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Về các định lý cơ bản của giải tích hàm trên các không gian bị chặn địa phương PDF
Về các định lý cơ bản của giải tích hàm trên các không gian bị chặn địa phương PDF
MC LC
Mc lc 2
M u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
M U
Bi Quang Trung
5
CHNG 1
1
v b chn a phng. Bi v Bn = {x E : kxk < }, n = 1, 2, ... l
n
c s ln cn gm cc tp li, b chn ca E. Hn na, ngi ta chng
minh c kt qu quan trng sau:
kxk = |x|p , x R.
kxk = kx y + yk 6 kx yk + kyk.
Suy ra
kxk kyk 6 kx yk. (1.1)
Mt khc
Suy ra
kx yk 6 kxk kyk. (1.2)
11
Chng minh. R rng (a) (b) v (c) (d). Ta chng minh (b) (c).
Nu A lin tc ti 0. Khi , tn ti r > 0 sao cho BE [0, r] c nh qua
1
x
A nm trong BF [0, 1]. Khi , vi x 6= 0 th r p 1 BE [0, r] v do
kxk p
1 x
kA(r p 1 )k 6 1.
kxk p
Suy ra
q
kA(x)k 6 M kxk p ,
13
h 1i pq
trong M = . R rng x = 0 bt ng thc trn lun ng. V
r
vy (c) c chng minh.
Cui cng ta ch cn chng minh (c) ko theo (a). Nu (c) ng th
p
kA(x) A(y)k 6 M kx yk q
x
kAk = sup kA 1 k = sup kA(y)k.
x6=0 kxk p kyk=1
Cui cng, t
kA(x)k kA(x)k
sup q > sup q > sup kA(x)k
xE\{0} kxk p kxk61,x6=0 kxk p kxk=1
ktAk = sup ktA(x)k = sup |t|q kA(x)k = |t|q sup kA(x)k = |t|q kAk
kxk=1 kxk=1 kxk=1
Vy A lin tc.
Vi mi > 0, tn ti N N sao cho
kAm An k <
vi mi m, n > N . Khi , vi mi x E ta c
p
k(An A)(x)k = lim k(An Am )(x)k < kxk q
m
kAk = kA0 k.
Suy ra
q q
kA0 (x)k 6 kAk lim kxn k p = kAkkxk p
kAk = kA0 k.
d 6 kx0 y0 k 6 d + .
R rng
x 0 y0
y= 1
/ M,
kx0 y0 k p
bi nu ngc li th y0 M . Ta c kyk = 1 v vi mi
1
x0 = x0 + kx0 y0 k p x
v x0 M ta c
x y
0 0
ky xk =
1 x
kx0 y0 k p
1 1
= ky0 x0 k > ky0 x0 k
kx0 y0 k d+
d
> =1 .
d+ d+
V ty nn ta chn c b sao cho < . Ta nhn c iu
cn chng minh.
18
CHNG 2
2.1. nh l Hahn-Banach
f (x) 6 q(x) vi mi x M.
vi mi x E. Nu = 1 th ta nhn c nh l Hahn-Banach c
in.
f1 (x) 6 q(x)
vi mi x M1 . Vi mi y1 , y2 M ta c
f (y1 ) f (y2 ) = f (y1 y2 ) 6 q(y1 y2 ) 6 q(y1 + b y2 b)
6 [q(y1 + b) + q(y2 b)].
Suy ra
q(y2 b) f (y2 ) 6 q(y1 + b) f (y1 ). (2.1)
6 6 .
Khi , vi mi y M ta c
f1 (x) 6 q(x)
21
vi mi x M1 .
Nu codimM = n th lp li qu trnh xy dng trn n ln ta nhn
c m rng tuyn tnh f tha mn yu cu
f(x) n f = q(x)
vi mi x E.
|f (x)| 6 q(x) vi mi x M.
vi mi x E. Nu = 1 th ta nhn c nh l Hahn-Banach c
in.
22
2.1.5 H qu. Cho f l phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn khng gian
con ng M ca F -khng gian b chn a phng E sao cho codimM =
n. Khi , tn ti phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn E tha mn f = f
trn M v
kf kM 6 kfkE 6 n kf kM .
vi mi x E. T suy ra f lin tc v
kfkE 6 kf kM .
R rng
kfkE > kkM = kf kM .
1 6 kfkE 6 n ,
1
f = trn M v f(b) = d p trong d = inf{ky bk : y M }. c bit,
nu = 1 th kfk = 1 vi mi khng gian con ng M .
Chng minh. Gi M1 l khng gian con sinh bi M v b. Trn M1 ta xc
nh nh x
1
f (x) = f (y + b) = d p
vi x = y + b M1 , y M v K. D thy, f l nh x tuyn tnh.
By gi, t M ng suy ra d > 0, v do f 6= 0. Vi = 0 ta nhn
1
c f = 0 trn M . Vi = 1 v b 6= 0 ta c f (b) = d p . Vi 6= 0 ta c
y
M . Do
1 1 y 1 1 1
|f (x)| = ||d p = inf ky bk p 6 k bk p = ky + bk p = kxk p .
yM
T suy ra f b chn trn M1 v kf kM1 6 1. Tip theo ta chng
minh kf kM1 > 1. Tht vy, theo tnh cht ca cn di ng tn ti
dy {yn } M sao cho kyn bk d. t xn = yn b. Khi f (xn ) =
1
f (yn b) = d p . Ta c
1 1
|f (x)| |f (xn )| dp dp
kf kM1 = sup 1 > 1 = 1 1 =1
xM1 kxk p kxn k p kxk p d p
kf kM 6 kfkE 6 n kf kM
tc l
1 6 kfkE 6 n .
Chng minh kt thc.
24
2.2. nh l nh x m
Chng minh. Vi mi n = 1, 2, .. t
1 1
Bn = {x E : kxk < } = BE (0, )
2n 2n
v 1
Sn = A(Bn ) = A BE (0, n ) .
2
T E = n>1 nB1 v A l ton nh suy ra
BF (0, r) S 1 S 1 S 1 21q = S 0 ,
1
trong S0 = 2 q S1 . Suy ra BF (0, r) S 0 v
1 r
2 q BF (0, ) S 1
2
25
bi v
1
BF (0, r) = r q BF (0, 1).
P P 1 P
T n=1 kxn k < n=1 2n
= 1, suy ra chui n=1 xn hi t ti im
thuc x BE (0, 1) v
X
A(x) = A( xn ) = y.
n=1
r
Do y S0 . Suy ra BF (0, ) S0 . Tng t, ta c
2
r
BF (0, ) Sn (2.4)
2n+q+1
By gi, ta chng minh A l nh x m. Cho U l tp m ty ca E.
Khi , vi mi x U v y = A(x), tn ti n sao cho x + Bn U . Suy
ra
y + Sn A(U ).
T Sn cha ln cn ca 0 (do (2.4)) suy ra A(U ) l ln cn m ca y.
Do A(U ) m.
sup{kAk : A B} 6 M.
sup{kAk : A(x) B} 6 Mx .
27
kAk k < M, k I.
px1
kAk (y)k = kAk 1 k 6 1.
kxk p
Suy ra p
kxk q
kAk (x)k 6
p := Mx
q
vi mi k I. Bt ng thc hin nhin ng vi x = 0. Vy ta thu
c (b).
28
vi mi k I. V vy
2n
kAk kq 6 q =M
rp
vi mi k I, bi v
q
kAk (x)k 6 kAk kq kxk p .
Ta thu c
1
(2n) q 1
kAk k 6 1 = Mq
r p
vi mi k I.
p
(c) (a). Cho > 0 v = . Khi , vi kxk < q , chng ta c
M
q
kAk (x)k 6 M kxk p <
vi mi x E. Vy A lin tc.
30
Kt lun