FORCE AND ACCELERATION

Dynamics - BDA 20303

Kinetics Of Particles
In part 1, we have studied kinematics aspect of rectilinear and curvelinear
motion analysed purely in its path of motion without considering the nature
of the particle representing the body with mass.
In this chapter, we will discuss the system of particles with combination of
the knowledge of force.
Newtons 2nd Law
When a system is acted upon by a force F, the force and the acceleration of
the particle must satisfy the relation of F = ma.

If the mass is subjected to one force, as in Figure 3.1, the direction of motion
of particle follows the direction of the force, F.

If simultaneous force acting on a particle, an equivalent force can be replace.

The magnitude of the equivalent force will be the resulting force. Refer figure
3.2.

Newton equation in general for

F q 1 Fq ma
n

simulateneous forces;
Using cartesian coordinate, the resultant force vector F can be composed
into x and y components;
FRx F1x F2 x Fnx
F .....
FRy F1 y F2 y F ny

where n = number of force acting on the particle

The Newton equation will be in a form of 2 cartesian components

n Fqx
x

a x thus, q 1 x
a
F m n m m
a y q 1 Fqy a y y
When it is applied to trajectory motion system, then initial condition

n
x0 q 1
Fqx 0
thus,

n
y g Fqy mg
q 1
For an n-t coordinate system, all vector forces and accelerations follow the
n-t axes, i.e
n Fqt at
q 1
F n m
q 1 Fqn an
In terms of individual components, it can be independently taken in account

n
q 1
Fqt mR
v2
q 1 qn
n
F m mR 2

R
Similar to n-t system, the magnitude of individual forces follows the r- axes.
n Fq a
q 1
F n m
q 1 Fqr ar

In terms of individual forces,

n
q 1
Fq m R 2 r



n
q 1
F qr m r R 2

Type Of Forces
In engineering applications, the
occurence of force can be clasified
into several groups;
a) External Force
This type of force is purely given
from external to a body resulting in a
body motion. Figure 3.3 a man pull
a truck. The truck is said to being
externally forced to move.
b) Force generated by Gravity

Any object with mass and under the influence of earth gravitational system
MUST have internal force that is weight. The direction of weight is vertical
downward direction of earth surface.
c) Force Contact Surface

When an object touches another, a normal force will be generated. The

direction of the normal force is perpendicular to the surface as in Figure 3.5
d) Friction Force

When an object moves relative to a fixed rough surface, apart from normal
force, the interaction of the motion with the surface creates a friction force
perpendicular to the normal force.

For a flat surface, the friction force id opposite the direction with the motion.
The friction force depend on the coefficient of friction, of the surface.
The relationship of motion force, F, friction force and is depicted in Figure 3.6
Sample Problems
Solution