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Shear Walls PDF
Shear Walls PDF
Shear Walls 1
___________
Lateral Force
Resisting System
__________
d
h
h/d < 0.25 0.25 < h/d < 4.0 h/d >4.0
3 L = length of wall
L L
Real wall is probably between two cases; diaphragm provides some
rotational restraint, but not full fixity.
Shear Walls 3
Shear Walls 5
Effective Flange Width (5.1.1.2.3)
Effective flange width on either side of web shall be
smaller of actual flange width, distance to a movement
joint, or:
Flange in compression: 6t
Flange in tension:
Unreinforced masonry: 6t
Reinforced masonry: 0.75 times floor-to-floor wall
height
Shear Walls 6
principles.
A
Find centroid from outer flange surface
7.62in48in 3.81in 7.62in40in 20in 40in.
y 11.16in
671in 2
Elevation
I
6t=48in.
56in.
Plan
Av
Shear Walls 7
Example: Flanged Shear Wall
0.157in Em
P P 1
k
Ph 3
Ph 112in
3
112in
3Em I n Av Ev 3Em 86000in 4 305in 2 0.4 Em
Shear Walls 9
kb Bottom spandrel
f 1
6 EI kt 2kt kb kb 5 EA
hb
kt 1 kb
M t Vh
t
k 2 k k
t b k b
If hb = 0
h 3 2 kt 12h
kb 1 kt f 1
M b Vh 6 EI 2kt 1 5 EA
k t 2k t kb k b
kt 1 kt
As the top spandrel decreases in height, M t Vh M b Vh
the top approaches a fixed condition t
2 k 1 t
2 k 1
against rotation.
Qamaruddin, M., Al-Oraimi, S., and Hago, A.W. (1996). Mathematical model for lateral stiffness of shear walls
with openings. Proceedings, Seventh North American Masonry Conference, 605-617.
Shear Walls 10
Example - Shear Walls with Openings
Given: Required:
A. Stiffness of wall
B. Forces in each pier under
4ft
A B C
8ft
Shear Walls 11
1 1
k 0.0210 Et
f 47.6 / Et
Shear Walls 12
Example - Shear Walls with Openings
Pier h (ft) ht (ft) hb (ft) kt kb I (ft3) A (ft) f s f k
A 12 4 0 3 inf 0.667t 2t 308.4 18 326.4/Et 0.0031Et
B 4 4 8 1 0.5 0.667t 2t 41.6 6 47.6/Et 0.0210Et
C 4 4 8 1 0.5 0.667t 2t 41.6 6 47.6/Et 0.0210Et
f is flexural deformation; s is shear deformation
Shear Walls 14
kt 1 kb
M t Vh
t
k 2 k k
t b k b
kb 1 kt
M b Vh
kt 2kt k b k b
Shear Walls 15
Example - Shear Walls with Openings
To find axial force in piers, look at FBD of top 4ft of wall. Moment
10k direction
on piers
4ft
This 65.9k-ft moment is carried by axial forces in the piers. Axial forces are
determined from Mc/I, where each pier is considered a concentrated area.
Find centroid from left end.
y
y Ai i
A i
Shear Walls 17
B C
A 4.66k 4.66k
0.45k 7.46k-ft 4.90k 7.46k-ft
0.68k
4.45k 4.66k-ft
Shear Walls 19
Example - Shear Walls with Openings
FBDs of entire wall to obtain forces in bottom right spandrel:
10k
F x 10k 0.68k Fx 0
Fx 9.32k
F y 4.45k Fy 0
Fy 4.45k
A B C
y M z 10k (16 ft ) (4.66k ft )
x 4.45k (1 ft ) 4.45k (11 ft ) Mz 0
Mz 110.8k ft
Z
0.68k Fx=9.32k
4.45k 4.66k-ft Mz=110.8k-ft
Fy=4.45k
Shear Walls 21
Shear Walls 22
Shear Walls: Building Layout
1. All elements either need to be isolated, or will participate in carrying
the load
2. Elements that participate in carrying the load need to be properly
detailed for seismic requirements
3. Most shear walls will have openings
4. Can design only a portion to carry shear load, but need to detail rest of
structure
Shear Walls 23
Shear Walls 24
Diaphragms
Diaphragm: _____________ system that transmits
____________ forces to the vertical elements of the lateral load
resisting system.
Diaphragm classification:
______________: distribution of shear force is based on
tributary ________ (wind) or tributary _______ (earthquake)
____________: distribution of shear force is based on
relative ______________.
Typical classifications:
__________: Precast planks
without topping, metal deck
___________ without concrete, plywood
Lateral Force sheathing
Resisting System _________: Cast-in-place
concrete, precast concrete with
__________ concrete topping, metal deck
with concrete
Shear Walls 25
Rigid Diaphragms
RRi
Direct Shear: Fv V
RRi
RRi d i
Torsional Shear: Ftt Ve
RRi di2
Shear Walls 26
Diaphragms: Example
RR = 4
RR = 1
where the relative rigidity is a
RR = 5
normalized stiffness.
Required: Distribution of force
assuming:
flexible diaphragm
rigid diaphragm.
0.2 kip/ft
PLAN VIEW
Shear Walls 27
RR = 1
PLAN VIEW
Shear Walls 28
Rigid Diaphragms: Example
50 ft 50 ft
Solution: Rigid diaphragm
Wall x RR x(RR)
RR = 4
RR = 1
Wall 3
Wall 2
RR = 5
Wall 1
1 0 4 0
2 50 5 250
3 100 1 100
Total 10 350
x
Center of stiffness = 350/10 = 35 ft
Shear Walls 29
M (k-ft)
-55
Shear Walls 30
Drag Struts and Collectors
Shear forces: generally considered
to be uniformly distributed across the
width of the diaphragm.
Drag struts and collectors: transfer PLAN VIEW
load from the diaphragm to the
lateral force resisting system.
w
v v
vL/2 vL/2 vL
Shear Walls 31
Diaphragm Behavior
Three lateral force resisting systems: Length=20 ft; Height=14 ft
W24x68 W16x40
E = 1800 ksi
W14x68
W14x68
Face W16x40
shell bedding
End cells fully grouted
L 4x4x5/16 L 4x4x5/16
24 ft 24 ft
Shear Walls 32
Diaphragm Behavior
Shear Walls 33
Shear Walls
_____________ (unreinforced) shear wall (7.3.2.2): Unreinforced wall
_____________ (unreinforced) shear wall (7.3.2.3): Unreinforced wall with
prescriptive reinforcement.
Within 16 in. of top of wall Structurally connected floor and roof levels
40db or 24 in.
8 in.
8 in. 16 in.
Corners
Control
and end
joint
of walls
10 ft.
Shear Walls 34
Shear Walls
_____________ reinforced shear wall (7.3.2.4): Reinforced wall with
prescriptive reinforcement of detailed plain shear wall.
Shear Walls 35
Use specified dimensions, e.g. 7.625 in. for 8 in. CMU walls.
Shear Walls 36
Special Shear Walls: Shear Capacity
Shear Walls 37
Shear Walls 38
Maximum reinforcing (9.3.3.5)
No limits on maximum reinforcing for following case (9.3.3.5.4):
Mu
1 and R 1.5 Squat walls, not designed for ductility
Vu d v
AND
Mu Mu
1 OR Vu 3 An f m AND 3
Vu lw Vu lw
Shear Walls 39
mu P
0.64 f m b
d
As
mu y v
Uniformly distributed reinforcement
dv
f y y mu
= 1.5 ordinary walls mu y
= 3 intermediate walls
= 4 special walls
mu P
0.64 f m b
bd
As
mu y
Compression steel with area
f y min mu mu y , y Es
bd d
equal to tension steel
d
Shear Walls 40
Maximum reinforcing
Consider a wall with uniformly distributed steel:
y Cm Cs Ts P
y mu
Cm 0.8 f m 0.8 d v b
mu y
Strain mu y y y 1 y
Ts f y As
2 y
mu y y
fy 0.8fm
Portion of steel Yielded Elastic
in tension steel steel
mu mu y 1 y
Cs f y As
Steel in tension
2 mu
mu y mu
Maximum reinforcing
Ts Cs Cm P
y 0.5 y 0.5 y mu
Ts C s f y As f y As mu f y As y
mu y mu y mu y
y mu
Ts Cs f y As 0.8 f m 0.8 mu d v b P Cm P
mu y mu y
mu P
0.64bf m
d
As
mu y v
dv mu
fy y
mu y
Shear Walls 42
Maximum reinforcing, s = 4y
Shear Walls 43
Maximum reinforcing, s = 3y
Shear Walls 44
Maximum reinforcing, s = 1.5y
Shear Walls 45
Maximum Vn is:
Vn 6 Anv
f m g ( M u / Vu d v ) 0.25
Vn 4 A
nv f
m g ( M u / Vu d v ) 1.0
Vexp / Vn
Method
Mean St. Dev.
Example
Given: 10ft. high x 16 ft long 8 in. CMU shear wall; Grade 60 steel,
fm=2000psi; 2-#5 each end; #5 at 48in. (one space will actually be 40 in.);
superimposed dead load of 1 kip/ft. SDS = 0.4
Required: Maximum seismic load based on flexural capacity; shear steel
required to achieve this capacity.
Solution: Check capacity in flexure using 0.9D+1.0E load combination.
Pu = (0.9-0.2SDS)D = (0.9-0.2*0.4)(1k/ft+0.38k/ft)
= 0.82(1.38k/ft) = 1.13 k/ft
Total = 1.13k/ft(16ft) = 18.1 kips
Strength Design 48
Example
Solve for stresses, forces and moment in terms of c, depth to neutral axis.
T1 T2 T3 T4 C2 C1
8 in
c
52 in
92 in
140 in
188 in
Shear Walls 49
Example
Use trial and error to find c such that Pn = 18.1 kips/0.9 = 20.1 kips
Pn = C1 + C2 T1 T2 T3 T4
c = 14.85 inches
C1 = 97.6 kips; C2 = 15.5 kips
T1 = 37.2 kips; T2 = 18.6 kips; T3 = 18.6 kips T4 = 18.6 kips (all yielded)
Sum moments about middle of wall (8 ft from end) to find M
Mn = 37.2(188-96) + 18.6(140-96) + 18.6(92-96) + 18.6(52-96) +
97.6[96-8/2] + 15.5[96-8-(0.8*14.85-8)/2]
Mn = 13660 kip-in = 1140 kip-ft; Mu = 0.9(1140 kip-ft) = 1025 kip-ft
Seismic = Mu/h = (1025 kip-ft)/(10ft) = 102.5 kips
Strength Design 51
Example
Calculate net shear area, Anv, including grouted cells. Net area
M u / Vu d v Vu h / Vu d v 10 ft / 16 ft 0.625
Maximum Vn
Example
Top of wall (critical location for shear):
Pu = (0.9-0.2SDS)D = 0.82(1k/ft) = 0.82 k/ft
Total: 0.82k/ft(16ft) = 13.1 kips
Vnm 4.0 1.750.625 685in 2 2000 psi 0.2513.1kips 89.0kips
A 0.5 Av f y d v
Vns 0.5 v f y d v s
s Vns
If we needed to check maximum reinforcing, there are at least two ways. These
are shown on the following slides.
A live load of 1 k/ft is assumed for maximum reinforcement calculations.
Strength Design 56
Note: Did not include compression steel which is allowed when checking
maximum reinforcement.
If compression steel had been included, Pu = 299 kips
Strength Design 57
Example: Maximum Reinforcing
Find steel strain for given axial load:
a) Through trial and error (or solver), find c for given axial load
b) Determine steel strain
c) If steel strain greater than limit, OK
Note: Did not include compression steel which is allowed when checking
maximum reinforcing.
If compression steel had been included: c = 11.3 in. s = 0.0400 = 19.3y
Strength Design 58
Cannot build wall. Need to fully grout to get greater shear capacity.
Strength Design 59
Example: Special Shear Wall
Fully grouted:
Use spreadsheet to find Mn corresponding to Pn = 20.1 kips
Mn = 1156 kip-ft; Mu = 1041 kip-ft a 1.4% increase
Seismic = 104.1 kip-ft
1.25Mn = 1.25(1156 k-ft) = 1445 k-ft
Vn = Mn/h = 1445k-ft/10ft = 144.5 kips
Vn = 144.5k/0.8 = 180.6kips
Vnm 4.0 1.750.625 1494in 2 2000 psi 0.2513.1kips 194.2kips
Strength Design 60
Strength Design 61
Example: Special Shear Wall
Prescriptive reinforcement:
Minimum reinforcement in either direction: 0.0007A
Horizontal: 0.0007(120 in)(7.625 in) = 0.64 in2
Use #5s at 40 in (required spacing); total is 3 bars
3(0.31 in2) = 0.92 in2 OK
Total reinforcement: 0.002A
Vertical: 2.79in2/1494in2 = 0.00187A
Horizontal: 0.92in2/915in2 = 0.00100A
Total = 0.00187A + 0.00100A = 0.00287A OK
Strength Design 62
Example
Given: Wall system constructed with 8 in. grouted CMU (Type S mortar).
Required: Determine the shear distribution to each wall
Elevation
6t=48in
56in
a b c
Plan
Shear Walls 63
Example
Pier b Et E 7.62in
kb 0.286inE
h h
2 2
112 in 112 in
4 3 4 3
L L 64in 64in
Portion of shear load = stiffness of pier over the sum of the stiffnesses.
ka 0.157inE
Va V V 0.26V Vb = 0.48V
k 0.157inE 0.286inE 0.157inE
Deflection calculations:
k = (0.600in.)E = (0.600in.)(1800ksi) = 1080 kip/in
Reduce by a factor of 2 to account for cracking: k = 540 kip/in
Shear Walls 64
Example
Required: Design the system for a horizontal earthquake load of 35 kips,
a dead load of 1200 lb/ft length of building, a live load of 1000 lb/ft length
of building, and a vertical earthquake force of 0.2 times the dead load.
Use a special reinforced shear wall (R>1.5).
Solution: Use strength design. Check deflection.
P 35k
0.065in
k 540k / in
0.065in h
0.000579 or
h 112in 1728
Shear Walls 65
Example
Wall b: Vub = 0.48Vu = 0.48(35k) = 16.8k
D = 1.2k/ft(_____________)(1ft/12in) + 0.075ksf(112in)(64in)(1ft2/144in2) = 14.1kips
Tributary width
Shear Walls 66
Shear Walls 67
Example: Maximum Reinforcing
Check maximum reinforcing:
Axial force from load combination D+0.75L+0.525QE
L=1k/ft(104in)(1ft/12in) = 8.67kip
D+0.75L+0.525QE = 14.1k+0.75(8.67k)+0.525(0) = 20.60kip
For maximum reinforcing calculations, compression steel can be included even
if not laterally supported
For #5 bars and P = 20.60kip, c = 6.35in.. (from solver on spreadsheet)
d kd 60in 6.35in
s emu 0.0025 0.0211 10.21 y 4 y OK
kd 6.35in
Shear Walls 68
Example: Shear
M u Vu 112in
1.75 1 Use Mu/Vudv = 1.0
Vu d v Vu 64in
Shear Walls 69
Example: Shear
Mn = Mn/ = 219.1k-ft/0.9 = 243.4k-ft
V corresponding to Mn: [243.3k-ft/(112in)](12in/ft) = 26.1kips
1.25 times V: 1.25(26.1k) = 32.6kips < Vn=40.7kips OK
Shear Walls 70
Example
Wall a: Vua = 0.26Vu = 0.26(35k) = 9.1k
D = 1.2k/ft(20in+40in)(1ft/12in) + 0.075ksf(112in)(40in+48in)(1ft2/144in2) = 11.1kips
Design issues:
Flange in tension: easy to get steel; problems with max
Flange in compression: hard to get steel; max is easy
Steel in both flange and web affect max
Need to also consider loads in perpendicular direction
Need to check shear at interface of flange and web
Shear Walls 71
Example
Use load combination 0.9D+E Mu = 84.9k-ft Pu = 7.77k
Shear Walls 72
Example: Shear
M u Vu 112in
2.8 1 Use Mu/Vudv = 1.0
Vu d v Vu 40in
Shear Walls 73
Example
Section 5.1.1.2.4 requires shear to be checked at interface. Check
intersection of flange and web in walls a and c.
Shear Walls 74
Shear Walls 75