UNIVERZITET SV.

KIRIL I METODIJ SKOPJE

FAKULTET ZA ZEMJODELSKI NAUKI I HRANA

, 2012
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. 15 1000 Skopje .: (02) 3115-122 / 3161-806 /
070 318-131 : (02) 3137-013
e-mail:varus@varus.com.mk
www.varus.com.mk
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27 . -. , . -
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33 . -. , . -
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6 g 1 g .
6 g 1 g
100 g

6 g 5 g
100 g

X = 100 -16,67 = 83,33%

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%S.M. + %W = 100% %W = 100 16,67 %W = 83,33

34 . -. , . -
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21,377 %? .

36 . -. , . -
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1 ml 0,1mol/L - N :
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- 0,0075 g ;
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(%), 2 .

2.
, 25 g ,
50 ml 3,5 m1 0,1 mol/L - NaOH.
25 g ___________250 ml
X ____________ 50 ml

5g _____________3,5 ml 0,1 mol/L - Na

100 g _____________

1 m1 N _____________ 0,0067g
70 m1 N ______________ X
X = 70 0,0067 = 0,469%
= 0,47%

(ml NaOH) ml 0,1 mol/ L NaOH, ;

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45 . -. , . -
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46 . -. , . -
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0,84%,
. ml 0,1 mol/L - NaOH,
25 g , 10 ml .

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X (%)
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m2 (g)
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37, 2575 g, 40,9255 g,
37, 2581g.
:
m = 40,9255 37,2575 = 3,668 g

X (%)
m (g)
m1 (g)
m2 (g)

51 . -. , . -
, :

 5:

. 4,5402 g ,
36,2796 g, 36, 2832 g.

52 . -. , . -
, :

 6:
3,9306 g.
42,2674 g,
0,13 %. .

53 . -. , . -
, :

 9.4.2.
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525 25 C
.

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54 . -. , . -
, :

X (%)
m (g)
m1 (g)
m2 (g)
.
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0,01 g 100 g .
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% = % - %

4:
,
0,016%. 37, 2688 g,
41,0255 g, 37, 2691 g.
:
m = 41,0255 37,2688 = 3,7567 g

X (%)
m (g)
m1 (g)
m2 (g)

% = % - %

% = 0,0160,008 = 0,008 %

55 . -. , . -
, :

 7:
0,116 %,
0,15%, ,
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28, 3472 g, 28, 3580 g.

56 . -. , . -
, :

 9.4.3. HCl ()
:
525 25

HCl.

.

:
1. 10%- HCl
2. AgNO3, c (AgNO3) = 0,1 mol/L.

:
- ( 27.- );
- ( 36. );
- 105 C ( 27 );
- ( 39).

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57 . -. , . -
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525 25. , ,
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m (g)
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58 . -. , . -
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59 . -. , . -
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9.5. O NA [E]ERI

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60 . -. , . -
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;
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ml ;
- II (Fehling II) 35 g
10 g , 100 ml ;
N23;
- ;
- N24 N34;
- l.

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10-25 g .
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61 . -. , . -
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100 ml.
67 70 . ,
5 ml l ( )
8 . , .
,
Na2C03, . ,
, ,
- .
%
0,95.
0,95 1 g 0,95 g .

% = (% . - % .- .) 0,95

99,5% , . 99,5%. ,

62 . -. , . -
, :

 ,
.
1 ml 0,005 g 5,09 mg .
% 2
. ,
:
1 ml :
- 4,95 mg ;
- 5,25 mg ;
- 7,68 mg ;
- 6,46 mg ;
- 4,75 mg .

5:
, -
, 10 g , 2 ml
. , 20 ml
, - , 25 ml
.
:
10 g 250 ml
X 50 ml

2 g 250 ml
X g 50 ml

0,4 g 100 ml
X 20 ml

1 ml . 0,005 g
2 ml x

63 . -. , . -
, :

 0,08g 0,01g
100 g x
( )

-
10 g 250 ml
X 50 ml

2 g 250 ml
X 25 ml

1ml . 0,005 g
2 ml X

0,2 g ------------ 0,01 g .- .

100 g -------------------------------X

( )

% . = (% . . - % .. .) 0,95
% = (12,50 % - 5,00 %) 0,95
% = 7,50 0,95
% a = 7,13

64 . -. , . -
, :

 . 8.
, -
, 12 g 3 ml
. , 23 ml
, - 27 ml
.

65 . -. , . -
, :

 . 9.
15 g ,
26 ml , - ,
29 ml . 8,64 %,
ml .

66 . -. , . -
, :

 :
1. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. - (Lane and Eynon)
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. -
(Lane and Eynon) :
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. N23?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5.
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6.
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

: :

67 . -. , . -
, :

 : _______________
9.6. ( )

,
. .
, . ,
Cu Fe,
. ,
.

9.6.1. (Tillmans)
:
, -
, 2,6 5%
.

:
- 2,6 ;
- ( );
- 5%- ;
- ( ).

:
- ( 27.- )

:
- ( 40. ) , ( 37. ), ,
-, ( 37. ), ( 37. ),
( 37. ), ( 42.),
( 28. ).

) ) 43 ) ; )

68 . -. , . -
, :

 2,6 - :
2,6 - ( ),
0,25 g , -
1 L. -
.
.
0,100 g ,
5%- 100 ml. ,
5%- . 1ml
1 mg . , 1 ml
100
ml. 5-6 .
2,6
. , ml
ml 2,6
(F)
.

:
10-20 g .
5 ml 5%- ,
. ,
100 ml. 5%-
. -. 10 ml
100 ml. 3-4
, 2,6 -
.
, ,

, o .
, , 2
, .
mg /100 g 2 .

69 . -. , . -
, :

 6:
10 g ,
8 ml 2,6 - 0,0950.
mg /100 g
120 mg.

10 g 100ml
X 10 ml

1 g 8 ml 2,6 .
100 g

1ml 0,0950
800 mlX

76 mg/100g 100g
120 mg/100g x g

70 . -. , . -
, :

 .10.
10 g ,
6 ml 2,6 0,0950.
mg/100 g

120 mg.

71 . -. , . -
, :

 .11.
280 g 120 mg ,
. 100 g ml 2,6
, 15 g
.

72 . -. , . -
, :

 :
1. ?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

2.
(Tillmans):
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. ?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. ,
?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

: :

73 . -. , . -
, :

 : _______________
9.7.

, ,
. ,
,
.
:
- ( )
;
- , ;
- (
);
- ( .).
d- ,
,
.
Ca-
.
15.

- 60-65% ;
GRINDSTED Pectin LA 000 range -
GRINDSTED Pectin LA 100 range , 50-60% ;
- ;
- ;

-
GRINDSTED Pectin LA 200 range , 45-55% ;
- ;

-
, 30-45% ;
GRINDSTED Pectin LA 400 range - ;
- ;
-;
- ;

74 . -. , . -
, :

 16. ,

-;
SAG
GRINDSTED Pectin XSS - ;
1
ranges -

;

- 60-70%
GRINDSTED Pectin SS
Do. ;
ranges
- ;

- 60-65%
GRINDSTED Pectin MRS Do. ;
- ;

- 55-65%
;
-- ;
GRINDSTED Pectin RS
Do. - ;
ranges
-
;
- ;

GRINDSTED Pectin AMD -

range ;



GRINDSTED Pectin CF - ;

range - ;

44. SAG

1
150 SAG (1g 150 SAG 150g ,
65% ; pH 2.25-2.45; Ridgelimeter).
75 . -. , . -
, :

 17.

- ;
GRINDSTED Pectin YF range
- ;

- ;
GRINDSTED Pectin SF range
- ;

GRINDSTED Pectin GZ range - ;

- ;
GRINDSTED Pectin LC 700 range - ;
- ;

- 45-75%
;
GRINDSTED Pectin LC 900 range
- ;
- ;

9.7.1. (Ca-)
:
-,
, , .

:
- 30 mol/L HCl;
- 1%- ;
- 1%- N ( );
- 10%- HCl;
- 96%- ;
- 1%- ();
- 2 mol/L - (l2);
- 0,1 mol/L (AgNO3).
76 . -. , . -
, :

 :
- ( 27.- ), ( 36. ), 105 C
( 27 ).

:
- ( 40. ), ( 37. ), , -
, ( 37. ), ( 37. ),
( 37. ), ( 42.), ( 33.),
( 28. ), ( 41), ( ), .

45. - M

:
10-25 g .
50 ml 30 mol/L HCl 80
1 . ,
.
.
, ,
50 ml 1%-
80 30 .
, .
HCl , N . ,
, HCl ,
250 ml.
, .
100 ml 600 ml.
5 ml 10%- HCl 200 ml 96%- .
, .
-. -
. , -
,

77 . -. , . -
, :

 100 ml 1%- NH.

, .
50 ml 1%- ()
5 min 50 ml 2 mol/L - (l2). ,
5 min
-, 105
( ) 2 ,
, . ,
l- ,
l- , (AgNO3)
l- .
AgNO3,
l- . , -, ,
, .
105 0. %
, .

7:
, 25 g
. + - 40,1200 g,
+ - + 40,1500 g.
( ).
40,1500 g
-40,1200 g
0,03 g

25 g 250 ml
X 100 ml

10 g 0,03 g
100g X

(0,30%)

78 . -. , . -
, :

 ..12.
, 20 g
. + - 38,1000 g,
+ - + 38,2000 g.
(- ).

79 . -. , . -
, :

 13:
15 g , ,
0,95%. -
, ,
- 42,3600 g.

80 . -. , . -
, :

 :
1. ,
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2.
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. l-
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5.
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

: :

81 . -. , . -
, :

 : _______________
9.8.

, ,
. ,

. ,
, .

0,36%, ,
.
. , ,
, ,
.

:

.
. ,
.
-
;
- ,
.

.

:
- ;
- : , 1 : 4;
- 0,1 mol/L (KMnO4);
- .

:
- ( 27.- );
- ( 36. ).

82 . -. , . -
, :

 :
- ( 37. ), , - ( 37. ),
( 37. ), 1 L.

46. -

:
10-25 g .
250 ml.
1/3 ,
80 0 30 . ,
,
,
.
1. 10 ml 1 L,
750 ml , 20 ml 10 ml
, 1 : 4.
0,1 mol/L (KMnO4)
.
.
2. 10 ml
. 2-3 g .
80 30 .
, ,
.
1L. .

.

1ml 0,1 mol/L KMn4 4,157 mg .
mg/100g.

83 . -. , . -
, :

 8:
25 g ,
4,5 ml KMn4, 3,8 ml.
mg/100 g %.

4,5 ml 1ml 0,1 mol/L - KMn4 4,157 mg

-3,8 ml 0,7 ml

0,7 ml 2,9099 mg

25 g 250ml
X 10 ml

= 1g

1g 2,9099 mg
100 X
X=100 2,9099 =290,99 mg / 100 g

290,99 : 1000 = 0,29 %

84 . -. , . -
, :

 . 14.
30 g ,
5,4 ml KMn4, 4,8 ml.
mg/100 g %.

85 . -. , . -
, :

 15:
, ,
20 g . 0,36%
, 6,1 ml KMn4.
(ml) KMn4, .

86 . -. , . -
, :

 :
1. , ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2.
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4.
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

: :

87 . -. , . -
, :

 : _______________
9.9. ODREDUVAWE NA BELKOVIN
(Kjeldahl)

,
, .
, ,
.
,
.
,
. ,
.
0,3 %
20 %, .

:
,
(Kjeldahl), .
: , .
1. : ()
, ,
(NH3 ), .
2. : ,
, , .
3. :

.
,
( )
( ).
, ,
6,25 ,
5,70.

88 . -. , . -
, :

 ) )
47 (Kjeldahl) : ) )

:
- ;
- 0,1 mol/L ;
- ;
- 33%- NaOH;
- 0,1 mol/L NaOH.

:
- ( 27.- ).

:
- ( 37. ), ( 37. ), ( 37. ),
( 28 ), ( 33),

) )
48. : )
)

89 . -. , . -
, :

 :

:
5-20 g . j
, .

. 10-20 ml ,
,
2 .
450.
, ,
, .
, , .

.
. 50-100 ml
. 500 ml
. 200-250 ml.
, , 50 ml
0,1 mol/L .
.
. 33%- NaOH
, (50-100 ml) .
.
100 ml,
.
, NH3,
.
,

0,1 mol/L NaOH .
N
%, N 6,25
% .
1 ml 0,1 mol/L 1,4 mg 0,0014 g N.

90 . -. , . -
, :

 9:
10 g ,
, 50 ml 0,1 mol/L
H2SO4. 35 ml 0,1 mol/L
NaO. % 2 .

50 ml 0,1 mol/L p-p H2SO4

-35 ml 0,1 mol/L p-p NaOH
15 ml .

1 ml 0,1 mol p-p H2SO4 0,0014 g N

15 ml 0,1 mol p-p H2SO4 x

10g 0, 021 g N
100 g X

0,21 % N 6,25 = 1,31 %

%N=

% = 0,21 6,25 = 1,31%

91 . -. , . -
, :

 16:
8 g ,
, 40 ml 0,1 mol/L
H2SO4. 25 ml 0,1 mol/L
NaO. %, 2 .

92 . -. , . -
, :

 17:
7 g, 5,64
%. 50 ml 0,1 mol/L H2SO4,
NaOH H2SO4,
H2SO4.

93 . -. , . -
, :

 :
1. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. ,
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3.
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. :
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6.
.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
8. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

: :

94 . -. , . -
, :

 : _______________
9.10. ODREDUVAWE NA MAST
(oxhlet)



. ,
, ,
.

:
, , ,
.
, .
,
(oxhlet).

:
- ( )

:
- ( 27.- ), ( 36. ), 105 C
( 27 ).

49. (oxhlet)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.


7. 6

8.
9.
10. -
11. -

95 . -. , . -
, :

 50. (oxhlet) (
).

:
- , -, ( 37. ), .

51


,

,

.

:
5-10 g
.
,
105 2 .
, :
- ;
-
, .

96 . -. , . -
, :

 3 , :
; - ; -
( 49.).
, 105
.
.
,
.
. , ,
, .
.
3-6 , .
, ,
.
105 . ,
.

10:
9 g . 74,5678
g, 76,5678 g.
% 2 .

76,5678 g.
- 74,5678 g.
2,00 g

9 g 2,00 g
100 g X

97 . -. , . -
, :

 18:
% 2 ,
6 g , 61,5678 g,
65,5678 g.

98 . -. , . -
, :

 19:
, 5 g ,
46,82%. 58,3684
g. .

99 . -. , . -
, :

 :
1. o
(oxhlet) ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3.
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

: :

100 . -. , . -
, :

 : _______________
9.11. ODREDUVAWE NA GOTVARSKA
(Mohr)

(Mohr).

Na N23, .

:
gN3 NaCl
( 52. ) gCl NN3. gN3 2CrO4
, ( 52. ) g2CrO4.
gN3 , l- ,
gN3 2CrO4, ,
. , ,
, 2CrO4
2(CrO4)2.

) )
52. ) gCl NN3, ) g2CrO4.

:
- 1%- ;
- 0,1 mol/L NaO;
- 1%- 2r4;
- 0,1 mol/L gN.

:
- ( 27.- ), ( 36. ).

101 . -. , . -
, :

 :
- ( 37. ), , -,
( 37. ), ( 37. ),
( 37. ).

:
,
. 10-20 g
250 ml 1/3 .
80 30 . ,
.
,
, .
25-50 ml 100 ml. 3-5 1%-
, 0,1 mol/L
NaO .
2r4 0,1 mol/L
gN . ,
, ml gN Nl
.
25-50 ml 2r4
0,1 mol/L gNO3, .
ml
ml gN , ml
. %,
, :
1ml 0,1 mol/L gN o 5,845 mg NaCl 0,00584 g NaCl.

53.
(Mohr)

102 . -. , . -
, :

 11:
,
10 g , 6 ml 0,1 mol/L
AgNO3. %,
.

10 g 250 ml
25 ml

1 g 6 ml 0,1mol/L p-p AgNO3

100 g

ml

1 ml 0,1 mol/L p-p AgNO3 = 0,00584 g NaCl

1 ml 0,00584 g NaCl
600 ml X

103 . -. , . -
, :

 20.
,
14 g , 5.5 ml 0,1 mol/L
AgNO3. %,
.

104 . -. , . -
, :

 21:
, 3,35%.
10,6 ml 0,1 mol/L AgNO3,
.

105 . -. , . -
, :

 :
1.
(Mohr).
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. , , ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. ,
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4.
(Mohr).
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

: :

106 . -. , . -
, :

 : _______________
9.12. -

,
, ,
, ,
, ( ),
() . , ,
,
, ,
.
,
.
, , .
, , -
, ,

, - .
, , .
, 250 mg/L.
,
,
Spectroquant Picco ( 54.). ,
: , , ,
pH.
54. - Spectroquant
- Picco
Picco Cl2/ClO2/CyA/pH/O3
(5 )

,
(. . 46/2008),
, :
- (Pb) 0,01 mg/L;
- (Zn) 3,0 mg/L;

107 . -. , . -
, :

 - (Cu) 2,0 mg/L;

- (F) 1,2 mg/L;
- (Hg) 0,001 mg/L;
- (As) 0,01 mg/L;
- (Sb) 0,005 mg/L;
- (NO3) 50,0 mg/L;
- (NO2) 0,03 mg/L .
, ,
: (AAS), (
57.), , Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) . Spectroquant UV-VIS
Pharo ( 55.), 190 1100 nm
.

.
(AQA - Analytical Quality Assurance),
.

55. Spectroquant UV-VIS

Pharo 300
(www.merck-chemicals.com/photometry)

Spectroquant
: (N2), (Al), (Cu), (Fe), (Cd),
(Sn), (Ca), (Mn), (Mg), (NO3), (NO2),
(Pb), (SO4), (SO3), , ,
(F), (PO4), (Cl2) , pH, (CN), (Zn) .
, Reflectoquant plus tests,
, ,
.
56. Reflectoquant / plus 10
Tests ( plus)

108 . -. , . -
, :

 ) ) )
57.
) Aquaquant; ) Microquant; ) Aquamerck

9.12.1.
()
, .
,
,
(
)
.
,
( )
70 %-
, 3-5 .
, ,
.

58.
, ,
, , 250 ml
.
,
.

109 . -. , . -
, :

 , ,
250 ml, 0,15 ml, 1000 ml, 0,6 ml
5 %- (Na2S2O3), .

9.12.2.
, , ()
.
.)
. : , ,
, ., ,
, . 40
.

:
1000 ml 500 ml , , ,
. , .

.)
. ,
, .
, ,
NaCl, . -
, .
:
15 30 .
.

.) () . ,
, ,
, .
.
:
,
, 10 cm.
, , ,
.

110 . -. , . -
, :

 .) .
.
, .
: , , , , ,
.

9.12.3. pH
,
pH. pH 7,2-7,6,
6 9.
pH ,
.
pH , pH ,
Spectroquant UV-VIS Pharo 300 ( 55.) .

9.12.4.
,
.
,
,
,
.
(-) - (-).
,
:
= 0 = 0 ;
= ;
= 0, 0 ;
2 = ;
2 ;
2 = .
, ,
. ,
() (g),
(, , , , ).

111 . -. , . -
, :

 ,
(D) ( ).
:
- -
.
- - ,
.

, (D).
, :
1. 0 4 D
2. 4 8 D
3. 8 12 D
4. 12 18 D
5. 18 30 D
6. , 30 D
K 14 D.
1 D = 10 mg CaO/L .

9.12.4.1.

:
- 0,1 mol/L HCl;
- 0,1%- .

:
- ( 37. ), ( 37. ),
( 37. ).

:
100 ml ,
2-4 .
, 0,1 mol/L HCl .

112 . -. , . -
, :

 ml HCl,
1 L , :
= 10
:
ml/L
HCl (ml).

:
- 0,1 mol/L HCl;
- 0,1%- - .

:
- ( 37. ), ( 37. ),
( 37. ).

:
100 ml ,
2 -. 0,1
mol/L HCl .
ml HCl,
1 L , :
= 10
:
- ml/L
HCl (ml).

9.12.4.2.
:
- 1%- - ;
- 0,1 mol/L HCl;
- (0,1 mol/L NaOH 0,1 mol/L Na2CO3
1:1)

113 . -. , . -
, :


:
- ( 40. ), ( 37. ), , -
, ( 37. ), ( 37. ),
( 37. ).

:
100 ml ,
. 3-5 -,
0,1 mol/L 1 . ,
.
, ,
l .
20 ml
. ,
250 ml. ,
-. 10-30 ml,
, 125 ml
3-5 - 0,1
mol/ L HCl .
0,1 mol/ L NaOH Na 2CO3
1:1. 1000 ml
2,8 mg- ,
:

0
D = (20 F - 2 V(HCl) F) 2,8

:
F= ( 1)
V=

12:
, 100 ml 2,9 ml 0,1
mol/L 1.
, 125 ml 8,8 ml HCl.

114 . -. , . -
, :

 1) 100 ml 2,9 ml 0,1 mol/L p HCl

1000 ml X

29 ml 0,1 mol/L p HCl

2) 0D = ( 20 1-2 8,8 1) 2,8 mgCaO

0
D = ( 20 - 17,6) 2,8 = 2,4 2,8 = 6,72 0D

6,72 0D

22.
, 100 ml 1,5 ml 0,1
mol/L 1.
, 250 ml 9,8 ml HCl.

115 . -. , . -
, :

 :
1.
:___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. ,
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. .
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7. K ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

: :

116 . -. , . -
, :

 : _______________
9.13.

() ,
.
. :
-
-
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
.
, .

. ,
,
. ,
,
. ,

.

9.13.1.
, , 1%-
,
, ,
. ,
.

9.13.2.
1%-
(22) , ,
, .

117 . -. , . -
, :

 9.13.3.
,
.
.
.
,
, Merckoquant Peroxidase Test ( 57.)
.
, ,
, , 1%- ,
1%- (22).
,
.

59. - erckoquant Peroxidase Test:

:
1. ()?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. ?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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3. ?
__________________________________________________________________
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118 . -. , . -
, :

 4. .
__________________________________________________________________
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5. .
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6. ?
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7. .
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: :

119 . -. , . -
, :

 : _______________
10.

,
:
, , , .

, , (. .3/2007).
, ,
1000 g , 200 g,
75 g . ,
60% , ,

. ,
,
( , )
.
,
.
(
. .3/2007) :
) ..... g 100 g, ,
,

) ..... g/100 g,
20
, 3% .


.
10 mg/kg,
,
.
: ,
, ,
.
, .
, ( 0,5 g),
.

120 . -. , . -
, :

 .
.

10.1.
100 kg , .
67%
6% , 61%
. , ,
0,75%.
e :
- () 10%
0,5% .
- () 12% 0,6% ;
- () 15% 1% .
:
- 60%;
- 30%;
- 10%.

:
- - 60% 10% 0,5%
- - 30% 12% 0,6%
- - 10% 15% 1%

100 g , 67%.
100 g 67%
- 6%
- 61%

100 g 6 g
60 g

121 . -. , . -
, :

 100 g 6 g
30 g

100 g 6 g
10 g

( kg) :
100 kg 10 %
3,6 %

100 kg 12 %
1,8 %

100 kg 15 %
0,6 %

122 . -. , . -
, :

10.2.

,
, , ..
. ,
,
.
/ :

X = [(100 B) + (A C)] / D

:
X / (kg)
A (kg)
B (kg)
C () (%)
D (%)

:
( : ) = 45 : 55,
() 10% / (D) 67%,
() :

X = [(100 55) + (45 10)] / 67 = 88,8 kg

, 100 - 88,8 kg = 11,2 kg - .

, 100 kg ,
:
A (100 / X) = 50,7 kg -
B (100 / X) = 61,9 kg -
:
= (50,7 + 61,9 ) 100 = 12,6 kg

123 . -. , . -
, :

 , () ,
, ,
100 kg , :

A = (E / C) 100

A (kg)
C (%)
E (%)

:
C=8%
E=6%
A = (6 / 8) 100 = 75 kg
, 100 kg 6%
, 75 kg 8% 67 6 = 61 kg
, (75 + 61) 100 = 36 kg .

124 . -. , . -
, :

 23:
, 53 : 47.
500 kg
68 %, 12%?

125 . -. , . -
, :

 24:
,
. 17%,
12% .

126 . -. , . -
, :

 :
1. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. 1000 g
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3.
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

: :

127 . -. , . -
, :

 : _______________
11.

(. .. .32/2006),
, , ,
, , ,
, , . ,
,
. ,
, ,
:
- , ,
, 15 g .
- , ,
, 150 g .
, ,
, 150 g .
,
,
, g/L.
, /
3 g ,
.
, (. .. .32/2006),
/
, , ,
. /
, , 20%
.
, ,
: ... %
.
,
. ,
,
,
( , ) .
,

128 . -. , . -
, :


( ).

:
100 kg
12% 10 % .
0,8% ,
:
- 13%
- 0,9 %
35% ,
.
100 g-----------------12 g
35 g -------------------

100 kg ---------------13%
--------------------- 4,2 %

100 kg ---------------0,9%
32,31 kg--------------- x

0,8 0,29 = 0,51%

32,31 kg 12 %
0,51 kg -4,2 %
+7,8 kg 7,8%
40,62 kg

100 g (59,38 kg).

129 . -. , . -
, :

 :
1. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
3. , ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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4. ?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5.
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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6. ,
?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
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: :

130 . -. , . -
, :

:
1. . , ,
, , 2009;
2. . , ,
, ,
, 2001;
3. D. Skroza, I. Generali, V. Katalini, Skripta za vjebe, Tehnologija mediteranskog
voa i povra, Kemijsko-tehnoloki fakultet, Split, 2010;
4. N. Dobrievi, S. Mileti, Praktikum iz predmeta Prerada voa i povra, Agronomski
fakultet sveuilita u Zagrebu, 1998;
5. , ,
(. .3/2007);
6.
(. .. .32/2006);
7. http://www.varus.com.mk/
8.

131 . -. , . -
, :

CIP - ".
",

664.8/.9(076.5)

,
[ ] : /
, -. - :
". ",
, 2015

(URL): http://www.ukim.edu.mk/e-izdavastvo
- , 131 .. -
. - 09.07.2015. -
: . 131

ISBN 978-9989-43-380-1
1. -, []
) -
COBISS.MK-ID 98986506