmaMgTaj
bULgsrubEdlEckedaypb:H. edaysarbnk P Gnuvtbnicmg kmaMgsgt;enAxagelInwgRtUv)an

kat;bny ehIykmaMgsgt;enAxageRkamnwgekIneLIg dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>13 a. enAeBlEdlkM
laMgsgt;enAxagelIRtUv)anrMsayGs;rlIg bgMkmaMgnwgRtUv)anbMEbk ehIy couple Pe nwgRtUv)an
Tb;Tl;edaykmaMgbULgTaj ehIykmaMgsgt;enAelIpb:HEdlenAsl; dUcEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI
8>13 b. enAeBlEdlkmaMgxiteTArk ultimate load kmaMgenAkgbULgnwgxiteTACit ultimate
tensile strength rbs;va.
viFIEdlsamBa nigmansuvtiPaBRtUv)aneRbIenATIenH. eKsnt;GkSNWtrbs;tMNkat;tamTIRbCMu

Tmn;rbs;RkLapbULg. bULgEdlsitenABIxagelIGkSenHrgkmaMgTaj ehIybULgEdlenABIxag
eRkamGkSenHRtUv)ansnt;fargkmaMgsgt; dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>13 c. bULgnImYyRtUv)ansnt;
faTTYl)antm ultimate rut . edaysarEtmanbULgBIrRKab;enARKb;nIv:U rUbTI 8>13 c kmaMgnI-
mYyRtUv)anbgaj 2rut . kmaMgpbnkmaMgTaj nigkmaMgsgt;Ca couple EdlesInwgm:Um:g;Tb;rbs;
tMN. m:Um:g; couple GacRtUv)anrkedayeFVIplbUkm:Um:g;nkmaMgbULgeFobGkSNamYyEdlgayRsYl
dUcCaGkSNWt. enAeBlEdlm:Um:g;Tb;RtUv)andak;[esIm:Um:g;Gnuvtn_ eKGacrkkmaMgTajbULg rut
Edlminsal;BIsmIkarEdlTTYl)an. viFIenHRsedogKanwg Case II in Part 8 of the Manual,
Volume II).

]TahrN_ 8>4 tMN beam-to-column RtUv)anbegIteLIgeday structural tee dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI

8>14. eKeRbIbULg fully tightened bearing-type A325 Ggt;pit 3 / 4in. cMnYn 8 RKab;edIm,IPab;
sabrbs; tee eTAnwgsabssr. cUrGegtPaBRKb;RKan;rbs;tMN tee-to-column connecvtion Rb
sinebIvargbnkemKuN 88kips enAcMNakpit 3in. . snt;faeFjbULgsitenAkgbg;kat;. EdkTaMg
Gs;Ca A36 .
dMeNaHRsay shear/bearing load sRmab;bULgmYyKW 88 / 8 = 11kips . sRmab; bearing design

strength eRbIGgt;pitRbehag
1 3 1 13
h=d+ = + = in.
16 4 16 16
sRmab;RCugEdlenAEk,rRCugEKmCageKbMput yk Le = 1.5in. . enaH
h 13 / 16
Lc = Le = 1.5 = 1.094in.
2 2
3
2d = 2 = 1.5in.
4
edaysar Lc < 2d /
Rn = (1.2 Lc tFu ) = 0.75(1.2)(1.094)(0.560)(58) = 31.98kips > 11kips (OK)
sRmab;RbehagepSgeTotyk s = 3in. . enaH
13
Lc = s h = 3 = 2.188in. > 2d
16
3
dUcenH Rn = (2.4dtFu ) = 0.75(2.4) (0.560)(58) = 43.85kips > 11kips
4
(OK)

tMNmanlkNRKb;RKan;sRmab; bearing.
sRmab; shear design strength
(3 / 4 )2
Ab = = 0.4418in 2
4
Rn = Fv Ab = 0.75(48)(0.4418) = 15.90kips
KNnakmaMgTajsRmab;bULgmYy nwgbnab;mkRtYtBinit tension-shear interaction. edaysarPaB
sIuemRTI TIRbCMuTmn;sitenAkm<s;Bak;kNal. rUbTI 8>15 bgajRkLapbULg nigkarEbgEckkmaMg
TajbULg.
m:Um:g;rbs; resisting couple RtUv)anrkedayeFVIplbUkm:Um:g;eFobGkSNWt
M NA = 2rut (4.5 + 1.5 + 1.5 + 4.5) = 24rut
m:Um:g;EdlGnuvtKW
M u = Pu e = 88(3) = 264in. kips
dak;m:Um:g;Tb; nigm:Um:g;Gnuvtn_[esIKa eyIg)an
24rut = 264 b rut = 11kips
Tensile design strength KW
Rn = Ft Ab = 0.75(90)(0.4418) = 29.82kips
RtYtBinit RCSC Equation LRFD 4.2 BI bolt specification (RCSC, 1994) CamYynwg
Pu = rut = 11kips nig Vu = bolt shear force = 11kips
2 2
Pu Vu 11
2
11
2
+ = + = 0.615 < 1.0 (OK)
(Rn )t (Rn )v 29.82 15.9
cemIy tMNKWRKb;RKan;

enAeBlEdlbULgenAkgtMN slip-critical rgkarTaj slip-critical strength CaFmtaRtUv)an

kat;bnyedayemKuNEdlpl;[eday AISC Equation A-J3-2 emIl Epk 7>9. mUlehtuKWfa
clamping effect nigkmaMgkkitRtUv)ankat;bny. b:uEnenAkgtMNEdleTIbnwgBicarNa vamankmaMg
sgt;bEnmenAkgEpkxageRkamrbs;tMNEdlbegInkmaMgkkit EdlvaTUTat;nwgkarkat;bnyenAkg
EpkxageRkamrbs;tMN. sRmab;mUlehtuenH slip-critical strength minKYrRtUv)ankat;bnyenAkgRb
ePTtMNenHeT.
8>4> tMNcMNakpitedaypSar EtkmaMgkat;

Eccentric Welded Connections: Shear only
eKviPaKtMNcMNakpitedaypSartamviFIdUcKasRmab;tMNedaybULg elIkElgRtg;kmaMgkg
eRKOgPab;mYyRtUv)anCMnYsedaykmaMgkgRbEvgTwkbnSarkta. dUckgkrNIEdltMNcMNakpit
edaybULgrgkmaMgkat; tMNedaypSarrgkmaMgkat;GacRtUv)anGegtedayviFI elastic method b
ultimate strength method.
Elastic method
bnkenAelI bracket EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>16 a GacnwgRtUv)anBicarNa[eGVIGMeBIenA
kgbg;nTwkbnSar EdlCabg;rbs; throat. RbsinebIeyIgsnt;EbbenH bnknwgRtUv)anTb;edayRkLa
pTwkbnSarEdlbgajenAkgrUb 8>16 b. b:uEn karKNnamanlkNsamBa RbsinebIeKeRbI throat
mYykta. bnab;mkbnkEdlKNna)anRtUvKuNnwg 0.707 CamYynwgTMhMrbs;TwkbnSaedIm,ITTYl)an
bnkBitR)akd.

bnkcMNakpitenAkgbg;TwkbnSarEdleFVI[TwkbnSarrgTaMgkmaMgkat;pal; (direct shear)

nigkmaMgkat;edayrmYl (torsional shear). edaysarFatunImYyrbs;TwkbnSarTb;Tl;nwgcMENk
esIrbs; direct shear enaH direct shear stress KW
P
f1 =
L
Edl L CaRbEvgsrubrbs;TwkbnSar ehIyesInwgRkLapkmaMgkat;edayKitCaelx edaysareKsnt;
TMhM throat esInwgmYykta. RbsinebIeKeRbIkMub:Usg;Ekg
Py
f1x = x
P
L
ni g f1 y =
L
Edl Px nig Py CabgMkmaMgtamTis x nig y . kugRtaMgkmaMgkat;EdlekIteLIgedaysar couple
RtUv)aneKrkCamYynwgrUbmnkmaMgrmYl
Md
f2 =
J
Edl d= cmayBITIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLapkmaMgkat;eTAcMNucEdlkugRtaMgkMBugRtUv)anKNna
J = m:Um:g;niclPaBb:UElrrbs;RkLapenaH
rUbTI 8>17 bgajBIkugRtaMgTaMgenHenARtg;kac;RCugxagelIEpkxageRkamrbs;TwkbnSar. tamkMub:Usg;

Ekg
f 2x =
My
J
ni g f2y =
Mx
J
Edl J = A r 2 dA = A (x 2 + y 2 )dA = A x 2 dA + A y 2 dA = I y + I x
Edl I x nig I y Cam:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;RkLapkmaMgkat;. enAeBlEdlbgMkmaMgTaMgGs;RtUv)ankM

Nt; eyIgGacbUkbgMkmaMgedIm,ITTYl)ankugRtaMgkmaMgkat;srubenARtg;cMNucEdleyIgcg;dwg b
fv = ( f x )2 + ( f y )2

dUcKanwgtMNedaybULg CaTUeTATItaMgeRKaHfak;sRmab;kugRtaMgpbGacRtUv)ankMNt;BIkarsegtelI
tm nigTisedArbs;bgM direct shear nig torsional shearing stress.
edaysareKeRbITwkbnSarkgmYykta karKNnaTIRbCMuTmn; nigm:Um:g;niclPaBKWmanlkNCa
ExSbnat;. enAkgesovePAenH eyIgKitGgt;TwkbnSarCaGgt;ExSEdleyIgsnt;eTARbEvgdUcKanwgRCug
EKmrbs;EpkEdlRtUvPab;EdlenAEk,rva. elIsBIenH eyIgecalm:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;Ggt;ExSeFobeTA
nwgGkSEdlRtYtKaCamYynwgExS.
]TahrN_ 8>5 kMNt;TMhMrbs;TwkbnSarEdlRtUvkarsRmab;tMN bracket enAkgrUbTI 8>18. bnk

60kips CabnkemKuN. eKeRbIEdk A36 sRmab;ssr nig bracket.
dMeNaHRsay eKGacCMnYsbnkcakpitedaybnkcMpit nig couple dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>18.

Direct shearing stress KitCa kips / in. KWdUcKasRmab;RKb;Ggt;TwkbnSar ehIyesInwg

60 60
f1 y = = = 2.143kips / in.
8 + 12 + 8 28
munnwgKNnabgMkmaMgrmYlrbs; shearing stress, eKRtUvkMNt;TItaMgrbs;TIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLap
kmaMgkat;. BIeKalkarN_m:Um:g;CamYynwgplbUkm:Um:g;eFobGkS y /
x(28) = 8(4 )(2 ) b x = 2.286in.
cMNakpit e KW 10 + 8 2.286 = 15.71in.
ehIym:Um:g;rmYlKW M = Pe = 60(15.71) = 942.6in. kips
RbsinebIeKecalm:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;TwkbnSartamTisedknImYyeFobGkSTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;va enaH
m:Um:g;niclPaBnRkLapsrubeFobnwgGkSTIRbCMuTmn;tamTisedkKW
Ix =
1
(1)(12)3 + 2(8)(6)2 = 720.0in.4
12
1
dUcKa I y = 2 (1)(8)3 + 8(4 2.286 )2 + 12(2.286 )2 = 195.0in.4
12
ehIy J = I x + I y = 720.0 + 195.0 = 915.0in 4
rUbTI 8>18 bgajTisedArbs;bgMkugRtaMgTaMgBIrenAkac;RCugrbs;tMNnImYy. tamkarsegt/ kac;
RCugxagelIEpkxagsaM bkac;RCugxageRkamEpkxagsaMGacRtUv)anKitCaTItaMgEdlmaneRKaHfak;. Rb
sinebIeKeRCIserIskac;RCugxageRkamEpkxagsaM enaH
My 942.6(6)
f 2x = = = 6.181kips / in.
J 915.0
M 942.6(8 2.286 )
f2y = x = = 5.886kips / in.
J 915.0
fv = (6.181)2 + (2.143 + 5.886)2 = 10.13kips / in.
RtYtBinitersIusg;rbs; base metal. BIsmIkar &>@!
Rn = FBM area subject to shear
9
= FBM t = 0.54 F y t = 0.54(36)
16
= 10.94kips / in. > 10.13kips / in. (OK)
BIsmIkar &>@0 weld strength KW
Rn = 0.707 w L FW
Electrode EdlRtUvKasRmab;Edk A36 KW E 70 / CamYynwg FW = 31.5ksi .
dUcenHTMhMTwkbnSarEdl RtUvkarKW
Rn 10.13
w= = = 0.455in.
0.707 LFW 0.707(1.0)(31.5)
cemIy eRbI fillet weld 1 / 2in. CamYynwg electrode E 70 .
Ultimate Strength Analysis

eKGacKNna Eccentric welded shear connection edayeRbI elastic method y:agsuvtiPaB
b:uEnemKuNsuvtiPaBGacFMCagGVIEdlRtUvkar ehIyGacERbRbYlBItMNmYyeTAtMNmYy (Bultler, Pal,
and Kulak, 1920). karviPaKRbePTenHmanKuNvibtixHdUc elastic method sRmab; eccentric bolted
connections, edayrYbbBalTaMgkarsnt;faTMnak;TMngrvag bnk-kMhUcRTg;RTay sRmab;karpSar. Rb
PBepSgeTotrbs;kMhusKWkarsnt;faersIusg;rbs;TwkbnSarminGaRsynwgTisedArbs;bnkEdlGnuvt.
Ultimat strength procedure RtUv)anbgajenAkg Part 8 of the Manual (Volume II) ehIyRtUv)an
segbenATIenH. vaQrelIkarsikSaRsavRCavrbs; Butler et al. (1972) nig Timler (1984) ehIyviFI

EdlesIrEtdUcKaEdlbegIteLIgsRmab; eccentric bolted connections eday Crawford and Kulak
(1971).
CMnYs[karBicarNaelIeRKOgPab;mYy eyIgKitTwkbnSarEdlCab;CaGgt;TwkbnSardac; Edl

pMPab;Ka. enAeBldac; bnkEdlGnuvtmkelItMNRtUv)anTb;edaykmaMgenAkgFatunImYy CamYynwg
kmaMgEdleFVIGMeBIEkgeTAnwgkaMEdlbegIteLIgBI instantaneous center of rotation eTATIRbCMuTmn;
rbs;Ggt;TwkbnSar dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>19. KMnitkgkarKNnaenHKWRsedogKanwgKMnitEdleRbI
sRmab;eRKOgPab;. b:uEn karkMNt;kMhUcRTg;RTayGtibrmarbs;Ggt;TwkbnSar nigkarkMNt;kmaMgkg
nGgt;TwkbnSarnImYyenAeBlEdldac;KWBi)ak. edIm,IkMNt;FatuEdlmaneRKaHfak; eKRtUvkMNt;pl
eFob max / r sRmab;FatunImYy/ Edl
max = 1.087 w( + 6)0.65 0.17 w
= mMurvagkmaMgTb; nigGkSrbs;Ggt;TwkbnSar emIlrUbTI 8>19
w = TMhMTwkbnSar
r = cmayBI IC eTATIRbCMuTmn;rbs;Ggt;TwkbnSar

FatuEdlmanpleFobtUcCageKKWCaFatuEdleTAdl; ultimate capacity muneK. bnab;mkkMhUcRTg;

RTayrbs;FatudTeTotRtUv)ankMNt;eday
r
= max
rmax
Edl kaMsRmab;Fatu
r=
max
= sRmab;FatuEdleRKaHfak;
rmax r
eKGackMNt;kmaMgTb;sRmab;FatunImYyBI
( )
R = 0.60 FEXX 1.0 + 0.50 sin1.5 [ p(1.9 0.9 p )]0.3
Edl FEXX = weld electrode tensil strength

p=
max
mindUckrNItMNedaybULgEdl R CaGnuKmn_eTAnwg . karKNnaBImunKWQrelIkarsnt;TItaMg
rbs; instantaneous center of rotation. RbsinebIvaCaTItaMgBitR)akd smIkarlMnwgnwgRtUv)anbMeBj.
karKNnabneTotKWRsedogKanwgtMNedaybULg.
!> KNna load capacity BIsmIkar
M IC = 0
Ed;l IC Ca instantaneous center.
@> RbsinebIsmIkarlMnwgkmaMgBIrRtUv)anbMeBj enaHTItaMg instantaneous center Edl)an
snt; nigbnkEdl)anrkenAkgCMhanmYyBitCaRtwmRtUv EtebImindUecaHeT eKRtUvsnt;TI
taMgfI ehIyeFVIkarKNnasareLIgvij.

vabgajy:agc,as;nUv)aBcaM)ac;kgkareRbIR)as;kmviFIkMuBTr. dMeNaHRsayedaykMuBTr
sRmab;;TRmg;FmtaCaeRcInsRmab; eccentric welded shear connection RtUv)an[enAkgtaragEdl
manenAkg Part 8 of the Manual. Table 8-38 rhUtdl; 8-45 [lTPaBbnkemKuN (factored load
capacity) sRmab;karbnSMGgt;TwkbnSartamTisedk nigTisbBarFmtaCaeRcInedayQrelI ultimate
strength analysis. taragTaMgenHGacRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;karKNna bkarviPaK nwgerobrab;nUvsanPaB
CaeRcInEdlvisVkrGacnwgCYbRbTH. sRmab;tMNTaMgLayNaEdlmin)anerobrab;enAkgtarageKGac
eRbI elastic methoid.
]TahrN_ 8>6 kMNt;TMhMTwkbnSarEdlcaM)ac;sRmab;kartPab;enAkg]TahrN_ 8>5 edayQrelIkar

BicarNa ultimate strength. cUreRbItaragsRmab; eccentrically load weld group Edl[enAkg
Part 8 of the Manual.
dMeNaHRsay TwkbnSarrbs;]TahrN_ 8>5 CaRbePTdUcKaeTAnwgrUbEdlbgajenAkg Tabl;e 8-42

(angle = 0 o )/ ehIykardak;bnkkdUcKa. eKRtUvkartmefrxageRkamsRmab;bBaleTAkgtarag
al e 15.7
a= = = = 1.3
l l 12
kl 8
k= = = 0.67
l 12
edayeFVI interpolation enAkg Table 8-42 sRmab; a = 1.3
C = 1.14 sRmab; k = 0.6 ehIy C = 1.30 sRmab; k = 0 .7
enaHsRmab; k = 0.67 eyIgTTYl)an C = 1.25

sRmab; electrode E70 XX / C1 = 1.0
tm D EdlcaM)ac;KW
Pu 60
D= = = 4 .0
CC1l 1.25(1.0 )(12 )
dUcenHTMhMTwkbnSarEdlcaM)ac;KW
1
16
(4.0) = 0.25 TMhMTwkbnSarEdlRtUvkarenAkg]TahrN_ 8>5 KW 0.455
cemIy eRbI electrode E 70 / fillet weld 1 / 4in.

karpl;[CaBiesssRmab;Ggt;rgbnktamGkS Special Provision for Axially

Loaded Members
enAeBlEdlGgt;eRKOgbgMrgbnktamGkS kugRtaMgRtUv)anBRgayesIenAelImuxkat; ehIy
kmaMgpbRtUv)anBicarNafaeFVIGMeBItamGkSTIRbCMuTmn; EdlvaCaGkSEvgkat;tamTIRbCMuTmn;. sRmab;
Ggt;EdlrgbnkcMpitenAxagcugrbs;va kmaMgTb;pbEdlpl;[edaytMNkRtUveFVIGMeBItamGkSenHEdr.
RbsinebIGgt;enHmanmuxkat;sIuemRTI lTplGacRtUv)ansMercedaykarpSar bPab;bULgedaysIuemRTI.
RbsinebIGgt;manmuxkat;minsIuemRTI dUcCamuxkat;EdkEkgDub (double-angle section) enAkgrUbTI
8>20 karpSar bkarPab;bULgedaysIuemRTIeFVI[tMNenaHCatMNrgbnkcakpit CamYynwg couple Te
dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>20 b.
AISC J1.8GnuBaat[ecalcMNakpitenHsRmab;Ggt;rgkmaMgsaTic. enAeBlEdlGgt;rg

fatigue EdlbNalmkBIPaBRcMdEdlnkardak;bnk bPaBmanGt;rbs;kugRtaMg cMNakpitRtUvEtyk
mkBicarNa bkminykmkBicarNaedaysarkartPab;edaykarpSar bedaybULgEdlmanlkNsm

Rsb . CakarBit eTaHbIdMeNaHRsayGacRtUv)aneKeRbIsRmab;EtGgt;EdlrgEtkmaMgsaTickeday.
eKGackMNt;karPab;enHedayGnuvtsmIkarlMnwgkmaMg nigm:Um:g;. sRmab;tMNEdlpSarEdlbgajenA
kgrUbTI 8>21 smIkardMbUgGacRtUv)anTTYledayplbUkm:Um:g;eFobTwkbnSartamTisedkxageRkam

L
M L2 = Tc P3 3 P1 L3 = 0
2
eKedaHRsaysmIkarenHedIm,Irk P1 EdlCakmaMgTb;caM)ac;enAkgTwkbnSartamTisedkxagelI.
bnab;mkeKGacCMnYstmenHeTAkgsmIkarlMnwgkmaMgxageRkam
F = T P1 P2 P3 = 0
eKGacedaHRsaysmIkarenHedIm,Irktm P2 EdlCakmaMgTb;caM)ac;enAkgTwkbnSartamTis
edkxageRkam. sRmab;RKb;TMhMrbs;TwkbnSar eKGacedaHRsayrkRbEvg L1 nig L2 . dMeNIrkaredaH
RsayRtUv)anbgajenAkg]TahrN_ 8>7 EdleKsal;Ca balancing the weld.
]TahrN_ 8>7 Ggt;rgkarTajEdlpSMeLIgeday double-angle section, 2L5 3 1 / 2 EdleKdak;

eCIgEvgrbs;vaTl;xgKa. EdkEkgRtUv)anPab;eTAnwg gusset plate kRmas; 3 / 8in. . EdkTaMgGs;Ca
A36 . KNnatMNedaykarpSar edayeFVIkarkat;bnycMNakpitedIm,ITb;nwg tensil capacity eBj
rbs;Ggt;.
dMeNaHRsay Load capacity rbs;Ggt;edayQrelI gross section KW
t Pn = 0.90 F y Ag = 0.90(36)(7.5) = 243.0kips
Load capacity EdlQrelI net seactionRtUvkartmrbs; U .

eKminsal;RbEvgTwkbnSar dUcenHeKminGacKNna U BI AISC Equation B3-2 )aneT. edayeRbI
tmmFm 0.85 eKTTYl)an
Ae = UAg = 085(7.5) = 6.375in.2

t Pn = 0.75Fu Ae = 0.75(58)(6.375) = 277.3kips > 243.0kips

Yeildingrbs; gross section CasanPaBkMNt;EdlykmksikSa dUcenH t Pn = 243.0kips .
sRmab;EdkEkgmYy bnkEdlRtUvTb;KW
243.0
= 121.5kips
2
EdlRtUvKanwgEdk A36 KW E70 XX / ehIy
Electrode
TMhMTwkbnSarGb,brma = 163 in. (AISC Table J2.4)

TMhMGtibrma = 12 161 = 167 in. (AISC J2.2b)
sakl,g electrode E 70 fillet weld 5 / 16in.
lTPaBenAkgRbEvg 1in. = 0.707w(FW )
5
= 0.707 (31.5)
16
= 6.960kips / in.
lTPaBrbs; base metal rgkmaMgkat; = t (FBM ) = t (0.54Fy )
3
= (0.54)(36)
8
= 7.29kips / in.
edayersIusg;rbs;TwkbnSartUcCageK dUcenHeRbIersIusg;rbs;TwkbnSar 6.960kips / in. .
eyagtamrUbTI 8>22. lTPaBrbs;TwkbnSarenAxagcugrbs;EdkEkgKW

P3 = 6.960(5) = 34.80kips
5
M L2 = 121.5(3.25) 34.80 P1 (5) = 0
2

P1 = 61.58kips
F = 121.5 61.58 34.80 P2 = 0 / P2 = 25.12kips
L1 =
P1
=
61.58
6.960 6.960
= 8.85in. yk 9in.
L2 =
25.12
6.960
= 3.61in.yk 4in.
cemIy eRbIkarpSaredUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>23
8>5> tMNcMNakpitedaypSar kmaMgkat; nigkmaMgTaj

Eccentric Welded Connections: Shear and Tension
tMNcMNakpitCaeRcIn CaBiesskartPab; beam-to-column TwkbnSarrgkmaMgTaj nigkmaMg
kat;. tMNEbbenHBIrRbePTRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>24.
Seated beam connection pSMeLIgedayEdkEkgEdlmanRbEvgxIRtUv)aneRbICaeFIr (shelf) edIm,I
RTFwm. TwkbnSarEdlPab;EdkEkgenHeTAssrRtUvTb;nwgm:Um:g;EdlekIteLIgedayRbtikmcakpit kdUc

direct shear Edl)anBIRbtikmrbs;Fwm. EdkEkgEdlPab;enAxagelIrbs;sabFwmpl;nUv torsional
stability eTA[Fwm Etvamin)anCYyRTRbtikmeT. eKGacPab;vaeTAnwgRTnugrbs;FwmCMnYs[karPab;
eTAnwgsabrbs;Fwm)an. beam-to-angle connection GacRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedaykarpSar bbULg ehIy

vaminRTnUvbnkKNnaNaeT.
Framed beam connection manlkNFmtaCageK EdlmanEdkEkgbBarpSarPab;eTAnwg
ssr ehIyrgnUvRbePTbnkdUckrNI seated beam connection. Epkrbs;kartPab; beam-to-angle

kCaRbePTcakpit b:uEnbnkenAkgbg;nkmaMgkat;TTwg dUcenHvaminmankmaMgTajeT. TaMg seated
connection nig framed connection GacRtUv)anPab;edaybULg.

enAkgRbePTnImYyEdl)anerobrab;xagelI TWkbnSarbBarenAelIsabssrrgbnkdUcbgajenA
kgrUbTI 8>25. dUcKaCamYynwgtMNedaybULgenAkgrUbTI 8>3 bnkcakpit P nig couple M = Pe .
kugRtaMgkmaMgkat;KW
P
fv =
A
Edl A CaRkLap throat srubrbs;TwkbnSar. eKGacKNnakugRtaMgkmaMgTajGtibrmaBI
flexure formula
Mc
ft =
I
Edl I Cam:Um:g;niclPaBeFobGkSTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLapEdlpSMeLIgedayRkLap throat
srubrbs;TwkbnSar nig c CacmayBIGkSTIRbCMuTmn;eTAcMNucqabMputrbs;RCugEdlrgkarTaj. eKGac
rkkugRtaMgkmaMgpbGtibrmaedayeFVIplbUkviuTrkMub:Usg;TaMgBIrenH enaHeK)an
fr = f v2 + f t2
sRmab;xat kips nig in. / kugRtaMgenHnwgRtUv)anKitCa kips / in 2 . RbsinebIkgkarKNnaenH eK

eRbITMhM throat kta enaHeKGacsMEdgtmenAHCa kips / in. . RbsinebI f r RtUv)ankMNt;BIbnkem
KuN eKGaceRbobeFobvaCamYynwg design strength rbs;TwkbnSarnRbEvgkta. eTAHbICaviFIKNna
RtUv)ansnt;eFVIkarCalkNeGLasickeday kvamanlkNsuvtiPaBCamYynwg LRFD context Edr.
]TahrN_ 8>8 eKeRbI L6 4 1 / 2 enAkg seated beam connection dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>26.

vaRtUvRTnUvbnkemKuNRbtikm 22kips . EdkTaMgGs;Ca A36 ehIyeKeRbI electrode E70 XX . etI
eKRtUvkarTMhMTwkbnSar fillet weld b:unansRmab;tPab;eTAnwgsabssr?
dMeNaHRsay dUckg]TahrN_KNnaBImun/ eKeRbITMhM throat ktasRmab;KNna. eTaHbICakarpSar

enHRtUvkar end return keday edIm,IsRmYlkgkarKNna eKnwgecalvasRmab;karKNnaxageRkam.
enARKb;krNI eKGac)a:n;sanRbEvgrbs;vaenARtg;cMNucenH edaysareKminTan;)ankMNt;TMhMTwkbnSar.
edaysarmanKMlatBIssr 3 / 4in. FwmRtUv)anRTeday 3.25in. elIRbEvg 4in. neCIgrbs;
EdkEkg. RbsinebIeKsnt;[kmaMgRbtikmeFVIGMeBIRtg;cMNuckNalrbs;RbEvgEdlb:H enaHcMNak
piteFobnwgTwkbnSarKW
3.25
e = 0.75 + = 2.375in.
2
ehIym:Um:g;Kw
M = Pe = 22(2.375) = 52.25in. kips
sRmab;rUbragnkarpSarEdlsnt;enAkgrUbTI 8>27
2(1)(6 )3
= 36in.4 /
6
I= c = = 3in.
12 2
Mc 52.25(3)
ft = = = 4.354kips / in.
I 36
P 22
fv = = = 1.833kips / in.
A 2(1)(6 )
fr = f t2 + f v2 = (4.354)2 + (1.833)2 = 4.724kips / in.
eKGacrkTMhMTwkbnSarEdlcaM)ac; w eday[ f r esIeTAnwglTPaBTwkbnSarkgmYyktaRbEvg

f r = 0.707 w(FW )
4.724 = 0.707 w(31.5) / w = 0.212in.
BI AISC Table J2.4,

TMhMTwkbnSarGb,brma = 14 in. edayQrelITMhMsabrbs;ssr 5 / 8in.
BI AISC J2.2b,
TMhMGtibrma = 12 161 = 167 in.
RtYtBinitlTPaBkmaMgkat;TTwgrbs; base metal:
Applied direct shear = f v = 1.833kips / in.
(
Shear capacity of angle leg = t (FBM ) = t 0.54 F y = ) 1
2
(0.54)(36)

= 9.72kips / in. > 1.833kips / in. (OK)

cemIy eRbI electrode E70 XX / fillet weld 1 / 4in. .
eyIgecalnUv end returns enAkg]TahrN_ 8>8 b:uEneKGacbBalvaedaykareFVIkarKNna

elIkTIBIrCamYynwg end return EdlmanRbEvgBIrdgTMhMTwkbnSarEdl)anrkeXIjenAkgkarKNna
elIkTImYy. CMhanbENmenHminRtUv)anGnuvtenAkg]TahrN_enHeTedaysarTMhMTwkbnSarGb,-
brmaRKb;RKan;sRmab;karKNna. End return RtUv)anykmkniyayenAkg]TahrN_ 8>9.
]TahrN_ 8>9 rUbTI 8>28 bgajBI framed beam connection edaypSar. Edk framing angle Ca
ehIyssrCa W12 72 . EdkTaMgGs;CaRbePT A36 ehIyeKeRbI electrode
L4 3 1 / 2
E70 XX edIm,IbegIt fillet weld 3 / 8in. . kMNt;kmaMgRbtikmemKuNrbs;FwmEdlkMNt;edayTwk
bnSarenAelIsabssr.
dMeNaHRsay eKsnt;kmaMgRbtikmrbs;FwmeFVIGMeBIkat;tamTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;TwkbnSarn framing

. dUcenH cMNakpitrbs;kmaMgeFobnwgTwkbnSarenARtg;sabssrCacmayBITIRbCMuTmn;eTAsab
angle
ssr. sRmab;TMhM throat mYykta nigTwkbnSarEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>29 a

2(2.5)(1.25)
x= = 0.1689in. nig e = 3 0.1689 = 2.831in.
32 + 2(2.5)
m:Um:g;enAelITwkbnSarEdlenAelIsabssrKW
M = Re = R 2.831in. kips
Edl R CaRbtikmrbs;FwmKitCa kips
BITMhMEdl[enAkgrUbTI 8>29 b/ lkNrbs;TwkbnSarenAelIsabssr
32(16)
y= = 15.63in.
32 + 0.75
1(32 )3
I= + 32(16 15.63)2 + 0.75(15.63)2 = 2918in.4
12
sRmab;TwkbnSarTaMgBIr
I = 2(2918) = 5836in.4
Mc 2.831R(15.63)
ft = = = 0.007582 Rkips / in.
I 5836
R R
fv = = = 0.01527 Rkips / in.
A 2(32 + 0.75)
fr = (0.007582R )2 + (0.01527 R )2 = 0.01705Rkips / in.
yk 0.01705R = 0.707w(FW ) ykKNnarktm R

3
0.0175R = 0.707 (31.5) / R = 489.8kips
8
RtYtBinitlTPaBkmaMgkat;TTwgrbs; base metal kRmas;rbs;EdkEkglub
( )
t (FBM ) = t 0.54 F y = 0.5(0.54 )(36 ) = 9.72kips / in.
Direct shear RtUv)anTb;Kw

489.8
= 7.48kips / in. < 9.72kips / in. (OK)
2(32.75)
cemIy kmaMgRbtikmFwmemKuNGtibrma = 490kips
8>6> tMNTb;m:Um:g; (Moment-Resisting Connection)

enARKb; beam-to-column connection nig beam-to-beam connection TaMgGs; vaEtgman
karTb;m:Um:g;xH eTaHbICakarKNnatMNenaHCatMNsamBa bktMNEdlKanm:Um:g;keday. ma:gvijeTot
eKBi)akkgkareFVI[man perfectly frictionless pin or hinge ehIytMNCaeRcInEdlRtUv)anKNna
CatMNEdldac;edayKanm:Um:g;. dUcKa eKkBi)akkgkareFVI[man perfectly rigid joint EdlGac
manlTPaBepr moment capacity rbs;Ggt;mYyeTAGgt;mYyeTotEdr. dUcenH eTaHbICa framed nig
seated beam connections EdlbgajkgrUbTI 8>24 kGacCatMNrwgxH EdlvaGacbBanm:Um:g;tictYc
RbsinebI connecting angle man flexible RKb;RKan;. dUcEdl)ankt;cMNaMBIxagelI bnkcakpiteFob

eTAnwgbULg bTwkbnSarKWtUcNas; ehIyEdlCaTUeTARtUv)anecal.
AISC Specification kMNt;kartPab;enHCaBIrRbePT enAkg Section A2.2, Types of
Comstruction.
Type FR Fully Restrained (Rigid, or Continuous, Framing). eRKOgbgMEdlman
moment-resistingg joint Gaceprm:Um:g;EdlGgt;GacTb;)an edaymineFVI[Ggt;enaHmanmMurgVil
enARtg;tMNenaH. RbsinebIeRKagRtUv)anKNnaCa rigid frame dUcenHtMNRtUv)anKNnaCa moment

connection.
Type PR Partially Restrained (semirigid Framing). eRKagRbePTenHCa eRKagEdl
RtUv)anKNnaedayQrelIkarsal;brimaNTb; (restraint) cenaHrvagtMNsamBa nigtMNrwg. CaTUeTA

moment restraint sitenAcenaH 20% eTA 90% rbs; member moment capacity. bBaacMbgrbs;
eRKagEdlmantMNRbePTenHKWTamTarnUvkarviPaKeRKagdsaMjauMedaysarvtmanrbs; partial joint

restraint. tRmUvkarcaM)ac; sRmab;tMNRbePTenHKWExSekag m:Um:g;-mMurgVil.
RbsinebIeKecal partial restraint eKGaccat;TukFwmCaFwmTRmsamBaEdlminman moment

restraint enARtg;tMN. Framed and seated beam connections sitenAkgRbePTenH. CaTUeTAtMN
Edlepr member capacity ticCag 20% RtUv)ancat;TukCatMNsamBa.

TRmFwmEdlRtUv)anKNnaenA kgkrNIenH eBlxHRtUv)aneKehAfa shear connection EdlmanEt

kmaMgRbtikm bkmaMgkat;enAxag cugEdlRtUv)anbBan.
eRKagEdlman shear connection RtUv)anBRgwgenAkgbg;rbs;eRKagedaysarvaKan frame
actionedIm,IeFVI[man lateral stability. cRmwg (bracing) TaMgenHmaneRcInTRmg; GacCa diagonal
bracing members, shear wall, or lateral support BIeRKagEdlenACab;. m:Um:g;EdlekItBIbnkxag
CaTUeTAKW xl; nigrBaydI RtUv)anykmkKitkgkarKNnasRmab;kareRCIserIs beam-to-column

connections. sRmab;viFIenH eKsnt;tMN[eFVIkarCatMNsamBaedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgbnkefr nigbnk
Gefr bnkTMnaj gravity load nigCa moment connection CamYynwglTPaBEdlmankMNt;kgkar

Tb;Tl;m:Um:g;xl;. RbsinebIeKKNnaFwmCaRbePTTRmsamBa m:Um:g;bnkTMnajGtibrmaGac over-
estimated ehIyFwmGac overdesigned. b:uEnkgkrNICaeRcIn m:Um:g;xl;GacmantmtUc. RbsinebI
eKeRbItMNsamBa Specification TamTar[eKarBnUvlkxNxageRkam

!> eTaHbICaFwm rt minRtUv)anRTedayTRmsamBakeday kvaRtUvEtRTbnkTMnajtamEtva
GaceFVI)an.
@> tMN nigGgt;EdlRtUv)anPab; Fwm nigssr RtUvmanlTPaBGacTb;m:Um:g;xl;)an.
#> tMNRtUvman inelastic rotational capacity RKb;RKan;EdleRKOgPab; bTwkbnSarnwgmin
RtUv)an overload eRkambnSMnbnkTMnaj nigbnkxl;.
enAkgsovePAenH eyIgBicarNaEttMNBIrRbePTKW tMNsamBa (simple connection) Edl
KNnasRmab;bnkTMnaj CamYynwg lateral frame stability Edlpl;[eday positive bracing
system nigtMNrwg (rigid connection) EdlKNnasRmab; moment capacity rbs;FwmFMCag 90% .
eyIg)anBicarNa simple connection enAkg framed nig seated beam connections rYcehIy dUcenH
eyIgnwgRtUvkarykcitTukdak;eTAelI rigid connectionsvijmg.
]TahrN_FmtaCaeRcInEdleRbI moment connection RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>30. Ca
TUeTA kareprm:Um:g;PaKeRcInRtUv)anbBantamsabFwm ehIy moment capacity kRtUv)aneLIg. tMN
enAkgrUbTI 8>30 a bgajBIKMnitenH. EdkbnHEdlPab;RTnugFwmeTAssrKWRtUv)anpSarPab;eTAnwg
ssrenAeragCag nigRtUv)ancab;bULgeTAnwgFwmenAkardan. CamYynwgkarerobcMEbbenH FwmRtUv)an
Gacdak;enAelITItaMgy:agRsYleday[sabGacRtUv)anpSarPab;eTAnwgssrenAkardan. Plate
connection RtUv)anKNnaedIm,ITb;Tl;EtkmaMgkat; nigTTYlRbtikmrbs;Fwm. Complete penetra-

tion groove welds Pab;sabFwmeTAssr nigGaceprm:Um:g;esInwg moment capacity rbs;sabFwm.

vanwgrYmKaCamYy moment capacity rbs;FwmPaKeRcIn b:uEnbrimaNrbs;karTb;RtUv)anpl;[ eday
plate connection. edaysar strain harderning full plastic moment capacity rbs;FwmGac
RtUv)anbegIteLIgtamrysab. kareFVIkartPab;sabTamTarfaEpkdtUcrbs;RTnugFwmRtUv)andk
ecjehIy backing bar RtUv)aneRbIenAelI sabmYyedIm,IGnuBaat[karpSarTaMgGs;eFVIeLIgBIelI.
enAeBlEdlkarpSarBIxagelIRtCak; vanwgrYjCaTUeTARbEhl 1 / 8in. . bMlas;TItamTisbeNayEdl
TTYl)anRtUv)anykmkKitsRmab;eRbIR)as; slotted bolt hole nigedayrwtbNwgbULgeRkayeBlTwk
bnSarRtUv)anRtCak;. tMNRbePTenH eRbI column stiffenders EdlminRtUvkarCaTUeTAeT emIlEpk
8>7.
Moment connection rbs;rUbTI 8>30 a kRtUv)anbgaj recommended connection design
practice: RKb;eBlTaMgGs; karpSarKYrEtRtUv)aneFVIenAkgeragCag ehIykarcab;bULgKYreFVIenAkardan.
karpSarenAeragCagmantmefakCag niggayRsYlkgkarRtYtBinit.
sRmab; beam-to-column moment connections Ggt;CaEpkrbs; plane frame ehIyRtUv)an
dak;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>30 a EdlRTnugenAkgbg;rbs;eRKagEdlkarBt;rbs;Ggt;nimYyeFobeTA
nwgGkSemrbs;va. enAeBlEdlFwmRtUv)anPab;eTAnwgRTnugrbs;ssrCaCagsabrbs;ssr Ca-
]TahrN_ enAkgeRKaglMhr eKeRbItMNdUcEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>30 b. tMNenHRsedogKaeTA
nwgGVIEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>30 a b:uEnTamTarnUvkareRbI column stiffener edIm,IeFVIkartPab;eTAnwg
sabFwm.
eTaHbICatMNEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>30 a CatMNsamBakeday kkartMeLIgrbs;faTamTar
nUvkRmitGt;ntUcEdr. RbsinebIFwmtUcCagkarrMBwgTukcenaHrvagssr nigsabFwmGacbgPaBlM)ak
kgkarpSar enAeBlxHeKeRbI backing bar. Three-plate connection EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>30 c
minman handicap eT ehIyvamanGtRbeyaCn_bEnmEdlRtUv)anPab;edaybULgy:aglenAkardan.
Flange plate nig web plate RtUv)anpSarenAkgeragCageTAnwgsabssr nigcab;bULgeTAFwmRtUv)an
eFVIenAkardan. edIm,Ipl;[sRmab;karERbRbYlenAkgkm<s;Fwm cmayrvag flange plates RtUv)aneFVI

eLIgFMCagkm<s;Fmtarbs;Fwm b:uEnRbEhl 3 / 8in. . KMlatenHRtUv)anbMeBjenAsabxagelIkgeBl
dMeLIgCamYy shims/ Edl thin strip rbs;EdkedayRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;EktRmUvkarPab;enARtg;tMN.
Shim GacCaRbePTmYykgcMeNamBIrRbePTKW conventional shim nig finger shim EdlGacsk

eRkayeBlbULgRtUv)anPab; dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>30 d. enAkgtMbn;EdlmantMbn;rBayFM tMN

EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>30 a RtUvkarkarKNnaBiess (FEMA, 1995).
]TahrN_ 8>10 bgajBIkarKNnarbs; three-plate moment connect edayrYmbBalTaMg

tRmUvkarsRmab;kartPab;Ggt; Edlmanerobrab;eday AISC J5.
]TahrN_ 8>10 KNna three-plate moment connection rbs;RbePTEdl)anbgajrUbTI 8>31

sRmab;kartPab;Fwm W 21 50 eTAsabrbs;ssr W 14 99 . snt;Fwm set-back 1 / 2in. . karviPaK
eRKagbgajfatMNRtUvEteprm:Um:g;bnkemKuN 210 ft. kips nigkmaMgkat;emKuN 33kips . RKb;bnH
EdkEdlpSareTAnwgssrCamYynwg electrode E70 XX nigkarPab;bULgeTAFwmCamYynwg bearing-
type bolts A325 . EdkTaMgGs;CaRbePTEdk A36 .
dMeNaHRsay sRmab; web plate edayecalcMNakpit sakl,gbULgGgt;pit 3 / 4in. . snt;fa

eFjsitenAkgbg;kmaMgkat;. lTPaBkmaMgkat;TTwgrbs;bULgKW
Fv Ab = 0.75(48)(0.4418) = 15.90kips
cMnYnbULgEdlRtUvkar = 1533.90 = 2.08

sakl,gbULg 3 RKab; nigkMNt;kRmas;bnHEdlTamTarsRmab; bearing. eRbIKMlat nigcmay

eTARCugEKmenAkgrUbTI 8>32 a ehIyGgt;pitrnKW
1 3 1 13
h=d+ = + = in.
16 4 16 16
sRmab;RbehagEdlenAEk,rRCugEKmbMput
h 13 / 16
Lc = Le = 1.5 = 1.094in.
2 2
3
2d = 2 = 1.5in.
4
Rn = (1.2 Lc tFu ) = 0.75(1.2)(1.094)t (58) = 57.11tkips / bolt
sRmab;RbehagdT
13
Lc = s h = 3 = 2.188in. > 2d
16

dUcenH Rn = (2.4dtFu ) = 0.75(2.4) 34 t (58) = 78.03tkips / bolt

edIm,IrkkRmas;EdlRtUvkardak; total bearing strength esInwg applied load:
57.11t + 2(78.30t ) = 33 b t = 0.154in.
sRmab;RTnugFwm (beam web) t w = 0.380in. > 0.154in.
edIm,IkMNt;kRmas;bnHEdkEdlRtUvkarsRmab;kmaMgkat; cUrBicarNamuxkat;bBarkat;tambnHEdk. BI
AISC J5, Connecting Elements,
[
Rn = 0.90 0.60 Ag F y ] (AISC Equation J5-3)
33 = 0.90[0.60(9t )(36 )]
t = 0.189in. lub
dUcenHyk t = 1 / 4in.
sRmab;kartPab; shear plate eTAnwgsabssr TMhM fillet weld Gb,brmaKW 1 / 4in. . edayQrelI
EpkEdlRtUvPab;EdlmankRmas;Rkas;Cag TMhM fillet weld Gb,brmaKW 5 / 16in. b:uEnvaminRtUvkarFM
CagkRmas;rbs;EpkEdlRtUvPab;EdlesIgCageT. enaH
lTPaBkgmYyktaRbEvg = 0.707w(FW ) = 0.707 14 (31.5)
= 5.568kips / in.
lTPaBkmaMgkat;TTwgrbs; base metal KW
(
tFBM = t 0.54 F y = ) 1
4
(0.54)(36) = 4.86kips / in. lub
dUcenHRbEvgEdlcaM)ac;rbs; fillet weld 1 / 4in. KW
33
= 6.79in.
4.86
karpSarCab;KaenAelIRCugmagrbs;bnHGacRKb;RKan; b:uEnCaTUeTAeKRtUvpSarsgxag ehIyRtUv)anGnuvt
enATIenH.
TTwgGb,brmarbs;bnHEdkGacRtUv)ankMNt;BIkarBicarNacmayeTARCugEKm. bnkEdlRtUv
)anRT RbtikmFwm KWmanTisbBar dUcenHcmayeTARCugEKmcaM)ac;eKarBtamtRmUvkarrbs; AISC
Table J3.4. RbsinebIeyIgsnt;RCugEKmCa sheared edge cmayeTARCugEKmGb,brmaKW 1 1 4 in. .
CamYynwg beam setback 1 / 2in. nigcmayeTARCugEKm 1 1 2 in. dUcEdl)anbgajenAkgrUbTI

8>32 b TTwgrbs;bnHEdkKW
0.5 + 2(1.5) = 3.5in.ykbnHEdkTMhM 3 12 1 4

sRmab; flange plates, rkkmaMgRtg;pb:HrvagsabFwm nigbnHEdk. BIrUbTI 8>33
M = Hd nig H = Md = 210 (12) = 121.0kips

20.83
sakl,gbULg A325 Ggt;pit 3 / 4in. . edaysarbULgGgt;pit 3 / 4in. RtUv)aneRCIserIssRmab;
shear connection dUcenHeyIgsakl,gTMhMbULgdUcKa. RbsinebIkmaMgkat;TTwgbULglub cMnYnbU
LgEdlRtUvkarKW
1 3 1 13
h=d+ = + = in.
16 4 16 16
sRmab;RbehagEdlenAEk,rRCugEKmCageK
h 13 / 16
Lc = Le = 1.5 = 1.094in.
2 2
2d = 2(3 / 4 ) = 1.5in.
Rn = (1.2 Lc tFu ) = 0.75(1.2)(1.094 )t (58) = 57.11tkips / bolt
sRmab;RbehagepSgeTot
13
Lc = s h = 3 = 2.188in. > 2d
16
3
dUcenH Rn = (2.4dtFu ) = 0.75(2.4) t (58) = 78.30tkips / bolt
4
edIm,IrkkRmas;EdlRtUvkar dak; total bearing strength [esI applied load:
2(57.11t ) + 6(78.30t ) = 121.0 b t = 0.207in.
Flange plate TaMgBIrnwgRtUv)anKNnaCa tension connecting elements.
ebIeTaHbICabnHEdkmYyrgkmaMgsgt;keday kartPab;lMGitecalnUvbBaasirPaBTaMgGs;.
eKnwgkMNt;muxkat;Gb,brmaEdlRtUvkarsRmab;kugRtaMgTajenAelI gross nig net area. BI AISC

Equation J5-1,
Rn = 0.90(Ag F y )
Ag EdlRtUvkar = 0.90RnF =
H
=
121.0
0.90 F y 0.90(36)
= 3.735in.2
y
BI AISC Equation J5-2,

Rn = 0.75 An Fu
EdlRtUvkar = 0.75RnF = 0.75HF = 0121

An
.75 (
.0
58 )
= 0.782in.2
u u
sakl,gTTwgrbs;bnHEdk wg = 6.5in. esIeTAnwgTTwgsabrbs;Fwm. kMNt;kRmas;caM)ac;edIm,I

bMeBjtRmUvkar requirement.
Ag = 6.5t = 3.735in.2 b t = 0.575in.
KNnakRmas;EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IbMeBjtRmUvkar net area

(
) 7
An = twn = t wg d hole = t 6.5 2 = 4.750t
8
yk 4.750t = 2.782in.2 b t = 0.586in. lub
kRmas;kRtUvFMCagGVIEdlTamTarsRmab; bearing dUcenHvaRtUvCakRmas;Gb,brmaEdlGacTTYlyk
)an. sakl,gbnH 6 1 2 5 8 . bnHenHCa tension connecting element dUcenH net area rbs;vamin
GacelIsBI 0.85 Ag enAkgkarKNna (AISC J5.2):
5 7
An = 6.5 2 = 2.969in.2
8 8
0.85 Ag = 0.85(0.625)(6.5) = 3.453in.2 > 2.969in.2 (OK)
ykbnH 6 1 2 5 8
Epkrbs;RkLapsabrbs;FwmnwgRtUv)an)at;bg;edaysarRbehagrbs;bULg nig moment capacity
RtUv)ankat;bny. AISC B10 GnuBaatkarkat;bnyenHedIm,I[ecalenAeBl
0.75Fu A fn 0.90 F y A fg (AISC Equation B10-1)
Edl A fg = gross flange area
= b f t f = 6.530(0.535) = 3.494in.2
A fn = net flange area

( ) 7
= t f b f d h = 0.5356.530 2 = 2.557in.2
8
edayeRbI AISC Equation B10-1 eyIgTTYl)an
0.75Fu A fn = 0.75(58)(2.557 ) = 111.2kips
0.9 F y A fg = 0.9(36)(3.494) = 113.2kips > 111.2kips
edaysar AISC Equation B10-1 minRKb;RKan; flexural KYrRtUvQrelIRkLapsabRbsiTPaB

(effective flange area)
5 Fu
A fe = A fn
6 Fy
5 58
= (2.557 ) = 3.433in.2 (AISC Equation B10-3)
6 36
RkLapenHminxusKay:agxaMgBI actual gross flange are 3.494in.2 dUcenH flexural strength eday
minRtUvEkERb.
cemIy eRbItMNEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>34 tRmUvkar column stiffener nwgRtUv)anBicarNaenAkg
Epk 8>7*
*
rUbTI 8>34 kbgajBInimitsBaasMrab; bevel groove weld, edayeRbIenATIenHsMrab; beam flange plate-to-column connection
8>7> Column Stiffeners and other Reinforcement

m:Um:g;PaKeRcInEdl)aneprBIFwmeTAssrenAkgtMNrwgmanTRmg;Ca couple EdlpSMeLIgeday
kmaMgTaj nigkmaMgsgt;EdlmanenAkgsabrbs;Fwm. karGnuvtn_kmaMgcMNucEdlmantmFMGac
TamTarkarBRgwgssr. sRmab;m:Um:g;GviCmanEdldUckrNICamYybnkTMnaj kmaMgTaMgenHmanTisedA
dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>35 CamYynwgsabxagelIbMputrbs;FwmEdlbBankmaMgTajeTAssr ehIy
sabxageRkamEdlbBankmaMgsgt;.
kmaMgTaMgBIrRtUvbBaneTARTnugssrCamYynwgkmaMgsgt;EdlmaneRKaHfak;Cagedaysar
stability problem. kmaMgTajenAxagelIGacrMxansabssr rUbTI 8>35 c EdlbegItbnkbEnm
eTAelIkartPab;edaypSarnsabssreTAsabFwm. RbePTeRKOgBRgwg (stiffener) Edl)anbgaj

)anBRgwgsabssr. dUc)aneXIjy:agc,as; stiffener RtUv)anpSarPab;eTAnwgRTnug nigsab. Rbsin
ebIm:Um:g;EdlGnuvtminpas;brTisedA stiffener EdlTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgsgt; stiffener xageRkam min
RtUvkarkarpSareT.
AISC Specification Requirements

tRmUvkarrbs; AISC sRmab;karBRgwgRTnugssrRtUv)anerobrab;enAkg Chapter K, strength
Design Considerations.. sRmab;EpkCaeRcIn karpl;[enHQrenAelIkarviPaKedayRTwsIEdlRtUv
)anEkERbedIm,I[RtUvnwglTplrbs;karBiesaF. RbsinebIbnkemKuNGnuvtn_EdlRtUv)anepreday
sabFwm b flange plate FMCag design strength Rn sRmab;RKb;sanPaBkMNt;Edl)anBicarNaTaMg
Gs; enaHeKRtUvEteRbI stiffener.
edIm,IeCosvag local bending failure rbs;sabssr kmaMgTajBIsabFwmdac;xatminRtUv
FMCag
(
Rn = 6.25t 2f Fyf ) (AISC Equation K1-1)
Edl = 0.90
tf = kRmas;rbs;sabssr
F yf = yield stress rbs;sabssr
sRmab;sanPaBkMNt;rbs; local web yielding rgkugRtaMgsgt;

[
Rn = (5k + N )F ywt w ] (AISC Equaton K1-2)
b enAeBlEdlbnkRtUv)anGnuvtedaycmayBIcugrbs;Ggt;EdlesIkm<s;rbs;Ggt;
Rn = [(2.5k + N )Fywt w ] (AISC Equation K1-3)
Edl = 1.0
k = cmayBIpsabxageRkArbs;ssreTAeCIgrbs; fillet EdlenAelIRTnug
N = RbEvgrbs;bnkGnuvtn_ = kRmas;rbs;sabFwm b flange plate
F yw = yield stress rbs;RTnugssr
t w = kRmas;rbs;RTnugssr
eyIgkeRbI AISC Eqution K1-2 nig K1-3 in Section 5.13 edIm,IGegt web yielding enAkgFwmEdl
rgbnkcMcMNuc.
edIm,IkarBar web crippling enAeBlEdlbnksgt;RtUv)anbBaneTAEtsabmYy dUckgkrNI
ssrxageRkAEdlmanPab;CamYyFwmEtmag enaHbnkGnuvtn_minRtUvFMCag design strength Edl[
daysmIkarmYykgcMeNamsmIkarxageRkam. eyIgkFab;)anerobrab;BI web crippling enAkg web
crippling enAkgEpkTI 5>13 enAeBlEdlbnkRtUv)anGnuvtenAcmayy:agtic d / 2 BIcugrbs;ssr
1.5
N t w F ywt f
Rn = 135t w2 1 + 3 (AISC Equation K1-4)
d t f tw

Edl = 0.75
d=km<s;srubrbs;ssr
RbsinebIbnkRtUv)anGnuvtenAcugrbs;ssr
1.5
N t w Fywt f
Rn = 68t w2 1 + 3

d t f tw
sRmab; N
d
0.2

(AISC Equation K1-5b)
1.5
N t F ywt f
b Rn = 68t w2 1 + 4
d
0.2 w
t f tw
sRmab; N
d
> 0.2

(AISC Equation K1-5b)

kmaMgsgt; backling rbs;RTnugRtUv)anGegtenAeBlEdlbnkRtUv)anbBaneTAsabssr

TaMgBIr. bnkEbbenHnwgekItmanenAssrxagkgCamYynwgFwmEdlPab;eTAssrTaMgsgxag. Design
strength sRmab;sanPaBkMNt;enHKW
4100t w
3
F yw
Rn = (AISC Equation K1-8)
h

Edl = 0.90
h= km<s;RTnugssrBIeCIgrbs; fillet eTAeCIgrbs; fillet rUbTI 8>36
RbsinebIkartPab;enAEk,rcugrbs;ssr EdlRbsinebIbnkRtUv)anGnuvtenAcmay d / 2 BI
cug ersIsg;Edl[eday AISC Equation K1-8 KYrRtUv)ankat;bnyBak;kNal.
niyayedaysegb edIm,IGegtPaBcaM)ac;sRmab; column stiffener eKRtUvRtYtBinitsanPaBkM
Nt;bIdUcxageRkam
!> Local flang bending (AISC Equation K1-1)
@> Loacl web yielding (AISC Equation K1-2 or K1-3)
#> Web crippling bkmaMgsgt; buckling rbs;RTnug. RbsinebIkmaMgsgt;RtUv)anGnuvt
eTAelIsabEtmYy eKRtUvRtYtBinit web crippling [AISC Equation K1-4 b K1-5]. RbsinebIkmaMg
sgt;RtUv)anGnuvteTAelIsabTaMgBIr eKRtUvRtYtBinit compressive buckling rbs;RTnug [AISC
Equation K1-8].

RbsinebI stiffener EdlRtUvkareday AISC Equation K1-2 sRmab; local web yielding,
eKGacrkRkLapmuxkat;EdlRtUvkarsRmab; stiffener dUcxageRkam. snt;faeKGacTTYl)an design
strength bEnmBIRkLaprbs; stiffener Ast Edl yield. dUcenHBI AISC Equation K1-2.
Rn = [(5k + N )F ywt w + Ast Fyst ]
Edl Fyst Ca yield stress rbs; stiffener. dak;[GgxagsaMrbs;smIkarenHesInwgbnkGnuvtn_Edl

smal;eday Pbf nigedaHRsaysRmab; Ast eKTTYl)an
Pbf / (5k + N )Fywt w
Ast =
F yst
Pbf (5k + tb )Fywt w
=
Fyst
*>^
Edl = 1.0 nig tb KWkRmas;rbs;sabssr b flange plate. smIkar 8>6 kGacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IRtYt
Binit local buckling yielding strength rbs;ssr. edaHRsayrk Ast RbsinebITTYl)anlTpl
GviCman eKnwgminRtUvkar stiffener sRmab;sanPaBenHeT.
RbsinebIeKRtUvkar stifferner AISC K1-9 [nUvTMhMsmamaRtrbs;vadUcxageRkam
TTwgrbs; stiffener bUknwgkRmas;Bak;kNalrbs;RTnugssrRtUvFMCagbesInwgmYyPaKbIn
z
TTwgrbs;sabFwm b flange plate EdlbBankmaMgeTAssr bBIrUbTI 8>37

t
b+ w b
2
b
3
dUcenH b
b b w
3
t
2
kRmas;rbs; stiffener dac;xatRtUvEtFMCagbesInwgBak;kNalkRmas;rbs;sabFwm b
z
flange plate b
t
t st b
2
z pleFobTTwgelIkRmas;RtUvEt
t
b

250
F
xat IS t st
b

95
Fy
xat US
st y
eKRtUvkar Full-depth stiffener sRmab;krNI compression buckling b:uEneKGnuBaat[eRbI

half-depth stiffener sRmab;sanPaBkMNt;epSgeTot. dUcenHeKRtUvkar full-depth stiffener EtenA
eBlEdlFwmRtUv)anPab;eTAnwgssrTaMgsgxag.

sRmab;RKb;sanPaBkMNt;TaMgGs; karsMerckgkarpSar stiffener Pab;eTAsabKWQr

elIlkxNxageRkam
z enAelIxagEdlrgkmaMgTaj eKRtUvpSar stiffener Pab;eTAnwgRTnug nigsab.
z enAelIxagEdlrgkmaMgsgt; stiffener RKan;EtRtUvkardak;EGbnwgsabEtb:ueNaH EteKkGac
pSarvaPab;eTAnwgsab.
Part 3 of the Manual, Column Design, mantmefrEdlRtUv)anerobCataragEdlGaceFVI
karkMNt;karcaM)ac;sRmab; stiffener. kareRbIR)as;rbs;vaRtUv)anbgajenAkg]TahrN_EdlmanenA

kg General Notes EtminRtUv)anbgajenATIenHeT.
kmaMgkat;enAkgRTnugssr Shear in the Column Web
kareprm:Um:g;EdlmantmFMeTAssrGacbegItkugRtaMgkmaMgkat;FMenAkgRTnugssrenAkgRBM
Ednrbs;tMN. ]TahrN_ tMbn; ABCD enAkgrUbTI 8>38. eBlxH eKehAtMbn;enHCa panel zone.
Net moment RtUv)anKit dUcenHRbsinebIFwmRtUv)antPab;eTARCugTaMgsgxagrbs;ssr plbUkBiC-
KNitnm:Um:g;begIt web shear enH.

RbsinebIkmaMgsabFwmRtUv)ansnt;[eFVIGMeBIenAcmay 0.95db BIKa Edl db Cakm<s;Fwm enaHkmaMg
sabnImYyGacRtUv)anykCa
M1 + M 2
H=
0.95d b
RbsinebIkmaMgkat;ssrenAEk,r panel Ca Vu ehIymanTisedAdUcbgaj kmaMgkat;TTwgsrub
enAkg panel KW
M + M2
P = H Vu = 1
0.95d
Vu *>&
b

RtUv)an[enAkg AISC K1.7 Ca Rv Edl = 0.90 ehIy Rv Ca

Web shear strength
GnuKmn_ eTAnwgbnktamGkSenAkgssr. enAeBlEdl Pu 0.4Py

Rv = 0.60 F y d c t w (AISC Equation K1-9)
enAeBlEdl Pu > 0.4Py /

P
Rv = 0.60 F y d c t w 1.4 u (ASIC Equation K1-10)
Py

Edl Pu = bnktamGkSenAkgssr
Py = axial yield strength rbs;ssr = AF y
A = RkLapmuxkat;rbs;ssr edayrYmbBalTaMgeRKOgBRgwg ]TahrN_/ doubler plates
d c = TMhMssrtamTisFwmsrub
t w = kRmas;RTnugssr edayrYmbBalTaMgbnHEdkEdlBRgwg
F y = yield stress rbs;RTnugssr
RbsinebIRTnugssrman shear strength minRKb;RKan; eKRtUvBRgwgva. eKGaceRbI double plate

EdlmankRmas;RKb;RKan;edIm,IpSarPab;eTAnwgRTnug b diagonal stiffener mYyKUr. kgkarGnuvteK
eRcIneRbI stiffener Cag.
k)anpl;nUvsmIkaredIm,IenAeBlEdleKBicarNaBI frame stabality EdlrYmbBal

AISC K1.7
TaMgkMhUcRTg;RTayrbs; panel zone. vaminRtUv)anerobrab;enATIenHeT.
]TahrN_ 8>11 kMNt;faetItMNn]TahrN_ 8>10 RtUvkar stiffener bk column web reinforce-

ment. snt;fa Vu = 0 nig Pu / Py = 0.4 .
dMeNaHRsay BI]TahrN_ 8>10 flange force RtUv)anykesInwg
Pbf = H = 121.0kips
RtYtBinit local flange bending CamYynwg AISC Equation K1-1:

(
Rn = 6.25t 2f Fyf )
[ ]
= 0.90 6.25(0.780)2 (36) = 123kips > 121kips (OK)
RtYtBinit local web yielding CamYynwg AISC Equation K1-2:
Rn = [(5k + N )F ywt w ]
5
= 1.0 5(1.438) + (36)(0.485) = 136kips > 121kips (OK)
8
RtYtBinit web crippling CamYynwg AISC Equation K1-4:
1.5
N t w F ywt f
Rn = 135t w2 1 + 3
d t f tw

5 / 8 0.485 36(0.780 )
1.5
= 0.75(135)(0.485) 1 + 3
2

14.16 0.780 0.485
= 193kips > 121kips (OK)
cemIy eKminRtUvkar column stiffener eT.
sRmab;kmaMgkat;TTwgeNAkgRTnugssr BIsmIkar *>& nigedayecalkRmas;rbs; shim enA
kgkarKNnark db kmaMgkat;TTwgemKuNenAkg column web panel zone KW
P=
(M 1 + M 2 ) V
u
0.95d b
210(12)
= 0 = 120kips
0.95[20.83 + 2(5 / 8)]
edaysar Pu = 0.4Py eRbI AISC Equation K1-9:
Rv = 0.60 F y d c t w = 0.60(36 )(14.16 )(0.485) = 148.3kips

Design strength KW
Rv = 0.90(148.3) = 134kips > 120kips (OK)
cemIy eKminRtUvkar column web reinforcement eT.
]TarhrN_ 8>12 rUbTI 8>39 bgajBI beam-to-column connection Edleprm:Um:g;emKuN

142 ft kips. m:Um:g;enHekIteLIgedaysarbnkTMnagefr nigGefr. eKeRbIEdkRbePT A36 nig
electrode E 70 . cUreFVIkarGegt colum stiffener nigtRmUvkar web panel-zone reinforcement.
snt;fa Vu = 0 nig Pu < 0.4Py .

dMeNaHRsay flange force KW
M 142(12)
Pbf = = = 98.07kips
d b tb 17.90 0.525
edIm,IRtYtBinit flange bending eKeRbI AISC Equation K1-1:
(
Rn = 6.25t 2f F yf )
[ ]
= 0.90 6.25(0.560)2 (36) = 63.50kips < 98.07kips (N.G.)
dUcenH eKRtUvkar stiffener edIm,IkarBar loacla flange bending.
edIm,IRtYtBinit local web yielding eKeRbIsmIkar 8>6 CMnYs[kareRbI AISC Equation K1-2:
Pbf (5k + tb )F ywt w
Ast =
F yst
98.07 [5(1.062) + 0.525](36)(0.36)
= = 0.6236in.2
36
edaysar Ast viCman dUcenHeKRtUvkar stiffener mYyKUrEdlman combined cross-sectional area
y:agtic 0.623in.2 .
RtYtBinit web crippling strength edayeRbI AISC Equation K1-4:
1.5
N t w Fywt f
Rn = 135t w2 1 + 3
d t f tw

0.525 0.360 36(0.560)
= 0.75(135)(0.36)2 1 + 3 1.5
8.25 0.560 0.360
= 107.9kips > 98.07kips (OK)
eKeRCIserIsTMhM stiffener edayQrelIlkxNEdlpl;[eday AISC Section K1-9,
ehIybnab;mkeKRtUvRtYtBinitRkLapmuxkat;EdlTTYl)an.
TTwgGb,brmaKW
bf t 6.015 0.360
b w = = 1.825in.
3 2 3 2
RbsinebIeKminGnuBaat[bnay stiffener eTAhYsRCugrbs;sabssr TTwgGtibrmaKW
8.07 0.360
b = 3.855in.
2
kRmas;Gb,brmaKW
tb 0.525
= = 0.2625in.
2 2
sakl,g 3 5 /16
5
Ast = 3 2stiffeners = 1.875in.2 > 0.6236in 2 (OK)
16
RtYtBinitpleFobTTwgelIkRmas; (width-thickness ratio)
b 3
= = 9.6
t st 5 / 16
95 95
= = 15.8 > 9.6 (OK)
Fy 36

edaysarEtkartPab;enHmanEtmag dUcenHeKminRtUvkar full-depth stiffeners eT. dUcenH

= 4.125in. yk 4 1 2 in.
d 8.25
=
2 2
cemIy eRbIEdkTMhM 3 5 /16 4 12 cMnYn 2 bnH. kat;RcwbRCugEkgxagkgrbs;bnHEdkedIm,IeCos
vag fillet enARtg;kEngEdlsab nigRTnugrbs;ssrCYbKa. kat;RcwbedaymMu 45o sRmab;TMhM
5 / 8in. .
KNnaTwkbnSarsRmab;Pab; stiffener eTARTnugssr

TMhMGb,brma = 163 in. (AISC Table J2.4, edayQrelIkRmas;RTnug)
TMhMcaM)ac;sRmab;ersIusg;KW
force resisted by stiffener
w=
0.707 L(FW )
BIsmIkar *>^ kmaMgEdlRtUvTb;eday stiffener KW
Ast F yst = Pbf (5k + tb )F ywt w
= 98.07 [5(1.062) + 0.525](36)(0.360 ) = 22.45kips

RbEvgEdlGacpSarPab; stiffener eTAnwgRTnugssrKW
5
L = 4.5 2sids 2stiffeners = 15.5in.
8
emIlrUbTI 8>40
w=
22.45
0.707(15.5)(31.5)
3
= 0.0650in. < in.
16
TMhMGb,brma
ersIusg;kmaMgkat;rbs; base metal KW
5
Rn = FBM t = 0.54 Fy t st = 0.54(36) = 6.075kips / in.
16
nig ersIusg;TwkbnSarcaM)ac; sRmab; stiffener mYy = 0.0650(0.707)(31.5)(2)
= 2.09kips / in. < 6.075kips / in. (OK)
cemIy yk filler weld 3 /16in. .
KNnaTwkbnSarsMrba;Pab; stiffener eTAnwgsabssr
TMhMGb,brma = 14 in. (AISC Table J2.4, edayQrelIkRmas;sab)
lTPaBTwkbnSarkg 1in. = 0.707 14 (31.5) = 5.538kips / in.
< 0.54 Fy t st = 0.6075kips / in. (OK)

RbEvgEdlmansRmab; = 3 85 (2)(2) = 9.5in.

TMhMcaM)ac;sRmab;ersIusg;KW
force resisted by stiffener 22.45 1
w= = = 0.106in. < in.
0.707 L(FW ) 0.707(9.5)(31.5) 4
cemIy yk fillet weld 1/ 4in. . m:Um:g;Gnuvtn_EdlekIteLIgedaybnkTMnaj ehIyEdlminGac

brTisedAGnuvtn_)an dUcenHeKGacdak; stiffener Pab;eTAnwgsabssr Edl stiffener enHTb;sabrg
karsgt;rbs;FwmedaymincaM)ac;pSar b:uEnkrNIenHmin)anniyayenATIenHeT.
RtYtBinitRTnugssrsRmab;kmaMgkat;TTwg. BIsmIkar *>&
P=
(M 1 + M 2 ) V 142(12)
u = 0 = 100.2kips
0.95d b 0.95(17.90)
BI AISC Equation K1-9
Rv = 0.60 F y d c t w = 0.60(36 )(8.25)(0.360 ) = 64.15kips
Design strength KW
Rv = 0.90(64.15) = 57.74kips < 100.5kips (N.G.)
eRbI AISC Equation edIm,IrkkRmas;RTnugEdlRtUvakar. edaHRsayrk t w edayKuNPaKyk
nigPaKEbgeday
t w = required doubler plate thickness
= 0.625 0.360 = 0.265in.

sakl,g td = 5 /16in. . TwkbnSarRtUvmanTMhM[RtUvKanwgersIusg;kmaMgkat;nkRmas;caM)ac;
rbs; doubler plate. yk
FBM t d = 0.707 w(FW )

FBM t d 0.54(36 )(0.265)
b w=
0.707(FW )
=
0.707(31.5)
= 0.231in.
yk w = 1/ 4in.
BI AISC J2.2b, TMhMTwkbnSarGtibrmaKW
1 5 1 1
td = = in. (OK)
16 16 6 4
cemIy double plate 5 /16in. nig fillet weld 1/ 4in
eRbI diagonal stiffener
eRbI full-depth horizontal stiffeners dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>41 RKan;EtCaCMerIs.
kmaMgkat;TTwgEdlTb;eday web reinforcement KW 100.2 57.74 = 42.46kips . RbsinebIkmaMg

enHRtUv)anKitCakMub:Usg;kmaMgtamGkSedk P enAkg stiffener
P cos = 42.46kips
db
= tan 1
17.90
Edl = tan 1

= 65.26

o
c
d 8 . 25
42.46
P=
(
tan 65.26 o ) = 101.5kips
yk Rn = Ast Fy = 0.9 Ast (36) = 101.5kips
bnab;mk Ast =
101.5
0.9(36)
= 3.13in.2
eRbI stiffener BIr/ 3 9 /16 enAsgxagRTnug

Edlpl;[ = 2(3) 169 = 3.38in.2 > 3.13in.2 EdlRtUvkar

Ast (OK)
RtYtBinitpleFobTTwgelIkRmas; (width-thickness ratrio):

b 3 95
= = 5.3 < = 15.8 (OK)
t st 9 / 16 36
KNnaTwkbnSar. RbEvgrbs; diagonal stiffener nImYyKW
dc 8.25
=
cos cos 65.26 o( )
= 19.7in.
RbsinebIeKpSarenAelIpTaMgsgxagrbs; stiffener enaHRbEvgTwkbnSarKW

L = 19.7(4 ) = 78.8in.
TMhMTwkbnSarEdlcaM)ac;sRmab;ersIusg;KW
P 101.5
w= = = 0.058in.
0.707 L(FW ) 0.707(78.8)(31.5)
eRbITMhMGb,brma 1/ 4in. (AISC Table J2.4)
edaysarTMhMEdlcaM)ac;sRmab;ersIusg;mantmtUc eyIgnwgGegtemIllTPaBkgkareRbITwknSarEdl
minCab;Ka. BI AISC J2.2b
RbEvgGb,brma = 4w = 4 14 = 1.0in. b:uEnvaminRtUvtUcCag 1.5in. 1.5in. lub
lTPaB nigKMlatrbs;RkumnTwkbnSarbYnKW
1
4(0.707 )wL(Fw ) = 4(0.707 ) (1.5)(31.5) = 33.41kips
4
lTPaBEdlcaM)ac;kg 1in. =
101.5
19.7
= 5.152kips / in.
KMlatEdlcaM)ac;rbs;TwkbnSar =
33.41
5.152
= 6.48in.
shear capacity of base metal = 0.54 Fy t w = 0.54(36 )(0.360 ) = 7.00kips / in.
lTPaBrbs;TwkbnSar = 0.707w(FW ) = 0.707 14 (31.5)

= 5.57kips / in. < 7.00kips / in. (OK)
cemIy eRbITwkbnSarminCab;Ka 1/ 4in.1 12 in. EdlmanKMlatBImYyeTAmYy 6in. KitBIGkS enAelIp
nImYyrbs; diagonal stiffener.
dUcEdl)anbgajBImun eKniymeRbIdiagonal stiffener Cag doubler plate b:uEnsRmab;lkN
esdkiceKKYrEteRbIvaCamYynwgmuxkat;ssrFM. tmBlkmCamYynwg doubler plate nig stiffener TaMg
Gs;GacnwgbEnmtmeRcIneTAelIsMParsRmab;ssrmuxkat;FM.
8>8> End Plate Connection

End plate connection Ca beam-to-column nig beam-to-beam connection Edlmankar
eBjniym ehIyRtUv)aneKeRbIcab;taMgBIBak;kNalTsvtSr_qaM 1950 mkemH. rUbTI 8>42 bgajBI
end plate connection BIrRbePTKW tMNsamBa btMNrgEtkmaMgkat; (Type PR construction) nig
tMNrwg btMNTb;m:Um:g; (Type FR construction). Rigid connection kRtUv)anehA m:ageTotfa

extended end plate connection. eKalkarN_rbs;RbePTTaMgBIrKW bnHEdkEdlRtUv)anpSarPab;enA
xagcugrbs;FwmRtUv)ancab;Pab;eTAnwgssr bFwmedaybULg. tMNenHRtUvkarbULgticCagkartPab;

epSgeTotEdlGaceFVI[kardMeLIgelOn.
sRmab;tMNsamBa eKRtUvykcitTukdak;kgkareFVI[manlkN flexible RKb;RKan;edIm,IeFVI
[FwmmanmMurgVilenAxagcug. eKGacTTYl)an flexibility enH RbsinebIbnHEdkmanTMhMtUc nigesIg
ebIeRbobeFobCamYynwg tMNRbePT fully restrained. Manual of Steel Construction, in Part 9,
Simple Shear Connections, )anENnaMfa kRmas;RtUvsitenAcenaH 1 / 4in. nig 3 / 8in. edIm,I
TTYl)an flexibility. EpkenHrbs; Manual kbgajBIeKalkarN_ENnaM nig]TaheN_EdlrYmman

reaction capacities sRmab;bnSMCaeRcInnbnHEdk nigbULg.
karKNna moment-resisting end plate connections RtUvkarkarkMNt;kRmas;bnH TMhMTwk

bnSar nigkarlMGitBIbULgCaedIm. karKNnaBITwkbnSar nigbULgCakarGnuvtn_nUv traditional
analysis procedures. b:uEn karKNna kRmas;bnHKWQrelIlTplrbs;karBiesaF nig statistical
research (Krishnamuthy, 1978). EpkrgkarTajrbs;tMNKWmaneRKaHfak; bULgenAEpkrgkar
sgt;mannaTICaGkrkSatMN[enARtg;GkS. RbsinebImanm:Um:g;sgxag eKRtUvKNnaEpkrgkar

TajTaMgsgxag. viFITUeTAKWxageRkam
!> kMNt;kmaMgenAkgsabrgkarTajrbs;Fwm
@> eRCIserIsbULgEdlcaM)ac;edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkmaMgenH nigteRmobva[manlkNsIuemRTI
eFobnwgsabrgkarTaj. RbsinebIm:Um:g;sitenAsgxag eKRtUveFVIkartMerobdUcKaenAelIEpk
rgkarsgt;Edr. bULgRtUvEtmancMnYnRKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkmaMgkat;TTwgEdl)anmk
BIRbtikmFwm.
#> cat;TukEpkrbs;sabFwm nigbnHEdkEdlenAek,reFVIkarCa tee-shape EdlrgbnkTajEdl

GnuvteTAelIRTnugrbs;va dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>43.
$> eRCIserIsTTwg nigkRmas;rbs;sab tee enHedIm,IbMeBjtRmUvkar flexural dUcKanwgviFI
KNna tee hanger emIlEpk 7>8.
%> RtYtBinitkmaMgkat;enAkgbnHEdk.
^> KNnaTwkbnSar.
Manual of Steel Construction (Volume II), bgajbIviFIsaRsKNnalMGitCamYynwg]Ta-
hrN_enAkg Part 10, Fully Restrained (FR) Moment Connection. viFIsaRskgkarKNnarbs;

vaRsedogKanwgGVIEdl)anerobrab;xagelIedaymankarEksRmYlxH eBlxHeKehAvafa Split-tee
method (Krishnamurthy, 1978). GVIEdlxusKa KWCMhanTI $ sRmab;karKNnam:Um:g;Bt;enAkgbnH
Edk. Traditional analysis KitbBalTaMg prying forces EdlmanniyayenAkgEpkTI 7>8. sRmab;

viFIKNnanaeBlbcb,n kareRCIserIsbULg nigkRmas;bnHEdkminGaRsynwgkarBIcarNaBI prying
action eT. karKNnam:Um:g;KWQrelIkarsikSa statistical analysis of finite element Edlmankar
bBaak;edaykareFVIBiesaFn_. CMhandMbUgenAkgviFIsaRsKNnaKW KNnakmaMgenAkgsab gkarTaj

rbs;Fwm.
Mu
Puf =
d t f
bnab;mk eKeRCIserIsbULgedIm,ITb;nwgkmaMgTajenH ehIyeKtMerobvaCaBIrCYr[manlkN

sIuemRTIeFobnwgsabrgkarTajrbs;Fwm. eKRtUvbEnmbULgy:agticBIrenARtg;sabrgkarsgt;sRmab;
tRmUvkarrbs;RbtikmFwm. cMnYnbULgEdlRtUvkaredIm,ITb;Tl;nwgRbtikmFwmnwgQrelI shear capacity
bk slip-critical capacity rbs;bULg EdlGaRsynwgRbePTrbs;tMN. RbsinebItMNCa bearing-
type eKRtUvRtYtBinitGnrkmnkmaMgkat; nigkmaMgTajenAkgbULg. eKmincaM)ac;eFVIkarGegtenH
sRmab; clip-critcal connection.

m:Um:g;GtibrmaenAkg split tee nwgekItmanenARtg; load line, muxkat; 1-1 EdlbgajenA
kgrUbTI 8>43 KW
M t = F1s
Edl F1 = kmaMgkat;TTwg = P2uf

s = cmayBI load line eTAcMNucrbt; = e
p
2
pe = p f 0.25d b 0.707 w
BIrUbTI 8>43/ p f CacmayBIGkSbULgeTAsabFwm EdlCaTUeTAesnwgGgt;pitbULg db + 1/ 2in.

ehIy w CaTMhMTwkbnSar. eKehA p f CacmaybULg (bolt distance) ehIy pe CacmaybULg
RbsiTPaB (effective bolt distance b effective span). m:Um:g; M t EdlRtUv)anbMElgedayemKuN
m edIm,ITTYl)anm:Um:g;RbsiTPaB M eu
M eu = m M t
Edl ( )
m = C a Cb A f / Aw 1 / 3 ( pe / d b )1 / 4
Ca = cMnYnefrEdlTak;TgeTAnwglkNrbs;smarrbs;bULg nigbnHEdk.
Cb = b f / b p
bf = TTwgrbs;sabFwm
bp = TTwgrbs; end plate [Krishnamurthy (1978) )anENnaMnUvTTwgRbsiTPaBGtibrma
b f + 2w + t p Edl tp CakRmas;rbs; end plate. Manual ENnaMTTwgCak;Esg
Gtibrma b f + 1in. ]
A f = RkLapsabFwm
Aw = RkLapRTnugFwmEdlenAcenaH fillet
cMnYnefr Ca CaGnuKmn_EtnwglkNrbs;smar ehIyRtUv)anerobCataragsRmab;cMNat;fak;

TUeTArbs; structural steel nig bULgersIusg;x<s;. taragenHRtUv)anbgajenAkg Table 10-1 enAkg
Part 10 n Manual. Table 10-2 [nUvtm A f / Aw sRmab;rUbragFwmEdlRtUv)aneRbICaTUeTA. enA
eBlEdleKKNnam:Um:g; M eu rYcehIy eKGacdak;va[esInwg design strength enaHeKnwgGacrk

kRmas;bnHEdkGtibrma t p pre EdlcaM)ac;. sRmab;muxkat;ctuekaNEkgEdlekageFobnwgGkStUc
(minor axis) enaH design strength KW

b pt 2
p req
b M n = b M p = b ZF y = 0.90 Fy
4

eday[smIkarenHesInwgm:Um:g;emKuN eKTTYl)ankRmas;bnHEdk
b pt 2
p pre
0.90 Fy = M eu
4

dUcenH t p req =
4 M eu
0.90b p Fy
eKGacPab;sabrgkarTajrbs;FwmeTAnwgbnHEdkeday full penetration groove weld bk

eday filler weld EdlpSarBTCMuvijsabTaMgGs;. kmaMgenAkgsabTaMgGs;RtUv)anbegItenAelIEpk
rgkarTaj. eKKYrpSarRTnugenApsgagCamYynwg fillet welds EdlmanlTPaBTb;Tl;nwgRbtikmFmw .
eKRtUveKarBnUveKalkarN_ENnaMbEnmxageRkamedIm,IbMeBjkarsnt;sRmab;GnuvtnUvviFIKNnaxagelI.
!> TaMgbnHEdk nigEdkFwmRtUvman yield stress dUcKaKw Fy
@> Ggt;pitbULg db minRtUvFMCag 1 1 2 in. = 38mm
#> bULgRtUvEtrgkarTajEdleKarBtam AISC Table J3.1.
$> cmayRCugEKmbBarKYrmantmRbEhl 1 3 4 db b:uEnminKYrtUcCag 1 1 2 db
]TahrN_ 8>13 KNna end plate connection sRmab;Fwm W 18 35 . tMNenHRtUvmanlTPaBkg

karbBanm:Um:g;emKuN 173 ft kips nigkmaMgkat;TTwgemKuN 34kips . eRbIEdk A36 / electrode
E70 XX nig slip-critical bolts A325 .
dMeNaHRsay kmaMgsabKW
Mu 173(12 )
Puf = = = 120.2kips
d t f 17.7 0.425
sakl,gbULgBIrCYrEdlkgmYyCYrmanBIrRKab;enAsabxagelI nigbULgBIrRKab;enAsabxageRka Edl

bULgTaMgGs;manR)aMmYyRKab;. Design strength rgkmaMgTajsRmab;bULgmYyRKab;KW
Rn = 0.75(90) Ab
ehIyRkLapmuxkat;EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;bULgmYyKW
Required Rn 120.2 / 4
Ab = = = 0.445in.2
0.75(90 ) 0.75(90 )
cemIy eRbIbULg A325 Ggt;pit 7 / 8in. Ab = 0.6013in.2

eKGackMNt;kmaMgkat;GtibrmaEdlRTedaytMNBIkarBicarNa slip-critical strength rbs;bULg
EdlnwgmantmtUcCag shear strength. sRmab;bULgR)aMmYyRKab;
Rstr = (1.13Tm N b N s ) = 1.0(1.13)(0.33)(39)(6)(1) = 87.3kips > 34kips (OK)
eKmindwgkRmas;rbs;sabssr ehIyeKminTan;sal;kRmas;rbs; end plate dUcenHeKminGaceFVIkar
Gegt bearing strength enAeBlenH)aneT. b:uEn enAeBlEdlRKb;EpkEdlRtUvtPab;TaMgGs;
RtUv)anKNna enaHeKGacRtYtBinit bearing strength. edaysarvaCa slip-critical connection
enaHeKminRtUvkar RtYtBiniGnrkmnkmaMgkat; nigkmaMgTajeT.
cemIy eRbIbULgR)aMmYy EdlbYnRtUv)antMerobsIuemRTIKaeFobnwgsabrgkarTaj nigBIreTotsitenA
Rtg;sabrgkarsgt;.
sRmab; flange weld RbEvgEdlGacpSar)anKW
L = 2b f + 2t f t w = 2(6.0 ) + 2(0.425) 0.30 = 12.55in.
TMhMTwkbnSarEdlRtUvkarKW
Puf 120.2
w= = = 0.4301in.
0.707 L(Fw ) 0.707(12.55)(31.5)
eTaHbICaeKminTan;sal;kRmas;rbs; end plate keday kTMhMTwkbnSarGb,brmaEdl)anBI AISC
Table J2.4 minEdlFMCag 5 / 16in. dUcenH 0.43in. EdlRtUvkarsRmab;ersIusg;nwgmantmFMCag.
cemIy eRbI fillet weld 7 /16in.

sRmab; end plate/ yk
1
p f = db + = 0.875 + 0.500 = 1.375in.
2
pe = p f 0.25d b 0.707 w
7
= 1.375 0.25(0.875) 0.707 = 0.8470in.
16
sRmab;TTwgbnHEdk/ yk
bq = b f + 1 = 6.00 + 1 = 7.00in.
Puf pe 120.2 0.8470
bnab;mk M t = F1s = =
= 25.45in. kips
2 2 2 2
Ca = 1.36 (Table 10-1, Part 10 of the Manula)

bf 6.00
Cb = = = 0.9258
bq 7.00
Af
= 0.504 (Table 10-2, Part 10 of the Manual)
Aw
1/ 3 1/ 4
Af pe
m = C a Cb

Aw db
= 1.36(0.9258)(0.504)1 / 3 (0.8470 / 0.875)1 / 4 = 0.9939

M eu = m M t = 0.9939(25.45) = 25.29in. kips
4M eu 4(25.29)
t p req = = = 0.668in.
0.90b p Fy 0.90(7.00)(36)
cemIy ykkRmas;bnHEdk 3 / 4in.

TTwgbnHEdkRbsiTPaBGtibrmaEdlENnaMeday Krishnamurthy (1978) KW
7 3
b f + 2 w + t p = 6.00 + 2 + = 7.62in. > 7.00 (OK)
16 4
RtYtBinitkmaMgkat;. kmaMgkat;enAkgbnHEdkKW
Puf 120.2
F1 = = = 60.1kips
2 2
BI AISC J5, ersIusg;kmaMgkat;KW (shear strength) KW
( )
Rn = 0.90 0.60 Ag Fy = 0.90(0.60) 7 (36) = 102kips > 60.1kips
3
(OK)
4
edIm,ITTYl)an shear strength rbs;RTnugdUcKa ersIusg;TwkbnSarEdlcaM)ac; TwkbnSarBIrCYrEdlenA
sgagRTnug KW
vVn 103
= = 5.819kips / in.
d 17.7
TMhMTwkbnSarEdlRtUvkar
5.819 / 2
w= = 0.131in.
0.707(31.5)
kMNt;TMhMTwkbnSarEdlcaM)ac;edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkarBt;enAkgRTnug. enAeBlEdlm:Um:g;Bt;eFVIkardl;m:U
m:g;)asic kugRtaMgenAkgRTnugesInwg yield stress Fy ehIybnkkgmYyktaRbEvgrbs;TwkbnSarKW
( )
b Fy t w 1 = 0.90(36 )(0.300 ) = 9.720kips / in.
bnkkgmYyktarbs;TwkbnSarmYyCYrKW 9.72 / 2 = 4.86kips / in. ehIyTMhMTwkbnSarEdlRtUvkarKW

4.860
w= = 0.2182in. > 0.131in.
0.707(31.5)
TMhMTwkbnSarGb,brmaKW 1/ 4in. (AISC Table J2.4, edayQrelIkRmas;rbs;bnHEdk).

cemIy eRbI fillet weld 1/ 4in. karKNnaRtUv)ansegbenAkgrUbTI 8>44
Column Web Stiffener Consideration

eKbegIt AISC Equation K1-2 EdlkarBar web yeilding rbs;ssrenAkgtMN beam-to-
column connection enAeBlEdleKeRbI end plates. smIkarenHKWQrelIkarkMNt;kugRtaMgenAelImux
kat;rbs;RTnugEdlbegIteLIgedaykRmas;rbs;va nigRbEvg tb + 5k dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>45 b.

eKnwgTTYl)anRkLapFMCag enAeBlEdlbnkRtUv)anbBantamry end plate. RbsinebIeKKitTwk
bnSar beam flange-to-plate nigbnkRtUv)ansnt;EckedayCRmal 1 :1 tamrybnHEdk RbEvgRTnug
EdlrgbnknwgesInwg tb + 2w + 2t p + 5k . edayQrelIkarsikSaRsavRCavedaykarBiesaF (Hendrick
and Murray, 1984) tYr 5k GacRtUv)anCMnYseday 6k Edlpl;lTplenAkgsmIkarxageRkamsRmab;
yielding strength rbs;RTnug
[(
Rn = 6k + tb + 2 w + 2t p F ywt w )]
Edl w= TMhMTwkbnSar

elIsBIenH eKRtUveFVIkarGegtBI local flange bending ning web stability (web crippling b
compression buckling). Part 10 of the Manual maneKalkarN_ENnaMBIkarKit local flange
bending.
8>9> esckIsnidan (Concluding Remarks)

enAkgeyIgsgt;Fn;elIkarKNna nigkarviPaKBIbULg nigTwkbnSareRcInCag connection
fitting dUcCa framing angle nig beam seats. kgkrNICaeRcIn karpl;[sRmab; bearing enAkg
tMNedaybULg nig base metal/ nigsRmab;kmaMgkat;enAkgtMNedayTwkbnSar nwgFananUvPaBRKb;

RKan;rbs;ersIusg;rbs;EpkTaMgenH. b:uEneBlxH eKRtUvkarGegtkmaMgkat;bEnm. enAeBlxHeTot eK
RtUvEtBicarNaBI direct tensiion nigm:Um:g;Bt;.
Flexibility rbs;tMNCakarBicarNadsMxan;mYyeTot. sRmab; shear connection (simple
framing), EpkEdlPab;RtUvman flexible RKb;RKan;edIm,IGnuBaat[tMNvileRkamGMeBIrbs;kmaMg. b:uEn
tMNRbePT FR (rigid connections) KYrEtrwgRKb;RKan;EdlmMurgVilrbs;Ggt;EdlRtUv)anPab;GacrkSa

nUvtmGb,brma.
CMBUkenHRKan;EtENnaMBIkarKNnatMNenAkgeRKOgbgMEdkEtb:ueNaH edaymin)anniyaylMGit
Gs;esckIeT. Blodgett (1966) KWCaRbPBBtmandmanRbeyaCn_EdlniyaylMGitBItMNedaypSar.
eTaHbICavaRtUv)ane)aHBum<yUrbnicEmn Etvapl;nUvkarENnaMEdlmanRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn. dUcKa
Detailing for Stell Construction (AISC, 1983) CaRbPaBEdlmanBtmanEdlmanGtRbeyaCn_
sRmab;GkKNna nigGklMGitkartPab;.
IX. eRKOgbgMsmas
Composite Construction
eRKOgbgMsmasCaeRKOgbgMsMNg;EdlGgt;rbs;vapMeLIgedaysmarBIrRbePTKW EdkeRKag
nigebtugGarem:. niyay[xIGgt;eRKOgbgMsmaspSMeLIgedaysmarBIr beRcInRbePT. eRKOgbgM
smasRtUv)anerobrab;enAkg AISC Chapter I, Composite Members..
Fwmsmas (composite beam) GacmaneRcInTRmg;. FwmsmasBIdMbUgRtUv)ancak;bgb;kgeb
tugdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>1 a. vaCaCeRmIsmYyenAeBlEdleKRtUvkarkarBareRKOgbgMEdkBIePIg
(fireproofing) ehIymUlehtumYyeTotKWeKGacKitBIkarcUlrYmrbs;ersIusg;ebtugeTAkgersIusg;rbs;
Fwm. naeBlbcb,nenH eKmanviFIkarBarePIgEdlmanlkNesdkic nigTmn;Rsal dUcenHeKkRmcak;

bgb;eRKOgbgMEdkkgebtugeToteT. eKGacTTYl)an composite behavior edayPab;FwmEdkeTAnwg
kRmalebtugEdlvaRTEdleFVI[EpkTaMgBIreFVIkarCamYyKa. enAkgRbBnkRmal bRbBndMbUl Epk
rbs;kRmalxNeFVIGMeBICamYynwgFwmEdkedIm,IbegItCaFwmsmasEdlman rolled steel shape EdlenA
BIelIsabxagelICasabebtug rUbTI 9>1 b.
kareFVIkarrYmKaenHGacRbRBwteTA)anRbsinebIeKkarBarkarrGiltamTisedk (horizontal
slippage) rvageRKOgbgMTaMgBIr. eKGaceFVIdUcenH)an RbsinebIkmaMgkat;tamTisedkenARtg;pb:H
RtUv)ankarBaredayeRKOgsRmab;Pab;EdleK[eQaHfa shear connectors. eKOgsRmab;Pab;enHGac

Ca headed studs, spiral reinforcing steel bCaEdkrag channel shape tUcRbEvgxIRtUv)anpSar
Pab;eTAnwgsabxagelIrbs;EdkFwmeTAtamKMlatkMNt; edIm,Ipl;nUvkarpSarPab;CalkNemkanictam
ryTMBk;enAkgebtugEdlrwgmaM rUbTI 9>1 c. Stud CaRbePT shear connector EdleKniymeRbICag
eK eKGaceRbIvaelIsBImYyedImenARtg;TItaMgEtmYy RbsinebIsabFwmmanTMhMTUlayRKb;RKan; vaGa
RsynwgKMlatGnuBaatEdlmanniyayenAkgkfaxN 9>4. mUlehtumYynPaBeBjniymrbs;
shear stud KWPaBgayRsYlkgkardMeLIgrbs;va.
eKRtUvkarcMnYn shear connector RKb;RKan;edIm,IeFVI[FwmeTACaFwmsmaseBjelj (fully

composite beam). cMnYn shear conncter EdlticCagtRmUvkarnwgeFVI[ekItmanPaBrGilxHrvag
eRKOgbgMEdk nigebtug FwmEbbenHeK[eQaHfa FwmsmasedayEpk (partially composite).
T.Chhay 370 Composite Construction

Partially composite beam EdlCak;Esgman\TiBlCag fully composite beam RtUv)anbkRsay

enAkgEpkTI 9>7.
eRKOgbgMsmasenAkgGKarPaKeRcInRtUv)anbegIteLIgedaykRmalEdk (stell deck) EdleFVI

CaBum<sRmab;ebtugkRmal ehIyRtUv)anminRtUv)anykecjeRkayeBlebtugrwgmaM. kRmalEdkkcUl
rYmenAkgersIusg;rbs;kRmal EteyIgmin)anBicarNaBIkarKNnakRmalEdkenATIenHeT. eKGaceRbI
kRmalEdkpt;EdlrnUtmanTisEkg bRsbnwgTisrbs;Fwm. enAkgRbBnkRmalFmta rnUtEtgEtEkg
eTAnwgFwmkRmal ehIyRsbeTAnwgrtEdlRTva. eKpSar Shear stud Pab;eTAnwgFwmEdktamcenaHrnUt
dUcenHKMlatrbs; stud tambeNayFwmRtUv)ankMNt;edaycMnYnpt;rbs;rnUt. rUbTI 9>2 bgajBI
kRmalxNEdlbegIteLIgedaykRmalEdkEdlrnUtEkgeTAnwgFwm.
s<an highway PaKeRcInEdleRbIFwmEdkCaFwmsmas ehIyCaerOyFwmsmasCaCeRmIsEdl
eRKOgbgMsmas 371 T.Chhay

manlkNesdkicsRmab;sMNg;GaKar. eTaHbICaeKGaceRbI rolled steel beam EdlmanrUbragtUc

Cag manTmn;RsalCagenAkgeRKOgbgMsmaskeday k GtRbeyaCn_rbs;vaRtUv)ankat;bnyeday
sartmbEnmn shear connector. eTaHbICay:agdUcenHkeday kGtRbeyaCn_epSgeTotrbs;vaGac
eFVI[eRKOgbgMsmasmankarTak;TajEdr. eKGaceRbIFwmEdlrak;Cag ehIyPaBdabrbs;vanwgtUcCag
eRKOgbgMFmta (conventional noncomposite construction).
kugRtaMgeGLasicenAkgFwmsmas Elastic Stresses in Compostie Beams

eTaHbICa design strength rbs;FwmsmasCaTUeTAQrelIlkxNenAkar)ak;keday kkaryl;
dwgBIkareFVIkarCamYynwgbnkeFVIkar (service load) mansarsMxan;sRmab;mUlehtuCaeRcIn. eKEtgEt
eFVIkarGegtPaBdabrbs;eRKOgbgMeRkamGMeBIrbs; service load ehIyenAkgkrNIxH design strength
KWQrelIsanPaBkMNt;n yield dMbUg.
eKGacKNnakugRtaMgrgkarBt; (flexural stress) nigkugRtaMgrgkarkat; (shearing stress) enA
kgFwmrbs; homogeneous material BIrUbmn
fb =
Mc
I
ni g fv =
VQ
It
b:uEn edaysarFwmsmasminEMmnCa homogeneous material dUcenHrUbmnTaMgenHKanny.
edIm,IGaceRbIrUbmnTaMgenH)an eKRtUvbMElgmuxkat;rbs;ebtug[eTACamuxkat;Edk. viFisaRsenH
tRmUv[ strain rbs;EdkEdl)anRbDiteLIgBIebtugmantmdUcKanwg strain rbs;EdkBitR)akd. rUbTI
9>3 bgajBIkMNat;rbs;FwmsmasCamYynwgdaRkam stress nig strain. RbsinebIkRmalxN
RtUv)anPab;y:agleTAnwg rolled steel shape enaH strain RtUvEtmanragdUcGVIEdl)anbgaj EdlRsb
eTAnwg small displacement theory Edl)anniyayfa muxkat;EdlmanlkNerobesImuneBlrgkar
Bt;enAEtrkSalkNerobesIeRkayeBlrgkarBt;. b:uEn karBRgaykugRtaMgCalkNsmamaRt
(linear stress distribution) Edl)anbgajmannyEtcMeBaHFwmTaMgLayNaEdlRtUv)ansnt;faCa

homogeneous material. dMbUg eKRtUvtRmUv[ strain enAkgebtugRtg;RKb;cMNucTaMgGs;esInwg strain
enAkgEdkCMnYsenARKb;cMNucenaH
c = s b Efc = Efs
c s
nig fs =
Es
Ec
f c = nf c (>!
Edl m:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtug
Ec =
n = s = pleFobm:UDul
E
Ec
AISC I2.2 [m:UDuleGLasicebs;ebtug *
Ec = w1c.5 f 'c (US)

(
Ec = w1c.5 1.3 10 3 ) f 'c (SI)
Edl wc = Tmn;maDrbs;ebtug
f 'c = ersIusg;rgkarsgt;rbs;ebtugenA @*f
Tmn; normal-weight concrete mantmRbEhl 145lb / ft 3 = 2320kg / m3

eKGacbkRsaysmIkar (>! dUcxageRkam eKRtUvkarebtug n in.2 edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkmaMgdUcKa
EdlEdk 1in.2 GacTb;)an. edIm,IkMNt;RkLaprbs;EdkEdlnwgTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgdUcKaEdlebtugGac
eFVI)an eKRtUvEckRkLapebtugeday n . mannyfaCMnYs Ac eday Ac / n . lTplEdlTTYl)an
CaRkLapbMElg (transformed area).
BicarNamuxkat;smasEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>4 a karkMNt;TTwgsabRbsiTPaB b enA
eBlEdlFwmCaEpkrbs;RbBnkRmalnwgENnaMenAxagmux. edIm,IbMElgRkLapebtug Ac [eTACa
RkLapEdk eyIgRtUvEckvanwg n . viFIdgayRsYlKWeKRtUvEckTTwgeday n ehIyrkSakRmas;[enA
dEdl. kareFVIdUcenHeKTTYl)an homogeneous steel section dUcbgajkgrUbTI 9>4b. edIm,IKNna
kugRtaMg eyIgRtUvrkTItaMgGkSNWtrbs;rUbragsmas ehIyKNnam:Um:g;niclPaBEdlRtUvKa. bnab;mk
eyIgGacKNna bending stresses CamYynwg flexural formula. enAEpkxagelIbMputrbs;srsEdk
*
The ACI Building Code (ACI, 1995) [tmrbs; E c = w1c.5 (33) f ' c KitCa psi b Ec = w1c.5 (0.043) f 'c KitCa
N / mm 2
Myt
f st =
I tr
enAEpkxageRkambMputrbs;Edk
Myb
f sb =
I tr
Edl M= m:Um:g;Bt;Gnuvtn_
I st = m:Um:g;niclPaBeFobGkSNWt dUcKanwgGkSTIRbCMuTmn;rbs; homogeneous section
yt = cmayBIGkSNWteTAEpkxagelIbMputrbs;Edk
yb = cmayBIGkSNWteTAEpkxageRkambMputrbs;Edk
eKGackMNt;kugRtaMgenAkgebtugtamviFIdUcKa b:uEnedaysarsmarEdleyIgKitCaEdk enaHlTpl

tUvEcknwg n emIlsmIkar (>! dUcenHeK)an
tmGtibrmarbs; f c = nIM y
tr
Edl y CacmayBIGkSNWteTATItaMgx<s;bMputrbs;ebtug.
dMeNIrkarKNnaenHmannysRmab;Etm:Um:g;Bt;viCman EdlkmaMgsgt;enAxagelIeRBaHeKmin
KitersIusg;rgkarTajrbs;ebtug.
]TahrN_ 9>1 FwmsmasmYypSMeLIgedayEdk A36 manrag W16 36 CamYynwgkRmalebtug
kRmas; 5in. nigTTwg 87in. enABIxagelIFwm. ersIusg;rbs;ebtugKW f 'c = 4000 psi . kMNt;kugRtaMg
GtibrmaenAkgEdk nigebtugEdlekItBIm:Um:g;Bt;viCman 160 ft klips .

dMeNaHRsay Ec = w1c.5 f 'c = 1451.5 4 = 3495ksi
n=
E s 29000
Ec
=
3495
= 8 .3 yk n = 8
edaysarEtm:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtugCatmRbhak;RbEhl dUcenHeyIgGacyktm n CatmKt;
ehIyvanwgpl;nUvPaBsuRkitRKb;RKan;. dUcenH
b 87
= = 10.88in.
n 8
rUbTI 9>5 bgajBI transformed section.
eKGackMNt;TItaMgrbs;GkSNWtedayGnuvteKalkarN_m:Um:g;CamYynwgGkSrbs;m:Um:g;enAEpk
xagelIbMputrbs;kRmal. karKNnaRtUv)ansegbenAkgtarag 9>1 ehIycmayBITItaMgx<s;bMputrbs;
kRmaleTATIRbCMuTmn;KW
Ay 273.1
y= = = 4.202in.
A 65.00
edayGnuvtRTwsIbTGkSRsb nigedayerobCataragnkarKNnaenAkgtarag 9>2 eyIgTTYl)anm:Um:g;
niclPaBrbs; transformed section KW
I tr = 1526in.4
kugRtaMgenATItaMgx<s;bMputrbs;EdkKW
yt = y t = 4.202 5.00 = 0.7980in.
Edl t CakRmas;rbs;kRmal
Myt (160 12 )(0.7980)
f st =
Ltr
=
1526
= 1.00ksi rgkarTaj
tarag 9>1
eRKOgbgM A y Ay
ebtug 54.40 2.50 136.0
W 16 36 10.6 12.93 137.1
65.00 273.1
tarag 9>21
eRKOgbgM A y I d I + Ad 2
ebtug 54.40 2.50 113.3 1.702 270.9
10.6 12.93 448 8.728 1255

W 16 36
1525.9
TItaMgx<s;bMputrbs;EdksitenABIxageRkamGkSNWt dUcenH f st CakugRtaMTaj

kugRtaMgenATItaMgeRkambMputrbs;Edk
yb = t + d y = 5 + 15.86 4.202 = 16.66in.
Myb (160 12 )(16.66 )
f sb =
I tr
=
1526
= 21.0ksi rgkarTaj
kugRtaMgenATItaMgx<s;bMputrbs;rbs;ebtugKW
M y (160 12 )(4.202 )
fc = = = 0.661ksi
nI tr 8 1526
RbsinebIeKsnt;ebtugminmanersIusg;Tb;karTaj enaHebtuEdlsitenABIeRkamGkSNWtminRtUv)anyk
mkKiteT. enaHragFrNImaRtrbs; transformed section xusBIragFrNImaRtedImEdl)ansnt;. edIm,I

TTYl)anlTplsuRkit eKRtUveFVIkarKNnaTItaMgGkSNWteLIgvijedayQrelIragFrNImaRtfIenH.
eyagtamrUbTI 9>6 nigtarag 9>3 eyIgGacKNnaTItaMgfIrbs;GkSNWtdUcxageRkam
2
Ay 5.44 y + 137.1
y= =
A 10.88 y + 10.6
( ) 2
y 10.88 y + 10.6 = 5.44 y + 137.1
5.44 y + 10.6 y 137.1 = 0
y = 4.140in.
m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;RkLapsmasEdleFVIeLIgvijenHKW
I tr =
1
(10.88)(4.140)3 + 448 + 10.6(12.93 4.140)2 = 1524in.4
3
tarag 9>3
eRKOgbgM A y Ay
ebtug 10.88 y y/2 5.44 y
2
W 16 36 10.6 12.93 137.1
ehIykugRtaMgKW
f st =
(160 12)(5 4.140) = 1.08ksi rgkarTaj
1524
f sb =
(160 12)(5 + 15.86 4.140)
= 21.1ksi rgkarTaj
1524
fc =
(160 12)(4.140) = 0.652ksi
8(1524)
PaBxusKarvagkarviPaKTaMgBIrGacecal)an ehIykarKNnaTItaMgGkSNWteLIgvijminmanRbeyaCn_eT.
cemIy kugRtaMgGtibrmaenAkgEdkKW kugRtaMgrgkarTaj 21.1ksi ehIykugRtaMgGtibrmaenAkgeb

tugKW kugRtaMgrgkarsgt; 0.652ksi .
ersIusg;Tb;nwgkarBt; Flexural strength

enAkugkrNICaeRcIn eKnwgTTYl)an nomial flecural strength enAeBlEdlmuxkat;EdkTaMg
mUl yield ehIyebtugEbkedaysarkmaMgsgt;. karEbgEckkugRtaMgEdlRtUvKaenAelImuxkat;smas
RtUv)aneKehAfa karEbgEcgkugRtaMg)asic (plastic stress distribution). AISC Specification [nUv
design strength sRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;viCmanCa b M n EdlRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam
!> sRmab;rUbragEdlman compact web ( h / t w 640 / Fy sRmab; US b

h / t w 1680 / F y sRmab; SI) emKuNersIusg; b = 0.85 ehIy M n RtUv)anTTYlBI plastic stress
distribution.
@> sRmab;rUbragEdlman noncompact web ( h / t w > 640 / Fy sRmab; US b

h / t w > 1680 / F y sRmab; SI) b= 0.9 ehIy M n RtUv)anTTYlBI elastic stress distribution Edl
RtUvKanwg yilding dMbUgrbs;Edk.

rUbragTaMgGs;EdlmanenAkgtaragrbs; Manual Ca compact web dUcenHeKRtUveRbIlkxN
TImYysRmab;karedaHRsayFwmsmas elIkElgEt built-up steel shapes. enAkgCMBUkenHeyIg
niyayEt compact shape b:ueNaH.
enAeBlEdlFwmsmaseTAdl;sanPaBkMNt;)asic eKEbgEckkugRtaMgtamviFImYykgcMeNam
viFIbIEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>7. kugRtaMgebtugRtUv)anbgajCakugRtaMgsgt;BRgayesI 0.85 f 'c
EdlbnayBITItaMgx<s;bMputrbs;kRmaleTACMerAEdlGactUcCag besInwgkRmas;kRmalsrub. karEbg
EckenHKW Whitney equivalent stress distribution EdlkugRtaMgpbRtUvKanwgkugRtaMgpbrbs;karEbg
EckkugRtaMgBitR)akd (ACI, 1995). rUbTI 9>7 a bgajBIkarEbgEckEdlRtUvKanwg full tensil
yielding rbs;Edk nigkugRtaMgsgt;edayEpkrbs;ebtug CamYynwgGkSNWt)asic (PNA) enAkg
kRmalxN. edayersIusg;Tajrbs;ebtugmantmtUc ehIyvamintUv)aneKKitkgkarKNnaeTenaH

KankugRtaMgNa RtUv)anbgajenAkEngEdlkugRtaMgTajmanGMeBIelIebtug. lkxNenHeKeRbICaTUeTA
enAeBlEdlva man shear connectors RKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkarrGil KWedIm,IFananUvkareFVIkarCa
eRKOgbgMsmas. kgrUbTI 9>7 b bkkugRtaMgebtugRtUv)anbnayeBj kRmas;rbs;kRmal ehIy

PNA sitenAkgsabrbs;FwmEdk. dUcenHEpkrbs;sabnwgrgkugRtaMgsgt; edIm,IbegInkmaMgsgt;
enAkgkRmalxN. rUbTI 9>7 c bgajBIlTPaBTIbI Edl PNAsitenAkgRTnug. cMNaMfa sRmab;

krNITaMgbIenH eKmincaM)ac;bnaybkkugRtaMgebtugeBjkRmas;kRmaleT.
kgkrNInImYyEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>7 eyIgGacrk nominal moment capacity eday
KNnam:Um:g; couple EdlekIteLIgedaykmaMgTajpb nigkmaMgsgt;pb. eyIgGacTTYlva)aneday
eFVIplbUkm:Um:g;rbs;kmaMgpbeFobnwgcMNucgayRsYlNamYy. edaysarkartPab;rbs;FwmEdkeTAnwg
kRmalebtug vaminmanbBaaCamYynwg lateral torsional buckling enAeBlEdlebtugrwgmaM ehIyeK
TTYl)an composite action.
edIm,IkMNt;faetIeKRtUvykkrNINamkeRbI eKRtUvKNnakmaMgsgt;pbNaEdltUcCageKkgcM eNam
!> As Fy
@> 0.85 f 'c Ac
#> Qn
Edl As = RkLapmuxkat;rbs;EdkFwm
Ac = RkLaprbs;ebtug = tb emIlrUbTI 9>7
Qn = ersIiusg;kmaMgkat;srubrbs; shear connector
lTPaBnImYybgajBIkmaMgkat;tamTisedkenARtg;pb:HrvagEdk nigebtug. enAeBlEdllTPaBTI

mYylub eKeRbIEdkTaMgmUl ehIyeKGnuvtkarEbgEcgkugRtaMgrbs;rUbTI 9>7 a. lTPaBTIBIrRtUvKanwg
ebtugEdllub ehIy PNA sitenAkgEdk rUbTI 9>7 b b c. krNITIbIlubEtenAeBlEdleKeRbI
shear connector ticCagtRmUvkarsRmab; full composite behavior EdleFVI[ekItman partial
composite behavior. eTaHbICa partial composite action GacekItmanCamYynwgkRmalxNtan; bkM
ralxNEdlekItBI steel deck keday kvaRtUv)anykmkniyayenAkgkfaxN 9>7/ Composite

Beams with Formed Steel Deck.

]TahrN_ 9>2 KNna design strength rbs;Fwmsmasrbs;]TahrN_ 9>1. snt;faeKman shear

connector RKb;RKan;sRmab; full composite behavior.
dMeNaHRsay kMNt;kmaMgsgt; C enAkgebtug kmaMgkat;tamTisedkenARtg;pb:Hrvagebtug
nigEdk. edaysarvaCa full composite action kmaMgEdlmantmtUcCagKW As Fy nig
0.85 f 'c Ac
As F y = 10.6(36 ) = 381.6kips
0.85 f 'c Ac = 0.85(4)(5 87 ) = 1479kips

kmaMgsgt;enAkgEdklub C = 381.6kips .
enHmannyfaeKminRtUvkarkRmas;TaMgmUlrbs;ebtugedIm,IbegItkmaMgsgt;EdlRtUvkareT.
eKTTYl)an karEbgEckkugRtaMgenAkgrUbTI 9>8.
eKkGacKNnakmaMgsgt;rYmdUcxageRkam
C = 0.85 f 'c ab
enaHeyIg)an a = 0.85Cf ' b = 0.85381(4.)(687) = 1.290in.

c
kmaMg C nwgsitenAelITIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLaprgkarsgt;enAkm<s; a / 2 BITItaMgx<s;bMput

rbs;kRmalxN. kmaMgTajpb T esInwg C nwgsitenATIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLapEdk. kXas;
rbs; couple RtUv)anbegIteLIgeday C nig T KW
d a 15.86 1.290
y= +t = +5 = 12.28in.
2 2 2 2
Nominal strength KWm:Um:g; couple b
M n = Cy = Ty = 381.6(12.28) = 4686in.kips = 390.5 ft kips
ehIy design strength KW
b M n = 0.85(390.5) = 332 ft kips
cemIy design strength = 332 ft kips

enAeBlEdlvaman full composite behavior ]TahrN_ 9>2 CaKMrUsRmab;lkxNenH. karvi

PaKsRmab;krNI PNA EdlmanTItaMgsitenAkgmuxkat;EdknwgRtUv)anrk enAeBlEdleKdwgfavaCa
partial composite action.
9>2> karsagsg;edaymankarTb; nigedayminmankarTb;

Shored Versus Unshored Construction
Tal;EtebtugrwgmaM nwgvaTTYl)annUv design strength rbs;va y:agtic 75% nersIusg;sgt;
enA 28 f f 'c enaHmanminmankareFVIkarCasmas (composite behavior) eT ehIyTmn;rbs;kRmal
dac;xatRtUv)anRTedaymeFa)ayepSg. enAeBlEdlebtugrwgmaM vaGaceFVIkarCaeRKOgbgMsmas
ehIykmaMgGnuvtn_bnbnab;RtUv)anTb;Tl;edayFwmsmas. RbsinebIFwmEdkRtUv)anRTedaycnl;
RKb;RKan;tambeNayRbEvgrbs;vamunnwgebtugRtUv)ancak; Tmn;rbs;ebtugRss;nwgRtUvRTedaycnl;
beNaHGasneRcInCagedayEdkFwm. enAeBlEdlebtugrwgmaM cnl;beNaHGasnRtUv)anruHerIecj
ehIyTmn;rbs;kRmalxNkdUcCabnkbEnmnwgRtUvRTedayFwmsmas. b:uEnRbsinebIeKmineRbIcnl;
rolled steel shape minRtwmEtRTTmn;pal;rbs;vab:ueNaHeT b:uEnvaRtUvRTTmn;rbs;kRmalxN nigBum<
kgeBlebtugeFVIkarrwgmaM. enAeBlEdleKTTYl)an composite behavior bnkbEnmTaMgbnkefr

nigbnkGefrnwgRtUvRTedayFwmsmas. eyIgnwgBicarNalkxNxusKaedaylMGitdUcxageRkam.
Kancnl; muneBlebtugrwgmaM Unshored: Before Concrete cures

AISC I3.4 TamTarfa enAeBlEdleKmineRbIcnl; EdkFwmEtgdac;xatRtUvEtmanersIusg;
RKb;edIm,I Tb;Tl;nwgbnkGnuvtn_TaMgGs;munnwgebtugTTYl)an 75% nersIusg;rbs;va. ersIusg;Tb;
karBt; (flexural strength) RtUv)anKNnaedayviFIFmta edayQrelI Charpter F of the Specifica-
tion CMBUk 5 enAkgesovePAenH. edayGaRsyeTAelIkarKNnarbs;va Bum<sRmab;kRmalebtug
Gacpl; bminGacpl; lateral support sRmab;EdkFwm. RbsinebIvaminpl;Ca lateral support sRmab;

EdkFwmeT eKRtUvyk unbraced length Lb mkKit ehIy lateral-torsional buckling GaclubelI
flexural strength. RbsinebIeKmineRbIcnl;beNaHGasneT EdkFwmkGacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,ITb;Tl;nwg
bnksagsg;bnab;bnSMEdr. edIm,IkarBarbnkTaMgenH eKRtUvbEnmbnk 20lb / ft 2 = 1kN / m 2

(Hansell et al., 1978).
Kancnl; eRkayeBlebtugrwgmaM Unshored: After Concrete cures

eRkayeBleKTTYl)an composite behavior RKb;bnkEdlGnuvtCabnbnab;TaMgGs;RtUv)an
RTedayFwmsmas. b:uEn enAeBldac; RKb;bnkTaMgGs;RtUv)anRTeday couple xagkg EdlRtUvKanwg
karEbgEckkugRtaMgenAeBldac;. dUcenHmuxkat;smasRtUvEtmanersIusg;RKb;RKan;edIm,IRTbnkTaMgenH
EdlrYmbBalTaMgbnkEdlGnuvteTAelIFwmEdkmunnwgebtugrwgmaM.
karsagsg;edayTl; Shored Construction
kgkarsagsg;edayeRbIcnl; eKBicarNaEtFwmsmas edaysareKminRtUvkar[EdkFwmRT
GVIepSgBIbnkpal;rbs;vaeT.
ersIusg;kmaMgkat; Shear Strength
tRmUv[kmaMgkat;TaMgs;RtUvTb;Tl;edayRTnugrbs;EdkFwm Edlpl;[enA kg
AISC I3.6
Chapter F of the Specification.
]TahrN_ 9>3 Edk W 12 50 eFVIkarrYmKaCamYynwgkRmalxNebtugkRmas; 4in. . TTwgkRmal

xNRbsiTPaBKW 72in. . eKmineRbIcnl; m:Um:g;Bt;EdlGnuvtmkelIvamandUcteTA )anmkBITmn;Fwm
M beam = 13 ft kips )anmkBITmn;kRmalxN M slab = 77 ft kips nigBIbnkGefr
M L = 38 ft kips . enAkg]TahrN_enH eKminKitbnksagsg;bEnmeT. EdkEdleRbIKW A36
ehIy f 'c = 4000 psi . kMNt;faetI flexural rbs;FwmenHRKb;RKan;bGt;. snt;favaCa full

composite action ehIyBum<pl;Ca lateral suppoet dl;muxkat;EdkmuneBlebtugrwgmaM.
dMeNaHRsay muneBlebtugrwgmaM vamanEtbnkGefrb:ueNaH minmanbnksagsg;enAkg]TahrN_

enHeT. dUcenHbnSMbnk A4-1 lub ehIym:Um:g;emKuNKW
M u = 1.4(M D ) = 1.4(13 + 77 ) = 126 ft kips
BI beam design chart enAkg Part 4 of the Manual sRmab;Edk A36
b M n = 195 ft kips > 126 ft kips (OK)
eRkayeBlebtugrwgmaM FwmsmasRtUvTb;Tl;nUvm:Um:g;emKuN
M u = 1.2 M D + 1.6 M L = 1.2(13 + 77 ) + 1.6(38) = 168.8 ft kips
kmaMgsgt; C CatmtUcCageKn
As F y = 14.7(36 ) = 529.2kips
b 0.85 f 'c Ac = 0.85(4 )(4 72) = 979.2kips
PNA KWsitenAkgebtug ehIy C = 529.2kips . BIrUbTI 9>8 km<s;rbs;bgkugRtaMgsgt;KW

C 529.2
a= = = 2.162in.
0.85 f 'c b 0.85(4 )(72 )
dXas;m:Um:g;KW
d a 12.19 2.162
y= +t = +4 = 9.014in.
2 2 2 2
design moment KW
b M n = b C y = 0.85(529.2 )(9.014 ) = 4055in.kips = 338 ft kips > 168.8 ft kips (OK)
cemIy FwmmanersIusg;Bt; (flexural strength) RKb;RKan; .
Cak;Esg karsagsg;edayeRBIcnl;manRbsiTPaBCagkarsagsg;EdlmineRbIcnl; edaysar

KmineRbImuxkat;EdkedIm,IRTGVIepSgeRkABIbnkxnva. kgsanPaBxH kareRbIR)as;cnl;Gac[eKRbI
R)as;muxkat;FwmEdktUcCag. b:uEn eRKOgbgMsmasCaeRcInminmaneRbIcnl;eT edaysartmbEnm
rbs;cnl; CaBiessfBlkm cMNayGs;ticCagkarsnSMsMcelITmn;Edk.
9>3> TTwgsabRbsiTPaB (Effect Flange Width )
Epkrbs;kRmalxNEdleFVIkarCaeRKOgbgMsmasCamYynwgEdkFwmCaGnuKmn_eTAnwgktaCa
eRcIn EdlrYmmanRbEvgElVg nigKMlatFwm. AISC I3.1 tRmUv[TTwgRbsiTPaBrbs;kRmalxNenAelI
EpknImYyrbs;GkSFwmKWtmEdltUcCageKkgcMeNam
!> mYyPaKR)aMbInRbEvgElVg.
@> mYyPaKBIrnKMlatFwmEdlKitBIGkSeTAGkS.
#> cmayBIGkSFwmeTARCUgEKRmbs;kRmal.
lkxNTIbIRtUv)anGnuvtcMeBaHEtFwmxagb:ueNaaH dUcenHsRmab;Fwmxagkg TTwgRbsiTPaBTaMgmUlRtUv
mantmtUcCageKnmYyPaKbYnnRbEvgElVg bKMlatrbs;FwmEdlKitBIGkSeTAGkS edaysnt;fa
FwmmanKMlatesI .

]TahrN_ 9>4 RbBnkRmalEdlpSMeLIgedayEdkFwm W 12 44 EdlmanKMlatBIKa 9 ft nigRT

kRmalebtugGarem:kRmas; 4.5in. . RbEvgElVgKW 30 ft . edaybEnmBIelITmn;rbs;kRmal eKman
bnkCBaaMgxN 20 psf nigbnkGefr 125 psf . EdkCaRbePT A36 ehIyersIusg;rbs;ebtugKW
f 'c = 4000 psi . cUreFVIkarGegtFwmxagkgedayeKarBtam AISC Specificastion RbsinebIeKmineRbI
cnl;beNaHGasn. snt; full lateral support kgGMLgeBlsagsg; ehIybnksagsg;bEnmKW

20 psf . eKpl;nUv shear connector RKb;RKan;sRmab; full composite action.
dMeNaHRsay bnkEdlGnuvtmuneBlebtugrwgmaMrYmmanTmn;rbs;kRmalxN
(4.5 / 12)(150) = 56.25 psf .eTaHbICa normal-weight concrete manTmn; 145 psf / EtebtugGarem:
RtUv)ansnt;famanTmn; 150 psf . sRmab;FwmEdlmanKMlat 9 ft bnkGefrKW
56.25 9t = 506lb / ft
+ Tmn;Fwm = 44lb / ftt
550lb / ft
bnksagsg;KW 20(9) = 180lb / ft EdlRtUv)anKitCabnkGefr. bnk nigm:Um:g;emKuNKW
wu = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL = 1.2(550) + 1.6(180) = 948lb / ft
M u = (0.948)(30 )2 = 106.6 ft kips

1
8
BI load Factor Design Selection Table
b M n = b M p = 258 ft kips > 106.6 ft kips (OK)
eRkayeBlebtugrwgmaM bnksagsg;minmaneFVIGMeBIeToteT EtbnlCBaaMgxNeFVIGMeBIvijmg ehIyva

RtUv)anKitCabnkefr emIl)TahrN_ 5>13
w part = 20(9 ) = 180lb / ft
wD = 506 + 44 + 180 = 730lb / ft

bnkGefrCa
wL = 125(9 ) = 1125lb / ft
bnkGefr nigm:Um:g;GefrKW
wu = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL = 1.2(730) + 1.6(1125) = 2676lb / ft
M u = (2.676)(30 )2 = 301 ft kips

1
8

TTwgRbsiTPaBCatmEdltUcCageKkgcMeNam
span 30(12)
= = 90in.
4 4
KMlatFwm = 9(12) = 108in.
edaysareRKOgbgMEdlRtUvKNnaCaFwmxagkg lkxNTIbIminGacGnuvt)an. yk b = 90in. CaTTwg
sabRbsiTPaB. enaH tamkarbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>9 kmaMgsgt;RtUvEtCatmEdltUcCageKkg
cMeNam
As Fy = 13(36 ) = 468kips
b 0.85 f 'c Ac = 0.85(4)(4.5)(90) = 1377kips

yk C = 468kips . BIrUbTI 9>9
C 468
a= = = 1.529in.
0.85 f 'c b 0.85(4 )(90)
d a 1.529
y = + t = 10.33 + 4.5 = 14.07in.
2 2 2
b M n = b Cy = 0.85(468)(14.07 ) = 5595in. kips = 466 ft kips > 301 ft kips (OK)
RtYtBinitkmaMgkat;
w L 2.676(30 )
Vu = u = = 40.1kips
2 2
BItaragbnkBRgayesIemKuN (facored uniform load tables)
vVn = 141kips > 40.1kips
cemIy FwmBitCaeKarBtam AISC Specification.

9>4> Shear Connectors

dUcEdleyIg)aneXIjrYcmkehIy kmaMgkat;tamTisedkEdlekIteLIgcenaHebtug nigEdkesI
nwgkmaMgsgt;enAkgebtug C . eyIgsMKal;kmaMgkat;tamTisedkenHeday Vh . dUcenH Vh Catm
EdltUcCageKkgcMeNam As Fy / 0.85 f 'c Ac b Qn . RbsinebI As Fy b 0.85 f 'c Ac lub vanwg
man full composite action ehIyeKRtUvkarcMnYn shear connectors cenaHm:Um:g;sUn nigm:Um:g;Gtibrma
KW
V
N1 = h
Qn
(>@
Edl Qn Ca nominal shear strength rbs; connector mYy. Connectors cMnYn N1 KYrRtUv)andak;
edaymanKMlatesIKaelIRbEvgEdlvatRmUv. AISC Specification [smIkarsRmab;ersIusg;TaMg
stud connector nig channel shear connector. dUcEdl)anbgajBIdMbUg stud connector CaRbePT
EdleKniymeRbICageK ehIyeyIgBicarNaEtRbePTenH. sRmab; stud shear connector mYy

Qn = 0.5 Asc f 'c Ec Asc Fu (AISC Equation I5-1)
Edl Asc = RkLapmuxkat;rbs; stud

f 'c = ersIusg;rgkarsgt;enA 28 f
Ec = m:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtug
Fu = ersIusg;rgkarTajrbs; stud
sRmab; stud EdleRbICa shear connector enAkgFwmsmas ersIusg;rgkarTaj Fu KW 60ksi . tm

Edl[eday AISC Equation I5-1 KWQrelIkarBiesaFn_ (Ollgaard, Stutter, and Fisher, 1971).
eKmineRbIemKuNersIusg;sRmab; Qn eT flexural resistance factor b )anKitsRmab;RKb;ersIusg;Edl
manPaBminRbRktI.
smIkar (>@ [cMnYn shear connector EdlRtUvkarenAcenaHcMNucm:Um:g;sUn nigcMNucm:Um:g;
Gtibrma. dUcenH sRmab;FwmTRmsamBaEdlRTbnb;BRgayesI eKRtUvkar connector cMnYn 2N1
ehIy BYkvamanKMlatesIKa. enAeBlmanbnkcMcMNuc AISC I5-6 TamTar[dak; connector cMnYn
N1 enA cenaHbnkcMcMNuc nigcMNucm:Um:g;sUnEdlenAEk,redIm,IbegItm:Um:g;EdlTamTarenARtg;bnk.
EpkenH RtUv)aneKsMKal;eday N 2 ehIytRmUvkarenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>10. cMNaMfacMnYn

shear connector srubminTTYl\TiBlBItRmUvkarenHeT.

tRmUvkarepSgsRmab; Headed Struds (AISC I5)

Miscellaneous Requirements for Headed Studs (AISC I5)
z Ggt;pitGtibrma = 2.5 kRmas;rbs;EdkFwm
z RbEvgGb,brma = 4 Ggt;pit stud
z KMlattambeNayGb,brma BIGkSeTAGkS = 6 Ggt;pit stud
z KMlattambeNayGtibrma BIGkSeTAGkS = 8 kRmas;kRmalxN
z KMlattamTTwgGb,brma BIGkSeTAGkS = 4 Ggt;pit stud
z lateral cover Gb,brma = 1in. = 25mm minmankarkMNt;sRmab; vertical cover
Gb,brma
AWS Structural Code (AWS 1996) rayCabBaInUvGgt;pit stud sg;darCa 1/ 2 / 5 / 8 /

3 / 4 / 7 / 8 / nig 1in. . edayprpgGgt;pitenHCamYynwgRbEvgGb,brmaEdltRmUveday AISC eyIg
TTYl)anTMhM stud FmtaKW 1/ 2 2 / 5 / 8 2 1 2 / 3 / 4 3 / 7 / 8 3 12 nig 1 4 b:uEn eKkGaceRbI

stud EdlEvgCagenHEdr.
]TahrN_ 9>5 KNna shear connectors sRmab;RbBnkRmalenAkg]TahrN_ 9>4.

dMeNaHRsay segbTinnyEdl)anTTYlBI]TahrN_ 9>4
W 21 44 / Edk A36
f 'c = 4000 psi

kRmas;kRmalxN t = 4.5in.
RbEvgElVg = 30 ft
BI]TahrN_ 9>4 kmaMgkat;tamTisedk Vh EdlRtUvKanwg full composite action KW
Vh = C = 468kips
sakl,g stud 1/ 2 2 . Ggt;GnuBaatGtibrmaKW
2.5t f = 2.5(0.450 ) = 1.125in. > 0.5in. (OK)
RkLapmuxkat;rbs; shear connector mYyKW

(0.5)2
Asc = = 0.1963in.2
4
RbsinebIeyIgsnt;ebtugCaebtugTmn;Fmta (normal-weight concrete) m:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtugKW
Ec = w1c.5 f 'c = (145)1.5 4 = 3492ksi
BI AISC Equation I5-1 ersIusg;rgkmaMgkat;rbs; connector mYyKW

Qn = 0.5 Asc f 'c Ec Asc Fu
= 0.5(0.1963) 4(3492 ) = 11.60kips

Asc Fu = 0.1963(60 ) = 11.78kips > 11.60kips yk Qn = 11.60kips
ehIy KMlattambeNayGb,brmaKW 6d = 6(0.5) = 3in.
KMlattamTTwgGb,brmaKW 4d = 4(0.5) = 2in.
KMlattambeNayGtibrmaKW 8d = 8(4.5) = 36in.
cMnYn stud EdlRtUvkarenAcenaHcugFwm nigkNalFwmKW
V 468
N1 = h = = 40.3
Qn 11.60
ykcMnYnGb,brma 41 sRmab;Bak;kNalFwm bcMnYnsrub 82 . RbsinebIenARtg;muxkat;nImYyeKeRbI
stud cMnYnmYy KMlatEdlcaM)ac;KW
30(12)
s=
82
= 4.4in. yk s = 4in.
sRmab;muxkat;mYyeRbI stud BIrRKab;
30(12)
s=
82 / 2
= 8.8in. yk s = 8.5in.

kartMerob stud mYyNakmanlkNRKb;RKan; ehIyKMlatmYyNaksitenAcenaHEdnkMNt;TabbMput

nigEdnkMNt;x<s;bMput. kartMerob stud RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>11. eTaHbICakartMerobenHRtUvkar
shear connector eRcInCagtRmUvkarkeday EteKgayRsYlkgkarTTYl)anKMlattamtRmUvkar.
cemIy eRbI stud cMnYn 86 edImEdlmanTMhM 1/ 2in. 2in. tMerobdUcbgajkgrUbTI 9>11.

CMhandMbUgkgkarKNnamuxkat;rbs;RbBnkRmalxNKWCakareRCIserIskRmas;rbs;kRmal
xN eTaHbIvaCakRmaltan; bkRmalrnUt Edl)anBI steel deck keday. kRmas;CaGnuKmn_eTAnwg
KMlatFwm nigbnSMCaeRcInnkRmas;kRmal nigKMlatFwmEdlRtUvkarkarGegt dUcenHeKnwgGacrk)an
nUvRbBnkRmal EdlmanlkNesdkicbMput. karKNnakRmalxNminRtUv)anelIkykmkniyay
enAkgesovePAenHeT b:uEneyIgsnt;faeyIgsal;kRmas;kRmalxN nigKMlatFwm. edaykareFVIsnt;
EbbenH eyIgGacGnuvtnUvCMhanxageRkamedIm,IbMeBjnUvkarKNnaRbBnkRmalxN EdlKancnl;.
!> kMNt;m:Um:g;emKuNEdleFVIGMeBImun nigeRkayebtugrwgmaM
@> eRCIserIsmuxkat;EdkFwmsakl,g
#> KNna design strength rbs;EdkFwm nwgeRbobeFobvaCamYynwgm:Um:g;emKuNEdleFVIGMeBI
muneBlebtugrwgmaM. eKRtUvyk unbraced length mkKit RbsinebIBum<min)anpl;Ca lateral
support RKb;RKan;. RbsinebImuxkat;EdkFwmenHminRKb;RKan; eKRtUvsakl,gmuxkat;
FMCagenH.
$> KNna design strength rbs;muxkat;smas nigeRbobeFobvaeTAnwgm:Um:g;emKuNsrub. Rb
sinebImuxkat;smasminRKb;RKan; eRCIserIsmuxkat;EdkFwmepSgeTotsRmab;sakl,g.
%> RtYtBinitersIusg;rgkmaMgkat; (shear strength) rbs;EdkFwm.

^> KNna shear connectors
a. KNna Vh / kmaMgkat;tamTisedkenARtg;pb:Hrvagebtug nigEdk.
b. EckkmaMgenHeday Qn ersIusg;rgkmaMgkat;rbs; connector eTal edIm,I
TTYl)ancMnYn chear connector srubEdlRtUvkar. cMnYn connector enHnwgpl;nUv

full composite action. RbsinebIeKcg;)an partial composite behavior eKGac
kat;bnycMnYn connectors enH manbkRsayenAkgEpkTI 9>7

&> RtYtBinitPaBdab RtUv)anbkRsayenAkgEpkTI 9>6
kargardsMxan;enAkgdMeNIrkar trial-and-orror Edl)anerobrab;xagelIenHKWkareRCIserIsmux
kat;EdkFwmsakl,g. rUbmnEdlnwg[nUvRkLapcaM)ac; bGacniyaym:ageTotKWTmn;EdlRtUvkar
elIRbEvgkta GacekIteLIg)an RbsinebIeKsnt;km<s;Fwm. edaysnt;vaeFVIkarCaeRKOgbgMsmas
TaMgRsug (full composite action) ehIy PNA sitenAkgkRmalxN Edlmannyfa EdkFwmlub
ehIyvaCakrNIEdleKeRcInCYbRbTHCageK eyIgGacsresr design strength edayeyageTAelI
rUbTI 9>12 Ca
(
b M n = b (Ty ) = b As Fy y )
edaydak;[ design strength esInwgm:Um:g;emKuN ehIyedaHRsayrk As eyIgTTYl)an

b As F y y = M u nig As = MFu y
b y
b As =
Mu
b Fy (d / 2 + t a / 2)
(>#

eKkGacsresrsmIkar (># vaCaTmn;CagkarsresrCaRkLap. edaysarRbEvg 1 ft manmaD

As / 144 ft 3 ehIyEdkeRKOgbgMmanTmn;maD 490lb / ft 3
w = s (490 ) = 3.4 As lb / ft sRmab; As KitCa in.2

A
144
BIsmIkar (># dUcenHTmn;Edl)a:n;sankgmYy ft KW
w=
3.4 M u
F (d / 2 + t a / 2)
lb / ft (>$
b y
Edl M u KitCa in. kips / Fy KitCa ksi / ehIy d / t nig a KitCa in. . eKGaceRbIsmIkar (># b
(>$ edIm,IeRCiserIsmuxkat;sakl,g. smIkarTaMgBIrTamTarnUvkm<s;Edlsnt; nigkar)a:n;san a / 2 .
dUcenH CaTUeTAbkkugRtaMgmankm<s;tUcNas; kRmitlMeGogkgkarKNna a / 2 nwgman\TiBltictYc
elItmEdl)anKNna As . eKsnt; a / 2 = 1.0 .
RbsinebIeKeRbIsmIkar (>$ ehIyeKsnt; nominal depth d enaHeKGaceFVIkareRCIserIsrUbrag
sakl,g)any:aggayRsYl. kareRbIsmIkarenHkpl;nUvkarKNnaTmn;Fwmedaypal;.
]TahrN_ 9>6 RbEvgElVgrbs;RbBnkRmalKW 30 ft ehIyKMlatFwmKW 10 ft edayKitBIGkSeTAGkS.

eRCIserIs rolled steel shape nig shear connector EdlcaM)ac;edIm,ITTYl)ankareFVIkarCaeRKOgsmas
TaMgRsugCamYynwgkRmalxNebtugGarem:kRmas; 3.5in. . bnkbEnmEdlmanGMeBIelIkRmalxNrYm
manbnkCBaaMgxN 10 psf nigbnkGefr 55 psf . ersIusg;ebtugKW f 'c = 4000 psi nigEdkEdleRbI
CaRbePT A36 . snt;faFwmman full lateral support kgGMLgeBlsagsg; ehIymanbnksagsg;
20 psf .
dMeNaHRsay bnkEdlRtUvRTmuneBlebtugrwgmaMKW
kRmalxN (3.5 /12)(150) = 43.75 psf
Tmn;kg 1 ft : 43.75(10) = 437.5lb / ft
bnksagsg; 20(10) = 200lb / ft
Tmn;FwmnwgRtUvKitenAeBleRkay
bnkEdlRtUvRTeRkayeBlebtugrwgmaMKW
w part = 10(10 ) = 100lb / ft
wD = wslab + w part = 437.5 + 100 = 537.5lb / ft

wL = 55(10 ) = 550lb / ft
wu = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL = 1.2(0.5375) + 1.6(0.550) = 1.525kips / ft
M u = (1.525)(30)2 = 171.6 ft kips

1
8
sakl,gkm<s; d = 16in. . BIsmIkar (>$ Tmn;FwmEdl)anKNnaKW
3.4 M u 3.4(171.6 12)
w= = = 21.8lb / ft
b Fy (d / 2 + t a / 2) 0.85(36)(16 / 2 + 3.5 1)
sakl,g W16 26 . RtYtBinitFwmEdkedayminmancnl;sRmab;bnkEdlGnuvtmuneBlebtugrwgmaM
Tmn;rbs;kRmalxN Tmn;rbs;Fwm nigbnksagsg;
wu = 1.2(0.4375 + 0.026 ) + 1.6(0.200) = 0.8762kips / ft
M u = (0.8762)(30)2 = 98.6 ft kips

1
8
BI Load Factor Design Selection Table
b M n = b M p = 119 ft kips > 98.6 ft kips (OK)
eRkayeBlebtugrwgmaM nigeRkayeBlEdleKTTYl)an composite behavior

wD = wslab + w part + wbeam = 0.4375 + 0.100 + 0.016 = 0.5535kips / ft
wu = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL = 1.2(0.5535) + 1.6(0.550) = 1.544kips / ft
M u = (1.544)(30)2 = 174 ft kips

1
8
muneBlKNna design strength rbs;muxkat;smas dMbUgeyIgRtUvkMNt;TTwgsabRbsiTPaB. sRmab;
Fwmxagkg TTwgRbsiTPaBCatmtUcCageKkgcMeNam
span 30(12)
4
=
4
= 90in. b KMlatFwm = 10(12) = 120in.
yk b = 90in. . sRmab; full composite behavior kmaMgsgt;enAkgebtugenA ultimate
esInwgkmaMg kat;tamTisedkenARtg;pb:Hrvagebtug nigEdk CatmEdltUcCageKkgcMeNam
As Fy = 7.68(36) = 276.5kips
b 0.85 f 'c Ac = 0.85(4)(90)(3.5) = 1071kips

yk C = Vh = 276.5kips . km<s;bkkugRtaMgsgt;enAkgkRmalxNKw
C 276.5
a= = = 0.9036in.
0.85 f 'c b 0.85(4)(90)
ehIydXas;rbs; internal resisting couple KW
d a 15.69 0.9036
y= +t = + 3.5 = 10.89in.
2 2 2 2
design flexural strength KW
b M n = b (Cy ) = 0.85(276.5)(10.89) = 2550in.kips = 213 ft kips > 174 ft kips (OK)
RtYtBinitkmaMgkat;
w L 1544(30)
Vu = u = = 23.2kips
2 2
cemIy eRbI W 16 26
eKRtUvkarm:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtugedIm,IKNna shear connector. BI]TahrN_ 9>5/
Ec = 3492ksi sRmab;ebtugFmtaCamYynwg f 'c = 4000 psi . sakl,g stud 1 / 2 2in.
Asc = 0.1963in.2
Ggt;pitGtibrma = 2.5t f = 2.5(0.345) = 0.8625in. > 0.5in. (OK)
BI AISC Equation I5-1/ ersIusg;rgkmaMgkat;rbs; connector mYyKW
= 0.5(0.1963) 4(3492 )
= 11.60kips
Asc Fu = 0.1963(60) = 11.78kips > 11.60kips
dUcenHyk Qn = 11.60kips
cMnYn stud EdlRtUvkarenAcenaHcugFwm nigkNalElVgKW
V
N1 = h =
276.5
Qn 11.60
= 23.8 eRbI 24 sRmab;Bak;kNalFwm bCasrub 48
nig KMlattambeNayGb,brmaKW 6d = 6(0.5) = 3in.
KMlattamTTwgGb,brmaKW 4d = 4(0.5) = 2in.
KMlattambeNayGtibrmaKW 8t = 8(3.5) = 28in.
RbsinebIeKeRbI stud mYysRmab;muxkat;nImYy KMlatRbhak;RbEhlKW
30(12)
s= = 7.5in.
48
KMlatenHsitenAcenaHEdnx<s;bMput nigEdnTabbMput dUcenHvabMeBjlkxN.
cemIy ykkarKNnaEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>13.
9>6> PaBdab (Deflections)

edaysarm:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;bMElg (transformed section) FM dUcenHPaBdabrbs;Fwm
smasnwgtUcCagFwmFmta. b:uEn eKGacTTYl)anm:Um:g;niclPaBFMenHEteRkayeBlebtugrwgmaMEt
b:ueNaH. PaBdabEdlekIteLIgedaysarbnkGnuvtn_muneBlebtugrwgmaMRtUv)anKNnaCamYynwgm:Um:g;
niclPaBrbs;FwmEdk. PaBdabbEnmnwgekIteLIgenAeBlEdlFwmrgnUvbnkefrdUcCa Tmn;rbs;CBaaMg
xN enAeRkayeBlebtugrwgmaM. tMbn;m:Um:g;viCman ebtugnwgrgkmaMgsgt;Cab;rhUt ehIyrgnUv)atuPUt
EdleKsal;faCa creep. Creep CakMhUcRTg;RTayEdlekIteLIgeRkamGMeBIrbs;bnksgt;. eRkay
eBlekItmankMhUcRTg;RTaydMbUg kMhUcRTg;RTaybEnmnwgekItmaneLIgedayGRtayWtelIryeBld
Evg. \TiBlenAelIFwmsmasKWkarekIneLIgnUvkMeNag EdlbNal[PaBdabtambBarekIneLIgEdr.
eKGackMNt;EtPaBdabryeBlyUr (long-term deflection) edayeRbIbeckeTsEdleKniymeRbI.
beckeTsenHKWeRbImuxkat;ebtugEdl)ankat;bnyenAkgmuxkat;bMElg dUcenHeKnwgTTYl)anm:Um:g;
niclPaBtUcCagmun ehIyeKnwgTTYl)anPaBdabFMCagmun. muxkat;Edl)ankat;bnyRtUv)anKNna
edayeRbI 2n b 3n CMnYs[pleFobm:UDulCak;Esg n . enAkgesovePAenH eyIgeRbI 2n . PaBdab
EdlekIneLIgeday creep minRtUv)anENnaMeday AISC Specification eT.
sRmab;karsagsg;edayKancnl; eKmanm:Um:g;niclPaBbIxusKasRmab;KNna long-term
deflection.
!> eRbI I s / m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs; rolled steel shape

sRmab;PaBdabEdlekIteLIgedaysarbnkGnuvtn_muneBlebtugrwgmaM.

@> eRbI I tr / m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs; transfored section EdlKNnaCamYynwg b / n sRmab;PaB

dab EdlekIteLIgedaybnkGefr nigsRmab;PaBdabdMbUg (initial deflection) EdlekIt
edaybnkefrEdlGnuvteRkayeBlebtugrwgmaM.
#> eRbI I tr EdlKNnaCamYynwg b / 2n sRmab; long-term deflection EdlekIteLIgedaysar
bnkGefrEdlGnuvteRkayeBlebtugrwgmaM.
]TaheN_ 9>7 KNnaPaBdabPam (immediate deflection) nig long-term deflection sRmab;Fwm

enAkg]TahrN_ 9>4.
dMeNaHRsay segbTinnyBI]TahrN_ 9>4
W 21 44 / Edk A36
kRmas;kRmalxN t = 4.5in. ehIyTTwgRbsiTPaBKW b = 90in.

f 'c = 4000 psi
bnkGefrEdlGnuvtmuneBlebtugrwgmaMKW wD = 550lb / ft kRmalxNbUknwgFwm
bnksagsg;KW wconst = 180lb / ft
bnkGefrKW wL = 125(9) = 1125lb / ft
bnkCBaaMgxNKW w part = 20(9) = 180lb / ft
PaBdabPam
sRmab;FwmbUknwgkRmalxN w = 550lb / ft
5wL4 5(0.55 / 12)(30 12)4
1 = = = 0.41in.
384 EI s 384(29000)(843)
sRmab;bnksagsg; w = 180lb / ft
5wL4 5(0.18 / 12)(30 12)4
2 = = = 0.1342in.
384 EI s 384(29000)(843)
PaBdabPamsrubKW 1 + 2 = 0.41 + 0.1342 = 0.544in.
sRmab;PaBdabEdlenAsl; eKRtUvkarm:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;bMElgBIrKW I tr CamYynwg
TTwgkRmalxNbMElg b / n nig I tr CamYynwgTTwgkRmalxNbMElg b / 2n . sRmab;ebtugTmn;
FmtaEdlman f 'c = 4000 psi / Ec = 3492ksi nigpleFobm:UDulKW
n=
E s 29000
Ec
=
3492
yk n = 8
= 8 .3
sRmab;PaBdabrbs;muxkat;smasEdlminTak;Tgnwg creep TTwgRbsiTPaBKW

b 90
= = 11.25in.
n 8
rUbTI 9>14 bgajBImuxkat;bMElgEdlRtUvKa. karKNnasRmab;TItaMgGkSNWt nigm:Um:g;niclPaB
RtUv)ansegbenAkgtarag 9>4.
PaBdabdMbUgEdlbNalBITmn;CBaaMgxNKW
5w part L4 5(0.180 / 12)(30 12)4
3 = = = 0.0441in.
384 EI tr 384(29000)(2566)
PaBdabEdlbNalBIbnkGefrKW
5wL L4 5(1.125 / 12)(30 12)4
4 = = = 0.2755in.
384 EI tr 384(29000)(2566)
tarag 9>4
eRKOgbgM A y Ay I d I + Ad 2
ebtug 50.62 2.25 113.9 85.43 2.571 420
W 12 44 13.00 14.83 192.8 843 10.01 2146

63.62 306.7 2566in.4
Ay 306.7
y= = = 4.821
A 63.62

PaBdabryeBlyUrEdlbNalBI creep. eRbITTwgkRmalxNbMElg

b 90
= = 5.625in.
2n 2(8)
muxkat;bMElgRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>15. karKNnaTIRbCMuTmn;nwg m:Um:g;niclPaBRtUv)ansegb
enAkgtarag 9>5. edayehAm:Um:g;niclPaBenHCa I 'tr eyIgGacKNnaPaBdabryeBlyUrEdlekIt
eLIgeday creep KW
5w part L4 5(0.180 / 12)(30 12)4
5 = = = 0.0504in.
384 EI 'tr 384(29000)(2245)
tarag 9>5
ebtug 25.31 2.25 56.95 42.71 4.269 504
W 12 44 13.00 14.83 192.8 843 8.311 1741

38.31 249.8 2245in.4
Ay 249.8
y= = = 6.519
A 38.31
cemIy xageRkamenHCakarsegbrbs;PaBdab
PaBdabPammunTTYl)an composite behavior
1 + 2 = 0.4100 + 0.1342 = 0.544in.
PaBdabryeBlxICamYynwgCBaaMgxNedayKanbnkGefr
1 + 3 = 0.4100 + 0.0441 = 0.454in.

PaBdabryeBlxIedaybEnmbnkGefr
1 + 3 + 4 = 0.4100 + 0.0441 + 0.2755 = 0.730in.
PaBdabryeBlEvgedayKanbnkGefr
1 + 5 = 0.4100 + 0.0504 = 0.460in.
PaBdabryeBlEvgedaymanbnkGefr
1 + 4 + 5 = 0.4100 + 0.2755 + 0.0504 = 0.736in.
edaysarbnkefrEdlGnuvteRkayeBlebtugrwgmaMmantmtUc PaBdabEdl)anBI creep
mantmtUcenAkg]TahrN_enH.
9>7> FwmsmasCamYynwgkRmalBum<Edk (Composite Beams with Formed Steel Deck)

kRmalxNenAkgsMNg;eRKagEdkRtUv)anpMeLIgkgTRmg;kRmalEdkrnUt (ribbed steel
deck) EdlRtUv)anTukenAnwgkEngedIm,I[vakayeTACaEpkrbs;eRKOgbgM. eTaHbICamankrNIelIk
Elgkeday krnUtrbs;bnHEdkRtUv)andak;[EkgnwgFwmkRmal ehIyRsbeTAnwgrtEdlRTFwmenaH.

rUbTI 9>16 bgajBIrnUtEdlmanTisEkgnwgFwm. eKdMeLIg shear stud enAelIFwmsmasEdlman
kRmalrnUt tamviFIdUcKanwgkardMeLIg shear srud enAelIFwmsmasEdlKankRmalrnUt. eKcat;Tukfa
karPab;Karvag deck eTAnwgFwmEdkpl;nUvTRmxag (lateral support)
sRmab;FwmEdkmuneBlebtugrwgmaM. karKNna nigkarviPaKFwmsmasCamYynwg formed steel deck

mansarsMxan;dUcKanwgkrNIFwm smasCamYynwgkRmalEdlmankRmalesIEdr
EtxageRkamCakrNIelIkElgmYycMnYn
!> eKminKitebtugenAkgrnUt EdlenABIeRkamEpkxagelIrbs; deck enAeBlrnUtTaMgenaH
EkgnwgFwm (AISC I3.5b). enAeBlrnUtRsbnwgFwm ebtugenAkgrnUtenaHRtUv)anKitbBal
eTAkgkarkMNt;lkNmuxkat; ehIyRtUv)anbBaleTAkgkarKNna Ac .
@> lTPaBrbs; shear connector GacRtUv)ankat;bny
#> CaTUeTA eKminGacTTYl)an full composite behavior eT. mUlehtuKWfa KMlatrbs; shear
connector RtUv)ankMNt;edayKMlatrbs;rnUt ehIyeKminGaceRbIRKb;cMnYn connector Edl

RtUvkar. eTaHbICaeKGaceRbI partial composite design edayKan formed steel deck k

eday kvaRtUv)anelIkykmkniyayenATIenH BIeRBaHPaKeRcInvaRtUvkar formed steel deck.
tamBitvaminEmnCaKuNvibtieT EtvaCaCeRmIsxagEpkesdkic.
FwmsmasPaKeRcInCamYynwg formed steel deck CakRmalFwmEdlmanrnUtEkgnwgFwm ehIy

eyIgnwgniyayEtkgkrNIenH. tRmUvkarcaM)ac;EdlGnuvtenAeBlrnUtmanTisRsbeTAnwgFwmRtUv)an
bgajenAkg AISC I3.5 c.
lTPaBEdlkat;bnyrbs; shear connectors

Reduced Capacity of Shear connector
edayBwgEpkelIkarBiesaF AISC I3.5b tRmUv[KuN shear strength rbs; shear connector
Qn eTAnwgemKuNkat;bnyenAeBlEdlrnUtEkgeTAnwgFwm
0.85 wr H s
1.0 1.0 (AISC Equation I3-1)
Nr hr hr
Edl Nr = cMnYn stud kgmYyrnUtRtg;kEngEdlkat;KaCamYynwgFwm EdlkMNt;RtwmbIenAkgkar
KNna
wr = TTwgmFmrbs;rnUt
hr = km<s;rbs;rnUt
H s = RbEvgrbs; stud EdlkgkarKNnavaminRtUvFMCag (hr + 3) .
TMhMTaMgenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>17.

Partial Composite Action

kareFVIkarCaeRKOgbgMsmasedayEpk (partial composite action) ekItmaneLIgenAeBlEdl
vaminman shear connector RKb;RKan;edIm,IkarBarPaBrGilrvagebtug nigEdkFwm. TaMgebtug nigEdk
minGaceFVIkardl; strength rbs;vaeBjeljeT ehIykmaMgsgt;RtUv)ankMNt;RtwmkmaMgGtibrma
EdlCaersIusg;rbs; shear connector Qn EdlGacbBankmaMgkat;tampb:HrvagEdk nigebtug.
rMlwkfa C CatmEdltUcCageKkgcMeNam As Fy / 0.85 f 'c Ac nig Qn .
CamYynwg partial composite action CaTUeTAGkSNWt)asic (PNA) sitenAgmuxkat;Edk. TI
taMgenHnwgeFVI[karviPaKersIusg;mankarBi)akCagTItaMgrbs; PNA EdlsitenAkgkRmalxNbnic
EteKalkarN_cMbgKWdUcKa.
enAeBlEdleKeFVI elastic analysis kdUcCaenAeBlEdleKKNnaPaBdab eKRtUveFVIkar KNna
m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs; partially composite section. eKGaceRbIExSekag parabolic transition BI I s
sRmab;EtEdkFwm eTA I tr sRmab; fully composite section )an (Hansell et al., 1978).
xageRkam CasmIkarEdlnwgpl;nUvlTplRbhak;RbEhlsRmab;m:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiTPaBEdlbgaj
eday Commentary to the AISC Specification
I eff = I s + Qn / C f (I tr I s ) (AISC Equation C-I3-6)
Edl C f CakmaMgsgt;enAkgebtugsRmab; fully composite condition tmEdltUcCageKkg

cMeNam As Fy nig 0.85 f 'c Ac . edaysarEt Qn CakmaMgsgt;Cak;EsgsRmab;krNI partially

composite enaHpleFob Qn / C f CacMENkrbs; compositeness Edlman. RbsinebIpleFobenH

tUcCag 0.25 enaHeKminKYreRbI AISC Equation C-I3-6 (Hansell et al., 1978).
eKminGacTTYl)anersIusg;EdkeBjenAkg partially composite beam eT dUcenHvaTamTar
nUvmuxkat;EdkFwmFMCag muxkat;EdkFwmsRmab; fully composite behavior. b:uEn vaRtUvkar shear
connector ticCag ehIytmrbs;EdkFwm nig shear connectors EdlrYbbBalTaMgtmdMeLIg
RtUv)anKitcUleTAkgkarviPaKEpkesdkic. enARKb;eBlEdl fully composite beam manlTPaB

Tb;Tl;FM EdleKEtgEtCYbRbTHkrNIEbbenH eKGaceFVIkarkat;bnycMnYn shear connector Edl
eFVI[FwmkayCa partially composite beam.
tRmUvkarepSg Miscellaneous Requirements

xageRkamCatRmUvkarEdl)anBI AISC Section I3.5 a nig b. GVIEdlnwgerobrab;xageRkamCa
tRmUvkarbEnmBIelIGVIEdl)anerobrab;BIcxagedIm
- km<s;rnUtGtibrma hr = 3in. = 75mm
- TTwgmFmGb,brmarbs;rnUt wr = 2in. = 50mm b:uEntmrbs; wr EdleRbIenAkgkar
KNnaminKYrFMCag clear width rbs;EpkxagelIbMputrbs; deck eT.
- kRmas;kRmalGb,brmaenABIelIEpkx<s;bMputrbs; deck = 2in. = 50mm .
- Ggt;pit stud Gtibrma = 3 / 4in. . karTamTarsRmab; formed steel deck enHCakarbEnmBI
elIGgt;pitGtibrma 2.5t f .
- km<s;Gb,brmarbs; stud BIelIEpkx<s;bMputKW 1 1 2 in.
- KMlattambeNayGtibrmarbs; shear stud = 36in. = 915mm
- eKRtUvPab; deck eTAnwgsabFwmedayKMlatmin[FMCag 18in = 460mm eday stud b eday
spot weld. kareFVIEbbenHedIm,IkarBar uplift.
Tmn; deck nigTmn;kRmal Slab and Deck Weight

edIm,IsRmYldl;karKNnaTmn;kRmal eyIgeRbIkRmas;rbs;kRmalTaMgmUledayvas;BI)at
rbs; deck eTApxagelIrbs;kRmalxN. eTaHbICaviFIenH)a:n;sanmaDebtugelIskeday Etvaman
suvtiPaB. sRmab;Tmn;maDebtugGarem: eyIgeRbITmn;ebtugmaDsuTbUkbEnm 5 pcf = 80kg / m3 .

CaTUeTA edaysarkRmalxNenAelI formed steel deck CaebtugEdlBRgwgedayEdktic eBlxHeRbI
welded wire mesh CMnYs[kareRbI reinforcing bar karbEnm 5 pcf = 80kg / m 3 sRmab;EdkBRgwg
GacmantmFM b:uEn deck manTmn;cenaHBI 2 psf = 9.6kg / m 2 eTA 3 psf = 14.5kg / m 2 .

eKGaceRbIvFIm:ageTot edayKitplbUkrvagkRmas;kRmalEdlenABIelI deck Edlx<s;CageK
CamYynwgBak;kNalkm<s;rbs;rnUtCakRmas;ebtugkgkarKNnaTmn;rbs;kRmal. CaTUeTA kgkar
Gnuvt eKGacrkplbUkrvagTmn;kRmal nig deck enAkgtaragEdlpl;[edayeragcRkplit deck.
]TahrN_ 9>8 kRmalxNRTedayFwmEdleRbI formed steel deck EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>18 Ca

mYynwgkRmalebtugGarem:EdlkRmas;srubKW 4.75in. . rnUt deck EkgnwgFwm. RbEvgElVgKW 30 ft
ehIyFwmmanKMlatBIKa 10 ft edayKitBIGkSeTAGkS. EdkeRKOgbgMCaRbePTEdk A36 ehIyersIusg;
rbs;ebtugKW f 'c = 3000 psi . Tmn;rbs;kRmal nig deck KW 50 psf . Tmn;GefrKW 40 psf nigTmn;
CBaaMgKW 10 psf . kgkarsagsg;enH eKminmaneRbIcnl;beNaHGasneT ehIyTmn;sagsg;KW 20 psf .
!> eRCIserIs W shape
@> KNna shear connector
#> RtYtBinitPaBdab. PaBdabryeBlyUrsrubGnuBaatGtibrmaKW 1/ 240 nRbEvgElVg.
dMeNaHRsay !> KNnaFwm

eRCIserIsrUbragsakl,gedayQrelI full composite behavior
kRmalxN 50(10) = 500lb / ft
CBaaMgxN 10(10) = 100lb / ft
bnkGefr 40(10) = 400lb / ft
wu = 1.2wD + 1.6wL = 1.2(0.5 + 0.1) + 1.6(0.4) = 1.360kips / ft
M u = (1.36)(30)2 = 153 ft kips

1
8
edaysnt;fa d = 16in. / a / 2 = 1in. nigsnt;Tmn;rbs;FwmBIsmIkar (>$
3.4M u 3.4(153 12)
w= = = 17.4lb / ft
b Fy (d / 2 + t a / 2) 0.85(36)(16 / 2 + 4.75 1)
sakl,g W 16 26 . RtYtBinitersIusg;rgkarBt;muneBlebtugrwgmaM
bnksagsg; 20(10) = 200lb / ft
wu = 1.2wD + 1.6wL = 1.2(0.5 + 0.026) + 1.6(0.4) = 0.9512kips / ft
M u = (0.9512)(30)2 = 107 ft kips

1
8
W 16 26 Ca compact section sRmab; A36 nigedaysar steel deck nwgpl; lateral support
RKb;RKan; dUcenH nominal strength M n esInwgersIusg;m:Um:g;)asic M p .
BI Load Factor Design Selection Table
b M p = 119 ft kips > 107 ft kips (OK)
eRkayeBlebtugrwgmaM bnkemKuNsrubEdlRtUvRTedayFwmsmas EdlRtUv)anEksRmYledaysar

Tmn;rbs;EdkFwmKW
wu = 1.2(0.5 + 0.026 + 0.1) + 1.6(0.4) = 1.391kips / ft
ehIym:Um:g;emKuNKW
Mu =
1
(1.391)(30)2 = 156 ft kips
8
TTwgkRmalxNRbsiTPaBrbs;muxkat;smasRtUvEtmantmtUcCageKkgcMeNam
span 30(12)
4
=
4
= 90in. b KMlatFwm = 10(12) = 120in.
yk b = 90in. . sRmab; fully composite action kmaMgsgt; C enAkgebtugKWCatmtUcCageKkg
cMeNam
As Fy = 7.68(36) = 276.5kips
b 0.85 f 'c Ac = 0.85(3)[90(4.75 1.5)] = 745.9kips

EdleKKitEtebtugenAelIEpkx<s;bMputrbs; deck dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>19 b:ueNaHsRmab;smIkar

TIBIrxagelI. CamYynwg C = 276.5kips km<s;rbs;karBRgaykugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtugKW
C 276.5
a= = = 1.205in.
0.85 f 'c b 0.85(3)(90)
dXas;m:Um:g;rbs; internal resisting couple KW
d a 15.69 1.209
y= +t = + 4.75 = 11.99in.
2 2 2 2
0.85(276.5)(11.99)
b M n = = 235 ft kips > 156 ft kips (OK)
12
RtYtBinitkmaMgkat;
w L 1.391(30 )
Vu = u = = 20.9kips
2 2
cemIy !> eRbI W16 26
@> Shear connectors
edaysarFwmenHmanersIusg;m:Umg: ;FMKYrsm eKGac[vaeFVIkarCa patial composite behavior. dMbUg
eyIgRtUvrkcMnYn shear connector caM)ac;sRmab; full composite behavior nwgbnab;mkkat;bnycMnYn
conntector. sRmab; fully composite beam/ C = Vh = 276.5kips .
sakl,g stud 3 4 3in. Asc = 0.4418in 2 mYyenARtg;muxkat;mYy

Ggt;pitGtibrma = 2.5t f = 2.5(0.345) = 0.8625in.
b 34 in. lub
Ggt;pitCak;Esg = 34 in. (OK)

KNnaemKuNkat;bnyersIusg;rbs; stud
Nr = 1
km<s;rbs; stud BIelIEpkx<s;bMputrbs; deck = 3 1.5 = 1.5in. = tmGnuBaat (OK)
BI AISC Equation I3-1,

emKuNkat;bny = 0.N85 wh r Hh s 1.0 1.0
r r r
0.85 2.25 3
= 1.0 = 1.275 > 1.0
1.0 1.5 1.5
eKminRtUvkarkat;bnyersIusg; stud eT. sRmab; f 'c = 3000 psi m:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtugKW
Ec = w1c.5 f 'c = 1451.5 3 = 3024ksi
BI AISC Equation I5-1, ersIusg;rgkmaMgkat;rbs; connector mYyKW

= 0.5(0.4418) 3(3024 ) = 21.04kips
Asc Fu = 0.4418(60) = 26.51kips > 21.04kips

dUcenHyk Qn = 21.04kips
cMnYnrbs; stud EdlRtUvkarenAcenaHcugrbs;Fwm nigkNalElVgKW
V 276.5
N1 = h = = 13.1
Qn 21.04
yk 14 sRmab;Bak;kNalFwm dUcenHsrub 28 .
CamYy stud mYysRmab;rnUtmYy KMlatKW 6in. ehIycMnYnGtibrmaENnaMKW
30(12)
= 60 > 28 EdlTamTar
6
ebIeKeRbI stud mYysRmab;ral;BIrrnUt dUcenHeKRtUvkarva 30 edIm EdlenAEtCacMnYneRcIn.
Rbsin ebIeKeRbI stud mYysRmab;ral;bIrnUt enaHKMlatnwgkayCa 3(6) = 18in. ehIycMnYnrbs; stud
nwg 30(12)/18 = 20 EdlvatUcCagtRmUvkarsRmab; full composite action. b:uEn vaman flexural
strength FM dUcenH partial composite action GacnwgRKb;RKan;.
sakl,g stud 20 edIm sRmab;FwmmYy dUcenH N1 Edlpl;[ = 20 / 2 = 10

Qn = 10(21.04)
= 210.4kips < 276.5kips

dUcenH C = Vh = 210.4kips
edaysar C tUcCag As Fy dUcenHEpkxHrbs;muxkat;EdkFwmRtUvrgkmaMgsgt; ehIyGkSNWt)asic
KWsitenAkgmuxkat;Edk.
edIm,IviPaKkrNIenH dMbUgeyIgRtUvkMNt;faetI PNA sitenAelIsabxagelI bsitenAelIRTnug.
RbsinebI PNA sitenA)atrbs;sabxagelI enaHtYsabTaMgmUlnwgrgkmaMgsgt; ehIykmaMgsgt;pb
EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>20 KW
Pyf = b f t f F y = 5.5(0.345)(36) = 68.31kips
kmaMgsuTEdlRtUveprenARtg;pb:HrvagEdk nigebtugKW
( )
T C s = T Pyf = As Fy Pyf Pyf = 276.5 2(68.31) = 139.9kips
EdlvatUcCagkmaMgTajsuTCak;Esg 210.4kips dUcenHsabxagelIminRtUvkarrgkmaMgsgt;eBj

kRmas;sabrbs;vaeT. enHmannyfa PNA sitenAkgsab. BIrUbTI 9>21 kmaMgkat;tamTisedkEdl
RtUveprKW
( )
T C s = As F y b f t ' Fy b f t ' F y = Vh
276.5 2[5.5t ' (36)] = 210.4

edayKNnarkkm<s;nkmaMgsgt;enAkgsab eyIgTTYl)an
t ' = 0.1669in.

kmaMgTajpbnwgeFVIGMeBIenAelITIRbCMuTmn;rbs;RkLapBIeRkam PNA. muneBleyIgKNna moment

strength eKRtUvkMNt;TItaMgTIRbCMuTmn;sin. karKNnacmayBITItaMgx<s;bMputrbs;EdkFwm y RtUv)an
segbenAkgtarag 9>6.
tarag 9>6
eRKOgbgM A y Ay
W 16 36 7.68 15.69 / 2 = 7845 60.25
sab 0.1669(5.50 ) = 0.918 0.1669 / 2 = 0.0834 0.08
srub 6.762 60.17

Ay 60.17
y= = = 8.898in.
A 6.762
km<s;rbs;bkkugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtugKW
C 210.4
a= = = 0.9168in.
0.85 f 'c b 0.85(3)(90)
dXas;sRmab;kmaMgsgt;rbs;ebtugKW
a 0.9168
y+t = 8.819 + 4.75 = 13.11in.
2 2
dXas;m:Um:g;sRmab;kmaMgsgt;enAkgEdkKW
t' 0.1669
y = 8.819 = 8.736in.
2 2
Kitm:Um:g;eFobkmaMgTaj nigedayeyagtamrUbTI 9>20 eyIgTTYl)an nominal strength
M n = C (13.11) + C s (8.736)
= 210.4(13.11) + 0.1669(5.50)(36)(8.736) = 3047in. kips = 253.9 ft kips

Design strength KW
b M n = 0.85(253.9) = 216 ft kips > 156 ft kips (OK)
eKRtUvPab; deck eTAnwgsabFwmedayKMlat 18in. dUcenHeKminRtUvkar spot weld edIm,IkarBar uplift
eT.
cemIy @> eRbI shear connector dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 922.
#> PaBdab
muneBlebtugrwgmaM
wD = wslab + wbeam = 0.500 + 0.026 = 0.526kips / ft
5wD L4 5(0.526 / 12)(30 12 )4
1 = = = 1.098in.
384 EI s 384(29000 )(301)
PaBdabEdlbNalmkBIbnksagsg;KW
5wconst L4 5(0.200 / 12)(30 12 )4
2 = = = 0.418in.
384 EI s 384(29000 )(301)
PaBdabsrubmuneBlebtugrwgmaMKW
1 + 2 = 1.098 + 0.418 = 1.52in.
sRmab;PaBdabEdlekItmaneRkayeBlebtugrwgmaM eKRtUvkarm:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;
bMElgBIrKW I tr CamYynwgTTwgkRmalbMElg b / n nig I tr CamYynwgTTwgkRmalbMElg b / 2n .
pleFobm:UDulKW
E
n= s =
E
29000
3024
= 9. 6 yk n = 10
c

sRmab;PaBdabrbs;muxkat;smasEdlBak;Bnnwg creep TTwgRbsiTPaBKW

b 90
= = 9in.
n 10
rUbTI 9>23 bgajBImuxkat;bMElgEdlRtUvKa. karKNnaTItaMgGkSNWt nigm:Um:g;niclPaB
RtUv)anbgajenAkgtarag 9>7.
tarag 9>7
ebtug 29.25 1.625 47.53 25.75 2.282 178
W 16 26 7.68 12.60 96.77 301 8.693 881
srub 36.93 144.30 1059in.4
Ay 144.3
y= = = 3.907in.
A 36.93
edaysareKeRbI partial composite action dUcenHeKRtUvkareRbIm:Um:g;niclPaBbMElgEdlkat;

bny. BI AISC Equation C-I3-6 m:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiTPaBKW
I eff = I s + Qn / C f (I tr I s )
= 301 + 210.4 / 276.5 (1059 301) = 962.2in.4

PaBdabEdlekIteLIgedaysarbnkGefrKW
5wL L4 5(0.400 / 12)(30 12)4
3 = = = 0.2613in.
384 EI eff 384(29000)(962.2)
PaBdabEdlbNalmkBIbnkefrEdlGnuvteRkayeBlebtugrwgmaMKYrQrelIm:Um:g;niclPaBbM
ElgEdlTTYlCamYynwg 2n RbesIrCagCamYynwg n . dUcenH eRbITTwgkRmalbMElg
b 90
= = 4.5in.
2n 2(10 )
BIrUbTI 9>24 nig tarag 9>8 m:Um:g;niclPaBbMElgKW
I 'tr = 920.4in.4

tarag 9>8
ebtug 14.62 1.625 23.76 12.87 3.780 221.8
W 16 26 7.68 12.60 96.77 301 7.195 698.6
srub 22.30 120.53 920.4in.4
Ay 120.5
y= = = 5.405in.
A 22.30
m:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiTPaBEdleyIgnwgehAfa I 'eff KW
I 'tr = I s + Qn / C f (I 'tr I s )
= 301 + 210.4 / 276.5 (920.4 301) = 841.3in.4

PaBdabryeBlyUrEdlbNalBIbnkefrEdlGnuvteRkayeBlebtugrwgmaMKW
5(0.100 / 12)(30 12)4
4 = = 0.0747in.
384(29000)(841.3)
PaBdabsrubKW
1 + 3 + 4 = 1.098 + 0.2613 + 0.0747 = 1.43in.
30(12)
nig L
240
=
240
= 1.50in. > 1.43in. (OK)
cemIy #> PaBdabGacTTYlyk)an.

9>8> taragsRmab;karviPaK nigkarKNnaFwmsmas

Tables for Composite Beam Analysis and Design
enAeBlGkSNWt)asicsitenAkgmuxkat;Edk karKNna flexural strength Gacnwgmankar
lM)ak. eK)anbegItrUbmnedIm,IsRmYldl;karKNnaenH (Hansell et al., 1978) b:uEntaragEdlbgaj
enAkg Part 5 of the manual manPaBgayRsYlCag. eKmantaragBIrKW design strengths rbs;bnSM
nrUbragepSgCamYynwgkRmalsRmab; Fy = 36ksi 250MPa nigsRmab; Fy = 50ksi 350MPa
nig taragnm:Um:g;niclPaB lower bound sRmab;bnSMdUcKa.
Design strength table EdlmaneQaHfa Composite Beam Selection Table, GaceRbI)an
sRmab;EtrUbragEdlman compact web nigersIusg; shear connector srub Qn 0.25 As Fy Edn

kMNt;EdlENnaMTabCageKsRmab; partially composite beams
eK[ersIusg;KNna (design strength) M n sRmab;TItaMgrbs; PNA 7 EngdUcbgajenA
kgrUbTI 9>25 Epkx<s;bMputrbs;sabxagelI/ EpkTabbMputrbs;sabxagelI/ bITItaMgEdlmanKMlat
esIKaEdlsitenAkgsabxagelI/ nigBIrTItaMgenAkgRTnug*. TItaMg PNA TabCageK nIv:U & RtUvnwg
EdkkMNt;EdlENnaMTabCageK Qn = 0.25 As Fy . PNA TItaMg ^ RtUvnwg Qn EdlsitenAcenaH
TItaMg & nigTItaMg %.
edIm,IeRbItaragsRmab;viPaKFwmsmas dMbUgrkEpkrbs;taragEdlRtUvnwgrUbragEdk
ehIyGnuvt dUcxageRkam
*
nimitsBaa M RtUv)aneKeRbIenAkgtaragsRmab; design strength of composite shapes, nig M RtUv)aneRbIsRmab; design
n b p
strength of steel shape alone. emKuNRtUv)ansMKal;edayviFIBIrepSgKaBIeRBaHvamantmBIrepSgKa.

!> eRCIserIs Qn . enHCakarkMNt;rbs; Manual sRmab;kmaMgsgt; C EdlCatmtUcCag

eKn As Fy / 0.85 f 'c Ac nigersIusg;rbs; shear connector srub EdleyIgehAfa
Qn .
@> eRCIserIs Y 2 cmayBITItaMgx<s;bMputrbs;EdkFwmeTAkmaMgsgt;pbenAkgebtugEdl

KNnaCa
a
Y2 = t
2
TMhMenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>26.
#> Gan M n RbsinebIcaM)ac;eKRtUveFVI interpolation
sRmab;karKNna eKGacbBal M n EdlTamTareTAkgtarag ehIyeKGacGaceRCIserIsEdk

Fwm nig Qn . eKGacRtUvkartm Y 2 dUcenHeKRtUvsnt;km<s;rbs;karBRgaykugRtaMgsgt;rbs;
ebtug ehIyeKGaceFVIkarKNnaeLIgvijeRkayeBlEktRmUv. Manual [nUvsmIkarsRmab;)a:n;san
Tmn;Fwm EtRbsinebIeKeRbItarag eKminRtUvkarsmIkarenaHeT.
taragk[pgEdrnUvtm b M p EdlGacRtUvkarsRmab;RtYtBinitFwmEdlKancnl;kg GMLg
eBlebtugrwgmaM ehIy Y1 CacmayBITItaMgx<s;bMputrbs;EdkFwmeTA PNA.
]TahrN_ 9>9 KNna design strength rbs;FwmsmasenAkg]TahrN_ 9>1 nig 9>2 edayeRbI
taragenAkg Part 5 of the Manual.
dMeNaHRsay BI]TahrN_ 9>1 FwmsmaspSMeLIgedayEdk W 16 36 CamYynwgkRmalxNEdlman
kRmas; t = 5in. nigTTwgRbsiTPaB b = 87in. . ersIusg;sgt;enA @* frbs;ebtugKW f 'c = 4000 psi .
kmaMgsgt;enAkgebtugCatmtUcCageKn
As Fy = 10.6(36) = 381.6kips
b 0.85 f 'c Ac = 0.85(4 )(5 87 ) = 1487kips
yk C = 381.6kips . km<s;rbs;bkkugRtaMgsgt;
C 381.6
a= = = 1.290in.
0.85 f 'c b 0.85(4 )(87 )
cmayBITItaMgx<s;bMputrbs;EdkeTAkmaMgsgt; C KW
a 1.290
Y2 = t = 5 = 4.36in.
2 2
bBaleTAkgtaragCamYynwg Qn = 382kips nig Y 2 = 4.36 . edayeFVI interpolation eyIg
TTYl)an
M n = 332 ft kips
edayepgpat;CamYynwglTplenAkg]TahrN_ 9>2 eyIgeXIjfavamantmdUcKa. karKNnatam
rUbmn nigedayeRbItaragTTYl)anlTplRsedogKa enAeBlEdl PNA sitenAkgmuxkat;EdkFwm.
cemIy Design strength = 332 ft kips
taragsRmab;m:Um:g;niclPaB lower bound EdlsMKal;eday I LB pl;nUvkar)a:n;sanm:Um:g;

nicl PaBrbs;muxkat;bMElgmanlkNsuvtiPaBsRmab;FwmdUcKaEdlmanenAkg design strength
table. karsnt;dcMbgkgkareFVItaragenHKWfamanEtRkLapebtugEdlTb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;eTEdlman
RbsiTPaBkgkarKNnam:Um:g;niclPaB. kmaMgenAkgebtugKW C = Qn nig RkLapnmuxkat;

bMElgEdlRtUvKaKW
Qn Qn
Ac = =
stress in transformed area Fy
edIm,ICakarsRmYlteTAeTotkgkarKNna eKecalm:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;ebtugeFobnwgGkSTIRbCMuTmn;.
edIm,IbgajBIviFIsaRsenH eKnwgyktmmYyenAkgtaragmkbMEbkenAkg]TahrN_ 9>10.
]TahrN_ 9>10 karKNnapl;nUvlTplCa W16 31 CamYynwg Q n = 241kips TItaMg PNA

3 Y 2 = 4in. nig Fy = 36ksi . KNnam:Um:g;niclPaB lower bound.
dMeNaHRsay RkLapebtugEdlRtUv)aneRbIKW
Qn 241
Ac = = = 6.694in.2
Fy 36
muxkat;bMElgEdlRtUvKaRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>27 ehIykarKNnaRtUv)ansegbenAkgtarag

9>9. kMNt;TItaMgTIRbCMuTmn; Kitm:Um:g;eFobGkSenA)atrbs;muxkat;Edk.
tarag 9>9
ebtug 6.694 19.88 133.1 - 6.88 316.9
W 16 31 9.12 7.94 72.4 375 5.06 608.5

srub 15.81 205.5 925.4in.4
Ay 205.5
y= = = 13.00in.
A 15.81
m:Um:g;niclPaBBItaragm:Um:g;niclPaB lower bound KW I LB = 925in.4 edayepgpat;CmYynwg

lTplEdl)anKNna.
cemIy I LB = 925in.4
]TahrN_ 9>11 eFVIkarKNna]TahrN_ 9>8 eLIgvijCamYynwgCMnYyrbs;taragenAkg Part 5 of the

Manual .
dMeNaHRsay !> KNnaFwm
BI]TahrN_ 9>8 M u = 153 ft kips edayminKitbBalTmn;Fwm.
edaysnt;fa a = 2in. eyIgTTYl)an
a 2
Y2 = t = 4.75 = 3.75in.
2 2
BI Composite Beam Selection Table, ral;karbnSMnEdkFwm/ Qn nig Y 2 Edlpl;nUv
design strength FMCag 153 ft kips KWCaFwmsakl,gEdlGacTTYlyk)an. lTPaBBIrnwgRtUv)an
segbenAkgtarag 9>10.
tarag 9>10
M n (ft-kips)
rUbrag TItaMg PNA Qn (kips)
edayeFVI interpolation
W 16 26 7 69.1 160
W 14 22 3 159 159
Edk W 14 22 CarUbragEdlRsalCag b:uEnedaysar Qn FMCag vanwgRtUvkar shear

connector eRcInCag GaceRcInCagBIrdg. sRmab;mUlehtuenH sakl,g W 16 26 . KNna Y 2
eLIgvij
C Qn 69.1
a= = = = 0.3011in.
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 f 'c b 0.85(3)(90 )
a 0.3011
Y 2 = t = 4.75 = 4.60in.
2 2
Edl b = 90in. KW)anmkBI]TarhN_ 9>8
M n = 164.4 ft kips
BI]TahrN_ 9>8/ M u = 156 ft kips CamYynwgkarKitbBalTmn;Fwm . vanwgtUcCag design
strength 164.4 ft kips dUcenHkareRCIserIsenHGacTTYlyk)an. dUcKaBI]TahrN_ 9>8 TaMg
flexural strength kgeBlsagsg; nig shear strength KWRKb;RKan;sRmab; W 16 26 .
cemIy !> eRbI W16 26 .

@> Shear connector
dMbUg sakl,g stud 3 / 4 3in. . cMnYnrbs; strud EdlRtUvkarKW
Qn
N1 =
Q
=
69.1
21.04
= 3 .3 yk 4 sRmab;Bak;kNalFwm dUcenHsrubKW 8 edIm
n

Stud 8 edImRtUvnwgKMlat
30(12 )
= 45in.
8
KMlatenHFMCagKMlatGnuBaatGtibrma 36in. dUcenHeKRtUveRbI stud eRcInCagenH. RbsinebI
eKdak; stud ral; 6 rnUtmg KMlatnwgesInwg 36 ehIycMnYn stud srubKW
30(12 )
= 10, N1 = 5
36
kmaMgkat;EdlRtUvKaEdlRtUveprKW
Qn = 5(21.04 ) = 105.2kips
edIm,IgayRsYlkgkareRbItarag eyIgnwgyktm Qn = 104kips enaH
104
a= = 0.4532in.
0.85(3)(90 )
0.4532
Y 2 = 4.75 = 4.523in.
2
BI Composit Beam Selection Table, design strength KW
M n = 182 ft kips > 156 ft kips (OK)
cemIy @> eRbI stud 3 / 4 3in. cMnYn 10 edIm edayKMlatesIKa. edIm,IkarBar uplift eFVI spot weld
ral;KMlat 18in. sitenAcenaH stud.
#> PaBdab
BI]TahrN_ 9>8 PaBdabrbs;EdkFwmmuneBlTTYl)an composite behavior KW
1 = 1.098in. edayminKitbnksagsg;
sRmab;PaBdabEdlekIteLIgeRkayeBlebtugrwgmaM eKGaceRbIm:Um:g;niclPaB lower bound

Edl)anBItarag. eRbI W 16 26 CamYynwg Qn = 104kips PNA TItaMg ^ nig Y 2 = 4.523in.
I LB = 623in.4
vaminmankarEbgEckm:Um:g;niclPaBsRmab;karKNnaPaBdabbEnmEdlekIteLIgedaysar
creep. b:uEn m:Um:g;niclPaB lower bound mantmtUcCagm:Um:g;niclPaBmuxkat;bMElgCak;Esg
ehIy\TiBlTaMgmUlKWnwgpl;nUvPaBdabFMCagkar)a:n;san. RbsinebIbnkefrryeBlyUrtUc
eKGaceRbIm:Um:g;niclPaB lower bound.
w = wD + wL = 0.100 + 0.400 = 0.500kips / ft

ehIyPaBdabEdlRtUvKaKW
5wL4 5(0.500 / 12 )(30 12 )4
2 = = = 0.5044in.
384 EI LB 384(29000 )(623)
PaBdabsrubKW
1 + 2 = 1.098 + 0.5044 = 1.602in.
PaBdabGnuBaatGtibrmaKW
L 30(12 )
= = 1.500in. < 1.602in. (N.G.)
240 240
kgkarKNna Rtg;cMNucenH eyIgmanCeRmIsBIr !
KNnaPaBdabEdlmanPaBsuRkitCageday eRbImuxkat;bMElg b@ eRCIserIskarbnSMrvagEdkFwm nig
shear connector CamYynwgm:Um:g;niclPaB lower bound. edaysareKalbMNgrbs;]TahrN_enHcg;
bgajBIkareRbItarag eyIgnwgeRCIserIsCeRmIsTI @.
KNnam:Um:g;niclPaB lower bound EdlRtUvkar. PaNdabEdlekItBIkRmalxN nigTmn;Fwm
nwgminpas;br dUcenHPaBdabGnuBaatGtibrmaEdlekIteLIgedaysarbnkEdlGnuvteRkayeBlebtug
rwgmaMKW
2 Gtibrma = 1.50 1 = 1.50 1.098 = 0.4020in.
4
BI 2 = 3845wLEI
LB
I LB EdlRtUvkarKW
5wL4 5(0.500 / 12 )(30 12 )4
I LB = = 782in.4
384 E 2 384(29000 )(0.4020 )
sRmab; W 16 26 CamYynwg PNA # nig Y 2 = 4.5in. / m:Um:g;niclPaB lower bound KW
I LB = 804in.4 . BI Composite Design Selection Table, sRmab; PNA # kmaMgkat;tamTisedkKW
Qn = 208kips
edIm,ITTYltmRtwmRtUv Y 2 nig I LB dMbUgKNnaTItaMgrbs;kmaMgsgt;enAkgebtug
Qn 208
a= = = 0.9063in.
0.85 f 'c Ac 0.85(3)(90 )
a 0.9063
Y 2 = t = 4.75 = 4.30in.
2 2
BItaragm:Um:g;niclPaB lower bound edayeFVI interpolation
I LB = 788in.4 > 782in.4 (OK)

cMnYnrbs; shear connector EdlRtUvkarKW
Qn
N1 =
Qn
=
208
21.04
= 9. 9 yk 10 sRmab;Bak;kNalFwm bsrub 20 edIm
edaysarKMlatrbs;rnUt deck, stud mYysRmab;ral;rnUt 3 sRmab;KMlat 18in. nwgpl;nUv
stud 20 edIm.
cemIy #> edIm,IbMeBjtRmUvkarPaBdab begIncMnYn stud BI 10 eTA 20 dak;mYyenAkgral;rnUt 3 .
]TahrN_ 9>11 bgajplRbeyaCn_rbs;tarag. CaBiess composite Beam Selection

Table sRmYlkarKNna partially composite beam Edl PNA sitenAkgmuxkat;EdkFwm.
9>9> FwmCab; (Continuous Beams)
sRmab;FwmTRmsmBa cMNucnm:Um:g;sUnenARtg;TRm. cMnYn connector EdlRtUvkarenAcenaH

TRm nigcMNucEdlmanm:Um:g;GtibrmaKWcMnYnBak;kNalncMnYnsrubRtUvkar. sRmab;FwmCab; cMNucrbt;
kCacMNucnm:Um:g;sUnEdr nigCaTUeTAeKRtUvkar connector 2N1 sRmab;ElVgnImYy. rUbTI 9>28 a
bgajBIRbePTFwmCab; nigtMbn;EdlRtUvkar shear connector. enAtMbn;m:Um:g;GviCman kRmalebtug
nwgrgkmaMgTaj dUcenHvanwgKanRbsiTPaB. enAkgtMbn;enH vanwgminman composite behavior Edl
eyIgRtUvBicarNaenaHeT. RbePT composite behavior EtmYyKt;EdlGacmanKWenAcenaHFwmEdk nig
EdkBRgwgtambeNayenAkgkRmal. muxkat;FwmsmasEdlRtUvKaRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>28 b.
RbsinebIeK eRbIKMnitenH eKRtUvpl;nUvcMnYn shear connector RKb;RKan;edIm,ITTYlnUvdWeRknPaBCab;
rvagEdkFwm nigEdkBRgwg.
AISC Specification in Section I3.2 pl;nUvCeRmIsBIrsRmab;m:Um:g;GviCman.
!> edayQrEtelIersIusg;rbs;EdkFwmb:ueNaH.
@> edayrYmbBalTaMgEdkBRgwgenAkgmuxkat;smasRtUvRbQmnwglkxNxageRkam
a. EdkFwmRtUvEt compact nigman latereal support RKb;RKan;
b. eKRtUvEtdak; shear connector enAtMbn;m:Um:g;GviCman cenaHcMNucm:Um:g;sUn
nigcMNucm:Um:g;GviCmanGtibrma
c. EdkBRgwgenAkgTTwgRbsiTPaBRtUvEtmanRbEvgbgb;RKb;RKan; TMBk;
ersIusg;rbs;muxkat;smasKYrEtQrelIkarBRgaykugRtaMg)asicCamYynwg b = 0.85 .
RbsinebIeKKit composite behavior AISC I5.2 tRmUv[ykkmaMgkat;tamTisedkEdl
RtUv)aneprrvagcMNucnm:Um:g;GviCmanGtibrma nigcMNucm:Um:g;sUnmantmtUcCageKkgcMeNam
Ar Fyr nig Qn Edl
Ar = RkLaprbs;EdkBRgwgenAkgTTwgRbsiTPaBrbs;kRmal
Fyr = yield stress rbs;EdkBRgwg
ersIusg;bEnmEdlTTYlBIkarbBalEdkBRgwgmantmNas; b:uEneBlxHeKeRbI cover plate enAkg

tMbn;m:Um:g;GviCman.

9>10> ssrsmas (Composite Columns)
ssrsmasRtUv)anEbgEckCaBIrTRmg;KW EdkbMBgTIbmUl bRCugEdlbMeBjedayebtug b

rolled steel shape dak;enAkgebtugCamYynwgEdkBRgwgbBar nigEdkkgTTwgdUcenAkgssrebtug
BRgwgedayEdk. rUbTI 9>29 bgajBITRmg;TaMgBIrenH.
karviPaKssrsmasRtUv)aneFVIeLIgkgviFIdUcKasRmab;Ggt;rgkarsgt;eRKOgbgMEdkFmtaEdr
edayeRbIsmIkardUcKaBI AISC Charpter E b:uEnCamYynwgtm Fy / E nig r EdlRtUv)anEkERbedIm,I
TTYllTplEdlTTYl)anBIkarBesaF nigkarKNnaRtUvKa. munBicarNasmIkar AISC sRmab;tm
TaMgenH eyIgRtUvRtYtBinitBIeKalkarN_rbs;smIkarsin. RbsinebIeKFananUvsanPaBlMnwg eKKitfa
ersIusg;rbs;Ggt;smasrgkarsgt;CaplbUknersIsu g;tamGkSrbs;EdkFwm/ EdkBRgwg nigebtug.
vaRtUv)aneKehAfa squash load ehIyRtUv)an[eday
Pn = As Fy + Ar Fyr + 0.85 f 'c Ac (>%
Edl As = RkLapmuxkat; rolled steel shape
Ar = RkLapmuxkat;srubrbs;EdkBRgwgbBar
Fyr = yield stress rbs;EdkBRgwg
Ac = RkLapmuxkat;rbs;ebtug
srsEdkBRgwgCaeBlbcb,nCaRbePT deformed Edlprbs;vamansac;lanecjEdlCYy

begItPaBsitrvaEdk nigebtug)anl. RkLapmuxkat; Ar EdlRtUv)aneRbIkgkarKNnaCa nominal
area EdlKitfaRkLaprbs;EdkrelagEdlmanTmn;kgmYyktaRbEvgdUcKanwg deformed bar.
tarag 9>11 bgajBI nomial diameter nigRkLapsRmab;TMhMEdksg;darEdlkMNt;eday ASTM

(1996) nig ACI (1995).
edIm,ITTYl)ankugRtaMgsrub EckbnkEdlTTYl)anBIsmIkar 9>5 edayRkLaprbs;EdkFwm

Fyr
Pn
As
= Fmy = Fy + Ar
As
A
+ 0.85 f 'c c
As
(>^
tmrbs; Fmy EdlTTYlBIsmIkar (>^ enAeBlEdleRbICMnYs[tm Fy enAkgsmIkarGgt;rgkar
sgt; [lTpllsRmab;EdkbMBg;TIbmUl bRCugEdlbMeBjedayebtugEdlebtugsitenAkg steel
shape. EdkBRgwgbBarminRtUv)aneRbICamYynwgEdkbMBg;TIbmUl bRCug (concrete-filled pipe or
tube) eT dUcenH Ar GacniwgmantmsUnsRmab;ssrsmasRbePTenH.
tarag 9>11
elxEdk Ggt;Edk RkLapmuxkat;
in. mm in.2 mm2
3 0.375 9.50 0.11 71.00
4 0.500 12.70 0.20 129.00
5 0.625 15.87 0.31 200.00
6 0.750 19.05 0.44 283.87
7 0.875 22.23 0.60 387.10
8 1.000 25.40 0.79 509.70
9 1.128 28.65 1.00 645.16
10 1.270 32.26 1.27 819.35
11 1.410 35.81 1.56 1006.45
14 1.693 43.00 2.25 1451.61
18 2.257 57.33 4.00 2580.64
sRmab;eRKOgbgMEdkEdkbgb;kgebtug vaminmanEdkhMuBTvaeT ehIy structural stability

Reseach Council (SSRC, 1979) ENnaMfaemKuNkat;bnyersIusg; ACI code (ACI, 1995) Edl
mantm 0.7 RtUv)anGnuvteTAelItYnEdkBRgwg nigebtugnsmIkar (>^ dUcxageRkam

Fyr
Fmy = Fy + 0.7 Ar
A
A
+ 0.7(0.85) f 'c c
A
(>&
s s
Fyr Ac
= Fy + 0.7 Ar + 0.595 f 'c
As As
edIm,IkarBar\TiBl slenderness eKRtUvEktRmUvPaBrwgRkajkgkarBt;rbs;Ggt;Edl
smamaRt eTAnwgbrimaN EI / L . karEktRmUvenHRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayEkERbtmrbs; E
dUcxageRkam
A
E m = E + constant Ec c
As
(>*
Edl E = m:UDuleGLasicrbs;EdkeRKOgbgM
Ec =m:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtug
eTaHbICaPaBrwgRkaj (stiffeness) smamaRteTAnwgm:Um:g;niclPaB pleFobRkLapsRmab;ssr
smaspl;lTpllCagpleFobm:Um:g;niclPaB (SSRC, 1979). tmefrenAkgsmIkar 9>8 KWesInwg
0.4 sRmab;EdkTIbmUl bRCugEdlbMeBjedayebtugEdlbgajBIPaBGnuBaatnPaBrwgRkajrbs;
ebtug 40% nig 0.2 sRmab;EdkeRKOgbgMEdlbgb;kgebtug (encased shape).

kaMniclPaBrbs;muxkat;smasKWFMCagkaMniclPaBrbs;muxkat;EdkeRKagbgM nigrbs;ebtug.
viFIEdlsuvtiPaBKWRtUveRbIkaMniclPaBEdlmantmFMnkaMniclPaBrbs;muxkat;EdkeRKOgbgM bkaM
niclPaBnmuxkat;ebtug EdleKGacykesInwg 0.3 dgnvimaRtNamYyrbs;muxkat;enAkgbg;
buckling. edaykMNt;kaMniclPaBrbs;muxkat;smasCa rm enaHeKTTYl)an
rm = r 0.3b
Edl r= kaMniclPaBrbs;muxkat;EdkeRKOgbgMenAkgbg; buckling
b = vimaRtrbs;muxkat;ebtuenAkgbg; buckling
tRmUvkarrbs; Specification
sRmab;ssrsmasmansarsMxan;dUcKaeTAnwgGVIEdlerobrab;xagelI. eK
AISC provisions
eRbI Equation E2-1 nig E2-3 BI Chapter E of the specification edIm,IkMNt; design strength b:uEn
tmrbs; Fy / E nig r RtUv)anEksRmYl. eKRtUvBwgEpkelIsmIkar (>^ nig (>& edIm,IeFVIkarEk
sRmYltmTaMgenH. BI AISC Section I2.2, tmEksRmYlrbs; Fy KW
Fmy = Fy + c1 Fyr ( Ar / As ) + c2 f 'c ( Ac / As ) (AISC Equation I2-1)
Edltmefr c1 nig c2 RtUv)anKitsRmab;PaBxusKarvag encased sectoon nig concrete-filled pipes

and tubes:
nig c2 = 0.85 sRmab; pipes and tubes
c1 = 1.0
c1 = 0.7 nig c2 = 0.6 sRmab; encased shapes
tmEdlEksRmYl AISC E KWdUcKaeTAnwgGVIEdl[edaysmIkar (>* b

E m = E + c3 Ec ( Ac / As ) (AISC Equation I2-2)
Edl c3 = 0.4 sRmab; pipes and tubes
c4 = 0.2 sRmab; encased shapes

AISC I2.2 kMNt;tm rm [esIeTAnwgGVIEdl[edaysmIkar (>(

rm = r 0.3b
edIm,I[ssrsmasmanlkNRKb;RKan; eKRtUvBinitemIlnUvkarkMNt;xageRkamEdl[eday AISC
I2.1
!> EdkeRKOgbgMRtUvEtmany:agtic 4% nRkLapmuxkat;srub bGgt;rgkarsgt;eFVIkardUc

ssrebtugGarem:CaCageFVIkardUcssrsmas.
@> Encased sections RtUvEteKarBtamlkxNlMGitxageRkam
a. eKRtUvEteRbITaMgEdlbBar nigEdkkg. KMlatrbs;EdkkgminRtUvFMCagBIrPaKbI n
vimaRttUcCageKrbs;ebtug. RkLapmuxkat;rbs;Edkem nigEdkkgminRtUvtUcCag

0.007in.2 / in. b 0.18mm 2 / mm nKMlatEdk.
b. vaRtUvEtmankRmas;ebtugkarBarEdky:agtic 1.5in. 38mm sRmab;Edkkg
nigEdkbBar.
c. EdkbBarEdlRTbnk (load-carrying longitudinal reinforcement) RtUvEtCab;enA
framed level. EdkbBarsRmab;Tb;ebtugGacpac;enARtg; framed level.
#> ersIusg;rbs;ebtug f 'c RtUvEtsitenAcenaH 3ksi 21MPa nig 8ksi 55MPa sRmab;eb
tugTmn;Fmta minmanlTplBiesaFn_sRmab; f 'c FMCag 55MPa eT nigy:agticbMput
4ksi 28MPa sRmab;ebtugTmn;Rsal.
$> kgkarKNna Yield stress rbs;EdkeRKOgbgM nigEdkBRgwgbBarminRtUvFMCag 55ksi

380 MPa eT. karkMNt;RtUv)anTTYlBIkarBicarNa local stability. enAeBlEdlEdk
eRKOgbgMhMuBTedayebtug vanwgminman local stability eT. ebtugnwgGachMuBTEdk)an

RKb;RKan;ebIvaminmankarpHpebtug (spall). RbsinebIeKsnt;[ebtugman spall enAeBl
ebtugman strain 0.0018 enaHkugRtaMgEdkRtUvKaenAkgEdkKW
Fmax = max E = 0.0018(29000 ) = 52.2ksi
EdlRtUv)anKitCatmkMNt;Rtwm 55ksi .
%> edIm,IkarBar local buckling enAkg pipes b tubes EdlbMeBjedayebtug kRmas;rbs;
pipes b tubes minRtUvtUcCag

t = b F y / 3E sRmab;muxkat;ctuekaNEdlmanTTwgxageRkA b
b t=D Fy / 8 E sRmab;muxkat;rgVg;EdlmanGgt;pitxageRkA D
]TahrN_ 9>12 Ggt;rgkarsgt;smasEdlman W 12 136 RtUv)andak;enAkgssrebtugEdlman

TMhM 20 22in. dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>30. eKeRbIEdk #10 bYnedImCaEdkbBar nigEdk #3 CaEdk
kgEdlmanKMlat 13in. edayKitBIGkSeTAGkS. Edkman yield stress Fy = 50MPa ehIyeKeRbI
EdkBRgwgRbePT Grade 60. ersIusg;rbs;ebtugKW f 'c = 5ksi . KNna design strength
sRmab;RbEvg RbsiTPaB 16 ft sRmab;GkSTaMgBIr.
cemIy eKkMNt;tmEksRmYl F nig E Edl)anBI AISC Equation I2-1 nig I2-2. tmEdl
my m
RtUvkarsRmab;smIkarTaMgenHKW
Fyr = 55ksi tmEdlkMNt;eday AISC I2.1
Ar = 4(1.27 ) = 5.08in.2
Ac = net area rbs;ebtug = 20(22) As Ar = 440 39.9 5.08
= 395.0in.2
sRmab; f 'c = 5ksi
Ec = w1c.5 f 'c = (145)1.5 5 = 3904ksi
BI AISC Equation I2-1, yield stress EdlEksRmYlKW

A A
Fmy = Fy + c1 Fyr r + c2 f 'c c
As As
5.08 395
= 50 + 0.7(55) + 0.6(5) = 84.60ksi
39.9 39.9
BI AISC Equation I2-2, m:UDuleGLasicEdlEksRmYlKW

A
= 29000 + 0.2(3904 )
395
E m = E + c3 Ec c = 36730ksi
As 39.9
kaMniclPaBEdlRtUv)aneRbIenAkgsmIkarGgt;rgkarsgt;n AISC Cahpter E GacCa r sRmab;Edk
eRKOgbgM b 0.3b edayykmYyNaEdlmantmFMCag. enAkg]TahrN_enH buckling nwgekIteLIg
eFobnwgGkS y rbs;Ggt; dUcenH r sRmab;muxkat;KW ry = 3.16in . enAkgbg; buckling
0.3b = 0.3(20 ) = 6in. lub
dUcenH rm = 6in. . eKGacKNna design strength

dUcKasRmab;Ggt;rgkarsgt;FmtaedayeRbI tmEksRmYl Fmy / Em nig rm CMnYs[ Fy / E nig
r
KL Fmy 16(12 ) 84.60
c = = = 0.4888 < 1.5
rm Em 6 36730
Fcr = (0.658)c Fmy = (0.658)(0.4888) (84.60) = 76.55ksi

2 2
nominal strength KW
Pn = As Fcr = 39.9(76.55) = 3054kips
c Pn = 0.85(3054) = 2600kips
cemIy design compressive strength KW 2600kips
taragsRmab;viPaK nigKNna Tables for Analysis and Design

mantaragEdlsRmYly:agxaMgdl;karviPaK nigkarKNnassrsmas.
Part 5 of the Manual
taragTaMgenHmanlkNRsedogKanwg column strength table enAkg Part 3 of the Manual. eK

[ axial compressive design strength CaGnuKmn_eTAnwgRbEvgRbsiTPaBsRmab; concrete-filled
pipes and tubes nigsRmab; encased W-shapes. sRmab; encased column Edkem nigEdkkgEdlbM
eBjtRmUvkar AISC RtUv)anrab;bBal. eK[tm rmx / rmy sRmab;krNITaMgenaHEdl K x L K y L .

]TahrN_ 9>13 Ggt;rgkarsgt;EdlmanRbEvg 18 ft RtUvRTnUvbnkeFVIkar (service load) srub

1000kips EdlpSMeLIgedaycMENkesIKanbnkefr nigbnkGefr. Ggt;enHmanTRm pinned enAcug
TaMgsgag CamYynwgTRmbEnmenAkm<s;Bak;kNaltamGkSexSay. eRbItaragenAkg Part 5 of the
Manual edIm,IeRCIserIsEdk W EdlmanrUbragkaerEdlbgb;kgebtug (square encased W-shape)
CamYynwgRkLapebtugEdltUcCageKEdlGaceFVIeTA)an. eRbIEdk A36 Edksrs grade 60 nig

f 'c = 3.5ksi .
dMeNaHRsay bnktamGkSemKuNKW
Pu = 1.2(500) + 1.6(500) = 1400kips
tamkarGegtelItaragbgajfa sRmab; f 'c = 3.5ksi nigtmn rmx / rmy ERbRbYlBI 1.0 eTA 1.22
EdltmPaKeRcInesInwg 1.0 . edaysar
KxL
= 2 > 1.22
KyL
KxL nwglub. snt;fa rmx / rmy = 1.0 rYcbBaleTAkgtaragCamYynwg

KxL 18
KL = = = 18 ft
rmx / rmy 1.0
taragxageRkambgajBICeRmIsEdlGaceFVI)an
TMhMmuxkat;ebtug EdkeRKOgbgM rmx / rmy c Pn
1818 W10112 1.0 1450kips
2020 W1287 1.0 14250kips
eTaHbICassr 2020 RtUvkarEdkeRKOgbgMtUcCagkeday EtlkxNtRmUv[ykTMhMebtugGb,brma

dUcenHeyIgeRCIserIs 1818.
cemIy eRbIssrmuxkat; 1818 CamYynwg W1012 Edksrs #8 bYnedIm Edkkg #3 edayKMlat
12in.. KitBIGkSeTAGkS.

X. rtEdkbnH
Plate Girder
CaTUeTA plate girder RtUv)aneKKitCa flexural member Edlmuxkat;rbs;vaRtUv)anpMeLIg
eday plate elements. AISC cat;TukFwmxusBI plate girder edayQrelI web slenderness. Plate
girder CaFwmFMTaMgElVg nigmuxkat; Edlmuxkat;FMenHCavi)akmkBIElVgEvg. RbsinebIeKminman hot-
rolled steel shape FMRKb;RKan;sRmab;ElVg nigkardak;bnkEdl[ CaTUeTACeRmIsTImYyKWeKeRbI rolled
shape CamYynwg cover plate bEnmenAelIsabmYy benAelIsabTaMgBIr. RbsinebICeRmIsenHminGac
pl;ersIusg;m:Um:g;RKb;RKan; muxkat;EdlmanlkNRtUvkarBitR)akdGacRtUv)anplitBI plate elements.

b:uEnRbsinebIElVgmanRbEvgEvg enaHkm<s; nigTmn;rbs; built-up girder GacnwgFM eBlenaHeKGac
eRbICeRmIsepSgeTot dUcCa truss.
T.Chhay 428 Plate Girders

muxkat;rbs; plate girder GacmaneRcInTRmg;. rUbTI 10>1 bgajBIlTPaBrbs;muxkat; plate

girder xH. TRmg;Fmtarbs; plate girder KWRTnugeTalCamYYynwgsabBIresIKa EdlRKb;EpkTaMgGs;
Pab;KaedaykarpSar. muxkat;RbGb;EdlmanRTnugBIr nigsabBIrCa torsionally superior shape nig

GacRtUv)aneRbIenAeBlEdleKRtUvkar unbraced length FM. Hubrid girder CaRbePTrtEdlEdksab
manersIusg;FMCagEdkRTnug ehIyeBlxHkRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;.
muneBlEdlkarpSarRtUv)aneRbITUlMTUlay kartPab;eRKOgpMrbs;muxkat;KWCakarBicarNacMbg
kgkarKNna plate girder. RKb;tMNTaMgGs;RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayeRbIrIev dUcenHeKminmanviFIedIm,IPab;
sabeTARTnugedaypal;eT. eKRtUvbBalmuxkat;bEnmedIm,IeprbnkBIeRKOgbgMmYyeTAeRKOgbgMmYy
eTot. beckeTsFmtakgkartPab;KWkareRbIEdkEkgmYyKUedaydak;xgTl;xgedIm,IPab;sabeTART
nugdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 10>1 b. RbsinebIeKRtUvkar web stiffener EdkEkgmYyKUkRtUv)aneRbI
sRmab;eKalbMNgenH. edIm,IeCosvagkarRbqaMgKarvag stiffener angle nig flang angle eKRtUvbEnm
filler plate eTAelIRTnug dUcenH stiffener GacXatBI lange angle dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 10>1 c. Rb
sinebIeKRtUvkarmuxkat;ERbRbYl eKGaceRbI cover plate EdlmanRbEvgepSgKamYy beRcInPab;eTAnwg

sabedarIev. eTaHbICaeKGaceRbI cover plate CamYynwg welded plate girder keday kviFIdsamBa
CageKKWkareRbInUv flange plate EdlmankRmas;epSgKa EdlpSar end-to-end enATItaMgepSgKatam
beNayrbs; girder. eKGacemIleXIjy:agc,as;fa welded plate girder KWlCag riveted pr bolted
girder edayKitelIPaBgayRsYl nigRbsiTPaB. eyIgBicarNaEt I-shaped welded plate girder
enAkgCMBUkenH.
munnwgBicarNaBItRmUvkarCak;lak;rbs; AISC Specification sRmab; plate girder eyIgcaM)ac;
RtYtBinitkgviFITUeTAbMputBIPaBxusKarbs; plate girder nig rolled beam Fmta. eTaHbICaeyIg)an
sikSaBI flexural member enAkgCMBUk 5, Beams keday k plate girder mantRmUvkar flexural
strength nig shear strength BiessepSg.
10>2> karBicarNaTUeTA (General Considerations)
bBaadFMkgkarKNnaeRKOgbgMEdkKWkarpl;nUv local stability blMnwgsRmab;eRKOgbgMTaMg

mUl. edaysar standard hot-rolled structural shapes manlkNsmamaRtdUcenHbBaa local
rtEdkbnH 429 T.Chhay
stability RtUv)ankat;bny bRtUv)ankat;bnydl;kMritGb,brma. b:uEnenAeBlEdleKeRbI plate girder,

designer RtUvEtKitBIktaCaeRcInEdlPaKeRcIn rolled shape minmanbBaakeday. RTnugesIg nig
x<s;begItnUvbBaaCaeRcInenAeBlEdlcapMCamYynwg plate girder edayrYmbBalTaMg local instability.

karyl;dwgBIeKalkarN_rbs; AISC provions sRmab; plate girder TamTarnUvcMeNHdwgBI stability
theory CaBiess plate stability. b:uEnenAkgesovePAenHbgajEteKalkarN_tRmUvkarrbs; Specifi-
cation nigkarGnuvtrbs;vaEtb:ueNaH. RbsinebImankarcab;GarmN_ nigcg;EsVgyl;bEnm Guide to
stability Criteria for Metal Structures (Johnston, 1976) CacMNucsRmab;cab;epImdl ehIy
Buckling Strength of Metal Structures (Bleich, 1952) nig Theory of Elastic stability
(Timoshenko and Gere, 1961) nwgpl;nUvmUldanRKwHn stability theory.
Plate girder QrelIersIusg;EdlmaneRkayeBlRTnug buckle dUcenH flexural strength PaK
eRcInnwgekItBIsab. sanPaBkMNt;EdlRtUvBicarNaKWsabrgkarTaj yield nigsabrgkarsgt;

buckle. sabrgkarsgt;Edlrg buckle GacmanTRmg; vertical buckling enAkgRTnug b flange
local buckling (FLB) bvaGacekIteLIgedaysar lateral-torsional buckling (LTB).
enAkgRTnug girder TItaMgEdlmankmaMgkat;FMeRcInEtsitenAEk,rTRm nigenARtg; benAEk,r

GkSNWt. bg;emnwgeRTteFobeTAnwgGkSbeNayrbs;Ggt; ehIykugRtaMgemCakmaMgTaj Ggt;RTUg
bkmaMgsgt;Ggt;RTUg. kmaMgTajGgt;RTUgminbegItbBaaeT EtkmaMgsgt;Ggt;RTUg bNal[RTnug
buckle. bBaaenHGaceCosvag)antambIrebob (1) eKGaceFVI[pleFobkm<s;elIkRmas; (depth-to-
thickness ratio) rbs;RTnugmantmtUclmEdlGaclubbM)at;bBaaenH)an (2) eKGaceRbI web
stiffeners edIm,IbegItCa panel edIm,IbegIn shear strength b (3) eKGaceRbI web stiffeners edIm,I
begItCa panel EdlTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgsgt;Ggt;RTUgtamry tension field action. rUbTI 10>2 bgaj

BIKMnitn tension field action. enAcMNucEdlCitekItman buckling RTnug)at;bg;lTPaBrbs;vakg
karTb;Tl;kmaMgsgt;Ggt;RTUg ehIykugRtaMgenH)anpas;breTA stiffeners xag nigsab. Stiffener
Tb; Tl;nwgbgMkmaMgsgt;Ggt;RTUgbBar ehIysabTb;Tl;nwgbgMkmaMgedk. eKRtUvkar[RTnug
Tb;Tl;nwgkmaMgTajGgt;RTUg dUcenHeTIbmanBak tension-field action. kareFVIkarenHmanlkN
dUcKanwg pratt truss EdlGgt;RTnugbBarRTkmaMgsgt; Ggt;RTnugGgt;RTUgRTkmaMgTaj dUcbgaj
kgrUbTI 10>2 b. edaysarCak;Esg tension field ekItman)anluHRtaEtRTnugcab;epIm buckling
dUcenH vaGaccUlrYmenAkgersIusg;kmaMgkat;rbs;RTnug)anluHRtaEtRTnug buckling sin. ersIusg;

srubnwg pSMeLIgedayersIusg;muneBl buckling nigersIusg;eRkayeBl buckling EdlTTYlBI tension
field action.
RbsinebI unstiffened web minmanlTPaBGacTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgkat;Gnuvtn_ enaHeKRtUveRbI

stiffener EdlmanKMlatesIKaedIm,IbegIn tension field action. muxkat;EdlRtUvkar stiffener
RtUv)aneKehAfa intermidate stiffener manTMhMtUcBIeRBaHeKalbMNgdMbUgrbs;vaKWpl;nUv stiffener

RbesIrCagkarTb;Tl;kmaMgGnuvtn_edaypal;.
eKGacRtUvkar stiffener bEnmenARtg;cMNucbnkcMcMNucsRmab;eKalbMNgkarBarRTnugBIbnk
sgt;edaypal;. stiffener enHRtUv)aneK[eQaHfa bearing stiffener ehIyvaRtUvEtsmamaRtedIm,I
Tb;Tl;bnkGnuvtn_. vakGaceFVIkarCa intermidate stiffener kgeBlCamYyKapgEdr. rUbTI 10>3
bgajBI bearing stiffener EdlpSMeLIgedaybnHctuekaNEkgBIrenAsgxagRTnug girder. bnHEdk
bEnmRtUv)ankat;biutenARCugxagkgTaMgelI nigeRkamedIm,IeCosvagTwkbnSar flange-to-web. Rbsin

ebIeKsnt; stiffener [Tb;Tl;bnkGnuvtn_srub P edaysuvtiPaB karsnt;ecalnUvkarcUlrYmrbs;

RTnug enaHeKGacsresr bearing stress Rtg;pb:HCa
P
fp =
A pb
Edl Apb = projected bearing area = 2at emIlrUbTI 10>3

beKGacsresr bearing load CMnYs[kareRbI bearing stress Ca
P = f p A pb !0>!
elIsBIenH stiffener mYyKUCamYynwgRTnugEdlmanRbEvgxIRtUv)anKitCassrEdlmanRbEvg

RbsiTPaBtUcCagkm<s;rbs;RTnug ehIyRtUv)anGegtedayeRbI Specification provision dUcGgt;rg
karsgt;dTeTotEdr. muxkat;enHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 10>4. CaTUeTA ersIusg;sgt;KYrQrelIkaM
niclPaBeFobGkSkgbg;rbs;RTnug EdlPaBKanlMnwgeFobnwgGkSemdTRtUv)ankarBaredayRTnug
xng.
sanPaBkMNt;EdlTTYl)anBIkarGnutrbs;bnkcMcMNuceTAelIsabxagelIrbs;RTnug yielding,
RTnug crippling (buckling) ehIy sidesway buckling. Sidesway web buckling ekItmanenAeBl
kmaMgsgt;enAkgRTnugbg[sabrgkarTaj buckle tamTTwg. )atuPUtenHGacekItmanenAeB Edl
sabminmanlTPaBRKb;RKan;RbqaMgnwgclnaeTAvijeTAmkrbs; stiffener b lateral bracing.

TwkbnSarsRmab;kartPab;eRKOgbgMrbs; plate girder RtUv)anKNnadUcKanwgkarKNnatMN

pSardTeTotEdr. TwkbnSar flang-to-web RtUvEtTb;Tl;nwgkmaMgkat;tamTisedkenARtg;pb:Hrvag
eRKOgbgMBIr. kmaMgkat;Gnuvtn_enH RtUv)aneKehAfa shear flow EdlCaTUeTARtUv)anKitCakMlMagkg
mYyktaRbEvgrbs; girder edIm,IGacTb;Tl;edayTwkbnSar. BICMBUk 5 shear flow EdlQrelI
elastic behavior RtUv)an[eday
VQ
f =
Ix
Edl Q Cam:Um:g;TImYynRkLaprvagbg;kmaMgkat;tamTisedk nigpnmuxkat;xageRkAeFobnwgGkS
NWt. smIkarxagenHCasmIkar %>^ sRmab;kugRtaMgkmaMgkat;EdlKuNedayTTwgrbs;bg;kmaMgkat;.
edaysarEtCaTUeTAkmaMgkat;Gnuvtn_ERbRbYl dUcenHRbsinebIeKeRbIkarpSaredayEdlminCab; enaH
KMlatrbs;vanwgERbRbYleTAtamenaHEdr.
10>3> tRmUvkarrbs; AISC (AISC Requirments)

tRmUvkarsRmab; plate girder RtUv)anbriyayenAkg Chapter 6 of the AISC Speciffication
ehIy Appendix G manniyayBIeKalbMNgkgkarGnuvtrbs; plate girder.
eTaHCa flexural member RtUv)ancat;cMNat;fak;Ca beam b plate girder keday kvaenAEtCa
GnuKmn_eTAnwg web slendernedd h / t w Edl h Cakm<s;rbs;RTnugcenaHpxagkgrbs;sab nig t w
CakRmas;rbs;RTnug. RbsinebI h / t w < 2550 / f yf xat IS h / t w < 970 / f yf xat US
Ggt;RtUv)ancat;cMNat;fak;Ca beam ehIyeKRtUvGnuvtkarpl;[rbs; AISC Chapter F edaymin

KitfaGgt;enHCa bult-up BI plate bCa hot-rolled shape. RbsinebI h / t w > 2550 / f yf xat IS
Ggt;RtUv)ancat;cMNat;fak;Ca plate girder ehIyeKRtUvGnuvtkarpl;[rbs; AISC Chapter G. dUc
enH flexural member Edlman slender web Edl slenderness RtUv)ankMNt;enAkg AISC Chapter
B RtUv)anKitCa plate girder. cMNaMfa enAeBlEdleKeRbI hybrid girder tmkMNt;rbs; h / t w KW
QrelI Fyf yield stress rbs;sab. mUlehtuKWfa lMnwgrbs;RTnugRbqaMgnwg flexural buckling KWGa
Rsynwg strain enAkgsab (Zahn, 1987).
edIm,Ibga vertical buckling rbs;sabeTAkgRTnug AISC Appendix G2 )an[nUvEdnkMNt;
x<s;bMputsRmab;pleFobTTwgelIkRmas; (width-thickness ratio) ht w . tmEdlkMNt;enHCa
GnuKmn_eTAnwg aspect ratio a / h rbs; girder plate EdlCapleFobKMlatrbs; intermediate
stiffener elIkm<s;RTnug emIlrUbTI 10>5
sRmab; a / h 1.5 /
t
h

2000
F
xat US
t
h 5250

F
xat IS (AISC Equation A-G1-1)
w yf w yf
sRmab; a / h > 1.5 /

h
tw

14000
Fyf ( Fyf + 16.5)
xat US
h
tw

96530
(
Fyf Fyf + 114 )
Edl a Ca clear distance rvag stiffeners.

10>4> ersIusg;rgkarBt; (Flexural Strength)
rbs; plate girders KW b M n / Edl b = 0.90 . Norminal

Design flexural strength
flexural strength M n KWQrenAelIsabrgkarTaj yielding bksabrgkarsgt; buckling. eKGac
kMNt; Bucling strength rbs;sabrgkarsgt;eday flang local buckling (FLB) bk lateral-

torsional buckling (LTB). Vertical buckling rbs;sabrgkarsgt;eTAkgRTnugRtUv)andkecjBI
karBicarNaedaysarkarkMNt;Edl[eday AISC Equation A-G1-2 nig A-G1-2 (Cooper,

Galambos, and Ravindra, 1978).
Tension Flange Yielding

BICMBUk 5/ kugRtaMgBt;GtibrmaenAkg flexural member EdlekageFobeTAnwgGkSxaMgrbs;va
KW
M
fb =
Sx
Edl S x Cam:UDulmuxkat;eGLasic (elastic section modulus) eFobGkSxaMg. sresrsmIkarm:Um:g;
Bt;CaGnuKmn_eTAnwgm:UDulmuxkat; nigkugRtaMg eKTTYl)an
M = S x fb !0>@
AISC Appendix G2 [ nominal flexural strength EdlQrelIsabrgkarTajEdl yield Ca
M n = S xt Re Fyt (AISC Equation A-G2-1)
Edl S xt = elastic section modulus EdlsMedAelIxagEdlrgkarTaj

emKuN hybrid girder
Re =
Fyt = yield stress rbs;sabrgkarTaj
emKuN hybrid girder Re esInwg 1.0 sRmab; nonhybrid girder. sRmab; hybrid girder
12 + (Aw / A f )(3m m 3 )
R = 1 .0
e
(
12 + 2 Aw / A f )
Edl Aw = RkLaprbs;RTnug 10 A f
A f = RkLaprbs;sabrgkarsgt;
m = Fyw / Fyf karkMNt;enHKWsRmab;sanPaBkMNt;rbs;sabrgkarTaj yield.

sRmab;sabrgkarsgt; eKkeRbIemKuN hybrid girder Edr Et m RtUv)ankMNt;epSg.
Compression Flange Buckling

EdlRtUvnwgsabrgkarsgt; buckling kQrelIsmIkar !0>@ Edr.
Nominal flexural strength
BI AISC Appendix G2, ersIusg;enHRtUv)ansresrCa

M n = S xc RPG Re Fcr (AISC Equation A-G2-2)
Edl S xc = m:UDulmuxkat;eGLasicsMedAelIxagEdlrgkarsgt;
RPG = emKuNkat;bnyersIusg;edIm,IkarBar elastic web buckling
Fcr = kugRtaMgeRKaHfak;enAkgsabrgkarsgt;EdlQrelI LTB b FLB
Re = emKuN hybrid girder EdlKitedaysmIkardUcKasRmab;sabrgkarTaj yield b:uEn
m = Fyw / Fcr .
emKuNkat;bnyersIusg;rbs; plate girder RPG RtUv)aneday

h
RPG = 1
ar 970 1.0 xat US (AISC Equation A-G2-3)
1200 + 300a t
r w F
cr
h 2550
RPG = 1
ar
1200 + 300a r t w
1.0
Fcr
Edl a = Aw / A f 10
cmayBIrdgBITIRbCMuTmn;eTApxagkgrbs;sabrgkarsgt; hc = h sRmab; girder

hc =
Edl mansabesIKa
kugRtaMgeRKaHfak; Fcr KWQrelI lateral-torsional buckling b flange local buckling.
AISC Specification eRbInimitsBaa / p nig r edIm,IedaHRsayCamYynwg slanderness para-
meter sRmab;sanPaBkMNt;TaMgBIr ehIyeKeRbInUvsMnMunsmIkarxageRkamsRmab;edaHRsay Fcr .
smIkarRtUv)anbgajenATIenHkgTRmg;BnatbnicbnckgbMNgbBaak;BIkarpl;[. sRmab; lateral

torsional buckling eKeRbI slenderness nEpkrbs;tMbn;sgt;rbs; girder dUcenH
Lb
= (AISC Equation A-G2-7)
rT
p =
300
Fyf
xat US p =
792
Fyf
r =
756
Fyf
xat US r =
1985
Fyf

Edl Lb Ca unbraced length nig rT CakaMniclPaBeFobGkSexSaysRmab;Epknmuxkat;Edlman

sabrgkarsgt; nigmYyPaKbInRTnugEpkrgkarsgt;. sRmab; girder sIuemRTIDub TMhMenHesImYyPaK
R)aMmYynkm<s;RTnug. emIlrUbTI 10>6 enaH
RbsinebI p / kar)ak;KWekIteLIgedaysar yielding
Fcr = Fyf (AISC Equation A-G2-4)
RbsinebI p < r / kar)ak;KWekIteLIgedaysar inelastic LTB nig

1 p
Fcr = Cb Fyf 1 Fyf (AISC Equation A-G2-5)

2 r p
Edl Cb RtUv)an[eday AISC Equation F1-3.
RbsinebI > r / kar)ak;nwgekIteLIgedaysar elastic LTB nig
C PG
Fcr = (AISC Equation A-G2-6)
2
Edl C PG = 286000Cb (AISC Equation A-G2-10)
sRmab;sabrgkarsgt; EdlQrelI
buckling flange local buckling pleFobTTwgelI
kRmas; (width-thickness ratio) nigEdnkMNt;rbs;vaKW
bf
= (AISC Equation A-G2-11)
2t f
p =
65
Fyf
xat US p =
170
Fyf

r =
230
Fyf / k c
xat US p =
605
Fyf / k c
Edl kc = 4 / h / t w / 0.35 k c 0.763
enaH RbsinebI p / kar)ak;nwgekIteLIgedaysar yielding nig

Fcr = Fyf (AISC Equation A-G2-4)
RbsinebI p < r / kar)ak;nwgekIteLIgedaysar inelastic FLB nig

1 p
Fcr = Cb Fyf 1 Fyf (AISC Equation A-G2-5)
2 r p

Edl Cb = 1.0
RbsinebI > r / kar)ak;ekIteLIgedaysar elastic FLB nig

C PG
Fcr = (AISC Equation A-G2-6)
2
Edl C PG = 26200kc (AISC Equation A-G2-14)
karKNna flexural strength RtUv)anbgajenAkg]TahrN_ 10>1/ cMNuc (a).
10>5> ersIusg;kmaMgkat; (Shear Strength)
rbs; plate girder KW vVn Edl v = 0.9 . Shear strength Ca Gnu-

Design shear strength
Kmn_eTAnwgpleFobkm<s;elIkRmas; (depth-to-thickness ratio) rbs;RTnug nigKMlatrbs; interme-

diate stiffener. Shear capacity manbgMersIusg;BIr ersIusg;muneBl buckling nigersIusg;eRkay
eBl buckling. ersIusg;eRkayeBl)ak;sMGageTAelI tension field action EdlGacmanlTPaB

begItedaysarvtmanrbs; intermediate stiffener. RbsinebIminmanvtman stiffener bkmanKMlat
qayBIKaeBk vakminGacman tension field action ehIy shear capacityGacmanEtersIusg;muneBl
buckling. Nominal shear strength Edl[eday AISC Appendix G3 mandUcxageRkam
sRmab; th 187 Fkv xat US th 491 Fkv xat IS

w yf w yf
Vn = 0.6 Aw Fyw (AISC Equation A-G3-1)
sRmab; th > 187 kv

Fyf
xat US h
tw
k
> 491 v
Fyf
xat IS
w

1 Cv
Vn = 0.6 Aw Fyw Cv +
(AISC Equation A-G3-2)
1.15 1 + (a / h )2

Edl kv = 5 +
5
(a / h )2
=5 RbsinebIa
h
>3 (AISC Equation A-G3-4)
2
a 260
=5 RbsinebI >
h (h / t w )
AISc Equation A-G3-1 [nUv shear strength enAeBlEdlKanvtman tension-field action ehIy
kar)ak;rbs;RTnugKWedaysar yielding. AISC A-G3-2 rab;bBal tension-field action. eKkGac
sresr AISC Equation A-G3-2 Ca
1 Cv
Vn = 0.6 Aw FywCv + 0.6 Fyw
1.15 1 + (a / h )2
GgTImYyenAkgsmIkarxagelIenHCa web shear buckling strength ehIyGgTIBIrCa post-buckling
strength. emKuN Cv CapleFob critical web buckling stress elI web shear yield stress
ehIyRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam
sRmab; 187 Fkv th 234 Fkv (US) 491 Fkv th 614 Fkv (IS)
yf w yf yf w yf
187 k v / Fyf 491 k v / Fyf

Cv = (US) Cv = (IS) (AISC Equation A-G3-5)
h / tw h / tw
sRmab; th > 234 kv

Fyf
(US)
h
tw
> 614
kv
Fyf
(IS)
w
44000k v 303380k v
Cv = (US) Cv = (IS) (AISC Equation A-G3-6)
(h / t w )
2
Fyw (h / t w )2 Fyw
dMeNaHRsayrbs; AISC Equation A-G3-1 nig A-G3-2 RtUv)ansRmYledaytaragEdl[
enAkg Numerical Values section of the Specification. Tables 9-36 nig 10-36 Tak;Tgnwg)a:ra:
Em:RtnsmIkarTaMgBIrenHsRmab;Edk A36 ehIy Tables 9-50 nig 10-50 sRmab;EdkEdlman yield
stress 50ksi 345MPa . eyIgnwgniyaylMGitBIkareRbIR)as;tarag TaMgenHenAkg]TahrN_xagmux.
Tension field minGacekItmaneBjenAkg panel xagcugeT. eKGacdwgy:agc,as;edaycat;
TukbgM tension field tamTisedkEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 10>7. bgMtamTisbBarRtUv)anTb;eday

.
stiffener Tension field enAkg panel CD RtUv)anrkSalMnwgeday tension field enAkg panel BC .
dUcenH panel xagkgRtUv)anf<k;Cab;eday panel EdlenAEk,r. b:uEn panel AB minmankarf<k;enAxag
eqVgeT. eTaHbICakarf<k;Gacpl;[eday stiffener xagcugEdlKNnaedIm,ITb;Tl;karBt;EdlekItBI
tension field keday kvamineFVIkarCakarf<k;Edr. edaysar tension field minekItmanenAeBjkm<s;
RTnug dUcenH internal stiffener kRbQmnwgkarBt;xHEdlekItBI tension field EdllyecjenAkg

panel EdlenAEk,r b:uEnm:Um:g;Bt;enHminsMxan;eT. dUcenHkarf<k;Cab;sRmab; panel BC RtUv)anpl;
[enAxageqVgeday beam-shear panel RbesIrCag tension field panel Edl)anbgaj. dUcenH

nominal shear strength KWdUcKanwg flexural member EdlKan tension-fiels panel
Vn = 0.6 Aw FywCv (AISC Equation A-G3-3)
cMNaMfasmIkarxagelIenHCaGgTImYyrbs; AISC Equation A-G3-2. Tension-field action

minRtUv)anGnuBaatsRmab; hybrid girder benAeBl a / h > 3 benAeBl a / h > [260 /(h / t w )]2 Edl
krNIxageRkayTaMgBIrenHRtUvKanwg kv = 5 . dUcenH AISC Equation A-G3-3 GnuvtenAkgsanPaB
TaMgenH.
AISC G4 erobrab;faeKminRtUvkar intermediate stiffener enAeBl h / t w 418 / Fyw
xat US b h / t w 1097 / Fyw EdlTaMgenHGacbgajdUcxageRkam. enAeBlEdlKan interme-

diate stiffener a / h > 3 nig k v = 5 [
187 5 / Fyw 418 / Fyw
Cv = = (US)
h / tw h / tw
187 13 / Fyw 1097 / Fyw
Cv = = (IS)
h / tw h / tw
ehIy nominal shear strength
Vn =
[
0.6 Aw Fyw 418 / Fyw ] (US) Vv =
[
0.6 Aw Fyw 1097 / Fyw ] (IS)
h / tw h / tw
dUcenHenAeBlEdl t / hw 418 / Fyw (US) h / t w 1097 / Fyw (IS)
Vv 0.6 Aw Fyw
b:uEnsmIkarenHRtUvnwgEdnkMNt;x<s;bMput (shear yielding) dUcenHsBaaFMCagRtUv)andkecj eK)an

Vv = 0.6 Aw Fyw (AISC Equation A-G3-1)
EdlCa nominal strength enAeBlEdl h / t w 187 kv / Fyw (US) h / t w 491/ kv / Fyw (IS)
RbsinebIeKminKit tension-filed action eTenaH eKTTYl)an shear strength BI AISC

Appendix F2 dUcxageRkam
sRmab; th 187 Fkv (US) th 491 Fkv (IS)

w yw w yw
Vv = 0.6 Fyw Aw (AISC Equation A-F2-1)
sRmab; 187 kv
<
h
Fyw t w
234
kv
Fyw
(US) 491
kv
Fyf

h
tw
614
kv
Fyf
(IS)
187 k v / Fyw
Vv = 0.6 Fyw Aw (US) (AISC Equation A-F2-2)
h / tw
491 k v / Fyw
Vv = 0.6 Fyw Aw (IS)
h / tw
sRmab; th > 234 kv

Fyf
(US)
h
tw
> 614
kv
Fyf
(IS)
w
26400k v
Vv = Aw (US) (AISC Equation A-G3-6)
(h / t w )2
182k v
Vv = Aw (IS)
(h / t w )2
segbmk nominal shear strength RtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam
!> kMNt; aspect ratio a / h
@> kMNt; kv nig Cv
#> sRmab;RKb; panel rbs; hybrid girder nigsRmab; panel xagcugrbs; nonhybrid girders:
RbsinebI th 187 Fkv (US) t
h
491
kv
F
(IS)
w yw w yw
Vv = 0.6 Fyw Aw

RbsinebI th > 187 kv

Fyw
(US)
h
tw
> 491
kv
Fyw
(IS)
w
Vv = 0.6 Fyw AwCv
sRmab; panel dTeTotrbs; nonhybrid girder Edlman tention-field action:

h
491
F
kv
(IS)
w yw w yw
Vv = 0.6 Fyw Aw

Fyw
(US)
h
tw
> 491
kv
Fyw
(IS)
w
1 Cv
Vv = 0.6 Fyw Aw Cv +

1.15 1 + (a / h )2

RbsinebIeKmineRbI tension-field action eKnwgGnuvt provisions of Appendix F2:
h
491
F
kv
(IS)
w yw w yw
Vv = 0.6 Fyw Aw
RbsinebI 187 kv
<
h
Fyw t w
234
kv
Fyw
k
(US) 491 v
Fyf
h
tw
614
kv
Fyf
(IS)
187 k v / Fyw
Vv = 0.6 Fyw Aw (US)
h / tw
491 k v / Fyw
Vv = 0.6 Fyw Aw (IS)
h / tw

Fyf
(US)
h
tw
> 614
kv
Fyf
(IS)
w
26400k v
Vv = Aw (US)
(h / t w )2
182k v
Vv = Aw (IS)
(h / t w )2
karkMNt; shear strength RtUv)anbgajenAkg]TahrN_ 10>1 cMNuc (b).
Intermediate Stiffeners

RbsinebIeKRtUvkar intermediate stiffener edIm,ITTYl shear strength RKb;RKan;enAeBlEdl

eKeRbI tension-field action RkLapmuxkat;Gb,brmarbs; stiffener eTal bKURtUv)an[eday AISC
Appendix G4 KW
Fyw
0.15Dht w (1 Cv )
Vu
Ast = 18t w2 0 (AISC Equation A-G4-1)
Fyst vVn
Edl Ast = RkLapmuxkat;srubrbs; stiffener EdlRtUvkarenAeBlEdleKeRbI tension-field
action
rbs; stiffener
Fyst = yield stress
D = GnuKmn_nTRmg;rbs; stiffener
= 1.0 sRmab; stiffener KU EdkEkg bEdkbnH
= 1.8 sRmab; stiffener EdkEkgeTal
= 2.4 sRmab; stiffener EdkbnHeTal
eKRtUvkarRkLapEdlkMNt;eday AISC Equation A-G4-1 edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgbgMkmaMgbBarrbs;

kmaMgsgt;Ggt;RTUgenAkg panel. Table 10-36 nig 10-50 enAkg Numerical Values section of
the Specification Edl[nUv shear strength EdlQrelI tension-field action ehIyk[pg
EdrnUvRkLap stiffener EdlcaM)ac;edaysMEdgCaPaKrynRkLapRTnugsRmab;tmepSgrbs;

a / h nig h / t w .
m:Um:g;niclPaBGb,brmarbs; stiffener EdlKiteFobnwgGkSenAkgbg;rbs;RTnug bsRmab;

stiffener eTaleFobnwgprbs; stiffener Edlb:HnwgRTnug RtUv)an[enAkg AISC Appendix F2.3
KW
I st = at w3 j
Edl j=
2.5
2 0.5 (AISC Equation A-F2-4)
(a / h )2
eTaHbICa intermediate stiffener minRtUv)anKNnaCaGgt;rgkarsgt;keday kkarkMNt;pleFobTTwg
elIkRmas;sRmab;eCosvag local buckling GacRtUv)aneRbIkgkarkMNt;smamaRtrbs;muxkat;
stiffener. Table B5.1 nig AISC B5 minmankarENnaMsRmab; plate girder stiffener eT. EdnkMNt;
pleFob TTwgelIkRmas;sRmab; outstanding legs rbs;EdkEkgKUEdlCab;RtUv)aneRbIenATIenH

b 95 b 250
= (US) = (IS)
t Fy t Fy
Tal;EtvaeFVIkarCa bearing stiffener ebImindUecaHeT intermediate stiffener minRtUv)anTamTar

[RTsabrgkarTajeT dUcenHRbEvgrbs;vaGaceBlxHmanRbEvgxICagkm<s;RTnug h ehIyeKGac
eCosvagnUvbBaaplitEdlbNalmkBIkardak;[RtUvKa. eyagtam Appendix F2.3 of the speci-
fication RbEvgrbs; stiffener KYrEtsitenAkgEdnkMNt;EdlcmayrvagTwkbnSarEdltPab; stiffener
eTARTnug nigTwkbnSarEdltPab;RTnugeTAsabrgkarTaj. cmayenHRtUv)ansMKal;eday c enAkgrUb

TI 10>8 KYrEtsitenAcenaHbYneTAR)aMmYydgnkRmas;RTnug.
karkMNt;smamaRtmuxkat;rbs; intermediate stiffener edayk,nrbs; AISC minTamTarkar
KNnakmaMgNamYyeT b:uEnkmaMgRtUvEteprBI stiffener eTARTnug ehIykartPab;KYrEtRtUv)anKNna
sRmab;kmaMgenH. Basler (1961) ENnaM[eRbI shear flow
Fy3
f = 0.045h
E
!0>#
Intemittent fillet weld Gb,brmaTMngCaRKb;RKan; (Salmon and John, 1996). manEtkar
ENnaMBI AISC enAkg Appendix F2.3 eTEdlTamTar clear distance cenaH fillet wled EdlminCab;
min[FMCag 16t w b 10in. 25cm .
10>6> GnrGMeBInkarBt; nigkmaMgkat; (Interaction of Flexural and Shear)
CaTUeTA kugRtaMgRtg;cMNucmYykgRTnugrbs; plate girder KWCabnSMnkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;Ca

mYynwgkugRtaMgGkSemFMCagbgMkugRtaMgdTeTot. CaTUeTA kugRtaMgEdlbnSMenaHminmanbBaaeT Rb
sinebIminman tension-field action eRBaHGnrGMeBInkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;RtUv)anecalkgkrNIenH.
RbsinebIman tension field, kugRtaMgTajGgt;RTUgnwgeTAdl;kMritx<s;bMput ehIykarbnSMkugRtaMg
RtUv)anBicarNa. AISC TamTarfaGnrGMeBIRtUvKitenAeBlman tension field CamYynwgkmaMgkat; nig

m:Um:g;Bt;
0.6Vn Vu Vn nig 0.75M n M u M n
Edl = 0.90 . vaRtUvEtbMeBjsmIkarGnrGMeBIxageRkam
Mu V
+ 0.625 u 1.375 (AISC Equation A-G5-1)
M n Vn
karRtYtBinitsRmab;GnrGMeBIrbs;m:Um:g;Bt; nigkmaMgkat;RtUv)anbgajenAkg]TahrN_ 10>1 cMNuc
(C).
10>7> Bearing Stiffeners
eKRtUvkar bearing stiffener enAeBlRTnugminmanersIusg;RKb;RKan;sRmab;sanPaBkMNt;Na

mYyn web yielding, web crippling, b sidesway web buckling. sanPaBkMNt;TaMgenHRtUv)an
bgajenAkg Charpter K of the Specification (Concentrated Forces, Ponding, and Fatigue).
sRmab; web yielding, design strength rbs;RTnugKW Rn Edl = 1.0 nigenAeBlEdlbnksitenA
cmayesInwgkm<s; girder BIxagcug
Rn = (5k + N )Fywt w (AISC Equation K1-2)
enAeBlEdlbnksitenAcmaytUcCagkm<s; girder BIxagcug

Rn = (2.5k + N )Fywt w (AISC Equation K1-3)
Edl cmayBIpxageRkArbs;sabeTAeCIgrbs; fillet enAelIRTnug sRmab; rolled beam

k=
beTA eCIgrbs;TwkbnSar sRmab; welded girger

N = RbEvgrbs; bearing rbs;bnkcMcMNucEdlvas;tamTisrbs;GkSbeNayrbs; girder
mintUcCag k sRmab;Rbtikmcug
eyIg)anerobrab;BIsanPaBkMNt;enHenAkgCMBUk 5 rYcehIy.
sRmab; web crippling emKuNrsIusg; = 0.75 nigenAeBlbnksitenAy:agticcmayBak;
kNalkm<s; girder BIcug
1.5
N t w Fywt f
Rn = 135t w2 1 + 3

d t f

tw
sRmab; N
d
0 (AISC Equation K1-4)


enAeBlbnksitenAcmaytUcCagkm<s;rbs; girder BIcugrbs; girder

1.5
t Fywt f
Rn = 68t w2 1 + 4

N
d
0.2 w
t f

tw
sRmab; N
d
> 0 (AISC Equation K1-5b)

Edl d= srubrbs; girder
t f = kRmas;rbs;sab girder
eyIgk)anerobrab;BIsanPaBkMNt;enHenAkgCMBUk 5
eKRtUvkar bearing stiffeness edIm,IbgarEt sidesway web buckling eRkamsanPaBkMNt;
mYycMnYnEtb:ueNaH. eKRtUvRtYtBinit sidesway web buckling enAeBlEdlsabrgkarsgt;minTb;
RbqaMgnwgclnaeTAsabrgkarTaj. Design strength KW Rn / Edl = 0.85 .
RbsinebIsabRtUv)anTb;min[vil
C r t w3 t f h / tw
3
Rn = 1 + 0.4 (AISC Equation K1-6)
h2 l /bf

[smIkarxagelIenHminRtUvkarRtYtBiniteTRbsinebI (h / t w ) / (l / b f ) > 2.3 ]

RbsinebIsabRtUv)anGnuBaat[vil
C r t w3 t f h / t w
3
Rn = 0.4 (AISC Equation K1-7)
h 2 l / b f

[smIkarxagelIenHminRtUvkarRtYtBiniteTRbsinebI (h / t w ) / (l / b f ) > 1.7 ]
Edl Cr = 960000 enAeBlEdl M u < M y Rtg;TItaMgrbs;kmaMg
= 480000 RbsinebImindUecaHeT
l = unbraced rbs;sabEdlFMCageK
eTaHbICaeKeFVIsmamaRtRTnugedIm,ITb;Tl;edaypal;nUvbnkcMcMNuckeday kCaTUeTAeKenAEt
dak; bearing stiffener. RbsinebIeKmineRbI stiffener Rtg;kEngbnkcMcMNucmanGMeBInImYyenaH eKmin
caM)ac;RtYtBinitsanPaBkMNt; web yielding, web crippling nig sidesway web buckling eT.
Bearing strength rbs; stiffener RtUv)an[enAkg AISC J8 Ca Rn Edl = 0.75 nig
Rn = 1.8 Fy A pb (AISC Equation J8-1)
smIkarenHKWdUcKanwgsmIkar !0>! Edlman bearing strength f p = 1.8 Fy .

AISC K1.9 TamTar[eRbI full-depth bearing stiffener CaKU ehIyviPaKvaCassrrgbnk

tamGkSdUckarENnaMxageRkam
!> muxkat;rbs;Ggt;rgbnktamGkSpSMeLIgeday stiffener plate nigRtUv)andak;sIuemRTItam
beNayrbs;RTnug emIlrUbTI 10>4. RbEvgenHminGacFMCag 12 dgnkRmas;RTnugeT
sRmab; stiffener xagcug b 25 dgnkRmas;RTnugeT sRmab; stiffener xagkg.
@> RbEvgRbsiTPaBKYrykesInwg 0.75 dgnRbEvgCak;Esg Edl KL = 0.75h .
Gnuvtkarpl;[EdlmanenAkg AISC Chapter E.
AISC K1.9 [pgEdrnUvlkxNbEnmxageRkamsRmab; bearing stiffeners.
z pleFobTTwgelIkRmas;RtUvbMeBjtRmUvkarxageRkam
b 95 b 250
(US) (IS)
t Fy t Fy
z TwkbnSarEdltPab; stiffener eTARTnugKYrmanlTPaBedIm,IeprkmaMgkat;TTwgEdlmintm

esIKa. Cavi)ak eKGacKNnaTwkbnSar[RTbnkcMcMNucTaMgmUl.
karviPaK bearing stiffener RtUv)anbgajenAkg]TahrN_ 10>1 cMNuc (d).
]TahrN_ 10>1 Plate girder Edl)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 10>9 RtUv)anGegtedayeKarBtam AISC

Speciffication . bnkCabnkeFVIkarEdlmanpleFobbnkGefrelIbnkefresInwg 3 . bnkBRgayKW
4kips / ft edayrYmbBalTaMgTmn;rbs; girder. sabrgkarsgt;man lateral support enARtg;cug nig
Rtg;cMNucEdlbnkmanGMeBI. sabrgkarsgt;RtUv)anTb;nwgkarvilenARtg;cMNucxagelI. eK)andak;

bearing stiffener dUcbgajRtg;cug nigRtg;bnkcMcMNucmanGMeBI. eKRcibEKmrbs; stiffener 1in. Rtg;
EKmxagkgTaMgelI nigeRkam edIm,IeCosTwkbnSar flange-to-web. vaminman intermediate stiffener

eT ehIyEdkEdleRbITaMgGs;CaRbePTEdk A36 . edaysnt;faTwkbnSarKWRKb;RKan; cUrRtYtBinit
a. flexural strength
b. shear strength
c. flexural-shear interaction
d. bearing stiffener

dMeNaHRsay rUbTI 10>10 bgajdaRkambnk/ daRkamkmaMgkat;TTwg nigdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;edayQr

elIbnkemKuN. epgpat;tmEdl)anbgajRtUv)anTuk[GkGanCaGkKit.
CMhandMbUgenAkgkarviPaKKWkMNt;faetIGgt;enHRtUvnwgkarkMNt;rbs; AISC Ca palte girder bGt;
h 63
= = 168
tw 3 / 8
970 970
= = 161.7
Fyf 36
edaysar h / t w > 970 / Fyf dUcenH flexural member enHCa plate girder ehIyeKGacGnuvtkar
pl;[rbs; AISC Appendix G.
RTnugRtUvEtbMeBj slenderness limitation rbs; AISC G1. tmkMNt;n h / t w GaRsyeTA
nwg aspect ratio a / h . sRmab; plate girder enH bearing stiffener mannaTICa intermediate
stiffener ehIy
a 12(12)
= 2.286
h 63
pleFobenHCatmRbhak;RbEhlBIeRBaH a minR)akdCa 12 ft eT. enAkg panel xagkg 12 ft
CaKMlat stiffener EdlKitBIGkSeTGkSRbesIrCag clear spacing. sRmab; panel xagcug a KWtUcCag
12 ft edaysarEt double stiffener enARtg;TRm.

edaysar a / h FMCag 1.5 AISC A-Equation A-G1-2 lub

14000 14000 h
= = 322 > = 168
( )
(OK)
Fyf Fyf + 16.5 36(36 + 16.5) tw
a. Flexural strength
Flexural strengthnwgRtUv)ankMNt;eday strength rbs;sabrgkarTaj brbs;sabkarsgt;.
kgkrNImYyNakeday eKRtUvkarm:Dulmuxkat;eGLasic (elastic section modulus). eday
sarPaBsIuemRTI
S xt = S xc = S x
karKNnasRmab; I x m:Um:g;niclPaBeFobGkSxaMgRtUv)ansegbenAkgtaragTI 10>1. eKmin
Kitm:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;sabnImYyeFobnwgGkSTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;vaeT BIeRBaHvamantmtUceFob
nwgGgdT. m:UDulmuxkat;eGLasicKW
I x 40570
Sx = = = 1248in.3
c 32.5

tarag 10>1
eRKOgbgM A I d I + Ad 2
RTnug - 7814 - 7814
sab 16 - 32 16380
sab 16 - 32 16380
40574
eKnwgRtUvkar hybrid girder factor Re sRmab; tension flange strength nig compression
flange strength. edaysar girder enHCa nonhybrid dUcenH
Re = 1.0
BI AISC Equation A-G2-1, tension flange strength EdlQrelI yielding KW
M n = S xt Re Fyt = 1248(1.0)(36) = 44930in. kips = 3744 ft kips
Compression flange buckling strength Edl[eday AISC Equation A-G2-2:

M n = S xc RPG Re Fcr
Edl critical buckling stress Fcr KWQrelI lateral-torsional buckling b flange local
buckling. edIm,IRtYtBinit lateral-torsional buckling, eyIgRtUvkarkaMniclPaB rT . BIrUbTI
10>11
Iy =
1
(1)(16)3 + 1 (10.5)(3 / 8)3 = 341.4in.4
12 12
A = 16(1.0) + 10.5(3 / 8) = 19.94in.2
Iy 341.4
rT = = = 4.138in.
A 19.94
Unbraced length rbs;sabrgkarsgt;KW 12 ft ehIy slenderness parameter sRmab;
lateral-torsional buckling KW
Lb 12(12 )
= = = 34.80
rT 4.138
300 300
p = = = 50
Fyf 36

edaysar < p / Fcr = Fyf = 36ksi
RtUv)anKNnarYcehIysRmab; flange local buckling.

Critical buckling stress Fcr
Slenderness parameter EdlTak;TgKW

bf 16
= = =8
2t f 2(1.0 )
65 65
p = = = 10.83
Fyf 36
mgeTot/ edaysar < p dUcenH Fcr = Fyf = 36ksi

edIm,IKNnaemKuNkat;bnyersIusg;rbs; palte girder RPG eKRtUvkartmrbs; ar
Aw 63(3 / 8) 23.62
ar = = = = 1.477 < 10
Af 16(1.0 ) 16
BI AISC Equation A-G2-3

ar hc
RPG = 1 970 1.0
tw
1200 + 300ar Fcr

1.477 970
= 1 168 = 0.9943
1200 + 300(1.477 ) 36
tmenHesIrEtesInwg 1.0 edaysar flexural member enHesIrEtminGaccat;cMNat;fak;Ca
plate girder ehIyvaxiteTArkcMNat;fak;Ca beam. BI AISC Equation A-G2-2, nominal
flexural strength sRmab;sabrgkarsgt;KW
M n = S xc RPG Re Fcr = 1248(0.9943)(1.0 )(36 )

= 44670in. kips = 3723 ft kips

lTplenHtUcCag nominal strength sRmab;sabrgkarTajbnicbnc dUcenHvalub. Design
strength KW
b M n = 0.90(3723) = 3350 ft kips `

BIrUbTI 10>10 m:Um:g;emKuNGtibrmaKW
M u = 3168 ft kips < 3350 ft kips (OK)
cemIy a. Flexural strength KWRKb;RKan;.
b. Shear strength
Shear strength CaGnuKmn_eTAnwg web slenderness ratio h / t w nig aspect ratio a / h .
dMbUgeyIgRtUvkMNt;faetIeKGaceRbI tension-field action enAkgtMbn;epSgBIenA end panel b
Gt;. eKGaceRbIva)anenAeBlEdl a / h tUcCag 3.0 nigtUcCag
2
260 260
2
= 168 = 2.395
(h / t w )
tmRbhak;RbEhlrbs; a / h KW 2.286 dUcenHeKGaceRbI tension-field action )an.
kMNt; kv nig Cv . BI AISC Equation A-G3-4
5 5
kv = 5 + = 5+ = 5.957
(a / h )2 (2.286)2
KNna Cv
kv 5.957
187 = 187 = 76.07
Fyw 36
kv 5.957
234 = 234 = 95.19
Fyw 36
edaysar h / t w = 168 > 234 k v / Fyw / enaHeKGackMNt; Cv BI AISC Equation A-G3-6

44000k v 44000(5.957 )
Cv = = = 0.2580
(h / t w )
2
Fyw (168)2 (36)
edaysar h / t w > 187 kv / Fyw / eKnwgeRbI AISC A-G3-2 EdlKit tension-field action
edIm,IKNna nominal strength elIkElg panel xagcug
1 Cv
Vn = 0.6 Aw Fyw Cv +

1.15 1 + (a / h )2

1 0.2580
= 0.6(23.62 )(36 )0.2580 + = 263.6kips
1.15 1 + (2.286 )2

Design shear strength KW
vVn = 0.90(263.6) = 237kips
BIrUbTI 10>10 kmaMgkat;emKuNGtibrmaenAkgRtg;cmaymYyPaKbYnBITRmrbs; girder KW
102kips dUcenH shear strength KWRKb;RKan;Rtg;kEngEdleKGnuBaat[eRbI tension field
action.
sRmab; panel xagcug tension-field action minRtUv)anGnuBaat ehIyeKRtUvkMNt;

shear strength BI AISC Equation A-G3-3:
Vn = 0.6 Aw FywCv = 0.6(23.62 )(36 )(0.2580) = 131.6kips
Design strength KW
vVn = 0.90(131.6) = 118kips
kmaMgkat;emKuNGtibrmaenAkg panel xagcug KW
Vu = 234kips > 118kips (N.G.)
eKmanCeRmIsBIrsRmab;begIn shear strength KWedaykat;bny web slendernessedaybegIn
kRmas;rbs;va bkat;bny aspect ratio rbs; panel xagcugnImYyedaybEnm intermediate
stiffener. Stiffener RtUv)anbEnmenAkg]TahrN_enH. karkat;bny web slenderness
edIm,ITTYl)an shear strength RKb;RKan;GaceFVI[ flexural member enHcUleTAkgcMNat;fak;

Ca beam EdleFVI[karviPaKpas;brTaMgRsug.
eKkMNt;TItaMgrbs; intermediate stiffener TImYytamviFIdUcteTA dMbUg[ shear
strength BI AISC Equation A-G3-3 esInwg shear strength EdlRtUvkar ehIyedaHRsayrk
tm Cv EdlRtUvkar. bnab;mkkMNt kv BI Equation A-G3-6 nigbnab;mkeTotkMNt; a / h

BI Equation A-G3-4. edayeFVIdUckarerobrab;xagelIeyIgTTYl)an
vVn = v (0.6 Aw FywCv ) (AISC Equation A-G3-3)
vVn 234
Cv = = = 0.5096
v (0.6 Aw Fyw ) 0.9(0.6 )(23.62 )(36 )
44000k v
Cv =
(h / t w )2 Fyw
Cv (h / t w )2 Fyw 0.5096(168)2 (36 )

kv = = = 11.77
44000 44000
5
kv = 5 + (AISC Equation A-G3-4)
(a / h )2
a 5 5
= = = 0.8594
h kv 5 11.77 5
KMlat stiffener EdlRtUvkarKW

a = 0.8594h = 0.8594(63) = 54.1in.
eTaHbICa a RtUv)ankMNt;Ca clear spacing keday eyIgnwgKitvaedaysuvtiPaBCaKMlatBIGkS
eTAGkS ehIydak; intermediate stiffener TImYyenAcmay 54in. BIcugrbs; girder. kardak;
enHnwgpl;[nUv design strength mantmRbhak;RbEhl kmaMgkat;emKuNGtibrma 234kips .
eKminRtUvkar stiffener bEnmeT edaysarkmaMgkat;emKuNenAxageRkA panel xag cugtUcCag
design strength 237 kips .
eKGacsRmYlkarkMNt;KMlat stiffener edayeRbItaragenAkg Numerical Value

section of the Specification. eyIgnwgbgajbeckeTsenHenAkg]TahrN_ 10>2.
cemIy b. Shear strength KWRKb;RKan;. bEnm intermediate stiffener mYycmay 54in. BIcugrbs;
girder nImYy
c. Flexural shear interaction
eKRtUvRtYtBinit flexural-shear interaction enAeBlEdlman tension field EdleRkABI
panel xagcug nigenAeBlEdlbMeBllkxNTaMgBIrxageRkam.
!> kmaMgkat;TTwgsitenAcenaH
0.6Vn Vu Vn
sRmab; girder enH kmaMgkat;TTwgeRkABI panel xagcugKW
0.6(237 ) Vu 237
142 Vu 237
@> m:Um:g;Bt;emKuNsitenAcenaH
0.75M n M u M n
sRmab; girder enH
0.75(3350) M u 3350
2510 M u 3350
tamkarGegtelIrUbbgajfavaminmanbnSMnkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;EdlbMeBjlk-
xNTaMgenHeT.
cemIy c. eKminRtUvkarRtYtBinit flexural-shear interaction eT.
d. Bearing stiffener
eKpl;nUv bearing stiffener enARtg;bnkcMcMNucmanGMeBInImYy dUcenHeKminRtUvkarRtYtBinit
karpl;[rbs; AISC Chapter K sRmab; web yielding, web crippling b sidesway web
buckling eT. sRmab; bearing stiffener enAxagkg nigenAelITRm
b 7.5
= = 10.0
t 0.75
95 95
= = 15.8 > 10.0 (OK)
Fy 36
sRmab; bearing stiffener xagkg dMbUgKNna bearing strength. BIrUbTI 10>12

A pb = 2at = 2(7.5 1)(0.75) = 9.750in.2
BI AISC Equation J8-1,

Rn = 1.8Fy APb = 1.8(36 )(9.750 ) = 631.8kips
Rn = 0.75(631.8) = 474kips > 60kips (OK)

RtYtBinitersIusg;rbs; stiffener CaGgt;rgkarsgt;. eyagtamrUbTI 10>12 eyIgGaceRbIRb

EvgRTnug 9.375in. Edl[RkLapmuxkat;sRmab;ssr
A = 2(0.75)(7.5) + (3 / 8)(9.75) = 14.77in.2
m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;RkLapenHeFobnwgGkSenAelIRTnugKW
I = (I + Ad 2 )
9.375(3 / 8)3 0.75(7.5)3 7 .5 3 / 8
2
= + 2 + 7.5(0.75) + = 227.2in.
4
12 12 2 2
ehIykaMniclPaBKW
I 227.2
r= = = 3.922in.
A 14.77
Slenderness ratio KW
KL Kh 0.75(63)
= = = 12.05
r r 3.922
BI AISC Table 3-36 enAkg Numerical Values section of the Specification,
c Fcr = 30.37ksi
nig c Pn = c Fcr A = 30.37(14.77) = 449kips > 60kips (OK)
BIrUbTI 10>13/ sRmab; bearing stiffener enARtg;TRm design bearing strength KW
Rn = (1.8Fy A pb ) = 0.75(1.8)(36)[4(6.5)(0.75)] = 948kips > 234kips (OK)
RtYtBinit stiffener-web assembly CaGgt;rgkarsgt;. eyagtamrUbTI 10>13 m:Um:g;nicl
PaBeFobGkSenAkgbg;rbs;RTnugKW
I = (I + Ad 2 )
4.5(3 / 8)3 0.75(7.5)3 7.5 3 / 8
2
= + 4 + 7.5(0.75) + = 454.3in.
4
12 12 2 2
ehIyRkLap nigkaMniclPaBKW
A = 4.5(3 / 8) + 4(0.75)(7.5) = 24.19in 2
nig r=
I
A
=
454.3
24.19
= 4.334in.

Slenderness ration KW
Kh 0.75(63)
= = 10.90
r 4.334
BI AISC Table 3-36, c Fcr = 30.41kips . Design strength KW
c Pn = c Fcr A = 30.41(24.19) = 736kips > 234kips (OK)
cemIy d. Bearing stiffener KWRKb;RKan;.
10>8> kaKNnamuxkat; (Design)

kickardMbUgkgkarKNna plate girder KWkarkMNt;TMhMrbs;RTnug nigsab. RbsinebIeKRtUvkar
GBatiCam:Um:g;niclPaB eKRtUveRCIserIsykviFIbMErbMrYlTMhMsabedayeRbI cover plate bkRmas;rbs;
sabmanTMhMxusKaenATItaMgepSgKatambeNayrbs; girder. karsMercedayeRbI intermediate
stiffener BIeRBaHvaCH\TiBldl;kRmas;RTnug. RbsinebIeKRtUvkar bearing stiffener dac;xateKRtUvEt
KNnava. cugeRkay bgMepSgRtUv)antPab;edaykarKNnaTWkbnSary:agRtwmRtUv. xageRkamCa

CMhankgkarKNna
!> eRCIserIskm<s;srub

Girder EdlmansmamaRtlRtUvmankm<s;esInwg 1/10 eTA 1/12 nRbEvgElVg. karkMNt;

rbs; building code elI depth-to span ration bPaBdabGacman\TiBlelIkkareRCIserIs.
@> eRCIserIsTMhMRTnugsakl,g
eKGacKNnakm<s;RTnugedaydkkRmas;sabTaMgBIrBIkm<s;srubEdl)aneRCIserIs. Cak;
Esg dMNak;kalnkarKNnaenH eKRtUvEt)a:n;sankRmas;sab. eKGacrkkRmas;RTnug
t w edayeRbIkarkMNt;xageRkam
h 2000 h 5250
= (US) = (IS) (AISC Equation A-G1-1)
tw Fyf tw Fyf
sRmab; a / h > 1.5

h 14000
=
( )
(US) (AISC Equation A-G1-2)
tw Fyf Fyf + 16.5
h 96530
=
( )
(IS)
tw Fyf Fyf + 114
#> )a:n;sanTMhMsab
eKGac)a:n;sanRkLapsabEdlRtUvkarBIrUbmnFmtaEdlbMEbkdUcxageRkam. yk
I x = I web + I flanges
t w h 3 + 2 A f y 2 t w h 3 + 2 A f (h / 2 )2
1 1

12 12
Edl A f = muxkat;RkLaprbs;sabmYy
y = cmayBIGkSNWteGLasiceTATIRbCMuTmn;rbs;sab
karcUlrYmrbs;m:Um:g;niclPaBnsabnImYyeFobnwgGkSTIRbCMuTmn;rbs;vaRtUv)anecalenA
kgsmIkar !0$>. eKGac)a:n;sanm:UDulmuxkat;
I x t w h 3 / 12 2 A f (h / 2 )
2
t h2
Sx = + = w + Af h
c h/2 h/2 6
RbsinebIeyIgsnt;karKNnayktam compression flange buckling eyIgkGacrkm:UDul
muxkat;BI AISC Equation A-G2-2:
Mn M u / b
S xc = =
RPG Re Fcr RPG Re Fcr

Edl M u Cam:Um:g;Bt;emKuNGtibrma. eday[m:UDulmuxkat;EdlRtUvkaresInwgtmRb

hak;RbEhl eyIg)an
u / b t h2
= w + Af h
RPG Re Fcr 6
nig Af =
Mu
b hRPG Re Fcr
t h
w
6
RbsinebIeyIgsnt;fa RPG = 1.0 / Re = 1.0 nig Fcr = Fy muxkat;EdlRtUvkarrbs;sab
mYyKW
Mu A
Af = w
0.9hFy 6
Edl Aw CaRkLapRTnug. enAeBlEdleKkMNt;RkLapsamEdlRtUvkarrYcehIy eRCIs

erIsTTwg nigkRmas;. RbsinebIeKeRbIkRmas;kgkar)a:n;sankm<s;RTnug dUcenHeKmincaM)ac;
eFVIkarEktRmUvkm<s;RTnugeT. Rtg;cMNucenH eKGacKNnaTmn;)a:n;sanrbs; girder, ehIy
eKRtUvkMNt; M u nig A f eLIgvij.
$> RtYtBinit bending strength rbs;muxkat;sakl,g.
%> RtYtBinitkmaMgkat;
RbsinebIeKBicarNa end panel bRbsinebIeKmineRbI intermediate stiffener eTenaH eK
Gacrk shear strength BI AISC Equation A-G3-3 Edl[ersIusg;edayKanvtman rbs;
tension field. eKkGaceRbI Table 9-36 b 9-50 enAkg Numerical Values section of
the Specification sRmab;karKNnaenHEdr. RbsinebIeKmineRbItarag eKGackMNt;KMlat
Intermediate dUcxageRkam
a. [ shear strength EdlRtUvkaresInwg shear strength Edl[eday AISC Equation
A-G3-3 ehIyedaHRsayrktm Cv EdlRtUvkar.
b. edaHRsayrk k v BI AISC Equation A-G3-5 b A-G3-6
c. edaHRsayrktm a / h BI AISC Equation A-G3-4. RbsinebIeKeRbI tension-fieal
action eKGaceRbI trial-and-error approach b AISC Table 10-36 b 10-50 edIm,I
TTYl a / h EdlRtUvkar. RkLapmuxkat;EdlRtUvkarrbs; stiffener EdlsMEdgCaPaK

rynRkLapRTnugkRtUv)an[enAkgtaragsRmab;tmxHn h / t w nig a / h .
eRCIserIsTMhM stiffener sakl,gEdlbMeBjRkLaptRmUvkar ehIyRtYtBinitm:Um:g;ni-

clPaBtRmUvkarrbs; AISC Appendix F.3.
^> RtYtBinitGnrGMeBInkmaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;
&> RtYtBinit web resistance sRmab;bnkcMcMNuc (web yielding, web crippling nig web
sidesway buckling)
RbsinebIeKRtUvkar bearing stiffener eKRtUvGnuvtviFIsaRsKNnaxageRkam
a. sakl,gTTwgEdlRCugEKmrbs; stiffener enAEk,rEKmrbs;sab nigkRmas;EdlbMeBj
tRmUvkar width-thickness ratio

b 95 b 250
(US) (IS)
t Fy t Fy
b. KNnaRkLapmuxkat;EdlRtUvkarsRmab; bearing strength. eRbobeFobRkLapenH

CamYynwgRkLapsakl,g nigeFVIkarKNnaeLIgvijRbsinebIcaM)ac;.
c. RtYtBinit stiffener-web assembly CaGgt;rgkarsgt;.
*> KNnaTwkbnSar flange-to-web, TwkbnSar stiffener-to-web nigkartPab;epSgeTot

flange segment, web splices>>>
]TahrN_ 10>2 KNna plate girder TRmsamBaEdlmanRbEvg 60 ft nigRTbnkeFVIkardUcEdl)an

bgajenAkgrUbTI 10>14 a. km<s;rbs; plate girder GnuBaatGtibrmaKW 65in. . eRbIEdk A36 nig
electrode E70 XX ehIysnt;fa girder enHman lateral support Cab;. cug girder manTRmRbePT
bearing ehIyminRtUv)an frame.
dMeNaHRsay bnkemKuNedayminKitTmn; girder RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 10>14b.

kMNt;km<s;srub
Span length 60(12 )
= = 72in.
10 10
Span length 60(12 )
= = 60in.
12 12
eRbIkm<s;GnuBaatGtibrma 65in.
sakl,gkRmas;sab t f = 1.5in. nigkm<s;RTnug
h = 60 2(1.5) = 62in.

edIm,IkMNt;kRmas;RTnug dMbUgRtYtBinittmkMNt;rbs; h / tw . sRmab; flexural member
EdlmanlkNCa plate girder

h 970 970
= = 161.7
tw Fyf 36
h 62
tw = = 0.383in.
161.7 161.7
BI AISC Equation A-G1-1 nig A-G1-2:
sRmab; a / h. 1.5
h 2000 2000
= = 333.3
tw Fyf 36
62
tw = 0.186in.
333.3
sRmab; a / h > 1.5
h 14000 14000
= = 322.0
tw (
Fyf Fyf + 16.5 )
36(36 + 16.5)
62
tw = 0.192in.
322.0

sakl,g web plate 14 62 . kMNt;TMhMsabEdlRtUvkar. BIrUbTI 10>14 b m:Um:g;

Bt;emKuNGtibrmaKW
186.4(60 ) 4.04(60 )2
Mu = + = 4614 ft kips
4 8
BIsmIkar !0>% RkLapsabEdlRtUvkarKW
Mu A
Af = w
0.90hFy 6
4614(12 ) 62(1 / 4 )
= = 24.98in.2
0.90(62 )(36 ) 6
KNnaTmn; girder
RkLapRTnug 62(1/ 4) = 15.5in.2
RkLapsab 2(24.98) = 49.96in.2
srub 65.46in.2
Tmn; 65144.46 (490) = 222.7lb / ft yk 250lb / ft
m:Um:g;Bt;EktRmUvKW
M u = 4614 +
(1.2 0.250)(60)2 = 4749 ft kips
8
ehIyRkLapsabEdlRtUvkarKW
4749(12 ) 62(1 / 4)
Af = = 25.79in.2
0.90(62)(36) 6
RbsinebIenArkSaTukkRmas;sabsnt; enaHTTwgRtUvkarrbs;vaKW
Af 25.79
bf = = = 17.2in.
tf 1 .5
sakl,g flange plate 1 12 18 . rUbTI 10>15 bgajBImuxkat;sakl,g ehIyrUbTI 10>16

bgajBIdaRkamkmaMgkat; nigdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;bnkemKuN EdlrYmbBalTaMgTmn; girder Rb
hak;RbEhl 250lb / ft .

RtYtBinit flexural strength rbs;muxkat;sakl,g. BIrUbTI 10>15 m:Um:g;niclPaBeFobGkS

rbs;karBt;KW
Ix =
(1 / 4)(62)3
+ 2(1.5)(18)(31.75)2 = 59400in.4
12
ehIym:UDulmuxkat;eGLasicKW
I x 59400
Sx = = = 1828in.3
c 32.5
karRtYtBinitn AISC Equation A-G2-1 nig A-G2-2 bgajfasRmab; nonhybrid girder
Edlmanmuxkat;sIuemRTI enaH flexural strength nwgmingaylubeday tension flange
yielding dUcenH eKRtUvEtGegtEt compression flange buckling b:ueNaH. elIsBIenH
edaysarEt girder enHman lateral support Cab; eKkmincaM)ac;BicarNaBI lateral-torsional

buckling Edr. sRmab;sanPaBkMNt; n flange local buckling
bf 18
= = =6
2t f 2(1.5)
65 65
p = = = 10.83
Fyf 36
edaysarEt < p /
Fcr = Fyf = 36ksi
eKRtUvkartmxageRkamsRmab;kMNt;emKuNkat;bnyersIusg; RPG
1
Aw = 60 = 15.5in.2
4
A f = 18(1.5) = 27in.2
Aw 15.5
ar = = = 0.5741 < 10
Af 27
h 62
= = 248
t w 1/ 4
BI AISC Eqution A-G2-3/
ar h
RPG = 1 970
tw
1200 + 300a r Fcr

0.5741 970
= 1 248 = 0.9639
1200 + 300(0.5741) 36
BI AISC Equation A-G2-2/ nominal flexural strength KW

= 1828(0.9639)(1.0 )(36 ) = 63430in. kips = 5386 ft kips

ehIy design sstrength KW
b M n = 0.9(5286) = 4757 ft kips > 4749 ft kips (OK)
RtYtBinit shear strength. kmaMgkat;GtibrmamantmGtibrmaenARtg;TRm
b:uEneKminGaceRbI vaenA end panel. eyIgnwgeRbI Table 9-36 enAkg Numerical Values
section of the Spec-sification edIm,ITTYl)anTMhM end panel EdlRtUvkar.
eKRtUvbBaleTAkgtaragCamYynwg h / t w = 248in. nig

vVn 223.4
= = 14.41ksi
Aw 15.5
tmenHTamTar a / h < 0.5 ehIyvasitenAeRkAtmrbs;taragEdlbBaak;faeKminRtUvkar
kRmas;RTnugeT. sakl,gRTnug 516 62
h 62
= = 198.4
t w 5 / 16
5
Aw = 62 = 19.38in.2
16
vVn 223.4
= = 11.5ksi
Aw 19.38
BI AISC Table 9-36/ sRmab; h / t w = 198 nig a / h = 0.6 tmrbs; vVn / Aw Edl)aneFVI
interpolation rYcKW 11.5ksi . dUcenH yk a / h = 0.6 nig
a = 0.6h = 0.6(62 ) = 37.2in.

eTaHbICacmay a EdlRtUvkarCa clear spacing keday kkareRbIcmayBIGkSeTAGkSman
lkNsamBaCag nigsuvtiPaBCagbnicbnc. ykcmay 36in. BIGkSrbs; bearing
stiffener xagcugeTAGkSrbs; intermediate stiffener.
munnwgeFVIkarviPaK shear strength/ kMNt;\TiBlnkarpas;brkRmas;RTnug.

dMbUg kMNt;Tmn; girder
RkLapRTnug 62(5 /16) = 19.38in.2
RkLapsab 2(1.5)(18) = 54.00in.2
srub 73.38in.2
Tmn; 73144.38 (490) = 250lb / ft dUcKanwgkarsnt;BImun
bnab;mk Ix =
(5 / 16 )(62 )3
+ 2(1.5)(18)(31.75)2 = 60640in.4
12
I x 60640
Sx = = = 1866in.3
c 32.5
A 19.38
ar = w = = 0.7178 < 10
Af 27
BI AISC Equation A-G2-3/

ar hc 970
RPG = 1
tw
1200 + 300ar Fcr

0.7178 970
= 1 198.4 = 0.9814
1200 + 300(0.7178) 36
Nominal flexural strength KW
= (1866 )(0.9814 )(1.0 )(36 ) = 65930in. kips = 5494 ft kips

Design strength KW
b M n = 0.90(5494) = 4944 ft kips
eTaHbICaersIusg;enHFMCagtRmUvkarbnicbnckeday vanwgTUTat;CamYynwgTmn;rbs; stiffener
nig eRKOgbgMdTeTotEdleyIgmin)anKit.
cemIy eRbIRTnug 516 62 nigsab 1 12 18 dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 10>17.
kMNt;KMlat intermediate stiffener EdlRtUvkarsRmab; shear strength BIeRkA end panel.
enA cmay 36in. BIcugxageqVg kmaMgkat;KW
36
Vu = 223.4 4.34 = 210.4kips
12
vVn 210.4
= = 10.86ksi
Aw 19.38
eKkGaceRbI tension-field action BIeRkA end panel dUcenHeKeRbI AISC Table 10-36.
sRmab; h / t w = 200 nig a / h = 1.6
vVn
= 11.2ksi > 10.86ksi (OK)
Aw
eRbI a / h = 1.6 enaH
a = 1.6h = 1.6(62 ) = 99.2in.

cMNaMfaminmantmNaRtUv)an[enAkgtaragenAeBlEdl h / t w = 200 nig a / h = 1.6 eT.

mUlehtuKWfa tension-field action minRtUv)anGnuBaatenAeBlEdl
2
a 260
2
260
> = = 1.69
h (h / t w ) 200
sRmab;mUlehtuenH KMlat stiffener Gtibrma 99.2in nigGnuvtsRmab;EpkenAsl;rbs;
girder b:uEnedIm,ITTYl)anKMlatesIcenaH end panel eKRtUveRbIKMlatBIGkSeTAGkS 81in.
dUcbgajkgrUbTI 10>18. CamYynwgKMlatEdlkat;bnyenH

a 81
= = 1.306
h 62
edIm,IKNna shear strength EdlRtUvKa eKbBaltm a / h = 1.3 nig h / t w = 200 eTAkg
Table 10-36. edayeFVI interpolation eKTTYl)an
vVn
= 12.6
Aw
nig vVn = 12.6 Aw = 12.6(19.38) = 244.2kips

muxkat;rbs; intermediate stiffener KWQrelIlkxNbI (1) RkLapGb,brma/ (2)

m:Um:g;niclPaBGb,brma nig (3) pleFobTTwgelIkRmas;Gb,brma.
RkLapEdlRtUvkarsRmab; stiffener KUKWCaGnuKmn_n h / t w nig a / h ehIyeKGac

rkva)anBI AISC Table 10-36 edayeFVI interpolatrion.
sRmab; a / h = 1.3 nig h / t w = 200 /
Ast = 2.3% nRkLaprbs;RTnug
= 0.023(19.38) = 0.556in.2
BI AISC Equation A-F2-4/
2 .5
j= 2 0 .5
(a / h )2
2.5
= 2 = 0.534
(1.306)2
edaytmrbs; j < 0.5 dUcenHeRbI j = 0.5
m:Um:g;niclPaBEdlRtUvkarKW
I st = at w3 j = 81(5 / 16 )3 (0.5) = 1.24in.4
eRbItmGtibrmarbs; b / t
95 95
= = 15.8
Fy 36
sakl,g plate 14 4 cMnYnBIr

b 4
= = 16 15.8 (OK)
t 1/ 4
1
Ast Edl[KW2(4) = 2.0in.2 > 0.446in.2
4
(OK)

BIrUbTI 10>19 nigRTwsIbTGkSRsb eyIg)an

I st = (I Ad 2 )
0.25(4)3
= + 0.25(4)(2 + 5 / 32)2 2 = 11.97in.4 > 1.24in.4 (OK)
12
edIm,IkMNt;RbEvgrbs; stiffener dMbUgkMNt;cmayrvag stiffener-to-web weld nig web-to-

flange weld emIlrUbTI 10>8
cmayGb,brma = 4t w = 4 165 = 1.25in.

cmayGtibrma = 6t w = 6 165 = 1.875in.
RbsinebIeyIgsnt;TMhM flange-to-web weld 516 in. nigcmayrvagTwkbnSar 1.25in. RbEvg
Rbhak;RbEhlrbs; stiffener KW
h TMhMTwkbnSar 1.25 = 62 0.3125 1.25 = 60.44in. yk 60in.
cemIy eRbI plate 14 in. 4in. 5 ft sRmab; intermesiate stiffener.
RtYtBinitGnrGMeBIrbs;m:Um:g;Bt; nigkmaMgkat; EdlRtUvkarsRmab;EtkEngNaEdlRtUvkar
tension field. tmrbs;kmaMgkat;EdlRtUveFVIkarGegtKW
0.6Vn Vu Vn b 0.6(244.2) Vn 244.2

146.5 Vn 244.2
tmrbs;m:Um:g;Bt;EdlRtUvRtYtBinitKW

0.75M n M u M n b 0.75(4944) M u 4944
3708 M u 4944
BIrUbTI 10>16/ Vu = 146.5kips enAeBlEdl
223.4 4.3x = 146.5kips
Edl x = cmayBIcugxageqVgrbs; girder = 17.72 ft
enARtg;TItaMgdUcKa m:Um:g;Bt;KW
4.34(17.72)2
M u = 223.4(17.72) = 3277 ft kips
2
enAkgtMbn;EdlkmaMgkat;FMCag 146.5kips m:Um:gBt;tUcCag 3708 ft kips dUcenHeKmin
caM)ac;BicarNaGnrGMeBInm:Um:g;Bt; nigkmaMgkat;eT.
eKnwgdak; bearing stiffener Rtg;TRm nigRtg;kNalElVg. edaysarvaman stiffener
enARtg;kEngbnkcMcMNucmanGMeBInImYy dUcenHeKminRtUvkarGegtPaBFn;rbs;RTnugeTAnwg
bnkTaMgenHeT. RbsinebImindak; stiffener eTenaH eKRtUvkarBarRTnugBI yielding nig
crippling. edIm,IeFVIdUcenH eKRtUvkarRbEvg bearing N RKb;RKan;EdlTamTareday AISC
Equation K1-2 rhUtdl; K1-5. Sidesway web buckling minmanCasanPaBkMNt;Edl
GacekItmaneT BIeRBaH girder enHman lateral support Cab; EdleFVI[ unbraced length
l = 0 nig (h / t w )(l / b f ) > 2.3 .
sakl,gTTwg stiffener b = 8in. . TTwgsrubnwgesI 2(8) + 5 /16 = 16.31in. EdltUc

CagTTwgsab 18in. bnic. BI AISC K1.9
b Fy 8 36
b
t

95
F
b t
95
=
95
= 0.505in.
y
sakl,g stiffener 3 4 8 BIr. snt; web-to-flange weld 516 in. nig cutout enAkg
stiffener 1 2 in. . RtYtBinit stiffener enARtg;TRm. Bearing strength KW
Rn = 0.75(1.8Fy A pb )
= 0.75(1.8)(36 )(0.75)(8 0.5) 2 = 547 kips > 223.4kips

RtYtBinit stiffener Cassr. RbEvgrbs;RTnugEdleFVIkarCamYynwg stiffener plate edIm,IbegIt
CaGgt;rgkarsgt;KWesInwg 12 dgnkRmas;RTnugsRmab; end stiffener (AISC K1.9). dUc
Edl)aneXIjenAkgrUbTI 10>20 RbEvgenHKW 12(5 /16) = 3.75in. . edaysar stiffener RtUv

manTItaMgenARtg;kNalnRbEvgenH/ cMNucTRm TItaMgrbs;Rbtikmrbs; girder RtUvEtman
tmRbhak;RbEhlnwg 3.75 / 2 = 1.875in. BIcugrbs; girder. dUcEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI
10>21 b:uEnQrelIkarKNnaenAelIRbEvgsrubrbs;RTnug 3.75in eKnwgTTYl)an
3 5
A = 2(8) + (3.75) = 13.17in.2
4 16
3.75(5 / 16 )3 0.75(8)3 5
2
3
I= + 2 + 8 4 + = 271.3in.4
12 12 4 32
I 271.3
r= = = 4.539in.
A 13.17
KL Kh 0.75(62)
= = = 10.24
r r 4.539
BI AISC Table 3-36/ c Fcr = 30.43ksi . Design strength KW
c Pn = c Fcr A = 30.43(13.17 ) = 401kips > 223.4kips (OK)
edaysarbnkenAkNalElVgtUcCagRbtikm eRbI stiffener dUcKaenAkNalElVg
cemIy eRbI plate 3 4 8 BIrsRmab; bearing stiffener.

Rtg;cMNucenH RKb;eRKOgpMrbs; girder TaMgGs;RtUv)ankMNt;TMhM. \LveyIgRtUveFVIkarsikSaBI

kartPab;. eKeRbI electroce E70 XX Edlman design strength Fw = 31.5ksi .
sRmab;karpSarsabeTAnwgRTnug (flange-to-web weld) KNnakmaMgkat;TTwgenARtg;
kEngCYbKarvagsab nigRTnug
tmGtibrmarbs; Vu = 223.4kips
Q = RkLapsab 31.75 emIlrUbTI 10>17
= 1.5(18)(31.75) = 857.2in.3
I x = 60640in.4
.4(857.2)
tmGtibrmarbs; VIu Q = 22360640 = 3.158kips / in.
x
TMhMTwkbnSarGb,brma w sRmab;kRmas;bnHEdkEdlRtUvpSarKW 516 in. .

RbsineKpSarminCab; RbEvgTwkbnSarGb,brmarbs;vaKW
Lmin = 4 w 1.5in.
5
= 4 = 1.25in.
16
dUcenHyk 1.5in
sakl,g fillet weld 516 in. 1 12 in.
lTPaBkg 1in. = 0.707 w FW 2
= 0.707(5 / 16)(31.5)(2 ) = 13.92kips / in.
lTPaBTb;kmaMgkat;rbs; base metal
[ ( )] ( 5
)
t (FBM ) = t 0.90 0.60 Fy = t 0.54 Fy = (0.54)(36)
16
= 6.075kips / in. < 13.92kips / in.
eRbIersIusg;TwkbnSarsrub 6.075kips / in. . ersIusg;TwkbnSarmYyKURbEvg 1.5in.
6.075 1.5 = 9.112kips
edIm,IkMNt;KMlat/ yk
9.112 Vu Q
=
s Ix
Edl s CaKMlatEdlKitBIGkSeTAGkSrbs;TwkbnSarKitCa in. ehIy
9.112 9.112
s= = = 2.89in.
Vu Q / I x 3.158
edayeRbIKMlatBIGkSeTAGkS 2.75in. eyIgnwgTTYl)an clear spacing 2.75 1.5 = 1.25in. .
AISC Specification [nUvKMlatminCab;GnuBaatGtibrmarbs; fillet weld sRmab;karGnuvt
enAkg Section B10, Proportions of Beams and Girders. karpl;[sRmab; built-up

compression members (AISC E4) nig built-up tension members (AISC D2) RtUv)aneK
eRbIsRmab;kartPab;sabrgkarsgt; nigsabrgkarTaj. sRmab;karsgt;

d
127t
F
b:uEnminRtUvFMCag 12in.
y
sRmab;karTaj
d 24t b:uEnminRtUvFMCag 12in.
Edl d = clear spacing KitCa in.
t = kRmas;rbs;bnHEdlRtUvpSarEdlesIgCageKenAkg built-up shape
edayGnuvtkarkMNt;TaMgenH eyIg)an
127t 127(1.5)
= = 31.8in. > 12in.
Fy 36
24t = 24(1.5) = 36in. > 12in.

dUcenH Clear spacing GnuBaatGtibrmaKW 12in. ehIy clear spacing EdlRtUvkar 1.25in. KW
RKb;RKan;.

eTaHbICaeKeRbIKMlatBIGkSeTAGkS 2.75in. sRmab;RbEvgTaMgmUlrbs; girder keday

keKGacbegInKMlatenHRtg;kEngNaEdlkmaMgkat;tUcCagtmGtibrma 223.4kips . eyIg
nwg GegtKMlatbIepSgKa
!> KMlattRmUvkarEdlCitCageK 2.75in.
@> KMlatBIGkSeTAGkSGnuBaatGtibrma 12 + 1.5 = 13.5in.
#> Intermediate spacing 5in.
enAeBleyIgeRbIKMlat 5in.
Vu Q 9.112
Ix
=
s
b Vu =
9.112
Qs
Ix =
9.112
857.2(5)
(60640) = 128.9kips
eyagtamrUbTI 10>16 nig[ x CacmayBITRmxageqVg eKTTYl)an

Vu = 223.4 4.34 x = 128.9kips
x = 21.77 ft
enAeBleKeRbIKMlat 13.5in.
9.112 I x 9.112(60640)
Vu = = = 47.75kips
Qs 857.2(13.5)
rUbTI 10>16 bgajfaminmankmaMgkat;EdlmantmtUcEbbenHeT dUcenHeKminGaceRbIKMlat
Gtibrma)aneT.
cemIy eRbI fillert weld 516 in.1 12 in. sRmab; flange-to-web weblds CamYynwgKMlatdUcbgaj
enAkgrUbTI 10>22.

sRmab; intermediate stiffener welds:

TMhMTwkbnSarGb,brma = 163 in. edayQrelIkRmas; t w = 516 in. nig t = 14 in.
RbEvgGb,brma = 4 163 = 0.75in. < 1.5in. yk 1.5
lTPaBrbs;TwkbnSarkg 1in. sRmab;TwkbnSar 4 2 sRmab; stiffener plate mYy
3
0.707 (31.5)(4) = 16.70kips / in.
16
lTPaBkmaMgkat;rbs; base metal KW 6.075kips / in. emIlkarKNnaxagelIsRmab;
t = 516 in.
BIsmIkar !0>3 kmaMgkat;EdlRtUvKW

f = 0.045h
Fy3
= 0.045(62)
(36)3 = 3.539kips / in.
E 29000
eRbITwkbnSardac;. lTPaBrbs;TwkbnSar 4 EdlmYymanRbEvg 1.5in.
1.5(6.075) = 9.112kips
[ersIusg;kmaMgkat;kg 1in. esInwgersIusg;EdlRtUvkar eKTTYl)an
9.112
s
= 3.539kips / in. b s = 2.57in.
BI AISC Appendix F2.3 clear spacing Gtib,rmaesInwg 16 dgkRmas;RTnug b:uEnminFMCag
10in. b
5
16t w = 16 = 5in.
16
eRbIKMlatBIGkSeTAGkS 2.5in. Edl clear spacing EdleKTTYl)anKW
2.5 1.5 = 1in. < 5in. (OK)
cemIy eRbI fillet welds 3 sRmab; intermediate stiffeners
16 1 2
1
EdlmanKMlatdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 10>23.
sRmab; bearing stiffener welds
TMhMGb,brma 165 in. edayQrelIkRmas; t w = 516 in. nig t = 3 4 in.
RbEvgGb,brma = 4 165 = 1.25in. < 1.5in. yk 1.5

eRbITwkbnSarBIrsRmab; stiffener mYy dUcenHsrubmanTwkbnSar 4 . dUcKanwg intermediate

stiffener ersIusg;kmaMgkat;rbs; base metal 6.075kips / in. nwgkMNt;ersIusg;rbs;TwkbnSar
b 9.112kips sRmab;TwkbnSarRbEvg 1.5in. .

sRmab; end bearing stiffener bnkEdlGnuvtkg 1in. KW
reaction 223.4
= = 3.662kips / in.
length avaible for weld 62 2(0.5)
BI 9.112
s
= 3.662 eK)an s = 2.49in.
cemIy eRbI fillet weld 316 1 12 sRmab; bearing stiffener TaMgGs; EdlKMlatRtUv)anbgajenA
kgrUb TI 10>24.
Edl)anKNnaenAkg]TahrN_enHminmanlkNesdkiceT. lTPaBepSgeTotKW girder

Girder
EdlmanRTnugesIgCag ehIyeKeRbI intermediate eRcInCag nigmYyeTotKW girder EdlmanRTnugRkas;

Cag ehIyGt;eRbI intermediate stiffener. ktaEdlb:HBal;dl;lkNesdkicrYmmanTmn; maDrbs;
EdkEdlRtUvkar nigtmkgkartMeLIg. eTaHbICa girder Edlman intermedaite EtgEtRtUvkarEdk

tickeday kkarbnSMenHGacbEnmedaytmnkardMeLIgEdr. kRmas;sabkeKGacykmkBicarNa
pgEdr. CeRmIsTaMgenHsuTEtsnSMsMcTmn; b:EneKkRtUvBicarNaBItmkgkartMeLIgEdr. viFIEdleK
GnuvtedIm,ITTYl)annUvkarKNnaEdlmanlkNesdkicKWkarsikSaCeRmIseRcIn ehIyeFVIkareRbob
eFobtmrbs;va edayeRbIkar)a:n;sansMPar nigtmnkartMeLIg. Design of Welded Structures
(Blodgett, 1996) pl;nUvsMNUmBrEdlmanRbeyaCn_CaeRcInsRmab;karKNna welded plate girder
EdlmanlkNesdkic.

Appendix A. karKNna nigkarviPaKedaylkN)asic

Plastic Analysis and Design
A >1> esckIepIm (Introduction)
eyIg)anENnaMBIKMnitnkar)ak;eday)asic (plastic collapse) enAkgkfaxN 5>2/ kug

taMgBt; nigm:Um:g)a; sic . kar)ak;rbs;eRKOgbgMnwgekIteLIgenAeBlbnkbegItsnak;)asicRKb;RKan;
edIm,IbegItCa mechanism EdlnwgeFVI[manPaBdabedayminmankarekIneLIgbnk. enAkgFwmEdl
kMNt;edaysaTic eKRtUvkarEtsnak;)asicmYyEtb:ueNaH. dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI A>1 snak;nwgekIt
manenAkEngNaEdlmanm:Um:g;Gtibrma krNIenHKWenAkNalElVg. enAeBlEdlm:Um:g;Bt;mantm
FMRKb;RKan;edIm,IeFVI[muxkat;TaMgmUl yield/ enaHvaminGacTb;nwgkarekIneLIgrbs;m:Um:g;EfmeTot ehIy
snak;)asickRtUv)anbegIteLIg. snak;)asicenHRsedogKanwgsnak;FmtaEdr EtxusRtg;fasnak;
)asicmanlTPaBTb;nwgm:Um:g;xH EdldUcKay:agxaMgnwg rusty hinge.
lTPaBm:Um:g;)asic (plastic moment capacity) EdlsMKal;eday M p Cam:Um:g;Bt;EdlekIt
manenARtg;snak;)asic. vamantmesInwgm:Um:g;Tb;xagkgEdlekItBIkarEbgEckkugRtaMgEdlbgaj
enAkgrUbTI A>1 c EtmanTisedApyKa. eKGackMNt;m:Um:g;)asicenAeBlEdleKsal; yield stress
nigrUbragmuxkat; dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI A>2. RbsinebIkarEbgEckkugRtaMgenAkglkxN)asiceBj
RtUv)anCMnYsedaykmaMgsmmUlsaTicBIrEdlmantmdUcKa nigTisedApyKa enaHvanwgbegIt couple.
GaMgtg;sIuetnkmaMgnImYyesInwgplKuNrvag yield stress nigBak;kNalRkLapmuxkat;srub.
m:Um:g;EdlbegIteday couple xagkgenHKW
A
M p = Fy a = Fy Z x
2
Edl A CaRkLapmuxkat;srub/ a CacMgayrvagTIRbCMuTmn;nRkLapBak;kNalBIr nig Z x Cam:U
Dulmuxkat;)asic. emKuNsuvtiPaBcenaHsanPaB yielding dMbUg nigsanPaB)asiceBjRtUv)ansM
EdgenAkgm:UDulmuxkat;. BIrUbTI A>1 b eKGacsresrm:Um:g;EdlbegIt yield dMbUg
M p Fy Z x Z x
M y = Fy S x nig = =
M F S
y S
y x x
pleFobenHCatmefrsRmab;rUbragmuxkat;Edlsal; nigRtUv)aneKehAfa emKuNrUbrag. sRmab;Fwm

EdlKNnaeday allowable stress theory vaCargVas;n reserve capacity ehIymantmmFm 1.12
sRmab; W-shapes.
T.Chhay 478 Appendix A

]bsm<n A 479 T.Chhay

enAkgFwm beRKagsaTicminkMNt; eKRtUvkarsnak;)asiceRcInCagmYyedIm,IbegIt collapse

mechanism. snak;TaMgenHnwgRtUv)anbegIttamlMdab;lMeday eTaHbICaeKmincaM)ac;dwgBIlMdab;keday.
eKnwgBicarNakarviPaKrcnasm<nsaTicminkMNt;eRkayBIkarBiPakSatRmUvkarrbs; Specification.
A >2> AISC Requirements
AISC Specification GnuBaat[eRbI plastic analysis and design enAeBleRKOgbgMenArkSa

PaBlMnwgTaMg local nigTaMgmUlRtg;cMNuc plastic collapse. edaysareKtRmUv[Fwm beRKagrgnUvPaB
dabFMenAeBlEdlsnak;)asicRtUv)anbegIt eKRtUvkar lateral bracing CaBiess.
edIm,IkarBar local buckling, AISC B5.2 TamTarfaGgt;man compact cross-sectional
shape Edl p sRmab;TaMgRTnug nigsab. sRmab;Ggt; I-shaped shape dUcCa W nig S-shapes
pleFobTTwgelIkRmas;EdlkMNt;BI Table B5.2 KW

bf 65 bf 170
(US) (IS)
2t f Fy 2t f Fy
nig h
tw

640
Fy
(US)
h 1680
tw

Fy
(IS)
edIm,IkarBar lateral buckling, AISC F1.2d kMNt; unbraced length Gtibrma Lb Rtg;TItaMg
snak;)asicCa L pd EdlsRmab; I-shaped member
3600 + 2200(M 1 / M 2 )
L pd = ry (US) (AISC Equation F1-17)
Fy
24820 + 15170(M 1 / M 2 )
L pd = ry (IS)
Fy
enAkgsmIkarenH M 1 Cam:Um:g;EdltUcCagenARtg;cugn unbraced length nig M 2 CamU:m:g;EdlFMCag.

pleFob M 1 / M 2 KwviCmanenAeBlEdl M 1 nig M 2 Bt;Ggt;[mankMeNagDub nigmantm
GviCmanenAeBlEdlvabegItkMeNageTal.
sRmab; compact shape Edlman lateral bracing RKb;RKan; eKGacyk M n esInwg
M p sRmab; eRbIenAkg plastic analysis. b:uEn AISC F1.2d kMNt;faenAkgtMbn;EdlekItman
snak;)asiccug eRkay nigenAkgtMbn;EdlminEk,rsnak;)asiceKRtUveRbIviFIFmtaedIm,IkMNt; M n .

AISC Specification provision epSgeTotEdlTak;Tgnwg plastic analysis and design
mandUcxageRkam.
A5.1 RtUv)anGnuBaatsRmab;Et Fy 65ksi .

Plastic analysis
C2.2 kmaMgtamGkSEdlbegItedaybnkTMnajemKuN nigbnktamTisedkemKuNminRtUvFM

Cag 0.75c Ag Fy .
E1.2 sRmab;ssr slenderness parameter c minRtUvFMCag 1.5K Edl K CaemKuNRbEvg
RbsiTPaB.
A >3> karviPaK (Analysis)
RbsinebIvaGacman collapse mechanism eRcInCamYy dUcCaFwmCab;EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI

A>3 eKGacrk)annUv collapse mechanism EdlRtwmRtUv ehIyviPaKCamYynwgCMnYynRTwsIeKalcMnYn
bIrbs; plastic analysis Edl[enATIenHedayKankarRsaybBaak;.
!> Lower-bound theorem (static theorem): RbsinebIeKGacrk)annUvkarEbgEckm:Um:g;

dmansuvtiPaB Edlm:Um:g;mYytUcCag besInwg M p RKb;kEng ehIyvaGacTTYlbnk
edaysaTic lMnwgRtUv)anbMeBj bnab;mkbnkEdlRtUvKaRtUvtUcCag besI collapse
load.

@> Upper-bound theorem (kinetic theorem): bnkEdlRtUvnwg mechanism snt;RtUvEtFM

Cag besInwg collapse load. Cavi)ak RbsinebIeKGegt mechanism EdlGacmanTaMg
Gs; mechanism mYyNaEdlRtUvkarbnktUcCageKCa mechanism EdlRtwmRtUv.
#> Uniqueness theorem: RbsineKmankarEbgEckm:Um:g;EdlGacTTYlyk)anedaysaTic
nigmansuvtiPaB EdlenAkgenaH snak;)asicRKb;RKan;begIt collapse mechanism enaH
bnkEdlRtUvKaCa collapse load EdlRbsinebI mechanism bMeBjTaMg upper-boud
theorem nig lower-bound theorem vaCa mechanism EdlRtwmRtUv.
karviPaKEdlQrelI lower-bound theorem RtUv)aneKehAfa equilibrium method ehIyRtUv)an

bgajenAkg]TahrN_ A>1.
]TahrN_ A>1 rkbnkcugeRkay (ultimate load) sRmab;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI A>4a eday

equilibrium method rbs; plastic analysis. snt;eKeRbI continuous lateral support nig EdlRb
ePT A36 .
dMeNaHRsay Edk A36 muxkat; W 30 99 Ca comapact shape ehIyCamYynwg continuous lateral

support, tRmUvkar lateral bracing KWRKb;RKan; dUcenHeKGacTTYlyk plastic analysis.

dMNak;karnkardak;bnkelIFwmBI working load eTAdl; collapse load RtUv)anKUsbBaak;enA

kgrUbTI A>4a-d. enAeBl working load muneBl yielding ekIteLIgRKb;TIkEng karEbgEckm:Um:g;Bt;
RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI A>4a CamYynwgm:Um:g;GtibrmaEdlekItmanRtg;TRmbgb;. enAeBlEdlbnk
ekIneLIgbnicmg yielding cab;epImekItmanRtg;TRm enAeBlEdlm:Um:g;Bt;eTAdl; M y = Fy S x . enA
eBlEdlbnkekIneLIgkan;EtFM vanwgekItmansnak;)asickgeBldMNalKaenARtg;cugnImYy enAeBl
Edl M p = Fy Z x . enARtg;kRmitnkardak;bnkenH eRKOgbgMenAmansirPaBenAeLIy FwmRtUv)an
ERbkayeTACasaTickMNt;edaykarekItmansnak;)asicBIr. Mechanism nwgekIt)anEtenAeBlEdl
ekItmansnak;)asicTIbI. vaGacekItmanenAeBlEdlm:Um:g;viCmanGtibrmamantm M p . edayGa
Rsynwg uniqueness theorem/ bnkEdlRtUvKaCa collapse load BIeRBaHkarEbgEck m:Um:g;KWsuvtiPaB
ehIyGacTTYlyk)anedaysaTic.
enARKb;dMNak;kalnkardak;bnk plbUknldac;xatnm:Um:g;viCman nigm:Um:g;GviCmanGti-
brmaKW wL2 / 8 . enAeBl collapse, plbUkenHkayeTACa
16M p
M p + M p = wu L2 b
1
wu =
8 L2
eKRtUvEteRbobeFobbnkemKuNCamYynwgersIusg;emKuN dUcenHeKeRcIneRbI b M p Cag M p enAkg
smIkarBIxagedIm. b:uEnedIm,IrkSanimitsBaa[manlkNsamBa eyIgeRbI M p enARKb;]TahrN_
TaMgGs;rhUtdl;CMhancugeRkayeTIbeyIgCMnYs b M p eTAkgsmIkar. lTplEdlRtwmRtUv sRmab;
]TahrN_enHKW
16b M p
wu =
L2
sRmab; W 30 99
36(312)
M p = Fy Z x = = 936 ft kips
12
ehIy b M p = 0.9(936) = 842.4 ft kips
eKkGacTTYltmrbs; b M p edaypal;BI Load Factor Design Selection Table enAkg Part 4 of
the Manual.
16(842.4 )
cemIy w u =
(30)2
= 15.0kips / ft

]TahrN_ A>2RbsinebIFwmenAkg]TahrN_ A>1 minman continuous lateral support cUrkMNt;TItaMg

EdlRtUvBRgwg.
dMeNaHRsay snak;)asicenAxagcugekIteLIgkgeBldMNalKa ehIymuneBlsnak;enAkNalElVg
ekIteLIg. dUcenHeKKYrEtRtYtBinit unbraced length GtibrmaedayeFobeTAnwgcug snak;cugeRkay
EdlekIteLIgmintRmUvkar bracing sRmab; plastic analysis eT.
edayeFobnwgsnak;enAcugxageqVg snt;facMNucBRgwgKWenAkNalElVg. kgkrNIenH M 1 =
M 2 = M p dUcenHFwmmankMeNagDub m:Um:g;TaMgBIrmansBaadUcKa dUcenH M 1 / M 2 = +1 BI AISC
Equation F1-17, unbraced length GtibrmaKW

3600 + 2200(M 1 / M 2 ) 3600 + 2200(1.0 )
L pd = ry = (2.10) = 338.3in. = 28.2 ft
Fy 36
cMNaMfa FwmenHesIrEtRKb;RKan;edayminRtUvkar lateral bracing.

CamYynwg lateral mYyTl;enAkNalElVg
L p = 15 ft < 28.2 ft (OK)
Unbraced length EdlRtUvBicarNarYmKWrYbbBalTaMgsnak;enAkNalElVg. vaminmantMbn;Edlmin

enACab;nwgsnak;)asiceT dUcenHvaminRtUvkarkarKNna design strength eT.
cemIy eRbI lateral brace mYyenAkNalElVg.
Mechanism method KWQrelI upper-bound theorem nigRtUvakrGegtRKb; collapse

mechanism EdlGacekItman. Collapse mechanism NaEdlRtUvkarbnktUcCageKnwglub eyIy
bnkEdlRtUvKaCa collapse laod. eKRtUvGnuvteKalkarN_rbs; virtual work sRmab;viPaK

mechanism nImYy. Mechanism snt;RtUvrgnUv virtual displacement RsbeTAtamclnaEdlGac
ekItmanrbs; mechanism ehIyeK[kmnxageRkA nigkmnxagkgesIKa. bnab;mkeKGacrkTMnak;

TMngrvagbnk niglTPaBTb;m:Um:g;)asic M p . beckeTsenHRtUv)anbgajenAkg]TahrN_ A>3 nig
A>4.
]TahrN_ A>3 FwmCab;EdlRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI A>5 man compact cross section Edlman

design strength b M p = 1040 ft kips . eRbI mechanism method edIm,Irk collapse load Pu .
snt; continuous lateral support.
dMeNaHRsay eKman failure mechanism sRmab;FwmenHBIry:ag. dUcEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI A>5

vamanlkNRsedogKaEdlkMNat;Ggt;nImYyrgnUv rigid-body motion. edIm,IGegt mechanism
enAkgElVg AB dak; vitual rotation Rtg; A. karvilEdlRtUvKaenARtg;snak;)asicRtUv)anbgaj
enAkgrUbTI A>5b ehIybMlas;TItamTisQrbnkKW 10 . BIeKalkarN_rbs; virtual work
kmnxageRkA = kmnxagkg
P(10 ) = M p (2 ) + M p
vaminmankmnxagkgenARtg; A eT eRBaHvaminmansnak;)asic
collapse load KW
3M p
Pu =
10
Mechanism sRmab;ElVg AB manlkNxusKabnic RKb;snak;TaMgbICasnak;)asic. Virtual work
xagkg nig virtual work xageRkAkgkrNIKW

2 Pu (15 ) = M p + M p (2 ) + M p
enaH Pu = 152 M p
lTPaBTIBIrenHRtUvkarbnktUcCag dUcenHvaCa mechanism EdlRtwmRtUv. Collapse load Edlnwg
TTYl)anedayeRbI b M p CMnYs[ M p
cemIy P u =
2
15
b M p = (1040) = 139kips
2
15
]TahrN_ A>4 kMNt; collapse load P sRmab; rigid frame EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI A>6. Ggt;
u
nImYyrbs;eRKagKW W 21147 Edlman Fy = 50ksi . snt; lateral support Cab;.

dMeNaHRsay W 21147 Ca compact shape sRmab; F y = 50ksi nigman lateral support Cab; dUc
enHvabMeBjlkxNkgkareRbIR)as; plastic analysis.
dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI A>6 eKman failure mode cMnYnbIsRmab;eRKagenH Fwm mechanism enA
kgGgt; BC / sway mechanism nigmYyeTotCabnSMn mechanism BIrdMbUg. eyIgcab;epImkarviPaK
mechanism nImYyedaydak; virtual rotation enARtg;snak;mYy ehIysresrsmIkarCaGnuKmn_
eTAnwgmMuenH.
Virtual displacement rbs;Fwm mechanism RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI A>6 b. BIsmPaBn
kmnxageRkA nigkmnxagkg
5 2
Pu (10 ) = M p + M p + M p
3 3
EdleKeRbI M p CMnYs[ b M p . edaHRsayrk Pu
Pu = 0.3333M p
RbsinebIeKminKit axial strain enAkgGgt; BC / sway mechanism nwgxUcRTg;RTaydUcbgaj

enAkgrUbTI A>6 c CamYynwgbMlas;TItamTisedkdUcKaRtg; B nig C . Cavi)ak muMrgVilnRKb;snak;
TaMgGs;KWlkNRsedogKa
Pu (15 ) = M p (4 ) b Pu = 0.2667 M p
BIrUbTI A>6d/ eKalkarN_n virtual work sRmab; combined mechanism [

5 2
Pu (15 ) + Pu (10 ) = M p + M p + M p + + M p
3 3
Pu = 0.2133M p lub
cemIy Collapse load sRmab;eRKagKW Pu = 0.2133b M p = 0.2133(1400) = 299kips
cMNaMfa vamancMNucdUcKaxHrvagviFInkarviPaKTaMgBIr. eTaHbICa equilibrium method min

RtUvkarBicarNaRKb; mechanism keday kvaRtUvkar[eyIgdwgBI mechanism enAeBlEdlkarEbg
Ecgm:Um:g;snt;RsbeTAnwg mechanism mYy. viFITaMgBIrRtUvkarkarsnt; failure mechanism b:uEnenA
kg equilibrium method eKRtUvRtYtBinitkarsnt;nImYysRmab;suvtiPaB nigkarEbgEck m:Um:g;Edl
GacTTYlyk)anedaysaTic ehIyvaminRtUvkarkarGegtRKb; mechanism eT.

A >4> karKNnamuxkat; (Design)

dMeNIrkarnkarKNnaKWRsedogKanwgkarviPaKEdr EtvaxusKaRtg;faGBaatEdlRtUvrkCalT
PaBm:Umg;)asicEdlRtUvkar M p . eKsal; collapse load EdlTTYl)anBIkarKuN service load nwgem
KuNbnk.
]TahrN_ A>4 FwmCab;bIElVgdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI A>7 RtUvRTnUv gravity service load. bnknI-

mYypSMeLIgedaybnkefr 25% nigbnkGefr 75% . eKeRbI cover plate enAkgElVg BC nig CD
edIm,ITTYl)an moment strength dUcEdl)anbgaj. snt; continuous lateral support nigeRCIs
erIsrUbragEdksRmab;RbePT A36 .

dMeNaHRsay Collapse load EdlTTYl)anedaykarKuN service load edayemKuNbnksmRsb.

sRmab; service load 45kips
Pu = 1.2(0.25 45) + 1.60(0.75 45) = 67.5kips
sRmab; service load 75kips
Pu = 1.2(0.25 75) + 1.60(0.75 75) = 85.5kips
eKRtUvGegt mechanism bIEdlman mechanism mYyenAelIElVgmYy. rUbTI A>7 c-e bgajBI
mechanism nImYyeRkayBIrgnUv virtual displacement. enAeBlEdlsnak;)asicekIteLIgenARtg;
TRmEdlGgt;nImYyminmanersIusg;esIKa vanwgekIteLIgenAeBlEdlm:Um:g;Bt;esInwglTPaBm:Um:g;)a-
sic rbs;Ggt;EdlexSayCag.
sRmab;ElVg AB
kmnxageRkA = kmnxagkg
67.5(5 ) = M p (2 + ) b M p = 112.5 ft kips
sRmab;ElVg BC
85.5(10 ) = M p + 2M p (2 ) + M p
5
3
b M p = 128.2 ft kips
sRmab;ElVg CD
85.5(10 ) = M p ( + 2 + )
5
3
Upper-bound theorem RtUv)anbkRsaydUcxageRkam tmnm:Um:g;)asicEdlRtUvKanwg mechanism
Edlsnt;KWtUcCag besInwgm:Um:g;)asicsRmab; collapse load. dUcenH mechanism EdlTamTar

lTPaBm:Um:g;FMCageKCa mechanism EdlRtwmRtUv. Mechanism TaMgBIrcugeRkaymantm M p
dUcKa ehIyGacnwgekIteLIgkgeBldMNalKa. CaTUeTAersIusg;EdlRtUvkarCa design strength Edl
RtUvkar dUcenH
BI Load Factor Design Selection Table, rUbragEdlRsalCageKKW W 16 31 Edlman design
strength b M p = 146 ft kips
sakl,g W 16 31 ehIyRtYtBinitkmaMgkat; eyagtamrUbTI A>8

sRmab;ElVg AB
M B = V A (10 ) 67.5(5) + 128.2 = 0

V A = 20.93kips
VB = 20.93 67.5 = 46.57 kips

sRmab;ElVg BC
5
M B = M p + 85.5(10 ) + M p VC (20) = 0
3
85.5(10) + (2 / 3)M p 855 + (2 / 3)(128.2)
VC = = = 47.02kips
20 20
VB = 85.5 47.02 = 38.48kips
sRmab;ElVg CD
M C = M p + M p + 85.5(10) VD (20) = 0
5 5
3 3
VD = 42.75kips = VC
dUcenH kmaMgkat;TTwgGtibrma VC KW)anmkBIElVg BC besIKa 47.02kips .
BItaragbnkBRgayesIemKuNenAkg Part 4 of the Manual, shear design strength rbs;
W 16 31 KW
A >5> karsnidan (Conclusion Remark)
karviPaKn mechanism EdlrgbnkBRgaybgajBIPaBsKsajbEnmeTotEdlmin)anerob

rab;enATIenH. bBaaCak;EsgenAkg plastic analysis or design rYmbBalnUvkardak;bnkEbbenH
y:agCak;Esg. elIsBIenH eKKYrGegtGnrGMeBIn\TiBlrbs;kmaMgtamGkS nigm:Um:g;Bt;sRmab;Ggt;
EdlrgTaMgkmaMgtamGkS nigm:Um:g;Bt; dUcenA rigid frame enAkg]TahrN_ A>4 .
cMeBaHviFIviPaKEdlmanlkNTUeTAdUcCa equilibrium method manniyayy:aglMGitenAkg
the plastic methods of structural analysis (Neal, 1977). ehIyvamanrUbmnEdlmanlkN
sKsajsRmab; mechanism method eTotpg. CamYynwgviFIenH EdleKsal;faCa method of

inequalities eKGackMNt; mechanism EdlRtwmRtUveday linear programming technique eday
pal;. eKGaceRbI plastic design FmtasRmab;KNnaeRKOgbgMPaKeRcIn b:uEnCaTUeTA mechanism

method EdlbgajenAkg]bsm<nenHKWRKb;RKan;ehIy.

Appendix B. karKNnaeRKOgbgMEdkedayQrelIkugRtaMgGnuBaat
Structural Steel Design Based on Allowable Stress
B >1> esckIepIm (Introduction)
PaBxusKacMbgrvag allowable stress design nig loads and resistance factor design KW
emKuNsuvtiPaB. * enAkg LRFD eKGnuvtemKuNbnkeTAelIbnk nigemKuNersIusg;eTAelIersIusg;.
elIsBIenH tmrbs;emKuNbnkGaRsynwgRbePTrbs;bnk nigkarbnSMbnk. enAkg allowable
stress design (ASD) eKeRbIEtemKuNsuvtiPaBmYyKt; ehIyvaRtUv)anGnuvteTAelIkugRtaMgEdlman
enAkgsanPaBkMNt;. sanPaBkMNt;rbs; ASD KWRsedogKasRmab; LEFD KW yielding, fracture

nig buckling. eKalkarN_rbs; allowable stress analysis and design KWmandUcteTA
kugRtaMgenAkg sanPaBkMNt;RtUv)anEckCamYynwgemKuNsuvtiPaBedIm,ITTYl)ankugRtaMgGnuBaat
ehIykugRtaMg Gb,brmaEdlekIteLIgeday service load dac;xatminRtUvFMCagkugRtaMgGnuBaatenH
eT. ]TahrN_ sRmab;kmaMgTajtamGkS
P
ft = Ft (B.1)
A
Edl kugRtaMgTajKNna
ft =
P = bnkTajtamGkSeFVIkar
Ft = kugRtaMgTajGnuBaat
kugRtaMgTajGnuBaatGacCaplEckrvag yield stress CamYynwgemKuNsuvtiPaB bCaplEckrvag

ultimate tensile stress CamYynwgemKuNsuvtiPaBepSgeTot. eyIgnwgerobrab;BIGgt;rgkarTajlMGit
enAkgEpk B>2.
eKeRbI ASD sRmab;eRKOgbgMEdkmuneBlEdlmankarENnaMBI LRFD Specification enAkgqaM
1989. kare)aHBum<elIkcugeRkayrbs; ASD Specification (AISC, 1989b) ehIynig Manual of
steel Construction (AISC, 1989a) RtUv)anpSBVpSayenAkgqaM 1989. karerobcMksarrbs;ksar
TaMgBIrxagelImanlkNRsedogKanwgkarerobcMksarrbs; LRFD Edr. eKEbgEck Specification
*
snt;faeyIgsal; nigyl;BI AISC LRFD Specification nig Manual
]bsm<n B 491 T.Chhay
CaCMBUk ]TahrN_ Chapter D, Tension members ehIy Manual RtUv)anEbgEckCaEpk dUcCa

Part 2, Beam and Girder Design. enAkg Specification mankarENnaM eday Commentary.
nimitsBaaenAkgsmIkar B.1 manlkNRsedogKaeTAnwgkareRbIR)as;enAkg Specification.

eKeRbIGkSr f sRmab;kugRtaMgEdlKNnaCak;Esg nigeKeRbIGkSr F sRmab;kugRtaMgGnuBaat.
snsSn_R)ab;BIRbePTkugRtaMg.
edaysar]bsm<nenHRKan;EtCaesckIENnaM dUcenHeyIgminRtUvkareRbIelxEpkrbs; AISC
Specification belxsmIkareT. smIkarenAkg]bsm<nenHykecjBI Specification EtelxsmIkar
RtUv)andak;eTAedayxneyIg. elIsBIenH enAeBlEdleyIgeRbIBak Specification b Manual enA

kg]bsm<nenH )annfaeyIgeRbI allowable stress elIkElgEtmankarENnaM.
Ggt;CaeRcInnkarKNnaeRKOgbgMEdkKWRsedogKasRmab; ASD nig LRFD. ]TahrN_ net
area sRmab;Ggt;rgkarTajKWdUcKa rYmbBalTaMg s 2 / 4 g sRmab; staggered holed karteRmob
rnqas; nigemKuN U sRmab; shear leg eTaHbICa ASD Specification eRbItmmFmrbs; U

nigdak;smIkarsRmab; U enAkg Commentary keday keKeRbIGVIEdlmanenAkg LRFD
Specification Edr. niymnyrbs; compact member, noncompact member nig slender member
KWdUcKa b:uEn LRFD Specication cugeRkaymankarEklMGeRcIn. CaTUeTA enAeBlmanPaBminRtUvKa

rvag ASD nig LRFD provision eKKYredaHRsayedayQrelI LRFD Specification eRBaHvaTan;
smykal.
eTaHCavaminmanemKuNbnkenAkg allowable stress design keday eKenAEtGacKitbnk
sMxan;epSgenAkgkarbnSMbnkEdr. ]TahrN_ CaTUeTAeKeRbIbnSMbnksRmab;eRKOgbgMdMbUldUct
eTA D + S / D + W / D + (S / 2) + W nig D + S + (W / 3) . elIsBIenH Specification GnuBaat
[ allowable stress ekIneLIgmYyPaKbIenAeBleKrab;bBalbnkxl; nigbnkrBaydI. Building
code CaeRcInkmankarpl;EbbenHEdr.
ASD Manual kmantarag nigdaRkamCaeRcInRsedogKanwg LRFD Manual Edr. eyIgnwg
elIkykEttarag bdaRkamNaEdlsMxan;mkbkRsayenAkgkarENnaMdsegbenH.
T.Chhay 492 Appendix B

B >2> Ggt;rgkarTaj (Tension members)

BIsmIkar B.1 kugRtaMgTajtamGkSEdlKNnaKW ft = P / A . Allowable stress KWQrelI
sanPaBkMNt; yielding nig fracture EdleRKaHfak;CageK. sRmab; yielding rbs; gross section
kugRtaMgGnuvtn_KW
P
ft = (B.2)
Ag
Edl Ag Ca gross cross-sectional area. The factor of safety sRmab;sanPaBkMNt;enHKW 5 / 3

ehIykugRtaMgGnuBaatKW
Fy Fy
Ft = = = 0.6 Fy (B.3)
F .S . 5/3
sRmab; fracture rbs; net section
P
ft = (B.4)
Ae
Edl Ae Ca effective net area. emKuNsuvtiPaBKW 2.0 EdllTplrbs;kugRtaMgGnuBaatKW
Fu F
Ft = = u = 0.5 Fu (B.5)
F .S 2
]TahrN_ B>1 RtYtBinitkugRtaMgenAkgGgt;rgkarTajEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI B>1 EdlekItBIbnk

eFIVkar 50kips . eKeRbIEdkRbePT A36 nigbULgGgt;pit 7 8 in. .
dMeNaHRsay BIsmIkar B.2 nig B.3 kugRtaMgGnuvtn_enAelI gross section KW

P 50
ft = = = 20.2ksi
Ag 2.48

ehIykugRtaMgGnuBaatKW
Ft = 0.5Fy = 0.60(36 ) = 21.6ksi > 20.2ksi (OK)
kugRtaMgenAelI net area KW

An = Ag (thickness hole diameter )
3 7 1
= 2.48 + = 2.105in.2
88 8
RbsinebIeyIgeRbItmmFm U enaH effective net area KW
Ae = UAn = 0.85 An = 0.85(2.105) = 1.789in.2
sRmab;smIkar B.4 nig B.5
P 50
ft = = = 27.9ksi
Ae 1.789
Ft = 0.50 Fu = 0.50(58) = 29ksi > 27.9ksi (OK)
cemIy Ggt;KWmanlkNRKb;RKan;.
B >3> Ggt;rgkarsgt; (Compression members)

kugRtaMgenAkgGgt;Edlrgkarsgt;tamGkSKW
P
fa =
Ag
kugRtaMgGnuBaat EdlsMKal;eday Fa RtUv)anTTYledayEck critical buckling load CamYy

nwgemKuNsuvtiPaB. emKuNsuvtiPaBsRmab;ssreGLasic (slender column) mantmefr ehIyem
KuNsRmab;ssr inelastic mantmERbRbYl. enAkg ASD ersIusg;rgkarsgt;RtUv)ansresrCa
GnuKmn_n slenderness ratio KL / r b:uEnenAkg LRFD ersIusg;CaGnuKmn_eTAnwg c =
(KL / r ) Fy / E . enAkgtMbn;eGLasic kugRtaMgeRKaHfak;KWplEckrvag Euler buckling load
nwgRkLap b
Pcr EAg
2
2E
Fcr = = =
Ag ( )
KL / r 2
Ag
(KL / r )2
(B.6)
sRmab;tMbn; elastic EdnsmamaRtRtUv)ansnt;esInwg F y /2 eKnwgeRbIsmIkarEdl)anBIkarBiesaFdUc

xageRkamCMnYs[ tangent modulus formula

(KL / r )2
Fcr = Fy 1 (B.7)
2Cc2
Edl Cc tmrbs; KL / r EdlRtUvKanwgkugRtaMg Fy / 2 . smIkar B.7 bgajBIExS)a:ra:bUlEdlb:H

nwgExSekag Euler enARtg; KL / r = Cc ehIyb:HeTAnwgbnat;edkenARtg; KL / r = 0 . eyIgGacrk
smIkarsRmab; Cc edayEpkxagsaMrbs;smIkar B.6 esInwg Fy / 2
Fy 2E 2E
= =
2 (KL / r )2 Cc2
2 2 E
eyIgTTYl)an Cc =
Fy
(B.8)
munnwgkarGnuvtemKuNsuvtiPaB ersIusg;ssrelItMbn; slenderness eBj RtUv)anbgajedayRkaPic

enAkgrUbTI B>2.
edIm,ITTYlnUvkugRtaMgsgt;GnuBaat eyIgEcksmIkar B.6 nig B.7 CamYynwgemKuNsuvtiPaB.

emKuNsuvtiPaBsRmab;ssreGLasicKW 23 /12 . sRmab;ssr inelastic eKeRbIemKuNEdlERbRbYl
dUcxageRkam
5 3(KL / r ) (KL / r )3
F .S . = +
3 8Cc 8Cc3

smIkarenHmantm 5 / 3 enAeBl KL / r = 0 dUcKasRmab; yielding rbs;Ggt;rgkarTaj ehIy

tm 23 /12 enAeBl KL / r = Cc RbEhl 15% eRcInCag 5 / 3 . edayEcksmIkarersIusg;CamYy
emKuNsuvtiPaBEdlsmRsb eyIgTTYl)ankugRtaMgGnuBaatdUcxageRkam
sRmab; KL / r < Cc
(KL / r )2
Fy 1
2Cc2
Fa = (B.9)
5 3(KL / r ) (KL / r )3
+
3 8Cc 8Cc3
sRmab; KL / r > Cc
2E 23 12 2 E
Fa = = (B.10)
(KL / r )2 12 23(KL / r )2
sRmab;Ggt;Edlmanmuxkat; slender eKRtUveFVIkarkat;bnykugRtaMgGnuBaatedIm,IKitBIlTPaBEdl

GacekItman local buckling. eKTTYl emKuNkat;bnyenHBI appendix EdlmanenAkg Specifica-
tion.
]TahrN_ B>2 kMNt;bnkeFVIkarGnuBaat P sRmab;Ggt;rgkarsgt;EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI B>3.
dMeNaHRsay RtYtBinitemIlfaetIGgt;CaGgt;Edlmanmuxkat; slender bGt;. pleFobTTwgelI

kRmas;sRmab;Ggt;rgkarsgt;Edl[enAkg ASD Specification manlkNdUcKaenAkg LRFD
Specification:

bf
2t f
= 6 .4 BI properties table EdlmanenAkg Manual
95 95
= = 15.8 > 6.4 (OK)
Fy 36
h
= 25.3
tw
253 253
= = 42.2 > 25.3 (OK)
Fy 36
kugRtaMgKW f a = P / Ag dUcenHbnkEdlRtUvKaKW P = f a Ag ehIybnksgt;GnuBatKW Fa Ag . BI

smIkar B.8
2 2 E 2 2 (29000 )
Cc = = = 126.1
Fy 36
pleFob slenderness GtibrmaKW

KL KL KL 1.0(20 )(12)
= = = = 96.77
r rmin ry 2.48
lTplEdlTTYl)antUcCag Cc dUcenHeKGacrk Fa BIsmIkar B.9:

(KL / r )2 (96.77 )2
Fy 1 36 1 2
Fa = 2Cc2
= 2(126.1) = 13.38ksi
5 3(KL / r ) (KL / r )3 5 3(96.77 ) (96.77 )3
+ +
3 8Cc 8Cc3 3 8(126.1) 8(126.1)3
cemIy P = F A a g = 13.38(21.8) = 292kips
Design Aids
ASD manual man column design aids EdlmanTRmg;RsedogKaenAkg LRFD Manual.
kgcMeNam aids TaMgenHPaKeRcInCataragsRmab;bnktamGkSGnuBaat. enAeBleKbBalRbEvg
RbsiTPaB KL niglTPaBRTbnkeFVIkarEdlTamTareTAkgtarag eKGacrk)annUvmuxkat;Edlman
lTPaBRKb;RKan;)any:agelOn. dUcKanwg LRFD column load table Edr eKKYeRbIRbEvgRbsiTPaB
K y L eFobnwgkaMniclPaBGb,brma ry . ma:geToteKGacbBal K x L / (rx / ry ) .
enAeBlEdleKrkemKuNRbEvgRbsiTPaB K BI Jackson-Mooreland alignment chart eK

Gac GnuvtemKuNkat;bny stiffness RbsinebIssrCa inelastic enAeBl)ak; (KL / r < Cc ) .

Manual kpl;taragsRmab;karcg;)anenHEdr.
B >4> Fwm (Beams)

kugRtaMgBt;GtibrmaenAkg homogeneous beam EdlminmankugRtaMgeRkABIEdnsmamaRt
RtUv)an[eday flexural formula
Mc M M
fb = = =
I I /c S
Edl M= m:Um:g;Bt;GtibrmaenAkgFwm
c = cMgayBIGkSNWteTAsrseRkAeKbMput
I = m:Um:g;niclPaBeFobGkSBt;
S = m:UDulmuxkat;eGLasic
karBNnakgEpkenHRtUv)ankMNt;Rtwm hot-rolled I nig H-shaeped cross section EdlrgkarBt;

eFobGkSEkgeTAnwgRTnug GkS x .
kugRtaMgBt;GnuBaatRtUv)ansMKal;eday Fb nigQrelIsanPaBkMNt;dUcteTA yilding, local
buckling b lateral-torional buckling. enAkg ASD eKnwgmanPaBgayRsYlRbsinebI eKbMEbkFwm
CaBIrKW FwmEdlmanTRmxag (laterally supported beam) nigFwmEdlminmanTRmxag (laterally

unsupported beam). RbsinebIFwmman lateral support RKb;RKan; kugRtaMgGnuBaatnwgQrelI
yielding kgkrNImuxkat; compact ehIyvanwgQrelI local buckling kgkrNImuxkat; uncompact.
kugRtaMgBt;GnuBaatsRmab; laterally unsupported beams nwgQrelI lateral-torsional buckling.

Lateral support
eKKitfaFwmEdlman man lateral support RKb;RKan;edIm,IkarBar
unbraced length Lb lateral-
torsional buckling enAeBlEdl Lb Lc Edl Lc CatmtUcCageKkgcMeNam

76b f 20000
Lc =
Fy ( )
d / A f Fy
(US) (B.12)
200b f 137900
Lc =
Fy ( )
d / A f Fy
(IS)

eyIgeRbIlkxNenHedIm,IkMNt;cMNat;fak;rbs;FwmfaCa laterally supported b laterally
unsupported.
Laterally Supported Beams

RbsinebI laterally supported beam GacrgkugRtaMgdl;cMnuc yield edayKan local buckling enaHem
KuNsuvtiPaBKW 5 / 3 ehIykugRtaMgGnuBaatKW
Fy Fy
Fb = = = 0.60 Fy
F .S . 5/3
lkxNenHRtUvnwgrUbragEdlmanpleFobTTwgelIkRmas;sitenAEdnkMNt;x<s;bMputsRmab; noncom-
pactness Edl b f / 2t f = 95 / Fy (US) b b f / 2t f = 250 / Fy (IS). EdnkMNt;enHxusKa
BIEdnkMNt;rbs; LRFD b:uEneKeRbIvaenATIenH edaysarvaminTak;TgenAkgsmIkar AISC sRmab;

ASD. RbsinebImuxkat;enH compact eKGacTTYllkxN)asiceBjedayKan local buckling
ehIyeKGnuBaat[bEnm 10% sRmab;kugRtaMgGnuBaat. dUcenHkgkrNIenH kugRtaMgGnuBaatKW

(
Fb = 1.10 0.60 Fy = 0.66 Fy)
sRmab; noncompact shape, AISC eRbI linear transition cenaH 0.6Fy nig 0.66Fy
edayQrelItm b f / 2t f . RKb; hot-rolled I- and H-shapes TaMgGs;enAkg Manual man compact
web. kugRtaMg GnuBaatsRmab;krNIenH[enAksmIkarxageRkam
bf
Fb = Fy 0.79 0.002 Fy
2t f

rUbTI B>4 bgajBITMnak;TMngrvagpleFoTTwgelIkRmas;CamYynwgkugRtaMgGnuBaatsRmab; laterally
supported beams. eKedaHRsay slender shape enAkg appendix EdlmanenAkg Specification
b:uEnvaminman hot-rolled I- and H-shapes enAkg Manual Ca slender eT.

kugRtaMgsRmab; laterally supported beam mandUcxageRkam
RbsinebIrUbragCa compact
Fb = 0.66 Fy (B.13)
RbsinebIrUbragCa noncompact
bf
Fb = Fy 0.79 0.002 Fy (B.14)
2t f


Laterally Unsupported Beams

ersIusg;rbs; lateral unsupported beam KWQrelIsanPaBkMNt;rbs; lateral-torsional
buckling. enAkg ASD, sanPaBenHmanBIry:agKW uniform warping nig nonuniform warping.
Uniform warping KWmanlkNeGLasic ehIysanPaBkMNt;KW

0.65 E
fu = (B.15)
Lb d / A f
Edl d= km<s;srubrbs;Fwm
A f = RkLaprbs;sabrgkarsgt;
cMENk nonuniform warping GacCa inelastic bkeGLasic. sRmab;eGLasic warping, failure

stress KW
2E
f nu =
(Lb / ry )2
(B.16)
sRmab; inelastic warping, eKeRbIsmIkarEdl)anmkBIkarBiesaFEdlmanlkNRsedogKanwg

smIkarsRmab;Ggt;rgkarsgt;
f nu
10
= Fy 1
(
Lb / ry )2 (B.17)
9 2C 2
Edl C= tmGtibrmarbs; Lb sRmab; nonuniform warping Ca inelastic RbsinebI Lb > C /

warping Ca elastic
E
= 3
5 Fy

Buckling stressEdl[edaysmIkar B.15-B.17 RtUv)ankMNt;RtwmEdnx<s;bMputrbs; Fy . rUbTI B.5

bgajBI uniform warping stress CaGnuKmn_eTAnwg Lb nigrUbTI B.6 bgajBI nonuniform warping
stress.
edIm,ITTYl)ansmIkar AISC sRmab;kugRtaMgBt;GnuBaatEdlQrelI lateral-torsional

buckling, eKRtUveFVIkarEktRmUveTAelIsmIkarEdl)anerobrab;BImundUcteTA
!> eKRtUvEck failure stress TaMgGs;CamYynwgemKuNsuvtiPaB 5 / 3

@> eKCMnYskaMniclPaB ry eday rT EdlCakaMniclPaBeFobGkSexSaysRmab; cMENkrbs;
muxkat;Edlmansabrgkarsgt; nigmYyPaKbInEpksgt;rbs;RTnug. tmenHminCaxusKa
BI ry EdlmanenAkgtaragrbs; ASD Manual eT.
#> RKb;smIkarTaMgGs;RtUv)ansresredaymanpleFob Lb / rT

$> emKuN Cb RtUv)anKitbBalsRmab;bMErbMrYlrbs;m:Um:g;Bt;elI unbraced length smIkar

warping KWQrelIm:Um:g;BRgayesI
%> eTaHbICa lateral-torsional buckling strength RtUv)anbMEbkecjBIbgM uniform nig

nonuniform warping keday k AISC eRbIbgMNaEdlmantmFMCag.
eKGacsegbsmIkar AISC sRmab;kugRtaMgBt;GnuBaatsRmab; laterally unsupported beam

dUcxageRkam
sRmab; Lr b < 102000
F
Cb
(US)
Lb
r
<
703300Cb
F
(IS)
T y T y
Fb = 0.60 Fy
sRmab; 102000Cb Lb
Fy

rT

510000Cb
Fy
yktmEdlFMCageKkgcMeNam
2 Fy (Lb / rT )2
Fb = Fy 0.60 Fy (US) (inelastic nonuniform warping) (B.18)
3 1530000Cb
2 Fy (Lb / rT )2
Fb = Fy 0.60 Fy (IS)
3 10550000Cb
nig Fb =
12000Cb
Lb d / A f
0.60 Fy (US) (uniform warping) (B.19)
82750Cb
Fb = 0.60 Fy (IS)
Lb d / A f
sRmab; Lb
rT
>
510000Cb
Fy
(US)
Lb
rT
>
3516500Cb
Fy
(IS)
yktmFMCageKkgcMeNam
170000Cb
Fb = 0.60 Fy (US) (elastic nonuniform warping) (B.20)
(Lb / rT )2
1172150Cb
Fb = 0.60 Fy (IS)
(Lb / rT )2
nig Fb =
12000Cb
Lb d / A f
0.60 Fy (US) (uniform warping) (B.19)
82750Cb
Fb = 0.60 Fy (IS)
Lb d / A f

ASD [nUvsmIkarsRmab; Cb EdlxusBI Cb Edl[eday LRFD

Specification
Specification b:uEneKGaceRbImYyNak)an. cMNaMfa eTaHbICa flexural strength Edleyagtam
LRFD KWsmamaRtedaypal;eTAnwg Cb keday kvaminEmnCakrNIsRmab; allowable stress Edl
[edaysmIkar B.18 - B.20 Edr. vamankarsKsajxHkgkarKNna allowable stress rbs;Fwm.
Shear
kugRtaMgkmaMgRtUv)anKNnaedayykbnkkmaMgkat;eFVIkarGtibrmaEcknwgRkLapRTnug.
V V
fv =
Aw t w d
kugRtaMgkmaMgkat;KWQrelI shear yielding ehIyRtUv)anykesInwgBIrPaKbInkugRtaMgTaj
GnuBaatelI gross section.
Fv =
2
3
2
( )
Ft = 0.60 Fy = 0.40 Fy
3
(B.21)
]TahrN_ B>3 eKeRbI W 16 100 sRmab;FwmTRmsamBaEdlrgbnkBRgayesIehIyman lateral
bracing EtenAxagcugrbs;va. RbsinebIeKeRbIEdkRbePT A36 kMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;eFVIkarGtibrmaEdlFwm

enHGacTb;)ansRmab;ElVgEdlmanRbEvg (a) 10 ft (b) 15 ft nig (c) 40 ft .
dMeNaHRsay dMbUg kMNt; Lc
BIsmIkar B.12
76b f 76(10.42)
= = 132in = 11 ft
Fy 36
20000 20000
= = 336.0in = 28 ft
( )
d / A f Fy 16.97
(36)
10.42(0.985)
eKyktmEdltUcCageK dUcenH Lc = 11.0 ft
a) sRmab;ElVgEdlmanRbEvg 10 ft
Lb = 10 ft < Lc
dUcenHFwmCa laterally supported beam.

eday W 16 100 Ca compact shape sRmab;Edk A36 / kugRtaMgGnuBaatEdl)anBIsmIkar

B.13 KW
Fb = 0.66 Fy = 0.66(36 ) = 23.76ksi
kugRtaMgBt;GtibrmasRmab;m:Um:g; M Edl[edaysmIkar B.11 KW f b = M / S dUcenHm:Um:g;

GtibrmaEdlekIteLIgenAeBlkugRtaMg f a esInwgkugRtaMgGnuBaat Fb
M = Fb S = 23.76(175) = 4158in. kips = 346 ft kips
cemIy a) m:Um:g;Gtibrma = 346 ft kips
b) sRmab;ElVgEdlmanRbEvg 15 ft
Lb = 15 ft > Lc = 11.0 ft
dUcenHFwmCa laterally unsupported beam.
rT = 2.81in. tmenHRtUv)an[enAkg properties table enAkg ASD Manual
Lb 15(12 )
= = 64.06
rT 2.81
sRmab;FwmTRmsamBargbngBRgayesIEdlman lateral bracing enAxagcug/ Cb = 1.14 Edl
KNnaCamYynwg LRFD Specification equation b:uEneKkGaceRbIvaCamYynwg ASD equation
pgEdr. kMNt;EdnkMNt;sRmab; Lb / rT
102000Cb 102000(1.14)
= = 56.8
Fy 36
510000Cb 510000(1.14)
= = 127
Fy 36
edaysar 56.8 < Lb / rT < 127 eKeRbIsmIkar B.18 nig B.19

2 Fy (Lb / rT )2
Fb = Fy 0.60 Fy
3 1530000Cb
2 36(64.06)2
= 36 = 20.95ksi
3 1530000(1.14)
b Fb =
12000Cb
Lb d / A f
0.60 Fy
12000(1.14)
= = 45.97ksi
(15 12)(16.97 ) / (10.42 0.985)
lTplxagelImantmFMCag 0.60Fy = 0.60(36) = 21.6ksi . dUcenHyk
Fb = 0.60 Fy = 21.6ksi
m:Um:g;Bt;GtibrmaKW
M = Fb S = 21.6(175) = 3780in.kips = 315 ft kips
cemIy b) m:Um:g;Gtibrma = 315 ft kips
c) sRmab;ElVgEdlmanRbEvg 40 ft
Lb 40(12) 510000Cb
= = 170.8 > = 127
rT 2.81 Fy
eRbIsmIkar B.19 nig B.20:

170000Cb 170000(1.14)
Fb = = = 6.643ksi < 0.6 Fy
(Lb / rT )
2
(170.8)2
12000(1.14)
b Fb =
12000Cb
Lb d / A f
=
(40 12)(16.97 ) / (10.42 0.985)
= 17.24ksi < 0.60 Fy
yk Fb = 17.24ksi . m:Um:g;GtibramKW
M = Fb S = 17.24(175) = 3017in. kips = 251 ft kips
cemIy c) m:Um:g;Gtibrma = 251 ft kips .
Design Aids
sRmab;FwmPaKeRcInEdlmanenAkg LRFD Manual kmanenAkg ASD Manual Edr.
Design aids
varYmmanTaMg design chart Edl[ allowable bending moment CaGnuKmn_n unbraced length
sRmab;rUbragEdleKeRbIsRmab;FwmCaTUeTA. ExSekagTaMgenHQrelI Cb = 1.0 b:uEneKminGaceRbIvaeday
pal;sRmab;tmepSgeTotrbs; Cb eT edaysar allowable stress Fb minsmamaRtedaypal;eTAnwg
Cb .
B >5> Beam-Columns
eKviPaKGgt;eRKOgbgMEdlrgTaMgkugRtaMgBt; nigkugRtaMgtamGkSCamYynwgsmIkarGnrGMeBI
edayKitpleFobkugRtaMgCak;EsgelIkugRtaMgGnuBaat. ASD Specification equation KW
f a f bx f by
+ + 1 .0
Fa Fbx Fby

Edl x nig y sMKal;karBt;tamGkS. eKeRbIsmIkarBIrenAkg Specification EdlmYyKNnaCamYy

nwgkugRtaMgBt;EdlQrelIm:Um:g;Gtibrmadac;xatenAkgGgt; nigmYyeTotCamYykugRtaMgBt;EdlQrelI
m:Um:g;cugGtibrma. eKeRbI amplification factor EtmYy vaminmanemKuNdac;edayELkkgkarKit
sway nig nonsway components. Amplification factor enHmanTRmg;dUcxageRkam
Cm
1 ( f a / F 'e )
Edl Cm RtUv)ankMNt;esInwg
sRmab;Ggt;RbQmnwg sidesway
C m = 0.85
sRmab;Ggt;EdlminRbQmnwg sidesway ehIynigminman transverse load
C m 0.6 0.4(M 1 / M 2 ) (B.22)
Edl M 1 nig M 2 Cam:Um:g;enAxagcugrbs;Ggt; ehIyEdltmdac;xatrbs; M 1 tUcCag.
pleFob M 1 / M 2 viCmanRbsinebIGgt;ekagDub ehIyvamantmGviCmansRmab;kMeNageTal.
sRmab;Ggt;EdlTb;RbqaMgnwg sidesway ehIyman transverse load
C m = 0.85 RbsinebIcugRtUv)anTb;min[vil
C m = 1.0 RbsinebIcugminRtUv)anTb;
emKuN F 'e CaplEckrvag Euler buckling stress CamYynwgemKuNsuvtiPaB 23 /12

12 2 E
F 'e = (B.23)
23(KLb / rb )2
GkSr sMedAelIGkSnkarBt;. RbsinebIeKBicarNakarBt;eFobnwgGkS x enaH
b F 'e = F 'ex nig
KLb / rb = KL x / rx . dUcKasRmab; F 'ey eRbI K y L / ry .
eKRtUvRtYtBinitsmIkarGnrGMeBIxageRkam
RbsinebI f a / Fa 0.15 / eKminRtUvkar moment amplification ehIy
f a f bx f by
+ + 1.0 (B.24)
Fa Fbx Fby
RbsinebI f a / Fa > 0.15 / eKRtUvRtYtBinitsmIkarTaMgBIrxageRkam

fa C mx f bx C my f by
+ + 1 .0 (B.25)
Fa fa f
1 Fbx 1 a Fby
F 'ex F 'ey


f by
nig fa f
+ bx +
0.6 Fa Fbx Fby
1. 0 (B.26)
smIkar B.25 CakarRtYtBinitesrPaB ehIyeKeRbIm:Um:g;Bt;GtibrmaedIm,IKNna fbx nig fby .

smIkar B.26 EdlmineRbI amplification factor CakarRtYtBinitkugRtaMg ehIyeKeRbIm:Um:g;cugGtibrma
edIm,IKNna fbx nig f by . cMNaMfa eKeRbI 0.60Fy CMnYs[ Fa enAkgsmIkar B.26 edaysar
sanPaBkMNt;Ca yielding CaCag buckling. sRmab;mUlehtudUcKa eKGacBicarNaGgt;Ca laterally
supported member sRmab;karKNna Fbx enAkgsmIkar B.26 b:uEneKRtUvKitlkxN lateral
bracing Cak;EsgenAeyIgeRbIsmIkar B.25 edIm,IRtYtBinit.
eKalbMNgrbs;emKuN Cmx enAkgsmIkar B.25 KWedIm,IKitBI gradient m:Um:g;eFobGkS x

rbs;Ggt;. enAkg laterally supported member eKeRbIemKuN Cb kgkarKNna Fbx kedIm,IKitBI
gradient Edr. dUcenH Specification yk Cb esImYyenAeBlEdleKKit Fbx sRmab;eRbIenAkgsmIkar
B.25 sRmab;Ggt;EdlBRgwgRbqaMgnwgkarrMkiltMN (members braced againt joint translation).
]TahrN_ B>4 Beam-column EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI B.7 CaEpkrbs; braced frame. karBt;KWeFob

nwgGkS x ehIycugrbs;vaRtUvman lateral bracing. snt;fa K x = K y = 1.0 cUrviPaKGgt;eday
eKarBtam AISC Specification.
dMeNaHRsay kugRtaMgrgkarsgt;tamGkS
P 100
fa = = = 6.944ksi
Ag 14.4

KNnakugRtaMgsgt;GnuBaat
Slenderness ration GtibrmaKW
KyL 1.0(15)(12 )
= = 70.87
ry 2.54
BIsmIkar B.8
2 2 E 2 2 (29000 )
Cc = = = 126.1
Fy 36
edaysar KL / r Cc / kMNt;kugRtaMgsgt;GtibrmaCamYysmIkar B.9

(KL / r )2 (70.87 )2
Fy 1 36 1 2
2Cc2 2(126.1)
Fa = = = 16.34ksi
5 3(KL / r ) (KL / r )3 5 3(70.87 ) (70.87 )3
+ +
3 8Cc 8Cc3 3 8(126.1) 8(126.1)3
f a 6.944
= = 0.4250 > 0.15
Fa 16.34
dUcenHRtYtBinitsmIkar B.25 nig B.26
M x 60(12 )
f bx = = = 13.19ksi
Sx 54.6
f bv = 0
KNnakugRtaMgBt;GnuBaat
BIsmIkar B.12
76b f 76(10.00 )
= = 126.7in. = 10.6 ft
Fy 36
20000 20000
= = 311.7in. = 26.0 ft
(
d / A f Fy ) 9.98
(36)
0.560(10.00 )
tmEdltUcCaglub dUcenH Lc = 10.6 ft . RbEvgenHKWtUcCag unbraced length Lb = 15 ft dUcenH
Ggt;enHRtUv)aneKKitCa laterally unsupported beam. edaysarGgt;enHRtUv)anTb;nwg sidesway
dUcenHyk Cb = 1.0
102000Cb 102000(1.0 )
= = 53.2
Fy 36

510000Cb 510000(1.0 )
= = 119
Fy 36
Lb 15(12 )
rT
=
2.74
rT RtUv)anerobCataragenAkg Manual
= 65.69
edaysar 53.2 < Lb / rT < 119 yktmEdlKNnaCamYynwgsmIkar B.18 nig B.19 EdlFMCagEtmin
RtUvFMCagEdnkMNt;x<s;bMputn
0.60 Fy = 0.60(36 ) = 21.6ksi
BIsmIkar B.18
2 Fy (Lb / rT )2 2 36(65.69 )2
Fy = = 20.34ksi
3 1530000Cb 3 1530000(1.0 )
BIsmIkar B.19
12000Cb 12000(1.0 )
= = 37.4ksi
lb d / A f (15 12)(9.98) / (0.560 10.00)
tmEdl)ansmIkarTaMgBIrxagelIFMCag 0.6Fy dUcenH
Fbx = 0.60 Fy = 21.6ksi
dMbUgRtYtBinitsmIkar B.26. enAkgsmIkarenH GVIEdlRtUvRtYtBinitKWlkxNkugRtaMgenARtg;TRm

dUcenHeKRtUvKNnakugRtaMgBt;GnuBaatrbs;Ggt;enH RbsinebIGgt;rgkarsgt;rbs;vaman full lateral
support. W 16 49 Ca compact sRmab;Edk A36 dUcenHeKGacykkugRtaMgGnuBaat 0.66 Fy .
eday karBt;eFobnwgGkS x dUcenHeKecaltYEdlTak;TgnwgkarBt;eFobGkS y . dUcenHeK)an

fa f 6.944 13.19
+ bx = + = 0.877 < 1.0 (OK)
0.60 Fy Fbx 0.60(36 ) 0.66(36 )
RtYtBinitsmIkar B.25
BIsmIkar B.22
M1 35
C m = 0 .6 0 .4 = 0.6 0.4 = 0.8333
M2 60
Slenderness ratio EdleRbIkgkarKNna F 'ex KW
KLb K x L 1.0(15)(12 )
= = = 41.38
rb rx 4.35
12 2 E 12 2 (29000 )
ehIy F 'ex = = = 87.21ksi
23(K x L / rx )2 23(41.38)2

fa C mx f bx 0.8333(13.19 )
+ = 0.4250 + = 0.978 < 1.0 (OK)
Fa fa 6.944
1 Fbx 1 21.6
F 'ex 87.21
Design Aids
eRkABItarag nigdaRkamsRmab;KNnassr nigFwm principal Manual design aid sRmab;
beam-column CataragntmefrsRmab;eRbIkgkareRCIserIsmuxkat;dMbUg (Burgett, 1973). tmefr
TaMgenH Gac[GkKNnabMElgm:Um:g;Bt;[eTACabnk tamGkSsmmUlEdlGacpSMCamYynwgbnkCak;

EsgedIm,ITTYl)anbnktamGkSRbsiTPaBsrub. bnab;mkeKGacbBalbnktamGkSRbsiTPaBenH
eTAkg Column allowable load table eKnwgTTYl)anmuxkat;sakl,gEdleKGacykvaeTAsikSa
epgpat;)an.
B>6> snidan (Concluding Remarks)

eTaHbICa ASD RtUv)anCMnYsy:agelOneday LRFD keday kvaenAEtRtUv)anGnuBaat
[eRbIeday AISC dEdl ehIyeBlxHkeKenAEteRbIvaEdr. sRmab;GksikSaEdlmanbMNgcg;dwg
lMGitBI ASD elIsBIGVIEdl)anerobrab;kg]bsm<nenHGacrk)anenAkg Design of Steel structure
(Gaylord and stallmeyer, 1992) EdlenAkgenaHkmanerobrab;BI AISC Specification provision
pgEdr.

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sikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMGMBIEdk

LRFD STEEL DESIGN

GkniBn WIILIAM T. SEGUI

II. eKalKMnitkgkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMEdk (Concepts in Structural Steel Design)

III. eRKOgbgMrgkarTaj (Tension Members)

3>8> Ggt;rgkarTajenAkgdMbUl (Tension members in roof trusses) ............................... 61

5>14> Biaxial Bending ................................................................................................. 182

A>3> karviPaK (Analysis) ............................................................................................... 481

A>4> karKNnamuxkat; (Design) ....................................................................................... 488

A>5> karsnidan (Conclusion Remark)........................................................................... 490

B>1> esckIepIm (Introduction) ...................................................................................... 491

B>3> Ggt;rgkarsgt; (Compression members) .............................................................. 494

B>4> Fwm (Beams) ............................................................................................................ 498

B>5> Beam-Columns...................................................................................................... 505

B>6> snidan (Concluding Remarks) ............................................................................... 510

1>1> karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgM Structural Design

karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMsMNg;GKar eTaHCaeRKOgbgMGMBIEdk bGMBIebtugBRgwgedayEdkk

rkSanUvkarsnt;nkarviPaK truss tMN pinned nigkmaMgGnuvtEtelItMN Ggt;rbs; truss CaGgt;

RbePTepSgeTotrbs;Ggt;RtUv)anbgajCamYynwgeRKagtMNrwg (rigid frame) enAkgrUbTI

sRmab;kardak;bnkEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 1>2 b eRKagnwgxUcRTg;RTaydUcbgajenAkgrUb

nImYy b:uEnsRmab;eRKagsIuemRTIdUcbgaj vamantmdUcKa EtTisedApyKa dUcenHeKGacecal

1>2> bnk Loads

kmaMg (force) EdlmanGMeBIelIeRKOgbgMRtUv)aneKehAfabnk (load). bnkRtUv)anEckecj

GKisnI smaremkanic nigRbBnTwk. RKb;bnkEdl)anerobrab;CabnkEdlTak;TgeTAnwgTMnajEpn

Edl\TiBlrBaydIRtUv)an simulate edayeRbIRbBnkmaMgedk EdlmanlkNdUcCasm<aFxl;eday

1>3> Building Codes

GKarRtUv)ansikSaKNna (design) nigsagsg;edayGaRsyelIGVIEdl)anEcgenAkg building

karerobcMRbBnTwk karerobcMRbBnxl; nigkarsMrYlkareRbIR)as;dl;CnBikar. Building code min)an

1>4> Design Specifications

pyBI building code, design specification pl;nUvkarENnaMlMGitsRmab;karsikSaKNna

!> American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC): Specification enHpl;[sRmab;

eTot. vapl;RKb;smarTaMgGs;EdleRbICaTUeTAsRmab;s<anEdlmandUcCa Edk ebtugBRgwg

1>5> eRKOgbgMGMBIEdk Structural Steel

enAkgGMLg cugstvtSr_TI 18 nigedImstvtSr_TI 19 cast iron nig wrought iron RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;

RbsinebIeKbegInbnkBIsUneTAdl;cMNucdac; (fracture) kugRtaMg nig strain RtUv)aneKKNna

dl;cMNuc yield xagelIy:agelOnrYcFak;mkcMNuc yield xageRkam. bnab;BI enaHkugRtaMgenArkSa

bnkbEnm bkugRtaMgbEnm edIm,IeFVI[mansac;lUtbEnm b strain. eRkayeBl vaeTAdl;cMNuc

EdneGLasic (elastic limit) rbs;smarCakugRtaMgEdlsitenAcenaHEdnsmamaRt nigcMNuc

eKdkbnkeT. KngnkardkbnknwgsitenAtamKngnkardak;bnk ehIyvaminman permanent

eRkABI elastic limit KngnkardkbnknwgsitenAelIExSRtg;EdlRsbeTAnwgKngnkardak; bnk

RtaMg Fy . cMNucmYyeTotEdlvisVkreRKOgbgMRtUvcab;GarmN_KWkugRtaMgGtibrma EdleK[eQaHfa

EdlvaxusKaBImYyeTAmYyedaytm Fy nig Fu . pleFobkugRtaMgelI strain kgEdneGLasic

RtUv)ankMNt;eday E EdleKehAfa youngs modulus or modulus of elasticity. E mantM;lesI

rUbTI 1>5 bgajBIRbePT stress-strain curve sRmab; high-strength steels EdlmanPaBsVit

eKRtUvkartmkugRtaMg Fy dUcenHeKGaceRbIdMeNIrkar nigrUbmndUcKasRmab;RKb;RbePTEdkTaMg Gs;.

strength design KW Fy nig Fu edayminKitBIrUbragrbs; stress-strain curve nigminKitBIrebob

EdlTTYl)an Fy eT. sRmab;mUlehtuenH eKeRbItYTUeTA yield stress ehIyvaGacmannyCa yield

lkNepSgrbs;eRKOgbgMEdkEdlrYmbBalTaMg strength nig ductility RtUv)ankMNt;eday

sarFatupSMrbs;eRKOgbgMEdkTaMgGs; eTaHCakg brimaNtictYckeday KWkabUnEdlCasarFatucUlrYm

Graderbs;EdksMNg; (structural steel) RtUv)ankMNt;eday American Society for Testing

eFVIkarrbs;va (ASTM, 1996a). EdkeRKOgbgMEdleKcUlciteRbIsBVfCa mild steel EdlsMKal;Ca

Tensile strength: Fu = 58ksi 400 MPa eTA 80ksi 550MPa

Phosphorous: 0.04% Gtibrma

Sulfur: 0.05% Gtibrma

PaKryenHCatmRbhak;RbEhl tmCak;EsgGaRsynwgTRmg;nkarplitEdk. Edk A36 Ca

edIm Lo = 8in. 200mm .

[enAkgcenaHtmmYy eRBaHlkNenHminGacTTYl)anedaysuRkitdUc yield strength eT.

EdkEdlman yield strength 100ksi 690MPa . Ca]TahrN_ ASTM A242 Ca low-alloy,

nig 70ksi 480MPa . cMENksmasFaturYmpSMKImIrbs;vamandUcxageRkam

Manganese 1.00% Gtibrma

Phosphorus: 0.15% Gtibrma

Sulfur: 0.05% Gtibrma

Copper: 0.20% Gtibrma