:

:

:
:

:

.. ,
..


,

- -

CIP -
. ,
634.232:631.147(035)
631.147:634.232(035)
/ [
, ]. - :
, , 2007.
- 50 . : . ; 20
ISBN 978-9989-2799-1-1
1. , [ ] 2. , [ ]
) - -
COBISS.MK-ID 71125258

:
.. , ..

- -
-

..

..

..

..

..

..

1. .................................................................................... 8
2. ..................................................................... 10

2.1 - ..........

2.2. - ..................

2.2.1. .................................

2.2.2. .............................

10
11
12
12

3. ....................... 13
4. ...................... 13
5. ............................................................. 14

5.1. - ............................................ 15
5.2. .......................................... 15

6. ................................................... 17

6.1. ..........................................

6.2. .....................................................................

6.3. ............................................................

6.4. ..........................

6.4.1. ....................................................

6.5. ...........................................................

6.6. ........................................................................

17
18
18
18
18
21
22

7.
................................... 23

7.1. ........................................

7.2. ........................................

7.2.1.

...........................................

7.2.2.

...........................................

23
23
25
28

8. ................................................................... 31
9. ............................................................................... 33

FOREWORD

As a part of previously established cooperation between International
Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies, Bari, Italy and
Macedonian Ministry of Agriculture, forestry and water economy a project
named as BIO 84 took place in 2007-Training of technical experts in support
of organic agriculture and rural development in SEE countries.

Several activities were undertaken in order to support the development
of organic agriculture in 5 Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina,
Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia). One of them was the development
of Standards for production of certain crops based upon the principles of
organic agriculture. Every country made decision for which crops will produce
the standards, and in the case of Macedonia these are the selected crops: apple,
cherry & sour cherry, plum, strawberry, wine grape, tomato, potato, sweet
pepper, cabbage and olive.

The team that worked on the development of the standards, whishes
to extend deepest appreciation to the IAMBari staff for the enormous support
given to the team, in all of the stages of the Project.

1.

,
. ,
,

.

( ),
,
,
. ,

.
, ,
, .


,
.
,

.
,
,
- ,
, ,
;
;
/ ,
.

,
:
- ?
- ?
8

,
.

,
.

2.
,
:


( ,
, , .)
.

.
2.1 -

,
-,
, .
,
:


(,
) ,



.
, ,

.
10

1.
e a ,
:
;
( 3%
), ;
;

.
2.2 -
:

;
.

11

2.2.1

80-100 cm
,

pH

6.5-8.0
2.2 mS/cm
2 g/l

500 m .

2.2.2

,
/
.
12

3.

,
, ,
.

.

,
-.

.

4.
:
;

:
Prunus Mahaleb ();
Prunus Avium ( );
Gizela 5

.
Prunus Mahaleb ()

Prunus Mahaleb ()
. ,
.
. ,
. Phitophtora spp.
13

Prunus Avium ( )

Prunus Avium ( ) , ,
.
.
. ,
,
, .

Gizela 5

, .

.

5.

.
, ,
,
.

:
;
;
;
;
;
.

,
,
.

,
() 15%
.
. ,

3-5 / ha .
14

5.1 -

Early Burlat ( )
Van ()
Bing ()
Stella ()
Sunburst (`)
Drogan`s Yellow ( )
Ohridska crna ( )
Lambert ()
Germersdorfer ()
Lapins ()

0
+18
+18
+18
+19
+20
+20
+20
+23
+24

5.2


, ,
. .
. .
( 7 .) .
. , ,
-. , ,
. .
40-45 .
.

, .
, .
. .
Bing Lambert. Victor
. , ,
15

, . ,
, , .
.
, , . 18
. ,
.

,
. , , ,
. : Van, Deacon Republican.
, ,
Van. , .
, , , .
. 50 .
, ,
.

,
, .
e . .
. ,
Bing, Van Lambert.
,
( 7 .) . ,
, .
, , .
. Van,
Lambert.

`
, , .
. .
. .
. - .
, . ,
.
16

.
.
, ,
, .
, . ,
.. ,
,
.
.
.

6.
6.1

.
(Colt),
. 4,5 4,5 6 6 m,
.
, ,
. ,
: 3,5 3,5 m ( ) 4 4 m.

,
.
. ,
-
. 3-4
,

.

17

6.2

, ( .).
,
,
3-4 .
,
,
.

6.3

,
(
), . ,
. ,
. ,
, .
,
10-15%,
20-25% .

,
(3-4/ha).

6.4
6.4.1

,

.

5
:
18

;
;
;
;
;
.

,
1
.
,
(, ,
...).

, (
, , )
.

:
( ),
(),
)
. ,
, .
3-4
;
( ,
, , )
,
;

,
.

, .
19

. ,

,
;

,
(
). . (
),
50-100 g/ha ;
.

, ..
( ,

, ).



, ,
,
. , ,

,
.


1:

I. :
a. : 40 kg/ha I 60 kg/ha II .

1 , /

20

II. :
a. :

130 kg/ha

60 kg/ha,
b. . :

60-80 kg/ha P2O5 170-200 kg/ha 2


170 kg N /ha.
6.5


.

,
2 .
,
, 1.500-2.000 m3/ha.
.

e 5 :

pH




SAR

2

6,5-8,2
< 1,5 mS/cm
< 1,5 g/l
< 5 meq/l
< 2200 meq/l
< 10
< 120 ppm
21

6.6
,
.
,
(` ).
,
. (
).
.
, ,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
,
, ,
( ).

22

7.

7.1



()
,
,

.
(, , ) ,

.
,
,
,
.

:
1.
(GAP) ,

;
2.
, .

7.2


. ,
, , , . ,

,
23

. ,

.

,

.
, ,

.

,

. , ,

, ,

.

,
:
;
;
e
: ,
, ;
;
( );
(, ),
;
,


.

24

7.2.1

,
,

(Monilia laxa)

(Stigmina
carpophyla)

(Blumeriella jaapii)

;




;



;

;

.
,

.

;

.
,

.

.

(4-5).



/

(4-5).



/
.

(4-5).



/
.

25

(Phytophtora spp.)

;
;

.

,
(Monilia laxa)

, .
,
. ,
.
,
. ,
,
.
.
,
.
( ), .

10 C .
.
.

26

(Stigmina carpophyla)

, . ,
( 1 mm )
, ( 3 mm ),

. ,
, .


, . ,
,
-.

,
, . ,

.



.
, ,
.

,
, ,
. , ` 2 C.

27

7.2.2

(Myzus cerasi)

(Rhagoletis
cerasi)

(
1 2
,
).


,

.

(Operophtera
brumata)

,

.

(Scolytus
rugulosus)

28

(4-5).

/
.
(4-5).

/
.

(Cpanodis
tenebrionis)

(-)


;



.

,

(Myzus cerasi)

2 mm, ,
. ,
, .
, -
, . ,
, ,
. , ,
- , . ,
.

(Rhagoletis cerasi)

(3,5-5 mm).

, . , 4
, .
, 4-6 mm .


29

. ,
,
. 10-15 ,
. 50-80 ,
,
. 6-12 .
30 ,
, ,
.

.

( ).
,
.

30

8.

31

32

9.
1


.

Cd
Hg
Pb
Zn
Cr
Ni
Cu
Mo
As
Co
(
)

mg/kg
0,8
0,8
50,0
150
50
30
50
10
10
30
1,0

33

2


.

; ;

.

.

.

.

.

.

34

.

.

.

(,
)

/
.


.

.

.

.

,
.

mg/kg: : 0,7; :
70; : 25; : 45; :
200; : 0,4; (): 70;
:0 (*
12>mg/kg).
.


.
35

(
,
).

(,
.)

12>

()

36

:
-
-

-

-
-
-


-
-
( ,
)
-
-

:

mg/kg: 0 (*
12>mg/kg) - 12>
: 0 12>

( . ,
,
.)

37

< 12 -

:
1. ,
, ,

2.
/
3. .


.

90 mg/kg 25.

()

38

90 mg/kg.

(>7,5).


.

(,
.)

.



.

(, ,
.)

( .
,

.)

.


.

( .
)

.


.

39

()

.


.

< 12 -

.
.

()

(6 >).


.

40

3

.

Cd
Hg
Pb
Mo
As
Co
Ni
Cu
Cr
Zn

mg/kg
0,7
0,7
70
10
10
50
42
70
70
210

2 3 7 8 -
3 4 3 4 -

( ) ,
( ),
( ,
, )
+-

mg/kg
0,0001
0,005
0,05
0,02
0,025

41

4

.

, ,

Azardirachta indica
(Neemm)

,



.

.

(*)
(*
12>mg/kg)

(*)

(*
12>mg/kg)

,

.

(
) Nicotiana
tabacum

,
(. , )
(. ).

.

.

42

(.
,
,
, )

, ,

Chrysanthemum
cinerariaefolium

, .

Quassia amara

Deris spp.
Lonchocarpus spp.
Terphrosia spp.

.


.

43

5


.

,
,

(, )
. Bacillus thuringiensis
.

44

6


.

, ,

, .

.

.

.
.

(
Deltametion Lambada
Cyhalothrin)

.
,
Batrocera olae Ceratitis
capitata.


.

45

7


.

, ,

(3)

,
,

,

.


.
6 kg .

()

( )

, , .

, .

46

, ,
, ,
(. ).
.


.

, .
,
.

, , .

47

48

49

50