CCP-) - Sø V: Ckvem-Ans NM-C-WHPW BBP - ( - TBM-KHPW

174 ssZhw, aXw, thZw
Ccp-]-sv
Ckvem-ans {]Nm-c-Whpw
Bbp-[-{]-tbm-Khpw
""Cy-bn apkvenw-I \yq\-]--am-b-Xn-\m-et Rs-Xnsc

PnlmZv \S-m-Xv? Ckvemw Im^n-dp-Is-Xnsc PnlmZv sNm
I]n-p-nt?''
Cy-bnse apkvenw-I PnlmZv \S-p-n-s [mcW icn-b-
. ImcWw apgp-h hnizm-kn-Ifpw PnlmZv \nh-ln-m _m[y--
cm-Wv. AXn\nv amdn\nm Bpw A\p-hm-Z-an-. \c-I-in-
-bn\nv c-t\-Sm\pw kzK-e-_v[npw AX-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Jp-
B ]d-bpp: ""hniz-kn-h - t- c, thZ-\t- b-dnb in-bn\nv \nsf
tamNn-n-p Hcp hym]m-c-s-p-dnv \np Rm\-dn-bnp Xc-
stbm? \n ssZh-nepw Ahs ZqX-\nepw hniz-kn-p-I. \n-
fpsS Poh-[\m-Zn-I-fm ssZh-amK-n PnlmZv \S-p-I. AXmWv
\np--aw. \n Adn-bp--h-sc-n.'' (61: 10-11)
"PnlmZv sNp--hcpw a Ah-ew-_n-p--h-cp-am-sWv hy-
am-s-SmsX kzK-{]-thiw km[y-as - p' Jp-B {]Jym-]n-pp
(3: 142). apkvenw-k-ap-Zm-b-ns \ntbm-K-eyw Xs PnlmZv \nh-
ln-e - s
- {X. ""ssZh-amK-n bYm-hn[n PnlmZv sNp-I. Xs ZuXy-
n-\p-thn \nsf \ntbm-Kn-Xv Ah-\m-Wv. aX-n \n-
smcp njvS-Xbpw Ah-\p-m-n-bn-n-.''(22: 78)
PnlmZv Bs-nepw FXn-cm-sW [mcW ]c-am-_--am-Wv.
kXy-kw-m-]-\-n-\p \nc--c-b-Xv\-am-W-Xv. taml-sf sacp-
n-sb-Sppw CO-Isf \nb-{npw B{K-l-fpsS ta ta[m-hnXzw
]penbpw kzw Pohn-Xs ssZh-\ntZ-i--\p-cq-]-am-n,
bYmY kXy-hn-izm-kn-bm-hm \S-p {iaw t]mepw Pnlm-Zm-Wv.
bp-cw-K - p-\nv aS-th Hcn- {]hm-NI - ]dp: ""\mw Ghpw
sNdnb Pnlm-Zn\n-v Ghpw henb Pnlm-Zn-te-v Xncn-p-h-n-cn-
pp''. {]hm-NI injyam tNmZnp: ""GXmWv Ghpw henb
B PnlmZv?'' \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Acp sNbvXp: ""a\-n-t\m-Sp ka-
chpw kz-tm-Sp Pnlm-Zp-am-W-Xv.''
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 175
IpSpw-_-ns Ckvem-ao-I-c-W-n-\mbn \S--s-Sp hnZym-

`ym-kw, kwkvIc-Ww, kZp-]-tZiw, inWw XpS-n-b-h-sbmw
Pnlm-Zn-eps-Sp-p. kXy-kw-m-]-\-n\pw \a-bpsS {]Nm-c-
W-n\pw [a-ns D-Xn-p-am-bp Fgppw {]kw-Khpw
kw`m-j-Whpw Nbpw hnZym-`ymk {]Nm-c-W-hp-samw AXns]-
Sp-p. kap-Zm-b-ns A`yp-Xn eyw-sh-p imkv{X--km-t-
Xn-I--km--n-I--kmw-kvIm-cnIIem--km-lnXy {]h-\-fpw
Pnlm-Zp-X-s. ssZhnI kamK-ns kwm-]-\-n-\mbn \S-
-s-Sp kI-e- {i-a-fpw ssZh-amKnse Pnlm-Zm-Wv. ka-{K-
am-sbmcp ]Z-am-W-Xv. _pn-]-c-ambpw Nnm-]-c-am-bp-ap hn-h--
fp-m-m\pw P\--fpsS hnIm-c-fpw Xm]-cy-fpw kwkvI-cn-
m\pw, Ah-cpsS hoWw ssZhnI kamK-n-\-\p-cq-]-amn
amm\pw \S--s-Sp hmNn-Ihpw enJn-X-hp-amb kwcw-`-sXmv
kXy-ns i{Xp--tfm-Sp kmbp[ kacw hsc AXv hym]n-p-
In-S-p-p. hyn, Xs A`n-am-\hpw Poh\pw kzpw kwc-n-
m {ian-p-Xpw Pnlm-ZvX-s; B amK-nse acWw ssZh-
k-c-Wn-bnse c-km-n-Xz-hpw.
AXn-\m, apkvenw-I \yq\m \yq\-]--am-bmepw alm-`q-cn-]-
-am-bmepw PnlmZv \n_--am-Wv. kml-N-cy-amWv AXns coXn
\n-bn-p-I. AXv Aap-kvenw-Is-Xn-sc-bp kmbp[ ka-ctam
bptam A. ssZhn-I-amK-nse XymK-]-cn-{i-a-am-Wv.
tNmZy-n kqNn-n--s--t]mse Aap-kvenw-I-sfmw Im^n-dp-
I-f-. Im^n FXv Ckvem-anse Hcp kmt-Xn-I-]-Z-am-Wv. kXyhpw
kamKhpw bYm-hn[n a\-n-em-nb tijhpw t_m[-]qhw
AXns\ \ntj-[n-p--h-\mWv Im^n. Im^n-dp-I-tfmSpw A\n-hm-cy-
amb Imc-W-an-msX Bbp-[-sa-Spv AS-cm-Sm Ckvemw A\p-h-Zn-
p-n-. Ah apkvenw`qcn-] {]tZ-i-m-bmepw \yq\-]-- \m-Sp-
I-fn-em-bmepw icn.
""apl-Zv \_n Xs \nc-h[n bpw \S-n-bn-nt? Ckvem-ans
{]Nm-c-W-n apJy ]p-h-ln-Xv Bbp-[-{]-tbm-K-at?''
apl-Zv \_n {]hm-N-I-Xz- e-n-p-tijw \o ]Xn-aq-p- hjw
a-bn Ckvem-anI {]t_m-[\ {]h-\- \S-n. B L-
n Ckvem-ans i{Xp- {]hm-N-I-s\bpw A\p-bm-bn-I-sfbpw
\nZbw aZn-p. sImSnb ]oU-\-n-c-bm-n. Ak-ly-amw-hn[w
Ah-tl-fn-p-Ibpw \mn\nv _ln-jvI-cn-p-I-bpw -sN-bvXp. Atm-
sgmpw {]hm-N-I Ahsb {]Xn-tcm-[n-p-Itbm {]Xn-Im-c -\-S-]-Sn-
I kzoI-cn-p-Itbm {]Xym-{I-a-W- \S-p-Itbm sNbvXn-.
A\p-bm-bn-I Xncn--Sn-m A\p-hmZw Bcm-s-nepw \_n-Xn-cp-
ta\n AwKo-I-cn-n-. "ssII AS-n-h-bvp-I. \a-kvImcw \njvT-
tbmsS \nh-ln-p-I. kImv \Ip-I' F-Xm-bn-cpp Ah-tcm-
Sp ssZh-im-k-\.
a-bn PohnXw Zp-l-am-b-tm \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\nbpw A\p-bm-
bn-Ifpw \mSp-hn-p. Ah aZo-\-bn A`bw tXSn. AhnsS Ah
m]n Ckvem-anI kaq-l-n\pw cmjv{S-n-\p-sa-Xnsc i{Xp-
X-fpsS FXnpw AXn-{I-ahpw XpSp. Atm am{X-amWv {]hm-
N- I pw A\p- N - c ampw Xncn- - S n- m A\p- h mZw e`n- - X v .
Amlp Adn-bnp: ""Xo-bmbpw Amlp kXy-hn-izm-kn-Ip-
thn {]Xn-tcm-[n-p-p. Amlp IrX-Lv\-cmb h-Iscbmscbpw
CjvS-s-Sp-I-bn-. Bs-Xnsc bpw \S--s-Sp-pthm B A{I-
a-n-\n-c-bm-Ip--hv Xncn--Sn-m A\p-aXn \I-s-n-cn-p-p.
ImcWw Ah aZn--s-n-cn-p-p. \n-b-ambpw Ahsc klm-bn-
m Ign-hp--h-\s{X Am-lp. R-fpsS \mY ssZh-amWv Fp
]d--X-msX bmsXmcp \ymb-hp-an-msX kzw hoSp-I-fn\nv
]pd-m--s--h-cm-W-h. Amlp Nne-sc-smv ap Nnesc XS-
n-cp-n-s-n aT-fpw tZhm-e-b-fpw {]mY\m an-c-fpw ssZ-
h-\maw [mcm-f-ambn kvacn--s-Sp ]n-Ifpw XI-s-Sp-am-bn-
cpp. Xs klm-bn-p--hsc Am-lphpw klm-bn-p-I-Xs sN-
pw. Xo-bmbpw i\pw AP--\p-am-Ipp Am-lp.'' (22: 38-40)
Ckvemw bpw A\p-h-Zn-Xv Fm-h-cp-sSbpw Bcm-[-\m- kzm-X-
{yw kwc-n-m-\m-sWv Cu hnip hN\w Ak-n-Kv[-ambn
hy-am-p-p.
AXn-{Iaw ImWn-m--h-cm-scbpw A{I-an-m Ckvemw A\p-
h-Zn-p-n-. Btcm-Sm-Wv, Ftm-gmWv bpw A\p-h-Zn--s-Xpw
Bm-]n--s--Xp-sav hy-am-p \nc-h[n Jp-B hmIy-
-fp-v. NneXp am{X-an-hnsS D-cn-mw:
""\n-tfmSv bpw sNp--h-tcmSv Am-lp-hns amK-n
\nfpw bpw sNpI. \n AXn-{Iaw {]hn--cp-Xv. AXn-
{I-a-Im-cn-Isf Hcn-epw Amlp CjvS-s-Sp-I-bn-. bp-n Gp-
ap-p-tm Ahsc In-S-p-hv \n sImp-I-f-bp-I. Ah
\nsf ]pdw-X-nb amK-n-eqsS \n Ah-scbpw ]pd--p-
I. Ipgw sIme-]m-X-I-s-m Kpcp-X-c-a-s{X. a-bnse ]n-bpsS
]cn-k-c-p-hv \n-f-h-tcmSv bpw sN-cp-Xv, Ah AhnsS hv
\n-tfmSv bpw sNp--Xp-h-sc. C\n, \nt-fm-S-h bpw sNbvXm-
B bp-n \n-hsc h[n-mw. A{]-Im-c-amWv \ntj-[n-
I-fpsS {]Xn-^-ew. AY-hm, Ah hnc-an-m s]mdp-p--h\pw Icp-
Wm-\n-[n-bp-am-Ipp Am-lp. \miw Cm-Xm-hp-Ibpw hnt[-bXzw ssZh-
n-\m-hp-Ibpw sNp--Xp-hsc \n-f-h-tcmSv bpw sNp-I. AYhm
Ah hnc-an-m ]ns A{I-an-I-tfm-S-msX i{Xp-X-bn-.''(2: 190-192)
""Ah kam-[m-\-n-tev Xncn-m \obpw AXn-tep Xncn-
bpI''(8: 61). Ctmp bp-n-s\m-cp-nb i{Xp--tfmSv bp-n\v
Cu hn[w A\p-a-Xnbpw Bbpw \Ip-tmgpw AXn-{I-atam A\o-
Xntbm Acp-sXv aX-a-\p-im-kn-p-p. ""\nsf ]pWy-`-h-\-n
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 177
\nv XS-p-sh--Xns t]cn Hcp P\-X-tbm-Sp hntZz-jw, AXn-

{Iaw sNm \nsf t{]cn-n--cp-Xv. ]pWy-n\pw kqva-X-tbmSp
IqSnb Pohn-X-n\pw thn \n ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn-p-I. ]m]-
n\pw i{Xp-Xbvpw thn \n kl-I-cn--cp-Xv. \n Am-
lpsh kqn-p-I. Xo-bmbpw ITn-\-ambn inn-p--h-\m-Ipp
Am-lp.'' (5: 2)
""Hcp P\-X-tbm-Sp hntcm[w \nsf \oXn-bn\nv hyXn-N-en-
n-m ]mSn-m--Xm-Ip-p. \oXn ]men-p-hn. AXmWv `nv
A\p-tbm-Pyw. ssZh-`-n-bp--h-cmbn hn-p-I. \n {]hn-
p-sIm-n-cn-p--sXm-sbpw Amlp kqva-ambn Adn-bp-p-v.''
(5: 8)
X-tfmSv bp-n\p hcm--h-tcmSv kzoI-cn-t kao-]-\-sa-
sv hnip Jp-B Ak-n-Kv[-ambn hy-am-p-pv: ""aX-
ns t]cn \n-tfmSv bpw sNm-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw \n-fpsS `h\-
-fn\nv \nsf ]pd-m-m-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-tcmSv \n
\ sNp--Xn-s\tbm \oXn ImWn-p--Xn-s\tbm Amlp hne-
p-n-. \n-b-ambpw Amlp \oXn-am-msc CjvS-s-Sp-p. aX-
ns t]cn \n-tfmSp bpw sNp-Ibpw \n-fpsS `h-\--
fn\nv \nsf ]pd-m-p-Ibpw \nsf ]pdw-X-m i{Xp-sf
klm-bn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-hsc an{X--fm-p--Xns\ am{Xta Amlp
\ntcm-[n-p-p-q. Aq-sc Bsc-nepw an{X--fm-n-bm Ah-
cs{X A{I-an-I''(60:89).
hnip Jp-Bs B-Ipw A[ym-]-\-p-a-\p-k-cnv
{]hn {]hm-N-I(-k) Ckvem-an-s\bpw apkvenw-I-sfbpw A{I-
an-pIbpw X-tfmSv bpw \S-p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-tcmSv am{X-amWv
AS-cm-Sn-b-Xv. \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Imev BsI F]-smv
t]mcm- - f- m-Wv \S-X- v. AXn 27 F-n-emWv {]hm-NI - t\cnp
]s-Sp-Xv. av 54 Fw A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS kwL- \bn kwL-
-\--fm-bn-cp-p. Cu 81 bp--fn-ep-ambn BsI h[n--s-Xv 1018
t]cm-Wv. 259 apkvenw-Ifpw 759 i{Xp--fpw. A\n-hm-cy-amb kml-N-cy-
n bpw \bnv \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Iq-sm-e-I ]c-am-h[n Hgn-hm-
m-\mWv {ian-n-cp-s - Xv Cu IW-p-I kwi-bm-Xo-Xa - mbn hy-
am-p-p.
aZn-X-cpsS tamN-\-n-\mbn aZ-I-tcmSv s]mcp-Xm Ckvemw
AXns A\p-bm-bn-Isf Blzm\w sNpp: ""Am-lp-hns amK-
n Fp-sImv \n bpw sNp-n? "R-fpsS \mYm,
A{I-an-I-fp-tS-Xmb Cu \mn\nv Rsf \o tamNn-n-t-W-ta,
\nn\n- p Hcp c- I s\ \o Rp \tI- W - t a,
\nn\n-p Hcp klm-bnsb \o Rp Xtc-Wta!' Fp
{]mYn-p-sIm-n-cp Zp_-ec - mb ]pcp-j
- m-cp-sSbpw kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw
Ipn-I-fp-sSbpw tamN-\-amK-nepw \n-sf-p-sImv s]mcp-Xp-
n?''(4: 75).
Cu imk\ ]menv apkvenw-I tdmam--t]jy km{am-Py--
fpsS ]nSn-bns]v ASn-bm-f-cmbn \c-I-bm-X-\-b-\p-`-hn P\-hn-`m-K-
sf tamNn-n-m {ian-p-I-bp-mbn. XZv^-e-ambn {]kvXpX km{am-
Py-i-n-I Ckvem-ap-ambn Gp-ap-n. Ah ]cm-P-b-a-Sv XI-
tm tImf-\n-I-fm-bn-cp Cdm, Cdm-Jv, kndnb, tPmZm, ê-
kvXzo, CuPn]vXv t]mep cmPy- kzX-{-am-hp-Ibpw Ckvem-
an-I- cm-jv{S-ns `mK-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tdmam--t]jy km{am-
Py-sf ITn-\-ambn shdp-n-cp Xt-io-b apkvenw-I-fpsS BKa\w
Bh-iy-s-Sp-Ibpw kljw kzmKXw sNp-I-bp-am-bn-cpp. Cu hn[w
Ckvem-ans Iogn h \nhm-kn-I-fn-em-scbpw aXwam-n\v apkvenw-
I \n_-n-n-cp-n-. AXn\v Ckvemw Bscbpw A\p-h-Zn-p-p-
an.
Ckvem-an BIr-jvS-cmbn kzbw AXv kzoI-cn-m k--cm-
b-h apkvenw-I-fm-hp-Ibpw Ah-ti-jn-p--h ]qhn-I- a-X-n-
Xs XpS-cp-I-bp-am-Wp-m-b-Xv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs Ckvem-ans
{]t_m-[-\hpw {]Nm-c-Whpw Bbp-[-{]-tbm-K-n-eqsStbm A[n-Im-
c-i-n-bpsS \n_w hgntbm Bbn-cp-n-. \njv]--cmb Ncn-{X-
Im-c-m-scmw Cmcyw Ak-n-Kv[-ambn hy-am-n-bn-p-v. Ckvemw
{]N-cn-Xv hmfp-sIm-m-sW hymP-{]-Nm-c-Ws Jn-p-sImv
k tXmakv BWUv _rl-mb Hcp {Kw Xs cNn-p-I-bp-
m-bn. At-l-ns "Ckvemw: {]t_m-[-\hpw {]Nm-chpw' F
IrXn hnhn[ \mSp-I-fn Ckvemw {]N-cn ]m-ew hni-Z-ambn
hnh-cnv ]mm-Xy-cpsS Btcm-]-W- Xopw ASn-m-\-c-ln-X-
am-sWv kaYn-p-p. a[y-]qh-tZ-is Ckvem-ans hym]\w
hnh-cn-p-sImv BWUv Fgp-Xpp: ""taep--cn DZm-l-c-W--
fn\nv ss{IkvXh tKm{X- kza-\-mse Ckvemw kzoI-cn-p-
I-bm-Wp-m-b-sXv \apv Duln-mw. tPXm--fmb apkvenw-Ifpw
XpSp apkvenw Xe-ap-d-Ifpw Ah-tcmSp ImWn kln-jvWpX
As\ Dd-n-m-\mWv \s t{]cn-n-p--Xv. apl--Zo-b-cpsS CS-
bn Ctmgpw Pohn-p ss{IkvXh Ad-_n-I Cu kln-jvWp-
X-bpsS Poh-\p sXfn-hp-I-fmWv'' (t]Pv 64). Atlw Xs XpS-
cpp: ""ss{IkvXhtcmSv apkvenw `c-W-ns BZy-Im-ev ImWn
kln-jvWp-Xb - psS shfn-
- n hmfmWv aX-]c- n-h-\- ns apJy
D]-I-cWw F hmZw Hpw Xr]vXn-I-c-a-m--Xm-Ipp''(t]Pv 83).
Cy-bnse Ckvem-anI {]Nm-c-Ws kw_-nv tUm. Cuizcn
{]kmZv ]d-bpp: ""DtZym-K-ta-bvpw ^yqU m\-pw
sImXn-n-cp Iptd-tbsd khW apkvenw `c-Wt- m-Sp-IqSn Ckvem-
an-tev hp. Fm IqSp-Xepw Xmgv PmXn-bn s] A[x-Ir-X-
cm-bn-cpp. AXn\p ImcWw {Iqc-amb PmXn-hy-h lnp-a-X-n
Ahv arK-Xp-eyX am{X-amWv \In-b-sXpw Ckvemw ka-Xz-km-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 179
tlm-Zcyw kw`m-h\ sNbvXp-sh--Xp-amWv''(Ram Gopal, Indian Muslims

A Political History, P. 2).
tUm. tdmbv Nu[cn Fgp-Xpp: ""_wKm-fnse ASn--a-s
A[x-IrX hK-n\v Ckvemw Hcm-izm-khpw kmz-\-hp-am-bn-cp-p.
khW]oU-bn\npw Hcp hcw Inn-bn-s--t]mse Ah ]nS-
s-gp-tp'' (Dr. Roy Choudary, Histoy of Muslim Rule, P. 14 D-cWw:
Ncn-{X-]m-T-, t]Pv 344).
ZoL-Imew _wKm knhn kho-kn-em-bn-cp k sl{Sn
tIm India and Home affairs F {K-n-se-gp-Xpp: ""Ing- _w-
Km-fnse apkvenw-I apgps A[x-Ir-Xcpw A[x-n-X-cp-amb lnp-
-fpsS km-\-]-c--c-bm-Wv. kmaq-ln-I-\o-Xn-p-thn aX-]-cn-h-
\w sNbvX-h-cmWv Ah-cpsS ]nXm--m''(D--cWw: Ibid t]Pv:335).
l_kv apJnb Fgp-Xpp: ""aX-]-cn-h\w \S-n-cp-p-sh
Imcyw Bcpw \ntj-[n-p-n-. _lp-P-\-X-e-n-e-[n-Ihpw kw`-hn-
Xv kzta-[bm Bbn-cp-p. P\--fpsS CS-bn Xma-kn-p-Ibpw Ah-
tcmSv Ah-cpsS `mj-bn kwkm-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp-t]m kzqô-
k-\ym-kn-am-cpsS kzm[o-\-i-n-sIm-mhmw As\ kw`-hn-Xv''-
(hKo-bXbpw {]mNo\ `mcX Ncn{XcN-\-bpw, t]Pv 48).
alm-m-Kmn Fgp-Xpp: ""Cp a\p-jy-hK-nse P\--fpsS
lrZ-b--fn, \nhn-hm-Z-amb B[n-]Xyw ]pep Hcm-fpsS Pohn-
X-ns Ghpw D-a-amb hiw Adn-bm Rm {ian-p. Am-
ev Pohn-X-k-c-Wn-bn Ckvem-an\v m\w t\Sn-sm-Sp-Xv hmfm-
bn-cp-n-sv aps--t-mfpw F\np t_m[y-am-bn-cn-p-p.
{]hm-N-Is AN--e-amb emfn-Xyhpw DZm--amb B-_-ehpw
{]Xn--I-tfm-Sp ZrV-amb {]Xn-_--Xbpw Iqp-Im-tcmSpw A\p-
bm-bn-I-tfm-Sp-ap AXn-c A-Whpw \n`-b-Xzhpw ssZh-nepw
Xs ZuXy-n-ep-ap ]c-aa - mb hnizm-kh
- p-am-bn-cp-p, hmfm-bn-cp-n
Fm-n-s\bpw Ah-cpsS apn-se-n-Xpw Fm XS---sfbpw
AXnPo-hn-m klm-bn-Xpw''(bv Cy 16-9-1924).
]mm-Xy {K-Im-c-\mb an tdms_v sk Fgp-Xpp:
""aXm-th-ihpw CXc aX--tcm-Sp kln-jvWp-X-bpsS ssNX-\yhpw
Hcp-t]mse \ne-\nn-b-h apkvenw-I am{X-am-Ip-p. Ah hmsf-
Sp--tXm-sSmw Xs Ckvem-an Xm]-cy-an-m--hsc Ah-cpsS
aXw apdpsI ]nSn-m A\p-h-Zn-p-I-bp-mbn''(Civilization of Arabs,
D-cWw: Ckvemapw aX-k-ln-jvWp-Xbpw, t]Pv 68).
{]hm-N-I ]s-Sp-Xpw \bn--Xp-amb bp- A\n-hmcy
kml-N-cy-n AXn-{I-a-sf {]Xn-tcm-[n-m\pw A\o-Xnbpw
A[ahpw Ah-km-\n-n-m\pw thn-bm-bn-cp-p-shpw Ckvemw
{]N-cn-Xv hmfm-em-sW hmZw hymPm-tcm-]Ww am{X-am-sWpw Cu
hn[w hkvXp-X-Isf hni-I-e\w sNm k--cm-b-h-scmw kwi-
b-te-i-at\y hy-am-nb hkvXp-X-b-s{X.
Ccp-]-sm-Xv
Ckvem-an-I- `-c-W-nse aX-\yq-\-]--
""Cy-bn- `qcn-]w lnp--fm-b-Xn-\m-et Fm aX-mpw

Xpeym-h-Imiw \Ip skp-e-cnkw ChnsS \ne-\np-Xv? `qcn-
]w apkvenw-I-fm-bn-cp-p-sh-n Cybpw aXm-[n-jvTnX Ckvem-
anI cmjv{S-am-hp-Ibpw ap aXm-\p-bm-bn-I cmw-Xcw ]uc-m-cm-hp-
Itbm aXw-am-dm \n_-n-X-cm-hp-Itbm sNp-am-bn-cp-nt?''
kaq-l-n \ne-\np Kpcp-X-c-amb sXnm-c-W-I-fmWv
Ccw kwi-b-v Imc-Ww. apkvenw-I `qcn-]--ap \mSp-I-
sfmw aXm-[n-jvTnX Ckvem-an-I-cm-jv{S--fm-sW [mcW icn-b-.
Ckvem-an-I-hy-h bYm-hn[n \S-m--s-Sp cmPy- am{Xta
Ckvem-an-I-cm-jv{S-sa hnti-j-W-n\v Al-am-hp-I-bp-q. \ne-hn-
ep apkvenw \mSp-I An[w sNm--Xn-\m-emWv temI-s-hn-
sSbpw amXrIm Ckvem-anI cmjv{S- ImW-s-Sm--Xv. `mKn-I-ambn
Ckvem-an-I-hy-h \S-m-p \mSp-I-fp-v. Ah A{X-tm-fta
Ckvem-an-I-am-hp-I-bp-q.
Ckvem-an-I-cm-jv{S-nse Aapkvenw ]uc-mv X-fpsS hnizm-
k- hp-]p-em\pw Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\- \nh-ln-m\pw
BNm-c- ]np-S-cm\pw kzmX-{y-ap-m-bn-cn-pw. BcpsS taepw
Ckvem-ans\ ASn-t]n-p-Itbm Bsc-sb-nepw aXw amdm \n_-
n-p-Itbm C. As\ sNp-Xv Ckvemw IWn-i-ambn hne-
n-bn-cn-pp: ""aX-n Hcp-hn[ \n_--hp-an-. kmKw anYym-
[m-c-W-I-fn \nv thXn-cnv Ign-n-cn-p-p-.''(Jp. 2: 256).
""\o hnfw-_cw sNpI: CXv \n-fpsS \mY-\n\n-p- kXy-
am-Ip-p. CjvS-ap--hnXv kzoI-cn-mw. CjvS-ap--hv \ntj-[n-
mw.'' (Jp. 18:29).
ssZh-Zq-X-mp-t]mepw aXw kzoI-cn-m Bscbpw \n_-n-
m A\p-hm-Z-ap-m-bn-cp-n-. Amlp Adn-bn-pp: ""P\-
hnizm-kn-If- m-Im \o Ahsc \n_-n-p-Itbm? ssZh-ln-Xa - n-msX
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 181
Hcmpw hniz-knpI km[y-a''(Jp. 6: 69).

""\_n-tb, \o DZvt_m-[n-npsImn-cn-p-I. \o DZvt_m-[-I
am{X-am-Ip-p. \o Ahsc \n_-nv hgn-s-Sp-p--h-s\m-p-a-
.''(Jp. 88: 21,22).
temI-nse BZys Ckvem-an-Ic - m-jv{S-amb aZo-\b - n, AXns
m]-I-\mb \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n aX-\yq-\-]--v A\p-h-Zn--Xp-t]m-
ep- kzmX-{yhpw kuI-cyhpw at-sX-nepw aXm-[n-jvTnX \mSp-I-
fntem aX-\n-c-t] cmPy--fntem ImW-s-Sp-tam-sbv \ymb-ambpw
kwi-bn-t-n-bn-cn-p-p. aZo\ AwKo-I-cnv {]Jym-]n {]am-W-
n Cs\ ImWmw: ""\psS `c-W-km-tlm-Z-cy-ko-a-bns]-Sp
PqX-mv hKm-Sn-m-\-n-ep ]-]m-X-]-c-amb s]cp-am---
fn\npw t{Zml-f - n\npw c \Ipw. \psS klm-b - n\pw
Zbm-\n-c-X-amb kwc--W-n\pw apkvenw kap-Zm-bmw-K--sf-tmse
Ahpw Ah-Im-i-ap-v. apkvenw-I-fp-ambn tNv Ah GI LS-
\-bp- Hcp cmjv{S-am-bn-o-cpw. apkvenw-Is - f-tm-se-s Ahpw
kzX-{-ambn X-fpsS aXw BN-cn-m-hp--Xm-Wv.''
k tXmakv BWUv Fgp-Xpp: ""apl-Zv ]e Ad_v-
ss{IkvXh tKm{X--fpambpw kn-bn-tes-n-cp-p. Ahtlw
kwc--Whpw kzw aX-am-N-cn-m-\p kzmX-{yhpw \In''-
(Ckvemw: {]t_m-[-\hpw {]Nm-c-hpw, ]pdw 60).
{]hm-N-Is ]mX ]np-Sv apgp-h apkvenw-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw
kzoI-cn kao-]-\hpw CXp-X-s. Cym Ncn-{X-n Gsd sXn-
cn--s-Sp-Ibpw hnai-\-hn-t[-b-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvX Hudw-K-ko-_ns
aXkao-]-\-n {]I-S-am-bn-cp kln-jvWp-Xsb kw_-nv Ae-
Ivkm- lman Fgp-Xpp: ""lnp-v ]cn-]q-Wamb aX-
kzm-X{yw e`n-p-p-s--Xn\v ]pdsa ssl-h- cm-Pm--m-cpsS
Iogn-em-bn-cn-p-tm-sgms Ah \S-n-bn-cp {hX-fpw D-h-
fpw BtLm-jn-m-\p kuI-cy- Dm-bn-cp-p. aodv \K-c-
n am{Xw ssl-h-hn-`m-K-n \qdn]cw hyXykvX hn`m-K--
fp-s-nepw Ah Xn {]mY-\-I-fp-sStbm knm---fp-sStbm
t]cn bmsXmcp hn[ hnhm-Zhpw Dm-bn-cp-n. GsXm-cmpw
Abm-fm-{K-ln-p hn[w ssZhm-\-I \S-p-hm\pw Bcm-[n-m-
\p-ap kzmX-{y-ap-m-bn-cpp. aX-[zw-k-\- Am-X-as{X''
(Alaxander Hamilton, A new Account of the East Indies, Vol. 1, PP. 159, 162, 163).
apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I aX-]-cn-h-\-n\v \n_-n-p-
Itbm kZw sNep-p-Itbm sNbvXn-cp-p-sh-n \o \nc-h[n
\qm-p-I-fpsS `c-W-n\p tijhpw apkvenw-I-fn-hnsS \yq\-]--
am-Ip-am-bn-cp-n-sv kphn-Zn-X-am-W-tm.
Ckvem-anI `c-W-n aX-\yq-\-]--v ]qW-amb Bcm-
[-\m-kzm-X{yw \I-s-n-cp-p. \Pvdm-\nse {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-ambn
{]hm-N-I-\p-m-nb kn-hy-h--I-fn Cs\ ImWmw. ""\Pvdm-
\nse ss{IkvX-hpw Ah-cpsS kl-hm-kn-Ipw ssZh-ns
A`-bhpw ssZh-Zq-X-\mb apl--Zns kwc--tWm--c-hm-Zn-Xz-hp-
ap-v. Ah-cpsS Poh, aXw, `qan, [\w Fn-hbvpw Ah-cn
lmP-dp--hpw Cm--hpw Ah-cpsS H-Ipw \nth-Z-I-
kw-L-pw Ipcn-iv, Nv t]mep aX-Nn--pw thn-
bm-Wn-Xv. \ne-hn-ep Ah--bn Hcp amhpw hcp-p--X-. Ah-
cpsS bmsXm-c-h-Im-ihpw Hcp aX-Nn-hpw am-s-Sp--X-. Ah-cpsS
]mXn-cntbm ]ptcm-ln-Xt\m Nv tkh-It\m Xs m\v \nv
\osSp--X-.''
Hmw Jeo^ A_q-_Iv kzno-Jv(-d) lodm-hm-kn-I-fp-ambn Hp-
h kn-hy-h--I-fn-en-s\ ]d-bpp: ""Ah-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-
fpw I\o-kp-Ifpw i{Xp--fn\nv c t\Sp tIm-Ifpw s]mfn-
p-am--s-Sp--X-. aWn-b-Sn-p-tXm s]cp-m-fn\v Ipcniv Fgp--
n-p-tXm XS-b-s-Sp--Xp-a-.''
a[y-]qh-tZ-is ss{IkvX-h-hn-izm-kn-I apkvenw `c-W-n\v
Iogn kqW aX-kzm-X{yw A\p-h-Zn-n-cp--Xn-\m hf-sc-tbsd
kwXr-]vXc - m-bn-cp-p. \o Ap \qm-p-Imew Ckvem-an-Im-[n-]Xyw
A\p-`-hn--ti-jhpw Cu Ah--bn-semcp amhpw kw`-hn-n-cp-n-
sv ]{mw \qm-ns cmw ]Ip-Xn-bn Atm-Iy-bnse
bmtm-_mb ]m{Xn-bmo-km-bn-cp henb ssa-ens {]kvXm-
h\ Ak-n-Kv[-ambn hy-am-p-p. tdma `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp
lncm-n-b-kns aZ\ IY-I hnh-cn-p-sImv Atlw Fgp-Xpp:
""C-s\-bmWv kh-i-\pw a\p-jy-cpsS km{am-Py- Xs lnX-
n-\-\p-k-cnv amn-a-dn-p--h\pw Xm\n-On-p--hv km{amPyw
\Ip--h\pw ]mh-sf D-cn-p--h-\p-amb {]Xn-Im-c-ns
ssZhw Civta-ens km-\-sf tdma Ic--fn\npw \s
cn-m-\mbn sXp-\np sImp-h--Xv. tdma-m \psS Np-
Ifpw aT-fpw Ih sNp-Xpw \s \nZbw aZn-p-Xpw
ssZhw t\mn-m-Wp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. bYmY-n \ap-]w \jvSw
kw`-hn-n-p-s-n AXv Imkn-tUm-Wn-b ]-p-\nv G]n-
-s \psS Np-I Ah-cpsS ssIbn Xs tijn-p--Xp-
sImv Dm-bXp am{X-am-Wv. Ad-_n-I \K-c- A[o-\-s-Sp-n-
b-tm Hmtcm-cp--cp-sSbpw ssIh-i-ap Np-I A-s\-s
\ne-\nn. GXm-bn-cp-mepw tdma-m-cpsS {Iqc-X-bn-\npw \oN-
Xz-n\npw tcmj-n\npw aXm-th-i-n-\npw c {]m]n-
p-Ibpw \mw kam-[m-\-n Ign-bp-Ibpw sNp-p-sh-Xv Hpw
\nm-c-Im-cy-a''(Michael the elder Vol. 2, PP. 412, 413. D-c-Ww: k
tXmakv BWUv, Ckvemw {]t_m-[-\hpw {]Nm-c-hpw, ]pdw 67).
Cy-bnse apkvenw B[n-]-Xys kw_-nv {io. Cuizcn
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 183
{]kmZv ]d-bpp: ""apkvenw-I Iog-S--s P\-Xbvv Bcm-[\m

kzmX{yw A\p-h-Zn-p-Ibpw Ah-tcmSv kln-jvWp-Xm-]qhw s]cp-
am-dp-I-bp-ap-m-bn.''(History of Muslim Rule, Page 46).
tUmIvS Xmcm-Nv Fgp-Xpp: ""apkvenw tPXm- ]cm-Pn-X-tcmSv
hfsc \mbn s]cp-am-dn. lnp ]n-X-mpw ]qPm-cn-ampw
X-fpsS tZhm-e-b-pw N--Sn-bp Ah-Imiw \Im Ij-
Isc A\p-h-Zn-p.''(Ibid, Page 49).
aI lpa-bq-Wn\v _m_ N{I-hn \Inb Atym-]-tZ-i-
-fn lnpk-tlm-Z-c-m-tcmSv AXyp-Zm-c-ambn s]cp-am-dm-\m-h-iy-s-
Sp-I-bp-m-bn. tUm. cmtP-{-{]-kmZv DssS D-cn {]kvXpX
Atym-]-tZ-i--fn Cs\ ImWmw: ""Cy aX-ssh-hn-[y--fpsS
\mSmWv. AXn \o \n tcJ-s-Sp--Ww. Am-lp \n\v A[n-
Imcw \In-bm \o aX-]--]m-XnXzw ImWn--cp-Xv. ssl-h-cpsS
lrZbw {hW-sSpw hn[w ]ip-sf Adp--cp-Xv. AXp sNbvXm
P\w \ns shdp-pw. t{X-fpw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-fpw XI-
cpXv. `c-Wm-[n-Imcn `c-Wo-b-scbpw `c-Wo-b `c-W-Im-hn-s\bpw
kvt\ln-p kml-Ncyw krjvSn-p-I. Zbm-lr-Zbw sImmWv
Ckvem-ans\ [\y-am-t--Xv. ASn--a-en-eqsSb''(D--c-Ww:
anknkv \ntem-^ Alva-Zv, Cn-yqv Hm^v H_vP-IvSohv Uo-kv,
\yqUln).
Bew-Ko \ma-bn-en-s\ hmbnmw: ""Hudw-K-ko-_v _wKm-fnepw
Bkm-anepw Nne lnp t{X- \nan-p-Ibpw _p-K-bv
hn `qkzv cmP-Io-b-im-k\ hgn \Ip-I-bp-ap-mbn''(D-cWw:
Illustrated weekly, 5.10.'75).
]nv kpem ]d-bpp: ""AIv_, Plmw-Ko, jmP-lm
Fn-h-cpsS Imepw Hudw-K-ko-_n-sbpw ]nKm-an-I-fp-sSbpw
Imepw lnp--tfmSpw apkvenw-I-tfmSpw Htc kao-]-\-amWv kzoI-
cn-n-cp--Xv. cp aX-fpw Xpey-ambn BZ-cn--s-p. aX-ns
t]cn BtcmSpw Hcp-hn[ hnth-N-\hpw ImWn-n-cp-n-. Fm N{I-
hn-amcpw \nc-h[n t{X-v Htsd `qkz-p- \Ip-I-
bp-m-bn. Cpw Cy-bnse hnhn[ t{X-]q-Pm-cn-I-fpsS hiw Hudw-
K-ko-_ns Hp cmP-I]\ \ne-hn-ep-v. Ah Atlw ]mcn-
tXm-jn-I-fpw `qkz-p-fpw \In-b-Xns kvac-Wn-I-b-s{X.
Ccw cp I]-\-I Ctmgpw Ce-lm-_m-Zn-ep-v. Ah-bn-semv
tkma-\mY t{X-nse ]qPm-cn-bpsS hi-amWv''.
CXc aX-hn-`m-K--fpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b--fpsS kwc--W-nepw
Ckvem-an-I-cm{w Fpw Fhn-sSbpw XnI {ibpw Pm{K-Xbpw
]pen-tm-n-p-v. Hmw Jeo-^-bmb A_q-_Iv kzno-Jn-t\mSv
cmPys ss{IkvXh hnizm-kn-I, X ]pXp-Xmbn \nan Nv
DZvLm-S\w sNm-\m-h-iy-s-Sp-Ibpw AXv Ckvem-an-Im-cm-[-\-bmb \a-
kv I mcw \nh- l nv \S- n- b m aXn- s bv \ntZ- i n- p- I bpw
sNbvXp. Atm Atlw ]dp: ""Rm\Xv DZvLm-S\w sNbvXm
Fs Ime-tijw bmYmYy-a-dnbm-h R-fpsS Jeo^ \a-
kvI-cn e-am-sWv AXns t]cn Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ap--bn-p-
Ibpw AXv Ipg--n-S-h-cp-p-Ibpw sNbvtX-mw.'' Jeo-^-
bpsS Bi icn-bm-sWp t_m[y-amb ss{IkvXh ktlm-Z-c-
m X-fpsS DZy-a-n\nv ]nam-dn.
ê-kvXo kin-sh \a-kvIm-cka-b-am-b-tm cmw
Jeo^ Da-dp ^mdq-Jn-t\mSv Ahn-Ss ]m{Xn-bmokv kz^\n-
bqkv, X-fpsS Nnhv \a-kvImcw \nh-ln-m-\m-h-iy-s-p.
Fm B \ntZiw Jeo^ \n-]qhw \nc-kn-p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-
Xv. AXn\v Atlw ]d Imc-Ww, Xm\-hnsS hv \a-kvI-cn-m
]nm-ev Ahn-th-In-I-fmb apkvenw-I-fm-sc-nepw AXns t]cn
Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ap--bn-p-Ibpw AXv ]n-bmn amm {ian-p-Ibpw
sNbvtX-p-sa-m-bn-cp-p. A-c-sam-c-hn-th-I-n\v Ah-k-c-ap-m-
h-cp-sXv \n_--ap-m-bn-cp Da-dp ^mdqJv Nn\p ]pd-p
Hcp Hgn ev hkv{Xw hncnv \a-kvI-cn-p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv.
Aap-kvenw-Iv Ah-cpsS hyn-\n-b-a--f-\p-k-cnv Pohn-m
]qW kzmX{yw \Ip Ckvemw Ah-cpsS Hc-h-Im-ihpw l\n-
m A\p-h-Zn-p-n-. {]hm-N-I Xncp-ta\n Acp sNpp: ""kq-
n-p-sIm-p-I, Aapkvenw ]uc-msc h-hcpw ASn--ap-Itbm
Ah-cpsS ta Ign-hn-\-Xo-X-amb \nIp-Xn-`mcw Npa-p-Itbm Ah-
tcmSv {Iqc-ambn s]cp-am-dp-Itbm Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i- shn-p-d-
bvp-Itbm sNp-I-bm-sW-n Ay-hn[n \mfn Ahs-Xnsc
Rm kzbw Xs ]cmXn t_m[n-n-p--XmWv.''(A-_q-Zm-hq-Zv)
""B Aapkvenw ]ucs\ A]m-b-s-Sp-p-pthm Ah kzK-
ns Kw t]mepw A\p-`h - n-p-Ib
- n'' (A-_q-bq-kp-^v, InXm-_p
Jdm-Pv, t]Pv 71).
hnhmlw, hnhm-l-tam-N\w, A\--cm-h-Imiw XpS-nb hyn-
\n-b-a--fp-ambn _-s {]iv\--sfmw _-s In-I-fpsS
aXm-Nm-c-{]-Im-c-amWv Ckvem-anI tImS-Xn-I Xov I]n-pI. ico-
Av hn[n-I Ah-cpsS ta \S-n-em-p-I-bn-. \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-
bpsS Imev PqX-m-cpsS tIkp-I hnNm-c-W-bvp- h-m aZo-\-
bnse "ss_p anZvdmkv' F PqX-sk-an-\m-cn-bp-ambn _-sv
Ahn-Ss ]ptcm-ln-X-m-tcmSv tXmd-bnse hn[n-I At\z-jnv ]Tn
tijta Ahn-Sp Xov I]n-n-cp-p-q. (-C_v\p lnimw, kod-
p--_n, hmfyw 2, ]pdw 201).
k tXmakv BWUv Fgp-Xpp: ""Aapkvenw kaq-l-
an-hmdpw ]qW-amb kzbw`c-Wm-h-Imiw A\p-`hn-p-I-bp-m-bn.
Fp-sIm-s-m X-fpsS B`y--c-Im-cy- ssIImcyw sNm-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 185
\p kzmX{yw `c-W-IqSw Ah-cpsS Ic--fn Xs G]n-n-

cp-p. aX-]-c-amb hnj-b--fn Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-p-hm-\p A[n-Imcw
Ah-cpsS ]ptcm-ln-X-mv e`n-p. Ah-cpsS Np-Ifpw aT-fpw
bmsXmcp Du\hpw XmsX \ne-\nm-\-\p-h-Znp''(Ckvemw: {]t_m-
[-\hpw {]Nm-chpw, ]pdw 78).
Fm Ckvem-an-I-cm-jv{S-n A\o-Xn-Ifpw hnth-N-\-fpw
\S-p-I-bn-. PmXnaX-In t`Z-at\y \njvIr-jvS-amb \oXn \S-
n-em--sSpw. Jp-B I]n-pp: ""hniz-kn--h-tc, \n Am-
lp-hn\p thn t\amK-n \ne-sIm-p-h - cpw \oXnv kmyw
h-ln-p--h-cp-am-Ip-I. Hcp P\-X-tbm-Sp hntcm[w \oXn \S-n-em-
-s-Sm-Xn-cn-m \nsf t{]cn-n-m-Xn-cn--s. \oXn ]men-p-
hn. AXmWv ssZh-`-nv Ghpw A\p-tbmPyw''(5:8).
Ckvem-an-I-cm-jv{S-n Aapkvenw ]uc-ms-Xnsc Iem]w
\S-n-bm inm \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn--s-Spw. h[n-m {]Xn-{Inb
\Sm--s-Spw. Bcm-[-\m-e-b- XI-s-m XI-hs-
Xnsc ISp in hn[n-p-Ibpw XI-s-h ]p\\nan-p-Ibpw
sNpw. Bcm-[-\m-e-b--sf-tm-se-s aX-\yq-\-]---fpsS
Poh\pw kzpw hnZym-m-]\ -
- fpw hyn-\n-ba -
- fpw ]qW-ambpw
kpc-n-X-am-bn-cnpw. Ah-bp-sS-sbmpw t\sc Hcp-hn[ ssItb-hpw
A\p-h-Zn--s-Sp--X-. AXp-sIm-p-Xs Ckvem-anI `c-W-n
aX-\yq-\-]-- kzmX-{yhpw kpc-bpw A\p-h-Zn-p-sa--Xn-
sempw kwi-b-an-. Ah-scm-cn-epw A]hpw A\o-Xntm ssItb-
-tm Ah-tl-f-\-tm Cc-bm-hp-I-bn-.
cmPys BZn-hm-kn-Ifpw ]ntm PmXn-m-cp-samw X
lnp--f-sv i-ambn hmZn-p-sIm-ncns, tNmZy-n-ep--bn,
Cy-bnse `qcn-]w lnp--fm-sW ]cm-aiw kqvatam
hkvXp\n-jvTtam As-p-IqSn ]d-tb--Xp-v.
apXv
Pnkvb aX-\n-Ip-Xntbm?
apkvenw cmP y-n t{X-v A\p-hm-Z-aptm?

""atX-X-c-\m-Sp-I-fn-te-Xp-t]m-setbm IqSp-X-emtbm aX-\yq-\-]---
v Ckvem-an-I-cm-jv{S-n aX-kzm-X-{y-ap-m-Ip-sav Xm Ah-
Im-i-s-Sp-I-bp-m-btm? Fm temIv GsX-nepw apkvenw
cmPyv lnp-v t{Xw \nan-m A\p-hm-Z-aptm? ]mIn-
kvXm-\nepw _wm-tZ-in-ep-samw D-h-Xs XIp-I-bt sNp-
Xv?''
]mIn-kvXm\pw _wm-tZ-ip-apssS temIv lnp-]u-c-m-cp
apkvenw \mSp-I-fn-semw t{Xw \nan-m\pw AhnsS Bcm-[-\bpw
BtLm-jhpw \S-m\pw A\p-hm-Z-apv. `c-W-Iq-Stam P\-tfm
AXn-sem-cn-epw Hcp \nepw CS-s]-Sm-dn. F, Bh-iy-amb
klm-b-k-l-I-cWw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-m-dp-apv. GXm\pw hjw apv
h Hcp ]{X-hm-bn-en-s\ ImWmw: ""_wm-tZ-inse lnp-t-
{X-fpw [a-m-]-\-fpw ]p\-cp--cn-m Khsa v GI-tZiw
Bdp ew cq] A\p-h-Znp. Cu Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp \oXn-\ymb hIp-
n-sbpw B[ym-nI Imcy--fp-sSbpw a{n \qdp Ckvemw, Fm
aX--fp-sSbpw D-a-\-n X X]-c-cm-sW--dn-bnp.''(amXr-
`qan 4-101985).
asmcp apkvenw \mSmb Ctm-t\-jysb kw_-nv B.-
Fkv.Fkv. hmcnI tIkcn Fgp-Xpp: ""Fm hn`m-K-pw ]qW-
amb Bcm-[-\m-kzm-X{yw \Ip Ctm-t\-jy `c-W-L-S\ B
cmPy-ns atX-Xc kz`mhw hy-am-pp. Ckvemw, {InkvXp-aXw,
_p-aXw, lnp-[aw XpS-nb \mep aX-pw km Xpey-
amb AwKo-Im-chpw t{]mm-l-\-hp-amWv \Ip-Xv. CXn-\mbn
km \nb-{-W-n Hcp {]tXyI hIpv Xs-bpv. hnhn[
aXm-\p-bm-bn-I ChnsS ]c-kv]cw kvt\l-tmSpw kl-hn--
tmSpw IqSn Ign-bpp''(7-6-1987).
]mIn-kvXm-\n Pm-jvSan, Zo]m-hen t]mep BtLm-j-Zn-\-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 187
-fn lnp ktlm-Z-c-v Acn, ]-kmc XpS-n-bh {]tXy-

I-ambn A\p-h-Zn-m-dpv. IqSmsX, emtlm Pn-bnse AwKo-IrX
tImtf-Pp-I-fnepw kvIqfp-I-fnepw ]Tn-p \yq\-]--k-ap-Zmb hnZym-
Yn-Iv km kvtImfjnv \In-h-cpp. emtlm-dnse
ss{IkvXh aX-hn-izm-kn-Iv ivaim\-ap-m-m Bdp- ew cq]
km klm-b-[\w \Ip-I-bp-mbn.
1992- _m_cn akvPnZv XI-s--tm ]mIn-kvXm-\n-sebpw
_wm-tZ-in-sebpw Ahn-th-In-I-fmb Nne t{X--fpsS t\sc
ssItbw \S-p-Ibpw tISp-]m-Sp-I hcp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Atm
Ahsc XS-bm\pw sslh Bcm-[-\m-e-b- kwc-n-m\pw
aptmp hXv Ahn-S--fnse Ckvem-an-I-{]-h-I-cmWv. Av
A-e- B{I-an--s ]m--e-n kpK-X-Ip-amcn Cym-
Sp-tU-bn-se-gpXn: ""_m_cn akvPnZv XI-Xn-eqsS lnp- Fp-
t\Sn? Ab\m-Sp-I-fn F{Xtbm t{X- A{I-an--s-Sp-I-bp-
mbn. XI-s ]n ]p\\nanp sImSp-m-Xn-cn-m \psS
kwkvImcw \s A\p-h-Zn-p-I-bn. Fm ssItb--n-c-
bmb A-e--fptm ]p\-cp--cn--s-Spp?''
]t, kw`-hn-Xv adn-mWv. HXp amk-n-\Iw A{I-a-n-
c-bmb apgp-h t{X-fpw ]mIn-kvXm-\n-sebpw _wm-tZ-in-sebpw
`c-W-Iq-S- ]pXp-n--WnXp. Cu kw`hw Cy-bnse ]{X-
Xs dntmp sNp-Ib - p-mbn. Ah-bpsS Inw-Kp-Ifpw Cym-SptU-
bnse teJ-\-ns tImnbpw Ab-p-sIm-Spv {]Xn-I-c-W-am-h-iy-
s-p-sh-nepw kpK-X-Ip-amcn adp-]Sn Ab-bvm-\p k-\p
t]mepw ImWn-n. ImcWw bmYmYyw Ah IW-p-Iq-n-b-Xn-
\npw \mn {]N-cn-n--s--Xn\npw XnIpw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-
cpp.
A\y- a-X-k-aq-l--fpsS Bcm-[y-h-kvXp-sf Ah-tl-fn-mt\m
Ah- c psS Bcm- [ - \ m- e - b - sf ssItbw sNmt\m Ckv e mw
Bscbpw A\p-h-Zn-p-n. AXp-sIm-p-Xs apkvenw-\m-Sp-I-fn-se-
hn-sSbpw Bcm-[\ - m-eb
-
- B{I-an-s - -Sp-Itbm XI-s-Sp-Itbm
C. AYhm, GsX-nepw Ahn-th-In-I As\ sNbvXm- Ah
]p\\nan-m Ckvem-anI kaq-lhpw `c-W-Iq-Shpw _m-[y-hpw
{]Xn-m-_--hp-as{X.
K^p-\m-Sp-I-fnse t{X-hn-ev
""K^v\m-Sp-I-fn lnp-sf t{Xw ]Wn-bm A\p-h-Zn-m-dn-
s-mWv Adnhv. AsX-p-sIm-mWv?''
K^v \mSp-I-fn lnp-]u-c-m-cn. Ahn-sS-bp lnp-
tPmen-bm-h-iymYw sN hntZ-in-I-fmWv. apkvenw-I-fpssS hntZ-
in-I-fmb Bpw AhnsS ew hmmt\m Bcm-[-\m-ebw ]Wn-
bmt\m A\p-hm-Z-an. AYhm, hntZ-i-ap-kvenw-Iv ]n-bp-m-
m\pw Ahn-S--fnse \nbaw A\p-h-Zn-p-n. hntZ-in-Iv Cy-
bntem CXc skIyp-e \mSp-I-fntem kz-amb Bcm-[-\m-ebw ]Wn-
bm A\p-hm-Z-an-m--Xp-t]m-se-s.
Fnpw ZoL-Imeambn K^v \mSp-I-fn Ign-p-Iq-Sp
knn lnp-v Bcm-[-\m-ebw \nan-m `c-W-IqSw {]tXyIw
A\p-aXn \Ip-I-bp-mbn. ae-bm-f-nse B.Fkv.Fkv. hmcnI
tIkcn Fgp-Xpp: ""akvIv, _lvssd, Zpss_ Fo K^p
cmPy- hntZ-i-tm-bvav Iogn D-Xp-ap-X `mc-Xo-bcpw lnp-
-fp-amb knn-I Chn-S--fn IpSn-tb-dn-mpI ImcWw
{]kvXpX cmPy--fpsS A`n-hr-n-bn KWy-amb ]p-h-ln-n-cpp.
{]kvXpX bmYmYyw a\-n-emn Ahn-S--fnse `c-Wm-[n-]-m
Ahv {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-I sImSp-p-t]mp''(641986).
""Zpss_ ssiJv Ahv thp Fm B\p-Iq-ey-fpw \Ip-
-Xn {]tXyIw {in-p-t]mp. knn-I-fpsS Bh-iym-Yw lnp-
-fpsS Hcp t{Xhpw CjvS-tZ-h-X-Isf hp ]qPn-m-\p A\p-
hm-Zhpw AXp-t]mse D-hm-Zn-I sImm-Sm-\p AwKo-Im-chpw
\Ip-I-bp-mbn. lnp-v ih-kw-kvImcw sNm-\p Hcp
{]tXyI ivaim-\-n-\p ehpw IqSn A\p-h-Zn-p-I-bp-mbn''
(tIkcn 5-1-1986).
Pnkvb
""Ckvem-an-I-cmjv{Sw Aapkvenw ]uc-m-cn\nv Pnkvb F aX-
\n-IpXn CuSm-m-dnt? AXv ISp hnth-N-\hpw A\o-Xn-bp-at?''
Pnkvb aX-\n-Ip-Xn-b. BsW [mcW A_-a - mWv. Gsd sXn-
-cn--s hnj-b-sa \ne-bn CXv A]w hni-Zo-I-cn-p-Xv
KpW-I-c-am-bn-cn-p-sav {]Xo-n-pp. apkvenw-I X-fpsS
Imjn-I-h-cp-am-\-ns ]p iX-am-\hpw CXc km-nI hcp-
am-\--fpsS cc iX-am-\hpw s]mXp JP-\m-hn AS-m _m[y-
-cmWv. CXv aX-]-c-amb Bcm-[-\m-Iaw IqSn-bm-b-Xn-\m CXc
aX-hn-`m-K-m-cpsS ta \n_--am-m \nhm-l-an. ImcWw AX-
h-cpsS aX-kzm-X-{y-ns \ntj-[-am-bn-cnpw. AXn-\m kaq-l-
n km-nI kp-en-XXzw \ne-\nm-\mbn Aapkvenw ]uc-
m-cpsS ta Ckvem-anse aX-N-S-p-I-fp-ambn _-an-m asmcp
\nIpXn Npa-p-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv. AXmWv Pnkvb. apkvenw-I-fn\nv
cmjv{Sw \n_--ambpw ]ncn-s-Sp-p kIm-n\p ]I-c-ap \nIp-
Xn-bm-WXv.
k-p apkvenw-I-sfmw kImv \Im _m[y--cmWv.
kv{XoIfpw Ipn-Ifpw hr-mcpw tcmKn-Ifpw DssS Bcpw Xs
AXn\nv ap-c. Fm AXns\bt]-nv Pnkvb-bn
Htsd B\p-Iq-ey-fpw Cf-hp-I-fp-apv. kv{XoI, Ipn-I, A-
m, hr-m, {`m-m, amdm-tcm-Kn-I, aT--fnse k\ym-kn-am,
]ptcm-ln-X-m t]mep--h-cn\n-smpw Pnkvb ]ncn-p--X.
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 189
AXn-\m Pnkvb Aapkvenw ]uc-m-tcm-Sp hnth-N-\tam A\o-

Xn-tbm A. Ahv km-n-I-ambn Cfhv e`n-m-\p D]m-[n-
bmWv.
Bsc-nepw apkvenw-I-sf-tmse kImv \Im kzbw k-
-ambn aptmp hcn-Ib - m-sW-n Ahsc Ckvem-anI cmjv{Sw Pnkvb-
bn\nv Hgn-hm-p--XmWv. Ncn-{X-n-en-Xn\v Gsd DZm-l-c-W-
ImWmw. Hn-hnsS D-cnmw: k tXmakv BWUv Fgp-Xpp:
""Ah-tcmSv (XKven_v tKm{Xw) Aapkvenw tKm{X-v \Ip
kwc--W-n\p ]I-c-ambn Npa-p Icw Pnkvb AS-m\pw
Atlw (Da-dp ^mdqJv) Bh-iy-sp. Fm Pnkvb sImSp-p-
Xv A]-am-\-ambn Icp-Xnb XKven_v tKm{Xw Xsf apkvenw-I-sf-
tmse \nIpXn (kImv) AS-m A\p-h-Zn--W-sa-m-h-iy-sp.
Jeo^ AX-\p-h-Zn-p-Ibpw Ah apkvenw-I-sf-tmse Pnkvb-bpsS
Ccn hcp kwJy JP-\m-hn-te--S-p-Ibpw sNbvXp'' (Ckvemw
{]t_m-[-\hpw {]Nm-chpw, ]pdw 62).
Ckvem-an-I-cm-jv{S-nse apgp-h ]uc-m-scbpw kwc-n-m
`c-W-IqSw _m[y--amWv. AXn-\m apkvenw-I-fpsS am{X-a, Aap-
kvenw-I-fp-sSbpw Poh\pw kzpw A`n-am-\hpw kwc-n-m \n-
_ ssk\n-I-tk-h\w \nh-ln-m apkvenw-I _m[y--cmbn-
cpp. Cu hn[w kwc-Ww Ddp \Ip--Xn\pw ]m-f-tk-h-\-
n\nv Hgn-hm-p--Xn\pw ]I-c-am-bmWv Ah-cn\nv Pnkvb
CuSm-n-bn-cp-Xv. ssk\n-I-tk-h-\-n\v Am-ev i-f-ap-m-
bn-cp-n-s-Xv {]tXyIw {]kvXm-hy-as{X. Ftm-sg-nepw cmPy-\n-
hm-kn-Iv kwc-Ww \Im `c-W-Iq-S-n\v km[n-msX
hm Pnkvb Xncn-p-\IpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cpp. A{]-Imcw Xs
ssk\n-I-tk-h-\-n\v kzbw k--cmbn aptm-p-h-cp--h-scbpw
Pnkv b - b n\nv ]qW- a mbpw Hgn- h m- n- b n- c pp. k tXmakv
BWUv Fgp-Xpp: ""Nne \s hniz-kn-n-p-hm {ian-p--
Xp-t]mse apkvenw hnizmkw kzoI-cn-m hnk--Xn--Xns in-
bmbn ss{IkvX-h-cpsS ta Npa--s-Sp--X Cu \nIpXn. Fm
Aapkvenw ]uc-mcpw AS-t--Xm-bn-cpp AXv. aX-]-c-amb Imc-
W--fm \n_-- ssk-\nI tkh-\-n\nv Ah Hgn-hm--
s-n-cpp. apkvenw-I \In-bn-cp kwc--W-n\v ]I-c-am-bmWv
Ah Pnkvb sImSp-tn hXv....
""Xpo `c-W-Im-ev ssk\y-n tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-n-cp
{InkvXym-\n-Ifpw Pnkvb-bn\nv Hgn-hm--s-n-cp--Xmbn ImWmw.
sImdnXv Ic-bn-Sp-n-tev \bn-p knn-tdm, Kdm-\nb Npc-
Imm Hcp kwLw kmbp-[sc \Im-sa hyh--bn
At_-\n-b ss{IkvX-h-hK-amb saKm-cn-Isf Xpn-I Pnkvb-
bn\nv Hgn-hm-n-bn-cpp. Xpo ssk\y-ns apt t]mbn
\nc-p-Ifpw ]me-fpw \m-n-bn-cp {InkvXob kwL-n\nv
Pnkvb CuSm-n-bn-cp-n-sp am{X-a, Icw hmmsX Ahv
`qan ]Xn-p-sIm-Sp-p-I-IqSn sNbvXn-cpp. ssl{k-bnse {InkvXym-
\n-I kpm\v Pnkvb \In-bn-cp-n. ]I-c-ambn Ah 250
ZrV-Km-{X-cmb \mhn-Isc Xpn--Sp \In.
""Ba-tmfn Fp hnfn--s-Sp sX dpam-\n-b-m-cmWv
]Xn-\mdpw ]Xn-t\gpw \qm-p-I-fn Xpn ssk\y-n apJy-L-
S-I-am-bn-cp-Xv. kvIqm-cnp hS-p ]h-X-\n-c-I-fn hkn-n-cp
anZn-I F At_-\n-b Itm-en- Ic-n\n-sm-gn-hm-
-s-n-cpp. bp-th-fb - n kmbp[ kwLs \Im-sa-m-bn-cpp
Ah-cpsS {]Xn. AtX-t]mse {Kov {InkvXym-\n-I-sfbpw Pnkvb-
bn\n-sm-gn-hmn. tImmn-t\m-n-fn-tev ip-Pew sImp-
h-n-cp Ip-g-ep-I Ah-cm-bn-cpp kwc-n-n-cp-Xv. \K-c-
nse shSn-a-cp-p-im-ev Imh-en-cp--h-tcbpw Ic-n\n-sm-
gn-hm-n-bn-cpp. Fm, CuPn-]vXnse {KmaoW Ij-I ssk\n-
I-tk-h-\-n\nv Hgn-hm--s--tm Ah-cpsS ta {InkvXym-
\n-I-sf-tmse Icw Npa-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''(k tXm-akv BWUv,
Ckvemw: {]t_m-[-\hpw {]Nm-chpw, ]pdw 73-76).
\_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Imev aZo-\-bnse Aapkvenw hn`m-K-
cmjv{S-ns {]Xn-tcm-[-{]-h-\--fn ]m-fn-I-fm-bn-cp--Xn-\m
Ah-cn\nv Pnkvb CuSm-n-bn-cp-n.
Npcp--n, ]mm-Xy {]N-cn-n-p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS saKm-t^m-
Wp-I-fmbn amdnb ap--h Gp-]n-Sn-p-Ibpw sNp--Xp-t]mse
Pnkvb Hcp aX-\n-Ip-Xn-b. Hcn-epw As\ Bbn-cp-n-p-an.
bYmY-n-enXv bp-\n-Ip-Xn-bmWv. Ignhpw Imbn-I-_-ehpw Dm-
bn-cp-npw ssk\n-I-tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn-m k--am-hmsX amdn-\n--
h-cmWv AXv \tI-n-h-n-cp-Xv. \n_- -ssk-\nI tkh\w
\ne-\n-n-cp L-n AXn\n-sm-gn-hm-p-Ibpw AtXm-sSmw
imco-cn-Ihpw km-n-I-hp-amb kpc-n-XXzw A\p-`-hn-p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp--Xns {]Xn-^-e-am-bn-cpp AXv. Fm Ckvem-an-I-cm-
jv{S-nse apkvenw ]uc-m \n_-- ssk-\nI tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-
mepw `c-W-Iq-S-n\p kImv \Im _m[y--cmWv. Fm-
epw kImv kwJy Pnkvbt- b-m hfsc IqSp-Xe - m-bn-cp-p-sh
hkvXpX hnkva-cn-m-h-X. Aapkvenw ]uc-m kImv \Ip-
Itbm ssk\n-I-tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn-m k--am-hp-Itbm sNbvX-tm-
sgmw Ahsc Pnkvb-bn\n-sm-gn-hm-n-bn-cpp. ssk\n-I-hrn
thX-\-ap sXmgn-embn amdnb Cm-epw Ckvem-anI cmjv{Sw
Aapkvenw ]uc-m-cpsS ta Pnkvb Npa-p--X. AXn-\m aX-
\yq-\-]-- Ckvem-an-I-cm-{-n Hcp-hn[ hnth-N-\hpw A\p-`-
hn-p-I-bn-sp am{X-a, kIm-n\nv Hgn-hm--s-Sp--Xn-\m
apkvenw-I-tf-m km-nI kuI-cyhpw B\p-Iq-eyhpw A\p-`-hn-
p-Ibpw sNpp.
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 191
ap-smv
kv{XobpsS ]Zhn Ckvem-an
""Ckvem-an kv{Xo]pcpj ka-Xz-aptm? kv{XobpsS ]Zhn ]pcp-

j-t-Xn-t\-m hfsc Xmsg-bt?''
a\p-jy ]e Xc-m-cmWv. a\p-jy-cnse Ah-m-hy-Xym-k-a-\p-
k-cnv Ah-cpsS m\-]-Z-hn-I-fnepw Ah-Imi_m[y-X-I-fnepw A-
c-ap-m-hpI kzm`m-hn-Ihpw A\n-hm-cy-hp-as{X. AXp-t]mse kv{Xo-
]pcp-j-mn-S-bnepw imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb A-c-apv. ]pcp-
j F{X-Xs B{K-ln-mepw {ian-mepw K`w [cn-m\pw {]k-
hn-m\pw ape-bq-m\pw km[y-a-tm. kv{Xo, ]pcp-j-\n\nv hyXy-
kvX-ambn amk-n \nnX Znh-k--fn B-hhpw AXns
A\n-hm-cy-X-bmb imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb {]iv\-fpw A\p-`-
hn-pp. Imbn-I-ambn ]pcp-j kv{Xotb-m Icp-\pw `mcn
tPmen-I sNm Ign-hp--h-\p-amWv.
]pcp-js GXmv Fm imco-cn-Im-h-b-h-fpw kv{Xobp-tS-
Xn\nv Xopw hyXy-kvX-amWv. {]apJ icoc imkv{X--\mb
lmhvtemIv Fnkv ]d-bpp: ""]pcp-j Ahs ssIhn-cpp
hsc ]pcp-j Xs-bmWv. kv{Xo Imhn-cpp-hsc kv{Xo-bpw''.
ico-c-L-S-\-bnse Acw am\-kn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-Ihp-amb Ah-
-bnepw {]I-S-as{X. AXn-\m kv{Xo]p-cp-j-mn-S-bn imco-cn-
Itam am\-kn-Itam Bb ka-Xztam Xpey-Xtbm C. AXp-sIm-p-
Xs Ahn- S - b nse kqW kaXzw A{]m- t bm- K n- I - a mWv ,
{]IrXnhncp-hpw.
a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS {kjvSmhpw kwc--I-\p-amb ssZhw \evInb
Pohn-X-hy-h--bmWv Ckvemw. AXn-\m-eXv a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-tbmSv
]qW-ambpw CW-p-Xpw s]mcp--s-Sp--Xp-as{X. Ckvemw
kv{Xosbbpw ]pcp-j-s\bpw Ah-Imi_m[y-X-I-fpsS t]cn ]c-
kv]cw Ie-ln-p cp i{Xp-hK-am-b ImWp-Xv. Htc hK-
nse At\ym\yw kl-I-cnpw CW-nbpw Ign-bp, Ign-tb
cv AwK--fm-bmWv. Amlp Adn-bn-pp: ""\n-sf-m-hcpw
Htc hK-ns]--h-cmWv''(Jp-B 4:25). {]hm-N-I ]dp:
""kv{XoI ]pcp-j-m-cpsS `mKw Xs-bmWv''(A_q-Zm-hqZv).
AXn-\m kv{Xo]p-cp-j-m-cpsS ]Z-hn-Isf KWnX imkv{X-]-c-
ambn hni-I-e\w sNpI km[y-a. Nne Imcy--fn ]pcp-j-
mmWv apK-W-\-sb-n ap Nne-Xn kv{XoImWv. XZvkw-
_--amb Ckvem-ans kao-]\w Cs\ kw{K-lnmw:
1. Am-lp-hn- kv{Xo]p-cp-j-mn-S-bn Fs-nepw A-
ctam hnth-N-\tam C. Ah-s-b-Sp- kqW ka-Xzhpw Xpey-
Xbpw hmKvZm\w sN-s-n-cn-pp.
""]pcp-j-\m-hs kv{Xobm-hs, Bcp kXy-hn-izm-k-apsmv
ka-a-\p-jvTn-p-pthm, Cu temIv Ahv \mw hnip--
Po-hnXw \Ipw. ]c-tem-Iv Ah-cpsS t{ijvT-hr-n-I-fpsS ASn-
m-\-n \ma-hv {]Xn-êw \Ip-Ibpw sNpw''(16: 97). ""]pcp-
j-\m-hs kv{Xobm-hs, kXy-hn-izm-k-apsmv ka-a-\p-jvTn-
p--Xmtcm, Ah kzKm-h-Im-in-I-fm-bn-cnpw''(40: 40). ""Ah-cpsS
\mY Ah-tcmSv D-c-taIn: kv{Xobm-hs, ]pcp-j-\m-hs, \n-fn-
em-cp-sSbpw Ias \mw \njv^-e-am-p--X. \n-sf-m-hcpw Htc
hK-n s]-h-cm-Wtm''(3:195).
2. `qan-bn G-hp-a-[nIw BZ-chv Aln-p-Xv kv{XobmWv.
amXr-Xz-tmfw aln-Xa - mbn asmpw temI-n. Xe-ap-dI - v Pw
\Ip-Xv Ah-cmWv. BZy- Kp-cp--mcpw AhXs. a\p-jys
P\-\-nepw hf-bnepw G-hp-a-[nIw ]p-h-ln-p-Xpw {]bm-
k-a-\p-`-hn-p-Xpw amXm-hmWv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs a\p-jy `qan-
bn G-hp-a-[nIw A\p-k-cn-p-Ibpw BZ-cn-p-Ibpw AwKo-I-cn-p-
Ibpw sNt-Xv amXm-hn-s\-bmWv.
Hcm {]hm-N-I-k-n-[n-bn hv tNmZnp: ""ssZh-Zq-Xtc, Fs
Ghpw sa-s kl-hm-k-n\v Al BcmWv?'' Ahn-Sv
Acp sNbvXp: ""\ns amXmhv''. Abm tNmZnp: ""]ns BcmWv?''
{]hm-N-I {]Xn-h-Nnp: ""\ns amXmhv''. Abm hopw tNmZnp:
""]ns BcmWv'' \_n Adn-bnp: ""\ns amXmhv Xs.'' Abm
tNmZnp: ""]ns BcmWv?'' {]hm-N-I ]dp: ""\ns ]nXmhv''-
(_pJmcn, apkvenw).
hnip Jp-B amXm-]n-Xm-sf Hcp-anv ]cm-ain Hn-tesd
e-f - n FSp-p-]d-
- Xv amXm-hns tkh-\a - mWv. ""a\p-jy-t\mSv
Ahs amXm-]n-Xm--fpsS Imcyw \mw D]-tZ-in-n-cn-pp. ISp
oW-tm-sS-bmWv amXmhv Ahs\ K`w Npa-p-Xv. Ahs ape-
IpSn \nm cp hjw thWw. AXn-\m \o FtmSpw \ns
amXm-]n-Xm--tfmSpw \n-Im-Wn-Ww''(31:14). ""amXm-]n-Xm-v \
sN-W-sav a\p-jy-t\mSv \mw I]n-n-cn-pp. Gsd {]bm-k-tm-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 193
sS-bmWv amXmhv Ahs\ K`w Npa-Xv. ISp ]mc-h-iy-tm-sS-

bmWv {]k-hn-Xv''(46:15). AXn-\m Ckvem-an-I-ho--W-n {]Y-
a-m-\hpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw amXm-sh kv{XomWv.
3. ]pcp-j-m-tc-m hnth-I-]qhhpw DNn-X-hp-amb kao-]\w
kzoI-cn-m km[n-p kv{XoI-fp-sv Jp-B D-cn-p
ti_m-cm-n-bpsS Ncn{Xw Ak-n-Kv[-ambn hy-am-pp. kpsse-
am \_n-bpsS ktiw e`n--tm Ah Xs sImm-c-n-ep--
h-cp-ambn Fp-th-W-sav IqSn-bm-tem-Nnp. hyhpw bp-hp-amb
\ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-m-\-hv km[n-n. ]Iz-amb A`n-{]m-bhpw kao-
]-\-hp-ap-m-bXv ti_m cmn-bpsS `mK-p-\np Xs-bm-bn-cp-
p-shv Jp-B hy-am-pp. (27: 29,44).
4. BZy- ] m- ] - ns Imc- W - mcn kv { Xobm- s W PqX-
ss{IkvXh k]s Ckvemw Xopw \ncm-I-cn-pp. ssZh-
im-k\ ewLnv BZapw lmbpw hne--s I\n `n-n-p-sp
hy-am-p Jp-B CXns Ipw {][m-\-ambpw Npa-p-Xv
BZ-an-emWv, l-bn-e. ""As\ BZapw ]Xv\nbpw B hr-
ns êw `np. XZv^-e-ambn AtmXs Ah-cpsS \X
]c-kv]cw shfn-hmbn. Ccp-hcpw tXm-nse Ce-IsImv Xsf
ad-bvm XpSn. BZw Xs \mYs\ [n-cnp. t\h-gn-bn\nv
hyXn-N-enp. ]noSv BZ-ans\ Xs \mY sXc-s-Spp. At-
l- ns ]m- m]w kzoI- c n- p- I bpw kmK- t a- I p- I bpw
sNbvXp''(20:121-122).
""\mw CXn\p apv BZ-an\v I]\ sImSp-n-cpp. ]t, BZw
AXv adp. \mw Abm-fn \n-b-ZmVyw In''(20:115). BZn-]m-
]-ns Imc-W-mcn s]m-sW ]c--cm-K-X-[m-c-Wsb Jp-B-
\n-hnsS ]qW-ambpw Xncp-pp.
5. t`mKm-k-n--Sn-s ùXnI kaq-l- ]e-tmgpw kv{Xo-
Isf sImSnb ]oU-\-n-c-bm-pI am{X-a, s]Ip-p-sf
{Iqc-ambn sIme-s-Sp-m-dp-apv. ka-Im-eo\ kaq-l-nse nXn-
bpw `n-a. Cm-cy-n Cy-bn {]Y-a-m\w Xan-gv\m-Sn-\mWv.
Ahn-Ss tkew Pn-bnse Dinemws]n inip-l-Xyv Ip{]-kn-n-
bmPn e-amWv. AhnsS {]k-hn-Xv s]n-s\-bm-sW-d - n-m
`mhv ImWm t]mepw hcn. sImp-I-f-n-p hm F Adn-
bn-mWv InpI. AXn-\m hop-Im Ipn-bpsS IY Ign--tijw
Xsb `r-`-h-\-n-te--b-pp.
s]Ip-p- ]nd-m-Xn-cn-m Ahsc K`-]m-{X-nshv
sIme-s-Sp-p coXn temI-ns CX-c- `m-K--fn-se--t]mse
Cy-bnepw hfsc hym]-I-as{X. ""Cy-bn {`qW-l-Xy-n-c-bmbn
Hcp hjw AXv ew s]Ip-p- acn-p-p-sv Cy
saUn- Atkm-kn-tb-j `mc-hm-ln-I hy-am-pp. HutZym-
KnI IW--\p-k-cnv CXv Ccp-]Xv e-amWv.
Cu {Iqc-IrXyw \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS BK-a\ Imev Atd-
_y-bnse Nne tKm{X-fnepw \ne-\n-n-cpp. Jp-B ]d-bpp:
""Ah-cn-sem-cmv s]Ipn ]nd--Xmbn kphm e`n-m
sImSnb ZpxJw ISn-n-dn Ahs apJw Idp-n-cp-fpp. Ah
P\--fn\nv Hfnp \S-pp; Cu No hm Adn--tijw
Bscbpw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-m-Xn-cn-m. am\-lm\n klnv AXns\
hft-Wtam AtXm Ahsf Poh-t\msS IpgnpaqtS-Wtam Fv
Abm Btem-Nn-p-sIm-n-cn-pp''(16: 58, 59).
Ckvemw CXns\ ITn-\-ambn hne-p-Ibpw Kpcp-X-c-amb Ip-ambn
{]Jym-]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. "Poh-t\msS Ipgn-p-aq-S-s s]Ip-n-
t\mSv, Ah-sfv A]-cm-[-ns t]cn-emWv h[n--s--sXv tNmZn-
-s-Sp' hnNm-c-W-\m-fns\ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-tn hcp-sa XmoXv
\Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp (81: 8,9).
Cs\ Ckvemw kv{XoI-fpsS Pohn-m-\p Ah-Imiw Dd-p-h-
cpn. s]Ip-p-sf l\n-p lo\-hr-nv Adp-Xn-h-cpn.
6. Fm-epw Fhn-sSbpw Ah-K-Wn--s-Sp hn`m-K-amWv
kv{XoI-sf--Xn-\m Ckvemw Ahv {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\bpw {]m[m-
\yhpw \In. {]hm-N-I ]dp: ""Hcmv cp s]Ip-n-I-fp-
m-hp-Ibpw Abm-f-hsc \-\n-e-bn ]cn-]m-en-p-Ibpw sNbvXm
Ah Imc-W-ambn Abm kzKm-h-Im-in-bm-bn-ocpw''(_pJmcn).
""aqp s]a-tfm ktlm-Z-cn-amtcm Imc-W-ambn {]mcm-_v[-a-
\p-`-hn-p--h\v kzKw e`n-m-Xn-cn-n'' (Xzlmhn). ""\n \n-
fpsS an-S-bn Zm\-n XpeyX ]pepI. Rm Bs-
nepw {]tXy-IX I]n-p-h - \
- m-bn-cp-p-sh-n kv{XoIv apK-
W\ \Ip-am-bn-cpp'' (Xz_vdm\n).
Cu hn[w {]Ir-Xn-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-I ]qW-ambpw ]cn-K-Wn-
p m\-]Z- h - n-Ifpw Ah-Imi_m[y-XI - f
- p-amWv Ckvemw kv{Xo]p-
cp-j-mv I]n-p-Xv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs amXr-Xz-n\v al-Xz-
ta-Ip-Ibpw AXns\ AXy-[nIw BZ-cn-p-Ibpw sNpp. kv{XobpsS
Ghpw henb khn-ti-j-Xbpw amXr-Xz-as{X. Ata-cn- a\-mkv{X
hnZ-Kv[-\mb Xntbm-U ssdv "kv{Xo ]pcp-j-mn-S-bnse sshIm-
cnI sshPm-Xy-' F {K-n amXr-Xz-n-e-`nam-\n-p Hcp
kv{XobpsS hmp-I Cs\ D-cn-pp: ""ss[j-Wn-I-cw-Kpw
CXc taJ-e-I-fn-ep-ap ]pcp-js {]tXy-IX ktm-N-te-i-at\y
R-fw-Ko-I-cn-pp. ]t, R kv{XoI AXn-t\-m F-
{Xtbm {][m-\-s Hp-sImv A\pKr-lo-X-cmWv. R-fn-s-n
a\p-jy-cmin thc-p-t]mIpw. av Pw \Ip-Xv R-fmWv.
hcpwXe-ap-d-I-fpsS kmn[yw AXp-hgn R Dd-p-h-cp-pp''.
Fm s]v t]mepw Cv amXr-Xz-ns al-Xz-s-n
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 195
t_m[-h-Xn-b. Xm C{X Ipn-Isf K`w Npa-p-Ibpw {]k-hn-

p- I bpw t]mn- h - f p- I bpw sNbv X n- c n- p- p- s hv A`n- a m- \ -
tmsS ]d-bp kv{XoI-fnv hfsc hnc-f-amWv. a\p-jys hne-
bn-Sn-hm-Wn-Xn\p ImcWw. a\p-jy Cu hn[w Xotc hne Ipd
hkvXp-hmbn amdn-b-Xn-\m Ahs\ K`w Npa-p-Xpw {]k-hn-
p-Xpw tlm-ense dnk-]vj-\n-ns tPmen-tb-m XcwXmW-
Xmbn kv{XoIv tXmn. AXn-\m ]ep-anv K`w Npa-
m\pw {]k-hn-m\pw aSn-bmWv. AYhm Htm ctm Ipn\v
Pw \In-bm Xs th coXn-bn hfm-\-h Hcp--a.
Ah-cpsS kwc-Ww Bb-amsc G]n-pp. Ah Ipp-sf
kwc-n-p-Xv amkw-tXmdpw e`n-p thX\w {]Xo-n-mWv.
AenPm Aen Cv s_tKm- h nv ]d- - t ]mse amXm- ] n- X m-
v a hyn-Xz-ap AkvXn-Xz-amWv; Bb-amv km[-\-
-fn Hcp km[-\hpw. AXn-\m Bb-am Ahsc Ifn-n-p-Xv
b{--fpsS N{I- Xncn-p--Xp-t]m-sebpw Ipfn-n-p-Xv
b{- tXp-an-\p-p--Xp-t]m-sebpw Xopw \nhn-Im-c-am-bn-
cnpw.
amXrXzw Ah-K-Wn--s--Xns A\n-hm-cy-amb Zpcw temI-sa-
p-anv {]I-S-amWv. tkmhn-bv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp anJm-tb
tKm_-thv Xs hniz-hn-Jym-X-amb s]cn-kvt{Xm-bn--bn Fgp-
Xpp: ""R-fpsS hnj-aI - c
- hpw hotcm-Nn-Xh
- p-amb Ncn-{X-ns hj-
-fn A-sb \ne-bnepw Krl-\m-bn-I-sb \ne-bnepw kzw
Ipn- I sf hnZym- ` ymkw sNn- p- I - s b Hgn- p- I q- S m- \ m- h m
tPmenbpw kv{XoIp m\-p-\nv Dbp-h-cp kv{XoI-
fpsS {]tXy-Im-h-Im-i-pw Bh-iy-pw ]cn-K-W\ \Ip-
-Xn R ]cm-P-b-sp. imkv{Xob Kth-j-W--fn-tes-Sp-
Ibpw \namW e--fnepw D]m-Z-\--fnepw tkh-\-Xp-d-I-fnepw
]Wn-sb-Sp-p-Ibpw kKm-I {]h\--fn ]s-Sp-p-Ibpw
sNp--Xn-\m kv{XoIv hon Ah-cpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ IS-a-I
\nh-ln-p--Xn\v hop tPmen, Ipn-Isf hf, \ IpSpw-
_m--cow krjvSn-aXn-bmb kabw InmsX hcpp. R-
fpsS ]e {]iv\-pw Ipn-I-fp-sSbpw bph-P-\--fp-sSbpw s]cp-
am---fpsS [manI aqey--fnepw kwkvIm-c-nepw D]m-Z-\-n-
ep-ap {]iv\-v `mKn-I-amb ImcWw Zp_-e-am-Ip IpSpw-
_-_--fpw IpSpw-_-]-c-amb D-c-hm-Zn---tfm-Sp XWp
kao-]-\--fp-am-sWv R Is-n-bn-cn-pp. Fm Imcy-
nepw kv{Xosb ]pcp-j\p Xpey-am--W-sa R-fpsS Bm-
Yhpw cmjv{So-b-ambn \oXo-I-cn----Xp-amb B{K-l-ns ê-
amWv Cu hntcm-[m-`mkw. Ctm s]cn-kvt{Xm-bn--bpsS {]{In-b-
bn Cu Ipdhv R XcWw sNm XpS-n-bn-cn-pp. kv{Xo-
Iv kv{XoI-sf \ne-bvp Ah-cpsS X\n-bmb ZuXy-n-
tev aS-m km[y-am-p--Xn\v Fp sN-W-sa {]iv\-s-
n, ]{X--fnepw s]mXp kwL-S-\-I-fnepw sXmgn epw
honepw Ctm NqSp-]n-Sn hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z- \S-p-Xv AXn-\m-
emWv''.
kv{XobpsS imco-cnI khn-ti-j-X-I ]cn-K-Wn-p-Itbm amXr-
Xz-ns alXzw AwKo-I-cn-p-Itbm sNm {]Ir-Xn-hn-cp--amb
GXp hyh-n-Xn-bnepw a\p-jys hne-bn-Sn-bp-Ibpw a\-ns
kzmyw \jvS-s-Sp-Ibpw IpSpw-_-L-S\ inYn-e-am-hp-Ibpw kaq-l-
n\nv kam-[m\w hnS-]-d-bp-Ibpw hyn-I Bq--nepw
H-sv GIm--X-bpsS sImSnb hyYv hnt[-b-cm-hp-Ibpw sNpI
A\n-hm-cy-amWv. {]Ir-Xn-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-I ]qW-ambpw ]cn-K-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 197
Wn-p Ckvem-anI hyh Ccw \yq\-X-I-fn\nv Xopw

aphpw {]Xn-k-n-In-S-h-cp-m--Xp-as{X.
ap-ncv
Ckvemw ]pcp-j-ta-[m-hn-Xz-ns aXtam?
""Ckvemw ]pcp-j-ta-[m-hn-Xz-]-c-at? Jp-B \memw A[ymbw 34mw

hmIyw Xs CXn\p sXfn-hm-Wtm?''
Jp-B \memw A[ymbw ap-n-\memw hmIyw IpSpw-_-L-S-
\sb kw_-n ssZhn-I-\ntZ-i-amWv. AXv Cu hn[-as{X: ""]pcp-
j-m kv{XoI-fpsS cm-[n-Im-cn-If - m-Ipp. Amlp Ah-cn Nnesc
ap Nne-tc-m Ign-hp-h - c
- m-n-bX
- n-\mepw ]pcp-j- m X-fpsS [\w
sNe-h-gn-p--Xn-\m-ep-am-WXv.''
ChnsS ]pcp-j-msc kw_-nv Jp-B {]tbm-Kn ]Zw Jmw
FmWv. ""Hcp hyn-bp-sStbm m-]-\-n-stbm kwL-S-\-bp-
sStbm Imcy- \ \ne-bn sImp-\-S-m\pw tat\mw hln-
m\pw AXn-\m-h-iy-am-bXv ko-I-cn-m\pw D-c-hm-Z-s hyn-
mWv Ad-_n-bn Jmw As-n Jnw Fp ]d-bpI''(X^vlo-
ap Jp-B, `mKw 1, ]pdw 310. 56-mw ASn-p-dnv).
tat\m--m-c\pw cm-[n-Im-cn-bp-an-msX GsXmcp m]-\hpw
kwcw-`hpw hnP-bI - c
- a
- mbn \ne-\np-Ib - n. kaq-l- ns ASn-m-
\ -L-S-I-amb IpSpw_w `{Z-ambpw kpc-n-X-ambpw \ne-\nt
m]-\-as{X. ssIIm-cy-Im-hn-msX AXv km[y-a. AXv Bcm-
bn-cn--W-sa-Xv Hmtcm IpSpw-_-nepw kv{Xo ]pcp-j-mn-S-bn
hnhm-Z -hn-j-b-am-bm IpSpw-_-`-{ZX \jvS-am-hp-Ibpw On{ZX A\n-
hm-cy-am-hp-Ibpw sNpw. AXn-\m imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw sshIm-
cn-I-hp-amb {]tXy-I-X-I ]cn-K-Wnv Ckvemw AXv ]pcp-js\
G]np. IpSpw-_-ns kwc--W-sa-Xv Hcp Ah-Im-itam A[n-
Im-ctam A. `mcn Hcp D-c-hm-Zn--amWv. Pohn-X-hp-ambn an-
Sm Ghpw {]m]vX\pw Icp-\pw ]pcp-j-\m-b-Xn-\m-emWv ISp
B Npa-Xe ]pcp-js\ G]n-Xv. AXn-\m Ckvem-anI ho-W-
n ]pcp-j IpSpw-_-sa sImp cmjv{S-nse {][m-\-a-{nbpw
kv{Xo B`y--c-a-{n-bp-amWv. hon-\-Is Imcy--sfms Xocp-
am-\n-p-Xpw \nh-ln-p-Xpw kv{XobmWv.
kv{Xo]pcp-j - mn-Sb- nse _w `c-Wm-[n-Imcn`c-Wob _-
a. AXn-\m-emWv Ckvemw Z-Xn-Isf `mcym-`m--m-scv hnfn-
p- I tbm hnti- j n- n- p- I tbm sNm- Xv . CW- I - s f- mWv
Ckvemw Z-Xn-Isf hnti-jn-n-p-Xv. "kv{XoI ]pcp-j-m-cp-
sSbpw ]pcp-j-m kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw hkv{X-am-sW'v (2: 187) hnip
Jp-B ]d-bm-\p Imc-Whpw AXp-Xs.
cmPys `c-Wm-[n-Imcn `c-Wo-b-tcmSpw kaq-l-nse t\Xmhv
A\p-bm-bn-I-tfm-Sp-sa--t]mse Krl-\m-Y hop-Im-tcmSv IqSn-bm-tem-
Nnp am{X-am-bn-cn-Ww Xocp-am-\--sf-Sp-p-Xpw \S-m-p-Xpw.
""X-fpsS Imcy- ]c-kv]cw IqSn-bm-tem-Nnp \S-p--h-cm-W-
h''(Jp-B: 42: 38).
AXn-\m ]pcp-j honse tkzOm-[n-]X - ntbm khm-[n-Im-cntbm
A. Fm ssZhn-I-]-cn-[n-Ifpw ]men-m-\-bm _m[y--\mWv;
IpSpw-_-ns kwc-Ww am\y-ambpw acym-Z-tbms-Sbpw \nh-ln-
m IS-s-h - \pw. kv{XobpsS Ah-Im-i - s
- fmw ]qW-ambpw ]men-
p-sIm-m-bn-cn-Ww AXv \nh-ln-p-Xv. Amlp Adn-bn-pp:
""kv{XoIv Nne _m[y-X-I-fp--Xp-t]m-se-s \ymb-amb Nne
Ah-Im-i--fp-apv''(2: 228).
{]hm-N-I(k) ]d-bpp: ""am\y-m-c-msX kv{XoIsf am\n-p-
I-bn. \oN-\-msX Ahsc \nn-p-I-bn.''
""IpSpw-_-tmSv ImcpWyw ImWn-m--h\pw Al--cn-p--
h\pw kzK-n {]th-in-p-I-bn''(A_q-Zm-hqZv).
""hnizm-kn-I-fn hnizm-k-]-c-ambn G-hp-a-[nIw ]qWX hcn--
h Ah-cn Gw \ kz`m-h-ap--h-\mWv. \n-fn-te-hpw \-h
kzw kl-[an-Wn-am-tcmSv \mbn hn-p--h-cmWv''(XnanZn).
kzIp-Spw-_-ns \ne-\n]n\pw {]Xn-tcm-[-n\pw Pohn-Xm-h-
iy-pw KpW-I-c-amb Fm-n\pw ]p-h-ln-p--Xn-\p-thn
PohnXw \on-h-Xv ]pcp-j-\m-b-Xn-\m honse Ah-km-\-hmv
Npw IqSn-bm-tem-N-\pw tijw Ah-t-XmWv. Fm-eXv
\v FXntcm Ah-Im-i-\n-tj-[tam Ahn-th-I-]qhtam BIm-h-
X. `m-hn\v sXv kw`-hn-m Xncp-m\pw Abm-fpsS A\ym-b-
amb Xocp-am-\- Ah-K-Wn-m\pw thn-h-m XZm-h-iymYw
Xstbm Abm-fp-sStbm IpSpw-_-stbm A[n-Im-c-tI-{--sftbm
kao-]n-m\pw kv{Xov Ah-Im-i-ap-m-bn-cnpw. ]pcp-j-\m-hs,
Atm ssZhn-I-]-cn-[n-I ]menp \S-m-m _m[y--\p-amWv.
]pd-p-t]mbn ]Wn-sb-Sp-m kv{Xotb-m IqSp-X Ign-bpI
]pcp-j - mWv. {]Xn-tbm-Kn-If- psS ]cm-{I-a
- sf {]Xn-tcm-[n-m km[n-
p-Xpw Ah-\p-Xs. Fp-X-s-bm-bmepw kv{Xov Fm ka-
bpw Hcp-t]mse ]mSpw ]d-nepw ^mIvSd - n-bnepw ]pdpw t]mbn
tPmen sNbvXp km-Zn-pI km[y-a. a\p-jy-cmin \ne-\n-W-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 199
sa-n kv{Xo K`w [cn-p-Ibpw {]k-hn-p-Ibpw ape-bq-p-I-bp-

sams thW-atm. Cu imco-cn-I-amb {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-emWv Ckvemw
IpSpw-_-ns km-n-I-_m-[y-X-Ifpw kwc--tWm--c-hm-Zn--
fpw t\Xr-]-Z-hnbpw ]pcp-js\ G]n-Xv.
Fp-sImv kv{Xo{]hm-N-I-m-cn?
""ssZh-n- enwK-hn-th-N-\-an-s-n Fp-sImv kv{Xo {]hm-
N-I-msc \ntbm-Kn-n?''
ssZhnI Pohn-X-hy-h kaq-l-n\v kan-epw AXn\v Ia-
]-c-amb kmyw hln-epw {]mtbm-KnI amXrI ImWn-p-sIm-Sp--
ep-am-Wtm {]hm-N-Iam-cpsS {][m\ ZuXyw. AXn-\m Bcm-[-
\m-Im-cy--fnepw kmaq-lnI, km-nI, kmwkvIm-cnI, cmjv{Sob,
`c-W-cw-K-fnepw bpw, kn t]mep--h-bnepw kaq-l-n\v Ah
amXr-I-bm-th--Xpv. amk-n GXm\pw Znhkw Bcm-[-\m-Ia-
v t\XrXzw \Im\pw K`-[m-cWw, {]khw t]mep L-
-fn \mb-IX - z-]c
- a
- mb ]p-hl
- n-m\pw kv{XoIv km[y-am-hmsX
hcpp. AXp-sIm-p-Xs kaq-l-n\v kZm kI-e- ta-J-e-I-fnepw
t\XrXzw \tI {]hm-N-I-Xz-_m-[y-X-bn\nv kv{XoI Hgn-hm-
-s-n-cn-pp. Fnepw aqkm-\-_n-bpsS amXmhv kzw Pohn-X-
n ]It \ntZ-i- ssZh-n\nv t\cnv kzoI-cn--
Xmbn hnip Jp-B hy-am-pp. Amlp Adn-bn-pp: ""\mw
aqkm-bpsS amXm-hn\p t_m[\w \In. Ahs\ ape-bq-n-sm-pI.
Ahs Poh-\n Bi--bp-m-bm Ahs\ \Zn-bn-se-dn-bpI. Hpw
`b-s-tS--Xn. Hpw ZpxJn-t--Xn. \mw Ahs\ \ns ASp--
te-p-Xs Xncn-sI -sIm-p-h-cp--Xm-Ipp. Ahs\ ssZh-Zq-X-m-
cn-eps-Sp-p-Ibpw sNpw''(28: 7).
{]hm-N-Iamv e`npw hn[w tbip-hns amXmhv ab-an\v
ae-n\nv ktiw e`n-Xmbpw Jp-B {]kvXm-hn-pp:
""A-s\ abw B Ipns\ K`w [cnp. K`-hp-ambn Ah A-
I-sebp- Hcp ev sNsn. ]ns {]k-h-th-Z\ Ahsf
Hcp Cu--\-bpsS Nph-n-se-np. Ah tIWp-sIm-n-cpp. lm
IjvSw! CXn\p app-Xs Rm acn-p-Ibpw Fs t]cpw Ipdnbpw
hnkvar-X-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-s-n! Atm Xmsg-\nv aev
Ahsf hnfn--dn-bnp. hyk-\n-m-Xn-cn-pI! \ns \mY \n\p
Xmsg Hcp Acphn Hgp-n-bn-cn-pp. \o B Cu--\-bpsS XSn-sbm-
p Ipepn t\mpI. AXp \n\v ]pXnb Cu-gw hogvn--
cpw. AXp Xn-p-Ibpw IpSn-p-Ibpw IIp-fnp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-
pI. ]ns, h a\p-jy-scbpw ImWp-I-bm-sW-n Ah-tcmSp ]d-
t-pI: Rm Imcp-Wn-I-\mb ssZh-n-\p-thn {hXw t\n-
cn-p-I-bmWv. AXn-\m Rm\nv BtcmSpw kwkm-cn-p--X''(19:
22-26).
{]Ir-Xn-]-c-amb Imc-W--fm kv{XoI {]hm-N-I-cmbn \ntbm-
Kn-X-cm-b-nn-s-nepw {]hm-N-I-ms--t]mse Ahpw Znhy-t_m-

[\w e`n-n-cp--Xmbn Cu thZ-hm-Iy- hy-am-pp.
ap-naqv
]Z apX kmyw hsc
""]Z \n_--am-pI hgn Ckvemw kv{XoIsf ]oUn-n-p-I-bt

sNp-Xv? apkvenw kv{XoI-fpsS ]nm-m-h-v {][m\ ImcWw
]Z-bt?''
kv{Xo apJhpw apssI-bp-sam-gn-p ico-c-`m-K- ad-bv-W-
sa--XmWv Ckvem-anI imk\. CXv ]ptcm-K-Xnv XS--a-sp am{X-
a; klm-b-I-hp-amWv. kv{Xov ]Z ]oU-\-a; kpc--bmWv \Ip-
Xv.
Cv temI-ns ]e `mKpw ]Z-bW - n kv{XoI imkv{X-
-I-fmbpw ssham-\n-I-cmbpw kmln-Xy-Im-cn-I-fmbpw ]{X-{]-h-
I-I-fmbpw ]me-saw-K--fmbpw {]ikvX tkh\w \nh-ln-p-h-
cpp. Cdm-\nse Ap sshkv {]kn-Up-am-cn-sem-cm-fmb aA-vkqam
C_vXn-Im ]Zm-[m-cn-Wn-bmWv. Ata-cn-b - n D]-cn-]T- \w \nh-ln
aA-vkq-am -sX-lvdm bq\n-th-gvkn-n-bnse Atkm-kn-tbv {]^-kdpw
{]ikvX ]{X-{]-h-I-bp-amWv. Adn-b-s-Sp kmaq-lnI {]h-
I-bmb Ah \nc-h[n AtZ-iob kt-f-\--fn kw_-n-n-
pv. Cdm-\nse {]apJ h\nXm {]kn-o-I-c-W-amb "alvPq-_m-ln's
]{Xm-[n-]bpw sXlvdm kh-I-em-imem {]^-k-dp-amb Spdm Pwio-
Zvbm, \mj\ Hfnw-]nIv sshkv {]kn-Upw ]me-sa v D]m-[y-
-bp-am-bn-cp ^kolv lmivan, h\nXm ta-h-Ip-ns D]-tZ-i-I-
bm-bn-cp ilvem l_o_n, ate-jy cmjv{So-b-n \nd-p-
\np hm Akok t]mep hnJym-Xc - mb h\n-XI - s
- fmw ]Zm-
[m-cn-Wn-I-fmWv. B[p-\nI temIv cWm--W-n [oc-ambn s]mcp-
Xnb hoc-h-\n-X-I Cdm-\n-sebpw A^vKm-\n-kvXm-\n-sebpw ]Zm-
[m-cn-Wn-I-fm-sW hkvXpX hnkva-cn-m-h-X. thmfn-t_m, _mkv-
Iv t_m, jqnwKv, ssknwKv, sSokv, Pnw\m-nIv, IpXn-c-tbmw,
PqtUm, Icms, sNv XpS-nb hnt\m-Z--fnepw Imbn-Im-`ym-k--
fnepw anIhv {]I-Sn-n-p Cdm-\n-b h\n-X-I-fpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 201
]mX-bn ]Z Hcp-hn[ hnLm-Xhpw krjvSn-p-n. ]Zv kam-

\- a mb hkv { X- a - W n- Xv aZ sXtc- k - b psS tkh- \ - h r- n-
Ismpw hnLmXw krjvSn-n. hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn tkh-\-a-
\p-jvTn-p I\ym-kv{Xo-I-fpsS thjw Ckvem-anse ]Zp kam-
\-am-Wtm. ico-c-`mKw ad-bvp-Xv tKmfm--c-bm-{Xtm ]co-
-W-\n-co--W-tm Hpw XSw krjvSn-n-sv Nm{-bm-
{Xn- I - c psS A\p- ` hw sXfn- b n- pp. ]m v k pw jpw ssSbpw
HmhtImpw tkmIvkpw jqhpw tIp-a-Wn-bp ]mm-Xy-cm-Py--
fnse ]pcp-j-m Ckvemw kv{XoI-tfmSv ad-bvm-\m-h-iy-s ico-
c-`m-K--fn-te-sdbpw ad-bvp--h-cmWv. kv{XoI adn-m-sW-nepw.
kv{Xosb-m Ah-fpsS ico-chpw cq]-em-h-Wy-hp-am-sWpw
Ah-fpsS hynXzw AXns tamSn ]nSn-n--en-\-\p-kr-X-am-sW-
p-ap [mcW krjvSn-p--Xn ]p apX-em-fn km{am-Py-
Xzhpw AXns krjvSn-bmb Itmf kwkvIm-chpw hhn-Pbw
hcn--XmWv, ]Z ]ptcm-K-Xnpw ]cn-jvIm-c-n\pw XS--am-sW
[mcW hf-cm ImcWw. amwk-f-amb ico-c-`m-K- {]Zin-nv
]-W--fnepw s]mXp--e--fnepw Npn--d--emWv ]ptcm-K-Xn-
sbv {]N-cn-n-p kv{XoI, ]pcp-j-m X-fpsS ico-c-ku-
cyw Im-kz-Zn-p--Xn \nhrXnbS-bp HcpXcw at\m-ssh-
Ir-X-n-\-Sn-s--h-cs{X.
kaq-l-nse kv{XoI-fp-sS-sbms kucyw Im-kz-Zn-m
Imam-Xp-c-amb Ip-I-fp-ambn Imn-cn-p--h-cn\nv kzw icocw
ad-p-h-bvemWv am\yX. kv{XobpsS kpc-n-X-Xz-n\v Gsd klm-
b-Ihpw AXs{X. ]ZbWn-bm Ckvemw Bh-iy-s-Sm-\p Imc-
Whpw AXp-Xs. AtXm-sSmw AXv ]ptcm-K-Xnsb Hpw {]Xn-Iq-e-
ambn _m[n-p-p-an. Cdm kin--tijw Fw.]n. hotc-{-Ip-
am Fgp-Xnb hcn-I {it-b-as{X: ""Cdm-\n-b kv{Xo-I ]Z [cn-
pp. apJw aqSm-dn. Xe aqSpw. GXv ]nIv\nIv kvt]mn sNmepw
\qdp-I-W-n\v kv{XoIsf ImWmw. Cdm-\n-b hmm GPkn-
bmb "C\'-bpsS tI{-I-nn Hmô-kn sN-tm AhnsS
{]hn-n-cp--h-cn `qcn-`m-Khpw kv{XoI-fm-bn-cpp. kv{XoI
sXlvdm-\n-eqsS Imtdm-Sn-pp. Hcp Ipg--hp-an. ]t Hpv.
\yqtbmn-sems t]mbm ImWp-X - p-t]mse kv{XoIsf skIvkv
knw_-emn amm Cdm-\n-I A\p-h-Zn-p-I-bn.''(t_m[\w
hmcnI, 1993 \hw-_ 6).
{ioaXn I]\m ia-bpsS tNmZyw {]k--as{X: ""hnZy-b-`y-kn-
m\pw ]pd-n-dn tPmen sNp-hm\pw ZmXy _w s]mdp-n-
p-Iq-SmsX hcp-tm hnhm-l-tam-N-\-am-h-iy-sv tImS-Xn-bn
t]mhm\pw Ah-Im-i-ap Cdm-\nse kv{XoIs-Xnsc hn[n-]-d-bm
\mw i-cmtWm? ]Z-b-Wn-bp Cdm-\nse ktlm-Z-cn-am-tc-m
Fp al-z-amWv \psS \mnse kv{XoIp-Xv?''(Kalpana
Sharma- Behind The Veil- The Hindu 20- 7-'97).
""kv{XoIv ]Z \n_--am-p-Ibpw ]pcp-j-msc AXn\n-sm-
gnhm-p-Ibpw sNbvXXv XnI hnth-N-\-at?''
Cu hnth-N\w {]Ir-Xn-]-c-amWv. kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw ]pcp-j-m-cp-
sSbpw ico-c-{]-IrXn Hcp-t]m-se-btm. GsXmcp Icp--\mb ]pcp-
j\pw kv{Xosb Ah-fpsS A\p-hm-Z-an-msX Xs _em-wKw
sNm km[n-pw. Fm kv{Xo F{X Icp--bm-bmepw ]pcp-js
A\p-aXnbn-msX Abmsf ssewKn-I-ambn Iogvs-Sp-m-\m-hn-. Cu
A-c - ns A\n-hm-cy-amb Xm]-cy-amWv hkv{X-nse hyXymkw.
AXn-\m-em-Wtm Cy-bpssS temI-sapw kv{XobpsS kwc-
-W-n\v {]tXyI \nbaw A\n-hm-cy-am-b-Xv. kv{Xo]o-U-\-n\v ITn-
\-in \nbaw aqew \n-bn \mSp-I-fn-sempw ]pcpj ]oU-\-n-
s\-Xnsc Cn[w \nb-a-\namWw \S-n-bn-n--tm. imco-cnI hyXym-
k--fm IqSp-X kpc-n-X-Xzhpw apI-cp-Xepw Bh-iy-ap-Xv
kv{XoImsWv CXv kpXcmw hy-am-pp. Ah Xs ico-
c-ku-cyw ]c-]p-cp-j-m-cpsS apn {]I-Sn-n--cp-sXv Ckvemw
Bh-iy-s-Sm-\p Imc-Whpw AXs{X. AXn-\m ]Z kv{XoIv
kpc-bpw kuI-cy-hp-amWv. Aku-I-cytam ]oU-\tam A.
kv{Xov ]pcp-js ]mXn kzv
""kv{Xov ]pcp-js ]mXn-kz-t Ckvemw A\p-h-Zn-p-pq.
CXv ISp A\o-Xnbpw sImSnb hnth-N-\-hp-at?''
Ckvem-anI \nb-a-a-\p-k-cnv GX-h-k-c-nepw kv{Xov Hcp hn[
km-nI _m[y-X-I-fp-an. Ah-Im-i--tf-bpq. Fm _m[y-X-
Ifpw GXp kml-N-cy-nepw ]pcp-j\p am{X-amWv. hnhm-l-th-f-bn
hc-tbpw h[p-hn-sbpw hkv{X--fpssS Fm hn[ sNe-hp-Ifpw
hln-t-Xv ]pcp-j-\mWv. AtXm-sSmw h[p-hn\v \n_--ambpw
alv \Ip-Ibpw thWw. XpSv kv{Xobp-sSbpw Ipn-I-fp-sSbpw
kwc-t- Wm-c - h
- m-ZnXzw ]qW-ambpw ]pcp-j - mWv. cp-t]cpw Htc-
t]mse hcp-am-\-ap tUmIvSamtcm A[ym-]-Itcm Bcm-bn-cp-mepw
icn, kv{Xo Xm DssS Bcp-sSbpw km-n-I- sN-e-hp-I hln-
t-X - n. DtZym-K
- b - mb `mcy-bpsS t]mepw `-Whpw hkv{Xhpw
NnIn--bp-aps-sS-bp sNe-hp-I-sfms \nh-ln-t-Xv `m-
hmWv. AYhm `mhv ac-Ws - -m Abmv kzn-s-n Abm-
fpsS A\m-Y-p-n-Isf kwc-n-t-Xv ]nXmhv, ktlm-Z-c-m,
ktlm-Z-c-a-, ]nXr-hy XpSn acn--bmv a-fn-s-n Abm-
fpsS kzns injvSm-h-Im-in-I-fm-Im-\n-S-bp--h-cmWv. kv{Xo hnhm-
ln-X-bm-sW-n `mhpw Ahn-hm-ln-X-sb-n ]nXmhpw ]nXm-hn-
s-n ktlm-Z-c-m-cp-amWv Ahsf kwc-n-t-Xv. amXm-hns
kwc--Wp-a-Xe amWv. AXn-\m GX-h--bnepw \nb-a-
]-ca
- mbn kv{Xov Hcp-hn[ km-n-I _ - m-[y-Xb- p-an. ]c-kv]c _-
n-sbpw kvt\l-n-sbpw t]cn sNe-h-gn-p-p-sh-n AXv
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 203
asmcp Imcy-amWv. Fnpw Ckvemw kv{Xov kz-h-Im-i-a-\p-h-

Zn-Xpw alv \n_--am-n-bXpw Ah-cpsS Apw kpc-n-X-
Xzhpw Dd-p-h-cp-m-\mWv. kzw kzv kqn-m\pw kwc-n-
m\pw h[n-n-m\pw kv{Xov kzmX-{yhpw Ah-Im-i-hp-apv.
amXmhv, aI, `mcy, ktlm-Zcn t]mep GX-h--bnepw kwc-
Ww ]qW-ambpw Dd-p-h-cp--s tijhpw ùXn-I -am-\-Z--
a-\p-k-cnv kzv Bh-iy-an-m-Xn-cp-npw Ckvemw AXv A\p-h-Zn-
Xv kv{XoXz-ns al-z-n\pw BZ-c-hn\pw Hcp-hn[ t]md-ep-
tam-Xn-cn-m-\mWv.
kv{XobpsS A\p-hm-Z-an-msX Ah-fpsS hnhmlw
""kv{XobpsS A\p-hm-Ztam k-Xtam CmsX Ahsf IeymWw
Ign-p-sIm-Sp-m cn-Xm-v Ckvemw A\p-hmZw \Ip-p-
sv ]d-bp-Xv icn-bmtWm?''
A. kv { XobpsS A\p- h m- Z tam k- X tam CmsX Ahsf
hnhmlw sNbvXp-sIm-Spm Ckvemw A\p-h-Zn-p-n. AYhm,
As\ sNbvXm AXv kzoI-cn-m-s\ t]mse \nc-kn-m\pw
kv{Xov Ah-Im-i-apv.
{]hm-N-I (k) ]d-bpp: ""I\y-I-b-m kv{Xosb kw_-n-
t-S-tmfw Ahp-X-s-bmWv cn-Xm-hn-t\-m kzw Imcyw
Xocp-am-\n-m-\p Ah-Imiw. I\y-Isb IeymWw Ignp sIm-
Spm Ah-fpsS A\p-hmZw Bcm-tb--XmWv. Ah-fpsS au\w A\p-
hm-Z-ambn KWnpw''(apkvenw, XnanZn, A_q-Zm-hqZv, \kmCu, C_v\p-
amP).
Hcn- Hcp s]Ipn {]hm-N-I- k-n-[n-bn hv, ]nXmhv
Xs kXw IqSmsX Hcmsf hnhmlw Ign-m Xs \n_-n-
p--Xmbn ]cm-Xn-sp. Atm Ahv kzw CjvS-{]-Imcw
{]hn-m {]hm-N-I A\p-aXn \In.
Hcp bphXn \_n-bpsS kn-[n-bn hp -]-dp: "Fs ]nXmhv
kzw ktlm-Z-c-]p-{X-s\-smv, Fn-eqsS At-l-ns t]m-
cmbva ]cn-l-cn-m-\mbn, Fs IeymWw Ign-p-sIm-Sp-n-cn-pp.'
As\ \_n Imcyw Xocp-am-\n-m-\p Ah-Imiw Ahv \In.
Atm Ah ]dp: ]nXm-hns {]hrn Rm AwKo-I-cn-n-cn-
pp. Cm-cy-n ]nXm--mv Hcp A[n-Im-c-hp-an-sv
kv{XoIsf ]Tn-n-p-sIm-Sp--emWv Fs Dtiyw.
hnhm-l-m-cy-n Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-m-\p A[n-Im-chpw Ah-Im-
ihpw kv{XoIm-sWv CsXm-sbpw Ak-n-Kv[-ambn sXfn-bn-
pp.
kv{XobpsS kmyw
""kmy-n\v Hcm-Wn\p ]Icw cv kv{Xo thW-sa-m-Wtm
Ckvem-anI \nbaw. CXv kv{Xotbm-Sp A\o-Xnbpw hnth-N-\hpw
]pcp-j-ta-[m-hn-Xz-]-camb kao-]-\hpat?''
Hcp ]pcp-j\p ]Icw cv kv{Xosb-Xv kmy-n-\p Ckvem-
ans s]mXp \nb-a-a; km-nI CS-]m-Sp-I-fn am{Xw _m[-I-
amb Imcy-amWv. kv{XoI km[m-cW KXn-bn km-nI CS-]m-
Sp-I \S-p--hcpw sIm-sm-Sp--I-fn Gs-Sp--h-cp-a-m-
-Xn-\m ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-I-fpsS kmy-n A_w kw`-hn-m-
Xn-cn-m\pw kqvaX ]men-m-\p-ambn \n-bn--s \n_-\
am{X-am-WnXv. kv{Xos-Xnsc kZm-Nmc ewL\w Btcm-]n--s-m
kzoI-cn-t kzbw kmy-n-sbpw kXyw sN-en-sbpw
Imcy-n kv{Xo]pcpj hyXym-k-sam-p-an-sv Jp-B Xs
kwi-b-n-\n-S-an-m hn[w hy-am-n-bn-pv (A[ymbw 24,
hmIyw 6-9).
CXc kmy--fpsS nXnbpw CXp-X-s. hnhm-l-tam-N-\-s-
p-dnv Jp-B ]d-bpp: ""C\n Ah-cpsS Zom-h[n kam-]n-mtem,
Hp-In Ahsc am\y-ambn IqsS \np-Itbm As-n am\y-
amb \ne-bn th]n-cn-bp-Itbm sNp-I. \n-fn \oXn-am-m-cmb
cm-fp-Isf kmn-If - m-p-Ibpw sNp-I. Ah Am-lp-hn-\p-thn
\oXn-]qhw kmyw hln--s.''(65: 2). Hkyn-s\ kw_-nv
Jp-B ]d-bpp: ""hniz-kn--h-tc, \n-fn-sem-cp-hv ac-W-am-k--
am-hp-Ibpw Abm Hkyv sNp-I-bp-am-sW-n AXn-\p kmy-
ns am\w C{]-Im-c-a-s{X. \n-fn\n-p cp \oXn-am-m
kmyw hln--Ww. As-n \n bm{Xm-h--bn-em-bn-cn-p-
Ibpw AhnsS ac-Wh - n-]v A`n-ap-Jo-Ic- n-p-Ib
- p-am-sW-n Atm
ap P\-n\np cm-fp-Isf kmn-I-fm--Ww.''(5: 106)
B-hw, {]k-hw, XpSn ]pcp-j - mv kmn-If - m-Im {]bm-
k-ap Imcy--fn kv{XoIfpsS am{Xw kmy-amWv kzoIm-cy-am-
hp-I-sb--Xn Ckvem-anI ]n-X-m GIm-`n-{]m-b-m-cmWv.
Ckvem-an km-n-Ihpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-bhpw `c-W-]-
c-hp-amb Fm \nb-a--fp-sSbpw ASn-m\ {]am-W--fn-semv {]hm-
NI Ncy-bmWv. Cu {]hm-NI Ncy-bpsS \nth-Z-\-ns kzoIm-cy-X-
bn ]pcp-j-tXp t]mse-s kv{Xobp-tSXpw {]mam-Wn-Ihpw {]_-
e-hp-at{X. enwK-t`-Z-ns ASn-m-\-n-en-hnsS Hcp-hn[ hnth-N-\-
hp-an. AXp-sImp Xs {]_-e-amb lZokv {K--fn ]pcp-
jam-sc t]mse kv{XoI \nth-Z\w sNbvX-hbpw [mcm-f-ambn
ImWm-hp--XmWv. Fm kmy--fp-sSbpw kmy-amb ASn-m\
{]am-W - ns Imcy-n ]pcp-js ]Zhn Xs kv{Xopw I]n
Ckvemw CS-]m-Sp-I-fpsS Imcy-n hyXy-kvX-amb \ne-]mSv kzoI-
cn-Xv hnth-N-\-]-ctam Ah-K-W-\tbm A\o-Xntbm Aspw adnv,
A_w kw`-hn-m-Xn-cn-m-\p kqvaX am{X-am-sWpw hy-
at{X.
Camw A_q-l-\o^, Xz_cn t]mep ]n-Xam kv{XoIv
\ymbm-[n-]-m\w hsc hln-m-sav A`n-{]m-b-s-n-pv. \nb-a-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 205
n-sbpw \oXn-bp-sSbpw Imcy-n hnth-N-\-ap-s-n \nb-a-

\-S-n-ns ]c-tam-X ]Z-hn-bmb \ymbm-[n-]-m\w kv{Xov
Bhm-sav {]mam-WnI ]n-X-m ]d-bp-I-bn-tm.
ap-n\mev
s]mXp-Po-hn-X-nse kv{Xo ]m-fnw
""kv{XoIsf s]mXp-Po-hn-X-n\nv amn-\np-Ibpw ASp--f-

bn Xf-n-Sp-I-bp-at Ckvemw sNp-Xv?''
{]Ir-Xn-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-I ]cn-K-Wn-p-tm kv{XobpsS
{][m\ {]h-\-cwKw hoSp-X-s-bmWv. aln-X-amb IrXyw amXr-
Xzhpw. Fm kv{Xo s]mXp-Po-hn-X-n CS-s]-Sp--Xn-s\tbm kPo-
h-]-m-fnw hln-p--Xn-s\tbm Ckvemw hne-p-n. F;
AX-\p-h-Zn-p-Ibpw A\n-hm-cy-k-`--fn t{]mm-ln-n-p-Ibpw
sNpp.
A[y-b-\-nepw A[ym-]-\-nepw {]hm-N-Is Imew-sXm-p-
Xs kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j-m-sc-tmse kPo-h-ambn ]s-Sp-p-t]m-
n-pv. {]hm-N-I-k-n-[n-bn hv Imcy- ]Tnp a\-n-em-p-
-Xnepw AXv ap--hsc ]Tn-n-p--Xnepw Ah-scmpw ]nn-em-bn-
cp-n. {]hm-N-I-N-cy-bpsS \nth-Z-I-cn {]ap-J-cmb h\n-X-I Dm-
hm-\p Imc-Whpw AXs{X.
{]hm-N-I-]Xv\n BC-i-bpsS ]mnXyw kphn-Zn-X-am-Wv. Camw
kplvcn ]d-bpp: ""BCi P\--fn Ghpw Adn-hp hyn-bm-
bn-cp-p. {]hm-N-Is A\p-N-c-m-cn {]ap-J t]mepw Ah-tcmSv
tNmZnv ]Tn-m-dp-m-bn-cpp''. kpss_-dns aI Dh tcJ-sSp-
pp: ""Jp-B, A\--cm-h-Imi \nb-a-, hnm\w, Ihn-X,
Ia-im-kv{Xw, A\p-h-Z-\obw, \njn-w, sshZyw, Ad-_n-I-fpsS ]pcm-
X\ hrm--, tKm{X-N-cn{Xw Fn-h-bn BC-i-tb-m Adn-
hp Bscbpw Rm In-n''.
e_o-Zns aI alvaqZv ]d-bpp: ""{]hm-N-I-]-Xv\n-am-scmw lZo-
kp-I a\x-]m-T-am-n-bn-cp-p. Fm BC-i-tbmSpw Dp-ka-tbm-
Sp-sam--sa-n-bn-cp-n- ap--h.''
{]hm-N-I-]-Xv\n-am-cn BCi am{Xw 2210 lZo-kp-I \nthZ\w
sNbvXn-p-v. Dp-kabpw \nc-h[n lZo-kp-I \nth-Z\w sNp-I-
bp-m-bn. kv{XoI am{X-a-, [mcmfw ]pcp-j-mcpw Ah-cn\nv
Adnhv t\Sn-bn-cp-p. sshm-\n-I-cw-K-s--t]mse Ckvem-an-I-
{]-t_m-[\ {]h-\--fnepw kv{XoI kPo-h- ]-p-h-ln-p. A-
Xn-\m ]pcp-j-m-sc-tm-se-s Ahcpw sImSnb ]oU-\-n-
c-bmbn. Ckvem-anse BZys c-km-n-t]mepw kpa F
kv{Xobm-Wv. P-\m-n PohnXw Zp-l-ambn ]em-b\w A\n-hm-cy-
am-b-tm kv{XoI-fp-a-Xn ]m-fn-I-fm-bn.
{]hm-N-I-stbm k-cn-X-cmb Jeo-^-am-cp-sStbm Imev s]mXp-
Po-hn-X-n\nv kv{XoI amn-\n-s-n-cp-n-. bp-cw-K-p-
t]mepw kv{XoI-fpsS kPoh kmn-[y-ap-m-bn-cp-p. DlvZv bp-n
`S-mv sh-sa-n-m\pw apdn-th-h - sc ip{iq-jn-m\pw t\XrXzw
\In-bXv {]hm-N-I-]Xv\n BC-i-bm-bn-cp-p. Dp kp-sseapw Dp
keopw Cu kml-k-n ]p-tN-cp-I-bp-mbn.
ssJ_ bp-n ]s-Sp ]m-f-mv Blm-c-sam-cp-n-
sm-Sp-p-Ibpw apdn-th--hsc ip{iq-jn-p-Ibpw sNbvX h\n-X-Iv
{]hm-N-I ka-cmPnX k-n\nv hnlnXw \Ip-I-bp-m-bn.
DlvZv bp-n apdn-th--hscbpw c-km-n-I-sfbpw aZo-\-bn-te-
s-n-p Npa-Xe \nh-ln-Xv apAnZns ]p{Xn dp_Dw kl-
{]-h-I-cp-am-bn-cp-p. Dp AXn Ggp bp--fn kw_-n-p-
I-bp-m-bn. A\kp_v\p amen-ns amXmhv Dp kpsseapw \nc-
h[n bp--fn {]hm-N-Is\ A\p-K-an-p-I-bp-m-bn. JZJv bp-
n kv{XoI-sfbpw Ipn-I-sfbpw A{I-an-m-s\-nb i{Xpsh
Iq Is-Spv Ipn-sm-Xv kz^n--bm-Wv. DlvZv bp-n
{]hm-NI - s ]cn-c- b- vmbn s]mcp-Xnb {]ap-Jc
- n-sem-cm Dp Am-
d-bm-Wv. Ah-cpsS ico-c-n \nc-h[n apdn-hp-I-tfp-I-bp-m-bn.
Hmw Jeo^ A_q-_Iv kno-Jns Imep \S bama bp-
n ]s-Sp Ah-cpsS ico-c-n ]{p apdn-hp-I-fp-m-bn-cp-
p. Cuhn[w cWm--W-n [oc-ambn s]mcp-Xnb \nc-h[n h\n-X-
Isf Ckvem-an-I-N-cn{Xw ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-p-v.
B[p-\n-I-tem-Ipw apkvenw kv{XoI ka-c-cw-Kv kPo-h-ambn
]s-Sp--Xn\v \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W--fp-v. dnZm jm ]lve-hn-bpsS
GIm-[n-]Xy aZI `c-W - n-s\-Xnsc Jpssa\n \bn t]mcm- - nepw
djy A[n-\n-th-i-n-s\-Xnsc A^vKm P\X \S-nb sNdp-p-
\n]nepw kv{XoI [otcm-z-e-amb tkh-\--fn-p-I-bp-m-
bn. Ckvem-anI ka-c-\n-c-bnse kv{Xokmn[yw ]mmXy am[y-a-
-t]mepw FSppImWn-m \n_--nXam-Ipw-hn[w Ah-K-Wn-
m-\m-hm--Xm-Wv.
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 207
kv{Xo hoSn\v ]pd-p-t]m-bn sXmgn-en-tes-Sp--Xn-s\tbm tkh-

\-hr-nIfn hym]r-X-am-hp--Xn-s\tbm s]mXp {]h-\--fn
]m-fn-bm-hp--Xn-s\tbm Ckvemw Hcp \nebvpw hne-p-n-sv
CXpw CXp-t]m-ep--h-bp-amb kw`-h- Ak-n-Kv[-ambn hy-am-
p-p. cmw Jeo^ Da-dp ^mdq-Jns `c-W-Im-ev IS-I-tm-
f--fpsS tat\m-ns D-c-hm-ZnXzw G]n-n-cp-Xv in^m
_nXp A_vZnm F kv{Xosb-bm-bn-cp-p-sh-Xv {]tXyIw
{]kvXm-hy-a-s{X. \psS Imes D]-t`m-r-kw-c-W hIp-ns
Ub-d-IvS ]Z-hnp kam-\-amb m\-am-W-Xv.
ka-Im-eo\ kaq-l-nepw apkvenw kv{XoI Ckvem-anI {]h-
-\--fnset]mse kmaq-lnI tkh-\-cw-Kpw s]mXp-Po-hn-X-
nepw kPo-h-ambn ]p-h-ln-p-h-cp-p-v. imkv{X kmt-Xn-
IhnZym-`ymk taJ-e-I-fn-semw Cdm-\n-b kv{XoI kvXpXyl-
amb tkh-\-amWv \nh-ln-p-sIm-n-cnp--Xv. Ahn-Ss bq\n-th-
gvkn-n-I-fnse {]^-kam-cnepw ap Poh-\-m-cnepw \m]Xp iX-am-
\-tmfw kv{XoI-fm-Wv. \gvkdn kvIq sXmv sslkvIq-fnse Ah-
km-\-hjw hsc A[ym-]-\-hrn ]qW-ambpw \nh-ln-p-Xv
kv{XoI-fmWv. Cdm-\nse \smcp hn`mKw kv{XoI kz-ambn I-
h-S
- m-]\ -
- \S-p-h - c
- m-Wv. kzIm-cy-m-]\
-
- f- nepw km
Hmô-kp-I-fnepw D-X- tPm-en-bn-tes--hcpw \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. [mcmfw
h\nXm AUz-t-p-amcpw tUmIvSamcpw Fn-\o-bamcpw AhnsS
tPmen sNp-p-v. hnZym-`ymk Btcm-Ky-h-Ip-p-I-fn-embn ]Xn-s\mv
e-n-tesd kv{XoI tkh-\-a-\p-jvTnp hcp-p. am[y-a-cw-Kpw
Cdm-\n kv{XoIv sa-s {]mXn-\n-[y-ap-v. sSen-hn-j taJ-
e-bn ap-p iX-am\w kv{XoI-fm-Wv.
CuPn-]vXv, kpUm XpSn CXc apkvenw \mSp-I-fnepw Ckvem-
anI acym-Z-I ]qW-ambpw ]men-p-sImp Xs e--W-n\v
kv{XoI s]mXp-cw-Kv {]hn-p-h-cp-p. aX-]-n-X-mtcm
Ckvem-anI {]m-\-tfm CXns\ FXnm-dn-s-Xpw {it-b-a-
s{X. Cu hn[w s]mXp Pohn-X-n kPo-h-ambn ]p-h-ln-m A\p-
h-Zn-p-tmgpw kv{XobpsS {]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-amb Npa-Xe Krl-`-c-
Whpw Ipn-I-fpsS kwc--W-hp-am-sW Imcyw Ckvemw Dun--d-
bp-p. AX-h-K-Wn-p-Xv AXyw A]-I-S-I-chpw Zqc-hym-]-I-amb
hn]-p-Iv \nan--hp-am-sWv DWp-Ibpw sNp-p.
kv{Xov `c-W--cm-jv{Sob ]m-fnw ]mSnt?
""kv { XoI `c- W - - c m- j v { Sob cwK- - f n ]p- h - l n- p- - X ns\
Ckvemw hne-p-ptm? apkvenw kv{XoI `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifm-
Im ]mSn-sv ]d-p-tIp-Xv icn-bmtWm?''
Cu tNmZy-n\v Ccp-]Xmw \qmv I {]apJ ]n-X-m-cn-
sem-cm-fmb ssiJv apl--Zp Kmen \Inb hni-Zo-I-cWw ChnsS
D-cn-p-Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn-p-sav Icp-Xp-p. Atlw Fgp-Xpp:
""aZo\m am-ns \nb-{-Whpw hn[nopw in^m-C-s\-bmWv
Da-dp ^mdqJv G]n-n-cp--Xv. Ah-c-hnsS \nb-a-ew-L-\- XSbp-
Ibpw \oXn \S-m-p-Ibpw hn[n {]kvXm-hn-p-Ibpw sNbvXXv B-
-s]t`-Z-at\y Fm-hp-an-S-bn-em-bn-cp-p. GsX-nepw hn[-n-
ep-- \n-b-{-W- Jeo^ Ah-cpsS ta Gs-Sp-n-bn-cp-n.
kv{XoIsf cmjv{S-t\-Xr-Xztam `c-Wm-[n-Im-ctam G]n-p-sImSp-
m tamlnp \S-p Iq-n-sem-p-a Rm. Hcp Imcyta \mw
B{K-ln-p-p-q. kaq-l-nse Ghpw A\p-tbm-Py-\mb B
cmPy-nsbpw cmPy`c-W-n-sbpw t\Xr-Xz-n hc-Ww.
"kv{Xosb A[n-Im-c-ta]n P\X ]cm-P-b-s-n-cn-pp' F
{]hm-N-I-h-N-\-ap--tm. Atm GsX-nepw hn[-n-ep A[n-
Imcw kv{Xosb G]n-p-Xv ]cm-P-b-Im-c-W-am-hn-t-sbv tNmZn-
tmw. ChnsS Cu {]hm-N-I-h-N-\s kw_-nv A]w Bg-
n Btem-Nn-m \mam-{K-ln-p-p. {]hm-N-I-h-N\w kzoImcyw
Xs. Fm AXns Bibw Fm-bn-cnpw?
Ckvem-anI apt--n\p apn t]jy km{amPyw \new-s]m-
n-sm-n-cp--tm AhnsS `cWw \S-n-bn-cp-Xv A`n-i-]vX-
amb cmPhm-gvNbpw GIm-[n-]-Xy-hp-am-bn-cp-p. hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn-e-[n-
jvTn-X-amb aXw, IqSn-bm-tem-N\ ANn-y-amb cmP-Ip-Spw-_w, acWw
hn[n--s A`n-{]mb hnai-\-kzm-X-{yw, Xn-e-Sn-p cmP-Ip-
Spw-_-, aI ]nXm-hn-s\bpw ktlm-Z-c ktlm-Z-c-s\bpw hI-
h-cp-p A[n-Im-c-sm-Xn, kthm-]-cn Fmw klnv AS-n-sbm-
Xpn Ign-bp {]Xn-I-c-W-tijn Adn-bm P\X!
apkvenw apt--n\p apn t]jy ssk\yw ]nSn-p-\nm-
\m-hmsX ]nn-cn-bp-Ibpw cmPym-Xnn Npcp-n-p-cpn hcn-I-bp-
am-bn-cp-p. Atm-gp-a-hv {]m]vX-\mb Hcmsf cmPy-`-cWw G]n-
m-\m-bn-. cmP-`-c-W-ns `mK-ambn Ahn-th-In-bmb Hcp kv{Xosb
A[n-Im-c-n hmgn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. CXv B cmPy-n-sbpw km{am-
Py-n-sbpw F-t-p-am-bp Xntcm-[m\w hnfn--dn-bn-p--Xm-
bn-cp-p. ZoL-ho--I\pw kqva-m-\n-bp-amb {]hm-N-I CtX
n-bp Xs hne-bn-cp- kXy-k--ambn tcJ-s-Sp-p-I-bm-
bn-cp-p. "kv{Xosb A[n-Im-c-ta]n P\X ]cm-P-b-a-S--Xp-X-s.'
t\sc adnv B Ah-kcw t]jy`-cWw IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-bn-e-
[n-jvTn-Xhpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmb h\nX tKmUm-ao-dn-s\-tm-sem-cm-
fm-hp-Ibpw ssk\nI Xocp-am-\- D-c-hm-Z-s--h-cpsS Ic-fn
Bbn-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-p-sh-n {]hm-N-Is hne-bn-cp-
asmcp hn[-n-em-bn-cp-t-s\.''
D]-cyp {]hm-N-I-h-N-\s kw_-nv tUm. Pam _Zhn
Fgp-Xpp: ""Cu \_n-h-N\w kv{XoI-sf- `-cWt\Xr-Xz-n\npw
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 209
amn-\nm-\p sXfn-hmbn hymJym-\n--s-p-h-cp-p-s-nepw

]e ]WvUn-Xamcpw CXn-t\mSv tbmPn-p-n-. \_n-bpsS Imes
t]jy `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I {]hm-N-I-t\mSpw Atlw Ah-cpsS ASp-
t--b ZqX-t\mSpw sImSnb i{XpX ImWn--h-cm-bn-cp-p. AXn-
\m t]jy-m Jp{kp-hns ]p{Xnsb X-fpsS `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
bmbn AwKo-I-cn hm-tbm-Sp {]Xn-I-c-W-s, cmjv{S-ns
`c-W-t\-Xr-Xz-hp-ambn _-s enwK-{]-iv\-ns hni-Zo-I-c-W-am-
b-, B aZ-I-km-{am-Py-ns Bk--]-X-\s kw_-n {]h-
N-\-sa \ne-bn-emWv ImtW-Xv. \_n-bpsS {]h-N\w ]noSv ]pe-
cp-Ibpw sNbvXp... AXn-\m Cu \_n-h-N\w kv{XoIsf cmjv{S-
ns `c-W-t\-Xr-Xz-n\npw Hgn-p-\nn-tb -]q Fp--Xn\v
sXfn-hm-Ip-n-.''
AXn-\m kv{Xosb `c-W-t\-Xr-Xz-n\nv hne-p hy-
hpw JWvUn-X-hp-amb Jp-B hmIytam {]hm-NI hN-\tam C.
Fnepw hfsc A\n-hmcy kml-N-cy-an-s-n AsXm-gn-hm-p--Xm-
Wp--aw. tUm. Pam _Zhn Fgp-Xpp: ""Ckvem-ans cmjv{So-b
hyh hni- Z o- I - c n- p- - X n {]kn- n- b mPn {]apJ \nb- a -
]WvUnX A_q-b-Avem cmjv{S--e-hs tbmKy-X-I-fn "]pcp-j-
\m-bn-cn-pI' Fsmcp hyh Ds-Sp-n-bn-n-sv AJm-knan
\nco-n-p-p. ChnsS ]t, Hcp Imcyw {]tXyIw {in-t--Xp-
v. Ckvem-anse cmjv{S--e-h shdp-samcp NSp Xe-h-\-.
Atlw \a-kvIm-c-n\p t\XrXzw sImSp-p-p. Nne-tm \nc-
cw bm{X-sN-p-p. CXc cmjv{S--e-ham-cp-am-bn Ah ]e-
tmgpw ]pcp-jam-cm-bn-cn-pw IqSn-bm-tem-N\ \S-p-p; ]e-tmgpw
clky kw`m-j-W--fpw. kv{XoIv Ccw _-fpw _m[y-
X-Ifpw Zph-l-am-bn-cn-p-sa--Xn kwi-b-an-. am{X-a-, kv{Xo-]p-
cp-jamn-S-bnse icn-bmb ]c-kv]-c-_--sf kw_-nv
Ckvem-anI amK \ntZ-i--tfmSv Ah s]mcp--s-Sp-I-bn.''
CXv cmjv{S-ns ]c-tam-X ]Z-hnsb kw_-n-p- am{Xw _m[-
I-am-Ip Imcy-am-Wv. kv{Xo AXn-\p-Xm-sg-bp m\- hln-
p-X - n-s\tbm kPo-h c - m-jv{So-b- n CS-s]-Sp-X - n-s\tbm Ckvemw-
hn-e-p-n-. Cdm Ckvem-anIv dn-n-nse sshkv {]kn-Up-am-
cnsemcmfpw Ahn-Ss Fw.-]n-.am-cn ]Xn-\mep t]cpw h\n-X-I-fm-
Wv. CXc apkvenw \mSp-I-fpsS nXnbpw `n-a-.
Fnepw kv{XoI-fpsS {]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-amb _m[yX hoSns
`c-Whpw amXr-Xz-]-c-amb D-c-hm-Zn---fpsS icn-bmb \nh-l-W-
hp-am-sW Imcyw hnkva-cn-m-h-X-. hcpw-X-e-ap-d-Isf bYm-hn[n
hmpw hfn-bp-sa-Sp-p-I-sb--Xns\ Ckvemw Hpw \nm-c-am-
bn-m-Wp-n-sp am{X-a-, AXn-{]-[m\ IrXy-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-p-

Ibpw sNp-p. amXrXzw `qan-bn Ghpw BZ-c-Wo-bhpw aln-X-hp-
am-hm-\p Imc-Whpw AXp-X-s.
ap-v
A\mY ]u{Xs A\--cm-h-Imiw
""]tc-X\v ]p{X-\p--tm A\mY ]u{X A\--cm-h-Im-in-bm-

hp-I-bn-. Cu \nbaw A\ym-b-at? A\m-Y-tcm-Sp AXn-{Iq-c-amb
A\o-Xnbpw? A\mY kwc--W-n\v A\-ev]-amb {]m[m\yw Iev]n-
p Ckvemw As\ sNptam? AXn-\m \ne-hn-ep A\-
-cm-h-Imi hyh A\n-kvem-an-Ihpw Jp-B-\nI kao-]-\-n\v
hncp--hp-at?''
Xo- b mbpw Ckv e mw - A - \ m- Y - k w- c - - W - n\v AXn- b mb
{]m[m\yw Iev]n-n-p-v. Ah-tcm-Sp Ah-K-W\ aX-\n-tj[w Xs-
bmWv. Amlp ]d-bpp: ""\o Ip-thm, aXs \ntj-[n-p--
hs\? Ah-\m-Ipp A\m-Ysb Ah-K-Wn-p--h.'' (Jp-B 107:
1, 2)
A\m-Y-tbmSv ]cp-j-ambn s]cp-am-dp--Xp-t]mepw ]m]-am-Wv. {]hm-
N-Is\ A`n-kw-t_m-[\w sNbvXv Amlp Bm-]n-pp: ""AXn-
\m \o A\m-Y-tbmSv ]cp-j-ambn s]cp-am-d-cp-Xv. tNmZnp hcp--
hsc hnc--cp-Xv.'' (Jp-B 93: 9,10)
]np-Sm-h-Im-i-s-n ]d-t-S-smw ]cn-ip Jp-B
{]tbm-Kn-Xv "hnt-p-t]mb kzv' (4: 7, 176) Fm-Wv. CXn aqp
s]mXp Xz- A`-hn-n-cn-p-p.
1. Ckvem-an A\--cm-h-Im-i-am-Wp--Xv. AXn-\m A\--c-
sa-Sp--s-Sp BfpsS Pohn-X-Im-ev Abm-fpsS kzn Bpw
Hc-h-Im-i-hp-an-.
2. ]tc-Xs ac-W-k-a-bv Pohn-n-cn-p ]np-S-mv
am{Xta Zmb-[-\m-h-Im-i-ap-m-hp-I-bp-q.
3. ]tc-Xs Pohn-X-Im-ev ac-W-s ]np-S-mv Abm-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 211
fpsS A\--c-kz-n Ah-Im-i-ap-m-hp-I-bn-. A\--c-kz-p-

m-hp--Xn\p apt Ah acn-p-t]m-bn F-Xp-Xs Imc-Ww.
A\--cm-h-Im-i-ns ASn-m-\-ambn Amlp AwKo-I-cn-Xv
ASp _-am-Wv. "amXm-]n-Xm-fpw ASp _p-fpw hntp-
t]mb kzv' F Jp-Bs {]tbmKw AXmWv sXfn-bn-p--Xv.
Bdp \nb-a- CXns A\n-hm-cy-X-bs{X:
1. ]tc-Xs ASp _p- AtX Xmh-gn-bnse AI
_p--fpsS Ah-Imiw XSbpw.
2. Zmb-[\ hn`-P-\-n A\--cm-h-Im-in-bpsS km-n-Im-h-
-b-. ]tc-X-\p-am-bp _-amWv ]cn-K-Wn--s-Sp-I.
3. Zmb-[\ hn`-P-\-nse AwKo-IrX am\-ZWvUw hyn-I-fpsS
Bh-iy-tfm Ah-i-X-Itfm A; _-ns kz`m-h-am-Wv.
4. amXm-]n-Xm-, `mcym-`m-am, ]p{X]p{Xn-am Fn-
h-cmWv ]tc-Xs ASp _p-. Ah-cpsS kmn-[y-n
amcpw Ah-Im-in-I-fm-hp-I-bn-.
5. ]nXm-hp-t- m ]nXm-al
- \pw amXm-hp-t- m Dq-bpw ]p{X-
\p--tm ]u{X\pw Zmb-[-\m-h-Im-in-I-fm-hp-I-bn-s-Xv CXns
A\n-hm-cy-X-b-s{X.
6. ]nXm-hn-m-Xn-cns ]nXm-a-lpw ]p{X-\n-m--tm ]u{X-
pw ]np-S-mh-Imiw e`n-p-Xv Ah ]nXm-hn-s-bpw- ]p-{X-
sbpw {]Xn-\n-[n-I-sf \ne-; Ghpw ASp In-I-fpsS A`m-
h-n Ah-Imiw sXm-Sp In-I-fn-tev \ofp--Xp-sIm-m-Wv.
D]-cyp Imc-W--fm ]p{Xam-cp--tm Ah-cpsS av
am{X-a-, t\cs acn-p-t]mb ]p{Xam-cpsS apw ]tc-Xs
kzn hnln-X-ap-m-hp-I-bn-. Imc-Ww, ChnsS Zmb-[-\m-h-Imiw
IpSpw-_-irw-J-e-bnse Ghpw ASp In-bmb ]p{X-\p-ambn _-
s-Sp--Xn-\m AI In-bmb ]u{X-\n-tep \ofp-n-. ]cn-
ip Jp-B\ - n\npw {]hm-NI - N
- c
- y-bn\n-pw, Ctm-fa
- p {]mam-
Wn-I-cmb ]WvUn-Xam-c-{Xbpw a\-n-emnbXpw BN-cn-p-t]m--
Xp-amb \nbaw CX-s{X.
tIhe \nb-a-sImv Cu {]-iv\-n kqW \oXn \S-
m-pI km[y-a-. CXv Ckvem-ans am{Xw nXn-b-. apgp-h \nb-
a-hy-h--I-fpsSbpw Ah--bm-Wv. Nne DZm-l-c-W--fn-eqsS Cu
hkvXpX Bpw A\m-bmkw {Kln-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
1. ]tc-X\v \mep a-fp-sv k-ev]n-p-I. aq aI 28 hb-
p Fn-\o-b-dm-Wv. kz-ambn kzpw hoSp-ap-v. cm-a Ccp-
]-n-\m-ep-Im-c-\mb tUmIvS-dm-Wv. aqm-a ]{v hb-p
hnZymYn-bpw, \mem-a \mep hb-p-Im-c-\pw. kqW-\o-Xnsb
kw_-n ip k-ev]-a-\pkcnv kzsmw sNdnb cv Ipn-
Imbn Ah-cpsS {]mb-hy-Xym-k-a-\p-k-cnv hoXn-p-sIm-Sp-p-I-
bmWv th-Xv. aq cp t]pw kzbw km-Zn-m km[n-
p-a-tm. Fm, Cn[w Zmb-[\w Hml-cn-sh--W-sav Hcp \nb-
a-hy-h-bpw A\p-im-kn-p-n-. AsXmv {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-a-.
2. A\--cm-h-Im-in-I-fmb cv ]p{Xam-cn Hcm AwK-ssh-I-
ey-m A[zm-\-tijn Ipd--h\pw A]-c Atcm-K-Zr-V-Km-{X-\p-
am-sW-n Zmb-[-\-ns knwl-`m-Khpw hnI-emw-K\v \evIn-bmte
\oXn-bm-hp-I-bp-q. Fm cmpw Xpey-ambn `mKn-m-\-msX
imco-cn-I-i-n-bpsS G-p-d-h-\p-k-cnv A\--cm-h-Im-i-nse A\p-
]mXw \n-bn Hcp \nbahyh-bpw temI-n.
3. Htc amXm-]n-Xm--fpsS km-\--sfmw _pn-i-nbnepw
kmaYy-nepw kaam-cm-bn-cn-n-, Akm-am\y Ign-hp-h - cpw Xosc
tami-m-cp-ap-m-bn-cn-pw. kaYamv thKw km-Zn-m\pw kpJ-
ambn Pohn-m\pw km[n-p--Xn-\m Ah-cpsS Zmb-[-\-hn-lnXw av
asfbt]-nv Ipd-bv-W-sav Bm-]n-p ]np-Sm-hIm-
i-{Iaw Fhn-sSbpw \ne-hn-en-. ss[j-WnI Ign-hns tXmX-\pkcnv
A\--cm-h-Im-i-nse A\p-]mX \nWbw \S-p Imcy-hp-a-.
Cs\ kqW-\oXn \S-m-m tIh-e-\n-b-a-v km[y-
a-m--Xn-\m-emWv Cu taJ-e-bn Ckvemw a\p-jys ]c-tem-I- hn-
izm-k-nepw [a-t_m-[-nepw Imcp-Wy-hn-Im-c--fnepw Du
\evIp--Xv. Ah-sbms Dt-Pn-nv am{Xta km-n-I-\oXn \S-
m-m-\m-hp-I-bp-q.
{]mXn-\n-[y-kn-m--awKo-I-cn-m am{Xta ]p{X-\p--tm
A\mY ]u{X\v A\--c-kz-n hn-ln-X-ap-m-hp-I-bp-q. acn
]p{X Pohn-n-cn-p--Xmbn k-ev]n-v, Xm-\v Abm-fpsS
km-\-sf {]X-n\n-[n-I-fmn Zmb-[-\-n hnlnXw \Ip
k{-Zm-b-am-Wn-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, AF hyn-v, B,C Fo cv
]p{Xam-cp-sv k-ev]n-p-I. D,E,F Fn-h BbpsS km-\--
fm-Wv. A Pohn-n-cn-s-Xs B acn-p. ]noSv A acn-m B Pohn-n-cn-
p--h-\mbn ]cn-K-Wnv CtbmsSmw D,E,F Fn-hsc BbpsS {]Xn-
\n-[n-I-fmn AbpsS A\--c-kzv hn`-Pn--em-Wn-Xv. Atm C v
e`n-p hnlnXw BbpsS aqv apw IqSn Inp-p.
Ckvemw Cu {]mXn-\n-[y-coXn AwKo-I-cn-p-n-. {]kvXpX
knmw Htsd ]mfn--Ipw ]ng-hp-Ipw hgn-sh-p-p-sh--
Xp-Xs Imc-Ww.
1. A\--cm-h-Imi hyh--bn-se-hn-sS-sb-nepw {]mXn-\n-[y-kn-
mw AwKo-I-cn-p-I-bm-sW-n Fm hi--fnepw AXv \S-m-
\n_--am-bn-o-cpw. `mcym-`m-amcpw CXn\n-sm-gn-
hm-Ip-I-bn-. AXn-\m, `m-hns ac-W-tijw `mcy acn-p-I-bm-
sW-n `mcy-bpsS A\--c-kz-n `m-hn-\p hnlnXw, acn
`m-hns ASp _p-v \evtI-n-h-cpw. AXpt]m-se,
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 213
`mcy-bpsS tijw `mhv acn-m `mcy-bpsS hnlnXw Ah-cpsS

amXmhv, ]nXmhv t]mep D-_-p-v \evtI-n-h-cpw. Cs\
sN-W-sav Bcpw hmZn-p-sap tXmp-n-.
2. ]nXmhv Pohn-n-cn-n-m Hcm acn-m Zmb-[\w hoXn--
s-Sp-tm Abmp apt acn-p-t]mb ]nXm-hns ]np-S-
m-sc-sbmw ]nXm-hns {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbn ]cn-K-Wnv Ah-Imiw
\evtI-n-h-cpw. DZm-l-c-W-n-\v, AbpsS a-fmWv B, C, D. CXn
Bv E, F, G Fo a-fm-Wp--Xv. Ch-cn A t\cs ac-W-s-p.- ]n-
oSv B acn-p-tm `mcy-tbm amXm-thm ]nXm-a-l-t\m Dq-tbm
Cs-n apgp-h [\hpw tij-m-cmb a E, F, G Fn-hmWv
e`n-p-I. Fm, {]mXn-\n[y knmw AwKo-I-cn-p-p-sh-n
A Pohn-n-cn-p--h-\mbn k-ev]nv Bdn-semv Abmv \on-
shv ap a-fmb B, C Fn-hsc AbpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmn Ahv
\evtI-n-hcpw. A{]-Imcw apt ac-W-s amXm-hns ASp
_p-sf Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbn IW-mn Bdn-semv
Ahpw, acn-p-t]mb `mcy-bpsS D-hsc Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmn
Fn-semv Ahpw sImSp- \n_--am-bn-o-cp-p. AtXmsS
bpn-bp-hpw hyh-m-]n-X-hp-amb A\--cm-h-Im-i-L-S\ bpn-
iq- \ yhpw Ahy- h - n- X - h p- a m- b n- o- c p- p. As\ A\m- Y - c mb
]u{Xam-cpsS t\-n-\p-thn Dm-p AtX hyh Ah-
cpsS kzv ap _p--fn-tev Hgp-In-tm-Im-\p At\Iw Nmep-
I-fmbn ]cn-W-an-p-p.
3. hnip Jp-B-\ntem {]hm-N-I-N-cy-bntem hy-am-p-Itbm
kqNn-n-p-Itbm sNm Hcp \nbaw ]pXp-Xmbn \nan-p-tm
AXn\v {]mam-Wn-I-amb ASn--d-bn-s-n _pn-]-c-amb km[p-X-
sb-nepw thWw. A\mY ]u{Xam-cpsS Imcy-n am{Xw {]mXn\n-
[y-kn-mw AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw as-hn-sSbpw AXv ]cn-K-Wn-m-Xn-
cnpI-bp-am-sW-n AXn\v Fs-nepw sXfnthm \ymbo-I-c-Wtam
A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. CsXmpw Ctmfw Bcpw aptm-p-sh-n-n-.
4. {]mXn-\n-[y-kn-m--aw-Ko-I-cn-p-p-sh-n ktlm-Zc ktlm-
Z-cn-ampw ]nXr-hyampw Ah-cpsS ]p{Xamp-samw A\-
-cm-h-Imi \nbaw \n-bn-Xv A\m-h-iy-am-sWv hmZn-t-n-h-
cpw. Imc-Ww, ]tc-X\v ]nXm-hp-s-n ktlm-Z-campw apw Ah-
Im-i-ap-m-bn-cn-p-I-bn-tm; av Hml-cn-m-cp-tSXv Ign-p--sXmw
At-l-n-\m-Wtm e`n-p-I. {]mXn-\n-[y -X-z-a-\p-k-cnv ]nXmhv
Pohn-n-cn-n-s-nepw Pohn-n-cn-p-h - \
- mbn k-ev]nv At-l
- ns
ASp _p-sf Abm-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmn apgp-h kzpw
Ahv \evtI-n-h-cpw. AtXmsS ktlm-Zco ktlm-Z-cam-cp-sSbpw
apw Hmlcn \nWbw Xosc \njv^-ehpw \ncY-I-hp-am-bn-o-cp-p.
Ahv e`n-p hnln-X-n kmc-amb amw kw`-hn-p-I-bpw-
sN-pp.
5. {]mXn-\n-[y-kn-mw ]u{Xamv Ckvemw \n-bn hnln-
X-nepw hyXymkw hcp-p-p. DZm-l-c-W-n-\v, Av B, C Fo
]p{Xam-cp-v. Ch-cn B v D F aI\pw Cv E, F, G Fo
]p{Xam-cp-am-Wp--Xv. AbpsS ac-W-n\p apt a-fmb Bbpw Cbpw
]c-temIw {]m]np. ]noSv A ac-W-s-Sp-I-bm-sW-n Ckvem-anI
\nb-a-{]-Imcw D, E, F, G Fo ]u{Xamsmw Xpeym-h-Im-i-am-
Wp-m-hp-I. {]mXn-\n[y knm--am-Wv kzoI-cn-p--sX-n Bsb
{]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p Dv e`n-p hnlnXw am{Xta C sb {]Xn-\n-
[o-I-cn-p E, F, G Fn-hsmw IqSn Dm-hp-I-bpq. CXv
Ckvem-anI hyh XIp--tXm-sSmw XnIpw A\o-Xn-bm-bn-
o-cp-Ibpw sNp-p.
6. Ckvem-anse A\--cm-h-Im-i-ns ASn-m-\--fn AXn-
{]-[m-\-amb Hv At\ym-\y-ap kwc--W-_m-[y-X-bm-Wv. ]p{X-\p-
-tm ]nXm-hns kwc--tWm--c-hm-Znw ]u{X-n-. AtX
kabw ]u{Xs kwc-W _m[yX ]nXm-a-l-m-Wv. ]nXm-a-l-\n-
s-n ]nXr-hy-pw. AXp-sIm-p-X-s-bmWv ]u{Xs A\--c-
kzv ]nXm-a-lv e`n-p--Xv. {]mXn-\n-[y-kn-mw AwKo-I-cn-p-
-tXmsS Cu ASn-m\w ]qW-ambpw XI-cp-p. As-n ]nXm-
hns\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cnv ]nXm-a-ls kwc--W-p-a-Xe ]u{X-\n
hp-tN-cp-Ibpw sNp-p. ]p{X-\p--tm A\m-Y-]u-{Xs\ Cn[w
_m[yX-I-tf-ev]n-p-Xv XnIpw A\o-Xn-b-s{X.
]pcm-X\ Atd-_y kaq-l-n A\m-Y-cmb ]u{Xamv
am{X-a-, A\m-Y-cmb ]p{Xampw A\--cm-h-Im-i-ap-m-bn-cp-n-
. {]mb-]qn-sb-nb ]p{Xamv am{Xta ]np-Sm-h-Imiw
e`n-n-cp-p-q. Fm, Ckvemw K`--inip DssS apgp-h
apw kz-h-Im-i-a-\p-h-Zn-p. Fnepw hfsc `{Zhpw {Ia-_-
n-Xhpw hyh-m-]n-X-hp-amb Ckvem-anI A\--cm-h-Im-i- {I-a-a-\p-
k-cnv t\cs hnh-cn \ymb-amb Imc-W--fm ]p{X Pohn-n-
cns A\m-Y-]u-{X\v A\--cm-h-Im-i-ap-m-hp-I-bn-. ]pcm-X\
Imes tKm{X-k-aq-l- hy-h--bn CXv Hcp {]iv\hpw krjvSn-n-
cp-n-. IpSpw-_-nse apgp-h AwK--sfbpw At\ym\yw ASpn-
p--\n-dp-p i-amb tKm{X-Nn kI-e-cp-sSbpw kwc-Ww Ddv
hcp-n-bn-cp-p. Asms A\m-Yc - psS ]qW-amb kwc-Ww Ah-
cpsS cn-Xmhv \-t]mse \nh-ln-p-t]m-n-cp-p. ]n-Xm-a-l, ]nXr-
hy XpS-nb ASp _p- Ahsc Hpw Ah-K-Wn-n-cp-n-
. P\-\-n\p apt ]nXmhv \jvS-s {]hm-N-I-s\ ]nXm-a-l\pw
]noSv ]nXr-hy\pw kwc-n kw`hw kphn-Zn-X-am-Wv. ChnsS ]nXr-
hy {]hm-N-Is\ t]mn-h-fpI am{X-a-, kzw km-\--sf-
m kvt\ln-p-Ibpw hfsc {]Xn-Iq-e-amb ]cn-Xx-n-Xn-bn At-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 215
l-n-\p-th-n {]am-Wn-hK-ns hntcm[w Gp-hm-p-I-bp-ap-

mbn. i-amb IpSpw-_-t_m-[hpw tKm{X-Nn-bpw AXn A\-
ev]-amb ]v hln-n-p-v. ]c--cm-K-X-ambn \ne-\n-p-t]m-n-cp
Cu IpSpw-_-hy-h Ckvem-ans BK-a-\m\--chpw XpSp-t]m-
p. AXn-\m-emWv A\mY t]c-pn-I-fpsS A\--cm-h-Imi {]iv\w
ASp Imew- h - s cbpw Nm- h n- j - b - a m- h m- X n- c p- - X v . Ckv e mw
Dbn-n-Sn D-X-amb [man-I-Xz-fpw am\p-jn-I-aq-ey-fpw
Imcp-Wy-hn-Im-c-fpw AXn A\-ev]-amb ]v hln-n-p-v.
Fm, ]gb tKm{X-t_m-[-n\v a-te-evp-Ibpw A\m-Y-
cpsS kwc--W-Im-cy-n cn-Xm- A{i ImWn-p-Ibpw
sNp B[p-\nI kaq-l-n A\m-Y-cmb ]u{Xam-cpsS A\-
-cm-h-Im-i-{]-iv\w, ]c-tem-I-t_m[w krjvSn-p kvt\l--Im-cp-
Wy--hm-ey hnIm-c-pw [manI Nnpw am{Xw hnp-sImSp-
m t]msc hfsc i-amb A`n-{]mbw Dbp-h-n-cn-p-
p. apkvenw-tem-Iv Cmcyw Gsd hnhm-Z-v hgn-a-cp-n-Sp-
Ibpw Nne \nb-a-\nam-W-v \nan--am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-p-v.
Fm Ah-bn ]eXpw Ckvem-anI hyh--bpsS ssNX\yw
tNmn--f-bp--hbpw auen-I-amb ]mfn--I ]n-b-h-bp-am-Wv.1
Fnepw {]iv\-n\v Ckvem-anIamb ]cn-lmcw A\n-hm-cy-am-
sWv ]e B[p-\nI ]WvUn-Xamcpw AwKo-I-cn-n-pv. Ckvem-
anI \nb-a-hy-h--bpsS N-q-n-sem-Xp-n-\n-p-sImv AsX-s\
km[n-p-sa-Xp am{X-amWv {]iv\w. Zmb-[\w e`n-m ASp
_p-v Hkyv \n_--am-sW ]qh-]-WvUn-Xam-cpsS
A`n-{]mbw ChnsS Gsd {]k--am-Ip-p. Xzmhq-kv, JXm-Zx, lk
_kz-cn, Pm_n, A_q-an-Pve-kv, akvdq-Jv, Cbm-kv, C_v\p Pco,
kplvcn t]mep--h {]kvXpX hoWw AwKo-I-cn--h-cm-Wv. {]apJ
Ia-imkv{X ]WvUn-X-\mb C_v\p-l-P-cn AkvJ-em-\nbpw CtX
]-m-c-\m-Wv. C{]Imcw Xs A\--cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a--fpsS Ah-
X-c-W-tmsS Hkyv \n_--am-p Jp-B hmIyw Zp_-e-
s-p-sh ho-W-tmSv hntbm-Pn-p--h-cmWv C_v\p Da,-
Xzlx, kpss_, A_vZp-m-ln_v\p D_-v, iA-v_n, AXzm-Av,
Ckvlm-Jv, Xz_cn, ZmhqZv t]mep--h.
GXm-bn-cp-mepw A\mY ]u{Xamv Hkyv sNm ]nXm-
a-l [man-I-ambn _m[y--\m-Wv. \nbaw aqew AXn-\-hsc \n_-
n-m-sav ]e B[p-\nI ]WvUn-Xamcpw ]d-n-p-v. {]apJ
CuPn-]vjy {K-Im-c-\mb apl-Zv A_q-k-lvd,2 apl-Zv kI-cn-
1. hni-Z-hn-h-c-v Ckvem-anIv ]n-jnwKv lukv {]kn-o-I-cn hn.-F. I_o-
dns "ico-Apw Cy apkvenw-Ifpw.' t]Pv 180-192
2. "Alv-Im-ap--co-JmXn h ahm-co-kn,' t]Pv 323-324
3. "Aao-dmkp hhkzn-Xp ^nCkvemw', t]Pv 175, 176
_Zo-kn3 t]mep--h-scmw Ccw \nb-a-\nam-W-sf A\p-
Iq-en-n-p-v.
apl-Zv A_q-klvd Cm-cy-n hy-amb amK-\ntZiw
\evIn-bn-p-v. AX-\p-k-cnv A\mY ]u{Xam-cpsS ]nXmhv Pohn-
n-cp-p-sh-n e`n-p-am-bn-cp kztm Hkyv A\p-h-Zn--s
BsI kzns aqn-semtm GXmWv Ipd-sh-n A{Xbpw
]tc-Xs kzn\n-s-Spv A\mY ]u{Xamv \evIp-Ibpw
_mn bYmY Ah-Im-in-In-S-bn hn`-Pn-p-I-bp-amWv th-
Xv. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, ]tc-X\v ]p{X\pw cv ]p{Xn-amcpw amXm-]n-Xm-
fpw ac-Wa-S aIs aI-fp-am-Wp-sX-n amXm-]n-Xm-v
Bdn-semv hoX-hpw -_mn ap-am-Wtm e`n-p-I. ac-W-a-
S aI Pohn-n-cp-p-sh-n tijn--Xns Bdn cv (2/6)
AYhm BsI kzns ]Xn-s\-n \mev ( 4/18) BWv Abmp-
m-hp-I. Hkyv sNm-hp ]c-am-h[n kzn-s\-m AXv Ipd-
hm-I-bm A{Xbpw [\w A\--c-kz-n\n-s-Spv A\mY
]u{Xnv \evIp-Ibpw tijn-p-Xv Ah-Im-in-In-S-bn hn`-
Pn-p-Ibpw sNp--Xm-Wv. AYhm ]tc-X\v ]p{X\pw acn ]p{Xs
]p{X-\p-am-Wp--sX-n acn aI Pohn-n-cn-p--Xmbn k-ev]nv
Inm-hp hnln-X-amb BsI -kz-ns ]mXn ]u{X\v \evIm-h-X-
. Imc-Ww, AXv Hkyv sNm-hp ]c-am-h-[n-bmb aqn-sem-
n IqSp-X-em-Wv. Ccw L--fn aqn-semv ]u{X-\p-thn
\on-sh-t--Xm-Wv. Cn[w Hkyv sNm ]nXm-a-lamsc
\nbaw hgn \n_-n-m-sa hoWw \ncm-I-cn-t Hcm-h-
iy-hp-an-.
\p-tS-Xp-t]mse \nbaw hgn Hkyv \n_--am-m \mSp-
I-fn ]p{Xt\m ]p{Xntbm ]c-temIw {]m]n-p-tmXs Ah-
cnse A\mY t]c-p-n-Iv Hkyv sNm ]nXm-a-lam
\njvIj ]pet--Xm-Wv. Cs\ A\mY ]u{X-{]iv\w ]cn-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 217
l-cn-m Ign-m Ckvemw hfsc {]m[m\yw \evInb A\m-Y-

kw-c--W-n\v ]mX-sbm-cp-m AXv klm-b-I-am-bn-o-cpw. ]np-
Sm-h-Imiw e`n-m ASp--_-p-v Hkyv sN
\n_--am-sWv A`n-{]m-b-an-m ]WvUn-Xamcpw AXv hfsc
{]_-e-amb ]pWy-Ia-am-sWv ]d-n-p-s hkvXpX {]tXyIw
{]kvXm-hy-a-s{X.
ap-mdv
_en-Iahpw Poh-Im-cp-Wyhpw
""Imcp-Wy-s-p-dnv Gsd- ]-d-bp Ckvemw arK--tfmSpw ap

Pohn-I-tfmSpw ImWn-m-dp-Xv {Iqc-X-bt? Ahsb Adp-p-Xv
icn-bmtWm?''
`qan-bnse Fm-n-t\mSpw ImcpWyw ImWn--W-sav Ckvemw
Iev]n-p-p. {]hm-N-I ]dp: ""`qan-bn-ep--h-tcmSv IcpW ImWn-
p-I. D]-cn-tem-I-p--h \n-tfmSpw IcpW ImWn-pw.''(Xz-_vdm-
\n)
""Icp-W-bn-m--h\v ImcpWyw Inp-I-bn-.''(_p-Jm-cn, apkvenw)
""\n`m-Ky-hm-\
- msX Icp-Wb
- n-m-h- \
- m-ht- X-bn-.''(A-_q-Zm-hqZv)
`qan-bnse Pohn-I-sf-sbmw Ckvemw a\p-jy-sc-tm-ep kap-Zm-
bambmWv ImWp--Xv. Amlp ]d-bpp: ""`qan-bnse GsXmcp
Pphpw cp Nnd-Ip-I-fm ]d-p GsXmcp ]nbpw \n-sf-
tm-ep Nne kap-Zm-b- am{X-am-Ip-p.''(Jp-B 6: 38)
a\p-jy [nm-cn-I-fm-Ip-tmgpw ag-hjn-p-Xv CXc Pohn-Isf
]cn-K-Wn-m-sWv {]hm-N-I ]Tn-n-p-p. ""P\w kImv \evIm-
Xn-cp-m ag \ne-p-am-bn-cp-p. Pp- Imc-W-am-bmWv Fnpw
ag hjn-p--Xv.''(C-_v\p-am-P)
Poh-\p GXns\ klm-bn-p-Xpw tkhn-p-Xpw ]pWy-Ia-
a-s{X. {]hm-N-I ]d-bpp: ""]--c-fp GsXmcp Pohn-bpsS Imcy-
nepw \np ]pWy-ap-v.''(_p-Jm-cn)
\_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Acp sNpp: ""Hcm Hcp hgn-bn-eqsS \S-p-
t]m-Ith Zmln-p-h-e-p. Abm AhnsS Hcp InW Ip. AXn-
en-dn shw IpSn-p. ]pd-p-h--tm Hcp \mb Zmlm-[n-Iy-
m av Ip-Xp Ip. "Cu \mbv ITn-\-amb Zml-apv;
F\n-p-m-bn-cp-t]mse!' Fv B-KXw sNbvXv Abm InW-
n-en-d-n. jqhn shw \ndv hmb-sImv ISn-p-]n-Snv Ic-p-
I-bdn \mbsb IpSn-n-p. CXns t]cn Amlp Abm-tfmSv \n-
Im-Wn-p. Abmp s]mdpp sImSp-p.'' CXp-tIv Ahn-Ss
A\p-N-c-m tNmZnp: arK--fpsS Imcy-nepw Rp {]Xn-
^-e-aptm? {]hm-N-I {]Xn-h-Nnp: ]--c-fp Fm-ns Imcy-
nepw \np {]Xn-^-e-ap-v.''(_p-Jm-cn, apkvenw)
asmcp kw`hw {]hm-N-I Cs\ hnh-cn-pp: ""Hcp \mb
InW-n-\p-Nppw HmSn-\-S-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. ITn-\-amb Zmlw ImcWw
AXp Nmhm-dm-bn-cp-p. AXp-I Ckvdm-Cu-ey-cns] Hcp hy`n-
Nmcn Xs jq Agnv AXn sh--sa-Spv AXns\ IpSn-n-p-
Ibpw kzbw IpSn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXns t]cn Amlp
Ahv s]mdp-p-sIm-Sp-p.''(_p-Jm-cn)
GXp Pohn-tbbpw t{Zmln-p-Xv ]m]-am-Ip-p. {]hm-N-I-\Xv
i-ambn hne-p-p. \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n AcpsN-pp: ""]q ImcWw
Hcp kv{Xo inn--s-p. Ah-f-Xns\ hni-p-Nm-Ip-thmfw sIn-bn-
p. As\ Ah \c-Im-h-Im-in-bmbn.'' (_p-Jm-cn, apkvenw)
""Hcp Ipcp-hn-sbtbm AXn-s\-m sNdnb Pohn-sbtbm A\ym-
b-ambn h[n-p-Xv Am-lp-thmSv Dcw ]d-tb Imcy-am-Wv.
"\ymb-amb Bh-iy-sa-sv' tNmZn--tm Ahn-Sv ]dp: `-
W-ap-m-epw _en-b-dp-epw sIm-tijw shdpsX Dt]-n-m-
Xn-cn--epw.''(A-lva-Zv)
hnt\m-Z-n\v Pohn-Isf sImp-Xpw ]c-kv]cw t]mc-Sn-nv a-
cn-n-p-Xpw {]hm-N-I \ntcm-[n-n-cn-p-p. (ap-kvenw, Xnap-Zn)
C{]-Imcw Xs arK-sf Is-dn-bp-Xpw tX\o-, Ddp-v,
Ipcphn t]mep--hsb sImp-Xpw Ahn-Sv hne-n-bn-cn-p-p.(-
ap-kvenw, A_q-Zm-hq-Zv)
\_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Acp sNpp: ""Bsc-nepw Hcp ]nsb A\m-
h-iy-ambn h[n-m Ay-Zn-\-n AXv Ae-ap-d-bn-p-sImv Am-
lp-thmSv ]dbpw: Fs \mYm! C-bm Fs A\m-h-iy-ambn
sImn-cn-p-p. D]-tbm-K-n\p thn-b Abm-sfs h[n--Xv.''(\-
km-Cu, C_v\p-ln-m)
XWp--I-m Xobn A\p-N-c-m-tcmSv, Ddpv Icn-bm Imc-W-
am-Iptam F Bi-b - m AXv sISp-m Iev]n-p-Ibpw H-Is
sIn-bnv AXn\v Blmcw \ImsX ]n-Wn-n--hs\ i-ambn
imkn-p-Ibpw arK--fpsS apJv ap{Z-sh-p-Xpw ]pdv NqSp-
sh-p-Xpw hne-p-Ibpw Pp--fpsS ]pdw-`mKw "Ccn-nS'am-cp-
sXv Bm-]n-p-Ibpw sNbvX {]hm-N-I hr--tfm-Sp-t]mepw
IcpW ImWn--W-sav D]-tZ-in-p-I-bp-m-bn. ac-n-\p-t\sc Is-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 219
dn Ipn-tbmSv Ahn-Sv ]dp: ""C\n-ta \o Hcp ac-tbpw

Is-dn-b-cp-Xv. Ip-sIm-m AXn\p thZ-\n-pw.''
Cn[w Cu {]]--nse Fm-n-t\mSpw \nd Imcp-Wy-
tmsS hn--W-samWv Ckvemw Bh-iy-s-Sp--Xv.
Blm-c-an-msX ChnsS Hn\pw Pohn-m-\m-hn-. kky-fpw
{]mWn-Ifpw Cg-Po-hn-Ifpw Pe-Po-hn-Ifpw Ip-Im-en-Ifpw ]d-h-I-fp-
samw Pohn-p-Xv `Ww D]-tbm-Kn-mWv. AXv km[y-am-h-W-sa-
n Hmtcm-n\pw ap--hsb D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-I-Xs thWw.
kky- \ne- \ n]n- \ mbn ap kky- sf D]- t bm- K n- p- p.
A]qhw NneXv Pohn-Isfbpw Blm-c-am-bp-]-tbm-Kn-m-dp-v. {]mWn-
I kky--sfbpw ap Pohn-I-sfbpw `n-p-p. hmbp-hnepw sh-
nepw Ic-bnepw IS-en-ep-ap Pohn-I-sfmw \ne-\np-Xv kky-
-sfbpw ap Pohn-I-sfbpw Blm-c-am-bp-]-tbm-Kn--m-Wv. Ch-bn
Hmtcm Pohnpw AXns ico-c-L-S-\--\p-kr-X-amb Pohn-X-co-Xn-bm-
Wp--Xv. apb kky-`p-m-b-Xn-\m AXn-\-\p-kr-X-amb ]pw hb-
dp-amWv AXn-\p--Xv. knwlw amwk-`p-m-b-Xn-\m AXns hmb-
bp-sSbpw hb-dn-sbpw LS\ AXn\p tNcpwhn[-am-Wv.
a\p-jy kkym-lm-chpw amwkm-lm-chpw D]-tbm-Kn-m km[n-
pw-hn-[-amWv krjvSn--s-n-cn-p-Xv. Xopw kky-`p-p-I-fmb
BSv, ]ip, sN-cn-bm-Sv XpS-nbhbpsS ]p-I kkym-lmcw am{Xw
Ign-m Ign-bpw-hn[w ]c-Xpw \nc-m-b-Xp-am-W-tm. ]qW-ambpw
amwk-`p-mb ISph t]mep--h-bp-tSXv IqXpw aq-bp--Xp-a-
t{X. Fm, a\p-jy\p cn\pw ]p ]p-I-fp-v. ]c-Xpw \nc-
m-b-Xp-amb ]p-I-tfm-sSmw aq-bp-hbpw Iq-h-bp-ap-v. AY-
hm, a\p-jy krjvSn--s--Xp-Xs an{i-`p-m-bm-Wv.
Zl-t\-{n-b--fpsS nXnbpw CXp-X-s. kky-`p-p-Iv
kkym-lmcw am{Xw Zln-n-m-hpXpw amwk-`p-p-Iv AXn-\-\p-
kr-Xa - m-bX
- p-amWv Zl-t\-{n-b
- s
- f-n a\p-jy-tXv cn-s\bpw Zln-
n-m-hp hn[-ap--h-bm-Wv. ]p-I-fp-sSbpw Zl-\-hy-h--bp-sSbpw
Ah--Xs a\p-jy an{i-`p-m-sWv Ak-n-Kv[-ambn sXfn-bn-
p-p.
Cu `qanbpw AXn-ep--h-bp-sams a\p-jy-k-aq-l-n-\p-thn
krjvSn--s--h-bmWv. AY-hm, a\p-jy-\mWv `qan-bpsS tI{-_n-p.
Amlp ]d-bpp: ""BIm-i`- q-an-If - n-ep-s
- Xm-sbpw \nv A[o-
\-s-Sp-n--Xv \n ImWp-nt? {]Xy-hpw ]tcm--hp-
amb A\p-{K-l- Ah \nv \nd-th-n--cn-Ibpw sNbvXn-
cn-p-p.''(Jp-B 31: 20)
""Imen-I-fn\nv `mcw Npa-p--hbpw Adpp `n-m-\p--
hbpw Ah krjv S n- n- c n- p- p. \nv Amlp \ev I n- b -
Xn\nv `n-p-sIm-p-I. ]nim-Nns Im]m-Sp-Isf ]np-S-c-cp-
Xv. Ah \n-fpsS {]Xy--i-{Xp-hm-Ip-p.''(Jp-B 6: 142)
""Dd-mbpw \nv Ip-Im-en-I-fn KpW-]m-T-ap-v. Ah-bpsS
DZ-c-n\n-p--Xn\nv \np \mw IpSn-m Xcp-p.
\nv Ah-bn [mcmfw {]tbm-P-\--fp-v. Ah-bn\nv
\n `n-p-Ibpw sNp-p.''(Jp-B 23: 21)
""\np ]pXp-amwkw FSpp `n-m\pw \n-Wn-bm-
\p B`-cWw ]pd-s-Sp-m\pw ]mI-n IS-ens\ \nv
A[o-\-s-Sp-n--Xpw Am-lp-hm-Ip-p.''(Jp-B 16: 14)
`qan-bn-ep--sXm-sbpw a\p-jy-\p-thn kwhn-[m-\n--s--Xm-
sW XXzs \ncm-I-cn-p--hcpw {]tbm-K-n AXn-\-\p-kr-X-
amb kao-]-\-amWv kzoI-cn-m-dp--Xv. a\p-jy X-fpsS Xm]-cy-
kwc-n-m `qansb Dgp-Xp-a-dn-p-p. AXn InW-dp-Ifpw
Ipf-fpw Ipgn-p-p. tdmUp-Ifpw ]me-fpw \nan-p-p. hoSp-
I Dm-p-p. CsXms sNp-tm Ahn-sS-bp {]mWn-
Ipw CXc Pohn-Ipw Fp kw`-hn-p-p-shv ]cn-K-Wn-m-
dn-. Fm Pohn-Ipw Hp-t]mse Ah-Im-i-s `qan-bn-emWv Xm
tdmUpw InW-dp-sams Dm-p--sX-tmm-dn-. C{]-Imcw Xs
kky--sfbpw ê-hr---sfbpw hnf-I-sf-bp-samw a\p-jy Xs
Xm]-cy-n-\m-bp-]t- bm-Kn-p-p. AXn-\m `qanbpw AXn-ep-h - bpw
a\pjy-\p-thn k-am--s--Xm-sW kXys {]tbm-K-X-e-
n AwKo-I-cn-m Bcp-an-.
Hcp Pohn-sbbpw sImp-I-bn F-XmWv Alnw-k-sImv Dt-
in--s-Sp--sX-nepw AXn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn PohnXw \bn-p Bcpw
Cu `qan-bn-en-. amwkm-lmcw Ign-m--h kkym-lmcw `n-p-
-h-cm-W-tm. kky-v Poh\pw hnIm-c-hp-ap-sXv kpk--
X-kX - y-as
- {X. AXn-\m amwk-`p-p-Is
- f-tm-se, kky-`p-p-Ifpw Poh-
lm-\n-hcpp-hcpw kky-sf thZ-\n-n-p--h-cp-am-Wv.
GXp a\p-jy\pw ico-c-n apdn-hp-]-n-bm AXnse hnjm-Wp-
sf acp-p-]-tbm-Knp sImp-p. DZ-c-nse Iran-Isf \in-n-p-
p. sImXp-Ip-I ap-bn-p-hn-cn-bp sIn-\np aen-\-P-e-n
hnjw Xfnv Ahsb sImp-p. aq-sbbpw sImXp-In-s\bpw \in-n-
p-p. Npcp--n, GsX-nepw Pohnsb l\n-msX Bcpw Fhn-
sS-bp-an; Dm-hpI km[y-hp-a-.
a\p-jy-k-aq-l-ns kpK-a-amb \ne-\n]n\mbn hnjm-Wp-sf
sImm-sa-n AtX Imcy-n Gw \ t]mj-Im-lm-c-sa \ne-
bn amwkw D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp--XmWv. t{]mo, Ccp-v, hnm-an _n.
1, \nbm-kn XpS-n-bh amwkm-lm-c-n [mcm-f-ambn Ds-Xv
A\n-tj-[y-am-Wv. kky--sfbpw {]mWn-I-sfbpw AWp--sfbpw apw
X-fpsS \ne-\n]n-mbn sImm-sav Xocp-am-\n--h P\-tIm-Sn-
Iv Blm-c-ambn amdp amwkw Dt]-n--W-sav ]d-bp-Xv
Xopw \ncY-I-a-s{X.
AXp-sIm-p-X-s, Poh-Pm-e--tfmSv ]c-am-h[n ImcpWyw ImWn-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 221
m I]n-p Ckvemw Ah-bpsS amwkw `n-p-Xv A\p-h-

Z-\o-b-am-n. temI-nse tImSn--W-n\v P\- PohnXw \bn-
p-Xv amwkm-lmcw D]-tbm-Kn-m-Wv. AXv hne-p-Xv kmaq-ly-
t{Zm-lhpw P\-hn-cp--hp-am-Wv.
amwkw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Im Pohn-Isf ssZh-\m-a-ap--cnv Adp-
-W-sav Ckvemw \njvIjn-p-p. ssZh-ns A\p-{K-lhpw
Imcp-Wyhpw A\p-k-cn-p-sIm-m-bn-cn--Ww asm Ia--fp-sa--
t]mse Ahs krjvSn-bmb Pohnsb A\n-hm-cy-amb Bh-iy-n\v
D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-t--sXv CXp ]Tn-n-p-p. AtXm-sSmw Dcp-hn\v
]c-am-h[n kuIcyw \Inbpw {]bmkw eLq-I-cn-p-am-bn-cn-Ww
Ad-shv IWn-i-ambn Iev]n-p-Ibpw sNp-p. {]hm-N-I ]d-
bpp: ""Amlp Fm Imcy--fnepw \ \n-bn-n-cn-p-p. AXn-
\m \n sImp-p-sh-n \ \ne-bn-eXv \nh-ln-p-I. Adp-
p-p-sh-n AXpw \-\n-e-bn-em-p-I. In-bpsS hmbve aq-
Iqn Dcp-hn\v kuIcyw sNp-I.''(ap-kvenw)
Hcn- Hcm \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-tbmSp ]dp: ""Rm BSns\
Adp-p-tm Zb ImWn-m-dp-v.'' CXp-tIv {]hm-NI - {]Xn-hN
- np:
""\o AXn-t\mSp IcpW ImWn-m Amlp \ntmSpw IcpW ImWn-
pw.''(lm-Inw)
Hcm Adp-m-\p BSns\ AXns Imep ]nSn-p-h-enp
sImp-t]m-hp-Xp ImWm-\n-Sb - mb Da-dp ^mdqJv ]dp: ""\n\p
\miw! AXns\ \-\n-e-bn ac-W-n-tep \bn-p-I.''
Ckvem-an-s\-tmse sslh [a-nepw amwkm-lmcw A\p-h-
Z-\o-b-am-Wv. AXv amwk-`-Ww hne-p-p-sh [mcW A_--am-
Wv. ]e aljn-amcpw ]pWy-hm-f-mcpw amwkm-lmcw Ign-p--h-cm-
bn-cp-pshv ]pcm-W- hy-am-p-p. {iocm-a h\-hm-k-n\v
Ab--s--tm, F\np cpNn-I-c-amb amwk--fnI Dt]-n-t-
n-hc - p-sav amXm-hn-t\mSv ]d-n-cp-X- mbn Atbm-[ym-Im- - nse
20, 26, 94 tmI--fn ]cm-ain-n-p-v. CXv {iocm-a\v amwk-`--
W-tmSv {]nb-ap-m-bn-cp--Xmbn hy-am-p-p.
_rl-Zm-cWy-tIm-]\ - n-jv ]d-bpp: ""F\np ]n-X\pw {]kn-
\pw k`-I-fn t]mIp--h\pw ap--h tIm B{K-ln-p
hmp-I ]d-bp-h - \- p-amb ]p{X-\p-m-hW
- w, Ah Fm thZ-fpw
]Tn--Ww, Bdv hjw Pohn-Ww Fv B{K-ln-p-p-s-n
amwk-tm-Sp-IqSnb `Ww ]mIw sNbvXv s\tm-Sp-Iq-Sn cp-t]cpw
Ign--Ww. A-s\-bp ]p{Xs\ P\n-n-m Ah i-cm-hpw.
amwkw D-n-stbm Ej-`-n-stbm BImw.''(6-4-18)
_en-bpsS Bmhv
""Fmepw lnepw s]cp-m-fnepw \S-p _en-Iaw icn-
bmtWm? Fn-\m-Wn{X IqSp-X Pohn-Isf sImp-Xv?''
Ncn-{X-ns Ccp-f-S CS-\m-gn-I-I-fn CS-nsS \S-p-sIm-
n-cp \c-_-en-sb AXym-Nm-c-n\v Adp-Xn-h-cp-nb alkw-
`-h-ns A\p-kva-c-W-amWv Ckvem-anse _en. Hw Ak-Zr-i-amb
B-Xym-K-ns Hma-]p-Xp--en-eq-sS-bp ka-W-{]-Xn--bpw.
{]mb-ta-sd-bm-bnpw C_vdmlow {]hm-N-Ip km-\--fp-m-bn-
. AXoh ZpxJn-X-\mb Atlw ssZh-tmSp km-\-e-_v[n-mbn
a\w-s\mp tIWp. \nc-c {]mY-\-sm-Sp-hn {]]--\m-Y At-
l-n\v Hcp aIs\ {]Zm\w sNbvXp. Ckvam-Cu Fp hnfn--
s B CjvS-]p-{X IqsS \S-m-dm-b-tm Ahs\ _en \I-
W-sa ssZh-im-k-\-bp-m-bn. ]nXmhpw ]p{X\pw ssZhI]\
]menv _en-sm-cp-n. Atm, aIs\ Adp-t--Xn-spw ]Icw
arKs _en-\In-bm aXn-sbpw ssZh-im-k-\-bp-m-bn.
"Fp-Inp'sa tNmZy-ap-Wm-\m-Wtm ùXn-I-Po-hn-X-ho-
Ww a\p-jys\ Ftmgpw t{]cn-n-p-I. Fm, "Fp \Im-
\mhpw' F Nnbpw tNmZy-hp-amWv aXw Ftmgpw hnizm-kn-I-fn-
ep-Wp-I. AXn\p "{]bm-k-s--sX-pw' Fv Pohn-X-n-eqsS
adp-]Sn \Im-\p {]tNm-Z-\-amWv _en krjvSn-p--Xv.
X\n-tw {]nb-s--XpssS Fpw ssZh-n\p kan-m
k--\mb C_vdmlow {]hm-N-Is XymK-]qW-amb Cu {]hr-n-
bpsS {]Xo-Im--I-amb Bh-\-amWv ln-sebpw AXn-t\m-S-
\p-_-n s]cp-m-fn-sebpw _en. X\n-tw CjvS-s--XpssS
Bh-iy-am-b-sXms \Im Hcp--am-sW--Xns {]Xn-bpw
{]Jym-]-\-hp-am-W-Xv. ]Wtam ]Z-hntbm {]Xm-]tam {]i-kvXntbm
s]tm s]mtm Ipetam IpSpw-_tam Atm A[n-Im-ctam Hpw
Xs ssZhlnX-n-s\-Xn-cmb Pohn-X-n\p Imc-W-am-hn-s ZrV-
hn-izm-k-ns {]Im-i\w IqSn AXn-ep-v.
kh-{]-[m-\-sav Icp-Xp--h-bpsS ka-W-am-Wtm Ghpw
Gsd {]bm-k-I-cw. Xm\-Xn-s\m-cp--am-sWv hnizmkn _en-bn-eqsS
hnfw-_cw sNp-p. {]Xy--n AsXmcp Poh l\n--em-Wv.
Fm, AXns B-cmYw AXn-a-l--c-a-s{X. {]]--\m-Ys
{]oXn-mbn Gsd {]nbw-I-c-am-b-sXms sImSp-m\pw {]bm-k-I-c-
am-bXv sNm\pw Xm-dm-sW {]Xn-bpw AXpsm-p-p.
AXn-\m-emWv Jp-B AXn-s\ k - w-_- nv Cs\ ]d-Xv: ""Ah-
bpsS amwktam ctam ssZhs {]m]n-p-n-. adnv, Ahs\
{]m]n-p-Xv \n-fpsS A-W-t_m-[-am-Ip-p.''(22: 37)
Ckvem-anse ssZhm-cm-[-\-I-tf-sdbpw kaq-l-n\p s]mXp-hnepw
Ah-cnse AK-Xn-Ipw Ai-c-Wpw hnti-jnpw KpWw sNp-
-h-bmWv. _enbpw An[w Xs. Amlp Bm-]n-pp:
""AXn\nv \n kzbw `n-p-I. {]bm-k-s-Sp Bh-iy-
msc Bl-cn-n-p-Ibpw sNp-I.''(Jp-B 22: 28)
ktm-j-ns k`--fn-semw ssZh-tm-Sp \n-{]-I-S-
\-ns `mK-ambn Ahs krjvSn-I-fmb a\p-jyv; {]tXy-Inpw
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 223
Ah-cnse ]mh-v A-Zm\w \S-p-Xv \-Xm-sWv Ckvemw

\ntZ-in-p-p. Blm-c-]-ZmY--fn Gw t]mj-Imw-i-ap-Xpw
D-ahpw amwk-`--W-am-b-Xn-\m AXp \Ip--Xn DZm-c-a-Xn-I-
fmb hnizm-kn-I \njvIjX ]pep-Ibpw sNp-p. temI-
ns GXp `mK-s, GXp P\-hn-`m-K-n-t-Xm-bmepw amwk-hn-`-h-
-fn-m km-c--fn-I-I hfsc hfsc hnc-f-a-s{X.
ap-tgv
Ckvemapw òI-c-hm-Zhpw
""temI-sa-p-ap apkvenw-I òI-c-hm-Zn-Ifpw Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fp-am-Im

ImcWw Ckvem-at?''
Aev]w hni-Zo-I-c-W-aln-p tNmZy-am-Wn-Xv. 1492 a\p-jy-N-cn-
{X-nse Ghpw henb Zpc--ns hj-am-bn-cp-p. \o \nc-
h[n \qm-p-Imew imkv{X--km-t-XnI cwK--fnepw Iem,-km-ln-
Xy, kmwkvImcn-I, \mK-cn-I, sshm-\nI taJ-eI - f
- nepw temI-n\v
t\XrXzw \In-tm apkvenw kvs]bn-\nse Ah-km-\s `cWm-
[n-Imcn A_q A_vZp--bm-bn-cp-p. {Km\sU \Kcw am{Xta At-l-
ns A[o-\-X-bn-ep-m-bn-cp-p-q. 1492 P\p-hcn Ah-km-\-tm-
sS-bmWv Abmsf ]pdw-Xn kv]m\n-jp-Im AhnsS B[n-]-Xy-ap-d-
n--Xv. kvs]bn-\ns ]X\w ]qn-bmb AtX hj-amWv km{am-
Py-Xzm-[n-\n-thiw Bcw-`n--sX hkvXpX Gsd {it-b-a-s{X. 1492-
em-Wtm sImfw-_kv Xs "Is-' bm{Xv XpSw Ipdn-Xv.
AtX-hjw HIvtSm-_ 12-\v Abm Kzm\m-lm\n Zzo]n-se-n.
Bbp-[--fp-ambn I-en-d-nb sImfw-_kpw Iqp-Imcpw, AXp-ap-X
B \mSv kv]m\njv cmPm-hns-Xm-bn-cn-p-sav {]Jym-]n-p. Xt-io-
bsc Ahdn-bm kv]m\njv `mj-bn-ep D-chv hmbn-p-
tIn-p. AXv A\p-k-cn-n-s-n FmWv kw`-hn-p-I-sbv
Cs\ hni-Zo-I-cnp: ""Rm Dd-np ]d-bp-p, ssZh-k-lm-b-m
R \n-fpsS cmPyv _e-ambn {]th-in-pw. \n-tfmSv Bhpw-
hn[w bpw sNpw. \nsf {InkvXy ]npw X{m--mpw
Iogvs]-Sp-pw. \n-sfbpw `mcy-am-scbpw Ipn-I-sf-bp-samw ]nSn-IqSn
ASn-a-I-fm-pw. \n-fpsS kmam-\- ]nSn--S-pw. R-fm-em-hp
Fm t{Zmlhpw \mihpw \nv hcppw''(David E Stannard, Ameri-
can Holocaust, The conquest of the New World, OUP 1993, P 66) ( D-cWw:
]cm--t`m-Pn-I: ]mmXyh-c-W-ns Aqdp hjw, sF.-
]n.-F-v, ]pdw 17)
CtXm-sS-bmWv bqtdm-ns A[n-\n-thiw Bcw-`n--Xv. apkvenw
kvs]bn XIv IrXyw Bdp-hjw Ignv 1498--em-Wtm
hmkvtIm-U-Kma tImgn-tmv I-en-d-n-b-Xv.
1492- Ata-cn--bn Gg-c-tIm-Snpw ]p-tIm-Sn-p-an-S-bn
BZn-hm-kn-I-fp-m-bn-cp-p. bqtdm-]y A[n-\n-th-i-s-p-Sv
Hc \qm-p-sImv Ah-cn 90 iX-am-\hpw kzw an\nv
XpS-p-\o--s-p. {Iqc-amb Iq-sm-e-I-fn-eqsS Xt-io-bsc \in-n-
-tijw 1776se "kzmX-{y-{]-Jym-]-\-tmsS' bqtdm-]y Ata-cn
A[o-\-s-Sp-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Xopw A\o-Xn-bnepw AXn-{I-a-
nepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb Cu {]Jym-]-\-n-eq-sS-bmWv Cs Ata-
cn m]n-X-am-b-Xv.
1527- t]mp-Ko-kp-Im _lvssd ]nSn-S-n. sXmp-Ss\
Ham\pw IogvsSp-n. Fnepw Dkvam-\n-I B \mSp-I Xncn-p-]n-
Sn-p. ]noSv 1798-1801 Imev s\tm-fn-bs {^v tk\ CuPn-
]vXnse Ae-Ivkm-{n-b, Am \K-c A[o-\-s-Sp-n.
]nn cv \qm-p-I Ad_v ap-kvenw \mSp-I CXc Gjy-
\m-{^n- cmPy--sf-tmses ]mm-Xym-[n-\n-th-i-n-t-Xm-
bn-cp-p. {^mkv 1830- APo-cn-bbpw 1859- Pn_q-nbpw 1881-
Xp\o-jybpw 1919- audn-m-\n-bbpw A[o-\-s-Sp-n. Cen 1859
tkmam-en-bbpw 1911- en_n-bbpw 1880- sFcn-{Xn-bbpw Iogvs-Sp-
n. {_n 1800 akvIpw 1820- Hams _mn `mKhpw 1839
GX\pw 1863- _lvssd\pw 1878- ssk{]kpw 1882- CuPn]vXpw
1898- kpUm\pw 1899- IpsshXpw ]nSn--S-n. 1916- {_n\pw
{^mkpw tNp-m-nb sskIvkv--]n-tmv clky Icm-d-\p-k-
cnv Dkvam-\nbm Jeo-^-bpsS Iogn-ep-m-bn-cp Ad_v {]hn-iy-I
{_n\pw {^mkpw ]n-s-Sp-p. As\ CdmJpw tPmZm\pw ê-
kvXo\pw Jdpw {_n-sbpw kndn-bbpw e_-\m\pw {^mkn-sbpw
]nSn-bn-e-ap. samtdmtm kvs]bn-\n-sbpw Ctm-t\jy Up-
Im-cp-sSbpw tImf-\n-I-fm-bn. Cybpw A^vKm-\n-m-\p-samw km{am-
Py-i-n-I-fpsS ]nSn-bn-e-a-t]m-se--s.
Ign \qm-ns BZy-]mZw ]nn-t- XmsS ]Sn-m-dns tImf-
\n-I-fn-semw kzmX-{y-k-acw in-s-p. XZv^-e-ambn 1932-
CdmJpw '46- kndn-bbpw e_-\m\pw '51- en_n-bbpw Ham\pw '52
CuPn]vXpw '56- samtdm-tmbpw kp-Um\pw Xp\o-jybpw '58
tPmZm\pw '59- audn-m-\n-bbpw '60 tkmam-en-bbpw '61
Ipsshpw '62 APo-cn-bbpw '68- ba\pw '71- Jdpw
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 225
_lvssd\pw Ad_v Fan-tdvkpw '77- Pn_q-nbpw kzmX{yw t\Sn.

Fm, km{am-Py-i-n-I Cu \mSp-I-tfmSv hnS]d--Xv Ahn-
S--fn-e-Sw Ah-cpsS Xm]-cy- kwc-n-p GIm-[n-]-Xn-
Ifpw tkzm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-amb cmPm--m-scbpw N{I-hn-am-scbpw
kpm-m-scbpw {]Xn-jvTn tij-am-bn-cp-p. AtXm-sSmw Cu
\mSp-In-S-bn-semw A]-cn-lm-cy--fmb AXnn--fpw
Dm-n-sh-p. ba\pw kuZn Atd-_ybpw Xnepw Cdm\pw CdmJpw
Xnepw CdmJpw Ipsshpw Xnepw Cdm\pw bp.-F.-Cbpw Xnepw
C\nbpw ]cn-l-cn--s-Sm X- \ne\nm-\p ImcWw
km{am-Py-Xz-i-n-I sNbvXp-sh IpX-{--f-s{X. Ad-_v--apkvenw
\mSp-I Hn-p--Xn\v Cu AXnn X- nc-amb XSw
krjvSn-p--tXm-sSmw ]e-tmgpw InS-ak-c-n\v Imc-W-am-bn-o-
cp-Ibpw sNp-p. Ata-cn-pw CXc apX-em-fn- -\m-Sp-Ipw
Ahn-S--fnse s]t{Smfpw hmX-Ihpw CXc Akw-kvIrX ]ZmY-
fpw Xn-sb-Sp-m\pw B \mSp-Isf X-fpsS Bbp-[--tm-famn
amm\pw CXv Ah-k-c-sam-cp-p-p.
km{am-Py-i-n-I Xs krjvSn X-ns t]cn-em-Wtm
CdmJpw Ipsshpw Xn-te-p-ap-n-b-Xv. CXv Ata-cn-v taJ-e-
bn CS-s]-Sm Ah-k-c-sam-cp-n. AXp-X-s-bm-bn-cp-p-htm Ah-
cpsS eyw. Ad-_v--apkvenw \mSp-I kzmX{yw t\Sn-b-ti-jhpw
Ahn-S--fn-semw ]Sn-m-dns AZr-iy-km-{am-Py-Xzhpw Nqj-Whpw
\nb- { - W hpw Ctmfw \ne- \ n- p- t ]m- n- p- v . B cmPy-
smpw Xs kzw \mSp-I-fnse hn`-h- CjvSm-\p-krXw
hn\n-tbm-Kn-mt\m \nb-{n-mt\m km[n-n-n-. Ahn-S--fnse `c-
Wm-[n-Im-cn-I Adntm Adn-bm-sXtbm \n_-n-X-amtbm Am-
sXtbm ]Sn-m-dns Xm]-cy- kwc-n-p-h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp-p.
Cdm-Jn CS-s]-Sm Ah-kcw e`n--tXmsS Ata-cn Ad_v
\mSp-I-fpsS taep ]nSn-ap-dp-p-Ibpw X-fpsS ]m-fs Xon-tm-
p Npa-X-ebpw km-nI {]Xn-kn ]cn-l-cn-p _m[y-Xbpw
B \mSp-I-fpsS ta shp-sI-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cv Fm {][m\
Ad_v \mSp-I-fnepw Ata-cn-v Bbp-[-im-e-Ifpw ssk\n-I-m-hf-
-fp-ap-v. AXv Ah-km-\n-n--W-sav Bh-iy-s-Sp-Xpw Cu km-
{am-PyXz NqjWn\v Adp-Xn-h-cp--W-sav hmZn-p-Xpw sImSnb
]mX-I-am-bmWv ]mm-Xy-km-{amPy in-I IW-m-p--Xv.
Ign \qm-nse Ah-km-\-Z-iIw hsc temIv imn-I-
amb kp-en-XXzw \ne-\n-n-cp-p. Fm tkmjy-env tNcn Zp_-
e-ambn Ncn-{X-ns `mK-am-bt- XmsS ioX-ka - cw Ah-km-\n-p. temIw
Ata-cn--bpsS t\Xr-Xz-n GI-{[p-h-ambn amdn. K^v bp-n
Ata-cn- tNcn hnP-bn--tXmsS B cmPyw temI-t]m-eokv Na-bm
XpS-n. X-fpsS Xm]-cy-v FXn-cp \np--h-sc-sbmw
Xo{h-hm-Zn-Ifpw òI-c-hm-Zn-I-fp-ambn ap{Z-Ip-p-Ibpw Ah-sc-sbms
XIm Cd-n-p-d-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]mmXy tNcn Iayq-Wnv \mSp-I-fpsS XI-tbmsS X-fpsS
apJy-i-{Xp-hmbn {]Xn-jvTn-Xv Ckvem-an-s\-bm-Wv. Ata-cn-bpw
AXns t\Xr-Xz-n-ep \mtmbpw Cmcyw kwi-b-te-i-at\y
hy-am-n-bn-p-v. AXn-\m temI-sa-p-ap Ckvem-anI \thm-
m\ Ne-\--sfbpw apt---sfbpw ASn--am\pw \in-n-
m\pw Ata-cn-bpw Iqm-fn-Ifpw Bhp--sXms sNp-p. AXn-
\mbn BSns\ ]n-bmpw hn[-ap {]Nm-c-th-e-I kwL-Sn-n-p-
p. Ckvem-an\pw apkvenw-Ip-sa-Xnsc aX-au-en-I-hm-Zw, aX-{`m-v,
òI-c-X, Xo{h-hmZw XpS-nb ]Z- \nc-cw \ntem`w {]tbm-Kn-
p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. 1993 Ata-cn- tIm{Kv AwKo-I-cnp ]pd-
n-d-nb tIhew 93 ]pd--fp "]pXnb temI Ckvem-an-p-I'
F HutZym-KnI tcJ-bn 288 {]mhiyw òI-c-X, òI-c Fo ]Z-
{]tbm-Kn-n-p-v. kb-Wnv {]m-\-tmSv Iqdp-]p-ep
^mt^m-sd-bvv, tbmk^v tkmZmkvIn Fn-h-cmWv {]kvXpX
tcJ Xm-dm-n-b-Xv.
bYmYn BcmWv temIv Iq-sm-eI - fpw bp-fpw òI-
c-{]-h-\-fpw \S-p-Xv? Hmw temI-bp--n 80 ehpw
cmw temI-bp- - n Ap-tIm-Snbpw hnb-v\m-an apXp ehpw
sIm-s-p. ]\m-a-bnepw tKmn-a-e-bnepw \n-cm-Kz-bnepw Iq-n-b-
bnepw sImdn-b-bnepw Zn-Wm-{^n--bn-ep-samw At\-I-e--
Adp-sIme sN-s-Sp-Ib - p-m-bn. CXn-sempw Ckvem-antm apkvenw-
Itm Hcp ]p-an-.
Pm bp-n\nv ]nm-dm Xm-dm-bnpw lntcm-jn-a-bnepw
\mK-km-n-bnepw t_mw_v hjn sImSpw òI-c-\mb Ata-cn--X-
s-bmWv Cpw B t]cn-l. X-fpsS IpSne Xm]-cy-
s-Xncp \np Fm \mSp-I-sfbpw kaq-l--sfbpw B
cmPyw FXnp-p. kzw hcp-Xn-bn hcm \mSp-I-fn-semw òI-
c-{]-h-\- kwL-Sn-n-p-p. Nmc-kw-L-S-\-bmb kn.-sF.-F-
sbbpw òI-c-{]-h-I-cmb kb-Wn-p-I-sfbpw AXn-\mbn D]-tbm-
Kn-p-p. B`y-c {]iv\- Hgn-hm-m t]mepw temIv bp-
- f p- m- p- p. Ata- c n- cmjv { So- b - h r- - - f n \nd- p-
\np an tdmkvs]tdm ]d-bpp: ""B`y--c-nXn tami-am-
Ip-tm {i Xncn-p-hn-Sm\mbn R temIv sImp-sImp
bp- kwL-Sn-n-p-p.''
Cn[w Ign Hcp \qm-n-\Iw Ata-cn temI-nse A-
Xn-tesd cmPy--fn {]Xy--amtbm ]tcm--amtbm CS-s]v Ipg--
Ipn-sm-p-Ibpw Iq-sm-e-I kwL-Sn-n-p-I-bp-ap-m-bn.
C-c-samcp òI-c-cm-jv{S-ns {]Nm-c-WamWv Ckvem-an-s\bpw
apkvenw-I-sfbpw kw_-n sXn-m-c-W-I hfp-h-cm-\n-S-h-cp-
n-b-Xv. Fm hn[ {]Nm-c-tWm-]m-[n-Ifpw I-S-n-sh-p Ata-cn-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 227
-bpsS IpSn-e-X-{- temI-P-\-Xsb sXn--cn-n-p--Xn A\-

ev]-amb ]p-h-ln-p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv.
bYmY-n, Cv temI-nse Ghpw sImSnb òI-c-IrXyw
\S-p-Xv kam-[m-\-ns kwc--I-cmbn Adn-b-s-Sp sFIy-
cm- j v { S- k - ` - b psS skIyq- c nn Iukn- e m- W v . GsX- nepw Hcp
cmPys `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-tbm-Sp i{Xp-Xb - psS t]cn B cmPy-ns
bm{Xm-hn-am\w Xn-sm-p-t]mbn AXnse \m\qtdm Aqtdm Bfp-
Isf _n-I-fm-n-bm \ma-hsc Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-sfpw òI-c-hm-Zn-I-
sfpw hnfn-pw. Xo-bmbpw AXv icn-bp-am-Wv. \nc-]-cm-[-cmb bm{X-
msc imco-cn-I-ambpw am\-kn-I-ambpw ]oUn-n-p-Xv {Iqc-X-bm-Wv;
a\p-jy-hn-cp-hpw. AXp-sIm-p-Xs aX-hn-cp--hp-am-Wv. Fm
kmw -lp-ssk F Hcp `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-tbm-Sp hntcm-[-ns
t]cn Cdm-Jnse Ht-Im tImSn a\p-jysc Ign ]Xn-s\m-p-
hjw Blm-chpw acppw sImSp-msX sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` _n-I-
fm-p-Ibpw Bdp-ew Ipn-I-fpssS ]Xn-s\mp es
sImsm-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cn[w temI-nse Gw {Iqc-\mb
sIme-bm-fnbpw sImSpw-ò-I-c-\p-ambn amdnb skIyq-cnn Iukn
Ctmgpw kam-[m-\-ns Imhm-cm-bmWv Adn-b-s-Sp--sXXv
F{X-am{Xw hnNn-{Xhpw hntcm-[m-`m-k-hp-am-Wv. Ata-cn--bp-tS-X-m
Hcp am\-Z-hpw Af-hp-tImepw temI-n\v Cn F-XmWv
CXn\p- Im-c-Ww.
apkvenw-I-fn Xo{h-hm-Zn-Itfm òI-c-{]-h-Itcm Bbn Bcp-
an-sv Ah-Im-is - -Sm-\m-hn-. Ckvem-ans\ Gsd If-s- -Sp-p-Ibpw
AXns {]Xn-Omb XIp-Ibpw sNp A]-Izhpw hnth-I-c-ln-
X-hp-amb Acw {]h-\--fn-tes-Sp H-s Nnesc An-
mbn ImWm Ign-t-pw. apkvenw \mSp-I-fn Acw òI-c-{]-
h-\-fpw Xo{h-hm-Z-Nn--Ifpw hfp-h-cm ImcWw, Ahn-S-
-fnse GIm-[n-]-Xy--tkz-Om-[n-]Xy `c-W-Iq-S-fpw Ah-bpsS
sImSnb Xn-I-fp-am-Wv. P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-chpw kam-[m-\-]-c-hp-amb amK-
-fn-eqsS P\m-`n-em-j-sf {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p `c-W-Iq-S-
m]n-m\pw hyh-m-am--n-\p-ambn Ign \nc-h[n ]Xn-m-p-
I-fn-embn \S-n-tm {ia- km{amPy in-I-fpsS CS-s]-SIm-
cWw ]cm-P-b-a-S--Xn-\m a-sI Hcp-]w sNdp--m Xo{h-hm-
Z-k-ao-]\w kzoI-cn-p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. apkvenw \yq\-] {]tZ-i-
-fn `qcn-]--tm-sSmw `c-W-Iq-Shpw tNv \S-p sImSpw-
ò-I-c-hr-n-I-fmWv Nne sNdp--msc Xpey-\n-e-bn {]Xn-I-cn-m
t{]cn-n-p--Xv. Xopw H-s Ccw kw`-h-sf s]cp-n-p-
Im-Wn-mWv X]c In-I Ckvem-ans\Xnsc òI-c-Xbpw Xo{h-
hm-Zhpw Btcm-]n-p--Xv.
Ckvemw Fm-hn[ òI-c-Xpw FXn-cm-Wv hyn-I-fpsSbpw
kwL-SnX {]m-\--fp-sSbpw `c-W-Iq-S--fpsSbpw sFIy-cm-jv{S-
k-`-bp-sSbpw. òI-c-X-sbbpw Xo{h-hm-Z-sbpw AXv Xopw \ncm-
I-cn-p-Ibpw in-bmbn FXnp-Ibpw sNp-p. \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fpsS
ac-W-n\pw kzp-\m-i-n\pw CS-h-cp-p òI-c-{]-h-\-
aX-hn-cp--am-Wv. AIm-c-W-ambn Hcmsf h[n-p-Xv apgp-h a\p-jy-
scbpw h[n-p--Xp-t]m-se-bpw, Hcmp Poh-t\-Ip-Xv apgp-h a\p-
jypw Pohn-X-ta-Ip--Xp-t]msebpamsWv Jp-B Ak-n-Kv[-
ambn hy-am-p-p.(5: 32)
AXn-\m bYmY hnizm-kn-Iv Hcn-epw Xo{h-hm-Zn-Itfm
òI-c-{]-h-Itcm BhpI km[y-a-. AtXm-sSmw temI-sapw
apkvenw-I òI-c-{]-h-I-cm-sWXv Ata-cn--bp-sSbpw Iqm-fn-
I-fp-sSbpw Ah-bpsS saK-t^m-Wp-I-fmIm hn[n--s ]uc-kvXy-
\m-Sp-I-fpsS ASn-bm-f-k-aq-l--fp-sSbpw {]Nm-cWw am{X-am-sW
hkvXpX hnkva-cn-m-h-X-.(hn-i-Z-amb ]T-\-n\v sF.-]n.-Fv {]kn-
o-I-cn "òI-c-hm-Zhpw Ckvemapw', "Jp-Bs bp-k-ao-]\w' Fo
IrXn-I ImWp-I.)
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 229
ap-sv
Ckvemw Fp-sImv kzoIm-cy-am-hp-
n?
""Ckvemw \Xpw ê-{]-Z-hp-am-sW-n temIv \qdp-tIm-Sn-tbmfw

apkvenw-Ifpw A-Xn-tesd apkvenw-cm-jv{S--fp-ap-m-bnpw AsX-p-
sImv \S-m-s - -Sp-n? AXns kZvê -
- Fp-sImv ImW-
s-Sp-n?''
sshb-n-Ihpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb t\--tfm-sSmw
ac-Wm-\--c-Po-hnX hnPbw Dd-p-h-cp-p ssZhnI Pohn-X-hy-h--
bmWv Ckvemw. hyn-Po-hn-X-nse sImSpw-Nq-Sn XW-te-Ip IpS-
bmbpw Iqcn-cp-n shf-n-ta-Ip hnf-mbpw hogvN-I-fn Xmm-
hp XpW-bmbpw hnP-b-th-f-I-fn \nb-{Ww \evIp ISn-m-
Wmbpw hnjm-Z-\n-an-j--fn Bizmk kt-i-ambpw thZ-\-I-fn
kvt\l-kv]i-ambpw AXv hn-p-p. Pohn-X-n hy-amb
Znim-t_m[w \Ip-p. As\ Ae-y-Xbvv Adp-Xn-h-cp-p-p.
Akz--X-Iv hncm-a-an-Sp-p. IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-n sskzchpw `{Z-
Xbpw Dd-p-hc - p-p-p. Cu hn[w hyn-Po-hn-X - n Ckvemw {]tbm-
K-h-cnv kZv^-e- kzmb--am-p--tXm-sSmw AXns
BmY-amb BN-cWw ac-Wm-\-cw \c-I-n\nv cbpw
kzK-e-_v[nbpw {]Zm\w sNp-p. Cu \ntbm-K-sam-sbpw Ign
]Xn-\mep \qm-n-tesd Ime-ambn Ckvemw Ahn-cmaw `wKn-bmbpw
ê-{]-Z-ambpw \nh-ln-p-h-cp-p. Cpw temI-sa-p-ap P\-tIm-
Sn-I-fn Cu hn[w kZv^-e- km-\n-p Ckvem-ans kPo-h-
km-n-[y-ap-v.
Hcp Imcyw hfsc \Xpw KpW-I-chpw ê-{]-Z-hp-am-sW--Xp-sIm-
p- am{Xw kzoI-cn-s - -SW
- s
- a-n-. ]pI-hen No-bm-sW-d - n-bm
Bcpw temI-p-m-hp-I-bn--tm. Fnpw At\-I-tIm-Sn-I AXp-
]-tbm-Kn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. aZy-]m\w ico-c - n\pw akvXn-jvI - n\pw
IpSpw-_ - n\pw kaq-l - n\pw cmjv{S-n\pw lm\n-Ic - a
- m-sW-d - n-p-
sIm-p-Xs P\w AXn-\mbn tImSn-I Xpebv-p-p. AXn-\m
Hcp Imcyw \tXm Notbm KpW-I-ctam tZmj-I-ctam ê-{]-
Ztam t{Zml-I-ctam F-Xns am\-ZWvUw F{X- t] AXv kzoI-
cn-p-p, \ncm-I-cn-pp F-X; adnv AwKo-I-cnv \S-m-n-bm
\abpw KpWhpw kZv^-e--fp-am-Wp--sX-n \-Xpw, Dt]-n-
p-tm-gmWv AsXms e`n-p--sX-n No-bp-sa--XmWv icn-
bmb am\-Z-WvUw. Cu ASn-m-\-n t\mp-tm Ckvem-ans
kmaq-ln-Ikm-n-Icmjv{So-b`c-W-hy-h \S-m--s--tm-
sgms AXv am\-h-cm-inv al-mb hnP-bhpw AXpey t\-fpw
km-\n-n-p-v; {]tbm-K-h-XvI-cWw `mKn-I-am-Ip-tm `mKn-I-ambpw
AXn-\-\p-k-cnv ]qW-am-Ip-tm ]qW-am-bpw.
tkmjy-en-k-ns XI t]mse--s-bt
Ckvem-ant\ Xncn--Snbpw?
""tkmjy-env tNcn-bpsS XIp ImcWw hyh--bpsS XI-cm-
dm-sWv {]N-cn-n-p--h Ckvem-ans Imcy-n-em-Ip-tm adn-
smcp \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-p-Xv XnI sshcp-[y-at?''
tkmjy-env tNcn-bpsS XIbpw Ckvem-anI `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-
n Imem--tc-W-bp-mb Xncn--Snbpw {]Xy--n Htc-t]m-
se-bm-sWv tXmn-tbmw. Fm cpw Xn hf-sc {]I-S-
amb A-c-apv. BZi-L-S\, Ah-Imi hmZ-, Ncn{X ]mT-,
{]mtbm-Kn-Im-\p-`-h- Fnh ]cn-tim-[n-p Ghp-anXv A\m-
bmkw t_m-[y-amIpw:
1. Iayq-Wn-k-ns eyw AXns am\n-s^tm hy-am-p-
-t]mse hK-clnX kaq-l-ns kwm-]-\-amWv. se\n hni-
Zo-I-cn hn[w `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnbpw `c-Wo-b\pw t\Xmhpw A\p-bm-bnbpw
t]meokpw ]m-fhpw tImS-Xn-bp-sam-p-an-m kaq-l-ns \n-
anXn. Fm C-c-samcp kaqlw amIvkn-\p-tijw `qan-bn
Hcnp ep t]mepw Hcp \nanj- h p- a p- m- b n- n. AYhm,
amIvknkw As-n Iayq-Wnkw temI-s-hn-sSbpw Cncn t\c-
t-p-t]mepw m]n-X-am-bn-n. Ckvem-ans nXn CX. AXv
]qW-ambpw {]tbm-K-h-cn--s-Sp-Ibpw Ncn-{X-n Xpey-X-bn-
m kZv^-e- km-\n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh-Xv kphn-Zn-Xhpw
Ahn-Xn-X-hp-as{X.
2. A\n-hm-cy-ambpw m]n-X-am-Ip hyh--sb \ne-bn-emWv
Iayq-Wn-ks AXns BNm-cy-m ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-n-bn-cp-Xv. CS-
h-m-Xn-bn ag hjnpw hn[w {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Aew-L-\ob \nb-a-
am-W-Xns {]tbm-K-h-c-W-sa-m-bn-cp-p-htm Ah-cpsS {]N-
cWw. apX-em-fn--n\nv tkmjy-en-k-n-tepw AXn\nv
Iayq-W-n-k-n-te-p-ap {Iam-\p-kr-X-amb ]cn-h\w Ncn-{X-
ns A\n-hm-cy-X-bm-bmWv hnh-cn--s-Xv. Bpw AXns\ XS-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 231
bm-\m-hn-spw Ah-c-h-Im-i-sp. ]t, kw`-hn-Xv adn-m-sWv

A\p-`hw Ak-n-Kv[-ambn sXfn-bn-pp. kaqlw tkmjy-en-k-
n \nv Iayq-Wn-k-n-tev apt-dp-I-b; apX-em-fn--n-
tev Xncnp t]mhp-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv. tkmjy-env \mSp-I-fn-sebpw
kaq-l-fn-sebpw A\p-`-h-anXv kmyw hln-pp.
Fm Ckvemw Ime-hjw t]mse A\n-hm-cy-ambpw m]n-
X-am-hp Hcp hyh--bm-sWv AsXm-cn-epw Ah-Im-i-s-n-n.
kaq-l - n-\v kzoI-cn-m-s\-t- ]mse \ncm-Ic
- n-m\pw kzmX-{y-ap,
kzmX{yw A\p-h-Zn-p {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-am-WXv. kaq-l-ns
B{K-lm-`n-em-j-fpw Xocp-am-\hpw A\p-Iqe kml-N-cyhpw ssZh-
hn-[nbpw Hp-h-cp-tm-gXv {]tbm-K-n hcpp. As\ kw`-hn-
n-s-n Bi-bX - e-
- n am{X-sam-Xp-pp. AYhm, kzbw m]n-
X-am-hp-Ibpw A\n-hm-cy-ambpw \ne-hnh-cn-Ibpw \ne-\np-Ibpw
sNp H Ckvem-anI hyh. An[w AXns\ Hcn-epw
Hcn-Spw ]cn-N-b-s-Sp--s-n-p-an. Ckvem-an-\n-m Ah-Im-i-hm-
Z-ns t]cn AXns\ hnain-p-Xv \oXn-b-tm.
3. Iayq-Wn-k-n-te-p Nhn-p-]-Sn-sbv hnti-jn-n--s
tkmjy-enkw m]n-X-amb \mSp-I-fn-semw P\--fpsS {]iv\-
]cn-l-cn--s-Sp-I-b, s]cp-Ip-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv. hyn-I-fpsS ka-
kvXm-h-Im-i-fpw Ihs-Spv Ah-sc -b-{--sf-tmse \nhn-
Im-ccpw \nho-cy-cp-amn ]Wn-sb-Sp-n-npw ]uc-m-cpsS {]mY-an-Im-
h-iy-t]mepw ]cn-l-cn--s-Sp-I-bp-m-bn. AXn-\m P\w
tkmjy-env kwhn-[m-\-n-s-Xnsc cwK-n-dn hnhw kwL-Sn-
n-p-Ibpw tkmjy-env hyh-sb IS-]p-g-n-sb-dn-bp-I-bp-am-Wp-
m-bXv. Fm Ckvem-anI hyh m]n-X-am-b-tm P\--
fpsS {]iv\--sfms ]cn-l-cn--s-Sp-Ibpw ta-]qW-amb kml-
Ncyw kwPm-X-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp-sIm-p-Xs P\w Ckvem-
anI hyh m]n-X-am-I-W-sapw \ne-\n-W-sa-p-am-Wm-{K-
ln-n-cp-Xv. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fmWv AXn-s\-Xnsc \ne-sIm-Xv. \mep
Jeo-^-am-cpsS Ime-tijw Ckvem-anI hyh--bpsS \S-n-n
hogvN-h-cp-n-bXv Da-hn-bm-fpw Am-kn-bm--fp-amb `c-Wm-[n-Im-
cn-I-fmWv. Atm-sgm-sbpw P\X Ckvem-anI hyh--bpsS ]-
m-bn-cpp. Cs nXnbpw `n-a. CuPn-]vXn-sebpw APo-
cn-b-bn-sebpw Xpn-bn-sebpw kpDuZn Atd-_y-bn-sebpw P\-
Ckvem-anI hyh--p-thn \ne-sIm-p-tm `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-
fmWv AXn-s\-Xnsc \ne-sIm-p-Xv. ]mmXy apX-em-fn km{am-
Py-i-n-I Ahsc ]np-W-p-Ibpw sNpp. tkmjy-env hyh-
sb AXv m]n-X-amb \mSp-I-fnse P\w FXnp-tm khm-
[n-]-Xn-I-fmb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I AXns IqsS-\nv tkmjy-en-ks
kwc-n-p-hm {ian-pp. Ckvem-anI hyh--bpsS kwm-]-
\-n\v P\w Bh-iy-s-Sp-tm `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I AXns\ \ncm-
I-cn-pp. cp hyh--Ifpw Xn-ep {]IS-amb A-c-am-Wn-
Xn\p ImcWw.
4. {Sm^nIv \nb-a- t]mse-bmWv Ckvem-anI hyh--sbv
]dbmw. Ah ]menv \S-m-n-bm Fm-hn[ {]bm-k--fn\npw
\mi-\-jvS--fn\npw c-sSmw. adn-m-bm Zpcw A\n-hm-cy-
as{X. Ncn-{Xm-\p-`h
- - s
- fm-sbpw CXn\p kmn-bmWv. {Sm^nIv \nba-
t]mse-s Ckvem-anI hyh-bpw ]men-m\pw ]men-m-
Xn-cn-m\pw a\p-jy\v kzmX-{yhpw km[y-X-bp-apv.
5. kB apX lZ-d-auXv hsc Hcp bm{Xm kwL-n\v \n`-b-
ambn k-cn-m km[n-p-amdv Ckvem-anI hyh m]n-X-am-
hp-sav {]hm-N-I Ckvem-anI {]t_m-[-\-ns {]mcw` L-nse
hfsc {]Xn-Iq-e-amb ]cn-Xx-n-Xn-bn Xs {]h-Nn-p-I-bp-mbn.
CXv ]qW-ambpw ]pe-Xmbn Ncn{Xw kmy-s-Sp-pp. A{]-
Imcw Xs Ckvem-anI hyh ]nm-ev Xnc-kvI-cn--s-Sp-
sapw {]hm-N-I XmoXp sNbvXXpw ]qW-ambpw ]pe-cp-I-bp-
mbn. Ckvem-ans kXy-Xbvpw ssZhn-I-X-bvp-ap sXfn-hp-Iq-
Sn-bm-WnXv. AtX-k-abw Iayq-Wnkw \ne-hnh-cp {]tZ-i-sbpw
coXn-sbbpw Ime-sbpw kw_-n amIvkns {]h-N-\--sfm-
sbpw ]ng-p-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv.
6. Ckvemw Bh\ kz`m-h-ap hyh--bmWv. P\-n\v
GXp Imepw {]tZ-ipw AXv {]tbm-K-h-cn-m km[npw.
Ckvem-anI hyh Ign ]Xn-\mep \qm-p-I-fn CS-bvnsS
]qWmY-n m]n-X-amb Ncn-{Xm-\p-`-h--fn-Xn\p kmn-bmWv.
AXn-\m Ckvem-anI hyh \ncm-I-cn--s-p-sh hmZw icntbm
hkvXp-\n-jvTtam A. ImcWw, Cn[w \ncm-I-cn--s-tijw ]e
L--fn-ep-aXv hopw m]n-X-am-bn-pv.
7. a\p-jy-N-cn-{X-n Xopw Ak-Zr-ihpw Fm-e-tpw
Ghpw amXr-Im-tbm-Ky-hp-sa \ne-bn ]qWmY-n Ckvem-
anI hyh {]hm-N-I-\p-tijw ZoL-Imew \ne-\n-n-s-Xv icn-
bm-sW-nepw 1924- Dkvam-\nbm Jnem-^-ns Ayw hsc AXv
`mKn-I-ambpw Nne-tm Hsms ]qW-ambpw Nne-tm ]cn-]qW-
ambpw \ne-\n-p-t]m-n-pv. Cpw ]e \mSp-I-fnepw Ckvem-anI
`c-W-hy-h AXns kZv^-e- km-\npsImn-cn-p-pv.
Ign ]Xn-\mep \qm-n-sem-cn-epw apkvenw kaqlw Ckvem-
anI hyh-sb Xopw \ncm-I-cnv hncp--amb hyh-sb kzoI-
cn A\p-`-h-ap-m-bn-n. Fm tkmjy-env kaq-l- {lkz-
Im-es ]co--W-tijw AXns\ ssIsbm-gnv XnIpw hncp--
amb apX-em-fn hyh-sb hmcn-p-W-cp-I-bp-mbn. ]qh -bqtdm-
]y \mSp-I-fn ]e-Xp-an-Xns A\n-tj[y DZm-l-c-W--fs{X.
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 233
8. Ckvemw FXv tIh-e-samcp cmjv{Sob `c-W-hy-h am{X-

a; AXns ]c-a-amb eyw a\p-jys\ ssZh tIm]-n\npw
in-bn\npw cnv ssZh-{]o-Xnpw {]Xn-^-e-amb kzK-
npw Al-cm-p-I-sb--XmWv. AtXm-sSmw `qan-bn a\-ns
kzmyhpw hyn-Po-hn-X-ns hnip-nbpw IpSpw_ LS-\-bpsS
`{Z-Xbpw kaq-l-ns kam-[m-\hpw AXv Dd-p-h-cp-pp. Ime-
tZ-i-t`-Z--Xo-X-ambn Cu \ntbm-K--f-{Xbpw Ckvemw Ctmfw
\nh-ln-p-t]m-n-pv. Ctm \nh-ln-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Ibpw sN-
pp. temImyw hsc CXv XpS-cp-Ibpw sNpw. Fm C-c-
sampw Iayq-Wn-k-n\nv Hcn-epw Hcn-Spw {]Xo-n-m-h-
X.
ap-sm-Xv
Ckvemapw apkvenw ]nm-m-h-bpw
""temI-X-e-n apkvenw \mSp-I-fn ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb ]nm-m-

h {]I-S-amWv. Cy-bnse apkvenw-Ifpw Chn-Ss CXc P\-
hn-`m-K-sf At]-nv hfsc ]nd-In-emWv. Ckvemw ]ptcm-K-Xnv
XS-hpw ]nm-m-h-bvv Imc-W-hp-am-sW-t CXv sXfn-bn-
p-Xv?''
am\-h-k-aqlw kzmb--am-nb hf-bnepw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bnepw
Ckvemapw apkvenw-Ifpw hln ]v ]d--dn-bn-t--Xn-m--hn[w
hyhpw hnhm-Zm-Xo-Xh - p-amWv. KmV-\n-{Z-bn-em-bn-cp Atd-_y kaq-
ls Ckvemw sXmp-Wn. Ah-cpsS A-Xbvpw A-hn-
izm-k-pw Adp-Xn-h-cpn. apgp-Po-hnX taJ-e-bnepw AX-hsc
]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-tepw Hu-Xy-n-tepw \bnp. As\ Ah
temI-ns t\Xm-fpw tPXm--fp-ambn amdn. kXyw, kaXzw,
kmtlm-Zcyw, kln-jvWpX, [aw, \oXn XpS-nb DIrjvS KpW-
-fpsS Imcy-n am{X-a Ie, kmlnXyw, imkv{Xw, kmt-XnI
hnZy, hnm\w, \Kc kwhn-[m\w, `c-W-\nh-lWw t]mep Fm
a- e - - f nepw ZoL- I mew temI- n\v t\XrXzw \In- b Xv
apkvenw-If - mWv. Cv temIv anI-p-\np-Xv ]mm-Xy-cm-Wtm.
AXn-\-hsc k-cm-n-bXpw ]Sn-m-d \mK-cnI-Xbvv Ifn-sm-
n-sem-cp-n-bXpw Ckvemapw apkvenw-I-fp-amWv. \njv]--cmb Fm
Ncn-{X-Im-c-mcpw kmaq-lnI imkv{X-cpw Cu kXyw kpXcmw
hy-am-n-bn-pv. tdm_v {_nt^mv Fgp-Xpp: ""]Xn-\mw
\qm-n ]pjv]np \n Ad_v aqdnjv \mK-cn-I-X-I-fpsS kzm[o-
\-amWv \thm-m-\-n\v Pw \In-bXv. C-en-b, kvs]bn-\m-bn-
cpp bqtdm-ns ]p\P--n\v sXmn-embn hn-Xv. kmc-k
km{am-Py-nse \K-c--fmb ssItdmbpw sImtUm-hbpw _KvZmZpw
tSmfn-tUmbpw kwkvIm-c-n-sbpw hnNm-c-hym-]m-c-n-sbpw tI{-
-fmbn hf-tm, {]mIr-X-Xz-n aqw apnb bqtdmv
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 235
A-X-bp-sSbpw A[-x]-X-\-n-sbpw L\m--Im-c-n Bp

InS-p-I-bm-bn-cpp. a\p-jy-]-cn-Wm-a-ns \ho-\-Z-i-bmbn hf
]pXnb PohnXw cq]wsImXv Ahn-S--fn-em-bn-cpp. Ah-cpsS \mK-
cn-I-X-bpsS kzm[o\w A\p-`-h-sp XpS-n-b-tm-gmWv Hcp ]pXnb
Pohn-X-ns _lnK-a-\-am-cw-`n-Xv...''
""Ad-_n-I-fn-m-bn-cp-p-sh-n B[p-\nI bqtdm-]y kwkvImcw
Xs P-sa-Sp-p-am-bn-cp-n-s bmYmYyw XnIpw hniz-k-\o-b-
as{X. ]cn-Wm-a - ns {]mNo\ Zi-I - s
- f-sbmw Ihp hbv -
kz`mh sshin-jvSyhpw apkvenw-I-fpsS A`m-h-n-e-hv km-Zn-
m km[n-p-am-bn-cp-n. bqtdm-ns hf-bpsS sNdnb Awi-
-fnt]mepw Ckvem-ans kzm[o\w ImW-s-Sm-Xn-cn-n'' (The
Making of Humanity, Page 183-190).
bqtdmv C-\p-`-hn-p kpJ kuI-cy-smw ]qW-
ambpw IS-s-Xv Ckvem-an-t\mSpw apkvenw-I-tfm-Sp-am-sWv {]kn
Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb tPm hneyw Xs Intellectual Development of Europe
F {K-n Ak-n-Kv[-ambn hy-am-pp. ""sshm-\nI
cwKv apkvenw-I XpS-n-sh-m Hpw Xv ]qo-I-cn-
t- - X m- b n- n- s ''v Fv . Pn. shkv Xs "temI- N - c n{X
kw{Kl'nepw Xpd-p-]-d-n-pv. ]nv Ph-lem s\lvdp
Xs Glimpses of World Historybn Fgp-Xpp: ""{]mNo-\n-S-bn
CuPn-]vXntem Cy-bntem ssN\-bntem icn-bmb imkv{Xob k{-
Zmbw \mw ImWp-n. AXns sNdn-sbmcp iIew ]pcm-X\ {Kokn
Zriy-amWv. tdman AXp-m-bn-cp--tX-bn. Fm Ad-_n-I-fn
Cu imkv{Xo-b-amb At\z-j-W-_pn {]I-S-am-bn-cpp. AXp-sIm-p-
Xs B[p-\n-I- im-kv{Xns ]nXm- apkvenw-I-fm-sWv ]d-
bm-hp--XmWv.'' Atlw Xs Fgp-Xpp: ""{Kop-Im Bcw-`n-p-
Ibpw ]noSv Dt]-n-p-Ibpw sNbvX tIhe m\-ns {Iam-
\p-K-X-amb hnI-k-\s, Ad_n a\v Hcp ]pXnb ImgvN-m-tSmSpw
ssNX-\y-tmSpw IqSn Gs-Spp. emn-\ns hgn-I-fn-eq-sS-b, Ad-
_n-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cpp B[p-\nI temI-n\v {]Im-i-n-sbpw
in-bp-sSbpw A\p-{K-l- e`n-Xv.''
Cu ]ptcm-K-Xn-sm-sbpw hgn-h-Xv Ckvem-anI hnizm-k-as{X.
Rom Landar Xs Islam and the Arab F {K- n- s e- g p- X pp:
""imkv{Xob Kth-j-W--fpsS {]tNm-Z-\-in, Amlp krjvSn--
Xp-t]mse \ne-\np {]]--s-n AKm-[-amb Adnhv t\Sm-
\p AZ-ay-amb B{K-la - m-bn-cpp. ùXn-I{- ]-]w Bo-b{- ]-]w
t]mse-s {][m-\a - m-sW AwKo-Im-chpw Ad_n a\-ns hnIm-
cm-XoX {]Ir-Xs icnpw {]Xn-^-en-n-p kXym-t\z-j-W-Xz-
cbpw Ah-cpsS AZ-ay-amb Pnm-kbpw tbmKm--Im-\p-`q-Xnbpw ap
t{]c-I--fs{X. amXr-hm-eyw apX amc-I-tcm-K- hsc-bp--
sXmw ssZhw krjvSn {]]--n-eps-Sp--h-bmWv. Ah-tbm-
tcmpw Ahs in-bpsS \nZi-\--fmWv; AXp-sIm-p-Xs
]T-\ml-fpw. Ckvem-an aXhpw imkv{Xhpw `n-h-gn-I-f
]np-S-cp-Xv. aXw bYmY-n imkv{X-ns Ghpw henb
{]tNm-Z\ in-bmWv.''
Ipcnip bp-n-eqsS apkvenw \mSp-Isf Iogvs-Sp-nb ss{Ikv-
Xh kaqlw Am-epw XpSpw Ad-_n-I BPn sshm-
\nI t\--sfbpw ùXn-I-h-f-sbbpw ssIh-i-s-Sp-m Xo{h-
{iaw \Sn. hnhn[ hnm\ imJ-I-fn-ep Ad-_n-{K-- X-
fpsS `mj-I-fn-tev samgn-amw \Sn. A-s\-bmWv bqtdm-n
]ptcm- K - X n- b psS BZy - N - e - \ - {]I- S - a m- I m XpS- n- b Xv .
sImtUmh, {Km\sU, tSmfntUm, _KvZmZv, Ua-kvIkv, ssItdm, Ae-
Ivkm--vdnb t]mep {]apJ \K-c--fnse {Km-e-b--fn-ep-m-
bn-cp ]pkvX-I--fn {it-b-am-b-h-sbmw emn `mj-bn-tev
]cn-`m-j-s-Sp-p-Ibpw ]noSv Ah D]-tbm-Knv Kth-jW ]co--
W- \S-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A-s\-bmWv ]mm-Xy ]ptcm-K-Xn-
bpsS ]S-hp-I Nhn-n--b-dn-bXv.
Ckvem-anI kwkvIm-c-n-sbpw \mK-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw tI{-am-bn-
cp kvs]bn-\nse t\--sfm-sbpw kz-am-nb Ckvem-ans
i{Xp- 1492- B cmjv{Ss A[o-\-s-Sp-p-Ibpw Ahn-sS-bp-
m-bn-cp {K--sfmw Nps-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ac \qmv
]nn--tm-tgpw Hscm apkvenapw AhnsS Ah-ti-jn-m--hn[w
Fm-h-scbpw \n_--ambn aXw amp-Ibpw hg-m--hsc \nZbw
h[n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXm-sS-bmWv apkvenw \mSp-I-fpsS ]nm-
m-h-bpw XIbpw kw`-hn-Xv. Cu hkvXpX {]ikvX BwKe
Ncn-{X-Im-c\- mb sebn ]q Xs hy-am-pp: ""\qm-p-It- fmfw
kvs]bn \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS tI{hpw Iem-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw ùXn-I-im-
kv{X-n-sbpw Fp-th hnin-jvSa - mb Fm-Xcw hnm-\ - ns
Ccn-n-S-hp-am-bn-cpp. bqtdm-nse asmcp cmPyhpw Atmfw Ad-
_n-I-fpsS ]cn-jvIr-X-cm-Py-ns ASp-s-p-sa-n-bn-cp-n.
sÛn-\mn-sbpw Ck-s_--bp-sSbpw Nmkn-sbpw km{am-Py-
v Ccw imiz-X-amb bmsXm-cu--Xyhpw e`n-n. apkvenw-
Isf Ah ]pd-mn. sXnS ss{IkvXh kvs]bn N{-s\-tmse
ISw hmnb shfnw sImv {]Im-inp. W-n {KlWw hp.
]noSv Ctmfw kvs]bn A-Im-c-n Xn--S-bp-I-bmWv.''
km{am-Py-Xz-ns IS-p-I-b--tmsS apkvenw \mSp-I-fpsS
XI ]qW-am-hp-Ib - m-bn-cpp. ]sm-Xmw \qm-nepw Ccp-]Xmw
\qm-ns BZy Zi-I--fn-ep-ambn km{am-Py-i-n-I apgp-h
apkvenw \mSp-Ifpw ]n-s-Sp-p. As\ apkvenw cmPyfpw kaq-
l-fpw ]mmXy km{am-Py-i-n-I-fpsS A[o-\-X-bn-embn. Ah
apkvenw \mSp-Isf Xopw sIm-b-Sn-pI am{X-a, apkvenw-Isf
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 237
Ah-cpsS BZi hnizm-k--fn\npw hnip--amb Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-

fn\npw hyXn-N-en-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXmsS B \mSp-Ifpw
\mp-Imcpw s]s-smpw ]cn-l-cn-m-\m-hm ]nm-m-h-v
ASn-sp. AtXm-sSmw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-sSbpw \thm-m-\-n-sbpw
Nme-I-i-n-bmbn hn-p BZi-hn-izm-k-pw Pohn-X-ho-
-W-pw a-tep-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Ign \qm-ns a[y Zi-I--fn Cu \mSp-I kzmX{yw
t\Sn-sb-nepw Ahsmpw apXpIv \nhm ]m nXn-bm-
Wp-m-bn-cp-Xv. kzmX{yw \In-b-tm km{am-Py-i-n-I Ahn-
S--fn-semw X-fpsS Xm]-cy- kwc-n-p, Ckvem-anI
\nb-a- \S-n-em-p--Xn-sempw Xm]-cy-an-m, cmPy-]p-tcm-K-
Xnsb kw_-n icn-bmb ImgvN-mtSm ZoL-ho--Wtam Xotc
Cm GIm-[n-]-Xn-I-sfbpw cmPm--m-scbpw kpmam-scbpw
IpSn-bn-cp-p-I-bm-bn-cpp. Xt-io-b-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-tfm Xm]-cy-
tfm Hpw ]cn-K-Wn-m-sX-bm-W-h Ctmfw `cWw \S-n-tm-
Xv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs ]mmXy km{am-Py-i-n-Iv tImf-\n-
hm-gvN-m-e-s--t]mse XpSpw B \mSp-Isf sIm-b-Sn-m
A\m-bm-kw -km-[np. Cpw AtX nXn XpS-cp-I-bmWv. \mSns
hfbvpw hnIm-k-n\pw ]ptcm-K-Xnpw hgn-sbm-cp-p Ckvem-
an-I -hy-h \S-m-m-\mbn bXv\n-p-sIm-n-cn-p {]m-\-sf
km{amPy in-I-fpsS klm-b-tmsS Xt-io-b-cmb tkzOm-[n-]-
Xn-I {Iqc-ambn ASn-a - p-Ibpw tNmc-bn apn-sm-p-Ib - p-amWv.
Ahn-S--fn P\-lnXw \S-n-em--s-Sp-Xpw P\m-[n-]Xyw m]n-
X-am-Ip-Xpw ]mmXy km{am-Py-i-n-I CjvS-s-Sp-n. Ah-cpsS
Nqj-Whpw apkvenw \mSp-I-fpsS ]nm-m-h-bpw Ahn-cmaw XpS-
cm AX-\n-hm-cy-am-Wtm. apkvenw kaq-l - fpw cmjv{S-fpw Ckvem-
ans\ bYm-hn[n ]np-S-tm ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ]mc-ayX {]m]n-
p-Ibpw AXns\ ssIsbm-gn--tm ]nm-m-h--bpsS ]mXm-f-
n ]Xn-p-Ib - p-am-Wp-m-bXv. Ckvemw kaq-l - n krjvSn-p
kzm[o\w Fm-sWv Cu Ncn-{X-h-kvXpX kpXcmw hy-am-pp.
]mmXy A[n-\n-thiw hsc Cy-bnse apkvenw-I CXc P\-
hn-`m-K-sf At]-nv Hpw ]nn-em-bn-cp-n. F, Iem-km-
lnXy kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-eI - f
- n Gsd anIhv ]pepIbpw sNbvXn-
cpp. `mc-X-ns _lp-ap-J-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn Ckvemw hln
al-mb ]v kphn-Zn-X-amWv. \psS \mSns kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-
I-fpw \mK-cn-Im-hi - n-jvS
- fpw ]cn-tim-[n-p Ghp-aXv t_m[y-
amIpw. Cy-bpsS Ncn{Xw Ipdn-n \njv] - c- mb Ncn-{X-Im-c
- m-scmw
Ckvem-ans kmn[yw km-\n A\L-amb t\-sf \n-
tbmsS kvacn-p-Ibpw hy-ambn tcJ-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-pv.
]noSv {_no-jp-Im Cy-bn B[n-]-Xy-ap-d-n--tm AXns\
Ghpw i-ambn FXnXpw t\cn-Xpw apkvenw-I-fm-bn-cpp.
Xs-Xnsc Iem]w XpS-n-h-Xv apl--Zo-b-cm-sWv {_nojv
DtZym-K--\mb sPbnwkv Huvdmapw, apl--Z ]m-f-mcpw P\--
fp-am-bn-cpp lnp--tf-m i{XpX ]pen-b-sXv ]m_v Iao-
j-W k tPm temdkpw ]d-bm-\p Imc-Whpw AXp-Xs.-
(History of Indian Mutiny Vol. 11 P: 355).
AXn-\m {_no-jp-Im Cy apkvenw-I-tfmSv i{Xp-Xm-]-c-amb
\ne-]mSv kzoI-cnp. aX-m-]-\--fpsS \S-n-n-\p-thn \I-
s-n-cp kzp- tImhm-eokv {]`p-hns imizX \nIpXn
hyh h- t XmsS apkv e n- w Iv \jv S - s p. {_no- j p- I m
t]jy `mjbvv \nb-{-W-tas-Sp-p-Ibpw ico-Av hyh
\n-em-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hJv^v kzp-v \nb-{-W-tas-
Sp-n-bXv aX-m-]-\-sf {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[np. Ccw {]bm-
k-fpw {]Xn-k-n-Ifpw apkvenwI-fpsS at\m-hocyw sISp-p--Xn
A\]-amb ]p-hl - np. AtXm-sSmw sshtZ-in-Im-[n-]X - y-tm-Sp
AXn-i--amb shdppw hntcm-[hpw Imc-W-ambn ]mmXy hnZym-
`ym-k-ns t\sc apkvenw kap-Zmbw ]pdw Xncn-p-\np. Cwojv
`mj ]Tn-p--Xns\ aX-t\-XrXzw IWn-i-ambn hnen. AXv \njn-
-am-sWv ]n-X-m hn[np. Cu kao-]\w tZiob kzmX-{y-
t_m-[-m {]tNm-Zn-X-am-bn-cp-p-sh-nepw apkvenw-I ap--hsc
At]-nv _lp-Zqcw ]nn-em-Im AXv Imc-W-ambn. {_no-jp-Im-
cpsS {]Xn-Imc \S-]-Sn-Ifpw apkvenw-I-fpsS {_no-jvhn-tcm-[hpw Hp-
tN-tm ZoL-Imew cmPy-`-cWw \S-nb kaqlw A[x-]-X-\-
n-tev Bp-t]m-hp-I-bm-bn-cpp.
{_no-jp-Im \mSp-\o-n-b-tXmsS Cy hn`-Pn--s-Sp-Ibpw Chn-
Ss apkvenw- hym]m-cn-Ifpw hyh-km-bn-Ifpw DtZym-K-cpw t\Xm-
fpw ]n-X - mcpw k-c - p-samw ]mIn-kvXm-\n-tev t]mhp-Ibpw
XZv^-e-ambn ê-n Cy-bnse apkvenw-I Xopw A\m-Y-cm-
hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kzX-t{-y-bn ASn--Sn-bp-mb hKob Iem-
]-fpw `c-W-Iq-S-ns `mK-p-\n-p-mb Ah-K-W-\bpw kthm-
]cn tbmKy-amb kap-Zm-bt- \-Xr-Xz-ns A`m-hhpw apkvenw-Isf IqSp-
X A[x-n-Xcpw ]nm--m-cp-amn. Cpw Cu \ne XpS-cp-I-
bmWv. Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Imc-W--fm kw`-hn Cu ]Xn-Xm-h--bn
Ckvem-an\v Hcp ]p-an-spw tZiob kzmX-{y-n-\p-th-n-bp
HSp-m tamlhpw bXv\hpw kzmX-{y-th-f-bn-ep-mb cmPy-hn-`-
P-\-hp-amWv bYmY Imc-W-sapw Ghpw Gsd-sbmpw hni-I-
e\w sNmsX Xs a\-n-em-m-hp hkvXp-X-bs{X.
Ckvem-ans\ ka-{K-ambpw bYmXY-ambpw Dsm-p-tm-gmWv
apkvenw-I apgp-Po-hn-X- ta-J-e-I-fnepw hfbpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw t\Sp-
I-sbpw AXns\ ssIsbm-gn-p-tm-gmWv XI-sbbpw ]nm-m-
h--sbbpw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p-I-sbpw Ign ]Xn-\mep \qm-p-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 239
Im-es Ncn{Xw hne-bn-cp-p Ghpw t_m[y-amIpw.
\mev]-Xv
bpn-hm-Zn-I-fpsS Nne tNmZy-
a\p-jys Pohn-X-hy-h a\p-jy-\t \nan-t-Xv?

""Fn-s\-p-dnv ]d-bp-tmgpw ]c-tem-I-s-n kwkm-cn-p
aX-n\v F-s\-bmWv `qan-bn \oXnbpw \bpw m]n-m
km[n-pI? ChnsS Pohn-p a\p-jys Imcyw t\mt-Xv
Ah Xs-bt?''
CXv Nne auenI {]iv\--fp-ambn _-s--XmWv. kXyw,
AkXyw, \oXn, A\oXn, \ymbw, A\ymbw, {Iaw, A{Iaw, \,
Xn, icn, sXv, [aw, A[aw t]mep-h FmWv? BcmWv Ah
\n-bn-t-Xv? a\p-jy-cmtWm? BsW-n Ah-cn-em-cmWv? Hmtcm-
cp--cp-amtWm? Fn Adp-\qdp tImSn a\p-jy-cp-tSXpw hyXy-kvX-
fpw ]c-kv]-c- hn-cp---fp-am-hnt? Hmtcm-cp-cpw Xp
tXmnb t]mse Xmtm-n-I-fmbn Pohn--W-sa-t AXn-\Yw?
kaq-l-amtWm AXv Xocp-am-\n-t-Xv? Fn kaq-l-n Bcm-
Wv? `qcn-]--amtWm? A-s\-sb-n `qcn-]w aX-hn-izm-kn-I-
fm-b-Xn-\m Ah-ct AXv \n-bn-t-Xv? AYhm, alm-`q-cn-]w
A-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-sW-n Ahcpw? `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fmtWm Xocp-
am-\n-t-Xv? Fn GIm-[n-]Xy, khm-[n-]Xy, tkzOm-[n-]Xy,
cmPm-[n-]Xy hyh--bn A[n-Imcw ssIbm-fp--h-cpsS CO-Ifpw
Xm]-cy-f - p-at kXy-n-sbpw \oXn-bp-sSbpw cq]-aW- n-bpI? P\m-
[n-]-Xy- `-c-W-Iq-S-am-sW-n `qcn-]--ns {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fpsS Xm]-
cyhpw apX-em-fn hyh--bnse kXyhpw \oXnbpw \ymbhpw
\bpw Xs-bm-bn-cn-ptam tkmjy-env hyh--bn-teXpw?
ùXnI Zi-\-fpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-fpw ]d-bp--t]mse kmaq-
lnI kml-N-cy--fp-sSbpw km-nI LS-\-bp-sSbpw krjvSn-bmWv
aqey--sf-n B hn[-ap aqey- Fp-X-s-bm-bmepw Ah
AwKo-I-cn-m Ghcpw _m[y--cm-hp-I-bnt? kmaq-ln-Im-h--
bp-sSbpw km-nI hyh--bp-sSbpw A\n-hm-cy-X-bmbn hp-tN-
cp-h Fsm-s-bm-bmepw Ahsb kln-p-I-b-msX \nhm-l-
an-sv hcnt? ]ns Ah-bvs-Xnsc ]cmXn ]d-bp--Xn AY-
aptm?
aqey- \n-bn-m-\p Ah-Imiw a\p-jy-m-sWv AwKo-
I-cn-p-I-bm-sW-n AXn sshb-n-Ihpw IpSpw-_-]-chpw PmXo-
bhpw tZio-bhpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw ap-amb Xm]-cy- {]I-S-am-hpI
kzm`m-hn-Ihpw A\n-hm-cy-hp-as{X. AXn-\m Fm Ime-sbpw {]tZ-
i-sbpw apgp-h a\p-jy-scbpw Hcp-t]mse ImWm Ign-bp Fm-
h-cp-sSbpw {kjvSm-hmb ssZh-n\p am{Xta bYmY-amb \oXnbpw
A\o-Xnbpw \bpw Xnbpw sXpw icnbpw [ahpw A[ahpw
\ymbhpw A\ym-bhpw \n-bn-m km[n-p-I-bpq. Ckvemw a\p-
jy-cm-in-bpsS apn kan-p ssZh-t{]m--amb aqey-
Fm-h-tcmSpw Htc-t]mse \oXn sNp kmh-P-\o-\hpw Imem-Xo-
X-hp-am-hm-\p Imc-Whpw AXp-Xs.
]ns, `qan-bn B F{X {ian-mepw \njvIr-jvS-amb \oXn \S-
n-em-pI km[y-a-m--Xn-\m-emWv AXv km[y-am-hp ]c-temIw
A\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-Xv. Hcmsf h[n-m \oXn \S-p-tm ]c-am-h[n
km[y-am-hpI sIme-bm-fnsb h[n--em-Wtm. As\ LmX-Is
IY Ign--Xp-sImv sIm-s--hs hn[-hbvv `m-hn-s\bpw
A\m-Y-cm-hp av ]nXm-hn-s\bpw Xncn-p-In-p-I-bn-tm. h[n-
-s--h Ccp-]-Xp-Im-cn-bpsS `mhpw \mep a-fpsS ]nXmhpw
sIme-bmfn ap--p-Im-cn-bpsS `mhpw cp a-fp--h-\pam-
sW-n Ccp-]-Xp-Imcn, hn[-hbpw \mep a A\m-Y-cp-am-Ip--Xn\p-
]-Icw ap--p-Imcn hn[-hbpw cp a A\m-Y-cp-am-Ip-Xv
Hcn-epw \oXn-bm-hp-I-bn. AXn-\m `qan-bnse inm \nb-a-
ChnsS kam-[m\w m]n-m-\p D]m[n am{X-amWv. \njvIr-jvShpw
IWn-i-hp-amb \oXn ChnsS km[y-a. AXv ac-W-tijw adp-tem-I-
mWv.
ChnsS a-_p-n-Ifpw {]Xn-`m-im-en-Ifpw tcmKn-Ifpw Btcm-Ky-
hm-mcpw hnI-emw-Kcpw ]qW-Im-bcpw icpw Zp_-ecpw ]W-
mcpw ]mh--fp-sa-m-apv. ac-W-tmsS PohnXw Ah-km-\n-p-
sa-n Cu LS\ Xopw A\o-Xn-]-c-hpw AXn-{I-ahpw A\ym-b-
hp-as{X. Hmtcm-cp-pw \I-s Ignhpw km[y-X-bp-a-\p-k-cnv
_m[y-X-I \n-bn--s-Sp-Ibpw Ah-bpsS ]qo-I-cW ewL-
\-a-\p-k-cnv ac-W-tijw cmin-I-f-\p-`-hn-pI-bp-am-sW-n
am{Xta CXv \oXnbpw \ymb-hp-am-hp-Ib
- pq. ssZhw ac-Wm-\- c Pohn-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 241
Xhpw Chn-Ss Ia-a-\p-k-cnv AhnsS cm-in--Ifpw \n-bn-

m-\p Imc-Whpw AXp-Xs.
{lkz-Po-hn-X-n\v imizX cmin-Itfm?
""Chn- S s Adp- ] tXm Fgp- ] tXm sIms Pohn- X - nse
{]h-\--fpsS t]cn imiz-X-amb ctbm intbm \Ip-
Xv \oXn-bmtWm? ssZhw Xosc \oXn-am-\-s-t CXp Xs
sXfn-bn-p-Xv?''
Ia--fpsS ka-bhpw Ah-bpsS êhpw Xn Hcp _-hp-
an. Hcmsf sImm GXm\pw \nanjw aXn. AXns êtam? AXn-
ZoLhpw AXyw Kpcp-X-chpw. Hcp t_mw_v hjn-m Hcp
\nanjw aXn. AXns {]Xym-Lm-Xtam? e-s - ftbm tImSn-Is
- ftbm
]Xn-m-p-Itfm \qm-p-Itfm \op-\npw-hn[w _m[n-pp.
Chyq thf-bnse tNmZy-n\pw D-c-n\pw \nan-j-tf Bh-
iy-apq. AtX-k-abw AXns êw Pohn-Xm-h-km\w hsc XpS-cpp.
]co--bp-sSbpw AXns ê-n-sbpw nXnbpw CXp-Xs.
Hcm-fpsS Pohn-Xm-y-tmsS Abm-fpsS Ia-^-e- `qan-
bnXs Xocp-I-bn. Hcm D-X- hn-Zym-ebw m]n-p-I-bm-sW-
n AXns kZvêw B m]\w \ne-\np-thmfw XpS-cpp.
Ahn- s S- \ nv ]Tn- p- - h Bscm- s - b mtWm Ahpw Ah-
cn\nv ]Tn-p--hpw ]noSv Ah-cn\nv ]Tn-p--hpw
As\ Fn-bm-sem-Sp-m A{Xbpw t]v e`n-p \-bp-
sSbpw t\-n-sbpw kZvêw hnZym-ebw m]n hynv e`n-
pp. Hcp Xn Bsc-sbmw kzm[o-\n-p-pthm Ah-cp-sSbpw Ah-
cn-eqsS kzm[o-\n-sSp--h-cn-eq-sSbpw ]noSv kzm[o-\n--s--h-
cm kzm[o-\n--s-Sp--h-cp-sS-bp-samw Xn-I-fpsS Zpjv^-ehpw XpS-
-m-c-\n-tev sNs-pp. lntcm-jn-a-bnepw \mK-km-n-bnepw
t_mw_v hjn-Xv Npcp-nb kabwsImmWv. AXv krjvSn Zpc-
tam? Cpw Ahn-cmaw XpS-cpp.
Ime-ssZLytam Bbp-kns \oftam \-hs\ sIm-cp-Xm--
ht\m \oNs\ DIr-jvSt\m Bp-I-bn. AXn-\m Ia-s-
Sp-p ka-bhpw Ia-^-ehpw Xn Hcp _-hp-an. a\p-jy
acn-mepw Ahs Ia-êw Ahn-cmaw XpScpw. Iaw \-bm-sW-
n kZv^-ehpw, Xn-bm-sW-n Zpjv^-ehpw. AXp-sIm-p-Xs
BcpsS Ia-^-ehpw Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Im-ev Xn-s-Sp-pI km[y-
a. hnNm-c-Wbpw hn[nbpw cm-in--Ifpw `qan-bnhv kw`-hn-m-
Xn-cn-m-\p Imc-Whpw AXp-Xs. Atm ]c-tem-I-nse imiz-
X-amb cm-in--Iv `qan-bnse PohnX-Imew Xs [mcmfw.
]ns ssZh-\n--bhpw Ahs Xocp-am-\--fpsS bpnbpw
\ymbhpw \oXn-bp-sams Ah hni-Zo-I-cn-p-X-cmsX \apv a\-n-
em-I-W-sa-n \mw ssZh-s-tm-setbm Ah-t\-m Ign-hp--
htcm BI-W-atm. kh-i-\pw kh--\p-amb ssZh-ns
Ia- Fp-sImv A-s\-bmbn Fv Ah \Inb A]-
m-\hpw bpn-bpw-sImv \apv a\-n-em-h-W-sa-n. \psS
ssh- m- \ n- I - c wKw F{X- s bms hf- c p- I bpw hnI- k n- p- I bpw
sNbvXn-p-s-nepw Adp-\qdp tImSn a\p-jyv Adnhpw t_m[hpw
bpn-bpw \Inb ssZh-ns Adn-hns\ At]-nv AXv Cpw
Xopw AK-Wy-as{X. AXp]-tbm-Knv {kjvSm-hns krjvSn-bnse
\ymbhpw \oXnbpw tXSp-Xv \ncY-I-amWv. {]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fpsS Ia-
-fpsS bpnbpw \ymbhpw kmam\y _pn-Iv a\-n-em-hp-I-
bn-tm; kmam-\y-_p-n-I-fp-tSXv a-_p-n-Ipw.
tmWnwKv ssZhs A{]-k--am-p-nt?
""tmWnw-Kn-eqsS krjvSn-Iaw \S-m Icp-p-t\-Snb imkv{Xw
ssZhs A{]-k--am-p-I-bt sNp-Xv?''
Cm-bva-bn\nv Dm--emWv krjvSn-Iaw. tmWnwKv AX.
ssZhw ChnsS krjvSn kky-n-stbm Pohn-bp-sStbm Awi-sa-
Spv ssZhw {]]--n kwhn-[m-\n kuI-cy--fp-]-tbm-Knv \S-
p {]hrn am{X-am-WXv. bYmY-n a\p-jy-\n-hnsS ]pXp-
Xm-sbmpw krjvSn-p-n. D-hsb FSpv ssIImcyw sNbvXv
cq]-amw hcp-p-Itbm ]pXp-Xmbn ]cn-hn-n-p-Itbm am{Xta
sNp-pq. `qan-bnse ac-sa-Spv, Ccp-p-sIm-p-m-nb BWn-
bp-]-tbm-Knv, Ccp-p-sImpw acw-sIm-p-ap Dfn-bpsS klm-b-
tmsS tai-bp-m-n-bm AXns\ krjvSn-Ia-ambn Bcpw hnti-
jn-n-p-I-bn-tm. AXn-\m, ]pXp-Xm-sbmpw krjvSn-m a\p-
jy\v ssZhs A{]-k--\m-pI km[yta A. Xopw hyXy-
kvXhpw hyXn-cn--hp-amb apJ-`m-hhpw ssIhn-cepw Xe-ap-Snbpw c-
hp-sams \In ssZhw krjvSn Adp-\qdp tImSn a\p-jy-cn-sem-
cm am{X-am-Wtm tmWnwKv \S-p a\p-jy\pw.
""a\p-jy-cnse tmWnw-Kn-s\-p-dnv Fp ]d-bpp?''
tmWnw-Kn-eqsS Dm-hp a\p-jys hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c-fpw kz`m-
h-co-Xn-Ifpw Bo-bm-h--I-fp-sams {]h-N-\m-Xo-Xhpw Ctm
Xopw Am-X-hp-as{X. AXn-\m \ne-hn-ep kml-N-cy-n
hn[n-]-d-bpI km[y-a. Fm a\p-jy-cnse tmWnwKv Dbn-
tb-m-hp kmaq-ln-Ihpw [man-Ihpw \nb-a-]-chpw ap-amb {]iv\-
Duln-m-hp--tX-bpq. \s-tm-se-s Hcm-fp-m-hp-Ibpw
Abm \psS \mn Xs-bm-hp-Ib - p-am-sW-n \psS `mcy-amcpw
Ipn-Ifpw amXm-]n-Xm-fpw _p-fpw kaq-lhpw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t-
m-hp {]iv\-fpw {]bm-k-fpw {]Xn-k-n-Ifpw AXoh Kpcp-
X-c-am-bn-cnpw. Atm Ip-hm-fn-Isf ]nSn-Iq-Sp-I-t]mepw Akm-[y-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 243
am-tbpw. tmWnwKv Ccw A]-cn-lm-cy-amb {]iv\- krjvSn-

p-I-bm-sW-n aXw AXns\ A\p-Iq-en-p-I-bn-s-Xv kphn-Zn-X-
am-Wtm.
Ah-b-h-Zm\w: Ckvem-anI ImgvN-mSv
""Ckvemw Ah-b-h Zm-\s A\p-Iq-en-m-Xn-cn-m Imc-W-sa-
mWv? ssZh-ns krjvSn-n amw hcp--em-b-Xn-\m-emtWm?''
Ah-b-h -Zm-\s Ckvemw A\p-Iq-en-p-n-s [mcW icn-
b. Pohn-n-cns hr-t]mse Hn-e-[n-I-ap-Xpw Hp Zm\w
sNbvXmepw Poh \ne-\nm km[n-p--Xp-amb Ah-bhw Zm\w
sNp--Xns\ Ckvemw Hcp \nepw hne-p-n. A{]-Imcw Xs
ac-W-s BfpsS Ah-bhw Pohn-n-cn-p--hv Bh-iy-ambn hcn-
I-bm-sW-n A\--cm-h-Im-in-I-fpsS A\p-hm-Z-tmsS amn-h-bvp-
-Xn-s\bpw Ckvemw hne-p-n. cpw sshZy-im-kv{X-ns \qX-
\- kn-n-I-sf \ne-bn Ahsb ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-nb B[p-\nI
Ckvem-anI ]n-X-m A\p-Iq-en-p-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv. Ah-b-h-
hnp--Xn-s\bpw A\--cm-h-Im-in-I-fpsS A\p-hm-Z-an-msX arXi-
co-c-nse Ah-b-h--sf-Sp-p--Xn-s\-bp-amWv Ckvemw hne-p-Xv.
Ckvem-an-s\-tm-se-s B[p-\nI temIs Fm cmPypw
CXp cpw \nb-a-hn-cp--amWv.
an{i-hn-hm-ls Fp-sIm-s-Xnpp?
""Ckvemw an{i-hn-hm-ls A\p-Iq-en-m--sX-p-sImv? CXv
XnI kp-Nn-X-Xzhpw Ak-ln-jvWp-X-bp-at?''
kaq-l-ns ASn-m-\- L-S-I-amWv IpSpw_w. AXv cq]-s-Sp-
Xv hnhm-l-n-eq-sS-bmWv. IpSpw-_-ns `{Z-Xbvv Zm-Xy-sm-
cpw A\n-hm-cy-as{X. AXp-m-h-W-sa-n Z-Xn-Isf Iqn-bn-W-
p In kvt\lhpw Imcp-Wy-hp-am-bn-cn-Ww. Jp-B Cmcyw
Cs\ hy-am-pp: ""Ah \np \n-fn\n-p-Xs
CW-Isf krjvSn-p-X-Xpw Ah-cpsS kmn-[y-n \nv
imn e`n-m-\mbn \nn-S-bn kvt\lhpw Imcp-Wyhpw Dm-
n--Xpw Am-lp-hns ZrjvSm---fn s]-XmWv. \nbw,
Nnn-p P\-n\v CXn \nc-h[n ZrjvSm---fpv''(Jp-B
30: 21).
kvt\l-_w kpZr-V-am-h-W-sa-n BZssiIyw A\n-hm-cy-
amWv. Hcp Iayq-Wn-p-Im-c\v tIm{K-p-Im-c-\mb ktlm-Z-c-t\-m
ASp-hpw D B-_--hp-ap-m-hpI Xs Iayq-Wn-p-Im-c-\mb
kplr-n-t\m-Sm-bn-cnpw. tIm{K-p-Im-c-sbpw _n.sP.]n.m-c-
s-bp-sams nXnbpw CXp-Xs. Ie-h-d-bn-msX cl-ky-
ssIam-dm\pw Icp-Xn-h-bv]n-msX BmYhpw Dujva-f-hp-amb
kvt\l-_w m]n-m\pw BZi-sm-cpw IqSntb Xocq. KWn-
X-im-kv{X-n Hpw Hpw tNm cm-W-tm. Fm
Ckvemw hn`m-h\ sNp Zm-Xy-tem-Iv AXv "CnWn henb
Hm'Wv. Jp- B ]d- b pp: ""kv{XoI ]pcp- j - mv
hkv{XamIpp. ]pcp-j-m kv{XoIpw hkv{X-am-Ip-p.''(2: 187)
""\n ]c-kv]cw Cgp-In--gn--h-cs{X.''(4: 21)
cv {]hm-l- tNv Hmbn amdp--t]mse cm tNv
Hmbn amdn Iqmbn Pohn-p AXn-a-l--chpw A\nh-N-\o-b-hp-
amb Hm-Wtm ZmXyw. hnizmk, hoW, BNmc, Bcm-[-\m-\p-
jvTm-\--fn sshhn-[yhpw sshcp-[y-hp-ap--h tNp-m-hp
ZmXyw `{Ztam Dujva-ftam Bhp-I-bn. Akp-J-I-c-amb Ah-
bvpw A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]cn-W-Xn-p-amWv AXv hgn-h-bvpI.
Xm kzoI-cn-w-Ko-Ic
- n BZi-amWv Cl-]c - - hn-Pb-
- ns amK-
sapw ]c- a - a mb kXy- s apw hniz- k n- p kXy- k - - X bpw
BmY-Xb - p-ap GsXm-cmfpw Xs afpw ]nap-d - mcpw AXns
hm-fpw {]tbm-m--fp-am-I-W-sav B{K-ln-pI A\n-hm-cy-
as{X. kz-mcpw km-\-fpw Xs-tmse Bh-W-sa-n
PohnX ]m-fnbpw AtX BZi- hn-izm-ks {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p--
h-cm-IWw. AXn-\m Zm-Xy- `-{Z-Xbvpw IpSpw-_-ns sIp-d-
n\pw ]nap-d-m-cpsS BZi -{]-Xn-_--Xbvpw CW-In-S-bnse
BZssiIyw A\n-hm-cy-amWv. an{i-hn-hm-l-n AXp-m-hn-s-Xv
kphn-Zn-Xa
- m-Wtm. Ckvemw AXns\ AwKo-Ic - n-m-Xn-cn-m-\p Imc-
Whpw AXp-Xs.
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 245
D]-kw-lmcw
{]nb-ap--h-tc,
temI-sa-p-sa--t]mse ChnsS \psS \mnepw alm- `q-cn-]-
-hpw Cuizc hnizm-kn-I-fm-Wv. Cu {]]--sbpw AXn-ep
kI-e-Xn-s\bpw krjvSn-Xpw kwc-n-p-Xpw ssZh-am-sWv \mw
Ddp hniz-kn-p-p. Cu temI-n-sbpw AXnse Hmtcm AWp-
hn-sbpw ]nn AXy-Zv`p-X-I-c-amb Bkq-{X-Whpw AXn-hn-Z-Kv[-
amb kwhn-[m-\hpw D-Xmbn \mw a\-n-em-p-p. a\pjy [nj-
W-bpsS kIe k]-pw AXo-X-ambn Cu {]]w Hcp
alm-hn-kva-b-ambn \psS apn \ne-sIm-p-p. CXns ]nnse
al--nsb Al--bm AX _m[n-m--h-scms AwKo-
I-cn-p-p. A\m-Zy\pw A\-y\pw Acq-]nbpw AZr-iy\pw kh-
\pw kh-i--\p-amb B {kjvSm-hns\ kw_-n t_m[w
BZna a\p- j y sXmnt hsc Fpw Fhn- s Sbpw \ne- \ np
t]mn-p-v.
{kjvSmhpw kwc--I-\p-amb ssZhw Xs-bm-Wtm \psS
kmm DS-a-\pw bP-am-\-\pw. asm hkvXp--sfbpw t]mse
\mapw Ahs \n-bhpw \nb-a-hp-a-\p-k-cn-mWv Cu temIv Pa-
sa-Sp--Xv.
kqcy ssZhw \nW-bn \nbX \nb-a-a-\p-k-cnv AXns \ntbm-
Kw \nh-ln-p-p. N{\pw \-{X-fpw Impw agbpw CSnbpw an-
ep-samw An[w Xs. ]n-Ifpw arK-fpw Pe-Po-hn-Ifpw Cg-Po-
hn-Ifpw kky-fpw {]mWn-I-fp-sams {]]--\m-Y-\mb ssZhw \n-
bn {]-Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-sf ]qW-ambpw ]np-S-cp-p. AXn-\m-e-h-sbmw
ssZhnI hyh--b-\p-k-cn-mWv AY-hm Ckvem-am-bmWv \ne-sIm-p-
-Xv. ssZhn-I- \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn--em-Wtm Ckvemw Fp ]d-bp-I.
AX-\p-k-cn-p--h apkven-apw. AXn-\m \mapw Cu {]]--L-S-\-
tbmSv s]mcp--sv {]Ir-Xn-tbmSv XmZmyw {]m]n--W-sa-n apgp-
Po-hn-X-ta-J-e-I-fnepw ssZhnI Pohn-X-hy-h- kzoI-cn-pIbpw ]men-
p-Ibpw thWw.
ssZh-amWv \psS {kjvSmhpw kwc--I-\p-sav AwKo-I-cn-p
Ghcpw \psS PohnXw Fn-[-am-h-W-sav Ah \ntZ-in-n-
ptm Fv At\z-jn-m _m[y--cm-Wv. A-c-sam-c-t\z-jWw
ssZh-Zq-Xam-sc-p-dnpw Ah-cn-eqsS e`y-amb Znhy-k-t-i-sf
kw_-npw hy-amb Adnhv \Im-Xn-cn-n-.
ssZhw Xs ZqXam- c n- e qsS am\- h - k - a q- l - n\v kan
kq-Wamb Pohn-X-hy-h--bmWv aXw. Fm aXhpw auen-I-am-
bn- H-p-Xsbmbn-cp-p. ssZhw GI-\m-b-Xn-\m Ah-\n\np
e`y-amb aXhpw GI-am-hpI A\n-hm-cy-am-W-tm, Fnpw Cv Hn-
tesd aX- ImW-s-Sp-p. Ah-bvn-S-bn hy-amb hyXym-
k-fpw sshcp-[y-fpapv. a\p-jy-cpsS ssII-S--ep-Ifpw shn-
p-cp--ep-Ifpw Iqn-t-ep-I-fp-am-Wn-Xn\p Imc-Ww. AXn-m-bn-
cp-p-sh-n GI-\mb {]]--\m-Y-\n\nv Ah-XoW-amb aX-
n ]c-kv]c hyXym-k-tfm `n-X-Itfm ImW-s-Sp-am-bn-cp-n-
. AXn-\m a\p-jy-cpsS CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn\npw shn-n-cp--ep-
I-fn \npw Iqn-t-ep-I-fn\npw Xopw tamNn-X-am-b,
ssZhw Xs kti hml- I - \ n- e qsS \Inb t]mse \ne-
\np aXhpw thZ-{K-hpw GsXv At\z-jn-m\pw ]Tn-
m\pw \mw _m[y--cm-Wv. A-c-samcp ]T\w Bbn-c-n-\m-\q-
dn-tesd hjw apv apl-Zv \_n-bn-eqsS Ah-XoW-amb ssZhnI
Pohn-X-hy-h-sb Is-m Imc-W-am-Ip-sav hn\o-X-ambn hniz-
kn-p-p.
Ckvemw GsX-nepw PmXn-m-cpsStbm tZi-m-cp-sStbm `mj-
m-cp-sStbm Ime-m-cp-sStbm aX-a-. kqcy-{]-Im-iw-t]m-se, N{s
]q\n-em-hp-t]m-se, hmbp-t]m-se, shw-t]mse apgp-h a\p-jypw
Ah-Im-i-s--Xm-Wv. am\-h-k-aq-l-n\p ssZh-ns al-mb
A\p-{K-l-am-Wv. \apv Poh\pw Pohn-Xhpw Bbppw Btcm-Kyhpw
\Inb \psS \mYs Pohn-X-hy-h--bn \msams Xpeym-h-
Im-in-I-fm-Wv. AXns kzoI-c-Whpw \ncm-I-c-W-hp-a-\p-k-cn-m-Wtm
\psS ]c-temI Pohn-X-nse Pbm-]-P-b-fpw cm-in--I-fpw.
Cu IrXn-bnse tNmZy-p adp-]Sn ]qWhpw An-a-hp-am-
sWv Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-n-. ]cn-an-X-amb Adn-hnsbpw Nn-bp-sSbpw
]cn-[n-bn\n-p-sImv \I-s--h-bm-b-Xn-\m IqSp-X {]am-W-
bp-hpw bpn-`-{Z-hp-amb adp-]-Snp [mcmfw km[y-X-I-fp-v. Fn-
epw hK--hW--tZ-i--`mjm sshPm-Xy--Xo-X-ambn am\h kaq-
l-n\v ssZhw \Inb PohnX hyh--bmb Ckvem-ans\ kmam-
\y-ambn a\-n-em-m\pw ]cn-N-b-s-Sm\pw Cu IrXn Ipd-sms
klm-bI - a
- m-bncnp-sav {]Xo-n-p-p. klr-Zb - c- mb hmb-\- mv
CXv Pohn-X-hn-P-b-nv hgn-Im-Wn-p shfn--am-bn-o-cp-am-dm-h-s.
\psS \mY-\mb ssZh-ns kXy-ip--amb ]mX Isn AXp
]np-Sv Ccp- tem-Ipw hnPbw hcn-m Ah \stbh-scbpw
A\p-{K-ln-p-am-dm-h-s.
!
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 247
A\p-_w 1
Imew B{K-ln-p DXvIrjvS IrXn

hmWn-Zmkv Ff-bm-hqcv
Pmln-enm Ime-ns Ccp A-co--n-emWv Ckvem-anI \mK-
cn-I-X-bpsS ]nd-hn. AhnsS AsXmcp \h-\m-K-cn-I-X-bpsS {]Ir-X-a-Wn-
p. BZy-amZyw a-ambpw ]ns-]ns NSp-e-hp-am-bn-cpp AXns
{]km-c-Ww. AXv ]e-cp-sSbpw kzmyw sISp-n. {]Xn-tj[w ihpw
hym]-Ih - p-ambn. skan-nIv aX Xe-f - n\n-p-t]mepw FXnns Ip-
ap-\-I \op. Ime-tasd ]nnSpw aps temI-P-\-X-bn i-amb
kzm[o-\-ambn Ckvemw apt-dn. Ak-ln-jvWp-X-sIm-mhmw ]mmXy
\mK-cnIX kXy-th-Zs kt_m[w hnIr-Xh - -cn-p-Xp-S
- n. Ckvemw
hnizm-kn-IXs [a-]Y -
- n\nv Gsd AI-p-t]m-bn. tIh-ea - mb
hnizm-k-n-eq-nbpw kzw Xm]cy kwc--W-n-\-\p-Kp-W-ambpw
Ckvem-an-Im-i-b-sf hymJym-\npw Ah-sc-gp-Xn. cp t]cp-sSbpw cN-
\-I-fn \nv kXyw Gsd AI-se-bmbn. AXp-sImv kXy-ip--amb
Zi-\-km-c-apsm-m Xe-ap-d-Iv km[n-msX hp. CXns
ê-ambn Ckvemw sXn--cn--s-p.
Ckvemw AXns {]mZp`m-h-Imew sXmt AXyw cN-\m--I-
am-bn-cp-p; kK-hn--hm--I-hp-am-bn-cp-p. Fm a[yIme- I-Ym-Xew
ac-hn-n-t-Xmbn amdn. AY-a-dn-bmsX HmXn-q-p--Xn kmbqPyw
sIm A]-Iz-a-Xn-I apX kt_m[w Ckvem-ans\ CI-gvn-m-m-
\n-d-nb Ipkn-X-_p-n-I hsc Cu Zpc-h-v Imc-W-m-cm-bn.
Ak-ln-jvWp-f - psS kt_m-[a
- mb {]Nm-cW- {- i-a
- fpw apkvenw kaqlw
Xs BN-cW cwKv kXy-th-Zt- mSv ImWn-p-t]m A\y-Xm-Xzhpw
CXn\v in ]Ip.
kqd-p ^mn-l-bnse ""\n\p am{Xw R C_m-Zv
sNpp'' F hmIyw AXyp-Zm-a - m-sW-nepw Bcp-sS-sbmw apn
kXy-th-Z h - n-izm-kn-I ChnsS Xe-Ip-\n-pp! Hns\ ]c-am-h[n _lp-
am-\n-p-Ibpw AXns apn ]c-am-h[n hn\-bhpw Xmgvbpw {]I-Sn-
n-p-Ibpw sNpI F-XmWv C_m-Z-s-n, AXns A-mcw
B hnti-jm-cm-[\ Am-lp-hn\v am{X-amWv F-Xm-sW-n, kqvam-
Y-n hnizmk Xo{h-Xb - nepw hnip-n-bnepw kXy-th-Z h
- n-izm-kn-Iv
ka-ioj-cmbn ChnsS Bsc-n-ep-apmIptam? hn]-n-If - psS IpknX
{ia-sf Idp \mfp-I-fn kXy-ns Pzmem-ap-J-ap-b-n-m-m
kt_m-[-amb k^-e-amb {ia-hp-an-hn-sS-bp-m-bn-. \ sNp-I-bmWv
"XJvh'sbn, Xnsb AXn-P-bn-p-I-bmWv "PnlmsZ'n, Ch cp-
amWv Ckvem-an-Im-Zi--fpsS lrZ-b-`m-h-sa-n, AXv kaq-l-a-
[ynepw temI {i- b nepw kan- m "P- _ m- [ yX'bp
apkamamp-t]mepw Ign-bmsX t]mbn F-XmWv kXyw.
GI-ssZ-h -hn-izm-khpw ka-krjvSn kvt\l-hp-amWv Ckvemw
Dup _en-jvT--fmb inem-X-e-. hnNn{Xw Fv hnti-jn-n-
m t]mcm, hnkva-b--fpsS hnf-`q-an-bmWv {]]-w. GXv hkvXpsh
Nqnbpw Imc-W-a-t\z-jn-p a\p-jy Fm hkvXp--sfbpw {]Xn-
`m-k--sfbpw t\mn au\-ap-{Zn-X-amb Npp-I-tfmsS hnc Nqp-sm-
cn-S-ap-v, Hcu--Xy-ap-v. Imc-W--fm-h-iy-an-m Hcp alm-in
m\-am-W-Xv. kakvX kwi-b--fp-a-I-, kI-em-t\z-j-W-{iafpw
hn^-e-am-bn-o-cp B in-m\w {]]--n-\p-]-cn-bm-bn-cn--Ww.
]ZmYm-Xo-X-am-bn-cn--Ww. kI-e-am\ {]Xn-`m-k--fp-sSbpw ASn-m\
ImcWw ssZh-am-Wv. ssZh-hn-c-Nn-X-amb {]]-s t\mn "A\w
AmXw AhW-\obw' Fv hnkvabw Iqdn\np a\p-jy
kXy-n F{X sNdp-XmWv! B \nm-c-Xbpw Ahs apnse ssZh-
ns kh-km-c-Xz-hp-amWv Ejn-h-cy-\mb AeIvkn Imtd Xs
hn{ip-X-amb Man the unknown F {K-n A\m-h-cWw sNp-Xv.
\nkm-c-X-bp-sS a\p-jy\pw \nJne kmcm--amb ssZhhpw Xn-ep
_-ns `mjy-amWv aXw. aX-ns hmKvcq]w thZ-hpw. Cusbmcp
hnti-jm-ib ]m--e-n\n-p-sIm-mWv Ckvem-anI kmln-Xy-
c-N-\m-cw-Ks e_v[-{]-Xn-jvT-\mb ssiJv apl-Zv Imc-Ip-ns
"ssZhw, aXw, thZw: kvt\l-kw-hmZw' F {Ks Rm ImWp-
-Xv. ssZh-k - s - b-p-dnv kz-amb Fs-nepw \nK-a\ - - n-se-m
t]mcpw hn[-a a\p-jy-_pn kwhn-[m\w sN-s-n-p--Xv. A-c-
sam-c-h--bn ssZhnI k-sb-p-dnv ssZhw Xs shfn-s-Spn
Fp Icp-X-s-Sp Imcy- kzoI-cn-pI am{Xta \apv Ic-Wo-b-
am-bn-p-q. Jp-B\pw \_n-h-N-\-fpw Am-lp-hn-s\-n ]d
hkvXp-X-I kzoI-cnv \psS hnNm-c-N-j-I-n-env hn-Y\w km[n-
p-Ibpw hs m\-s-p-tm AhnsS \nn "AXv Am-
lp-hn-\-dnbmw' Fp-am{Xw hn\-b-]p-c-cw B-KXw sNp-Ibpw
sNp ]qh kqcn-I-fpsS hgn-bn\nv kz]w amdn-bmWv {K-Im-
c \psS apn \np--Xv. a\-\hpw At\z-j-Whpw hgn \bn-
p \nc-p-i-amb \nK-a-\-amWv {K-Im-cs khn-ti-j-X. \m]Xv
A[ym-b--fn-embn ]Sp-In-S-p hnNmc hni-I-e\w hnI-e-[m-c-W-
Isf ]ngp-sX-dn-bm t]mcpw-hn[w bpn-`{- Zhpw sXfn-hp-X - p-at- {X. BJym-
\-X-e-nse emfn-Xyhpw EPp-Xzhpw t_m[y-s-Sp-m t]mcp Hcp
DZm-lc - W
- a
- p-b- n-s: ""a\p-jy\v kzbw Xnc-s-Sp-m kzmX-{yhpw
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 249
km[y-Xbpw e`n Pohn-X-ta-J-e-I-fn, ssZhw \n-bn hyh-v

hnt[-b-am-bn, Ah Ah-X-cn-n-p-X Pohn-X-hy-h---\p-kr-X-ambn
Pohn-p--Xn-\mWv Ckvemw Fp ]d-bp-I. As\ Pohn-p--h
am{X-amWv apkvenw-I.''(t]Pv 15)
IA-v_-bnse IrjvW inem-^-e-Is ]cm-ain-p k`-
-fn Xqen-Im-kvJ-enXw sImp-amhmw Nne {K-Im-c-m, Bcm-[y-
X-bpsS ]cn-th-ja - W
- n-bnv ImWm-dp-v. Ckvem-anI Zmi-\n-Ic - oXym AXv
A-h - yhpw A\p-Nn-Xhp-am-sWv \ma-dn-bp-p. {]hm-NI - - m ]WnX
tZhm-e-b-ns `mK-sa Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]m[m\yw B Idp In-
\p-s-nepw B In\v tIhew IA-v_sb {]Z-nWw sNm XpS-
p CSw F-Xn Ihn {]m[m-\y-sam-p-an-sv Nqn-m-Wn-
m t]mepw {K-Im-c ad-n-. _lpXzw AYhm sshNn-{Xy-amWv
]ZmY-{]-]--ns apJ-{]-Ir-Xw. {]]-m-Xo-X-amb ssZhnI k-
bpsS AYhm Am-lp-hns \nb-X-{]-IrXw GI-Xzhpw. Cu GI-Xzhpw
]cm-{ib \nc-t]-X - bpw AXoh kwn-]vXa - mbn {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-p Jp-
B-\nse kqd-p CJvem-knse koWm-i-bs kc-f-kp--c-ambn
A\p-hm-NI a\-p-I-fn ]mIn-ap-f-n-m {K-Im-c ImWn Ic-hn-
cpXv mL-\o-b-a-s{X.
AssZz-Xs kw_-n-p Hcp tNmZy-n\v \In- adp-
]Sn Gsd lrZyhpw bpn-`-{Z-hp-ambn tXmn. thZ-fpw D]-\n-jXv
hmIy--fpsS ka-\z-b-cq-]-amb {_-kq-{Xhpw ]Tn-n-p--Xp-t]mse
{_lvaw AYhm Cuiz-c As-n Am-lp-hmWv {]]--sbpw
AXn-ep--h-sbbpw krjvSn--sXpw Cu temIw anYytbm Fm
]c-amYnI bmYmYytam Aspw ssZh-ns krjvSn-bmb WnI
bmYmYy-am-sWpw ImWp Ckvemw AssZzXs AwKo-I-cn-p-
n-sv {K-Im-c hmZn-p-tm, Ckvem-ans kXy-ip--amb apJw
I-dn-bm\pw AXns\ AwKo-I-cn-m\pw m\-hn-]m-kp-hmb Hcmv
km[n-p-p. thZ-pw Hu]-\nj-Zn-I-amb alm-m-\-n\pw
AXns AYo-IrX {]Ir-Xhpw _mZ-cm-b-W-Ir-X-hp-amb {_-kq-{X-
n\pw \nc-m--XmWv AssZz-X-ns A-m-c-sav i-cm-Nm-cy-
cpsSbpw Kpcp-hmb tKmhn-k - m-Zc
- p-sSbpw BNm-cy-\mb KuV-]m-Z Xs
{]I-c-W-{K Nm thf-bn _u-k-\ym-kn-am-tcmSv Xpdpk-Xn-
p-I-bp-m-sb-p-t]mepw Xs kaY\ thf-bn {K-Imhv D-
cn-p-I-bp-m-bn. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW, hmKv`-Sm-\-, Ac-hn--tLmjv
XpS-nb ]nX {]Xn-`-Isf \nc-n-bmWv {K-Im-c Xs hmZ-ap-
J-a-h-X-cn-n-p--Xv F-Xn-\m kwi-b-\n-hm-c-W-n\v {]mam-Wn-I-X-
bpsS ]cn-thjw IqSn ssIh-n-cn-p-p.
Cv Jp-B ]p\hm-b-\v hnt[-b-am--s-n-cn-p-p. Ckvem-
ans a[p-chpw shfn-hpw apsm-cn--ep-ap-m-bn-n-m hn[w Aap-
kvenw-Is- f-tmepw BIjnp XpS-n-bn-cn-p-p. hnI-e[ - m-cW- I - Xncp-
-s-Sp-Ibpw Zmi-\nI kucyw Bkz-Zn--s-Sp-Ibpw sNp
nXn-hn-tijw kwPm-X-am-bn-cn-p-p. Cu ]m--e-n thWw
"tIcf Ub-temKv sk' {]km-[\w sNbvX {]Ir-X-{Kw hne-bn-cp-
-s-Sm. hnizm-km-h-ew-_n-X-amb aX-ns thZn-bn kwhmZw
km[m-c-W-a-. aX-]-n-X-m m]-\-h-cn--s \nbX amK-
n-eqsS thZ-{K--sf hymJym-\nv {]N-cn-n-p-I-bmWv aX-k-Z-p-
I-fnse ]Xnhv; kzX-{-Nn AhnsS \ndw Nmm-s\-m-dn-. aX-hn-
izm-khpw [mc-WI - fpw A{]-am-Zn-Xz-ah
- I- m-is
- -Sp "tUmKva'Ifmbn am{X-
an-hnsS hn-p-p. s]mSn-sI-n-n-S-p-Ibpw A\yYm hymJym-\n--
s-Sp-Ibpw sXn--cn--s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp-I-gn kXy-thZ ]Y-n
kvt\l-]-cn-th-j-a-Wn kzX-{ -kw-hm-Z-hp-ambn IS-p-h-cp "Ub-
temKv sk' Xs mL-\o-ba - m-Wv. Ckvem-an-Im-ib {]Nm-cW-cw-Kv
kphtW-Xn-lmkw cNn-p-t]m-cp "Ckvem-anIv ]n-jnwKv lukn's
Ia-im-e-bn\np Xs-bmWv Cu {K-in]hpw cq]-a-Wn--Xv.
hnhn[ aX-k-ap-Zm-b-n-S-bn henb AIbpw XnI
A-Xbpw Kpcp-X-c-amb sXn-m-c-W-Ifpw \ne-\nm-\p Imc-W-
-fn-semv kwhmZ cwK-f - psS \niq-\y-Xb - m-Wv. AXv ]cn-lc
- n-m-\mbn
kvt\l-nepw ]c-kv]c kl-I-c-W-nepw kulr-Z-nepw KpW-Imw-
-bnepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb apJm-ap-J-fpw N-Ifpw skan-\m-dp-Ifpw
knwt]m-kn-b-fpw kwhm-Z-fpw kwL-Sn-n-m\pw D-a- {K--
Xm-dm-m-\p-amWv "Ub-temKv sk' hn`m-h\w sNp--Xv. {^p-hn-
-h- n\v P\-a\ -
- p-Isf k-am-p-X - n\v hm-bd- psS t\Xr-Xz-n
For the Revolution {]m-\-ns Iogn \S {]Nm-cW cwKs
kaYhpw kI-e-X-e -kv]in-bp-amb {]h-t\-Xn-lm-k-n\v kam-
\-am-Wn-sXv F\nv tXmn-bn-p-v. Am-e--hnsS apg-n-t
"ChnsS Ncn-{X-am-cw-`n-pp' F ap{Zm-hm-Iyhpw kvacn-p-p. Ign
14 \qm-ns Ime-hn-kvXr-Xn-bn, tIc-f-n-en-tmfw CXn\p kZr-
iy-amb asmcp {iaw \S-n-n-. hfsc Bkq-{Xn-X-amb Hcp hnip
Ia-]--Xn-bpsS `mK-am-Wn-Xv.
]e Imc-W--fmepw sXfnw t]mbn, shfnw sIv hnIrX apJ-
ambnnS-p Ckvem-anI Zi-\--fpsS taJ-e-bn t\cns sXfn-
sh-fn--hp-ambn IS-p-h-cp Cu {]Imiw km[n-p ZuXyw A\]-
am-Wv. Ckvem-anI kwkvIr-Xnsb ihpw iphpw ]qthm-]cn cN-
\m--I-hp-am-m-\p {iaw ChnsSbmcw-`n-p-p.
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 251
A\p-_w 2
kwkvIrXn ]qp-tm
C_vdmlow t_hn
"Fmw ]qp-p, Imbvp-p, Fm-n\pw hf-q-dp--Xn-new' F
hcn H.-F.-hn. Ipdp-n-s-Xm-Wv. Ipn-bpsS tNmdqIaw \S-m-\mbn
Xncp-\m-hmbvv t]mIth t{imXrXS-n hoW thZ-h-N-\--fp-sSbpw
Hmnsbpw i_vZ- a\-n-ep-Wnb ku-cy-`m-h-n-em-a--\m-
bn-mWv Ihn Cu hcn-I Ipdn--Xv. aX-fpw kwkvIr-Xn-Ifpw hf-q-
tdmsS hf-cp-Ibpw Ah-sbmw ]qp-Ibpw Imbvp-Ibpw sNbvX Ncn-
{Xw \psS \mSn-\p-v. AmWv CS-tcn F Ihn "Iqp-Irjn' F
\mS-Ihpw "Ckvem-anse he' F Ihn-Xbpw Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. Acw
IY-Ifpw t\mh-ep-Ifpw Ihn-X-Ifpw [mcm-f-ambn Ap-mbn. ]e sap-
Ifpw Hcp a\-p-ambn Hcn- Chn-Ss aX-hn-`m-K- Ign-p-Iq-
Snb Imew. ]nsbmWv hn`mKo-b-X-bp-sSbpw I\ sXp[mc-W-I-fp-
sSbpw hnj-m-p-I hv a\p-jy AI-p-Xp-S-n-bXv. hKo-b-X-bpsS
hnjw Ctm AWp-t_mw_v IWs Cy kaq-lPohn-Xs amc-
I-ambn \in-n-p-p-v. Imfn-a-tb-dnb Cu hnj-hm-Xs XpS-p-\o-
m-\p \smcp hgn aX--sfbpw kwkvIr-Xn-I-sfbpw ASp--dn-bpI
F-Xm-Wv. hnizm-kntbm Am--ht\m Bh-s, Fm `mc-Xo-b\pw
kzw aX-sbpw A\y-a-X-sbpw Bg-n ]Tn--dn-tb-Xv Cy-
bpsS `{Z-amb \ne-\n]ns ASn-m-\- L-S-I-am-bn-on-cn-p-p.
aX-sf Adn-tb-Xpt]mse Adn-m Ah AI-ep-I-b, \t
ASpv \np-I-bmWv sNp-I. At\ym\yw ASp--dn-b-ens A`m-
h-n-emWv hn]-ns hnp-I hf-cp--Xv. AXn-\m aX-kw-hm-Z-
Ime-ns AXn-{]-[m-\-amb Bh-iy-I-X-bm-bn-on-cn-p-p.
kvt\l-nepw kl-Ic - W
-
- nepw kulmZ-nepw KpW-Imw-b - nepw
A[n-jvTn-X-amb kvt\l-kw-hm-Z- hnizm-kn-I Xn \S-p--
tXmsS Hcp-a-bpsS kwKoXw Db-cpw. Adn-hns \h-cm-K- ]S-cpw. Cu
Nn-I a\-n-eq-n-bp-d-n-p Hcp {K-amWv ssiJv apl-Zv
ImcIpns "ssZhw, aXw, thZw: kvt\l-kw-hm-Zw'. tIc-f-ns hnhn-
[ `mK--fn Ckvem-ans\ ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-m-\mbn \S "kvt\l-kw-
hmZw' ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn apkvenw-Ifpw CXc aX-cpw Dbn tNmZy--
fp-sSbpw Ahbvv \I-s Huj-[-k-am-\mb D-c--fp-sSbpw kam-
lm-c-am-Wn-Xv.
Nnm-io-e-\mb GXv hyn-bp-sSbpw Dnepb-cp At\Iw
tNmZy--fp-v `qan-bnse Xs PohnXapbp tNmZy-. Xm\m-
cm-sWpw Xms\-hn-sS-\np hcp-p-shpw Xms\-tmv t]mIp-p-
shpw Xs Pohn-X-sa-s\ {Ia-s-Sp--W-sapw e`y-amb Pohn-X-
ns AYhpw A\Y-hp-sa-m-sW-p-ap tNmZy-. GXv a\-
n-s\bpw Akz--am-p Cu tNmZy-v Hmtcm Imepw Hmtcm
BNm-cy-m Ah-cp-tS-Xmb adp-]Sn \In-bn-p-v. B D-c--fn
NneXv Xr]vXn-I-chpw ap NneXv AXr-]vXn-I-c-hp-am-bn-cp-p. B D-c-
-fn \nsmw hopw tNmZy--fp-m-Ip-p. Atm Nnm-io-
es a\v hopw Akz--am-hp-p. Atm Ghpw bpn-k-lhpw
kp-`-{Z-hp-amb D-c-taXv F At\z-j-W-n-tev a\v IpXn-pp.
A-c-samcp At\z-j-W-n\npw e`n-p D-c--fmWv "ssZhw,
aXw, thZw: kvt\l-kw-hm-Zw.' Pohn-Xs \nc--c-ambn bpn-]qhw
tNmZyw sNp a\-p-Iv Ckvemw \Ip D-c--fm-Ipp
Cu ]pkvX-I-n kam-l-cn-n-cn-p--Xv. Cu D-c--fm-Is GXv
_pn-Po-hn-bp-sSbpw a\-n imnbpw kam-[m-\hpw \nd-m ]cym-
]vX-hpam-Wv. Cu D-c--tfmSv hntbm-Pn-p--h t]mepw {K-Im-cs
kao-]\ -
- f- n-sebpw Ah-Xc - W
-
- nsebpw ku-c - yhpw bpnbpw AwKo-
I-cn-pI Xs sNpw. aXw,- ssZ-hw, thZw, ]c-tem-Iw, hn{K-lm-cm-[-
\, ]p\P-w, AssZz-Xw, ssZhm-h-Xm-cw, ]cn-Wma knmw, hn[n-hn-
izm-kw, kv{Xo]pcpj kaXzw XpSn Fm-e-sbpw a\p-jysc Nnn-
n-, Ah-cn tNmZy-i-Xm-h-en-I-fp-m-nb {]iv\-smw Ckvem-
an-I-amb adp-]-Sn-I Cu Ir-Xn-bn-eqsS e`n-p-tm Hcp Pohn-X-]--Xn-
sb \ne-bn Ckvem-ans kucyw Xncn--dn-bm km[n-p-p.
Cu Xncn--dnhv Cy kml-N-cy-n kp{]-[m-\-am-Wv. Ckvem-
an-s\-tmse sXn--cn--s aXw thsd-bn-sv kpa-\-p-I-fmb CXc
aX-_p-n-Po-hn-I t\c-s Xs Nqn-m-n-bn-p-v. hmfn-sbpw bp-
n-sbpw A]-cn-jvIr-X-Xz-n-sbpw Ahn-Zy-bp-sSbpw Abp-n-bp-
sSbpw Akp--c-X-bp-sSbpw aX-am-bn-mWv CXc aX--fnse hnZym-k--
t]mepw Ckvem-ans\ In-p--Xv. A-c-m Xs kvt\l-
kw-hmZ kt-f\ -
- f
- n-se-p-Ibpw Ah-cp-sS-bp-n-ep tNmZy-s- fmw
D-bn-p-Ibpw Ah-bvsmw tNtXm-l-c--fmb D-c- e`y-am-
hp-Ibpw sNp-tm imhpw kp-c-hp-am-Ip-Xv apkvenw-I-fpsS am{X-
a-, kwi-bn-p-Ibpw sXn--cn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-cpsS a\-p-Iq-Sn-bm-
Wv. ]pXnb a\p-jycpw ]pXnb kaq-lhpw ]pXnb cmjv{Shpw cq]-s-
Sm CXv klm-b-I-am-Ip-p.
Cy-bn-sebpw tIc-f-n-sebpw apkvenw-I-fn Nne A\p-`-hn-
p ZpxJ--fn-semv Ahv kzw aXsbpw Zi-\-sbpw
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 253
DNn-Xa- mw-hn-[- n Adn-bm km[n-n-n-s-X- m-Wv. AdnhpIfpsS ]pXp-

\q-m-n Ckvemw temIs Fs\ kao-]n-p-p-shv Ah-cn
\smcp ]-n\v Adn-bm km[n-n-n-. ]mc--cy-ambn Innb
"aX's Xe-bn-ten \S-p-I-bm-W-h sNbvXn-p--Xv. kzw hnizmk
Zi-\--sf-s kzbw hnNm-cW sNm\pw kzX-{hpw kp-c-hp-
amb Xocp-am-\ - f
- n-se-m\pw Ahv km[n-p-n. GtXm Xc-n
Xe-bn-ten \S-p, Iptd A\p-jvTm-\-fpw BNm-c-fpw am{X-amn
Npcp-nb X-fpsS aXw Ime--fp-sSbpw Adn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw apn
ku-cy-]q-ca - mbn \np-s - X-s\sbv "ssZhw, aXw, thZw: kvt\l-
kw-hmZw' ImWn-p-sIm-Sp-p-p. apkvenw-I-fpsS a\-ns\ hnkvXr-Xhpw
{]Im-i-h-p-am-p--tXm-sSmw CXc aX--cpsS a\-nse Ccpv
\om\pw Cu {Kw klm-bn-p-p.
\qdp iX-am\w Ckvemw aX-hn-izm-kn-bmb Hcp ]nX CXc
aX--sfbpw Zi-\--sfbpw F{X-am{Xw DZm-c-X-tbm-sSbpw ku-cy-
t_m-[-tm-sSbpw kao-]n-p-sa--Xns anI DZm-l-cWw IqSn-bmWv
ssiJns Cu ]pkvX-Iw. Ckvem-anI Zi-\--fpsS bpn-]-c-X- am-
]\w sNm CXc aX--fp-sSbpw BNm-cy-m-cp-sSbpw Nn-Isf kpe-
`-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-p Hcp ]n-X-s\-bmWv ]pkvXIw Imn--cp--
Xv. Ckvemw Zi-\--sf-tm-se-s CXc aX-Zi-\--sf-p-dnpw
{K-Im-c\v \ Adn-hp-v Fv Cmcyw Nqn-m-p-p. kzw aX-
s-p-dnv thdn A`n-{]m-b- ]I-cm CXc aX-sf Bg-n
]Tn--W-sapw As\ sNp Bv Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb aX-kw-
hmZw km[y-am-Ip-sapw ]pkvXIw t_m[y-s-Sp-p-p. CXc aX-sf
am{X-a ]pXnb Adn-hp-I-fpsS J\n-I-sfbpw D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p \nXy-
\-ho-\-amb a\pw {K-n ImWm-\p-v.
a\v a\-n-t\mSv ]d-bp AarX hN-\--fmWv aXw. kzw
aXs CXc aX-\v ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-tm A-c--fpsS Ac-a-
dn-n-cn--Ww. Atm D]-tbm-Kn-p Hmtcm hmpw cmIn-cm-In-bp-
-Xm-bn-cn--Ww. hmNm-e-X-bpsSbpw Ir{Xn-a-Xz-n-sbpw `mj tIhn-
m-c-\nepw hmb-\-m-c-\nepw Atcm-N-I-Xz-ap-m-pw. Bi-b-ns
tI{ -_n-p-hn\npw Ahs {i amdp-Ibpw sNpw. Bth-ihpw
Dm-l-hp-a hmn-Xbpw hnIm-c--fpsS kwb-a-\-hp-amWv ChnsS Bh-
iyw. Cmcyw \psS {]apJ Fgp-p-Impw {]kw-K-Ipw Adn-
bn-s--XmWv kXyw. Cm-cy-nepw Cu ]pkvXIw thdn-p-\np-
p. ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS Iq-nse \smcp hmb-\-m-c-\mb ssiJv(-am-[y-
a-nse {]Im-i-tcJ CXns kmy-]-{X-am-Wv) AXns kar-n-I-
sfsbmw D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-tmgpw hmp-Isf \t DNn-X-ambpw anX-
ambpamWv D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv. Kuch {]Ir-Xnbpw `mjm-t_m-[-hp-ap
hmb-\-msc Cmcyw Gsd BIjn-pw. Imew \psS t\sc
Dbp Bo-ba - mb tNmZy-smw \Ip D-c - f- S-
- nb
Cu ]pkvX-I-n-ep-Xv efnX tIma-f-Im ]Zm-h-en-bm-Wv. AXn-\m
Xs B D-c- a\-n Aen-n-d-pw. A\p-`-hhpw Pohn-X-
t_m-[-hp-ambn ]cn-W-an-pw. Hcp ]pkvXIw hmbn-p-I-gn tij-ap
Bf AXv hmbn-p--Xn\p app--bm Fv sF.-F. dnmUvkv
Nqn-m-n-bn-p-v. ]pkvXIw Fs\ a\-ns\ amp-p-shv Nqn-
m-p-I-bmWv B hnai-I. Hcp ]pkvXIw AXns hmb-\-m-c\n
Akm-[m-c-W-amb ]cn-h-\--fp-m-p-p-sh-n AXns ]ndhn
k^-e-ambn FYw. Cu k^-eX "ssZhw, aXw, thZw: kvt\l-kw-
hmZ'apm-p-pv F Imcy-amWv ]pkvX-I-an-dn Hcp amkw Ign-
-tm Xs AXn\v cmw ]Xnv thn-h-p F Imcyw hnfn--
dn-bn-p--Xv.

CCP-) - Sø V: Ckvem-Ans NM-C-WHPW BBP - ( - TBM-KHPW

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CCP-) - Sø V: Ckvem-Ans NM-C-WHPW BBP - ( - TBM-KHPW

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

174 ssZhw, aXw, thZw

""Cy-bn apkvenw-I \yq\-]--am-b-Xn-\m-et Rs-Xnsc

IpSpw-_-ns Ckvem-ao-I-c-W-n-\mbn \S--s-Sp hnZym-

\nv XS-p-sh--Xns t]cn Hcp P\-X-tbm-Sp hntZz-jw, AXn-

tlm-Zcyw kw`m-h\ sNbvXp-sh--Xp-amWv''(Ram Gopal, Indian Muslims

""Cy-bn- `qcn-]w lnp--fm-b-Xn-\m-et Fm aX-mpw

Hcmpw hniz-knpI km[y-a''(Jp. 6: 69).

{]kmZv ]d-bpp: ""apkvenw-I Iog-S--s P\-Xbvv Bcm-[\m

\p kzmX{yw `c-W-IqSw Ah-cpsS Ic--fn Xs G]n-n-

apkvenw cmP y-n t{X-v A\p-hm-Z-aptm?

-fn lnp ktlm-Z-c-v Acn, ]-kmc XpS-n-bh {]tXy-

AXn-\m Pnkvb Aapkvenw ]uc-m-tcm-Sp hnth-N-\tam A\o-

""Ckvem-an kv{Xo]pcpj ka-Xz-aptm? kv{XobpsS ]Zhn ]pcp-

sS-bmWv amXmhv Ahs\ K`w Npa-Xv. ISp ]mc-h-iy-tm-sS-

t_m[-h-Xn-b. Xm C{X Ipn-Isf K`w Npa-p-Ibpw {]k-hn-

Wn-p Ckvem-anI hyh Ccw \yq\-X-I-fn\nv Xopw

""Ckvemw ]pcp-j-ta-[m-hn-Xz-]-c-at? Jp-B \memw A[ymbw 34mw

sa-n kv{Xo K`w [cn-p-Ibpw {]k-hn-p-Ibpw ape-bq-p-I-bp-

Kn-X-cm-b-nn-s-nepw {]hm-N-I-ms--t]mse Ahpw Znhy-t_m-

""]Z \n_--am-pI hgn Ckvemw kv{XoIsf ]oUn-n-p-I-bt

]mX-bn ]Z Hcp-hn[ hnLm-Xhpw krjvSn-p-n. ]Zv kam-

asmcp Imcy-amWv. Fnpw Ckvemw kv{Xov kz-h-Im-i-a-\p-h-

n-sbpw \oXn-bp-sSbpw Imcy-n hnth-N-\-ap-s-n \nb-a-

""kv{XoIsf s]mXp-Po-hn-X-n\nv amn-\np-Ibpw ASp--f-

kv{Xo hoSn\v ]pd-p-t]m-bn sXmgn-en-tes-Sp--Xn-s\tbm tkh-

amn-\nm-\p sXfn-hmbn hymJym-\n--s-p-h-cp-p-s-nepw

bn-m-Wp-n-sp am{X-a-, AXn-{]-[m\ IrXy-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-p-

""]tc-X\v ]p{X-\p--tm A\mY ]u{X A\--cm-h-Im-in-bm-

fpsS A\--c-kz-n Ah-Im-i-ap-m-hp-I-bn-. A\--c-kz-p-

`mcy-bpsS tijw `mhv acn-m `mcy-bpsS hnlnXw Ah-cpsS

l-n-\p-th-n {]am-Wn-hK-ns hntcm[w Gp-hm-p-I-bp-ap-

l-cn-m Ign-m Ckvemw hfsc {]m[m\yw \evInb A\m-Y-

""Imcp-Wy-s-p-dnv Gsd- ]-d-bp Ckvemw arK--tfmSpw ap

dn Ipn-tbmSv Ahn-Sv ]dp: ""C\n-ta \o Hcp ac-tbpw

m I]n-p Ckvemw Ah-bpsS amwkw `n-p-Xv A\p-h-

Ah-cnse ]mh-v A-Zm\w \S-p-Xv \-Xm-sWv Ckvemw

""temI-sa-p-ap apkvenw-I `oI-c-hm-Zn-Ifpw Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fp-am-Im

_lvssd\pw Ad_v Fan-tdvkpw '77- Pn_q-nbpw kzmX{yw t\Sn.

-bpsS IpSn-e-X-{- temI-P-\-Xsb sXn--cn-n-p--Xn A\-

""Ckvemw \Xpw ^e-{]-Z-hp-am-sW-n temIv \qdp-tIm-Sn-tbmfw

bm-\m-hn-spw Ah-c-h-Im-i-sp. ]t, kw`-hn-Xv adn-m-sWv

8. Ckvemw FXv tIh-e-samcp cmjv{Sob `c-W-hy-h am{X-

""temI-X-e-n apkvenw \mSp-I-fn ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb ]nm-m-

A-X-bp-sSbpw A[-x]-X-\-n-sbpw L\m--Im-c-n Bp

Ah-cpsS BZi hnizm-k--fn\npw hnip--amb Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-

Im-es Ncn{Xw hne-bn-cp-p Ghpw t_m[y-amIpw.

a\p-jys Pohn-X-hy-h a\p-jy-\t \nan-t-Xv?

Xhpw Chn-Ss Ia-a-\p-k-cnv AhnsS cm-in--Ifpw \n-bn-

am-tbpw. tmWnwKv Ccw A]-cn-lm-cy-amb {]iv\- krjvSn-

Imew B{K-ln-p DXvIrjvS IrXn

km[y-Xbpw e`n Pohn-X-ta-J-e-I-fn, ssZhw \n-bn hyh-v

DNn-Xa- mw-hn-[- n Adn-bm km[n-n-n-s-X- m-Wv. AdnhpIfpsS ]pXp-

You might also like