II.

CC I LNG C BN TRONG MCH IN

1. in th:
K hiu: U, n v tnh: Volt (k hiu: V)
- Chung quanh vt th mang in c 1 phm vi tc dng ca in lc gi l
in trng. ch kh nng d tr nng lng ti mt im trong in trng ngi
ta dng khi nim in th.Mun xc nh ln ca in th, cn phi chn 1 im
no lm chun so snh, thng thng ngi ta chn t, coi in th ca t
bng 0.
- c trng cho s chnh lch nng lng gia in th cao v in th
thp, ngi ta dng khi nim hiu in th (cn gi l in p), k hiu l U, n v
tnh l Vn (V).Thng ngun in do my pht in, c-quy, pin cung cp.Mun
sn sinh ra dng in lin tc trong mch in th ngun in phi c duy tr mt
in p nht nh.
* Tn tht in p trn ng dy. k hiu: U, n v tnh: Volt (V) hoc
kV
- Tn tht in p trn ng dy l phn in p ri (st p) trn ng dy
in (li in) trong qu trnh in p t u ngun n cui ngun. Tn tht in
p trn ng dy chnh l hiu s in p u v cui ngun trong cng mt cp
in p.
U = Uu ngun Ucui ngun
Trong : - U: l tn tht in p trn ng dy
- Uu ngun: in p t ti u ngun (u ngun l A)
- Ucui ngun: in p cui ngun (cui ngun l B).

Trong qu trnh i ca: GDV s thng gp cc trng hp khch hng phn

nh in p thp, in p yu thng xuyn khu vc hoc h gia nh ca khch
hng. Vy, nguyn nhn no dn n in p thp:
 - Nh khch hng qu xa im u u ngun (hay ni cch khc: ng dy
truyn t TBA n nh khch hng qu xa nn in p ri (tn tht in p) ln, dn
n in p n nh khch hng thp).
- Do tit din dy dn nh.
- Do d in trn ng dy
- Do in p u ngun thp.
V do cc l do khc.
a) Quy nh v cp in p ca li in:
- Li in h p l li in c cp in p danh nh di 1000V.
- Li in trung p l li in c cp in p danh nh t 1000V n
35KV.
- Li in cao p l li in c cp in p danh nh t 35KV n 220KV
& 500 KV
b) Cc cp in p v k hiu cc cp:
i vi mi thit b hay ng dy thng c ti thiu l 3 ch s nhm k
hiu cp in p, chc nng ca thit b v ngun xut pht t u.
Vy cc k hiu c hiu nh th no?
Ta nh ngha l ng dy c k hiu l ABC E X.Y
- S u tin l A: Tng ng cp in p ca ng dy (kV).
- S th hai l B: K hiu chc nng ca ng y, thit b.
- S th ba l C: K hiu s th t ca l ng y, thit b.
- K hiu E: l k hiu vit tt ca Trm bin p 110 kV.
- K hiu X.Y: l k hiu tn Trm bin p 110 kV.
C th:
- S u tin l A: Tng ng cp in p ca ng dy (kV).
+ Cp in p 500KV (k hiu l 5) ;
+ Cp in p 220KV (k hiu l 2) ;
+ Cp in p 110KV (k hiu l 1);
+ Cp in p 35KV (k hiu l 3) ;
+ Cp in p 22KV (k hiu l 4);
+ Cp in p 10KV (k hiu l 9)
+ Cp in p 6KV (k hiu l 6);
2. Khi nim v dng in
K hiu: I , n v tnh: Ampe (k hiu: A);
- Trong vt dn in, cc in t t do (elektron) v cc i-on chuyn ng
khng c hng nht nh, nhng khi vt dn c t trong in trng th cc i-on
dng chuyn ng theo chiu ca in trng cn cc i-on m v elektron chuyn
ng ngc chiu in trng to nn dng in tch gi l dng in.

nh ngha: Dng in l dng cc in tch chuyn di c hng di tc

dng ca lc in trng.
Chiu dng in: Ngi ta quy c chiu chuyn ng ca cc in tch (+)
trong mch l chiu i t cc (+) n cc (-) ca ngun.
Mt dng in: l t s gia dng in v tit din ca dy dn. k hiu l
J. J = I / S (A/mm2). Trong S l tit din dy dn.
3. Khi nim v cng sut.
Trong mch in xoay chiu c cc thnh phn cng sut sau:
* Cng sut hu cng: K hiu l P = U.I.cos (n v tnh Woat; k hiu:
W).
P cn gi l cng sut tc dng, c trng cho s bin i nng lng in
thnh cc dng nng lng khc nh: nhit nng (bp in), quang nng (bng n),
c nng (qut, ng c).
Theo thc t: ngi ta thng tnh ton nh mc cos = 0,85; U = 220V.
Nh vy, c th d nhn thy: c 1 A dng in s tiu th ht khong 200 W.
P trong thc t thng c gi l cng sut tiu th.
* Cng sut v cng: K hiu l Q = U.I.sin (n v tnh VAR hoc kVAR)
Q cn gi l cng sut phn khng, c trng cho s trao i nng lng in
vi t trng cun dy (in khng) hoc gia nng lng in vi in trng t
in (in dung).
* Cng sut ton phn: K hiu l S = U. I (n v tnh: VA hoc kVA)
S cn gi l cng sut biu kin, c trng cho kh nng cha cng sut (dung
lng) ca thit b. (VD: MBA c dung lng 180 kVA)
Quan h gia P, Q v S c biu th bng 1 tam gic vung, gi l tam gic
cng sut:
 * H s cng sut (cos): C ngha rt ln trong sn xut, truyn ti v cung
cp in. Mi thit b in yu cu mt cng sut hu cng xc nh. Nu gc tin
ti 0 th Q tin ti 0 v lc P tin ti S, nh vy hiu qu kinh t cao. Nu gc
ln hn 0 c ngha l c Q. Q cng ln cng lm gnh nng cho li in v my
pht in, gy tn hao nng lng v ch.
V I=P/U.cos, nu cos nh i, m bo P khng i th I s phi ln ln,
c ngha l phi dng dy dn ln, vn u t tng, tn tht in nng tng (khng
kinh t). Nu ph ti l thit b c cun dy nh MBA hoc ng c m chy non ti
hoc khng ti th cng sut v cng Q s rt ln (khng tt).V vy ngi ta lun
tm cch nng cao h s cos bng cch chy my y ti hoc phi lp t t b.
Trong mch in 1 chiu, khng tn ti cos, nn ch c cng sut tc dng:
P = U.I hoc P = I.R2
4. in nng
K hiu: A, n v tnh: woat gi (k hiu: Wh)
in nng l nng lng cung cp bi dng in.C th, n l cng c
hc thc hin bi in trng ln cc in tch di chuyn trong n. Nng lng sinh
ra bi dng in trong mt n v o thi gian l cng sut in.
Cng thc tnh in nng: A = P x T
Trong :
- P: l cng sut tiu th (Cng sut hu cng hay cng sut tc dng)
ca ph ti.
- T: l thi gian dng in chy qua ph ti.
Thng thng ngi ta tnh theo kwh.
V d: Thng ny gia nh khch hng dng ht 100 kwh.
kwh trong i sng thc t hay gi tt bng thut ng S in.
Tn tht cng sut: k hiu: S, n v tnh: VA hoc kVA ()
 S = P + jQ
Trong : - P: l tn tht cng sut tc dng, do pht nhit trn in tr
ng dy (P = I.R2; trong I l dng in chy trn ng dy; R l in
tr ca on ng dy).
- Q: l tn tht cng phn khng, do t ha ng dy (gn nh
khng nh hng n tn tht in nng).
Thc t: S P.
* Tn tht in nng: k hiu: A, n v tnh: Woat gi (wh)
Tn tht in nng l phn in nng b tiu hao trong qu trnh truyn ti in
nng t ngun in ti thit b s dng in (ph ti).
A = P * T
Trong : - P: l tn tht cng sut tc dng trn ng dy v thit b in.
- T: thi gian truyn ti in nng.
Hin nay, mc tiu tn tht in nng ang l mc tiu chnh ca ngnh in.
n thun mt php tnh nh sau:
V d: Cng ty L A nm 2015 t 1 t kwh in thng phm.
T l tn tht in nng trn li in ca Cng ty ny l: 8%.
Nh vy, tn tht in nng = 80 triu kwh.
Nhn vi n gi bnh qun 1.800 /kwh
Tng s tin mt i l: 144 t ng.
Cc nguyn nhn tn tht in nng:
- Tn tht k thut: Tn tht trn ng dy, tn tht ca my bin p v cng
tc qun l vn hnh
- Tn tht phi k thut ph thuc vo c ch qun l, nghip v qun l, quy
trnh qun l hnh l vi cc nhm nh trm cp in, khng thanh ton hoc chm
thanh ton ha n tin in, sai st trong thng k phn loi, p gi in v tnh ha
n khch hng
5. in tr
K hiu: R , n v tnh: m (k hiu: )
- in tr l i lng vt l c trng cho s cn tr dng in ca vt mang
in.
6. in tr phi tuyn
 - in tr phi tuyn l in tr c gi tr thay i theo in p t ln n. in
p bnh thng (in p nh mc) R ln. in p tng cao R gim. in tr phi
tuyn c c tnh VA l mt ng cong.
- Cng dng: Ch to chng st.
7. in cm
K hiu: L, n v tnh: H (Henry).
- in cm L l i lng c trng cho qu trnh trao i v tch ly nng lng t
trng ca cun dy.

8. in dung
K hiu: C, k hiu: FI (Flara) hoc MFI
- in dung l i lng c trng cho hin tng tch ly nng lng in trng
(phng tch in nng) trong t in.

9. Tng tr
K hiu: Z, n v tnh:
- Tng tr l mt i lng vt l c trng cho mch in xoay chiu, th hin mi
quan h gia in p t ln mch v dng in chay qua mch (s cn tr i vi
dng in xoay chiu)
Z=U:i
Trong : - U: Hiu in th xoay chiu t ln mch (V).
- i: Dng in xoay chiu chy trong mch (A).
 10. Mt s loi dy tng ng, thng dng
Cp Duplex rut ng, cch in PVC (Duplex Du-CV)
Cp Duplex Du-CV c 2 rut dn bng ng, rut dn l 1 si ng c hoc 7
si ng c xon li vi nhau, mi rut dn c bc cch in PVC sau
xon vi nhau. Cp in p ca cp l 450/750V hoc 0,6/1kV.
Cp Duplex rut ng, cch in XLPE (Duplex Du-CX)
Cp Duplex Du-CX c 2 rut dn bng ng, rut dn l 1 si ng c hoc 7
si ng c xon li vi nhau, mi rut dn c bc cch in XLPE mu
en sau xon vi nhau, mt trong hai li c gn ni phn bit pha. Cp
in p ca cp l 0,6/1kV.

on dy t u nh vo cng t (on cp in ra sau cng t)

on dy ny l dy ni t u cui on dy ngoi tri (c ni mc 3.1)
n in k (ng h o in nng tiu th). Thng thng on dy ny nm
mt na dc theo tng, mt na trong nh (v thng thng in k c t
trong nh). on dy ny c ngh s dng mt trong cc loi dy/cp sau
y:
- Cp cng t rut ng, cch in PVC (K-CVV)
Cp in k rut ng cch in PVC cn gi l cp Muller rut ng cch in
PVC, cp c 2 hoc nhiu hn 2 rut dn, rut dn l 1 si ng c hoc 7 si c
xon li vi nhau, mi rut dn c bc cch in bng vt liu PVC, mt lp bc
lt PVC, mt lp bng nhm ( chng trm in) v lp v bc PVC bo v bn
ngoi, cp in p ca cp l 450/750V hoc 0,6/1kV.
- Cp cng t rut ng, cch in XLPE :
Cp in k rut ng cch in XLPE cn gi l cp Muller rut ng cch
in XLPE, cp c 2 hoc nhiu hn 2 rut dn, rut dn l 1 si ng c hoc 7 si
c xon li vi nhau, mi rut dn c bc cch in bng vt liu XLPE mu
trng-trong (mu t nhin), mt trong hai li c bng mu hoc sc mu phn bit
pha, mt lp bc lt PVC, mt lp bng nhm ( chng trm in) v lp v bc
PVC bo v bn ngoi, cp in p ca cp l 0,6/1kV.

- Dy n cng (VC)
Dy n cng (VC) l dy c rut dn l 1 si ng, bc cch in PVC. Cp
in p ca dy l 600V.
Ngoi ra, cn c Dy n cng khng ch (LF-VC), khng tc hi cho con ngi
v mi trng bng cch s dng vt liu PVC khng ch (LF-PVC), ph hp quy
nh RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) ca chu u.

- Dy n mm (VCm)
Dy n mm (VCm) l dy c rut dn gm nhiu si ng c xon vi
nhau, bc cch in bng vt liu PVC. Cp in p ca dy l 250V.
Ngoi ra, cn c Dy n mm khng ch (LF-VCm), khng tc hi cho con ngi v
mi trng bng cch s dng vt liu PVC khng ch (LF-PVC).

- Dy i mm dt (VCmd)
Dy i mm dt (VCmd) l dy c 2 rut dn, mi rut dn gm nhiu si ng
xon li vi nhau, 2 rut dn ny c bc cch in PVC v phn cch in ca 2
rut dn dnh vi nhau to ra mt dy dt c 2 rut dn cch in song song vi nhau.
Cp in p ca dy l 250V.
Ngoi ra, cn c Dy i mm dt khng ch (LF-VCmd), khng tc hi cho con
ngi v mi trng bng cch s dng vt liu PVC khng ch (LF-PVC).
 - Dy in rut ng, cch in PVC (CV)
Dy in rut ng, cch in PVC (CV) l dy c rut dn gm 7 (hoc 19) si
ng xon ng tm, bc mt lp cch in PVC. Cp in p ca dy l 450/750V
hoc 0,6/1kV.
Ngoi ra, cn c Dy in lc rut ng, cch in PVC khng ch (LF-CV),
khng tc hi cho con ngi v mi trng bng cch s dng vt liu PVC khng
ch (LF-PVC).

Cng sut chu ti ca cc loi dy cp in thng s dng cho nh

Mi c dy/ cp (tit din rut dn) v mi loi dy/cp c mc chu ti khc nhau.
i vi mc ch nh , hng dn ny a ra cc bng m t cng sut chu ti ca
cc loi dy/cp nh di y. Cng sut chu ti nu trong cc bng ny l ph hp
vi nhit mi trng n 40 C v cng xem xt n vn st p nhm m
bo cht lng in sinh hot cho nh .
Cng sut chu ti ca cp thng dng
Tit din Cng sut Chiu di Tit din Cng sut Chiu di
rut dn chu ti ng dy rut dn chu ti ng dy
3 mm2 5,5 kW 30 m 10 mm2 12,1 kW 45 m
4 mm2 6,8 kW 30 m 11 mm2 12,9 kW 45 m
5 mm2 7,8 kW 35 m 14 mm2 15,0 kW 50 m
5.5 mm2 8,3 kW 35 m 16 mm2 16,2 kW 50 m
6 mm2 8,7 kW 35 m 22 mm2 20,0 kW 60 m
7 mm2 9,5 kW 40 m 25 mm2 21,2 kW 60 m
2 2
8 mm 10,6 kW 40 m 35 mm 26,2 kW 70 m
Chiu di ng dy ngh s dng bng ny c tnh tan theo st p
khng qu 5% iu kin y ti.
i vi ngun 1pha 2dy, 220V, sau khi chn c tit din rut dn ph hp
vi cng sut nhng cha ph hp vi chiu di ng dy mong mun th ch vic
tng tit din ln mt cp (v d tng t 3mm2 ln 4mm2) v kim tra li theo cng
thc di y (0,187 x P x L / S <= 11), nu tha mn th tit din dy va tng ln l
ph hp, nu cha tha mn th tng tit din rut dn ln mt cp na v kim tra
li nh trn cho n khi tha mn.
Cng thc tnh mua dy dn din

Trong :
P = Cng sut tnh tan chn dy, kW
L = Chiu di ng dy mong mun, m
S = Tit din rut dn ca dy, mm2.
Cng sut chu ti ca cp sau cng t.
Tit din Cng sut chu ti Tit din Cng sut chu ti
rut dn Cch in Cch in rut dn Cch in Cch in
 PVC(K- XLPE(K- PVC(K- XLPE(K-
CVV) CXV) CVV) CXV)
3 mm2 6,4 kW 8,2 kW 10 mm2 13,4 kW 17,0 kW
2 2
4 mm 7,6 kW 9,8 kW 11 mm 14,2 kW 18,1 kW
5 mm2 8,8 kW 11,2 kW 14 mm2 16,6 kW 20,7 kW
5,5 mm2 9,4 kW 11,9 kW 16 mm2 17,8 kW 22,0 kW
6 mm2 9,8 kW 12,4 kW 22 mm2 22,0 kW 27,2 kW
7 mm2 10,8 kW 13,8 kW 25 mm2 23,6 kW 29,2 kW
8 mm2 11,8 kW 15,0 kW 35 mm2 29,0 kW 36,0 kW
Thng thng chiu di s dng Cp in k kh ngn nn khng cn quan tm
n st p
Cng sut chu ti ca dy sau cng t
Tit din rut dn Cng sut chu ti Tit din rut dn Cng sut chu ti
0,5 mm2 0,8 kW 3 mm2 5,6 kW
0,75 mm2 1,3 kW 4 mm2 7,3 kW
1,0 mm2 1,8 kW 5 mm2 8,7 kW
2 2
1,25 mm 2,1 kW 6 mm 10,3 kW
1,5 mm2 2,6 kW 7 mm2 11,4 kW
2,0 mm2 3,6 kW 8 mm2 12,5 kW
2,5 mm2 4,4 kW 10 mm2 14,3 kW
Cng sut nu trong bng trn ph hp cho chiu di dy n 30m, vi st
p khng qu 5% iu kin y ti
Cch tnh ton v la chn dy dn
Tnh ton v la chn dy dn cn phi thc hin theo cc bc sau y.
- Xc nh ngun in s dng.
- Tnh tng cng sut thit b tiu th in.
- La chn dy dn cho tng phn ca nh , bao gm ba bc nh:
+ La chn an dy ngoi tri.
+ La chn an cp in k.
+ La chn dy cho tng nhnh v dy n tng thit b tiu th in.
Tnh tng cng sut thit b tiu th in
 Thit b tiu th in l nhng thit b hat ng bng nng lng in. Cc
thit b tiu th in trong nh c th k ra nh: n in, qut in, ni cm in,
bn i, t lnh, my git, l nng vi sng, my iu ha nhit , my bm nc
Nhng tc hi khi dng dy & cp in km cht lng
Khi rut ng km cht lng hoc khng tit din c th gy ra cc tc hi
sau
- Dn in km, gy st p trn ng dy lm cho thit b hat ng khng
hiu qu, tui th thit b gim nhanh.
- Pht nng qu mc trn ng dy, gy h hi lp cch in, gy chm chp
chy n.
- Rut ng km cht lng rt d gy, kh ni, kh lp vo cc ph kin in
khc.
Khi lp cch in km cht lng c th gy ra cc tc hi sau:
- Nt cch in, h rut dn, gy in git cho ngi.
- Rn nt cch in sau mt thi gian ngn, gy r in, tn tht in nng,
chm chp chy n.
- Khng chu c nhit cho php ca rut dn, chy nho gy ra chm chp
chy n.
- Khng t tt khi b pht chy bi tc nhn bn ngoi.
- Mt mu sau mt thi gian ngn, gy nhm ln cc dy vi nhau khi sa cha,
thay th.
Nhng kinh nghim la chn dy din cho nh
Vi rt nhiu cc loi dy in trn th trng hin nay, tt c, xu c, tht c,
gi c, thm ch c khi gp dy chng c nhn mc, tn nh sn xut g c.V vy,
mt ngi khng chuyn th vic la chn dy no, nhn hiu no m c th tin cy
c l mt vic khng d dng g.Bng mt vi kinh nghim ca ngi bin son,
hng dn ny a ra mt s khuyn ngh v nhng ch du hy vng rng ngi
dng c th trnh c cc sn phm dy/ cp in km cht lng.
- Khng nn chn dy khng c nhn mc trn bao b, khng c tn nh sn
xut, khng a ch r rng.
- Khng nn chn dy m trn dy khng c cc thng tin c bn nh: nhn
hiu, tn loi dy, tit din, cu trc rut dn (s si v ng knh mi si), tiu
chun sn xut.
 - Dy tt thng c b ngoi ca v nha bng, lng.
- Lp nha cch in ca dy tt rt do, khi tut ra khi rut dn, c th ko
gin gp i, gp ba chiu di ban u m cha b t. Dy c th b gp nhiu ln
hoc xon gt nhng b mt cch in khng b rng nt.
- Thng thng, dy tt c gi cao hn dy dm vi cng c loi.