HIGH IMPEDENCE BUSBAR PROTECTION

High Impedance Bus bar Protection

Two type of relays

1. Voltage Operated
2. Current Operated

Basic circuit of High Impedance Bus bar Protection

CURRENT OPERATED

VOLTAGE OPERATED
Stabilizing voltage

The voltage developed across the CT secondary during maximum fault condition.

Vs ≥ If * ( Rct + (2 * RL))

IF - Maximum fault current

Rct - CT secondary Resistance

RL - Lead resistance of cable

The maximum fault current (IF )

The maximum fault current (IF ) or Maximum short circuit current is the base value for
design the substation system. The Equipment specifications and relay settings are
calculated based on the Maximum fault current value of the system.
The Maximum fault current is specified in the standard for each system voltage

For Example : In SEC standard TES - P-119.02 CLAUSE 8.2.4

SYSTEM VOLTAGE SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

380 kV 63kA
230 kV 63kA
115 kV 40 kA
34.5 kV 25 kA
13.8 kV 21 kA

Consider 380kV system

IF - 60kA

If - Maximum fault current in CT secondary = 21 A for CT 3000/1 Tap selection

Rct - CT secondary Resistance

Rct can get from the CT specification

Consider 3000/1 Tap used for Bus bar protection and Rct = 4.65 ohms

RL - Lead resistance of cable

Example:

6 Sqmm cable RL = 0.00308 ohm/meter at 20 dec C

RL at 75 dec C = RL ( 1+ ∞ 20 (T2-T1))

Consider length = 500m

RL at 75 dec C =1.88 ohms

Stabilizing voltage

Vs ≥ IF * ( Rct + (2 * RL))

Vs = 21 X ( 4.65 + ( 2 X 1.88 ))

= 177 volts

Consider 20% Margin

= 177 x 1.2 = 211.932 volts

Hence select Vs = 275 volts

Therefore in maximum fault current the voltage developed across the CT secondary at
the relay end is 275 V.

VOLTAGE OPERATE RELAY (MFAC - AREVA)

Calculate voltage actually need to operate the relay or total voltage drop in the
secondary circuit during the Maximum fault condition
Is = Total secondary current drop

Is = CT Magnetizing current + CT supervision relay coil current ( MVTP) + Protection

relay coil
current for set value (MFCA SETTING RANGE 25-325 V) + Metrosil leakage current

= Im + I mvtp +Ir + Imetrosil

Consider 8 CTs are connected parallel

= (0.005 x 8) + 0.003 + 0.03 + 0.018

Is = 0.091 A

This is the secondary current drop during the fault condition. In other words this is the
current enough to operate the protection relay.

Convert this current to Primary value in 3000/1 ratio CT

Ip = Is x 3000 = 273 Amps

Voltage for 63000A is 275V

Voltage for 273A is ?

63000 / 273 =275/ Vsec

Vsec = 1.2 volts This voltage is enough to operate the relay.

This voltage and current is too small compared to Maximum fault current and
corresponding voltage.

This secondary operating current can achieve even leakage or through fault.

So we have to decide the fault current at which the relay should operate

Shunt Resistor

Say The primary fault current 742A at which the relay should operate.

This is called bias value and up to this value relay should not operate.

To achieve this condition add some resistance and increase the Is secondary leakage
current value.

This External resistor should perllaly connect with Relay.

Ip = (Is + (Vs/Rsh)) x 3000

742 = (Is + 275/Rsh) x 3000

Rsh = 1759.7 ohms

So select the 2700 ohms Variable resister and adjust the value.

Adjust the resistance value according to our primary operating fault current
requirement .

Example Manifa Final relay setting for MFAC relay

Vs = 175 V

Ir = 0.20A

Rsr = 850 Omhs

Therefore Ip = (Is +Vs/Rsh) x 3000

Ip = (((0.005 x 8) + 0.003 + 0.03 + 0.018) + (175/850) ) x 3000)

=888 Amps should be develop in primary and 0.266 Amps should be flow through
the Secondary circuit to operate the relay with this setting.

CURRENT OPERATE RELAY (MCAG - AREVA)

All other calculations are same except Stabilising Resistor

Relay setting Voltage Vs = 275 Volts

Relay setting current Ir = 0.2 Amps

Relay burden at 275V setting is consider as 1 VA

Stabilising resistor required Rsr = ( Vs/Ir) - ( Relay burden - Ir^2)

Rsr = 1350 Omhs

Select the resistor range 0-1500 Ohms

CT SUPERVISION RELAY
This relay parallely connected with Main protection relay

Consider 'R' phase wire open in CT -2.

The CT-1 load current will start to flow through both relays.

This is not a fault current but it causes unnecessary trip. To avoid this trip CT
supervision relay is used.

The voltage setting of this relay is very low with time delay.

So this relay will operated for leakage current and its contact short the CT.

Main relay setting is Grater then this value and instantaneous. So for heavy internal
busbar fault Main protection will operate immediately.

Final relay setting Vs=14 v Time = 3 sec

Open 'R' phase CT will save by metrosil mounted near the CT marshaling box.

METROSIL

This is non liner resistor

During Heavy fault condition Protection relay will immediately clear the fault . If fault
not clear and secondary fault voltage will damage the relay.

This kind of situation Metrosil will short the CT secondary circuit and save the relay coil.
Some times circuit is open due to relay coil damage. In this situation if fault occur heavy
voltage will develop and CT get damage. To avoid this metosil will short the circuit and
save the CT.

Metrosil should withstand the for voltage develop due to maximum shout circuit
stability voltage Vs.

Busbar Stability Test

1. Current operated Relay

1. Calculate the Primary operating current for relay setting value current

Ex: Relay setting 20%

CT ratio = 3000/1

20 % of secondary current 0.2Amps

Primary Current 600 Amps

2. Short the Stabilising resistor with small shorting wire

3. Drown out the CT supervision Relay to reduce the load for Primary injection kit.

4. Drown out the Main protection relay and circuit will short in side and get closed path.

5. Open the metrosil one side wire ( Don't short the Metrosil)

5. Slowly inject the primary current and reach 0.2 Ampls secondary

6. Now inset the Protection relay let it operate and measure the current.

7. Primary current value will if Metrosil , Resistor , CT supervision relay are include in
the circuit.

2. Voltage operated Relay

1. Calculate the Primary operating current for relay setting value voltage

Ex: Relay setting 175v Rsh = 1500 Ohms

CT ratio = 3000/1
Ip = (Is +Vs/Rsh) x 3000 = (0.091+ 0.1166) x 3000 = 623 Amps

Secondary current 0.2Amps

3. Drown out the CT supervision Relay to reduce the load for Primary injection kit.

4. Drown out the Main protection relay and circuit will short in side and get closed path.

5. Open the metrosil one side wire ( Don't short the Metrosil)

5. Slowly inject the primary current and reach 0.2 Ampls secondary

6. Now inset the Protection relay let it operate and measure the Voltage.

Don't inject the current continuously to the relay. Because relay will get
damage.