REMOTE SENSING AND GIS FOR STUDING

SOME GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENA AND

MINERAL DEPOSITS IN THE WESTERN
DESERT IN IRAQ

ATHESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENTS OF
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGY

BY
Arsalan Ahmed Othman Al-jaf
 ‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬

‫ﻭﻗﻝ ﺭﺑﻲ ﺯﺩﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻣﺎ ً‬
‫﴿﴾‬
‫ﺍﻻﻳﺔ ‪ ۱۱٤‬ﻣﻥ ﺳﻭﺭﺓ ﻁﻪ‬
 ‫ﺍﻻﻫﺩﺍء‬

‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻱ ﺭﺣﻣﻪ ﷲ ﻭﻭﺍﻟﺩﺗﻲ ﺍﻁﺎﻝ ﷲ ﻋﻣﺭﻫﺎ ‪....‬‬

‫ﺑﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺣﺗﺭﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺧﻭﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻋﺯﻫﻥ ﷲ ‪...........‬‬
‫ﺭﻣﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻭﺟﺗﻲ ﻭﺭﻓﻳﻘﺔ ﺩﺭﺑﻲ ‪........‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺷﺎﺭﻛﺗﻧﻲ ﻋﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺳﻔﺭﻭﺍﻟﺭﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺑﻧﺗﻲ ﻣﺭﻳﻡ ﻭﻣﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﺣﻔﻅﻬﻥ ﷲ ‪..............‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻧﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻫﺩﻱ ﺛﻣﺭﺓ ﺟﻬﺩﻱ ﻫﺫﺍ‬

‫ﺍﺭﺳﻼﻥ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻑ‬

 ‫ﺷﻛﺭ ﻭﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺗﻭﻓﻳﻕ ﻣﻥ ﷲ ﺳﺑﺣﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻬ�ﺎء ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻋ�ﺩﺍﺩ ﻫ�ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺑﺣ�ﺙ ﻭﻻﻳﺳ�ﻌﻧﻲ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺗﺎﺫﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﺩﺣﺕ ﻋﺑﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻟﻣﺷ�ﺎﺭﻛﺗﻬﺎ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﺧﺗﻳ�ﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻣﺎ ﺑﺫﻟﺗﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺟﻬﺩ ﻭﻣﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻁﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺍﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﻳ�ﻝ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﺷ�ﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣ�ﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺳ�ﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟ�ﻭﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌ�ﺩﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﻗﺳ�ﻡ ﻋﻠ�ﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺑﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻻﺗﺎﺣﺗﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺻﺔ ﻻﻛﻣﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﺑﺩﻭﻩ ﻁﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺍﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﺑﺎﻻﻣﺗﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻟﺹ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺗﻲ ﻟﻣﺎ ﺍﺑﺩﺗﻪ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻭﺩﻋﻡ ﻁﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﺧﻠﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺻﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻟﺩﻋﻣﻪ ﻭﻣﻭﺍﻛﺑﺗﻪ ﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺍﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﺻﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ ﻓﺧﺭﻱ ﻟﻣﺎ ﺍﺑﺩﺍﻩ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻟ�ﻲ‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺷﻛﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻧﺗﺳﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﺧﺹ ﻣﻧﻬﻡ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺷﻌﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ)ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﺱ( ﻭﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺎﺫ ﻣﺎﺯﻥ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﻣﺻﻁﻔﻰ ) ﺧﺑﻳﺭ(‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺎﺫ ﺩﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻳﻌﻲ )ﺭﺋﻳﺱ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﻳﻥ (‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺎﺫ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺑﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻥ )ﺭﺋﻳﺱ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﻳﻥ ﺍﻗﺩﻡ (‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻭﻟﻳﺩ ﺟﺑﻭﺭﻱ )ﺭﺋﻳﺱ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﻳﻥ(‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻧﺩﺱ ﺧﺿﻳﺭ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ ﺳﻠﻣﺎﻥ)ﺭﺋﻳﺱ ﻣﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﻥ (‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺎﺫ ﻣﺎﺟﺩ ﻋﺑﺩ ﺍﻻﻣﻳﺭ ) ﺭﺋﻳﺱ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﻳﻥ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﺗﺎﻡ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﺑﻲ ﺍﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻟﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻟﻡ ﺍﺫﻛﺭ ﺍﺳﻣﺎﺋﻬﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺭﺳﻼﻥ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻑ‬

 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﺳﻝ‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫‪VIII‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫‪XI‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻛﺎﻝ‬
‫‪XI‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺗﻣﻬﻳﺩ‬ ‫‪۱-۱‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫‪۲-۱‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺥ‬ ‫‪۳-۱‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪٤-۱‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪٥-۱‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪1-5-1‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑﺔ –ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۱-۱-٥-۱‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺣﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪۱-۱-۱-٥-۱‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺣﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺩﻑ‬ ‫‪۲-۱-۱-٥-۱‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﺃﻟﺳﻠﻣﺎﻥ – ﺍﻟﺣﺿﺭ‬ ‫‪۲-۱-٥-۱‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۲-٥-۱‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪۱-۲-٥-۱‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪۱-۱-۲-٥-۱‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻁﻳﺔ ﺣﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪۱-۱-۱-۲-٥-۱‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻁﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻠﻭ ‪160‬‬ ‫‪۲-۱-۱-۲-٥-۱‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﻧﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۲-۱-۲-٥-۱‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ‬ ‫‪۲-۲-٥-۱‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺷﻣﺎﻝ ‪ 10‬ﺷﺭﻕ‪ -‬ﺟﻧﻭﺏ ‪ 10‬ﻏﺭﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺷﻣﺎﻝ ﺟﻧﻭﺏ‬ ‫‪۱-۲-۲-٥-۱‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫ﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺷﻣﺎﻝ ﻏﺭﺏ –ﺟﻧﻭﺏ ﺷﺭﻕ‬ ‫‪۲-۲-۲-٥-۱‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﻗﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪٦-۱‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪1-6-1‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﻠﻭﺻﺔ‬ ‫‪۲-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺯﻭﺭﺣﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪۳-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺑﻳﺩ‬ ‫‪٤-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪٥-٦-۱‬‬

‫‪I‬‬
 ‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫‪٦-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﺣﻳﻭﺭ‬ ‫‪۷-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻧﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪۸-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻧﻬﺭ ﻋﻣﺭ‬ ‫‪۹-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﻭﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫‪۱۰-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪۱۱-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﺳﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪۱۲-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪۱۳-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺭﺛﺔ‬ ‫‪۱٤-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻁﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪۱٥-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺑﻁ‬ ‫‪۱٦-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺩ‬ ‫‪۱۷-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻋﻛﺎﺷﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪۱۸-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺭﺘﮕﻪ‬ ‫‪۱۹-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪۲۰-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪۲۱-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺎﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪۲۲-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪۲۳-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫‪۲٤-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۱-۲٤-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۲-۲٤-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻳﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۳-۲٤-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺣﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪٤-۲٤-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻟﻛﺭﻳﺕ‬ ‫‪٥-۲٤-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺻﻝ‬ ‫‪٦-۲٤-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۷-۲٤-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻸ ﺍﻟﻭﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪۸-۲٤-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻸ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪۹-۲٤-٦-۱‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۷-۱‬‬

‫‪II‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻭﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪1-7-1‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪۱-۱-۷-۱‬‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫ﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪۲-۱-۷-۱‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪۲-۷-۱‬‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬ ‫‪۳-۷-۱‬‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪۱-۳-۷-۱‬‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪۲-۳-۷-۱‬‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬ ‫‪۳-۳-۷-۱‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻣﻭﺭﻓﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ‬ ‫‪۸-۱‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻣﻭﺭﻓﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪1-8-1‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻝ ﺗﻌﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫‪۱-۱-۸-۱‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻝ ﺗﻌﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫‪۲-۱-۸-۱‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻝ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪۳-۱-۸-۱‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻝ ﺭﻳﺣﻲ‬ ‫‪٤-۱-۸-۱‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻝ ﺗﺑﺧﻳﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪٥-۱-۸-۱‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻝ ﺍﺫﺍﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪٦-۱-۸-۱‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪۹-۱‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﻭﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪1-9-1‬‬

‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪۲-۹-۱‬‬

‫‪24‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫‪۳-۹-۱‬‬
‫ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻔﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫‪۱-۲‬‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻣﺭ ‪Landsat‬‬ ‫‪۱-۱-۲‬‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪SRTM‬‬ ‫‪2-1-2‬‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪2-2‬‬
‫‪30‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫‪۳-۲‬‬
‫‪30‬‬ ‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﻳﺭﺩﺍﺱ ﺍﻻﺻﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫‪۱-۳-۲‬‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﻙ ﺟﻲ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺱ ‪9.1‬‬ ‫‪2-3-2‬‬

‫‪III‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪Rock ware 2006‬‬ ‫‪۳-۳-۲‬‬
‫‪33‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺯﺓﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪٤-۲‬‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪٥-۲‬‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪٦-۲‬‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪۱-٦-۲‬‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫)‪Intensity Hue Saturation (IHS‬‬ ‫‪۱-۱-٦-۲‬‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫)‪Brovey Transform (BT‬‬ ‫‪۲-۱-٦-۲‬‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫)‪Principal Component (PC‬‬ ‫‪۳-۱-٦-۲‬‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫)‪Multiplicative (MLT‬‬ ‫‪٤-۱-٦-۲‬‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫)‪High- Pass Filtering (HPF‬‬ ‫‪٥-۱-٦-۲‬‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫)‪Wavelet Transform (WT‬‬ ‫‪٦-۱-٦-۲‬‬
‫‪36‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬ ‫‪2-6-2‬‬
‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﺻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪۱-۲-٦-۲‬‬
‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪۲-۲-٦-۲‬‬
‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫‪۱-۲-۲-٦-۲‬‬
‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪۲-۲-۲-٦-۲‬‬
‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﺑﻣﻧﺣﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪۳-۲-۲-٦-۲‬‬
‫‪38‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪3-6-2‬‬
‫‪38‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ‬ ‫‪۱-3-6-۲‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ‬ ‫‪۲-3-6-۲‬‬
‫‪41‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺟﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪۳-3-6-۲‬‬
‫‪41‬‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪٤-3-6-۲‬‬
‫‪42‬‬ ‫ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ‬ ‫‪٥-3-6-۲‬‬
‫‪43‬‬ ‫ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪٦-3-6-۲‬‬
‫‪43‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺳﻳﻡ‬ ‫‪۷-3-6-۲‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪7-۲‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۱-7-۲‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪2-7-2‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۱-۲-7-۲‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻔﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۲-۲-7-۲‬‬

‫‪IV‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۳-7-۲‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﻪ‬ ‫‪۱-۳-7-۲‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۲-۳-7-۲‬‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪٤-7-۲‬‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫ﺭﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻔﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪٥-7-۲‬‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪٦-7-۲‬‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۷-7-۲‬‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪۸-7-۲‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫‪46‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬ ‫‪۱-۳‬‬
‫‪46‬‬ ‫)‪Intensity Hue Saturation (IHS‬‬ ‫‪۱-۱-۳‬‬
‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪Brovey Transform‬‬ ‫‪۲-۱-۳‬‬
‫‪47‬‬ ‫)‪Principal Component (PC‬‬ ‫‪3-1-3‬‬
‫‪47‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ )‪Multiplicative (MLT‬‬ ‫‪٤-۱-۳‬‬
‫‪47‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ )‪High- Pass Filtering (HPF‬‬ ‫‪٥-۱-۳‬‬
‫‪48‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ )‪Wavelet Transform (WT‬‬ ‫‪٦-۱-۳‬‬
‫‪49‬‬ ‫ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪۲-۳‬‬
‫‪49‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﺻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۱-۲-۳‬‬
‫‪52‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪۲-۲-۳‬‬
‫‪52‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫‪۱-۲-۲-۳‬‬
‫‪52‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪۲-۲-۲-۳‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺿﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۳-۲-۲-۳‬‬
‫‪67‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻲ‬ ‫‪۳-۳‬‬
‫‪67‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺟﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۱-۳-۳‬‬
‫‪67‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ )ﺍﻻﻟﻭﺍﻥ(‬ ‫‪۲-۳-۳‬‬
‫‪69‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ‬ ‫‪3-3-3‬‬
‫‪75‬‬ ‫ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ‬ ‫‪٤-۳-۳‬‬
‫‪75‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬ ‫‪۱-٤-۳-۳‬‬
‫‪76‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪۲-٤-۳-۳‬‬

‫‪V‬‬
‫‪77‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬ ‫‪۳-٤-۳-۳‬‬
‫‪78‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ‬ ‫‪٥-۳-۳‬‬
‫‪78‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺟﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪٦-۳-۳‬‬
‫‪81‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۷-۳-۳‬‬
‫‪84‬‬ ‫ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪۸-۳-۳‬‬
‫‪87‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺳﻳﻡ‬ ‫‪۹-۳-۳‬‬
‫ﻣﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﻪ‬
‫‪89‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۱-٤‬‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۱-۱-٤‬‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۲-۱-٤‬‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬ ‫‪۱-۲-۱-٤‬‬
‫‪99‬‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ‬ ‫‪۲-۲-۱-٤‬‬
‫‪109‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻳﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۳-۱-٤‬‬
‫‪113‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺿﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۲-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫‪119‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪۱-٥‬‬
‫‪121‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪۲-٥‬‬
‫‪122‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺣﻕ‬

‫‪VI‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﺳﻝ‬
‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺧﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪1-1‬‬
‫‪۲۸‬‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳﺳﺎﺕ ‪ ETM+‬ﻭ‪ TM‬ﻭ‪MSS‬‬ ‫‪۲-۱‬‬
‫‪۳۰‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﻭﺍﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫‪2-2‬‬
‫‪۳۰‬‬ ‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻔﺗﺭﺓ ‪۱۹۸۰-۱۹۷۱‬‬ ‫‪۳-۲‬‬
‫‪٤۰‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑﺭﺯﻫﺎ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ‬ ‫‪٤-۲‬‬
‫‪٤۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻧﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ ﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻬﻳﻣﺗﺎﻳﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪٥-۲‬‬
‫‪٥٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪)۱‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(‪ETM+‬‬ ‫‪۱-۳‬‬
‫‪٥٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪)۲‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(‪ETM+‬‬ ‫‪۲-۳‬‬
‫‪٥٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻕ‪)۳‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(‪ETM+‬‬ ‫‪۳-۳‬‬
‫‪٥٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ( ‪ETM+‬‬ ‫‪٤-۳‬‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۱‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ( ‪MSS‬‬ ‫‪٥-۳‬‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۲‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ‪MSS‬‬ ‫‪٦-۳‬‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻕ‪)۳‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ( ‪MSS‬‬ ‫‪۷-۳‬‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ( ‪MSS‬‬ ‫‪۸-۳‬‬
‫‪٥٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۱‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ( ‪ETM+‬‬ ‫‪۹-۳‬‬
‫‪٥٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۲‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ( ‪ETM+‬‬ ‫‪۱۰-۳‬‬
‫‪٥٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۳‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ( ‪ETM+‬‬ ‫‪۱۱-۳‬‬
‫‪٥٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ( ‪ETM+‬‬ ‫‪۱۲-۳‬‬
‫‪٥۷‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۱‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ( ‪MSS‬‬ ‫‪۱۳-۳‬‬
‫‪٥۷‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۲‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ( ‪MSS‬‬ ‫‪۱٤-۳‬‬
‫‪٥۷‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۳‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ( ‪MSS‬‬ ‫‪۱٥-۳‬‬
‫‪٥۷‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ( ‪MSS‬‬ ‫‪۱٦-۳‬‬
‫‪٥۸‬‬ ‫ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۱‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ( ‪ETM+‬‬ ‫‪۱۷-۳‬‬
‫‪٥۸‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۲‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ( ‪ETM+‬‬ ‫‪۱۸-۳‬‬
‫‪٥۸‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۳‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ( ‪ETM+‬‬ ‫‪۱۹-۳‬‬
‫‪٥۸‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ( ‪ETM+‬‬ ‫‪۲۰-۳‬‬

‫‪VIII‬‬
‫‪٥۹‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۱‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ( ‪MSS‬‬ ‫‪۲۱-۳‬‬
‫‪٥۹‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۲‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ(‪MSS‬‬ ‫‪۲۲-۳‬‬
‫‪٥۹‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۳‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ( ‪MSS‬‬ ‫‪۲۳-۳‬‬
‫‪٥۹‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ( ‪MSS‬‬ ‫‪۲٤-۳‬‬
‫‪۷۰‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫‪۲٥-۳‬‬
‫‪۷٦‬‬ ‫ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﻗﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻧﻳﺎ ﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﻫﻳﻣﺗﺎﻳﺕ‬ ‫‪۲٦-۳‬‬
‫‪۷٦‬‬ ‫ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﻗﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻧﻳﺎ ﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﻛﺎﺅﻟﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪۲۷-۳‬‬
‫‪۷۸‬‬ ‫ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﻗﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻧﻳﺎ ﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬ ‫‪۲۸-۳‬‬
‫‪۸۳‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺗﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻫﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ETM+‬‬ ‫‪۲۹-۳‬‬
‫‪۸٤‬‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﻳﺔ ﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪۳۰-۳‬‬
‫‪۸۹‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺑﻳﺋﺔ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪۱-٤‬‬

‫‪IX‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﺳﻝ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪1-1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻳﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪۲-۱‬‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪۳-۱‬‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻭﺗﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﺍﺣﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪٤-۱‬‬

‫‪16‬‬ ‫ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻭﺗﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪٥-۱‬‬

‫‪16‬‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪٦-۱‬‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻭﺗﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﻟﻳﻥ)ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ(‬ ‫‪۷-۱‬‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪۸-۱‬‬

‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻁﻊ ﻣﺛﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪۹-۱‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺧﺳﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ‪ C‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻊ‬ ‫‪۱۰-۱‬‬

‫‪22‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻲ‬ ‫‪۱۱-۱‬‬

‫‪30‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪۱-۲‬‬
‫‪33‬‬ ‫ﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪2-2‬‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫ﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺗﻲ ‪ PC‬ﻭ‪IHS‬‬ ‫‪۳-۲‬‬

‫‪36‬‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺭﺍﻡ ﻻﺑﻼﻛﺷﻥ‬ ‫‪٤-۲‬‬

‫‪36‬‬ ‫ﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ‪Wavelet Transform‬‬ ‫‪٥-۲‬‬

‫‪38‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﻣﺗﺎﻳﺕ‬ ‫‪٦-۲‬‬

‫‪39‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻧﺎﻳﺕ‬ ‫‪۷-۲‬‬

‫‪39‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬ ‫‪۸-۲‬‬

‫‪41‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۹-۲‬‬

‫‪43‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻭﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻻﺟﺭﺍء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ‬ ‫‪۱۰-۲‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫ﻋﻭﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺳﻳﻡ‬ ‫‪۱۱-۲‬‬
‫‪49‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۱-۳‬‬

‫‪60‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗﻲ ﺍﻝ‪MSS ،ETM +‬‬ ‫‪۲-۳‬‬

‫‪61‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﻁﻊ )‪ (۱‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪3-3‬‬
‫‪62‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﻁﻊ )‪ (۱‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ‬ ‫‪٤-۳‬‬
‫‪63‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﻁﻊ )‪ (۱‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪٥-۳‬‬
‫‪64‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﻁﻊ )‪ (۲‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪٦-۳‬‬
‫‪65‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﻁﻊ )‪ (۲‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ‬ ‫‪۷-۳‬‬
‫‪66‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﻁﻊ )‪ (۲‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪۸-۳‬‬

‫‪IX‬‬
 ‫‪67‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ ﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ TM‬ﻣﻊ ﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ETM+‬‬ ‫‪۹-۳‬‬

‫‪90‬‬ ‫ﺭﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۱-٤‬‬

‫‪94‬‬ ‫ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻭﺗﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻻﺣﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪۲-٤‬‬

‫‪98‬‬ ‫ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻭﺗﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺟﺎﻧﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺣﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪۳-٤‬‬

‫‪99‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪4-4‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫‪102‬‬ ‫ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻭﺗﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻘﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻟﻳﻥ )ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ(‬ ‫‪٥-٤‬‬
‫‪111‬‬ ‫ﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻲ‬ ‫‪٦-٤‬‬

‫‪113‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۷-٤‬‬

‫‪114‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪3/1‬‬ ‫‪۸-٤‬‬

‫‪116‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ‪ Al2O3‬ﻣﻊ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪1/7‬‬ ‫‪۹-٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗ�ﻊ ﻟﻠﻣﻧ�ﺎﻁﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺛﻠ�ﺔ ﻟﺗﺭﺳ�ﺑﺎﺕ ‪118‬‬ ‫‪۱۰-٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ‬

‫‪X‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﺳﻝ‬

‫‪٥۱‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻁﻊ ‪ a1‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ‪ ETM+‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻡ ‪ 4,3,‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬ ‫‪3-1‬‬
‫‪٥۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻁﻊ ‪ b1‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ‪ MSS‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻡ ‪ 7,6,5‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬ ‫‪۲-۳‬‬
‫‪٦۸‬‬ ‫ﻣﺯﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪RGB 3,2,1‬‬ ‫‪3-3‬‬
‫‪٦۸‬‬ ‫ﻣﺯﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪RGB 4,7,2‬‬ ‫‪٤-۳‬‬
‫‪٦۹‬‬ ‫ﻣﺯﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪RGB 4,5,7‬‬ ‫‪٥-۳‬‬
‫‪٦۹‬‬ ‫ﻣﺯﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ‪RGB 1ETM+, 7MSS, 7ETM +‬‬ ‫‪٦-۳‬‬
‫‪۷۰‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪7MSS/1ETM+‬‬ ‫‪۷-۳‬‬
‫‪۷۱‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪ 5/4‬ﻭ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪3/1‬‬ ‫‪۸-۳‬‬
‫‪۷۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪ 5/1‬ﻭ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪((B5+B3)/2)/B1‬‬ ‫‪۹-۳‬‬
‫‪۷۳‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪5/7‬‬ ‫‪۱۰-۳‬‬
‫‪۷٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪1/7‬‬ ‫‪۱۱-۳‬‬
‫‪۷٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪2/7‬‬ ‫‪۱۲-۳‬‬
‫‪۷۷‬‬ ‫ﻗﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺄﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ‪1/7,2/7,5/7‬‬ ‫‪۱۳-۳‬‬
‫‪۷۹‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻻﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﻟﻘﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻗﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ )‪R (1/7 ) ,G(2/7), B(5/7‬‬ ‫‪۱٤-۳‬‬

‫‪۸۰‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻻﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﻟﻘﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ )‪ R(5/1) G(3/1) B(5/4‬ﻭ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺟﻳﻥ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻡ‬ ‫‪۱٥-۳‬‬
‫))‪(R :۷ETM+ ،G:((B3+B5)/2)/B1 ،B: (5/4‬‬
‫‪۸۱‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻻﻟﻭﺍﻥ )ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺟﻳﻥ (ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻡ)‪ G:(1/7) B: (5/7‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻣﺳﺔ ‪R:‬‬ ‫‪۱٦-۳‬‬
‫‪۸۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪۱۷-۳‬‬

‫‪۸۳‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪۱۸-۳‬‬

‫‪۸٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪(27‬‬ ‫‪۱۹-۳‬‬

‫‪۸٦‬‬ ‫ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ ‪ 1/3‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪ (۱.۹‬ﻭ‪l‬ﻣﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﻛﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪۲۰-۳‬‬
‫ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ)‪(270‬‬
‫‪۸۷‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪ 5/7‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪(1.4‬‬ ‫‪۲۱-۳‬‬
‫‪۸۸‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻟﻌﻣﻭﻡ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬ ‫‪۲۲-۳‬‬

‫‪۹۱‬‬ ‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻛﺗﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪۱-٤‬‬

‫‪۹۲‬‬ ‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪۲-٤‬‬

‫‪۹۳‬‬ ‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪۳-٤‬‬

‫‪۹٤‬‬ ‫ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺯ ﻝ ‪ Fe2O3‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪٤-٤‬‬

‫‪۹٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ ‪ 7,4,2‬ﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪٥-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫‪۹٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ)‪(3/1‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ)‪ (1.9‬ﻭ)‪)(5/1‬ﺑﺣﺩ‬ ‫‪٦-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ‪ (۲‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭﺍﻟﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ)ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ(‬
‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ‪ 7MSS/1ETM‬ﻭﻣﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪۷-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ‪ ۲۷۰‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭﺍﻟﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ)ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ(‬

‫‪XI‬‬
‫‪۱۰۰‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪۸-٤‬‬
‫‪۱۰۱‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪۹-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬
‫‪۱۰۲‬‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ (4-10‬ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ ﻻﻁﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪۱۰-٤‬‬
‫‪۱۰۳‬‬ ‫ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪ 475‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﺣﺔ ﻟﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪۱۱-٤‬‬
‫‪۱۰٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳﻳﻥ ‪ ETM+‬ﻭ‪ TM‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪۱۲-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ ‪V1,V2,E1,D1&C‬‬
‫‪۱۰٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳﻳﻥ ‪ ETM+‬ﻭ‪ TM‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪۱۳-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ ‪F,B,P2,P3‬‬
‫‪۱۰٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳﻳﻥ ‪ ETM+‬ﻭ‪ TM‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪۱٤-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ ‪area K،G‬‬
‫‪۱۰٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ)‪ (1/7‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬ ‫‪۱٥-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻛﺎﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ‬
‫‪۱۰٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ)‪ (2/7‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬ ‫‪۱٦-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻛﺎﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ‬
‫‪۱۰۷‬‬ ‫ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ)‪ (5/7‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪ (۱.٤‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫‪۱۷-٤‬‬
‫ﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻛﺎﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ‬
‫‪۱۰۸‬‬ ‫ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ)‪ (۲۷‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫‪۱۸-٤‬‬
‫ﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻛﺎﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ‬
‫‪۱۰۹‬‬ ‫ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ ‪ ۷\۲ ۷\۱‬ﻭ‪۷\٥‬ﻣﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪۱۹-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭﺍﻟﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ‬
‫‪۱۱۲‬‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻧﺑﻁﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ ETM‬ﻭﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ ‪ DEM‬ﺑﺎﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫‪۲۰-٤‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪ Anaglyph‬ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ )ﻣﻘﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ (‬
‫‪۱۱۳‬‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺄﺛﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪۲۱-٤‬‬
‫‪۱۱٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ﻣﻥ )‪ (3/1‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪ (۱.۹‬ﻭ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ )‪(5/1‬‬ ‫‪۲۲-٤‬‬
‫ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪(2‬ﻭ ﻣﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ‪۲۷۰‬‬
‫‪۱۱۷‬‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪۲۳-٤‬‬

‫‪۱۱۸‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﻳﺔ)ﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ( ﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ‬ ‫‪۲٤-٤‬‬

‫‪XII‬‬
Abstract
This work aims to mineralogical study for the Iraq Western Desert by using
satellite data Received from Landsat ETM+, TM and MSS satellite and DEM of
Endevoer RADAR.
After preparing satellite data, spatial operation was carried out
enhancement and creation of fusion image and specifying the best remote
sensing technique by using ERDAS 9.0 program represented colour composite ,
band ratio, conditional band ratio, principle component analysis and threshold to
interpret many types of mineral deposits (bauxite, iron, kaolin) that is exposed
due to by quarrying.
This study depends on the mineralogical, geological and location of
quarries available studies about study area to check the results, after transforming
it to data and digital image with built data base to (248) borehole and (41) karsts
that includes locations and rates of iron, silicon and aluminium oxide, by using
ArcGIS 9.1 and added as information layers with the result of digital processing
operation to found correspondent relationships between ancillary data and digital
satellite information.The result of processing satellite images displayed
corresponding with digital ancillary input data.
This study proved that the karsts which contain bauxitic clay related to
(N-S), (N45ºW-S45ºE) lineament directions with length smaller than 2km. And
are specified by using Anaglyph image. Also the possibility of using remote
sensing technique for mineral exploration forwarded to the non-metallic deposits
and spatial enhancement to the satellite image by little rate of spectral
deformation, and capability of creating 3D image by using Landsat data and
DEM, and using more than sensor for digital processing and to specify a similar
position for deposit studies from the spectral characteristics in another place of
the studied area and acquiring to the find result in digital form including location
and area inform of tables, for the probable location instead of specifying the
locations on the map.
 ‫‪ ۱-۱‬ﺗﻣﻬﻳﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺛﻠﺙ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺑﺄﺗﺟﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷ��ﺭﻕ ﻭﺑﻣﻧﺎﺧﻬ��ﺎ ﺍﻟﺻ��ﺣﺭﺍﻭﻱ ﻭﻗﻠ��ﺔ ﻭﺟ �ﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗ��ﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺑﻘﻠ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺳ��ﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﻭﻓ��ﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟ �ﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳ��ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﺻﻭﺻﺎ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻭﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ )ﻛﺎﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ( ﻓﺿﻼ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻻﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﺛﻝ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺍﺭﺗﺯﺍﻳﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺯﺟﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﺳﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۲-۱‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻘ��ﻊ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳ��ﺔ ﺿ��ﻣﻥ ﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅ��ﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺑ��ﺎﺭ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻟﺟ��ﺯء ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑ��ﻲ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺍﻟﻌ��ﺭﺍﻕ ﺑ��ﻳﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﺭﺗ��ﻲ ﻋ��ﺭﺽ‬
‫)‪ (33° 38΄ - 33°‬ﺷ�ﻣﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻁ�ﻲ ﻁ�ﻭﻝ )‪ ( 42°‬ﺷ�ﺭﻗﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻛ�ﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺣ�ﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﻳ�ﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳ�ﺔ ﻫ�ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺭﻳﺔ – ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻳﺔ )ﺷﻛﻝ‪ ، (1-1‬ﻭﺗﻘﺩﺭ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺒ ‪ 23318.770331‬ﻛﻳﻠ�ﻭ ﻣﺗ�ﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺭﺑﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪ (۱-۱‬ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬

‫‪ ۳-۱‬ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺥ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺧﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣ�ﺩﺓ )‪)(1980-1971‬ﻋﺑ�ﺩ ﷲ‪ (2001 ،‬ﺟ�ﺩﻭﻝ )‪،(1-1‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻧﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺟﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ )‪ (1-1‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﻬﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺧﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺗﺭﺓ )‪( ۲۰۰۰-۱۹۸٥‬‬

‫‪۱‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﻁﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺧﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﺎﻗﻁ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﻬﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ)‪(%‬‬ ‫)ﻣﺗﺭ‪/‬ﺛﺎ(‬ ‫)ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ‪/‬ﻳﻭﻡ(‬ ‫) ﻣﻠﻳﻣﺗﺭ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫) ﻣﻠﻳﻣﺗﺭ(‬ ‫)ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ(‬
‫‪31.15‬‬ ‫‪3.07‬‬ ‫‪8.95‬‬ ‫‪215.9‬‬ ‫‪9.32‬‬ ‫‪24.6‬‬ ‫ﺗﺷﺭﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ‬
‫‪58.7‬‬ ‫‪2.38‬‬ ‫‪7.5‬‬ ‫‪109.1‬‬ ‫‪10.5‬‬ ‫‪16.02‬‬ ‫ﺗﺷﺭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪66.5‬‬ ‫‪2.24‬‬ ‫‪6.01‬‬ ‫‪72.4‬‬ ‫‪14.18‬‬ ‫‪10.10‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ‬
‫‪50.1‬‬ ‫‪2.56‬‬ ‫‪6.8‬‬ ‫‪76.7‬‬ ‫‪16.106‬‬ ‫‪8.9‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪57.31‬‬ ‫‪3.83‬‬ ‫‪8.0‬‬ ‫‪102.1‬‬ ‫‪14.42‬‬ ‫‪11.01‬‬ ‫ﺷﺑﺎﻁ‬
‫‪49.2‬‬ ‫‪4.6‬‬ ‫‪8.91‬‬ ‫‪163.9‬‬ ‫‪14.82‬‬ ‫‪15.16‬‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍﺭ‬
‫‪37.61‬‬ ‫‪4.61‬‬ ‫‪9.72‬‬ ‫‪254.2‬‬ ‫‪15.6‬‬ ‫‪22.2‬‬ ‫ﻧﻳﺳﺎﻥ‬
‫‪26.9‬‬ ‫‪4.69‬‬ ‫‪11.03‬‬ ‫‪256.6‬‬ ‫‪1.38‬‬ ‫‪28.4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺎﺭ‬
‫‪23.3‬‬ ‫‪4.71‬‬ ‫‪12.8‬‬ ‫‪434.88‬‬ ‫‪0.012‬‬ ‫‪32.4‬‬ ‫ﺣﺯﻳﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫‪20.7‬‬ ‫‪4.78‬‬ ‫‪12.95‬‬ ‫‪487.01‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪34.7‬‬ ‫ﺗﻣﻭﺯ‬
‫‪23.1‬‬ ‫‪4.13‬‬ ‫‪12.85‬‬ ‫‪448.76‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪34.32‬‬ ‫ﺍﺏ‬
‫‪25.8‬‬ ‫‪3.01‬‬ ‫‪10.6‬‬ ‫‪333.2‬‬ ‫‪0.125‬‬ ‫‪31.01‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻠﻭﻝ‬
‫‪ ٤-۱‬ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷ��ﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌ��ﺩﻧﻲ ﺑﺄﺳ��ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻧﻳ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳ��ﺱ ﺍﻟﻧ��ﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻧﻅ��ﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳ��ﺔ ﻟ��ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳ��ﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻠﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟ�ﻭﺩﺓ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗ�ﻲ ﺗ�ﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺣ�ﺭﻱ ﻋﻧﻬ�ﺎ ﻣ�ﻊ ﺗﻠ�ﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻌﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻲ ﻻﻧﺩﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻑ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻓﺿﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺍﺋﻕ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺭﻗﻣﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳﺎﺕ ‪ ETM+, MSS‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻭﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺻﻭﺭ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﻣﺭ ﻻﻧﺩﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﺑﺭﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺧﻁﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٥-۱‬ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ 1-5-1‬ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻊ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺻﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺭ ﻟﻠ�ﺩﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻧ�ﻭﺑﻲ ﺍﻟ�ﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻣﻳ�ﺯ ﺑﻘﻠ�ﺔ ﻋﻣ�ﻕ ﺻ�ﺧﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﻼﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﻋﻥ)‪ 12‬ﻛﻡ() ‪، (Al-Kadhimi et.al.,1996‬ﻭﺗﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺗﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ۱-۱-٥-۱‬ﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑﺔ –ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻳﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻏﻭﺍﺭ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﺔ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑ�ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻏ�ﺩﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧ�ﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻻﺧﻳ�ﺭ ﻳﻛ�ﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ )ﺷﻛﻝ‪ ،(۲-۱‬ﻭﻳﻔﺻﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺣﻭﺿ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻐ�ﺫﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧ�ﺔ ﻧﻬ�ﻭﺽ ﺫﻭ ﻣﻧﺣ�ﻰ ﺷ�ﺭﻕ ﻏ�ﺭﺏ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺑﺩﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻲ ﻣﻥ ﻗﻭﺱ ﺣﺎﺋﻝ )‪.(Al-Kadhimi et.al.,1996‬‬

‫‪۲‬‬
 ‫‪ ۱-۱-۱-٥-۱‬ﺣﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺣﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﺍﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻕ ﺻﺩﻉ ﻋﻣﻳﻕ ﻳﺩﻋﻰ)ﻛﺑﺎﺭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺟﺎﺯ ( ﺫﻭ ﺃﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺷﻣﺎﻝ – ﺟﻧﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬
‫ﻋ���ﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺣ���ﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑ���ﻲ ﻟﻘ���ﻭﺱ ﺣﺎﺋ���ﻝ ﻓ���ﻲ ﺍﻟﻌ���ﺭﺍﻕ)‪ (Al-Kadhimi et.al.,1996‬ﺍﻟ���ﺫﻱ ﺗﻛ���ﻭﻥ ﺧ���ﻼﻝ ﻣ���ﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﻭﺯﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﺍﻡ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻧﻬﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑﺔ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺣﻰ ﺷﻣﺎﻝ‪ -‬ﺟﻧﻭﺏ)‪.(Buday, 1987‬‬
‫‪ ۲-۱-۱-٥-۱‬ﺣﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺩﻑ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻳﺣﺩﻩ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﺷ�ﻣﺎﻝ ﺻ�ﺩﻉ )ﻋ�ﺎﻣﺞ– ﺳ�ﺎﻣﺭﺍء–ﺣﻠﺑﭼ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ�ﺗﻌﺭﺽ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺗﻣﻳ���ﺯ ﺑﻭﺟ���ﻭﺩ ﺗﺗ���ﺎﺑﻊ ﺳ���ﻣﻳﻙ ﻟﺳﻠﺳ���ﻠﺔ ﺍﻣ���ﻼﺡ ﻫﺭﻣ���ﺯ ﻣﻛﻭﻧ���ﺎ ﻗﺑ���ﺔ ﻣﻠﺣﻳ���ﺔ ﺿﺧﻣﺔ)ﺍﻟﻣﺷ���ﻬﺩﺍﻧﻲ‪1984‬ﻓ���ﻲ‬
‫‪.(Al-Kadhimi et.al.,1996‬‬
‫‪ ۲-۱-٥-۱‬ﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﺃﻟﺳﻠﻣﺎﻥ – ﺍﻟﺣﺿﺭ‬
‫ﻳﺷﻛﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻲ ﻣﻥ ﻗﻭﺱ ﺣﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻣﺛ�ﻝ ﺗﺿ�ﺧﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﻫﺿ�ﺎ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋ�ﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺻ�ﺧﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻣﺗ�ﺩﺍ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﺳ��ﻌﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﺑ�ﺭ ﺍﻟﻌ�ﺭﺍﻕ )‪ ،(Al-Kadhimi et.al.,1996‬ﻭﻫ��ﻭ ﻗ�ﻭﺱ ﻏﻳ�ﺭ ﻣﻧ��ﺗﻅﻡ ﻳﻣ�ﺭ ﺑﻣﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﺎﺑﺭﺍ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻗﻲ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ ﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﺭﺩﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺎ‬
‫)ﺣﺳ��ﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳ��ﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،(1994 ،‬ﻳﺣ��ﺩ ﻫ��ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﻔ��ﻊ ﻏﻳ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻧ��ﺎﻅﺭﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻐ��ﺭﺏ ﺻ��ﺩﻉ )ﻛﺑ��ﺎﺭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺟ��ﺎﺯ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣ��ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷ�ﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺣ�ﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻ�ﻝ ﺑ�ﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺻ�ﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ�ﺗﻘﺭﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ�ﺗﻘﺭ)‪، (Al-Kadhimi et.al.,1996‬ﻳﺑ�ﺩﻭ ﺍﻥ ﻫ�ﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻧﺩﻳﺎﻧﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﺭﻭﺟﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻳ�ﺭﺍﻥ )ﺑﺗ�ﺭﻛﻠﻳﺱ‪ 1972‬ﻓ�ﻲ ﺣﺳ�ﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳ�ﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪(1994 ،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘ��ﻭﺱ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ ﻣﻭﺟﺑ��ﺔ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻟﻳﻭﺯﻭﻳ��ﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺗ��ﺎﺧﺭ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺑﻳﺗ��ﻪ ﻏﻣ��ﺭ ﺧ��ﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﺷ��ﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﻳﺎﺳ��ﻲ‬
‫)‪ (Ziegler,2001‬ﻭ )ﺍﻟﺑﺻﺎﻡ‪ 1990 ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳ�ﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،( 1994،‬ﻭﺗﺗﻣﻳ�ﺯ ﺻ�ﺧﻭﺭ ﻗﺎﻋ�ﺩﺓ ﻫ�ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻁ�ﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺏ ﺻﻬﻳﺭﻳﺔ ﻧﺎﻫﺿﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺑﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﺧﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﺭﻛ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋ�ﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎء ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻭﺑﻲ ﻓﻳﻘﺳﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻣﺳﺔ ﺍﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ ۱-۲-۱-٥-۱‬ﺣﺯﺍﻡ ﻋﻧﺔ –ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺎﺝ )ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ(‬
‫‪ ۲-۲-۱-٥-۱‬ﺣﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺑﻳﺽ )ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ (‬
‫‪ ۳-۲-۱-٥-۱‬ﺣﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻣﺎﻥ )ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ(‬
‫‪ ٤-۲-۱-٥-۱‬ﺣﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﺟﻑ –ﺍﺑﻭ ﺟﻳﺭ – ﺍﻟﺣﺿﺭ )ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ(‬
‫‪ ٥-۲-۱-٥-۱‬ﺣﺯﺍﻡ ﻋﻛﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﻛﺑﻳﺳﺔ )ﺿﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ(‬
‫ﻳﻘﻊ ﺿﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳ�ﺔ ﺣﻳ�ﺙ ﻳﺗ�ﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻋﻣ�ﻕ ﺻ�ﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋ�ﺩﺓ ﻓﻳ�ﻪ ﺑ�ﻳﻥ ‪12-9‬ﻛ�ﻡ ﻭﻳ�ﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻣ�ﻕ‬
‫ﺑﺄﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ )‪ ،(Al-Kadhimi et.al.,1996‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﺍﻭﺿﺢ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﺍﻡ ﻁﻳﺔ ﺣﻭﺭﺍﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪۳‬‬
٤
 ‫‪ ۲-٥-۱‬ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺗﻣﻳ��ﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ ﺑﻘﻠ��ﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻳ��ﺔ ﻣﻳ��ﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘ��ﺎﺕ ﻓﻳﻬ��ﺎ ﺣﻳ��ﺙ ﺗﺗ��ﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑ��ﻳﻥ )‪ (٥-۳‬ﺩﺭﺟ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ��ﻰ ﺍﻟﺟﻧ��ﻭﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺟﻧﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻗﻲ )‪.(Al-Mubarak, 1996‬‬
‫‪ ۱-۲-٥-۱‬ﺍﻟﻁﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻧﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ ۱-۱-۲-٥-۱‬ﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻛﺗﻝ ﻣﺳﺗﻬﺿﺑﺔ )‪ (Horst Block‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ ۱-۱-۱-۲-٥-۱‬ﻁﻳﺔ ﺣﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺩ ﺍﻛﺑﺭ ﻁﻳﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻬﺿﺑﺔ ) ‪ (Horst‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺣﻭﺭ ﺷﺭﻕ ﺷﻣﺎﻝ ﺷﺭﻕ ‪ -‬ﻏ�ﺭﺏ ﺟﻧ�ﻭﺏ‬
‫ﻏ��ﺭﺏ ﺗﻣﺗ��ﺩ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﻁ��ﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺣ��ﻭﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺗﻣﻳ��ﺯ ﺑﻁ��ﻲ ﻁﺑﻘ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺭﺍﺳ��ﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﻳﺎﺳ��ﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﺷ��ﻳﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘ��ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺏ)‪ 300‬ﻛﻡ( )‪.(Al-Mubarak, 1996‬‬
‫‪ ۲-۱-۱-۲-٥-۱‬ﻁﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻠﻭ ‪160‬‬
‫ﻁﻳﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻬﺿﺑﺔ ) ‪ ( Horst‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﺷﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻠﻭ ‪ 160‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺣﻭﺭﺷﻣﺎﻝ ﻏ�ﺭﺏ – ﺟﻧ�ﻭﺏ ﺷ�ﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺑﻠ�ﻎ‬
‫ﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ )‪ 90‬ﻛﻡ( ﻭﻋﺭﺿﻬﺎ)‪ 30-25‬ﻛﻡ( ﻣﺅﺷﺭﺓ ﺑﺗﻛﺷﻑ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﺳﺎﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﺷﻳﺭﻱ ﻳﺣﺩ‬
‫)‪Al-‬‬ ‫ﺟﻧﺎﺣﻳﻬﺎ ﺻﺩﻋﻳﻥ ﺑﺄﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺷﻣﺎﻝ ﻏﺭﺏ– ﺟﻧﻭﺏ ﺷ�ﺭﻕ ﻭﻳﻣﺗ�ﺩﺍﻥ ﺑﻣ�ﻭﺍﺯﺍﺓ ﻣﺣ�ﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳ�ﺏ‬
‫‪.(Mubarak, 1996‬‬
‫‪ ۲-۱-۲-٥-۱‬ﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﻧﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺣﺎﻭﺭ ﻗﺻﻳﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﺔ)‪.(Al-Mubarak, 1996‬‬
‫‪ ۲-۲-٥-۱‬ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺗﻭﺟﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ ۱-۲-۲-٥-۱‬ﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺷﻣﺎﻝ ‪ 10‬ﺷﺭﻕ‪ -‬ﺟﻧﻭﺏ ‪ 10‬ﻏﺭﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺷﻣﺎﻝ ﺟﻧﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻧﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﺑﻔﻌﻝ ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻧﺩﻳﺎﻧﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﺭﻭﺟﻳﻧﻳ�ﺔ )‪ (Landianian Orogeny‬ﻣ�ﻥ ﻋﻣ�ﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺿﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺻﺩﻉ ﺭﺋﻳﺱ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻫﻭ ﺻﺩﻉ ﺻﻘﺭ – ﺧﺭﻳﻡ – ﻣﻭﺑﺷﻳﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﺗﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺷﻣﺎﻝ – ﺟﻧﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۰‬ﺷﺭﻗﺎ ً‪ ،‬ﺟﻧﻭﺏ ‪ 10‬ﻏﺭﺑﺎ ً ﺑﺎﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﺍﻋﺗﻳﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﻥ )‪ 80-15‬ﻛﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺣﺔ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻥ ‪ 100‬ﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺋﺎﺕ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﻣﺗﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺗﻘﻁﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺙ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺷﻣﺎﻝ ﻏﺭﺏ –ﺟﻧﻭﺏ ﺷﺭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﺗﺷﻛﻝ ﺟﺭﻭﻑ )‪،Al-Mubarak,1996‬ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪ 1996،‬ﻭﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪(1994 ،‬‬
‫‪٥‬‬
 ‫‪ ۲-۲-۲-٥-۱‬ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺷﻣﺎﻝ ﻏﺭﺏ –ﺟﻧﻭﺏ ﺷﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺣﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗ�ﻲ ﺗ�ﻧﻌﻛﺱ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﺳ�ﻁﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺳ�ﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺗﻝ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺳﺑﺑﺕ ﺻﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﺗﻛﺎﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﻳﻭﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺎﻳﻭﺳﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻼﻳﻭﺳﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻧﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺑﻔﻌﻝ ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺭﺍﻣﺎﻳﺩ ﺍﻻﻭﺭﻭﺟﻳﻧﻳﺔ )‪ (Laramaide Orogeny‬ﻣﻥ ﻋﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﺷﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻻﺗﻳﺔ ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﺍﻋﺗﻳﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﺔ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ‪ 200– 100‬ﻭﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ‪ 80-20‬ﻛﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻭﺿﻭﺡ ﻭﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺑﺿﻌﺔ ﻋﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺑﺿ�ﻌﺔ ﻣﺋ�ﺎﺕ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻻﻣﺗ�ﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪Al-‬‬ ‫‪-4‬ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺷ�ﻣﺎﻝ ‪ -‬ﺟﻧ�ﻭﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺷ�ﻣﺎﻝ ‪ 10‬ﺷ�ﺭﻗﺎ ً – ﺟﻧ�ﻭﺏ ‪ 10‬ﻏﺭﺑ�ﺎ ً‬
‫‪ Mubarak, 1996‬ﻭ ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪.(1996 ،‬‬
‫ﺗﻭﺟﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺻﺩﻭﻉ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﺔﻫﻲ ﺻﺩﻉ ﻁﻠﻳﺣﺔ‪ -‬ﺭﻭﻳﺛﺔ‪،‬ﺻﺩﻉ ﺍﻻﻋﻭﺝ ﻭﺻﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﻛﺻﻳﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٦-۱‬ﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﻗﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺗﻛﺷﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ )ﺷﻛﻝ ‪-: (۳-۱‬‬
‫‪ 1-6-1‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻣﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ(‬
‫ﻳﻧﻛﺷﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ ﻭﻳﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺗﺷ�ﻑ ﻣﻧ�ﻪ )‪ 150-100‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻳﺗﻛ�ﻭﻥ ﻣ�ﻥ‬
‫ﺻﺧﻭﺭﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻫﺷ�ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺷ�ﻧﺔ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﻣﺗﻭﺳ�ﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺑﻳﺑ�ﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺣ�ﻭﻱ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺗﻁﺑ�ﻕ ﻣﺗﻘ�ﺎﻁﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺗﻌﺎﻗ�ﺏ ﻣ�ﻊ ﺻ�ﺧﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻛﺎﺳﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻻﻳﺯﻳﺩ ﺳﻣﻛﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺑﺿﻌﺔ ﺍﻣﺗﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۲-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﻠﻭﺻﺔ )ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ(‬
‫ﻳﻘﺳﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﻥ ﻭﻳﺻﻝ ﺳﻣﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 120‬ﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟ��ﺯء ﺍﻻﺳ��ﻔﻝ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺟﻳ��ﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣ��ﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﺭﺻﺎﺻ��ﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺑﻳ��ﺭ ﺍﻟ��ﻰ ﻣﺗﻭﺳ��ﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﻠ��ﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺍﺿ��ﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﻠﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺣﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ ﻣﻧﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺟﻳﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﺻﻠﺻﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺣﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑ�ﻕ )ﺑ�ﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳ�ﻭﺓ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،Al-Mubarak, 1996 ،1996‬ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪(Buday,1987 ، 1994 ،‬‬

‫‪ ۳-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺯﻭﺭﺣﻭﺭﺍﻥ )ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ(‬

‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻳﻧﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺭﻣﻠ�ﻲ ﺟﻳ�ﺭﻱ ﺍﺧﺿ�ﺭ ﻧ�ﺎﻋﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺑﻳﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ ﻣﻧﻪ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺟﺑﺳﻲ ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺎﺋﺣﻲ ﺍﻻﺑﻳﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ‪ 45‬ﻡ )‪ ،Al-Mubarak,1996‬ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫‪، 1994‬ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪.( 1996 ،‬‬
‫‪ ٤-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺑﻳﺩ )ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ(‬
‫ﻳﻘﺳﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﺟﺯﺍء ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﻠﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﻟﻣﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻘ�ﺩ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺣﺟ�ﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﻳﺻﻝ ﺳﻣﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 28‬ﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺟﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﺻﻔﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﻠﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺗﺩﻟﻣﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻠﺏ ﺟﺩﺍ ﺑﺳﻣﻙ ‪ 40‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ‪ -:‬ﻳﺻﻝ ﺳﻣﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ‪ 2‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺻﻠﺻﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺑﺳﻲ ﻭﺣﺟﺭ ﺟﻳﺭﻱ ﺳﺟﻳﻠﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺗﻛﺷﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺣﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﻣ�ﻸﺕ ﺑﺗﺭﺳ�ﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﻛ�ﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺳ�ﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺳ�ﻡ ﻣ�ﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ)‪.(Al-Mubarak,1996‬‬
‫‪ ٥-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺍﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ(‬
‫ﻳﻘﺳﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﻥ ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺎﻧﻲ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺭﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﺗﻌﺎﻗﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺭﻣﻠﻲ ﻁﻳﻧﻲ ﻭﺣﺟﺭ ﻁﻳﻧﻲ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﺻﻼﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻼ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻬﻣﺎ ﻳﺣﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻛﺎﺳﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﺩﺭﻧﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟ��ﺯء ﺍﻟﻛ��ﺎﺭﺑﻭﻧﻲ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻗ��ﺏ ﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺍﻟ��ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟ��ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠ��ﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺗﻭﺳ��ﻁ ﺍﻟ��ﻰ ﺧﺷ��ﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺟﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﺑﻠ�ﻎ ﺳ�ﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﻛ�ﻭﻳﻥ ‪ 120‬ﻡ )‪ ،Al-Mubarak,1996‬ﺣﺳ�ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺑﻳﺑﺎﺕ‪ٍ ،‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪، 1994 ،‬ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪.(1996 ،‬‬
‫‪ ٦-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺞ )ﺟﻭﺍﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺳﻔﻝ(‬
‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﻥ ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺎﺗﻲ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ )‪( 4-3‬ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺗﻌﺎﻗﺏ ﻓﻳﻬ�ﺎ ﻁﺑﻘ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧ�ﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳ�ﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﻳ�ﺭ‬
‫ﻳﺗﻧﺎﻭﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺻﻠﺻﺎﻝ ﺍﺻﻔﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻣﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء )‪ 22-18‬ﻡ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟ��ﺯء ﺍﻟﻛ��ﺎﺭﺑﻭﻧﻲ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻗ��ﺏ ﺣﺟﺭﺍﻟ��ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻳﻧ��ﻲ ﻭﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭﺍﻟ��ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻳ��ﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑ��ﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻼﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﻠﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻣﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء)‪ 30-22‬ﻡ()‪ ، Al-Mubarak,1996‬ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪.(1996 ،‬‬

‫‪ ۷-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﺣﻳﻭﺭ )ﺟﻭﺍﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ(‬

‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﻥ ‪-:‬‬

‫‪۷‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺭﺑﻭﻧﻲ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺭﻣﻠﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻋﻡ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺧﺷ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺑﻳﺑ�ﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺳﻣﻳﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻘﺑﻪ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻛ�ﺎﺭﺑﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺣ�ﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺟﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺭﺑﻭﻧﻲ ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺟﻳﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﺭﺻﺎﺻﻲ ﻣﺻﻔﺭ ﻧﺎﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﻠﻭﺭ ﻳﻌﻘﺑﻪ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺟﻳﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺣ�ﺎﻭ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻏﺭﻳﻧﻲ ﻭﺣﺟﺭﺟﻳﺭﻱ ﻳﺗﻌﺎﻗﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺟﺭ ﻛﻠﺳﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺳﻣﻳﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑ�ﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧ�ﺎﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﻠ�ﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺗﺣﺟﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺑﻠﻎ ﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻲ‪ 55‬ﻡ )‪ ،Al-Mubarak,1996‬ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪.( 1996،‬‬
‫‪ ۸-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻧﺟﻣﺔ )ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ )ﻣﺎﻟﻡ((‬
‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺭﺑﻭﻧﻲ ) ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ(‪ -:‬ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺳﻣﻛﻪ ﺣﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 22-5‬ﻡ ﻭﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺩﻣﻠﻛﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺗﻛ�ﻭﻥ ﻣ�ﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺻﻭ ﺳﻠﻳﻛﻲ ﻭﻛﺎﺭﺑﻭﻧﻲ ﻭﻳﺣﻭﻱ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺣﺩﻳﺩﻱ )ﺑﺯﻭﻻﻳﺕ ﻭﻓﻠﻭﺗﺎﺕ ﺣﺩﻳﺩ (‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺭﺑﻭﻧﻲ )ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ(‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺟﻳﺭﻱ ﺑﻧ�ﻲ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺑﻧ�ﻲ ﻣﺣﻣ�ﺭ ﺻ�ﻠﺏ ﺟ�ﺩﺍ ﻳﻌﻠ�ﻭﻩ ﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﺟﻳ�ﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﻠﻭﺭ ﻣﺗﺑﻭﻉ ﺑﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﺟﻳ�ﺭﻱ ﻣﺗﺑﻠ�ﻭﺭ ﻭﻣﻌ�ﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﻠ�ﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻧ�ﻲ ﻓ�ﺎﺗﺢ ﻣ�ﻊ ﻗﻠﻳ�ﻝ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺟ�ﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳ�ﻣﻙ ﻫ�ﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء )‪ 55‬ﻡ( )‪ ،Al-Mubarak,1996‬ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪.(1996 ،‬‬
‫‪ ۹-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻧﻬﺭ ﻋﻣﺭ )ﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﺷﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ( )ﺍﻻ ﻟﺑﻳﺎﻥ(‬
‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺭﻣﻠﻲ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺧﺷﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺑﻳﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﻣﺗﻭﺳ�ﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑ�ﻕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻠﻳ�ﻝ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ‬
‫ﺻ��ﻠﺏ ﺟ��ﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻘﺑ��ﻪ ﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺭﻣﻠ��ﻲ ﺍﺑ��ﻳﺽ ﻧ��ﺎﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺑﻳﺑ��ﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺭﻣﻠ��ﻲ ﻁﻳﻧ��ﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳ��ﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﻛ��ﻭﻳﻥ ‪ 28-7‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺣ��ﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻣﺗﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﻭﺩﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻳﺗﺭﺳﺏ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﻭﺩﻭﺩ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﺗﻭﺍﻓﻘﻳﺎ ً ﻣﻊ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺗﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺭ) ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪.(1996،‬‬
‫‪ ۱۰-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﻭﺩﻭﺩ )ﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﺷﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ(‬
‫ﻳﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺻ��ﺧﻭﺭ ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳ��ﺔ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳ��ﺔ ﺭﻣﻠﻳ��ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻣ��ﺭﺍء ﻭﺻ��ﻔﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻠ��ﻭﻥ ﻧﺎﻋﻣ��ﺔ ﺍﻟ��ﻰ ﻣﺗﻭﺳ �ﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺑﻳﺑ��ﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻ��ﻠﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺗﻭﺳ��ﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑ��ﻕ ﺗﺣ��ﻭﻱ ﻣﺗﺣﺟ��ﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﻘﺑﻬ��ﺎ ﻁﺑﻘ��ﺎﺕ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺍﻟ��ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺕ ﻭﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻠ��ﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﻧﺎﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺧﺷﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﻠﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻠﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑ�ﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳ�ﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﻛ�ﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﺗﺑ�ﺎﻳﻥ )‪ ( 52-5‬ﻡ ﺣﻳ�ﺙ‬
‫ﻳ�ﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺳ�ﻣﻙ ﺑﺄﺗﺟ�ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺷ�ﺭﻕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘ�ﻊ ﺻ�ﺧﻭﺭ ﺗﻛ�ﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑ�ﺔ ﻓ�ﻭﻕ ﺻ�ﺧﻭﺭ ﻫ�ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻛ�ﻭﻳﻥ ﺑﻭﺻ�ﻔﻬﺎ ﺗﺟﻣﻌ��ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻛﺷﻑ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺎﺱ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺗﻭﺍﻓﻘﻲ)ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ ‪.(1996،‬‬

‫‪ ۱۱-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑﺔ )ﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﺷﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ )ﺳﻧﻭﻣﺎﻧﻳﺎﻥ((‬

‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﻳﺿ�ﺎء ﻭﻣﺗﻌ�ﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻟ�ﻭﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﻋﻣ�ﺔ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺧﺷ�ﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺑﻳﺑ�ﺎﺕ ﺗﺣﺗ�ﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻛﺎﺳﻳﺩ ﺣﺩﻳﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻫﺷﺔ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺻ�ﻠﺑﺔ ﻣ�ﻊ ﻭﺟ�ﻭﺩ ﻁﺑﻘ�ﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻳﻘ�ﺔ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺟ�ﺭ‬

‫‪۸‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻳﻧﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳ�ﺩ ﻧﺳ�ﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻛ�ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺯ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻛ�ﻭﻳﻥ ﺗﺯﻳ�ﺩ ﻋ�ﻥ ‪ .% 95‬ﺳ�ﻣﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ‪ 54-3‬ﻡ )‪ ،Buday,1987‬ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪. (Al-Mubarak,1996،1996 ،‬‬
‫‪ ۱۲-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﺳﺎﺩ )ﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﺷﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ(‬
‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺕ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﺗﻐﺎﻳﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻕ ﻭﻳﺣﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺗﺣﺟﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﻌﻘﺑﻪ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺭﻣﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻳ��ﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺻ���ﻭﻱ ﺍﺣﻳﺎﻧ��ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺻ���ﻠﺏ ﺫﻭ ﺗﻁﺑﻳ��ﻕ ﻣﺗﻘ���ﺎﻁﻊ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻳ���ﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑ��ﻕ ﻳﻌﻘﺑ���ﻪ ﺍﻟ��ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺕ ﻭﺣﺟ���ﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳ���ﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺑﻳﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺭﺩﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻕ‪ ،‬ﺻﻠﺏ ﻳﺣﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺗﺣﺟﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳﻣﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ‪ 49-16‬ﻡ ‪) .‬ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪.( 1996 ،‬‬
‫‪ ۱۳-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻛﺎﺭ )ﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﺷﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ(‬
‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﻁﻳﻧ�ﻲ ﺍﺣﻣ�ﺭ ﻭﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﺣﺩﻳ�ﺩﻱ ﻣﺗﺑ�ﻭﻉ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺑﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﺭﻣﻠ�ﻲ ﻛ�ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻣﻳﻙ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺟﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﺻﻔﺭ ﻭﺭﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻙ ﻧﺎﻋﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ‪ -:‬ﻳﺣﻭﻱ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﺳﻣﻳﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻧﻲ ﺷﺎﺣﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﺭﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻕ ﺻ�ﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺗﻐﻳ�ﺭ‬
‫ﻓ����ﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻠ����ﻰ ﺍﻟ����ﻰ ﺣﺟ����ﺭ ﺟﻳ����ﺭﻱ ﻁﺣﻠﺑ����ﻲ ﻣﻌ����ﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﻠ����ﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳ����ﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﺟ����ﺯء ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻛﺷ����ﻑ )‪(25-7‬ﻡ)ﺣﺳ����ﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪(1994،‬‬
‫‪ ۱٤-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺭﺛﺔ )ﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﺷﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ( )ﻛﺎﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ – ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺳﺗﺭﺧﺗﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ(‬
‫ﻳﻘﺳﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﻥ ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺩﻣﻠﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺭﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﺩﻣﻠﻙ ﻳﺣﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺭﺍﺕ ﻁﻳﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﻭﻗﻁ�ﻊ‬
‫ﻣ��ﻥ ﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﺻ��ﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﻗﻁ��ﻊ ﺻ��ﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻔ��ﻝ ﻭﻳﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﺳ��ﻣﻛﻪ )‪ ( 5-1‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻳﺗﺑ��ﺎﺩﻝ ﻣ��ﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺻ��ﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻔﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء )‪32-20‬ﻡ (‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺭﺑﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺑﺎﺩﻝ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺻ�ﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺑﻠ�ﻎ ﺳ�ﻣﻙ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺣﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 130‬ﻡ)‪،Al-Mubarak,1996‬ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪.(1994 ،‬‬

‫‪ ۱٥-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻁﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ )ﻁﺑﺎﺷﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ( )ﻣﺎﺳﺗﺭﺧﺗﻲ(‬

‫ﻳﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﻥ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺗﺣﺟﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﻘﺑﻪ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺕ ﺟﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻕ ٍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭﻱ ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺗﺣﺟﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺗﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺳﻣﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺯﻳﺩ ﻋﻥ ‪160‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪۹‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟ��ﺯء ﺍﻻﻋﻠ��ﻰ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺟﻳ��ﺭﻱ ﺻﻠﺻ��ﺎﻟﻲ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻟﺟ��ﺯء ﺍﻻﺳ��ﻔﻝ ﻳﺗﺑ��ﻊ ﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣ��ﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﻧ��ﺎﻋﻡ ﺍﻟ��ﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﻠﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁﻲ ﻳﻌﻠﻭﻩ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺟﻳﺭﻱ ﺻﻠﺻﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣ�ﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺟ�ﺯء ﺍﻻﻋﻠ�ﻰ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻣﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺣﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 40-30‬ﻡ )‪. (Al-Mubarak,1996‬‬
‫‪ ۱٦-٦-۱‬ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺑﻁ )ﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﺷﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ(‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﺟﺯءﺍً ﻣﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺗﻛ�ﻭﻥ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﺭﻣﻠ�ﻲ ﺣﺻ�ﻭﻱ ﺑﻧ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻠ�ﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺗﺑﻌ��ﻪ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﻁﺑﻘ��ﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﺩﻟ��ﺔ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠ��ﻲ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑ��ﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻘ��ﺎﻁﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺍﻟ��ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠ��ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺣﻭﻱ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻳﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺻﻝ ﺳﻣﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 50‬ﻡ )ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪. ( 1994 ،‬‬
‫‪ ۱۷-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺩ )ﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﺷﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ(‬
‫ﻗﺳﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻌﺟﺔ )ﺍﻟﻛﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ – ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺳﺗﺭﺧﺗﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ(‪ -:‬ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳ�ﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳ�ﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻁﺑﺎﺷﻳﺭﻳﺎ ً ﺭﻣﻠﻳﺎ ً ﻭﻓﻭﺳﻔﺎﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻲ )‪ (17- 2.5‬ﻡ ﺗﻌﻠﻭﻫﺎ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺭﺓ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻭﺍﻓﻘﻳﺔ‪ ).‬ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ ‪(1994‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺭﺧﺗﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ( ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﻥ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟ��ﺯء ﺍﻻﺳ��ﻔﻝ ‪ :‬ﻳﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺍﻟﻁ��ﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻳ��ﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠ��ﻲ ﺍﻻﺻ��ﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻠ��ﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻ��ﻔﺎﺋﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺭﻗ��ﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠ��ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻏﻠﺏ ﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻭﺳﻔﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺟﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﻳﺑﻠﻎ ﺳﻣﻛﻪ )‪ 14- 8‬ﻡ (‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺗﺣﺟﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻳﻛﻲ ﻣﺗﻁﺑﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺻﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺻﻠﺏ ﺟﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻳﺑﻠﻎ ﺳﻣﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء )‪ 47 – 1‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۱۸-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻋﻛﺎﺷﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻟﻳﻭﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ(‬
‫ﻳﻘﺳﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﺟﺯﺍء‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻁﺭﻳﻔ�ﺎﻭﻱ )ﺩﺍﻧﻳ�ﺎﻥ(‪ -:‬ﺍﻟﺟ�ﺯء ﺍﻻﺳ�ﻔﻝ ﻣﻧ�ﻪ ﻳﺣ�ﻭﻱ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﻁﻳﻧ�ﻲ ﻧ�ﺎﻋﻡ ﻭﺭﻗ�ﻲ ﺍﺧﺿ�ﺭ ﻣﺻ�ﻔﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺗﺑﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻊ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺳﻔﺭﺍﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻳﺣﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣ�ﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﻭﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﻛﻠ�ﺱ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺻﻭﺍﻧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻫﺭﻱ )ﻣﻭﻧﺗﻳ�ﺎﻥ(‪ -:‬ﺗﺗﻛ�ﻭﻥ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻠ�ﺱ ﺍﻟﺣ�ﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺟ�ﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺳ�ﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺗﺑ�ﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻭﺳﻔﺭﺍﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﺧﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺳﻔﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻳﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 15‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻁﺑﻘ��ﺔ ﺩﻭﻳﻣ��ﺔ )ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﺗﻳ��ﺎﻥ(‪ -:‬ﺗ��ﻡ ﺩﻣ��ﺞ ﻫ��ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘ��ﺔ ﻣ��ﻊ ﻁﺑﻘ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻬ��ﺭﻱ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﻁ��ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘ��ﺔ ﻣ��ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺳﻔﺭﺍﻳﺕ ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﺷﺔ ﻣﺗﺑﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺑ�ﺎﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﺳ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑ�ﺎﺩﻝ ﻣ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﻁ�ﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻳ�ﺭﻱ‪،‬‬

‫‪۱۰‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﻭﻫ��ﺎ ﻁﺑﻘ��ﺔ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺳ��ﻔﺭﺍﻳﺕ ﻭﻣﻐﻁ��ﺎﺓ ﺒﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﺳ��ﻠﻳﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳ��ﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘ��ﺔ )‪ (20‬ﻡ )ﺑ��ﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳ��ﻭﺓ ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،1996‬ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪.(1994 ،‬‬
‫‪ ۱۹-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺭﺘﮕﻪ )ﺍﻻﻳﻭﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ –ﺍﻻﻭﺳﻁ(‬
‫ﻳﻘﺳﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟ�ﺯء ﺻ��ﻭﺍﺏ ) ﺍﻻﺑﺭﻳﺳ��ﻲ ﺍﻻﺳ��ﻔﻝ (‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛ�ﻭﻥ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺟﻳ��ﺭﻱ ﺣ�ﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﺍﺻ��ﻁﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺟ��ﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺟﻳ��ﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺗﻠ�ﻲ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟ�ﺏ‪ ،‬ﻳﺻ�ﻝ ﺳ�ﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﺟ�ﺯء ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ‪ 45‬ﻡ )ﺑ�ﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳ�ﻭﺓ‪ ،1996 ،‬ﺣﺳ�ﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳ�ﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫‪.( 1994‬‬
‫ﺟﺯء ﺩﻣﻠﻭﻙ )ﺍﻻﺑﺭﻳﺳﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ – ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻳﺳﺗﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ(‪-:‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﻠﻭﻙ ﺃ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺑﺎﺩﻝ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺳﻔﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻭﻉ ﺑﺣﺟﺭ ﺟﻳﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﻠﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺗﺑ�ﺎﺩﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭﻱ ﻣﻊ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﺻﻝ ﺳﻣﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ 16‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﻠ��ﻭﻙ ﺏ‪ -:‬ﻳﻌﻠ��ﻭ) ﺩﻣﻠ��ﻭﻙ ﺃ( ﻭﻳﺣ��ﻭﻱ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺳ��ﻔﺭﺍﻳﺕ ﻭ ﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺳ��ﻔﺎﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻐﻁ��ﻰ ﺑﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳ��ﺭ‬
‫ﺣ�ﺎﻭ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﺍﻟﺻ�ﻭﺍﻥ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺻﻁﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺟﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﺳﻔﺭﺍﻳﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺗﺑﻭﻋ�ﺔ ﺑﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﺟﻳ�ﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻛﻝ ﻋﻘﺩ ﻭ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻠﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ)ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪.(1994 ،‬‬
‫‪ ۲۰-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺭ )ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻳﻭﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ(‬
‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺭﻣﻠﻲ ﺟﻳﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺻﻼﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺣﻭﻱ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺻ�ﻰ ﻳﺗﻐﻳ�ﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﺑﻳ�ﺎ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﻁﻳﻧ�ﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻘﺑﻪ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺭﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺣﻣﺭ ﻭ ﺣﺟﺭ ﻁﻳﻧﻲ ﺍﺣﻣﺭ ﻳﻌﻘﺑﻪ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺭﻣﻠﻲ ﺟﻳﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ)‪ ( 3-1‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻳﺗﻐﻁﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺑﺣﺻﻰ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺣﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﻳﺔ ) ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪. ( 1996 ،‬‬
‫‪ ۲۱-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻳﻭﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ – ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ – ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻳﻭﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻛﺭ(‬
‫ﻳﻘﺳﻳﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﻥ ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺩﻣﻠﻛﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﺭﻗﻳﻘﺔ) ‪ (2-0.5‬ﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻰ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻳ�ﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺣﺻ�ﻰ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺣﺟﻭﻡ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺭﺋﻳﺱ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳ�ﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣ�ﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺳ�ﻣﻧﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻁ�ﺔ ﺗﻛ�ﻭﻥ ﺟﻳﺭﻳ�ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻘﺑﻬ�ﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﻛﻠ��ﺱ ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣ�ﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻌﺎﻗ��ﺏ ﻣ��ﻊ ﻁﻔ�ﻝ ﺃﺧﺿ��ﺭ‪ ،‬ﻳﻠ��ﻲ ﻫ�ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﺗ��ﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻌﺎﻗ�ﺏ ﺍﻧ��ﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔ��ﺔ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺣﺟ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻠ��ﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﺷﻳﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ‪ 50 – 20‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ‪ -:‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺟﺭ ﻛﻠﺳﻲ ﻁﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﻠﻭﺭ ﺻﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺳﻠﻳﻛﻲ ﺣﺩﻳﺩﻱ ﻭﻁﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺿﺭ ﺑﺳﻣﻙ ‪۱۰‬ﻡ ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻲ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء)‪ 60–20‬ﻡ() ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪.(1996،‬‬
‫‪ ۲۲-٦-۱‬ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺎﻳﻝ )ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻳﻭﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﺳﻁ(‬
‫ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺏ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻝ ﻭﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﺱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻠﻭﻫﺎ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ٌﺗﻛ�ﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﺯﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺿﺎﺏ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻧﺳﺑﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺳ�ﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﻌ�ﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺗﻛ�ﻭﻳﻥ)‪– 15‬‬
‫‪20‬ﻡ( )ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪.(1996 ،‬‬
‫‪۱۱‬‬
 ‫‪ ۲۳-٦-۱‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻫﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻳﻭﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ – ﺍﻟﺑﻼﻳﻭﺳﻳﻥ(‬
‫ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺩﻣﻠﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﻳﺿﺎء ﻭﺭﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻧﺗﻳﺔ ﺻ�ﻠﺑﺔ )ﺳ�ﻠﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﻠﺳ�ﻳﺔ( ﻳﻌﻘﺑﻬ�ﺎ ﻁﺑﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺟ�ﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 15-10‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺗﻐﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺑﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺑ�ﺎﻋﻲ) ﺑ�ﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳ�ﻭﺓ‪،‬‬
‫‪.( 1996‬‬
‫‪ ۲٤-٦-۱‬ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫‪ ۱-۲٤-٦-۱‬ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺭﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺭ ﺑﻼﻳﺳﺗﻭﺳﻳﻥ(‬
‫ﺗﻭﺟﺩ ﺛ�ﻼﺙ ﻣﺳ�ﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺷ�ﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻ�ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻭﺩﻳ�ﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﻛ�ﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺻ�ﻰ ﺿ�ﻣﻥ ﻫ�ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳ�ﺑﺎﺕ ﺫﺍ ﺍﺷ�ﻛﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺟ��ﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻠ��ﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔ��ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﺑﺷ��ﻛﻝ ﺭﺋ��ﻳﺱ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺍﻧ��ﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔ��ﺔ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺍﻟﺳ��ﻠﻳﻛﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺻ��ﻭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺟﻳ��ﻭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻳﻛﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻳﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭ ) ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ ‪،‬‬
‫‪.( 1996‬‬
‫‪ ۲-۲٤-٦-۱‬ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﻳﺔ )ﺑﻼﻳﺳﺗﻭﺳﻳﻥ – ﻫﻭﻟﻭﺳﻳﻥ(‬
‫ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺭﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﻏﺭﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻁﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺻﺎﺻﻳﺔ ﻣﺣﻣﺭﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻛﻧ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻠ��ﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳ��ﻁﺢ ﻫ��ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳ��ﺑﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺋﻣ��ﺎ ﻣﻧﺑﺳ��ﻁ ﺳ��ﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳ��ﺑﺎﺕ ﻳﺻ��ﻝ ﺍﻟ��ﻰ ‪ 1.5‬ﻡ ) ﺑ��ﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳ��ﻭﺓ‪،‬‬
‫‪،1996‬ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪. ( 1994 ،،‬‬
‫‪ ۳-۲٤-٦-۱‬ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻳﻧﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻼﻳﺳﺗﻭﺳﻳﻥ – ﺍﻟﻬﻭﻟﻭﺳﻳﻥ(‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗ�ﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﺷ�ﺭ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﻭﺑﻳ�ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﻳ�ﺔ ﻟﻣ�ﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻛﻌ�ﺭﺓ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳ�ﺭ ﺍﻟ�ﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺻ�ﻭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻐﻁ�ﻲ ﻫ�ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳ�ﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺣﺻ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺩﻳ�ﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺑﻠﻎ ﺳﻣﻙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ)‪ 4-1‬ﻡ( ) ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،1994 ،‬ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪.(1996،‬‬

‫‪ ٤-۲٤-٦-۱‬ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺣﺩﺭﺍﺕ )ﺑﻼﻳﺳﺗﻭﺳﻳﻥ – ﻫﻭﻟﻭﺳﻳﻥ(‬

‫ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣ�ﻥ ﻣ�ﺯﻳﺞ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻣ�ﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻐ�ﺭﻳﻥ ﺗﺭﺑﻁﻬ�ﺎ ﻣ�ﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺍﺑﻁ�ﺔ ﺿ�ﻌﻳﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻛ�ﻭﻥ ﻫ�ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳ�ﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻐﻁ�ﺎﺓ‬
‫)‪-0.5‬‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺿﻌﻳﺎ ﺑﻘﻁﻊ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺟﺎﻡ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺳﻣﻙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫‪1.5‬ﻡ( ) ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،1994 ،‬ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪.( 1996 ،‬‬
‫‪ ٥-۲٤-٦-۱‬ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻟﻛﺭﻳﺕ )ﺑﻼﻳﺳﺗﻭﺳﻳﻥ(‬
‫ﺗﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ ﺣﺻﺭﺍ ﻭﺗﻐﻁ�ﻲ ﺗﻛ�ﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻌ�ﺭﺓ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺷ�ﻛﻝ ﻛﺗ�ﻝ ﺻ�ﻐﻳﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺯﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻁﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻗﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻭﻳﺔ ﺟﺩﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺑﻠ�ﻎ ﺳ�ﻣﻛﻬﺎ )‪0.5‬‬
‫‪ 3-‬ﻡ( ) ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪.( 1994 ،‬‬
‫‪ ٦-۲٤-٦-۱‬ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺻﻝ )ﺑﻼﻳﺳﺗﻭﺳﻳﻥ – ﻫﻭﻟﻭﺳﻳﻥ(‬
‫‪۱۲‬‬
‫ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺷﺑﻪ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺣﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﺭﺋﻳﺱ ﺍﺫ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻏﺭﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﺭﻳﺣﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻙ )‪1.5-0.5‬ﻡ( ) ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪.( 1994 ،‬‬
‫‪ ۷-۲٤-٦-۱‬ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ )ﻫﻭﻟﻭﺳﻳﻥ(‬
‫ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻛﺛﺑﺎﻥ ﻫﻼﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺑﻧﻌﻭﻣﺔ ﺭﻣﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺳﻠﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻳﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺑﻳﺑ�ﺎﺕ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﻟﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻓﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻙ )‪ 3-2‬ﻡ(ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺑﺎﻥ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ) ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪.( 1996 ،‬‬
‫‪ ۸-۲٤-٦-۱‬ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻸ ﺍﻟﻭﺩﻳﺎﻥ )ﻫﻭﻟﻭﺳﻳﻥ(‬
‫ﺗﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺻ�ﺩﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺭﺗﺑ�ﺔ ﺍﻟ�ﻭﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻳﻌ�ﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺩﻳ�ﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺿﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﺗﻐﻁﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺻﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻭﺳﻊ ﻭﺿﺣﻠﺔ ﺟﺩﺍ ﻭﺗﻣﻸ ﺑﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻏﺭﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻰ ﺍﻟﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺻﻝ ﺳﻣﻙ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ 5‬ﻡ( ) ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،1994 ،‬ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪.( 1996 ،‬‬
‫‪ ۹-۲٤-٦-۱‬ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻸ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺎﺕ )ﻫﻭﻟﻭﺳﻳﻥ(‬
‫ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﻣ�ﻭﺍﺩ ﻏﺭﻳﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﻭﻁﻳﻧﻳ�ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻧﺷ�ﺄ ﻧﻬ�ﺭﻱ ﻣﺧﻠﻭﻁ�ﺔ ﻣ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﻣ�ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺣﻳ�ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻐﻁﺎﺓ ﺑﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻁﺔ ﻧﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﺭﻁﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻣﻙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ )‪-0.5‬‬
‫‪1.5‬ﻡ( ) ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪ ، 1994،‬ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪.(1996 ،،‬‬

‫‪۱۳‬‬
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 ‫‪ ۷-۱‬ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ 1-7-1‬ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻭﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺗﻣﻳ���ﺯ ﺗﺭﺳ���ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳ���ﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺳ���ﻭﺑﻲ ﺑﻘﻠ���ﺔ ﻧﺳ���ﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗ���ﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﻌ���ﺩﻧﻲ ﻭﺗﻛ���ﻭﻥ ﻣﻭﺯﻋ���ﺔ ﻋﻠ���ﻰ ﺗﻛ���ﻭﻳﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﻣﺗﺎﻳﺕ ﺑﺷ�ﻛﻝ ﺍﺳﺎﺳ�ﻲ ‪ Fe2O3‬ﻣ�ﻊ ﻭﺟ�ﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻳ�ﺩ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﺷ�ﻭﺍﺋﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﻻﺳﺗﺧﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻ�ﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳ�ﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺻﻠﺏ‪ .‬ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻣﻧﺫ ﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﺣﺎﻟﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑﻭﺻ�ﻔﻬﺎ ﺑ�ﺩﻳﻼً ﻋ�ﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۱-۱-۷-۱‬ﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻭﺟ��ﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳ��ﺩ ﻓ��ﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳ��ﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﺷ��ﻛﻝ ﺗﺣ��ﺕ ﺳ��ﻁﺣﻲ ﻛﺷ��ﻑ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﺍﻟﺳ��ﻁﺢ ﻧﺗﻳﺟ��ﺔ ﺍﻋﻣ��ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻠ��ﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺳ��ﺗﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﻓ��ﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ ﺍﻻﻛﺗ��ﺎﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻁ��ﺎء ﺍﻟﺻ��ﺧﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺍﻟﺻ��ﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭﻳ��ﺔ ﻏﻳ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﺳ��ﻣﻳﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺳ�ﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺷ�ﻛﻝ)‪ ،(٤-۱‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠ�ﻊ ﺟ�ﺯء ﺑﺳ�ﻳﻁ ﻣﻘﻠ�ﻭﻉ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎء ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻱ ﻟﺑﻘﻳﺔ ﺍﺟﺯﺍﺋﻪ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻛﺛ�ﺭ ﻣ�ﻥ‪ 20‬ﻣﺗ�ﺭﺍً‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗ�ﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺯ ‪ Fe2O3‬ﻓﻳﻬﺎ )‪) (Etabi, 1985) (%46.66-%28.86‬ﻣﻠﺣﻕ ‪ ،(1‬ﻭﺍﻟﺷ�ﻛﻝ)‪ (٥-۱‬ﻳﻭﺿ�ﺢ‬
‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪(٤-۱‬ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻭﺗﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻻﺣﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ)‪(۲۰۰۱‬‬

‫‪۱٥‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪(٥-۱‬ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻭﺗﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ)ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﻳﻥ‪(۲۰۰۷،‬‬
‫‪ ۲-۱-۷-۱‬ﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺗﻛﺷﻔﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺳ�ﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﻌ�ﺩﺩﺓ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺻ�ﺧﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻛﺣﻣﺻﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻘﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻘﻊ ﻟﻭﻧﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺷ�ﻛﻝ ﻋﺩﺳ�ﺎﺕ ﻣﺳ�ﺗﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳ�ﻣﻙ ‪.‬ﺍﻥ ﻫ��ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺳ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟ��ﻭﺩﺓ ﻓ�ﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻌ�ﺭﺓ ﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺷ��ﻛﻝ ﺭﻛ�ﺎﻡ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺟ�ﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳ��ﺩﻱ ﻏﻳ��ﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺗﺟﺎﻧﺱ ﻣﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻣﺗﻧﺎﺛﺭ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑ�ﻳﻥ)‪ ۳‬ﺳ�ﻡ ‪ ٥۰-‬ﺳ�ﻡ( ﺷ�ﻛﻝ)‪ ،(٦-۱‬ﺗﺻ�ﻝ ﻧﺳ�ﺑﺔ‬
‫‪ Fe2O3‬ﻓ���ﻲ ﺑﻌ���ﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺳ���ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ���ﻰ ‪ %51.45‬ﻭﺍﻗ���ﻝ ﻧﺳ���ﺑﺔ ﻟ���ﻪ ‪) %22.36‬ﻣﻌﻳﻘ���ﻝ ﻭﺗﻣﺭﺍﻏ���ﺎ ‪(1987‬‬
‫)ﻣﻠﺣﻕ‪(1‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﺳﺏ ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻻﻛﺎﺳﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺧﻭﺫﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪(٦-۱‬ﺍﺣﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ)‪(1996‬‬

‫‪ ۲-۷-۱‬ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ‬
‫‪۱٦‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻳﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳ�ﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻳ�ﺔ ‪ ، Al2O3 2SiO2 2H2O‬ﻭﻫ�ﻭ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌ�ﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﻭﻳﺗﺣﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺏ ﺍﻻﺗﻳﺔ )‪.(Deer, et.al.,1962‬‬
‫‪H2O‬‬ ‫‪SiO2‬‬ ‫‪Al2O3‬‬
‫‪%15.99‬‬ ‫‪%45.31‬‬ ‫‪%38.7‬‬
‫ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺑﺩﻳﻼً ﻻﺳﺗﺧﻼﺹ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺑﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻﺗﻣﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺍﻻﺑﻳﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻳﺭﺍﻣﻳﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺷﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺧﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺑ�ﻭﺍﺩﻕ‬
‫ﺻﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺟﻳﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺯﻳﻭﻻﻳﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺷﺏ‪ ،‬ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠ�ﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻧ�ﻭﺏ ﻣ�ﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻛﻌ�ﺭﺓ ‪ 80،‬ﻛ��ﻡ ﺷ�ﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑ�ﺔ )ﻣﻠﺣ�ﻕ ‪،(2‬ﻭﻳﻘ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳ�ﻳﺏ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺟ��ﺯء ﺍﻟﻌﻠ�ﻭﻱ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺗﻛ��ﻭﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻌ��ﺭﺓ ﻳﻌﻠ��ﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺻ��ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺣ��ﻭﻱ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﻁﺑﻘﺗ��ﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻳ��ﺎ ﻭﺳ��ﻔﻠﻰ ﺷ��ﻛﻝ)‪ ،(۷-۱‬ﺗ��ﻡ ﻗﻠ��ﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻁ��ﺎء ﺍﻟﺻ��ﺧﺭﻱ ﻟﻬ��ﺎ)‬
‫‪( Mustafa, 1981‬ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﺣﻭ ﺍﻻﺗﻲ)‪(Jargees and Santrucek, 1973‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪Fe2O3‬‬ ‫‪TiO2‬‬ ‫‪Al2O3‬‬ ‫‪SiO2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪1.8-1.16‬‬ ‫‪1.12-1.1‬‬ ‫‪32.63-32.14‬‬ ‫‪52.21-51.45‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻔﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪1.84-1.14‬‬ ‫‪1.12-1.09‬‬ ‫‪34.9-33.77‬‬ ‫‪49.08 -49‬‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪(۷-۱‬ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻭﺗﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﻟﻳﻥ)ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ( )‪(Mustafa, 1981‬‬

‫‪ ۳-۷-۱‬ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬

‫‪۱۷‬‬
‫ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺿﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺗﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺑﻳﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻫﻳﻣﻳﺎﻳﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺑﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻗﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺩﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻡ ﻟﻠﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ )ﻣﺻﻁﻔﻰ ﻭﺍﺧﺭﻭﻥ ‪( 1995‬‬
‫‪ ۱-۳-۷-۱‬ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺩﺛﺭ )‪)(Fossil Rarest‬ﻣﺻﻁﻔﻰ ﻭﺍﺧﺭﻭﻥ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،(1995‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺣﻔﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻧﻁﻣﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺷﻛﻝ )‪ ، (۱۰-۱‬ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺷﻛﺎﻝ‬
‫‪30‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺋﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﻳﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻁﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻧﻘﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺧﺩﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻋﻣﺎﻗﻬﺎ)‪(105-4‬ﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﺩ ﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺯﻳﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﺟﺩﺍ ﺗﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪۱۰۰۰۰‬ﻡ‪(۲‬ﺍﻭ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﺗﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ)‪1.25‬ﻛﻡ‪ (۲‬ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻣﻰ ﺗﺭﺍﻭﺣﺕ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻳﻥ)‪ ۱٥۰۰۰۰-۲۰۰۰۰‬ﻡ‪) (۲‬ﻣﺻﻁﻔﻰ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺧﺭﻭﻥ‪،(1995 ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻓﻕ)‪ (3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﺳﺏ ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻻﻛﺎﺳﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ۲-۳-۷-۱‬ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﻁﻘﺔ ‪ C,B,A‬ﺷﻛﻝ)‪ (۹-۱‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻕ )‪ (A‬ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﻭﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻁﻳﺎﻥ ﺣﻣﺭﺍء ﻭﺍﻁﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺳﻣﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻣﺗﺎﺭ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻛﺛﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ‪ ۸٥‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻕ)‪ (B‬ﻓﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺷﻛﻝ)‪(۸-۱‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺣﺎﻁﺎ ﺑﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺗﻲ‬
‫‪ Bauxite-clay‬ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻧﺗﻲ ‪ Flint clay‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺳﻣﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻣﺗﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 70‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ )‪ (۱۰-۱‬ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺗﻛﺷﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻧﺗﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ )‪ (C‬ﻓﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺳﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺍﺳﻔﻝ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺗﻣﺎﺱ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺑﻳﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻛﻭﺍﺭﺗﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻁﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻳﻪ ﻏﺭﻳﻧﻳﺔ)ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻳﻌﻲ‪،(1997،‬ﺳﻣﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺳﻡ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻧﻭﻳﻑ)ﻣﺻﻁﻔﻰ ﻭﺍﺧﺭﻭﻥ‪.(1996،‬‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ )‪ (۸-۱‬ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ)ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﻳﻥ‪(۲۰۰۷،‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻣﺎﻝ‬
‫‪۱۸‬‬
 ‫ﺣﺠﺮ ﺭﻣﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻁﻴﺎﻥ ﺣﻤﺮﺍء‬
‫ﺭﻣﺎﻝ ﺻﻔﺮﺍء‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ‪A‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺸﻴﺎ ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻳﺸﻴﺎ ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻁﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺭﻣﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻁﻴﻦ ﺍﻓﻠﻨﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ‪B‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﻛﺴﺎﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻁﻴﻦ ﺍﻓﻠﻨﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ‪C‬‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺭﻣﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺭﻣﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻀﺎء‬
‫ﺣﺠﺮ ﺟﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﻮﻣﺎﻳﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪ (۹-۱‬ﻣﻘﻁﻊ ﻣﺛﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺔ)ﻣﺣﻭﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺻﻁﻔﻰ ﻭﺍﺧﺭﻭﻥ‪(1995 ،‬‬
‫‪ ۳-۳-۷-۱‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻫﻳﻣﺎﻳﺕ)‪Al2O3.H2O (Bohmite‬ﺑﻳﻥ)‪ (%٤۰-%۱٦‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻧﻲ ﻭﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﺑﺳﺎﻳﺕ)‪ Al2O3.3H2O (Gibbsite‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ)‪ (%۱۸-%٥‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺯﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻟﺩ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺛﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎء ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻭﺑﻲ ﻭﺑﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺛﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺗﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺻﺎﺣﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﺳﻳﺟﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﺑﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻫﻳﻣﺎﻳﺕ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻟﻔﻘﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﺑﻠﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫)‪Al2O3.3H2O→Al2O3.H2O→Al2O3 -------------------- (1-1‬‬

‫‪Boehmite‬‬ ‫‪→ Gibbsite → Corundum‬‬

‫‪۱۹‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻛﻝ )‪ (۱۰-۱‬ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻭﺗﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺧﺳﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ‪ C‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻊ)‪(1990‬‬

‫‪ ۸-۱‬ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻣﻭﺭﻓﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺿﺎﺭﻳﺱ ﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﺗﺩﺭﻳﺟﻳﺎ ﺑﺄﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺻﻝ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (809‬ﻡ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻣﻳﺯ ﻭﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺟﺭﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺟﻧﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺷﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻗﻲ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﻣﻁ ﺷﺟﻳﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻑ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻣﻭﺭﻓﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔﻋﻠﻰ)ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪ (1994 ،‬ﻭ)ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﻩ ‪.(1996‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻻﻏﻠﺏ ﻭﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺗﺗﺧﺫ ﻫﻳﺋﺔ )‪، (V‬ﻭﻗﺳﻡ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻳﺋﺔ )‪ (U‬ﻭﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻛﺛﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﻭﺩﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺣﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﺗﺄﺛﺭ ﻭﺩﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻣﺿﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻟﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺻﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﻭﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﺭﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻳﻣﺔ ﺗﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ ﺟﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺷﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1-8-1‬ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻣﻭﺭﻓﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ۱-۱-۸-۱‬ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻝ ﺗﻌﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﺿﺎﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻐﻁﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺷﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﻥ ﺍﺑﺭﺯﻫﺎ ﻫﺿﺑﺔ ﻋﻛﺎﺷﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺗﺩ ﻟﻌﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻠﻭﻣﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺑﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺳﺎ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻬﺿﺎﺏ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺳﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻬﺿﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ۲-۱-۸-۱‬ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻝ ﺗﻌﺭﻭﻱ‬

‫‪۲۰‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺣﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺭﺓ)‪ (Bad land‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺗﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺻﻭﺍﺏ ﻭﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻭﺻﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻳﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻳﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﺳﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺳﻬﻭﻝ ﻓﻳﺿﻳﺔ ﻛﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﻭﺑﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ ﻓﺿﻼً ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺻﺧﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻳﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۳-۱-۸-۱‬ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻝ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺷﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻠﺅﺓ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻣﻳﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٤-۱-۸-۱‬ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻝ ﺭﻳﺣﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺄﺛﺭ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺟﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٥-۱-۸-۱‬ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻝ ﺗﺑﺧﻳﺭﻱ‬
‫‪(2-‬‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺗﺷﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﺑﺧﻳﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺯﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺳﻣﻛﻬﺎ‬
‫)‪ 4‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٦-۱-۸-۱‬ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻝ ﺍﺫﺍﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻧﺗﺷﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻟﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺫﺍﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻋﻣﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻬﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪۲۱‬‬
۲۲
 ‫‪ ۹-۱‬ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺷﻣﻝ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ ۱-۹-۱‬ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺗﺟﺭ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻧﻅﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺧﻼ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻌﻘﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﺧﺭﻭﻥ ‪ 2006‬ﺑﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ ﻭﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ ETM+‬ﻟﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﺑﺻﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ‬
‫ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪ 3/1‬ﻭ‪ 5/4‬ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺎﻡ ‪ Al-Amiri,1978‬ﺑﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺻﺣﺭﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ TM‬ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻣﺕ ‪ Abdul-Qadir,2002‬ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻣﺭ ‪ Resrs-01#3‬ﻟﻠﺗﻭﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻭﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻧﺷﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻭﻛﺫﺍﻟﻙ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﻠﺗﺭﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ ‪high pass‬‬
‫ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﻭﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۲-۸-۱‬ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺭﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﺍﺟﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺣﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺍﺋﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻳﻘﻝ ﻭﺗﻣﺭﺍﻏﺎ ‪ 1987‬ﺑﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩﺍﻟﻌﺩﺳﻲ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻋﺷﺭﺓ ﻋﺩﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻛﺷﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺩﺩ ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺑﻌﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﺧﺭﻭﻥ‪ 1998‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﻛﺛﻳﻑ ﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻﺗﺗﺟﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻋﻣﺎﻗﻬﺎ )‪ 1‬ﻣﺗﺭ( ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺟﺑﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺑﺩ ﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺻﻧﻑ ‪ B‬ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ‪ Etabi,, 1985‬ﺑﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺩﺩ ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺯﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺯﻳﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺑﻌﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﺋﺭ ﻭﺣﺩﺩ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﺍﻋﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪. A,B,C‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺯﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻳﺎﺱ ‪ 1992‬ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻋﺗﺎﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻋﺗﻣﺩﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻋﺗﺎﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﻁﻲ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻛﺗﺎﻑ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺣﻔﺭﻭﺍ ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺑﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻣﻝ ﻟﻠﻘﺯﺍﺯ ﻭﻣﺣﻣﺩ‪ 1993‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺎﺟﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﺧﺭﻭﻥ‪ 1993‬ﺷﻣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻋﺗﺎﺑﻲ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻛﺗﺎﻑ ﻭﻗﺎﻣﻭﺍ ﺑﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ‪Jargees‬‬
‫‪ and Santrucek, 1973‬ﺑﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻁﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻟﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ ﻭﺣﺩﺩ ﻁﺑﻘﺗﻳﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺣﺗﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻧﻲ ﻳﺯﻳﺩ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯﻫﺎ ﻋﻥ ‪ ،%۷۸‬ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﺻﻁﻔﻰ ﺑﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﻁﻼﻋﻲ ﻛﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 1990‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺗﻣﺗﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻧﺔ ‪۱۹۹٥‬‬
‫ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻛﺗﺷﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻳﻌﻲ ‪ 1997‬ﺑﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺟﻳﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﻲ ﻓﺩﺭﺱ‬

‫‪۲۳‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﻭﺻﻑ ﻣﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻋﻣﺎﻗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻔﺎﺟﻲ ‪2001‬‬
‫ﺑﺩﺭﺍﺳﻪ ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻳﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻻﻁﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﺗﻣﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻗﺎﻡ ‪Al-jumaily, 1974‬‬
‫ﻭ‪Al-‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪ Hagopian 1979‬ﻭ‪ Buday and Hack 1980‬ﻭ‪Al-Mubarak and Amin, 1983‬‬
‫‪ Azzawi and Mohamad, 1996‬ﻛﻝ ﻣﻧﻬﻡ ﺑﺎﺟﺭﺍء ﻣﺳﺢ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﻟﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ ‪ 1994‬ﻭﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪1996 ،‬ﺑﺟﻣﻊ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎﻡ ﺣﺳﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﺳﻛﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ ۱۹۹٤‬ﺑﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻭﺣﺗﻲ ﺳﺑﻊ ﺑﻳﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑﺔ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻳﻭﺓ‪1996 ،‬ﻟﻭﺣﺔ ‪ H1‬ﻭﺷﻣﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻑ ﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﻟﻠﺻﺧﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﻓﺿﻼً ﻋﻥ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻋﻣﺎﺭﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻭﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺿﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۳-۹-۱‬ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺟﺢ ﺟﺢ ‪ 2001‬ﺑﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺩﻳﺎﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (TM‬ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻣﻝ ﻣﻳﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺟﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺻﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ‪ Spectrometer‬ﺛﻡ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺻﺭﻱ ﻭﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻪ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﺍﻥ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻔﻪ ﺗﺑﻠﻎ ‪،% 86.7‬ﻭﺣﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻳﺯ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺎﻡ ‪Al-Shagra, 1994‬ﺑﺄﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ TM‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻯ ﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻭﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﺛﻡ ﺟﻣﻊ ﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻧﻅﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺯﻭﻳﻧﻲ ‪ 2005‬ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ETM+‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻣﺎﻝ ﺯﺍﺧﻭ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﺻﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺻﺭﻳﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺟﺩﻳﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ‪،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺱ ‪2000‬‬
‫)‪ Liu (A‬ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ‪ Image Fusion‬ﻟﻠﺗﻭﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ﺑﺩﻗﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺗﺷﻭﻳﻪ ﻁﻳﻔﻲ ﻗﻠﻳﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪SFIM Smoothing Filter- based‬‬
‫‪ Intensity‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻓﺿﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺗﻲ )‪ Hue Saturation Intensity ( HIS‬ﻭ)‪Brovey (BT‬‬
‫‪ Transport‬ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺗﺔ ﻣﻘﻁﻊ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺷﻬﺩ ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ TM‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ﻭﻣﻘﻁﻊ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺷﻬﺩ ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ SPOT‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻧﻭﺏ ﺷﺭﻕ ﺍﺳﺑﺎﻧﻳﺎ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁﻬﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻡ)‪ Liu 2000 (B‬ﺍﻳﺿﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺟﻧﻭﺏ ﺷﺭﻕ ﺍﺳﺑﺎﻧﻳﺎ ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻝ ‪ SPOT‬ﻭﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻝ ‪ ETM+‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ‪ FIM‬ﻭ‪ BT‬ﻭ‪ HSI‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ‪ ETM‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ‪ETM‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ‪ ETM+‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻧﺳﻲ ‪SPOT‬‬

‫‪۲٤‬‬
‫‪،‬ﻭﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪ SFIM‬ﺍﻓﺿﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺗﻳﻥ ‪HSI‬ﻭ ‪ BT‬ﻭﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﻓﻼﺗﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻌﻳﻡ‬
‫‪ smoothing filter‬ﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ‪ Canisius and Turral 2003‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻣﺭ ﻻﻧﺩﺳﺎﺕ ‪TM‬‬
‫ﻧﻭﻉ ‪ Geo cover‬ﻭﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ ‪ MODIS‬ﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺩﻣﺞ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ )‪(P.C.A‬‬
‫‪ Principal Component Analysis‬ﻭﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ)‪ (HIS‬ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺣﻭﺽ ‪ Krisnna‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﻧﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩ ﻭﺑﻳﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺎﺅﻯ ﻭﻣﺣﺎﺳﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻔﺿﻳﻝ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ PCA‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻻﺗﻠﺗﺯﻡ ﺑﻌﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺛﻡ ﻗﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ PCA‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻝ‬
‫ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ‪ Qi ,2003‬ﺑﻌﻣﻝ ﺩﻣﺞ ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﻳﻧﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﺯﻳﻝ‬
‫‪ CBERS -1‬ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ CCD‬ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ‪ 19.5‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ IRMSS‬ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ‪ 78‬ﻻﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﻪ ﺑﺩﻗﺔ ‪ 19.5‬ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ IRMSS‬ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ‪Guizhou province‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻧﺗﻲ )‪ PSF (preserving spectral Fidelity method‬ﻭﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪ HIS‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻓﺿﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪ P.C.A.‬ﻭ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺭﺽ ﺧﻭﺍﺭﺯﻣﻳﻪ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪ PSF‬ﺛﻡ ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻳﻥ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ،HSI‬ﻭﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﺗﺷﻭﻫﺎ ﻁﻳﻔﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﺿﺣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺭﺽ‪ Wang et .al.2005‬ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ATW (A‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺩﻣﺞ ﻭﺫﻛﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻭﺍﺭﺯﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪HPF(High Pass Filtering),‬‬
‫)‪ Trous Algorithm–Based Wavelet‬ﻭ)‪ HPM(High–pass-Modulation‬ﻭ ‪BT,PCA‬‬
‫‪ ,HSI‬ﻭ )‪ MRAIM (Multi Resolution Analysis –Based Intensity‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻁﺑﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻣﺭ ‪ IKONOS-2‬ﻟﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ ‪ Sherbrooke,QC‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻧﺩﺍ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﻳﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻓﺿﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ‪ MARAIM‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﺗﺭﺏ ﺟﺩﺍ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﻠﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ HPM‬ﻭ‪ HPF‬ﻭ‪ ATW‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺷﻭﻳﻪ ﻗﻠﻳﻝ ﻧﺳﺑﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ‪PCA‬ﻭ ‪BT‬ﻭ‪ HSI‬ﺗﺷﻭﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻭﻧﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﺿﺣﺎ ‪،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻣﺕ‪ Akhter 2006‬ﺑﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻧﻛﻼﺩﺵ ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ETM‬ﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ﺑﻭﺳﺎﻁﺔ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺗﻲ ‪ISH‬ﻭ‪ ،PCA‬ﻭﺑﻳﻧﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪IHS‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺿﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪ PCA‬ﺛﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﺻﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﺩﻟﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ‪ Binh et .al .,2006‬ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﻣﺷﻬﺩ ‪Landsat 7‬ﻭﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﻣﺷﻬﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻧﺳﻲ‬
‫‪ SPOT‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ‪ Da Nang city-‬ﻓﻲ ﻓﻳﺗﻧﺎﻡ ﻻﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ﺩﻗﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫‪10‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ )‪ ، BT،PCA ،HSI CN (Color Normalized Spectral‬ﻭ ‪, GST‬‬
‫)‪(Gram- Schmidt Transformation‬ﻭﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺍﺋﻕ ﺍﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻭﺻﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻓﺿﻝ ﻁﺭﻗﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻣﺎ ‪ GST‬ﻭ‪ PCA‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ‪ HSI, BT, CN‬ﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﺷﻭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻌﻣﻠﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ‪ GST‬ﺍﻓﺿﻝ ﻣﻥ ‪ PCA‬ﻭﻋﻣﻝ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﻣﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺎ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ) ‪maximum‬‬
‫‪، ( likelihood‬ﻗﺎﻡ ‪ Yetkin 2003‬ﺑﻌﻣﻝ ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ‪ ٤۷۲‬ﻭ‪ ۷٤۲‬ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﻋﻣﻝ‬
‫‪۲٥‬‬
‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪ ٥/۱‬ﻭ‪ ۳/۱‬ﻭﻋﻣﻝ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻣﺗﺎﻳﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﻧﻣﻭﺭﻭﻟﻭﻧﺎﻳﺕ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻓﺿﻼً ﻋﻥ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﺳﺗﺎ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻳﺩﺭﻭﺛﻳﺭﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﻣﻝ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ‬
‫‪ 3/1‬ﻭ ‪ 5/4‬ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺭﻭﺍﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪ 5/7‬ﻟﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺎﻭﻻ ﺍﻳﺿﺎ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪Directed Principal (DPCA‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺳﻠﻳﻛﺎ ﺑﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺗﻳﻥ ‪ 1+7‬ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ Component Analysis‬ﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺗﺟﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻥ ‪،‬ﻗﺎﻡ ‪Ott et.al.,2006‬‬
‫ﺑﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ‪ Chile‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺩﻳﺯ ﺑﺟﻧﻭﺏ ﺍﻣﺭﻳﻛﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ‪ GIS‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻳﻭﺭﺍﻳﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻭ ‪ PCA‬ﻭﻣﻌﻛﻭﺳﺔ ‪ PCA‬ﻓﺿﻼً ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺑﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﻊ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻌﺩﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻣﻝ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ‬
‫ﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺎ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ‪ TM‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪ Ranjbar et.al., 2004‬ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺣﺯﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﺭﻱ ﻋﻥ‪ Cu‬ﻭ ‪ Mo‬ﻭﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻳﺩﺭﻭﺛﻳﺭﻣﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺑﻭﺳﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ‪ PCA‬ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ TM‬ﻭ‪ ASTER‬ﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺎﻡ ‪Craig,et.al,1999‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ETM‬ﻭ ‪ DEM‬ﻓﺿﻼً ﻋﻥ ﺍﺷﻌﺔ ‪ Gamma‬ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺟﻧﻭﺏ‬
‫ﻏﺭﺏ ﺑﺣﻳﺭﺓ ﻧﺻﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻣﺭ ﻭ ‪ Jumbuck‬ﻏﺭﺏ ‪ Kingoonya‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻣﻝ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻳﻛﺎ ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﺿﺎ ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﺯﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻳﻛﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﺭﺿﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻋﻣﻝ ﺗﺑﺩﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻅﻼﻝ ‪.Shaded relief‬‬
‫‪ Kusky and Ramadan‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺻﺣﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﺟﻧﻭﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ ‪2002‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺻﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ TM Landsat‬ﻭﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ SAR SIR-C/X‬ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻗﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﻣﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺫﺑﺔ ‪ RGB 7,4,2 ، 3,2,1‬ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺧﻠﻁ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪RGB 5/7،5/1 ،5/4× 3/4‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺍﻧﻳﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﺭﺑﻧﺗﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻠﻲء ﺍﻟﻭﺩﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺭﺍﻧﻳﻭﺩﺍﻳﻭﺭﺍﻳﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺍﻳﻭﺭﺍﻳﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻙ‪ .‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ‪ Lipton ,1997‬ﺑﺗﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻫﻣﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻲ ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻭﻁﺑﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ‪ Chile‬ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ‪ Landsat 5‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪G R 5/7‬‬
‫‪ B 5/4‬ﻟﻠﺗﻭﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺟﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻳﺩﺭﻭﺛﻳﺭﻣﻝ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺧﻠﻁ ﻟﻼﻟﻭﺍﻥ ‪ 3,2,1‬ﻭ ‪7,4,1‬‬ ‫‪3/1‬‬
‫ﻓﺿﻼً ﻋﻥ ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ‪ R (PC3), B (PC2), G (PC1) P.C.A‬ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ‪ Kariurki et .al.2004‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﺭﺍﻟﻳﺎ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﻧﺩﺳﺎﺕ‪ ETM‬ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻔﺗﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺗﻣﺛﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻝ ‪ Gilgai‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻣﻝ ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻡ‪ B7/2, G4/3, R5/4‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻣﻝ ‪ P.C.A‬ﻟﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺳﻳﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ‬
‫‪۲٦‬‬
‫‪ 1:20000‬ﻟﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝ‪ Gilgai‬ﻭﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﺧﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻭﻓﺳﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺻﻝ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ‪.‬ﻭﺩﺭﺱ‪ Alavi panah 2006‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺛﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ)‪ (mulch‬ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳﺎﺕ ‪ ،ETM‬ﻭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻟﻠﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﺔ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ( ﻓﺿﻼً ﻋﻥ ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﻠﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ‪ P.C.A.‬ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ‪ Akman&Tüfekci 2004‬ﺑﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﺏ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ASTER‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﺟﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺗﺟﺎﻫﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻗﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺟﺳﻡ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻻﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺑﻭﺳﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺳﻳﻣﻳﺔ )‪ ،(Stereoscopic‬ﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻝ ‪ TM‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ DEM‬ﻻﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ Anaglyph‬ﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ‪Jordan et .al,2005‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺩ ﺩﺭﺳﻭﺍ ﺣﻭﺽ ‪ kali‬ﻓﻲ ﺷﻣﺎﻝ ﻏﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻳﻭﻧﺎﻥ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻗﺎﻣﻭﺍ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻝ‬
‫‪ DEM‬ﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﻛﻧﺗﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻘﺩﺭﺓ ‪ 10‬ﻡ ﻭﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ)‪ (aspect‬ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﺿﻼً ﻋﻥ ﻋﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻝ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭ ‪ shaded relief‬ﺑﺗﺿﺎﻋﻑ‪ 6‬ﻭ‪ 13‬ﺿﻌﻔﺎ ً ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻣﻝ‬
‫‪ Rose diagram‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﺑﻳﻳﻥ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۲۷‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺩﺕ ﻫ�ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳ�ﺔ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻣ�ﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺗﺑ�ﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺟﻣﻌ�ﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿ�ﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻐﻁﻳ�ﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،SRTM, MSS, TM, ETM+‬ﺍﺟﺭﻳﺕ ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺻﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺿ�ﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﻳ�ﺭﺩﺍﺱ ﺍﻻﺻ�ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺳ�ﻊ)‪ ،(ERDAS 9‬ﻭﺍﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﺗﻘﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﻧﻅ�ﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻣﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺻﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻭﺭﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻣﺳﺗﺣﺻﻝ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿ�ﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﺭﻙ ﺟﻲ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺱ )‪ (Arc GIS 9.1‬ﺷﻛﻝ )‪.(۲-۲‬‬
‫‪ ۱-۲‬ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫‪ ۱-۱-۲‬ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻣﺭ ‪Landsat‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳ�ﺎﺕ ‪ Landsat 4 MSS‬ﻭ ‪ Landsat 5 TM‬ﻭ ‪Landsat 7‬‬
‫‪ ETM+‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪) (۱-۲‬ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﻠﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻧ�ﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺩﺭﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻧﻲ‪ ،( 2005 ،‬ﻭ )‪. (Quattara, 2004‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ )‪ (۱-۲‬ﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳﺳﺎﺕ ‪ ETM+‬ﻭ‪ TM‬ﻭ‪MSS‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻘﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻲ ‪Landsat‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺩﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺩﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺩﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫)ﻣﺗﺭ(‬ ‫‪MSS‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪TM‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ETM‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫)ﻣﻳﻛﺭﻭﻣﺗﺭ(‬ ‫)ﻣﺗﺭ(‬ ‫)ﻣﻳﻛﺭﻭﻣﺗﺭ(‬ ‫)ﻣﺗﺭ(‬ ‫)ﻣﻳﻛﺭﻭﻣﺗﺭ(‬
‫‪28.5‬‬ ‫‪0.52-0.45‬‬ ‫‪28.5‬‬ ‫‪0.515-0.45‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪28.5‬‬ ‫‪28.5‬‬ ‫‪0.605-0.52‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪28.5‬‬ ‫‪28.5‬‬ ‫‪0.69-0.63‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪0.6-0.5‬‬ ‫‪28.5‬‬ ‫‪28.5‬‬ ‫‪0.9-0.75‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪0.7-0.6‬‬ ‫‪28.5‬‬ ‫‪28.5‬‬ ‫‪1.75-1.55‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪0.8-0.7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪1.1-0.8‬‬ ‫‪28.5‬‬ ‫‪2.35-2.08‬‬ ‫‪28.5‬‬ ‫‪2.35-2.09‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪14.25‬‬ ‫‪0.9-0.52‬‬ ‫‪Pan‬‬

‫‪SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) 2-1-2‬‬

‫‪۲۸‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭ ‪ SRTM‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺣﺩ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻣﺳﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿ�ﺎء ﻟ�ﻸﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺗ�ﻲ ﻗﺎﻣ�ﺕ ﺑﻬ�ﺎ ﻛ�ﻝ‬
‫ﻣ�ﻥ ﻭﻛﺎﻟ�ﺔ )‪، National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA‬ﻭﻭﻛﺎﻟ�ﺔ )‪(NGA‬‬
‫‪،National Geospatial intelligence Agency‬ﻭﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ)‪،German Aerospace Center (DLR‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ )‪ Italian Space Agency (I SA‬ﻻﻧﺗ�ﺎﺝ ﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳ�ﺔ ) ‪(Radio Detection Ranging‬‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻲ ‪ ٥٦‬ﻣﻠﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻁﻠﻘﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺛﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 11-2-2000‬ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻣﺭﺕ ﺍﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ‪ 11‬ﻳﻭﻣ�ﺎ ً ‪ ،‬ﺟﻣﻌ�ﺕ ﺧﻼﻟﻬ�ﺎ ﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﻻﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻻﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ‪ %80‬ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﻠ�ﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺿ�ﻳﺔ ﻭﺣ�ﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ %99.97‬ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧ�ﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌ�ﺔ ﺑ�ﻳﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﺭﺗ�ﻲ ﻋ�ﺭﺽ‪ 60‬ﺷ�ﻣﺎﻻ ﻭ ‪ 56‬ﺟﻧﻭﺑ�ﺎ‪ ، (Fatale, 2004).‬ﺣﻣ�ﻝ ﻫ�ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻣﺭﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻣ�ﺗﻥ ﻣﻛ�ﻭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎء ‪ Endeavour‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻳﺣﻣﻝ ﺍﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁ )‪ Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C (SIR-C‬ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫)‪،(Labrecque, et.al. 2003) X- Band synthetic Aperture Radar (x-SAR‬‬
‫‪Digital‬‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳ�ﺔ )‪(DEM‬‬
‫‪ Elevation Model‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﺩﻗﺔ ‪ 90‬ﻣﺗ�ﺭﺍً‪ ،‬ﻭﻫ�ﻲ ﻋﺑ�ﺎﺭﺓ ﻋ�ﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋ�ﺔ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘ�ﺎﻁ ﻓ�ﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ�ﺔ ﻣ�ﻥ‬
‫ﺳ��ﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺗ��ﻡ ﺗﻌﻳ��ﻳﻥ ﻣﻭﻗﻌﻬ��ﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ��ﺗﻭﻱ )‪ (x,y‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺗﻬ��ﺎ )‪ (Z‬ﻭﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻛ��ﻝ ﻧﻘﻁ��ﺔ ﻣﻌﺭﻓ��ﺔ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻟﻔ��ﺭﺍﻍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻘﻳﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺣﺎﻭﺭ )‪ (x,y,z‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺗﺿ�ﺎﺭﻳﺱ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻧﺣ�ﻭ ﻣﺳ�ﺗﻣﺭ)ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﻠﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺗ�ﺩﺭﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻧ�ﻲ ‪،( 2005 ،‬ﺍﻥ ﻧﺳ�ﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻁ�ﺄ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩﻳ�ﺔ ﺗﻌ�ﻭﺩ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺷ�ﻭﺍﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩﻳ�ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﺑﻭﺳﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺷ�ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻣﺛ�ﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2-2‬ﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻏﻁﺕ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩ ﻓﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳ�ﻳﻳﻥ ‪ MSS, ETM+‬ﻭﻣﺷ�ﻬﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ TM‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﻣﺭ ‪ Landsat‬ﻓ�ﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘ�ﺔ ﺷ�ﻛﻝ)‪ ،(۱-۲‬ﻭ ﻣ�ﺭﺋﻳﺗﻳﻥ ‪ DEM‬ﻣ�ﺯﻭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﻋﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻟﻣﻛﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎء ‪ SRTM‬ﺍﻻﺻﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ﻣﻠﺣﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ، (٤‬ﺟﺩﻭﻝ )‪.(2-2‬‬
‫ﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻳﺭﻱ ﻻﻧﺩ ﺍﻻﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﻬﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺳ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳ�ﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻘ�ﺩﻡ‬
‫‪University of Maryland Institute of Advanced Computer Studies USA‬‬
‫ﻣﺻ��ﺣﺣﺔ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳ��ﺎ ﻭﺑﻣﺳ��ﻘﻁ ‪، Universal Transverse Macerator UTM‬ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﺻ��ﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻓ�ﺎﻳﻼﺕ ﺑﺎﺳ�ﺗﻁﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ، ،TIFF‬ﺟﻣ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣ�ﺎﺕ ﻋ�ﻥ ﻣﻧ�ﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘ�ﺔ ﻟﻼﺷ�ﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺗ�ﻲ ﺗ�ﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻘ�ﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ )‪) (۳-۲‬ﻋﺑﺩ ﷲ‪ ،( 2001 ،‬ﻭﻅﻬﺭ ﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﻣﺩﺓ ﺟﻔﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (2-2‬ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﻭﺍﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬

‫‪۲۹‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪SRTM‬‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ETM+‬‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪TM‬‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪MSS‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﻬﺩ‬
‫‪2000\02\11‬‬ ‫‪44-06‬‬ ‫‪2000\08\11‬‬ ‫‪172/37‬‬ ‫‪1975\06\27‬‬ ‫‪185/37‬‬ ‫ﻏﺭﺏ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬

‫‪2000\02\11‬‬ ‫‪45-06‬‬ ‫‪1999\10\21‬‬ ‫‪171/37‬‬ ‫‪1990\09\02‬‬ ‫‪171/37 1973\10\31‬‬ ‫‪184/37‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻁ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬

‫‪2000\08\16‬‬ ‫‪170/37‬‬ ‫‪1973\07\14‬‬ ‫‪183/37‬‬ ‫ﺷﺭﻕ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (۳-۲‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻣﺩﺓ ‪)۱۹۸۰-۱۹۷۱‬ﻋﺑﺩ ﷲ‪(1999 ،‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺩﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺷﻬﺭ‬
‫‪٥‬‬ ‫ﻻﻳﻭﺟﺩ‬ ‫ﻻﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻻﻳﻭﺟﺩ‬ ‫ﻻﻳﻭﺟﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻻﻣﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺷﻬﺭﻱ )ﻣﻠﻡ (‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪(۱-۲‬ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻳﻣﻳﻥ ﻟﻠﻘﻣﺭ ‪ Landsat ETM+‬ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫‪TM‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺎﻝ‪Landsat MSS‬‬
‫‪ ۳-۲‬ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫‪ ۱-۳-۲‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﻳﺮﺩﺍﺱ ﺍﻻﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ )‪ERDAS (9‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺣﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺷ�ﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧ�ﻭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳ �ﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ��ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳ��ﺔ ﻭﺗﺣﻠﻳ��ﻝ ﻓ��ﻭﺭﻳﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣ��ﻝ ﻣ��ﻊ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ��ﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺗﺣﺎﻟﻳ��ﻝ ﻧﻅ��ﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳ��ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻗﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺎﻧﻳﻑ ﻟﻠﺻﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺑﻌﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﺗﻣﻳ�ﺯ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺻﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺗﻭﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺣﺳﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ )‪ (Fusion‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺷﻣﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﺍﺋ�ﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳ�ﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ‪ ،high pass filtering‬ﻭ ﺑﺗﻁ�ﻭﻳﺭ ﺗﻘﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ Anaglyph‬ﺍﻟﺗ�ﻲ ﻳﻣﻛ�ﻥ ﻋ�ﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﻬ�ﺎ ﺗﻛ�ﻭﻳﻥ‬

‫‪۳۰‬‬
‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﻌ�ﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻧ�ﺎﻅﺭ ﻣ�ﻥ ﻧ�ﻭﻉ ‪ ،Anaglyph class‬ﻓﺿ�ﻼً ﻋ�ﻥ ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳ�ﻝ ﺑ�ﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺻﻳﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ)‪ ،(vector‬ﻭﺍﻟﺻﻳﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻭﻳﺔ)‪(Raster‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻛﺱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2-3-2‬ﺍﻻﺭﻙ ﺟﻲ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺱ ‪(ArcGIS9.1) 9.1‬‬
‫ﻫ�ﻭ ﻧﻅ�ﺎﻡ ﻣﺗﻘ��ﺩﻡ ﻣﺗﻛﺎﻣ�ﻝ ﻓ��ﻲ ﻧﻅ�ﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳ�ﺔ )‪ (ESRI, 2002‬ﻭﻫ�ﻭ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺍﻧﺗ�ﺎﺝ ﺷ��ﺭﻛﺔ‬
‫‪ ESR1‬ﺍﻻﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ ) ﻣﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺑﺣﺎﺙ ( ‪Environmental System Research Institute‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺑﻳﺋ�ﺔ ‪WIN2000 PRO‬ﻭ ‪ WINXP PRO‬ﻭﻳﺣﺗ�ﺎﺝ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺳ�ﺭﻋﺔ ﻣﻌ�ﺎﻟﺞ ﻻﻳﻘ�ﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻥ‪ ، GHZ 1.8‬ﻭﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﻣﻔﺗﺎﺣﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ArcGIS Desktop‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺟﻧﺎﺡ ﻣﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻘﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ ArcIMS‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻁﺎﺭ ‪ GIS‬ﻓﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺭﻧﻳﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺟﻝ ﻧﺷﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺑﺭﻧ���ﺎﻣﺞ ‪ ArcSDE‬ﻭﻫ���ﻭ ﺍﻁ���ﺎﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻭﺍﻋ���ﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ���ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳ���ﺔ ﻓ���ﻲ ﻧﻅ���ﺎﻡ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻭﺍﻋ���ﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻁﻳ���ﺎﺕ‬
‫‪.(ESRI,2002 ) . DBMS‬‬
‫ﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ ArcGIS Desktop‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ‪-:‬‬
‫‪9.1 Arc view -1‬‬
‫ﻫ�ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ�ﺗﻭﻯ ﻟ�ﻪ ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﺗﺣﺭﻳ�ﺭ ﻭﺍﺿ�ﺎﻓﺔ ‪ArcIMS Services, Geodatabase, shape file,‬‬
‫ﻓﺿﻼً ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻡ ) ‪ (Cartography‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻡ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺧ�ﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﻭﻋﺭﺿ�ﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺣ�ﻭﻱ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻻﻟ�ﻑ‬
‫ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻣ�ﻭﺯ )‪ (Symbols‬ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻣ�ﺎﻁ )‪ ،(Styles‬ﻭﺍﻧﺟ�ﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺳ�ﻳﻁﺔ ﺑﻭﺳ�ﺎﻁﺔ‪VBA ، objects‬‬
‫‪،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﻓﻠﻪ ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺻ�ﻧﻳﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠ�ﻳﻡ )‪ (Labeling‬ﻭﺍﻻﺧ�ﺭﺍﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺑﺎﻋ�ﺔ ﻭﺍﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻧ�ﺎﻭﻳﻥ ﻭﻣﻔ�ﺎﺗﻳﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻣﻛﻧ�ﻪ ﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳ�ﻝ ﺍﻟﺧ�ﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﻭﻋ�ﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺷ�ﺭﺓ ﺣﻳ�ﺙ ﻳﻘ�ﻭﻡ ﺑ�ﺎﻟﺭﺑﻁ ﺑ�ﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺷ�ﺭ ﻣ�ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ ﻭﺍﺟﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺣﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ) ‪.(ESRI, 2002‬‬
‫‪9.1 Arc Editing -2‬‬
‫ﻭﻫ�ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ�ﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺛ�ﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟ�ﺫﻱ ﻳﺷ�ﻣﻝ ‪ Arc view‬ﻓﺿ�ﻼً ﻋ�ﻥ ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﺩﻋ�ﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻧﺷ�ﺎء ﻭﻗ�ﺭﺍءﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔ�ﺎﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻ�ﺔ ﺑﺑﺭﻧ�ﺎﻣﺞ ‪ Arc GIS‬ﺟﻣﻳﻌﻬ�ﺎ ﻣ�ﻊ ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻋﻼﻗ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺟ�ﺎﻭﺭ)‪(Topology‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪9.1 Arc Info -3‬‬

‫ﻭﻫ��ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ��ﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟ��ﺙ ﺍﻟ��ﺫﻱ ﻳﺷ��ﻣﻝ ‪ Arc Editor‬ﻓﺿ�ﻼً ﻋ��ﻥ ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ��ﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﻘﺩﻣ��ﺔ ﺟ��ﺩﺍ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳ��ﻡ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻣﻳ�ﺯﺍﻻﺭﻙ ﺍﻧﻔ��ﻭ ﺑﺄﺣﺗﻭﺍﺋ�ﻪ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ‪ Arc Toolbox‬ﻣﺗﻛﺎﻣ��ﻝ ﻭﺍﻟ��ﺫﻱ ﻳ��ﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﺍﺣﺻ��ﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻘﺩﻣ��ﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ ) ‪.(ESRI, 2002‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﻪ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﻳﺔ ‪-:‬‬
‫‪۳۱‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻭﻻ ‪ -:‬ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ‪-:Arc Catalog‬‬
‫ﻳﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﺗﺻﻔﺢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻕ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻧﺟﺎﺯ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺎ ‪ -:‬ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ‪Arc Map -:‬‬
‫ﻫ�ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳ�ﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛ�ﺯﻱ ﻓ�ﻲ)‪ (Arc GIS‬ﻭﺛ�ﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺳ�ﺗﻭﻯ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺑﺭﻧ�ﺎﻣﺞ ‪ ، Arc Info‬ﻳﻘ�ﻭﻡ ﺑﻭﻅ�ﺎﺋﻑ‬
‫ﻋﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺍﻫﻣﻬﺎ ) ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺧ�ﺭﺍﺋﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋ�ﺭﺽ ﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧ�ﺭﺍﺋﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛﺎ ‪ -:‬ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ‪Arc Toolbox -:‬‬
‫ﻫ��ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳ �ﻕ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟ��ﺙ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺑﺭﻧ��ﺎﻣﺞ ‪ Arc Info‬ﻭﻫ��ﻭ ﻋﺑ��ﺎﺭﺓ ﻋ��ﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋ��ﺔ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻ��ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺻ�ﺎﺩﺭ ﻓﻳﻌﻣ�ﻝ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣﻬ�ﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Rock ware 2006 ۳-۳-۲‬‬
‫ﺑﺭﻧ����ﺎﻣﺞ ﻟ����ﻪ ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ����ﺔ ﻋﻣ����ﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻘ����ﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳ����ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺿ����ﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺧ����ﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﺳ����ﻣﺎﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺧ����ﺭﺍﺋﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺑﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻓﺿﻼً ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺯﻳ�ﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳ�ﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏ�ﻲ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫ�ﺎ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﻣ�ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗ�ﻲ ﻳﺣﺗ�ﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻳﻬ�ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٤-۲‬ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺯﺓﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺑﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ ‪ ،2.66GH‬ﻭﺫﺍﻛﺭﺓ ‪ 512 MB‬ﻭﺳﻌﺔ ﺧﺯﻧﻳﺔ‪ 80GB‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﺗﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﺑﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺋﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻭﺍﻗﺔ ﻗﺭﺍءﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻠﻳﺯﺭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻣﺛﻠﺕ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻭﻧ�ﺔ ﻧ�ﻭﻉ ‪ IP1000 Canon‬ﻭﻛ�ﺫﻟﻙ ﺳ�ﻭﺍﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺍﺹ‪.‬‬

‫‪۳۲‬‬
۳۳
 ‫‪ ٥-۲‬ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻌ��ﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺟﻣﻌ�ﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣ��ﺎﺕ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳ��ﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋ��ﻥ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳ��ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺧ��ﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺑﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳ��ﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺛﻣﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩ ﻓﺿ�ﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺟﻣﻌ�ﺕ ﺍﻟﺣ�ﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌ�ﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳ�ﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺳ�ﺗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋ�ﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻝ‪ TM,ETM+‬ﺑﻔﺎﻳﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﺫﻱ ﺍﺳﺗﻁﺎﻟﺔ)‪ (Img‬ﺛﻡ ﻋﻣﻝ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻭﺯﺍﻳﻳﻙ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺣ�ﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﻠﺣ�ﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌ�ﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳ�ﺎﻑ ﻛ�ﻝ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺣ�ﺩﺓ ﺑﺄﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻳﻘ�ﺔ)‪ (Correct Images‬ﺍﻋﺗﻣ�ﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﺭﺿﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺩﺳﺕ)‪ (stack‬ﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ MSS‬ﺍﻻﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺟﻣﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳ�ﺗﻁﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (Img‬ﻭﻋﻣ�ﻝ ﻟﻬ�ﺎ ﻣﻭﺯﺍﻳﻳ�ﻙ‪ ،‬ﺛ�ﻡ ﻗﻁﻌ�ﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻣﻭﻝ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻭﺯﺍﻳﻳﻙ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻳﻝ ﺗﺣﺩﻳ�ﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺿ�ﻠﺔ )‪(AOI)(Area Of Interest‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻣﺱ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻁﺔ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٦-۲‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ‪Digital processing for Satellite Image‬‬
‫‪ ۱-٦-۲‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ‪Spatial Enhancement for Image‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﻭﺍﺳ�ﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳ�ﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺗﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟ�ﺩﻣﺞ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﻣ�ﻊ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻻﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ))‪ ،(Liu, 2000(A‬ﻓﺎﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻐﺭ ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻣﻳﺯ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺟﺳﻣﻳﻥ ﻣﺗﺟﺎﻭﺭﻳﻥ &‪(Lillisand‬‬
‫)‪ ،kiefer,2000‬ﺍﻥ ﺯﻳ�ﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻗ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﺗ�ﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﻗ�ﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻳﻳ�ﺯ ﺍﻻﺷ�ﻛﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺿ�ﻬﺎ ﻋ�ﻥ ﺑﻌ�ﺽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣ�ﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻗ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺩﻯ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻁﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﻭﻣﻐﻧﺎﻁﻳﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯﺍﻻﺳﺗﺷ�ﻌﺎﺭﻋﻥ ﺑﻌ�ﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻳﺗﺣﺳﺳﻬﺎ)ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﻠﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻧ�ﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺗ�ﺩﺭﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻧ�ﻲ‪ ،(۲۰۰٦ ،‬ﺃﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﺳ�ﺕ ﺗﻘﻧﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﻟﻠ�ﺩﻣﺞ ﻓ�ﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Intensity Hue Saturation (IHS) ۱-۱-٦-۲‬‬
‫ﻭﻫ��ﻲ ﺍﺣ��ﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳ��ﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗ��ﻲ ﺗﺳ��ﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺛﻼﺛ��ﺔ ﺣ��ﺯﻡ ﻣﺗﻌ��ﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳ��ﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻁﺋ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ��ﺔ ﻣ��ﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ ﻟﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﺛ�ﻼﺙ ﺣ�ﺯﻡ ﻣﺗﻌ�ﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳ�ﺎﻑ ﻋﺎﻟﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‪ (Carter, 1998)،‬ﺷﻛﻝ)‪.(۳-۲‬‬
‫‪Brovey Transform (BT) ۲-۱-٦-۲‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺣﺯﻡ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺋﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺷﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ )‪ (IHS‬ﻻﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺗﺻﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺛﻼﺙ‬
‫ﺣﺯﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪Principal Component (PC) ۳-۱-٦-۲‬‬

‫‪۳٤‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺣﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻁﺋﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻻﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺷﻛﻝ)‪(2-3‬‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ )‪ (۳-۲‬ﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺗﻲ ‪ PC‬ﻭ‪(Meenakshisundaram, 2005) IHS‬‬

‫‪ ٤-۱-٦-۲‬ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ )‪Multiplicative (MLT‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﺏ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎ ً ﻟﻬ�ﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺗﺣ�ﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ)‪.(carter 1998‬‬
‫‪ ٥-۱-٦-۲‬ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ )‪High- Pass Filtering (HPF‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﺭﺷ�ﺢ‬
‫ﻋ����ﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺗ����ﺭﺩﺩ ﻭﻳﻘ����ﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟ����ﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ����ﺔ ﻣﺗﻌ����ﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳ����ﺎﻑ ﻻﻧﺗ����ﺎﺝ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ����ﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳ����ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗ����ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ����ﺔ ﻣﺗﻌ����ﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ)‪(Meenakshisundaram, 2005) (wang, 2005‬‬
‫‪ ٦-۱-٦-۲‬ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ )‪Wavelet Transform (WT‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﻫ�ﺫﺍ ﻳﺳ�ﻣﻰ )ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳ�ﻝ ‪ ( Analysis‬ﻭﻣ�ﻥ ﺛ�ﻡ ﺍﻋ�ﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳ�ﺏ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﻣﻰ )ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻟﻳﻑ ‪ ،(synthesis‬ﺍﻥ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺧ�ﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ )ﻋﻣﻭﻣﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻫ�ﺭﺍﻡ ﻻﺑﻼﻛﺷ�ﻥ ( ) ‪. Generalized Laplaction Pyramids (GLP‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳ��ﺎﺱ ﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻓ��ﻲ ﻗﺎﻋ��ﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻬ��ﺭﻡ ﻭﻛﻠﻣ��ﺎ ﺍﺗﺟﻬﻧ��ﺎ ﺍﻟ��ﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﻧ��ﺭﻯ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻗ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ��ﺔ ﺗ��ﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺷ��ﻛﻝ)‪،(٤-۲‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﻳﻥ ﻣﺗﻌﺎﻗﺑﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻡ ﻳﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻛﺛﺭ ﺗﻔﺻﻳﻼ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺧﺭ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻗﻣﻧﺎ ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﻟﻳﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻫﻳﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﺻﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺷ�ﻳﺢ ) ‪ (FBS‬ﺍﻟﺗ�ﻲ ﺗﺗﻛ�ﻭﻥ ﻣ�ﻥ ﻣﺭﺷ�ﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗ�ﺭﺩﺩ )‪(G) (HPF‬ﻭﺍﺧ�ﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻁﺋ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺩﺩ )‪ (H) (LPF‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ )‪ (j+1‬ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻭ ﻓﺭﺿﻧﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻝ ‪ fj‬ﻓﻔ�ﻲ ﺣ�ﺎﻝ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻠﻬ�ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﺟﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻡ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ)‪ (fj+1‬ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻓﻘﻳﺔ ‪ CHj+1‬ﻭﻋﻣﻭﺩﻳﺔ‪CVj+1‬‬

‫‪۳٥‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻛﻝ )‪ (٤-۲‬ﺍﻫﺭﺍﻡ ﻻﺑﻼﻛﺷﻥ ﻋﻥ)‪(Meenakshisundaram, 2005‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﻁﺭﻳ��ﺔ ‪ CDj+1‬ﺷ��ﻛﻝ )‪ (٥-۲‬ﺑﺎﺳ��ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﺭﺷ��ﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﻌﺎﻗﺑ��ﺔ ﻣ��ﻥ ﻧ��ﻭﻉ ‪ ، G,H‬ﻭﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ��ﺗﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ )‪ (j+2‬ﻭﻫﻛﺫﺍ ﺷﻛﻝ)‪، (2-5‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺣ�ﺎﻝ ﺗ�ﺄﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﺑ�ﺔ ﺍﻻﺻ�ﻠﻳﺔ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟ�ﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺑﺄﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻼﺗﺭ ﻣﻛﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻼﺗﺭ ‪ H,G‬ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ H , G‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ‪ H‬ﻫ�ﻭ ﻓﻠﺗ�ﺭ ﻣ�ﻥ ﻧ�ﻭﻉ ‪ low pass‬ﻭ ‪ G‬ﻫ�ﻭ ﻓﻠﺗ�ﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ ‪( Meenakshisundaram, 2005) High Pass‬‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ )‪ (٥-۲‬ﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ‪(Meenakshisundaram, 2005) Wavelet Transform‬‬

‫‪ 2-6-2‬ﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ )‪(Fusion Image‬‬
‫ﺍﺟﺭﻳﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﻻﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﻫﻭ ﻟﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯ ﺍﻓﺿ�ﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺍﺋ�ﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟ�ﺩﻣﺞ ﻻﻋﺗﻣ�ﺎﺩ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺟﻬ�ﺎ ﻓ�ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﻳﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌ�ﺩﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻗ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻓﺿ�ﻝ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺗﻠ�ﻙ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻗ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻳﻠ�ﺔ ﻓ�ﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺗﻭﺣﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ETM+‬ﻭﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‪ MSS‬ﺑﺩﻗﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ�ﺔ ‪ ۱٤.۲٥‬ﻭﺫﻟ�ﻙ ﻻﺟ�ﺭﺍء ﺧﻠ�ﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪MSS‬ﻣﻊ ﺣﺯﻡ ‪ETM+‬ﻭﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪MSS‬ﻣﻊ ﺣﺯﻡ ‪.ETM+‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻝ ‪Anaglyph Image‬ﻓﺎﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻳﻝ ﺍﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ۱-۲-٦-۲‬ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﺻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ‬

‫‪۳٦‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﺻﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺻﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳ�ﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺟﻬ�ﺔ ﺍﺧ�ﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓ ُﺗﻘ�ﻳﻡ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﺳ�ﺎﺱ ﻣ�ﺩﻯ ﺣﻔﺎﻅﻬ�ﺎ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﻘ�ﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳ�ﺔ ﻟﻠﻅ�ﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌ�ﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳ�ﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟ�ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛ�ﻥ ﺗﻘﻭﻳﻣﻬ�ﺎ ﺍﻋﺗﻣ�ﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻅﻬﺭﻭﺍﻟﺷ�ﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ ﻟﻼﻫﺩﺍﻑ)‪.(Lillisand& kiefer,2000‬‬
‫‪ ۲-۲-٦-۲‬ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳ�ﺎﻑ‬
‫‪MS‬ﻣﻊ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ *‪MS‬ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻭ ﻓﺭﺿﻧﺎ ﺍﻥ ‪ MS *, MS‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ ﻭ ‪ MS *, MS‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ)‪(Variance‬ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ‪MS‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻣﺠﺔ *‪ MS‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ )‪ (SD‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻥ‬
‫)‪Variance = SD2 ------------------------- (۲-۱‬‬
‫)‪ (Davis, 1973‬ﻓﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ ۱-۲-۲-٦-۲‬ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ‪Bias‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﺑ�ﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺳ�ﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺳ�ﺎﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻻﺻ�ﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺳ�ﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺳ�ﺎﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟ�ﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻳ�ﺙ‬
‫ﻭﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺭﺑﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺭ ﺍﻗﺗﺭﺑﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻲ‬
‫‪MS * - MS‬‬ ‫* ‪MS‬‬
‫= ‪Bias‬‬ ‫‪=1-‬‬ ‫)‪------------------------- (2-2‬‬
‫‪MS‬‬ ‫‪MS‬‬
‫‪ ۲-۲-۲-٦-۲‬ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ )‪Difference in Variance (DIV‬‬
‫ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺩﻟﻳﻝ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻛﻣﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻳﺟﺎﺑﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﻟﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺿﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺭ‬
‫* ‪MS - MS‬‬ ‫)‪MS * -------------------------(۳-۲‬‬
‫= ‪DIV‬‬ ‫‪=1-‬‬
‫‪MS‬‬ ‫‪MS‬‬

‫‪ ۳-۲-۲-٦-۲‬ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﺑﻣﻧﺣﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﺧ�ﺫ ﻣﻘ�ﺎﻁﻊ ﺑ�ﻳﻥ ﻧﻘﻁﺗ�ﻳﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺣ�ﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣ�ﺔ ﻭﻋﻣ�ﻝ ﻣﺭﺗﺳ�ﻡ ﺑﻳ�ﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻣﺛ�ﻝ ﺍﻻﺣ�ﺩﺍﺛﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺣ�ﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺻ�ﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﻳ�ﺎﺱ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟ�ﺔ ﻣ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻻﺻ�ﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻛﻝ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺩﻣﺞ ﻭﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2-6-2‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪Spectral Enhancement for Image‬‬

‫‪۳۷‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺑﻭﺳ�ﺎﻁﺔ ﺯﻳ�ﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻅﻬ�ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺑ�ﺎﻳﻥ ﺑ�ﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻅ�ﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﻬﺩ)‪. (Lillisand& kiefer,2000‬‬
‫ﺗﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺣﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﺑﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ftp://ftpext.cr.usgs.gov/pub/cr/co/denver/speclab/pub/spectral.library/splib04.library/PLOTS.lib04a‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ )‪(USGS‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺷﻛﻝ‬
‫))‪ ، ((۸-۲)-(٦-۲‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺷﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺔ ﻣ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﻁ�ﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣ�ﻭﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺑﻌ�ﺽ ﻫ�ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌ�ﺎﺩﻥ ﻟﻬ�ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﻟﻼﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺫﺍ ﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳ�ﺭﺍﺕ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﺻ�ﺎﺋﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺗﺑﺩﻭ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻧﺳﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﺗﺟﺎﻧﺳﺔ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻁﻔﻳﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۱-۳-٦-۲‬ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪Band composite‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻣﻊ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺣﺯﻡ ﻣﺗﻌ�ﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳ�ﺎﻑ ﻭﻋﺭﺿ�ﻬﺎ ﺑﻣ�ﺩﻯ ﺍﻻﻁ�ﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺑﻭﺳﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺣﺯﻡ ﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻝ ﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻬ�ﺎ ﻟ�ﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺣﻣﺭ )‪،(0.7-0.6‬ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺿﺭ)‪ ،(0.6-0.5‬ﻭﺍﻻﺯﺭﻕ )‪ (0.5-0.4‬ﻣﻠﻲ ﻣ�ﺎﻳﻛﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﻳﻁﻠ�ﻕ ﻋﻠﻳ�ﻪ‬
‫‪.RGB‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺩﺓ ﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻅﻬﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪ (٦-۲‬ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﻣﺗﺎﻳﺕ ﺣﺳﺏ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺷﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺭﻳﻛﻲ‬

‫‪۳۸‬‬
‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪ (۷-۲‬ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻧﺎﻳﺕ ﺣﺳﺏ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺷﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺭﻳﻛﻲ‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ )‪(۸-۲‬ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺣﺳﺏ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺷﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺭﻳﻛﻲ‬

‫‪۳۹‬‬
 ‫‪ ۲-۳-٦-۲‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪Band ratio‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬ�ﺎ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺣﺯﻣ�ﺔ ﺍﺧ�ﺭﻯ)‪( Sabin , 1978‬‬
‫&‪ (Lillisand‬ﻭ ﻭﺗﻌﺗﻣ������������ﺩ ﻋﻠ������������ﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟ������������ﺔ )‪(2-4‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌ������������ﺩﺓ ﻣ������������ﻥ‬ ‫)‪kiefer,2000‬‬
‫)‪:(Lillisand& kiefer,2000‬‬
‫‪DNx‬‬
‫( ‪DN" = Ractan‬‬ ‫)‪) ---------------- (٤-۲‬‬
‫‪DNy‬‬
‫ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ "‪ DN‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ‬
‫‪ Ractan‬ﻫﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻭﺿﻊ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺣﺔ‬
‫‪ DNy , DNx‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ"‪ DN‬ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻥ ﻻ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ‪ DNy‬ﺻﻔﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻ ﻓﻳﺿﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺟﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ = ﺻﻔﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ )ﺻﻔﺭ = ‪.(DNy‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻓﻛﺭﺓ ﻫ�ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﻫ�ﻲ ﻗﺳ�ﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣ�ﺯﻡ ﻋﺎﻟﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺔ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺗﻠ�ﻙ ﺍﻟﺣ�ﺯﻡ ﻗﻠﻳﻠ�ﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﻣﻳﻳ�ﺯ‬
‫‪(histogram‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ ،(٤-۲‬ﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬
‫)‪ Equalize‬ﺑﻭﺳﺎﻁﺔ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ‪ 256‬ﺭﻗﻣ�ﺎ ) ‪0 -‬‬
‫‪ (255‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﺛﻡ ﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ )‪. (Lillisand& kiefer,2000‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪(٤-۲‬ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑﺭﺯﻫﺎ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ‬
‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ‬
‫‪3/1‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬ ‫‪(Randall, 2006, Walsh,‬‬ ‫‪2003 , Yetkin,‬‬ ‫‪2003 , kariuki,‬‬
‫)‪2004,Ott et. al, 2006 , Lipton , 1997 ,Mike et. al, 1999‬‬
‫‪5/1‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬ ‫)‪(yetkin 2003,Timothy and Ramadan, 2001‬‬

‫‪5/4‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬ ‫‪(Yetkin, 2003 , kariuki,‬‬ ‫‪2004 , Timothy and Ramadan,‬‬
‫)‪2001,Mike et al, 1999‬‬
‫‪5/7‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻑ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪(Randall, 2006, Walsh 2003, Yetkin 2003, Kariuki, 2004, Ott‬‬
‫‪et.al. 2006, Timothy and Ramadan 2001, Lipton 1997, Mike‬‬
‫)‪et al. 1999‬‬
‫‪1/7‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻑ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ‬ ‫)‪(Quattara et.al, 2004, Walsh, 2003‬‬

‫‪ ۳-۳-٦-۲‬ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺟﻳﻥ ‪Hybrid color Ratio composite‬‬

‫‪٤۰‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﻟﻌﻣ�ﻝ ﺧﻠ�ﻁ ﺍﻻﻟ�ﻭﺍﻥ )‪ ( RGB‬ﻟﻧ�ﺎﺗﺟﻳﻥ ﻣ�ﻥ ﻗﺳ�ﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣ�ﺯﻡ ﻣ�ﻊ ﺣﺯﻣ�ﺔ ﺍﺳﺎﺳ�ﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (Sabin , 1978) ،(Lillisand& kiefer,2000‬ﻭﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻠ�ﺏ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﺷ�ﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗ�ﻲ ﺗﺳ�ﺑﺑﻬﺎ ﻗﺳ�ﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻫﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻅﻼﻝ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٤-۳-٦-۲‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ )‪principle component Analysis (PCA‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﻣ�ﺩ ﻫ�ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺗﺣﻭﻳ�ﻝ ﺍﻻﺗﺟ�ﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﺻ��ﻠﻲ ﻟﻣﺣ�ﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﻟﺗﺟﻧ�ﺏ ﺍﻻﺳ�ﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟ�ﻭﺩ ﻓ��ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ )‪ ، (Lillisand& kiefer,2000‬ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺣﺯﻡ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯ ﻭﻓﺻﻝ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻠ��ﻭ ﻓﺭﺿ��ﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗ��ﺔ ﺑ��ﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣ��ﺔ )‪ ( a‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣ��ﺔ )‪ (B‬ﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻛﻣ��ﺎ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻟﺷ��ﻛﻝ)‪ ((9-2)a‬ﻓ��ﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣ��ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﻻﻱ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ )‪ ((9-2)b‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ &‪(Lillisand‬‬
‫)‪-:kiefer,2000‬‬
‫)‪DNI = a11DNA + a12 DNB +a1n DNn ------------------- (5-2‬‬
‫)‪DNII = a21 DNA + a22 DNB+a2n DNn ------------------ (6-2‬‬
‫ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ‪DNI ،DNII‬ﻫﻲ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ )‪(pc‬‬
‫‪ DNA ,DNB‬ﻫﻲ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ a11,a12,a21,a22‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ) ﺛﻭﺍﺑﺕ ( ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ)‪. (Lillisand& kiefer,2000‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ)‪ (9-2‬ﺍﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ETM‬ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻑ ﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪، PCA‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺗﺭﺳﻳﺏ ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺗﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺻﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻫﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Eigen matrix‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺗﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻥ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﻣﺷﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺗﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻲ )‪ (Ranjbar et.al., 2003‬ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺻﻔﻭﻓﺔﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﻣﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤۱‬‬
 ‫‪ ٥-۳-٦-۲‬ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ ETM+‬ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺧﺻﻭﺻﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻻﻱ ﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﻳﺗﺫﺑﺫﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻯ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺭﻱ ﻋﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺭﻳﻛﻲ )‪ (USGS‬ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪، (٥-۲‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪(2-5‬ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻧﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ ﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻬﻳﻣﺗﺎﻳﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ‪۷‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ‪٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ‪٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ‪۱‬‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ‬
‫‪28.1‬‬ ‫‪52.44‬‬ ‫‪68.31‬‬ ‫‪63.73‬‬ ‫‪59.26‬‬ ‫‪48.38‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬
‫‪7.7‬‬ ‫‪33.74‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪60.82‬‬ ‫‪49.27‬‬ ‫‪42.74‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻧﻳﺎ‬
‫‪82.67‬‬ ‫‪83.91‬‬ ‫‪31.13‬‬ ‫‪23.87‬‬ ‫‪15.44‬‬ ‫‪2.19‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻳﻣﺎﺗﺎﻳﺕ‬
‫‪78.23‬‬ ‫‪85.16‬‬ ‫‪23.09‬‬ ‫‪18.48‬‬ ‫‪2.23‬‬ ‫‪1.97‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻧﻳﺎ‬
‫‪48.61‬‬ ‫‪62.05‬‬ ‫‪65.07‬‬ ‫‪63.74‬‬ ‫‪61.59‬‬ ‫‪56.05‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ‬
‫‪31.01‬‬ ‫‪60.82‬‬ ‫‪64.4‬‬ ‫‪62.1‬‬ ‫‪56.53‬‬ ‫‪52.77‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻧﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﻗﻳﻡ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻧﻳﺎ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﻳﺔ )‪-:(Yetkin 2003‬‬
‫‪UF‬‬
‫= ‪UL‬‬ ‫)‪------------------------ (۷-۲‬‬
‫‪LSh‬‬
‫‪LF‬‬
‫= ‪LL‬‬ ‫)‪------------------------- (۸-۲‬‬
‫‪USh‬‬
‫ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ = LL ،UL‬ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫‪= LF ،UF‬ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻭﺃﻗﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﺳﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫‪= LSh، USh‬ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻭﺃﻗﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺧﺗﺑﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺗﺭﺳﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺑﻲ ﺗﻡ ﻋﻣﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﻳﺭﺩﺍﺱ ﺷﻛﻝ)‪(۱۰-۲‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺩ ﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺏ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﺣﺩﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎﻭﺍﻟﺩﻧﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﻘﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﺩﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺏ ﺑﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﺗﻌﺎﻥ ﺑﻐﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﺏ ﻓﻘﻁ ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤۲‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪ (۱۰-۲‬ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻭﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻻﺟﺭﺍء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ‬
‫‪ ٦-۳-٦-۲‬ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺎﺩﻱ ‪Gray – Level Thresholding‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﺣﺩ ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﻼﻋﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺗﻘﺳﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺳﻣﻳﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺣﺩﻫﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻠﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺭ ﻳﺳﻔﻠﻬﺎ)‪ ، (Lillisand& kiefer2000‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺑﺻﻳﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (bit‬ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻳﻥ ﻫﻣﺎ )‪.(0,1‬‬
‫‪ ۷-۳-٦-۲‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺳﻳﻡ ‪Anaglyph Image‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ ﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺣ�ﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺍﺋ�ﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣ�ﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺳ�ﻊ ﻓ�ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳ��ﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ‪،‬ﻭﻫ��ﻲ ﺭﺧﻳﺻ��ﺔ ﻭﺳ��ﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧ��ﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﻌﺗﻣ��ﺩ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﻋ��ﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺔ ﺑ��ﺛﻼﺙ ﺣ��ﺯﻡ ‪ RGB‬ﻭﺑﺎﺳ��ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻭﻳﻧ��ﺎﺕ ﺗﺣ��ﻭﻱ ﻋﺩﺳ��ﺎﺕ ﺣﻣ��ﺭﺍء ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻟﻌ��ﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻳﺳ��ﺭﻯ ﻭﺧﺿ��ﺭﺍء ﻣﺯﺭﻗ��ﺔ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻟﻌ��ﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻳﻣﻧ��ﻰ ﺣﻳ��ﺙ ﺗﻌﻣ��ﻝ ﻫ��ﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﺿﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺗﻘﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﻘﺑﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﻋﻣﻠﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳ�ﻳﻡ )‪(Akman, 2005‬‬
‫ﺷﻛﻝ )‪ ،(۱۱-۲‬ﻭﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻭﺗﺣﻠﻳ�ﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧ�ﺭﺍﺝ ﻭﺗﻛ�ﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﻟ�ﺔ ﺍﻋﺗﻣ�ﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻗﻳﻣ�ﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔ�ﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺄﺧﻭﺫ ﻣﻥ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ )‪ .(woods 2004‬ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺷﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝ ‪ spot‬ﻭﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ ASTER‬ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ Land sat ETM++‬ﻻ ﺗﻭﺟﺩ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺓ ‪،‬‬

‫‪٤۳‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻛﻝ )‪(۱۱-۲‬ﻋﻭﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺳﻳﻡ‬
‫‪ ۷-۲‬ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ۱-۷-۲‬ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺭﺟﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ) ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻳﺗﺳﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺗﻭﻓﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺻﺎﺻﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﻳﺔ )‪. (Borrough, 1989‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻧﻔﺳﻪ ﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻣﺳﺔ ﻋﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺗﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﺍﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻡ ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﻫﻳﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ ۲-۷-۲‬ﺟﻣﻊ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ۱-۲-۷-۲‬ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺟﻣﻌﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺩﺧﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﻭﺍﺩﺧﻠﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻁﺎﻟﺔ ‪ jpeg‬ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺻﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺣﻔﻅﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻁﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،dbf IV‬ﻓﺿﻼً ﻋﻥ ﺗﻠﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻁﺎﻟﺔ ‪.Img.‬‬
‫‪ ۲-۲-۷-۲‬ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻔﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺧﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺗﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎء ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺍﺩﺧﻠﺕ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻳﺩﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﻁﻲ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺑﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻔﻲ )‪ (ID‬ﻳﺳﻬﻝ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﻪ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺭﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۳-۷-۲‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ۱-۳-۷-۲‬ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﻪ )‪(Vector‬‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻧﺷﺋﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻌﺩﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺑﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ ‪ shape file‬ﺑﺷﻛﻝ‬

‫‪٤٤‬‬
‫ﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﻭﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﻓﺿﻼً ﻋﻥ ﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺻﻳﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۲-۳-۷-۲‬ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻭﻱ )‪(Raster‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﺷﺋﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺗﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻁﺢ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﻟﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺻﻳﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻭﻳﺔ‪Interpolation‬‬
‫‪ ،kriging‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻥ ﻁﺭﺍﺋﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﺍﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ‪ Geostatiscal Analyst‬ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻁﺭﺍﺋﻕ ﻋﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ )‪.(Z‬‬
‫‪ ٤-۷-۲‬ﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﻋﻣﻝ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ)‪ (Registration‬ﻟﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺋﻲ ﻭﺣﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﺭﺿﻲ)‪ ،WGS84 (Datum‬ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻕ)‪(37N‬ﻭﺣﺩﺩ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﻣﺩﺧﻠﺔ ﺍﺭﺑﻊ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺿﺑﻁ ‪.GCPs‬‬
‫‪ ٥-۷-۲‬ﺭﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻔﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﺭﺑﻁﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻣﻙ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎء ﻟﻛﻝ ﺑﺋﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻛﻝ ﻣﻘﻠﻊ ﺑﻣﻭﻗﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٦-۷-۲‬ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﻗﻳﺳﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻛﺷﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻳﻡ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺣﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻧﺣﻧﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۷-۷-۲‬ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺭﻳﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ )ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻭﻟﻳﻭﻥ( ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻝ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺣﻭﻟﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺭﺍﻛﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﺿﻼً ﻋﻥ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۸-۷-۲‬ﺍﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺭﺟﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٥‬‬
‫ﺗﻡ ﺃﺟﺭﺍء ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﻪ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﻪ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺟ�ﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻳ�ﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺣﻘﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۱-۳‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ ‪Fusion Image‬‬
‫ﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺍﺋﻕ ﻟﺩﻣﺞ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻻﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﻪ ﻭﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﺟﺭﺍء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺫﺟﺔ )‪(Resampling‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺄﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻗﺭﺏ ﻣﺗﺟﺎﻭﺭ)‪ (Nearest Neighbor‬ﺍﻧﺗﺟﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﺣﻭ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪Intensity Hue Saturation (IHS) ۱-۱-۳‬‬
‫ﻟﻌﻣ����ﻝ ﺻ����ﻭﺭﻩ ﻣﺭﻛﺑ����ﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳ����ﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ����ﺎﺕ‪ ETM+‬ﻟﻠﺣ����ﺯﻡ ‪ 4,3,2‬ﻭ‪ MSS‬ﻟﻠﺣ����ﺯﻡ ‪7,6,5‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻭﺍﻥ‪RGB‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﻭﻳ�ﻝ ﻣﻛﻭﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻ�ﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑ�ﻪ ‪ RGB‬ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺛ�ﻼﺙ ﻣﺣ�ﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻳﺳ���ﻪ ﻟﻠﻛﺛﺎﻓ���ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺻ���ﺑﻐﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺷ���ﺑﻊ ‪ IHS‬ﻋﻠ���ﻰ ﺍﻟﺗ���ﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓ���ﻪ ﻟﻬ���ﺎ ﻋﻼﻗ���ﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺩﻗ���ﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ����ﻪ‬
‫)‪، (Lillisand&kiefer2000‬ﻭﺗ��ﻡ ﺍﺳ��ﺗﺑﺩﺍﻝ ﻣﺣ��ﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓ��ﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺯﻣ��ﻪ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳ��ﻪ )‪ (ETM+‬ﻣ��ﻊ‬
‫‪(Han‬‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺳﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻧﻔﺫﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﻪ ﺑﺄﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (Hydan, 1982‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫)‪-: and Kang 2004‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‪I‬‬ ‫)‪---------------------------------- (1-3‬‬
‫)‪3( R + G + B‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫‪S= (1 -‬‬ ‫)‪) * ( Min( R.G.B )) --------------- (2-3‬‬
‫‪R+G+ B‬‬
‫‪é‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ù‬‬
‫‪ê‬‬ ‫)‪( R - G ) + ( R - B‬‬ ‫‪ú‬‬
‫‪H= Cos -1 ê‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪ú ------- (3-3‬‬
‫‪ê‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫*‬ ‫(‬‫‪G‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪ú‬‬
‫‪ëê‬‬ ‫‪ûú‬‬
‫‪ :I,S,H‬ﺍﻟﺻﺑﻐﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺑﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫‪: R,G,B‬ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻷﺧﺿﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫‪Brovey Transform 2-1-3‬‬
‫ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ����ﺎ ﺑﺄﺳ����ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣ����ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺳ����ﻧﺕ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ����ﺎﺕ‪ ETM+‬ﻟﻠﺣ����ﺯﻡ ‪ 4,3,2‬ﻭ‪ MSS‬ﻟﻠﺣ����ﺯﻡ ‪7,6,5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ ETM+‬ﺑﺄﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ))‪(Liu 2000(A‬‬
‫‪RP‬‬ ‫‪GP‬‬ ‫‪BP‬‬
‫=‪Rb‬‬ ‫=‪, Gb‬‬ ‫=‪, Bb‬‬ ‫)‪-----------(4-3‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫‪R+G+ B‬‬
‫=‪I‬‬ ‫)‪------------------------------- (5-3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ :RGB‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺙ‬
‫‪ :P‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﻪ‬

‫‪٤٦‬‬
 ‫‪Principal Component (PC) 3-1-3‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ ETM+‬ﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﺗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‬
‫‪ ETM+‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻻﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ MSS‬ﻓﺭﺍﻏﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻭﻟ��ﺕ ﺍﻟﺣ��ﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌ��ﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳ��ﺎﻑ ﻻﻧﺗ��ﺎﺝ ﺳ��ﺗﺔ ﻣﻛﻭﻧ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺎﺳ��ﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳ��ﺱ ‪ ETM+‬ﻭﺍﺭﺑﻌ��ﺔ ﻣﻛﻭﻧ��ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ ،MSS‬ﻭﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﻣ�ﺔ ﻣ�ﻥ‬
‫)‪: (Lillisand& kiefer2000‬‬
‫)‪DNI = a11DNA + a12 DNB ------------------- (6-3‬‬
‫)‪DNII = a21 DNA + a22 DNB ------------------ (7-3‬‬
‫ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ‬
‫‪ :DNI ،DNII‬ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ )‪(pc‬‬
‫‪ : DNA ,DNB‬ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ : a11,a12,a21,a22‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ) ﺛﻭﺍﺑﺕ ( ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ)‪. (Lillisand& kiefer2000‬‬
‫ﺍﺳ�ﺗﺑﺩﻝ ﺑﻌ��ﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻛ�ﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳ��ﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻟﻛ�ﻼ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳ��ﻳﻥ ﺑ�ﺎﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳ��ﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻧ�ﺎﺗﺞ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺗﺣﻭﻳ��ﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺛﻡ ﻋﻣﻝ ﻣﻌﻛﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻻﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﻭﻋﻣﻝ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 4-1-3‬ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ )‪Multiplicative (MLT‬‬
‫ﺿﺭﺑﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺑﻛﻼ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳ�ﺔ ﻟﻠﺣ�ﺯﻡ ﻣﺗﻌ�ﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳ�ﺎﻑ ‪ETM+‬‬
‫‪ MSS‬ﻛ��ﻝ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﺣ��ﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﺳ��ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟ��ﺔ )‪ crippen 1989‬ﻓ��ﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳ��ﺗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺣ��ﺯﻡ ﺍﻻﺭﺑﻌ��ﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳ��ﺱ‬
‫‪-: (Meenakshisundaram, 2005‬‬
‫)‪DNms* = DNms* DNPAN---------------- (8-3‬‬
‫‪ 5-1-3‬ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ )‪High- Pass Filtering (HPF‬‬
‫ﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﺭﺷﺢ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺩﺩ ﻭﻗﺩﻣﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟ��ﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺔ ﻣﺗﻌ��ﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳ��ﺎﻑ)‪ (ETM+,MSS‬ﻭﺍﻧﺗﺟ��ﺕ ﻣ��ﺭﺋﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ��ﺔ ﻣﺗﻌ��ﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳ��ﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ Cnavez et .al.1991‬ﻓﻲ‪:( Meenakshisundaram, 2005‬‬
‫)‪DNms* = DNms+ (DNPAN*-DNPAN) ---------------- (9-3‬‬
‫)‪DNPAN*= DNPAN *hº-------------------------------- (10-3‬‬
‫ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫*‪ :DNms‬ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ‬
‫‪ : DNms‬ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ : DNPAN‬ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ‬
‫‪:hº‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺷﺢ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺩﺩ‬
‫‪٤۷‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺷ�ﺢ ‪ (Equal Zero) 5*5‬ﻟﺗﺣﺳ�ﻳﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻝ‪ETM+‬ﻟﺗﺣﺳ�ﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﺿ�ﻌﻑ )‪(2X‬‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺻﻑ )ﺍﻟﻌﻣ�ﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟ�ﺙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺻ�ﻑ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟ�ﺙ( ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻬ�ﺎ ‪، +۲٤‬ﺍﻣ�ﺎ ﺑﻘﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳ�ﺎ ﻓﻘﻳﻣﺗﻬ�ﺎ ﺳ�ﺎﻟﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ‪،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺷﺢ ‪ 9*9‬ﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ‪ MSS‬ﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﺿ�ﻌﺎﻑ )‪ (4X‬ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ﻗﻳﻣ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺻﻑ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺷﺢ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ‪ +80‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻘﻳﻣﺗﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 6-1-3‬ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ )‪Wavelet Transform (WT‬‬
‫ﺣﻠﻠﺕ)‪ (Analysis‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ﻟﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳﻳﻥ)‪(ETM+,MSS‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺿﺎﻋﻑ )‪ (4,2‬ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻭﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻫﺭﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻻﺑﻼﻛﺷﻥ ﻭﺑﺎﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺭﺩﺓ )‪ (Single‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻗﺳﺎﻡ)ﺍﻓﻘﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻣﻭﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻁﺭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫)‪ king et .al.,2001‬ﻓﻲ ‪(Meenakshisundaram, 2005‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ(ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ét - bù‬‬
‫=*‪DNms‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪a ò f(t)y ê‬‬ ‫)‪dt ---------------- (11-3‬‬
‫‪ë a úû‬‬

‫‪ : a ,b‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ‬

‫‪ : y éê‬ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺣﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ)‪Ψ (t‬‬
‫‪t - bù‬‬
‫‪ë a úû‬‬
‫‪ : (t)y‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻥ ﺛﻡ ﺍﻋﻳﺩ ﺗﺄﻟﻳﻑ)‪ (synthesis‬ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺩﻩ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺗﺑﺩﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺳﻧﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎ ﻫﻭ)‪ (11480000‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ ETM+‬ﻫﻭ ﺭﺑﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2-3‬ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﺻﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ 1-2-3‬ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﺻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺳ��ﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺟ��ﺯء )‪ (1a‬ﺷ��ﻛﻝ )‪ (1-3‬ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﻁ��ﻊ ﻣ��ﻥ ﻣ��ﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺔ ‪ ETM+‬ﻣﺗﻌ��ﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳ��ﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺣ��ﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ ‪ RGB 4,3,2‬ﺍﻟﻣﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪Y‬‬
‫‪U.L‬‬ ‫‪659718‬‬ ‫‪3661680‬‬
‫‪L .R‬‬ ‫‪667213.5‬‬ ‫‪3655480 .5‬‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ‪ 220×264‬ﺧﻠﻳﺔ )ﻋﺭﺽ ×ﻁﻭﻝ (‬

‫‪٤۸‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺯء )‪ (1b‬ﺷﻛﻝ )‪(1-3‬ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﻁﻊ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ MSS‬ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ﻣﻣﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻡ‬
‫‪ RGB٤۳۲‬ﺍﻟﻣﻐﻁﻳ����ﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘ����ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳ����ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻛ����ﻭﻥ ﻣ����ﻥ ‪ ۱۸٦× ۳۲۹‬ﺧﻠﻳ����ﺔ )ﻋ����ﺭﺽ ×ﻁﻭﻝ(ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺣ����ﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪Y‬‬
‫‪U.L‬‬ ‫‪614745‬‬ ‫‪3663846‬‬
‫‪L .R‬‬ ‫‪633498‬‬ ‫‪3653244‬‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ )‪ (1-3‬ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ 1 a‬ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪ IHS‬ﺟﻳ�ﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻗ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ�ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌ�ﺔ )ﻣﺗﻣﺛﻠ�ﺔ ﺑ�ﺎﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﻣﺭ ( ﺗﻁﻐﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ )ﻣﺗﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺧﺿ�ﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻠ�ﺫﺍ ﻧ�ﺭﻯ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻠ�ﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺻ�ﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟ�ﻭﺩ ﻓ�ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﻳﻘﺗﺭﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﻣﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﺣﺎﻓﻅ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺯﺭﻕ ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺗﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣ�ﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟ�ﺔ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺗﻘﻧﻳ�ﺔ ‪ PC‬ﺗ�ﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﻟﻬ�ﺎ ﺑﻳﻧﻣ�ﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺗﺭﺏ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ MLT‬ﺑﺣﺯﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺻﺎﺻﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ WT‬ﺗﺑﺩﻭ ﺍﻗﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﺳ�ﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳ�ﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻛ�ﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﻳ�ﺙ ﻧﻼﺣ�ﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳ�ﻕ ﻳﺑ�ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺗﻌﺭﺟﺎ ﺑﻭﺿﻭﺡ ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ﻟﺑﻘﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻭﺗﻁﻐﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳ�ﺔ‪ .‬ﻟ�ﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣ��ﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺔ ﺗﺑ��ﺩﻭ ﻣﺻ �ﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﻟ��ﻭﺍﻥ ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻛ��ﺱ ﺫﻟ��ﻙ ﻓﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺔ ‪ HPF‬ﺗﺑ��ﺩﻭ ﺍﻓﺿ��ﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺎﺕ ﻣ��ﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻳ��ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﻁﺑﺎﻗ�ﺎ ﻣ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻻﺻ�ﻠﻳﺔ ﻣ�ﻊ ﺑﻌ�ﺽ ﺍﻻﻓ�ﺭﺍﻁ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪.(1-3‬‬

‫‪٤۹‬‬
PAN ETM+

BT IHS

MLT PCA

٥۰
 ‫‪HPF‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪(1-3‬ﻣﻘﻁﻊ ‪ a1‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ‪ ETM+‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻡ ‪4,3,2‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪ ETM+‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ ‪HPF ، WT، MLT ، PCA، BT، IHS‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺔ ‪ MSS‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌ��ﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳ��ﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻁ��ﺕ ﻗﺑ��ﻝ ﺍﻧﺷ��ﺎء ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳ��ﻕ ﺍﻟﻌ��ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟ��ﺫﻱ ﻳ��ﺭﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﻌ��ﺭﺍﻕ ﺑ��ﺩﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻁﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻧﺷﺎﺋﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺗﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻁﻊ ‪ 1b‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﺭ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺟ�ﺯء‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻛﺳﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﺑﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻭﺣﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺭﺍﺟ�ﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻳ�ﻕ ﻫ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟ�ﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳ�ﺔ ‪ BT‬ﺛ�ﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟ��ﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳ�ﺔ ‪ IHS‬ﻭﺍﻗﻠﻬ�ﺎ ﺍﻅﻬ�ﺎﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻳﻘ�ﺔ ﻫ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺗﻲ ‪ HPF‬ﻭ‪WT‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟ��ﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳ��ﺔ ‪ IHS‬ﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻣﺷ��ﻭﻫﺔ ﺑﺯﻳ��ﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ��ﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛ��ﺔ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﺣﺳ��ﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣ�ﺯﻣﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﺧ�ﺭﺗﻳﻥ ﻛ�ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟ�ﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳ�ﺔ ‪ PC‬ﻭ ‪ BT‬ﺗﺷ�ﻬﺩ ﺗﺷ�ﻭﻳﻬﺎ ﻁﻳﻔﻳ�ﺎ ﻭﺍﺿ�ﺣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣ�ﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪ WT‬ﻓﺎﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻗﻝ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪ MLT‬ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷ�ﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻗ�ﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺗﺷﻭﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ‪HPF‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺟﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪.(2-3‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻭﺿﻭﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻗﻳﺎﺳﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﺑﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ ﻭﺍﻛﺛﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﻭﺿﻳﺣﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪ HPF‬ﻭ‪.MLT‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟ��ﺔ ﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻣﺣﺳ��ﻧﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ��ﺎ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺑﻌﺿ��ﻬﺎ ﻳﺧﺗﻠ��ﻑ ﻋ��ﻥ ﺑﻌ��ﺽ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺟ��ﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳ��ﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﻣﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪٥۱‬‬
 ‫‪PAN‬‬ ‫‪MSS‬‬

‫‪BT‬‬ ‫‪IHS‬‬

‫‪MLT‬‬ ‫‪PCA‬‬

‫‪HPF‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪(2-3‬ﻣﻘﻁﻊ ‪ b1‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ‪ MSS‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻡ ‪ 7,6,5‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪ ETM+‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ ‪HPF ، WT، MLT ، PCA، BT، IHS‬‬

‫‪٥۲‬‬
 ‫‪ 2-2-3‬ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻘ�ﻭﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻ�ﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻛ�ﻝ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺣ�ﺭﺍﻑ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔ�ﺭﻕ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺑ�ﺎﻳﻥ ‪ .‬ﻣ�ﻊ ﺍﺧ�ﺫ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻁﻊ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺗﻘ�ﻭﻳﻡ ﺍﺟ�ﺯﺍء ﻣﺣ�ﺩﺩﺓ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻟﻠﺗﻭﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺗﺫﺑﺫﺑﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﺟﺯﺍﺋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺩﺩﺕ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﻧ�ﺎﻁﻕ ﻣ�ﻥ ﻛ�ﻝ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻐ�ﺎﻳﺭ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺑﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳ�ﺔ ﻭﻅﻬ�ﻭﺭ ﻣﻌ�ﺎﻟﻡ ﺟﺩﻳ�ﺩﺓ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺻ�ﻧﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺳ�ﺎﻥ ﻓﺿ�ﻼً ﻋ�ﻥ ﺗﻘ�ﻭﻳﻡ ﻛ�ﻼ ﺍﻟﻣ�ﺭﺋﻳﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫)‪ (ETM+,MSS‬ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ)‪ ( 3، 2، 1a‬ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ ETM+‬ﻭ)‪ ( 3، 2،1b‬ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ MSS‬ﺷﻛﻝ )‪.(1-3‬‬
‫‪ 1-2-2-3‬ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ‪Bias‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻧﺗ��ﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟ��ﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳ��ﺔ ‪ MLT‬ﻫ��ﻲ ﺍﻛﺛ��ﺭ ﻫ��ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺎﺕ ﺗﺷ��ﻭﻳﻬﺎ ‪،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣ��ﺎ ﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪ WT‬ﺛﻡ ‪ HPF‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻗﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺷﻭﻳﻬﺎ ‪،‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﻟﻬﺫﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﻫﻲ)‪،(0.0042‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ MSS‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻛﺛﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺷﻭﻳﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪، MLT‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻗﻝ ﻫ�ﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺎﺕ ﺗﺷ��ﻭﻳﻬﺎ ﻫ��ﻲ ﻛ��ﻝ ﻣ��ﻥ‪،WT :‬ﻭ‪، HPF‬ﻭ‪ IH‬ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﻗﻳﻣ��ﺔ ﺍﻧﺣ��ﺭﺍﻑ ﻟﻬ��ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳ��ﺎﺕ ﻫ��ﻲ‬
‫)‪ (0.098‬ﻭﻧﻼﺣﻅ ﺍﻥ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﻻ ﺗﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﻛﺛﻳﺭﺍ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﺟﺯﺍء ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻣﺟﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ)‪) -(1-3‬‬
‫‪.(24-3‬‬
‫‪ 2-2-2-3‬ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻛﺛﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺷﻭﻳﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟ�ﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳ�ﺔ ‪ MLT‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣ�ﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺻ�ﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻬ�ﺎ ﺳ�ﺎﻟﺑﺔ ﻓﺗ�ﺩﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺗﻭﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳ�ﺔ ﻭﻛ�ﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ ‪ PC‬ﻭ‪ WT‬ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﺗﺣﻭﻱ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ‪ HPF‬ﻓﺗﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻧﻘﺻﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣ�ﺎﺕ ‪،‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻗ�ﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻝ ﻫﻲ ‪ WT‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ‪- 0.107‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ MSS‬ﻓﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪ MLT‬ﺍﻛﺛ�ﺭ ﻫ�ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﺗﺷ�ﻭﻳﻬﺎ ‪،‬ﻭﻫ�ﻲ ﺗﺣ�ﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺿ���ﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣ���ﺎﺕ ﺟﺩﻳ���ﺩﺓ ﺑﺳ���ﺑﺏ ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻬ���ﺎ ﺍﻟﺳ���ﺎﻟﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ���ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟ���ﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳ���ﺔ ‪ IHS‬ﺗﺣ���ﻭﻱ ﺍﺿ���ﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺯﻣﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌ�ﺔ ‪ .‬ﺍﻣ�ﺎ ﺑﻘﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﻓﻬ�ﻲ ﻣﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗ�ﺔ ﺑ�ﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﺿ�ﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘ�ﺩﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌ�ﺩ ﺍﻗ�ﻝ ﻫ�ﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺷﻭﻳﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪ WT‬ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ ﻫﻲ ‪0.0464‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ) ‪.(24-3 ) -(1-3‬‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ) ‪(1-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۱‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪ETM+‬‬

‫‪٥۳‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ)‪(DVI‬‬ ‫)‪(bias‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫‪۱۲٥‬‬ ‫‪۲۸.۸۹‬‬ ‫‪٥.۳۷٥‬‬ ‫‪۱۲٥‬‬ ‫‪۱۲٥.٦٤۸‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫‪-۰.۹۲۹‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۲۳۷‬‬ ‫‪۱٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٥٥.۷۲۱‬‬ ‫‪۷.٤٦٥‬‬ ‫‪۱٥٥‬‬ ‫‪۱٥٥.٤٦۱‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪-۰.۷٤۱‬‬ ‫‪۰.٦۲۳‬‬ ‫‪٤۷.۲٥۲‬‬ ‫‪۷.٤۸٥‬‬ ‫‪۲.۷۳٦‬‬ ‫‪٤۷.۷۳۹‬‬ ‫‪٤۷.۳۸۲‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪-۱.٤۰۷‬‬ ‫‪۰.۱۲‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۹.٦٤۱‬‬ ‫‪٦۹.٥۳۳‬‬ ‫‪۸.۳۳۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۰.٦۲٥‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۰.٥۹۹‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪0.36‬‬ ‫‪0.024‬‬ ‫‪128.3‬‬ ‫‪39.4‬‬ ‫‪6.28‬‬ ‫‪128.7‬‬ ‫‪128.7‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪-۳.۳۱۲‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰٤‬‬ ‫‪۱۲٥‬‬ ‫‪۱۲٤.٥٦۸‬‬ ‫‪۱۱.۱٦۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۸‬‬ ‫‪۱۲٥.۱٥۱‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪-۰.۰۸۰۲‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۲٤‬‬ ‫‪۱۲٥‬‬ ‫‪۳۱.۲۰٦‬‬ ‫‪٥.٥۸٦‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۲٥.۳٤٤‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (2-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۲‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪ETM+‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۱۲۰‬‬ ‫‪۳٦.٦٤‬‬ ‫‪٦.۰٥۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۰.۹٥۳‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫‪۰.۰۷٤‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۱۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۰‬‬ ‫‪۲۳.۹۳‬‬ ‫‪٥.۸۲٥‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۰‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۰.۸۱۹‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۷۹‬‬ ‫‪۰.٦۲۹‬‬ ‫‪٤٤.٤۳۲‬‬ ‫‪۷.۷۱‬‬ ‫‪۲.۷۷٦‬‬ ‫‪٤۰.۸٦۳‬‬ ‫‪٤٤.۸۱٥‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪۰.٦۳۳‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۲۰۰۸‬‬ ‫‪۱٤٤.۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۳.٤۳۲‬‬ ‫‪۳.٦٦٥‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۱.۹٦‬‬ ‫‪۱٤٥.۲۳٦‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪0.137‬‬ ‫‪0.025‬‬ ‫‪123‬‬ ‫‪41.65‬‬ ‫‪6.45‬‬ ‫‪122.6‬‬ ‫‪124‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪۰.۰٦۱‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۰۰۲٥‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۰‬‬ ‫‪۳٤.٤۱‬‬ ‫‪٥.۸٦٦‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۰.۹٥٦‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪-۰.۰٦۲‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۰۰۷٤‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۰‬‬ ‫‪۳۸.۹‬‬ ‫‪٦.۲۳۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۰.۹٦۲‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (3-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۳‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪ETM+‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۱۲۲‬‬ ‫‪۲٤.۸٦‬‬ ‫‪٤.۹۸٦‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ‪۱۲۱.۹۸۳‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۷۸۲‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۱٦۸‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۱‬‬ ‫‪۲۲.۹۱٥‬‬ ‫‪٤.۷۸۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۲‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۱.۷۷۸‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۷۳۸‬‬ ‫‪۰.٦۲۲٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٥.۸۲۸‬‬ ‫‪٦.٥۱۸‬‬ ‫‪۲.٥٥۳‬‬ ‫‪٤٥.۳۱۳‬‬ ‫‪٤٦.۰٥۳‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪-۱.٤٤۹۸‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۲۲۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۸.٥۹‬‬ ‫‪٦۰.۹۰۲‬‬ ‫‪۷.۸۰٤‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۷.۹۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۹.۲٦۲‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪0.524‬‬ ‫‪0.018‬‬ ‫‪123.4‬‬ ‫‪37.88‬‬ ‫‪6.15‬‬ ‫‪122.8‬‬ ‫‪124.2‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪-۰.۲۳۸‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰٥۸۲‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۲‬‬ ‫‪۳۰.۷٦۹‬‬ ‫‪٥.٥٤۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۱.۹۱۲‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪-۰.۰۲٤۲‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰۰۱٦٤‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۱‬‬ ‫‪۲٥.٤٦۲‬‬ ‫‪٥.۰٤٦‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۱.۹۸۱‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (4-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪ETM+‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫‪۱۲۱‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۱٤.٥۱۲‬‬ ‫‪۳۷.٦۱‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺭ‬ ‫‪۱۱۰.۳٤٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫‪۰.۰۰۲٥٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۳۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۱‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۱۰.۹۰٤‬‬ ‫‪۳۷.٥٦۲‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺭ‬ ‫‪۱۰۹.۹۱۸‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۹۹٤٤‬‬ ‫‪۰.٥۸٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٥.٤۳٥‬‬ ‫‪۷.۹٥۸‬‬ ‫‪۲.۸۲۱‬‬ ‫‪٤٤.٥۳۳‬‬ ‫‪٤٥.۸۰۳‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪-۰.۳٦۹٦‬‬ ‫‪۰.۱٥۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۰٤.٥۸‬‬ ‫‪۱۹۳۷.۳۲‬‬ ‫‪٤٤.۰۱٥‬‬ ‫‪۳٤.۸۹٥.‬‬ ‫‪۹۳.٦٥٤‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪-0.97‬‬ ‫‪0.14‬‬ ‫‪124.45‬‬ ‫‪42.99‬‬ ‫‪6.56‬‬ ‫‪122.9‬‬ ‫‪125.8‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۲۸۲٥‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۲٥‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۰‬‬ ‫‪۱۳۷٤.٥٥٦‬‬ ‫‪۳۷.۰۷٥‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۰.٦۲۲‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪-۰.۰۱٦۷‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۱۸‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۱‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۳۸.۰۸‬‬ ‫‪۳۷.۹۲۲‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۰.۱٤۲‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (5-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۱‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪MSS‬‬

‫‪٥٤‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫‪۷۹‬‬ ‫‪۲۸.۸۸۹‬‬ ‫‪٤.٥٥۷‬‬ ‫‪۷۹‬‬ ‫‪۷۸.۹۸٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫‪-۰.٦۷٤‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰٤۹‬‬ ‫‪۷۸‬‬ ‫‪۳٤.۷٥۷‬‬ ‫‪٥.۸۹٦‬‬ ‫‪۷۸‬‬ ‫‪۷۸.٥۹۸‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۷۷۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.٤۸۹‬‬ ‫‪٤۰.۲۲٥‬‬ ‫‪٤.۷۰٦‬‬ ‫‪۲.۱٦۹‬‬ ‫‪٤۰.۰٦٥‬‬ ‫‪٤۰.۳۷۸‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪۰.٦۷٦‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۳٥٦‬‬ ‫‪۸۱.۸۷۱‬‬ ‫‪٦.۷۳٤‬‬ ‫‪۲.٥۹٥‬‬ ‫‪۸۱.۸۷۱‬‬ ‫‪۸۱.۷۹۸‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪0.008‬‬ ‫‪0.266‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪29.12‬‬ ‫‪5.39‬‬ ‫‪98.39‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۸٦‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۰۰۳‬‬ ‫‪۷۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۸.۹۷٤‬‬ ‫‪٤.۳٥٦‬‬ ‫‪۷۷‬‬ ‫‪۷۸.۹۸۸‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۱۰۲‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۱٤‬‬ ‫‪۷۹‬‬ ‫‪۲۰.٥٥۳‬‬ ‫‪٤.٥۳٤‬‬ ‫‪۸۱‬‬ ‫‪۷۹.۰۹۸‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (6-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۲‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪MSS‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۹۰‬‬ ‫‪۸٥.۰۸۲۲‬‬ ‫‪۹.۲۲٤‬‬ ‫‪۹۳‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ‪۸۹.۲۳۳‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۳۲۷‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۳۱۳‬‬ ‫‪۹۰‬‬ ‫‪۸۲.۳۰۱‬‬ ‫‪۹.٥۷۲‬‬ ‫‪۹۰‬‬ ‫‪۸۸.۹٥٤‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۷۸٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.٤٥۸‬‬ ‫‪٤۷.۹۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۰.٥۹٥‬‬ ‫‪۳.۲٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٤۷.٥۸۹‬‬ ‫‪٤۸.۳٥۱‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪۰.٦۱۸‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۳٦۷‬‬ ‫‪۸٥.۷۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۳۲.٥۱۳‬‬ ‫‪٥.۷۰۲‬‬ ‫‪۸٤.۸۱۳‬‬ ‫‪۸٥.۹٥٦‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪-0.509‬‬ ‫‪0.195‬‬ ‫‪106.6‬‬ ‫‪41.79‬‬ ‫‪6.46‬‬ ‫‪108.95‬‬ ‫‪106.6‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۷٤‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰٤٦‬‬ ‫‪۹۰‬‬ ‫‪۷۸.۷۸۳‬‬ ‫‪۸.۸۷٦‬‬ ‫‪۹۰‬‬ ‫‪۸۹.۱۹۲‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۰۰۲۱‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۰٦۳‬‬ ‫‪۹۰‬‬ ‫‪۸٥.۰٦٤‬‬ ‫‪۹.۲۲۳‬‬ ‫‪۸۹‬‬ ‫‪۸۹.۲۸۹‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (7-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۳‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪MSS‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۷٤‬‬ ‫‪۸۸.٦٦۱‬‬ ‫‪۹.٤۱٦‬‬ ‫‪۷٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ‪۷٤.۸٦۱‬‬
‫‪-۰.۷۱۸‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۱۲‬‬ ‫‪۷٥‬‬ ‫‪۱٥۲.۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۲.۳٤۱‬‬ ‫‪۷٥‬‬ ‫‪۷۳.۹٦۲‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۸٦۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.٤٥۱‬‬ ‫‪٤۰.۹٤‬‬ ‫‪۱۲.۱۱‬‬ ‫‪۳.٤۸‬‬ ‫‪٤۰.۹٤‬‬ ‫‪٤۱.۱۲۷‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪۰.٥۹٤‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۲٥۳‬‬ ‫‪۹۳.۸٥۲‬‬ ‫‪۳٥.۹۷٦‬‬ ‫‪٥.۹۹۸‬‬ ‫‪۹۳.۸٥۲‬‬ ‫‪۹۳.۷۷‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪-0.552‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪96.88‬‬ ‫‪39.7‬‬ ‫‪6.3‬‬ ‫‪97.3‬‬ ‫‪97.36‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪۰.۰٦۳۷ ۰.۰۰۰۰٥٤‬‬ ‫‪۷٥‬‬ ‫‪۸۳.۰۱‬‬ ‫‪۹.۱۱۱‬‬ ‫‪۷٥‬‬ ‫‪۷٤.۸٥۷‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪-۰.۰۰٦‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۱٦٦‬‬ ‫‪۷٤‬‬ ‫‪۸۹.۱۸۹‬‬ ‫‪۹.٤٤٤‬‬ ‫‪۷٤‬‬ ‫‪۷٤.۷۳۷‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (8-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪MSS‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۹۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۹.۸٥۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۰.۹٤۸‬‬ ‫‪۹۳‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ‪۹۰.۳۸۸‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۸٤۷‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰۹‬‬ ‫‪۹۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۹.۷۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۰.٤۷٤‬‬ ‫‪۹۲‬‬ ‫‪۹۰.۳۰۷‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۸۹٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.٤٥۹‬‬ ‫‪٤۸.٥۲٥‬‬ ‫‪۱۲.٥٤۸‬‬ ‫‪۳.٥٤۲‬‬ ‫‪٤۷.۳۱٥‬‬ ‫‪٤۸.۹۳٥‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪-۷.۹۰٦‬‬ ‫‪۰.۳۲۱‬‬ ‫‪٦۹.۲۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۰٦۷.٤‬‬ ‫‪۳۲.٦۷۱‬‬ ‫‪-۳۳.۳٤‬‬ ‫‪٦۱.۳۷۱‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪-0.63‬‬ ‫‪0.195‬‬ ‫‪107.1‬‬ ‫‪44.29‬‬ ‫‪6.66‬‬ ‫‪106.62‬‬ ‫‪108.04‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪-٥.٦٦٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۹۷۳‬‬ ‫‪۸۷‬‬ ‫‪۷۹۸.۹۱‬‬ ‫‪۲۸.۲٦٥‬‬ ‫‪۸۷‬‬ ‫‪۸۱.٥۹٥‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪-۰.۰٤٦٤‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۱۱‬‬ ‫‪۹۰‬‬ ‫‪۱۲٥.٤۱۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۱.۱۹۹‬‬ ‫‪۹۳‬‬ ‫‪۹۰.۲۹۰‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (9-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۱‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪ETM+‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬

‫‪٥٥‬‬
 ‫‪۱٥٦‬‬ ‫‪٥۸.۷٤۲‬‬ ‫‪۷.٦٦٤‬‬ ‫‪۱٥٦‬‬ ‫‪۱٥٥.۸۹۹‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫‪۰.۳٦٦‬‬ ‫‪۰.۳٤٥‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۱‬‬ ‫‪۳۷.۲٥۷‬‬ ‫‪٦.۱۰٤‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۰‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۲.۱۷‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۸۹‬‬ ‫‪۰.٦۲۳‬‬ ‫‪٥۸.۷٥٤‬‬ ‫‪۱۲.۳۱٦‬‬ ‫‪۳.٥۰۹‬‬ ‫‪٥۹.۱٤۹‬‬ ‫‪٥۸.۷۷۹‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪-۱.۲۱٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.۱۱۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۳٦.٤۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۳۰.۱۰۸‬‬ ‫‪۱۱.٤۰۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۳٦.٤۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۳۷.۳۱‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪-0.226‬‬ ‫‪-0.08‬‬ ‫‪142.82‬‬ ‫‪45.48‬‬ ‫‪6.74‬‬ ‫‪142.82‬‬ ‫‪143.43‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪-۲.٥۰٦۲‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰٤۲‬‬ ‫‪۱٥٥‬‬ ‫‪۲۰٥.۹٦٤‬‬ ‫‪۱٤.۳٥۱‬‬ ‫‪۱٥۷‬‬ ‫‪۱٥٥.۲٤۸‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪-۰.۱۱٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۲‬‬ ‫‪۱٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٦٥.٤۸٤‬‬ ‫‪۸.۰۹۲۲‬‬ ‫‪۱٥٦‬‬ ‫‪۱٥٥.٥۸۷‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (10-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۲‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪ETM+‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۱٤۹‬‬ ‫‪۷۸.۸۲‬‬ ‫‪۸.۸۷۸‬‬ ‫‪۱٥۱‬‬ ‫‪۱٥۰.۱۰۸‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫‪۰.۰٤۱۷‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۱٥۳‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۹‬‬ ‫‪۷٥.٥۳۳‬‬ ‫‪۸.٦۹۱‬‬ ‫‪۱٤٦‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۹.۸۷۹‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۸۱٥٦‬‬ ‫‪۰.٦۲۹٥‬‬ ‫‪٥٥.۱۸۷‬‬ ‫‪۱٤.٥۳۱‬‬ ‫‪۳.۸۱۲‬‬ ‫‪٥٤.۹٤۸‬‬ ‫‪٥٥.٦۱۳‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪۰.٦۳۱۸‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۲۳۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۸٤.٦٥‬‬ ‫‪۲۹.۰۲‬‬ ‫‪٥.۳۸۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۸۰.٥۲‬‬ ‫‪۱۸٥.۷۱۹‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪-0.388‬‬ ‫‪-0.08‬‬ ‫‪136.8‬‬ ‫‪48.26‬‬ ‫‪6.95‬‬ ‫‪124.97‬‬ ‫‪138.25‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪۰.۰٦۱۲۳‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺭ‬ ‫‪۱٤۹‬‬ ‫‪۷۳.۹۹٤‬‬ ‫‪۸.٦۰۲‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۷‬‬ ‫‪۱٥۰.۱۰۸‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪-۰.۰٥۳۲‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰۳٥‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۹‬‬ ‫‪۸۳.۰۱‬‬ ‫‪۹.۱۱۱‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۸‬‬ ‫‪۱٥۰.۰٥٦‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪(11-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۳‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪ETM+‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۱٤۸‬‬ ‫‪٥۰.۷٦٦‬‬ ‫‪۷.۱۲٥‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۸‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ‪۱٤۸.۸۹۷‬‬
‫‪-۰.۰٤۳٤‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۲٤۹‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۸‬‬ ‫‪٥۲.۹٦۹۳‬‬ ‫‪۷.۲۷۸‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۷‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۸.٥۲۷‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۷۸٦‬‬ ‫‪۰.٦۲۲٥‬‬ ‫‪٥٥.۷٦۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۰.۸۷‬‬ ‫‪۳.۲۹۷‬‬ ‫‪٥٥.٥۸٥‬‬ ‫‪٥٦.۲۰۷‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪-۱.۳٥۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۲٤۱‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۳.۷٤‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۹.٤٦٥‬‬ ‫‪۱۰.۹۳‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۳.۷٤‬‬ ‫‪۱٤٥.۳۰٦‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪-0,141‬‬ ‫‪-0.078‬‬ ‫‪136.08‬‬ ‫‪43.6‬‬ ‫‪6.6‬‬ ‫‪136.08‬‬ ‫‪137.24‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪-۰.۱٤٦‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰٥۸‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۸‬‬ ‫‪٥۸.۱۷۱‬‬ ‫‪۷.٦۲۷‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۸‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۸.۸۱‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪-۰.۰۳۰٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰۰۸۷‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۸‬‬ ‫‪٥۲.۳۱٦۳‬‬ ‫‪۷.۲۳۳‬‬ ‫‪۱٤٦‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۸.۸۸٤‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (12-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪ETM+‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۱٥۰‬‬ ‫‪۲۱۹۰.۸۰۲‬‬ ‫‪٤٦.۸۰٦‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ‪۱۳٦.٥۷۷‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۰۲۸٦‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۳۹٤‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۹‬‬ ‫‪۲۱۸٤.٥۳٤‬‬ ‫‪٤٦.۷۳۹‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺭ‬ ‫‪۱۳٦.۰۳۸‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۹۹۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.٥۸٥‬‬ ‫‪٥٦.۱٦٤‬‬ ‫‪۱٥.۱۱۷‬‬ ‫‪۳.۸۸۸‬‬ ‫‪٤٥.۸۰۳‬‬ ‫‪٥٦.٦۸۷‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪-۰.۳۸٤‬‬ ‫‪۰.۱٥۱۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۹.۰٦‬‬ ‫‪۳۰۳۲.۰٤٤‬‬ ‫‪٥٥.۰٦٤‬‬ ‫‪-٤٤.۲۸۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۱٥.۸٦۲‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪-0.98‬‬ ‫‪0.025‬‬ ‫‪138.4‬‬ ‫‪49.9‬‬ ‫‪7.07‬‬ ‫‪137.37‬‬ ‫‪140‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۲۷٥‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۲۱٦‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۸‬‬ ‫‪۲۱۳۰.٦٥۳‬‬ ‫‪٤٦.۱٥۹‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪۱۳٦.۸۷۲‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪-۰.۰۱٦٤‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۱٥۰‬‬ ‫‪۲۲۲٦.۷۱‬‬ ‫‪٤۷.۱۸۸‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺭ‬ ‫‪۱۳٦.٤٤٤‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (13-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۱‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪MSS‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬

‫‪٥٦‬‬
 ‫‪۱۰۲‬‬ ‫‪۳٦.۷٦‬‬ ‫‪٦.۰٦۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۰٤‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۲.۳۱۷۱‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫‪۰.۱۹٤‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۲‬‬ ‫‪۲۹.٦۲۸‬‬ ‫‪٥.٤٤۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۲.٤٤۱‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۸‬‬ ‫‪۰.٤۸۹‬‬ ‫‪٥۲.۱۱۹‬‬ ‫‪۷.۳٦۹‬‬ ‫‪۲.۷۱٥‬‬ ‫‪٥۲.۱۱۹‬‬ ‫‪٥۲.۲۹٤‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪۰.۷۰۹‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۳۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۰٥.۹۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۰.٦۹٤‬‬ ‫‪۳.۲۷۰‬‬ ‫‪۱۰٥.۹۰٦‬‬ ‫‪۱۰٦.۳۳۹‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪-0.089‬‬ ‫‪0.113‬‬ ‫‪113.6‬‬ ‫‪33.5‬‬ ‫‪5.79‬‬ ‫‪115.3‬‬ ‫‪113.9‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪۰.۱۱‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۰۰۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۲‬‬ ‫‪۳۲.۷۲٥‬‬ ‫‪٥.۷۲۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۲.۳۲‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۳۱‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۰۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۲‬‬ ‫‪۳٥.٦۱٦‬‬ ‫‪٥.۹٦۸‬‬ ‫‪۱۰٤‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۲.٤۰۹‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (14-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۲‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪MSS‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۱.۳۸۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۰.٥٥٤‬‬ ‫‪۹۹‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ‪۹٥.٥۲۳‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۲٤۷‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۱۷۳‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۸.٦۳۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۰.٤۲۳‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۹٥.۳٥۸‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۷۸۲‬‬ ‫‪۰.٤٥۹‬‬ ‫‪٥۱.٤۷۲‬‬ ‫‪۱٤.۲۲۸‬‬ ‫‪۳.۷۷۲‬‬ ‫‪٥۱.٤۷۲‬‬ ‫‪٥۱.۷۱٤‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪۰.٦٤٥٦‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۳۸٥‬‬ ‫‪۹۱.٥‬‬ ‫‪۳۹.٤۷٦‬‬ ‫‪٦.۲۸۳‬‬ ‫‪۹۰.٥‬‬ ‫‪۹۱.۸٤۱‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪-0.606‬‬ ‫‪0.155‬‬ ‫‪110.43‬‬ ‫‪43.88‬‬ ‫‪6.62‬‬ ‫‪111.35‬‬ ‫‪110.35‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۸٤٤‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰٤۷‬‬ ‫‪۹٦‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۱.۹۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۰.۰۹۹‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۹٥.٤۷۸‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۱٥۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰۹۱‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۹.٦۸٤‬‬ ‫‪۱۰.٤۷۳‬‬ ‫‪۹٤‬‬ ‫‪۹٥.٤۳٦‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ )‪(15-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۳‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪MSS‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۳۱.٤‬‬ ‫‪۱۱.٤٦۳‬‬ ‫‪۹٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ‪۹٦.۳٤۲‬‬
‫‪۰.۲۳۲‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۳۹‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۰.۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۰.۰٤٥‬‬ ‫‪۹۸‬‬ ‫‪۹٦.۷۱٤‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۹۱۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.٤٥۱٤‬‬ ‫‪٥۲.٤۹٥‬‬ ‫‪۱۱.٤۷۹‬‬ ‫‪۳.۳۸۸‬‬ ‫‪٥۲.۹٤۳‬‬ ‫‪٥۲.۸٥٦‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪۰.۳۰۳‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۲٤۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۹.٥۹‬‬ ‫‪۹۱.٥٦٦‬‬ ‫‪۹.٥٦۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۰.٦۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۹.۷۳٦‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪-0.67‬‬ ‫‪0.146‬‬ ‫‪110.1‬‬ ‫‪42.99‬‬ ‫‪6.56‬‬ ‫‪109.6‬‬ ‫‪110.4‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۹۸٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰۰٦۲‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۸.٤٦‬‬ ‫‪۱۰.۸۸٤‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۹٦.۳۳٦‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۱٤٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۱٤٤‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۳۳.۳۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۱.٥٤٦‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۹٦.۲۰۳‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ )‪(16-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪MSS‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۹۹‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۰.۷۳۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۱.۸٦۳‬‬ ‫‪۹۹‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ‪۹۷.۷۱۸‬‬
‫‪۰.۲۲۷‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۳۲‬‬ ‫‪۹۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۸.۷۲۲‬‬ ‫‪۱۰.٤۲۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۰‬‬ ‫‪۹۸.۰۲۷‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۸۹۲‬‬ ‫‪۰.٤٥۹‬‬ ‫‪٥۲.۱۷۳‬‬ ‫‪۱٥.۲٤۹‬‬ ‫‪۳.۹۰٥‬‬ ‫‪٥۱.٥۸٦‬‬ ‫‪٥۲.۸۸٥‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪-۷.۸۷٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.۳۲۱‬‬ ‫‪۷٥.۳۷٥‬‬ ‫‪۱۲٤۸.۹۹‬‬ ‫‪۳٥.۳٤۱‬‬ ‫‪-۳٥.۳٤۱‬‬ ‫‪٦٦.۳٤۷‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪-0.676‬‬ ‫‪0.149‬‬ ‫‪111.54‬‬ ‫‪45.66‬‬ ‫‪6.76‬‬ ‫‪111.5‬‬ ‫‪112.3‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪-٥.٦‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۹۷۱‬‬ ‫‪۹٤‬‬ ‫‪۹۲۸.۸٥‬‬ ‫‪۳۰.٤۷۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۱‬‬ ‫‪۸۸.۲۲۸‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪-۰.۰۳۷‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۰۳۸‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۱٤٥.۹۹۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۲.۰۸۳‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۹۷.۷٥٥‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (17-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۱‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪ETM+‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫‪۱۰۲‬‬ ‫‪۳۲.٥۸۷‬‬ ‫‪٥.۷۰۸٥‬‬ ‫‪۹۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۲.٦۳٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫‪۰.۲٥۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.۱۲۰‬‬ ‫‪۹۰‬‬ ‫‪۲٤.۳٥۹‬‬ ‫‪٤.۹۳٦‬‬ ‫‪۸۸‬‬ ‫‪۹۰.۲۹٦‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬

‫‪٥۷‬‬
 ‫‪۰.۸۳٦‬‬ ‫‪۰.٦۲۳‬‬ ‫‪۳۸.٤٥٦‬‬ ‫‪٥.۳٦۰‬‬ ‫‪۲.۳۱٥‬‬ ‫‪۳۸.۹٥‬‬ ‫‪۳۸.٦۸٤‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪-۱.۱۸۲‬‬ ‫‪۰.۱۲۳‬‬ ‫‪۸۸.٦٦٤‬‬ ‫‪۷۱.۱۱۲‬‬ ‫‪۸.٤۳۳‬‬ ‫‪۸۷.۷٤۲‬‬ ‫‪۹۰.۰۰٥‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪0.157‬‬ ‫‪0.134‬‬ ‫‪115.4‬‬ ‫‪37.7‬‬ ‫‪6.14‬‬ ‫‪115.4‬‬ ‫‪116.4‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪-۲.۰۰٥۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۳۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۲‬‬ ‫‪۹۷.۹۳۲‬‬ ‫‪۹.۸۹٦‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۲‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۲.۲۹۱‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪-۰.۱۰۷‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰٦‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۱‬‬ ‫‪۳٦.۰۷٦‬‬ ‫‪٦.۰۰٦‬‬ ‫‪۱۰٦‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۲.٥۷۲‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (18-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۲‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪ETM+‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۱۰۱‬‬ ‫‪۳٦‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۳‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ‪۱۰۱.۷٥۳‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺭ‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۲۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۱‬‬ ‫‪۳٦‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪۹۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۱.٥۱۹‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۸۱۷٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.٦۲۹٥‬‬ ‫‪۳۷.٤۲۱‬‬ ‫‪٦.٥٦۹‬‬ ‫‪۲.٥٦۳‬‬ ‫‪۳۳.۹۳٤‬‬ ‫‪۳۷.٦۹۷‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪۰.٥۸٦‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۲۲۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۲٤.۸۸‬‬ ‫‪۱٤.۹۰۷‬‬ ‫‪۳.۸٦۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۱.۹٥‬‬ ‫‪۱۲٥.۰۲٤‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪0.102‬‬ ‫‪0.106‬‬ ‫‪112.88‬‬ ‫‪39.63‬‬ ‫‪6.3‬‬ ‫‪102.97‬‬ ‫‪113.8‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪۰.۰٥٥٥‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۰۰۲‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۱‬‬ ‫‪۳٤.۰۰۱‬‬ ‫‪٥.۸۳۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۱.۷٥٥‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪-۰.۰۳٤٦‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰۸٤‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۱‬‬ ‫‪۳۷.۲٤۷‬‬ ‫‪٦.۱۰۳‬‬ ‫‪۹۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۱.٦٦۸‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (19-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۳‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪ETM+‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۲۲.٥٦۲٥‬‬ ‫‪٤.۷٥‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ‪۹۷.۷٦۳‬‬
‫‪-۰.۰۱۱٤‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۲٦‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۲۲.۸۲‬‬ ‫‪٤.۷۷۷‬‬ ‫‪۹٦‬‬ ‫‪۹۷.٥۰۹‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۷۹۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.٦۲۲٥‬‬ ‫‪۳٦.٥۸۱‬‬ ‫‪٤.٦٦٦‬‬ ‫‪۲.۱٦‬‬ ‫‪۳٦.٥۸۱‬‬ ‫‪۳٦.۹۰۲‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪-۱.۲۳۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۲٤٥‬‬ ‫‪۹۳.۸۷٥‬‬ ‫‪٥۰.۳۸۲‬‬ ‫‪۷.۰۹۸‬‬ ‫‪۹۳.۸۷٥‬‬ ‫‪۹٥.۳۷۲‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪0.57‬‬ ‫‪0.137‬‬ ‫‪110.33‬‬ ‫‪35.42‬‬ ‫‪5.95‬‬ ‫‪110.98‬‬ ‫‪111.2‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪-۰.۱٥۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰٥۸‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۲٦.۰۲‬‬ ‫‪٥.۱۰۱‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۹۷.۷۰٦‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪-۰.۰٤۰٤‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۰۰٦‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۲۳.٤۷٤‬‬ ‫‪٤.۸٤٥‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۹۷.۷٦۹‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (20-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪ETM+‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۱۰۰‬‬ ‫‪۹۹۰.۸۰‬‬ ‫‪۳۱.٤۷۷‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ‪۹۱.٥٦۳‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۰٥٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰٥٥۸‬‬ ‫‪۹۹‬‬ ‫‪۹۸٥.۳۳۲‬‬ ‫‪۳۱.۳۹۰‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺭ‬ ‫‪۹۱.۰٥۲‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۹۹۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.٥۸٥‬‬ ‫‪۳۷.٤۳۷‬‬ ‫‪۷.۲٥۲‬‬ ‫‪۲.٦۹۳‬‬ ‫‪۳۷.۱۸۹‬‬ ‫‪۳۷.۹۹۸‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪-۰.۳٦٤‬‬ ‫‪۰.۱٥۲٤‬‬ ‫‪۸٦.۰۳۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۳٥۱.۰۷۷‬‬ ‫‪۳٦.۷٥۷‬‬ ‫‪-۲۸.۲۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۷۷.٦۱۳‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪-0.958‬‬ ‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪113.08‬‬ ‫‪41.6‬‬ ‫‪6.45‬‬ ‫‪111.65‬‬ ‫‪114.6‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۲٥‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۲۳٦‬‬ ‫‪۹۹‬‬ ‫‪۹٦٦.۰۲۹‬‬ ‫‪۳۱.۰۸۱‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪۹۱.۷۷۹‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪-۰.۰۱۲۹‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۱۰٤‬‬ ‫‪۹۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۰۳.٦۲۲‬‬ ‫‪۳۱.٦۸۰‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺭ‬ ‫‪۹۱.٤٦۸‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (21-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۱‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪MSS‬‬

‫‪٥۸‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫‪۹٥‬‬ ‫‪۲۹.۰٦٥‬‬ ‫‪٥.۳۹۱‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۹٤.٤۱‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫‪-۰.۳۳۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۳٥‬‬ ‫‪۹٤‬‬ ‫‪۳۸.۷٤۱‬‬ ‫‪٦.۲۲٤‬‬ ‫‪۹٤‬‬ ‫‪۹٤.۰۸٥‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۷۸٤‬‬ ‫‪۰.٤۸۹‬‬ ‫‪٤۸.۰۳۹‬‬ ‫‪٦.۲۸٦‬‬ ‫‪۲.٥۰۷‬‬ ‫‪٤۸.۰۳۹‬‬ ‫‪٤۸.۲٦‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪۰.٦٦۱‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۳٦٤‬‬ ‫‪۹۷.۹۹٦‬‬ ‫‪۹.۸٦۷‬‬ ‫‪۳.۱٤۱‬‬ ‫‪۹۷.۹۹٦‬‬ ‫‪۹۷.۸٤٥‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪0.102‬‬ ‫‪0.159‬‬ ‫‪109.2‬‬ ‫‪32.04‬‬ ‫‪5.67‬‬ ‫‪111.4‬‬ ‫‪109.43‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪-۰.۱۱۹‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۰۰٤‬‬ ‫‪۹٤‬‬ ‫‪۲٥.٥۹۹‬‬ ‫‪٥.۰٥۹٦‬‬ ‫‪۹٦‬‬ ‫‪۹٤.٤۱٥‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪-۰.۰۱۹‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰٥٥‬‬ ‫‪۹٥‬‬ ‫‪۲۹.٦۲۱‬‬ ‫‪٥.٤٤۳‬‬ ‫‪۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۹٤.۳٥۹‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (22-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۲‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪MSS‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۷٦‬‬ ‫‪٥۱.۱٥۱‬‬ ‫‪۷.۱٥۲‬‬ ‫‪۷٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ‪۷٤.٥٥۲‬‬
‫‪-۰.٤۹۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۹۱‬‬ ‫‪۷٥‬‬ ‫‪۷٦.۳٥۳‬‬ ‫‪۸.۷۳۸‬‬ ‫‪۷٦‬‬ ‫‪۷۳.۸۷۳‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۸٦۱‬‬ ‫‪۰.٤٥۸‬‬ ‫‪٤۰.۲۲٥‬‬ ‫‪۷.۱۳٤‬‬ ‫‪۲.٦۷۱‬‬ ‫‪۳۹.۷٥۳‬‬ ‫‪٤۰.٤۲۷‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪۰.٦۰۲۲‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۳٥٤‬‬ ‫‪۷۱.۷٥۸‬‬ ‫‪۲۰.۳٥‬‬ ‫‪٤.٥۱۱‬‬ ‫‪۷۰.۹٦۹‬‬ ‫‪۷۱.۹۱٤‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪-0.274‬‬ ‫‪0.309‬‬ ‫‪97.46‬‬ ‫‪37.14‬‬ ‫‪6.09‬‬ ‫‪97.84‬‬ ‫‪97.56‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۷٤۹‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰٤٦‬‬ ‫‪۷٥‬‬ ‫‪٤۷.۳۲۱‬‬ ‫‪٦.۸۷۹‬‬ ‫‪۷٥‬‬ ‫‪۷٤.٥۱۸‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪۰.۰۰۳۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰٤۳‬‬ ‫‪۷٦‬‬ ‫‪٥۰.۹۸‬‬ ‫‪۷.۱٤‬‬ ‫‪۷٦‬‬ ‫‪۷٤.٥۲‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪(23-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪) ۳‬ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪MSS‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۸۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۳٥.۷۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۱.٦٥۲‬‬ ‫‪۹۳‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ‪۸۷.٦٤۳‬‬
‫‪۰.۰٥۲‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۰٤٥‬‬ ‫‪۸۸‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۸.۷۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۱.۳٤٥‬‬ ‫‪۹۰‬‬ ‫‪۸۷.٦۸۲‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۹۲۲‬‬ ‫‪۰.٤٥۲‬‬ ‫‪٤۷.۹۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۰.٥۷‬‬ ‫‪۳.۲٥‬‬ ‫‪٤۷.۹۷‬‬ ‫‪٤۸.۰۲۹‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪۰.٦٦۹‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۲۷۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۱.٦٤‬‬ ‫‪٤٤.۹۳‬‬ ‫‪٦.۷۰۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۱.٦٤‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۲.۰۷۳‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪-0.68‬‬ ‫‪0.213‬‬ ‫‪105.16‬‬ ‫‪43.35‬‬ ‫‪6.58‬‬ ‫‪106.06‬‬ ‫‪106.35‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪۰.۰٦۸٦‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۰۰٥‬‬ ‫‪۸۸‬‬ ‫‪۱۲٦.۰٤٦‬‬ ‫‪۱۱.۲۲۷‬‬ ‫‪۸۹‬‬ ‫‪۸۷.٦۳۹‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪-۰.۰۱۲٦‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۱۱۸‬‬ ‫‪۸۹‬‬ ‫‪۱۳۷.٤۸‬‬ ‫‪۱۱.۷۲٥‬‬ ‫‪۸۳‬‬ ‫‪۸۷.٥٤۰‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (24-3‬ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪MSS‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۷۷‬‬ ‫‪۷۷.۸٤٥‬‬ ‫‪۸.۸۲۳‬‬ ‫‪۷۷‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ‪۷٦.۱۳٥‬‬
‫‪-۰.٥۱۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۰۹۹‬‬ ‫‪۷٦‬‬ ‫‪۱۱۷.۷٦٦‬‬ ‫‪۱۰.۸٥۲‬‬ ‫‪۷۸‬‬ ‫‪۷٥.۳۸۱‬‬ ‫‪HIS‬‬
‫‪۰.۸٦٦‬‬ ‫‪۰.٤٥۸‬‬ ‫‪٤۰.۹٤٦‬‬ ‫‪۱۰.٤۳۹‬‬ ‫‪۳.۲۳۱‬‬ ‫‪٤۰.٦٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٤۱.۲٦۲‬‬ ‫‪BT‬‬
‫‪-۸.٥۱۷‬‬ ‫‪۰.۳۳۹٥‬‬ ‫‪٥۸.۷٦٦‬‬ ‫‪۷٤۰.۸۷٤‬‬ ‫‪۲۷.۲۱۹‬‬ ‫‪-۲۷.۲۳٤‬‬ ‫‪٥۱.۸۱‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬
‫‪-0.4896‬‬ ‫‪0.302‬‬ ‫‪98.6‬‬ ‫‪39.73‬‬ ‫‪6.3‬‬ ‫‪95.88‬‬ ‫‪99.13‬‬ ‫‪MLT‬‬
‫‪-۲.٤۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۹۸‬‬ ‫‪۷٤‬‬ ‫‪۲٦٦.۸٦۹‬‬ ‫‪۲۳.۸۰۹‬‬ ‫‪۸‬‬ ‫‪٦۸.٦۸۷‬‬ ‫‪HPF‬‬
‫‪۰.۰٤٤‬‬ ‫‪-۰.۰۰۰۷‬‬ ‫‪۷٦‬‬ ‫‪۷٤.٤٤۲‬‬ ‫‪۸.٦۲۸‬‬ ‫‪۷۹‬‬ ‫‪۷٦.۱۸۸‬‬ ‫‪WT‬‬

‫‪ ۳-۲-۲-۳‬ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺿﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺧ��ﺫ ﻣﻘﻁﻌ��ﻳﻥ ﻋﺭﺿ��ﻳﻳﻥ ﺍﺣ��ﺩﻫﻣﺎ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ (۱) MSS‬ﻭﺍﻻﺧ��ﺭ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺔ ‪(۲) ETM+‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﺷﻛﻝ)‪ (2-3‬ﻟﺗﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻕ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺱ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٥۹‬‬
 ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪665643‬‬ ‫‪3658659‬‬ ‫‪-۱‬‬
‫‪665643‬‬ ‫‪3656565‬‬
‫‪626000‬‬ ‫‪3660025‬‬ ‫‪-۲‬‬
‫‪629000‬‬ ‫‪3660025‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﻁﻊ )‪MSS(1‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻁﻊ )‪ETM+ (2‬‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪ (2-3‬ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗﻲ ﺍﻝ‪MSS ،ETM +‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻧﻳﺕ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ MLT‬ﻭ‪ BT‬ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﺧ�ﺫ ﺍﻟﻣﻘ�ﺎﻁﻊ ﻭﺫﻟ�ﻙ ﻟﻭﺿ�ﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺗﺑ�ﺎﻳﻥ ﺑﻳﻧﻬ�ﺎ ﻭﺑ�ﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ )‪. (24-3)-(1-3‬‬
‫ﺗﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﻛﺎﻝ)‪ (۸-۳)-(۳-۳‬ﺍﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗﻲ ﺍﻝ)‪ (HPF) ,(WT‬ﺗﺑﺩﻱ ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ )‪ (ETM+‬ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺑﺭﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳ�ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺋ�ﺔ ﺣﻳ�ﺙ ﻳﻼﺣ�ﻅ ﺑﻬ�ﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﻳ�ﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻘﺻ�ﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻘ�ﻳﻡ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣ���ﺎ ﺗﺑ���ﺩﻱ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗ���ﻲ )‪ (HIS),(PC‬ﺯﻳ���ﺎﺩﺓ ﻓ���ﻲ ﻗﻳﻣ���ﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ���ﻳﺔ)‪ (Offset Shift‬ﺗﺯﻳ���ﺩ ﻋﻠ���ﻰ‬
‫)‪(%٥‬ﻋﻧ��ﺩ ﺍﻟ��ﺩﻣﺞ ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺔ )‪ (ETM+‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣ��ﺎ ﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﻁﻌ��ﺔ ﻣ��ﻊ ﻗ��ﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ��ﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺔ )‪ (MSS‬ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻟﻘ��ﻳﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺗﻧﺎﻓﺭ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪ WT‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻛﺛﺭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﺛﻡ ﺗﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪HPF‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷ�ﻛﺎﻝ )‪ (7-3) –(5-3‬ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ﻗ�ﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻘﻧﻳﺗ�ﻳﻥ ﺗﻘﺗ�ﺭﺏ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻁ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﻣ�ﺄﺧﻭﺫ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫‪ ETM‬ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻣﺎﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪ HPF‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺳﻧﺔ ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ MSS‬ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻛﺛ�ﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﺗﻁ�ﺎﺑﻕ ﻣ�ﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﺛﻡ ﺗﻠﻳﻬﺎ ‪ WT‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻘﺗﺭﺏ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻁ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﻣ�ﺄﺧﻭﺫ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﺑﺩﻱ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗﻲ ‪ IHS‬ﻭ ‪ PCA‬ﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﺿﺣﺎ ﺍﻻﺷﻛﺎﻝ)‪.(۸-۳)-(۳-۳‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻓﺿﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻠ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷ�ﻭﻳﻬﺎﺕ ﻫ�ﻲ ‪ WT‬ﻭ ‪ HPF‬ﻭﺑﻣ�ﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬ�ﺩﻑ ﻣ�ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺑﺗﺷﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﻗﻝ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ WT‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗ�ﻲ ﺗﺧ�ﺹ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷ�ﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌ�ﺩﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣ�ﺎ ﺍﻋﺗﻣ�ﺩ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟ�ﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳ�ﺔ‬

‫‪٦۰‬‬
‫‪ HPF‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ‪ Anaglyph‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﻓﺿﻠﻳﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﺿ�ﻼً ﻋ�ﻥ ﻗﻠ�ﺔ ﺗﺷ�ﻭﻳﻬﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺿﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺃ‬

‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺝ‬
‫ﺷﻛﻝ )‪(3-3‬ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﻁﻊ )‪ (۱‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ )ﺃ(ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ‪) IHS‬ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ‪) HPF‬ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪) WT‬ﺩ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ‪ PC‬ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ)‪ (ETM+‬ﻣﻣﺛﻝ ﺑﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﻭﺩ‬

‫‪٦۱‬‬
 ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺃ‬

‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺝ‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪(4-3‬ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﻁﻊ )‪ (۱‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ )ﺃ(ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ‪) IHS‬ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ‪) HPF‬ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪) WT‬ﺩ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ‪ PC‬ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ)‪ (ETM+‬ﻣﻣﺛﻝ ﺑﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﻭﺩ‬

‫‪٦۲‬‬
 ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺃ‬

‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺝ‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪(5-3‬ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﻁﻊ )‪ (۱‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ )ﺃ(ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ‪) IHS‬ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ‪) HPF‬ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪) WT‬ﺩ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ‪ PC‬ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ)‪ (ETM+‬ﻣﻣﺛﻝ ﺑﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﻭﺩ‬

‫‪٦۳‬‬
 ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺃ‬

‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺝ‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪(6-3‬ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﻁﻊ )‪ (۲‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ )ﺃ(ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ‪) IHS‬ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ‪) HPF‬ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪) WT‬ﺩ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ‪ PC‬ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ)‪ (MSS‬ﻣﻣﺛﻝ ﺑﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﻭﺩ‬

‫‪٦٤‬‬
 ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺃ‬

‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺝ‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪(7-3‬ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﻁﻊ )‪ (۲‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ )ﺃ(ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ‪) IHS‬ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ‪) HPF‬ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪) WT‬ﺩ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ‪ PC‬ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ)‪ (MSS‬ﻣﻣﺛﻝ ﺑﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﻭﺩ‬

‫‪٦٥‬‬
 ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺃ‬

‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺝ‬
‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪(8-3‬ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﻁﻊ )‪ (۲‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ )ﺃ(ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ‪) IHS‬ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ‪) HPF‬ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪) WT‬ﺩ( ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ‪ PC‬ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ)‪ (MSS‬ﻣﻣﺛﻝ ﺑﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﻭﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ PC‬ﻳﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺗﺑﺩﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺩ ﺗﺣﺳ�ﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ�ﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪ IHS‬ﺑﺳﺏ ﺍﺳ�ﺗﺑﺩﺍﻝ )‪Intensity(I‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺩ ﺗﺣﺳﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۳-۳‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻲ‬

‫‪٦٦‬‬
‫ﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻁﻳﻔﻳﺎ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟ�ﻭﺩﺓ ﻓ�ﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳ�ﺔ ﺍﻋﺗﻣ�ﺎﺩﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺭﻳﻛﻲ )‪. (USGS‬‬
‫‪ 1-3-3‬ﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺟﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪ TM‬ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ETM+‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺟﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺟﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻟﺗﻭﺣﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ��ﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳ��ﺔ ﻟﻣﻧ��ﺎﻁﻕ ﻏﻳ��ﺭ ﻣﺗﻐﻳ��ﺭﺓ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ��ﻳﺔ ﻣﺛ��ﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺷ��ﻭﺍﺭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺑ��ﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻳ��ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻳ��ﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺩﻳﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﺧﺫﺕ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺗﻳﻥ )‪ (7,1‬ﻋﺷﺭﺓ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺎﺑﻕ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻻﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻝ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻟﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻟﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳ�ﺎﻳﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻭﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺗﻳﻥ )‪ (7,1‬ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ TM‬ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳ�ﺱ ‪ ETM+‬ﺑﺎﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ )‪ (3-12‬ﻭ)‪ (3-13‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺗﻳﻥ )‪ (7,1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺑﺩﻟﺕ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳ�ﺱ ‪ TM‬ﺑﻣ�ﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺣﺯﻣﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﺗﻭﺣﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣ�ﺯﻡ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳ�ﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳ�ﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﻣﻝ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪ 1/7‬ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪Y=16.66+ (0.53*X) ------------------------ (12-3‬‬
‫)‪Y=-12.32+ (1.01*X) ----------------------- (13-3‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪(9-3‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ ﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ TM‬ﻣﻊ ﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ETM+‬‬
‫‪ 1-3-3‬ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ )ﺍﻻﻟﻭﺍﻥ( ‪Band (color) Composites‬‬
‫ﺗﻡ ﻣﺯﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪ RGB 3,2,1‬ﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪True color composites‬‬
‫)‪ (T.C.C‬ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ (3-3‬ﻭﻋﻣﻝ ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺫﺑﺔ ‪4,7,2 ( F.C.C) False color composites‬‬
‫‪ RGB‬ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪(4-3‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﺑﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﺻﻔﺭ ﻣﺧﺿﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺗﻅﻬﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪ 4,7,5‬ﺗﻅﻬ�ﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳ�ﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧ�ﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻛ�ﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺑﻠ�ﻭﻥ ﺑﻧﻔﺳ�ﺟﻲ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌ�ﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳ�ﺔ‬

‫‪٦۷‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻌﻛﺱ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺎﻣﺳﺔ ﺑﺷﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻳﻥ ﺗﻣﺗﺹ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻣﺳﺔ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪.(5-3‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﻁﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪ 1ETM+ 7MSS 7ETM+‬ﻻﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺑ��ﺩﻭ ﺑﻠ �ﻭﻥ ﺍﺣﻣ��ﺭ ﻣﺻ��ﻔﺭ‪ ،‬ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌ��ﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳ��ﺔ ﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ��ﻳﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻳ��ﺔ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻟﺣ��ﺯﻣﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻟ��ﻰ ﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳ��ﺱ‬
‫‪ ETM+‬ﻭﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ MSS‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﻌﻛﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻭﻧﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﻣﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺿﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪.(6-3‬‬

‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ (3-3‬ﻣﺯﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪RGB 3,2,1‬‬

‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ (4-3‬ﻣﺯﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪RGB 4,7,2‬‬

‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ (5-3‬ﻣﺯﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪RGB 4,5,7‬‬

‫‪٦۸‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ (6-3‬ﻣﺯﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ‪RGB 1ETM+, 7MSS, 7ETM‬‬
‫‪ 3-3-3‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ )‪(Band Ratio‬‬
‫ﺗﻡ ﺍﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿ�ﺣﻪ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺟ�ﺩﻭﻝ )‪(3-25‬ﻟﻐ�ﺭﺽ ﺗﺣﺩﻳ�ﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳ�ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳ�ﻪ ﺍﺳ�ﺗﻧﺎﺩﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﻪ ﻓﺿﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻠﺹ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺳ�ﻁﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻧ�ﺎﺛﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟ�ﻪ ﻣ�ﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻅﻼﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳ�ﻳﻪ ﻷﺳ�ﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌ�ﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺻ�ﺎﺩﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﺃﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻲ ) ‪ (USGS, 1993‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﺣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ)‪.(8-2),(7-2),(6-2‬‬
‫ﺗﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺣﺎﺕ )‪ (9-3)، (8-3‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻧﺷﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ‪ ETM +‬ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻡ ‪, 5/1,‬‬
‫‪ ((B5+B3)/2)/B1 3/1, 5/4‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻅﻬ�ﺭ ﺗﺭﺳ�ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳ�ﺩ ﺑﺷ�ﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠ�ﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔ�ﺎﺗﺢ ﻷﻥ ﺍﺳ�ﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﻪ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺗﻳﻥ ‪ 5 & 3‬ﻭﻗﻠﻳﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺗﻳﻥ ‪ 1& 4‬ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻣﺗﺻﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﺗﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪ 5/1‬ﺍﺷﺩ ﺗﺑﺭﻳﺯﺍ ﻻﻛﺎﺳﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ‪. 3/1‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ���ﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳ���ﺏ‪ 7MSS/1ETM +‬ﻟﻭﺣ���ﺔ )‪(7-3‬ﺗﺑ���ﻳﻥ ﺗﺭﺳ���ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳ���ﺩ ﺣﻳ���ﺙ ﺗﻛ���ﻭﻥ ﺍﺳ���ﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ��ﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳ��ﺔ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣ��ﺔ ‪ 7MSS‬ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺳ��ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻧﻬ��ﺎ ﺗﻭﺿ��ﺢ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳ��ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻛﺷ��ﻔﺔ ﻓ��ﻲ ﻭﻗ��ﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪.MSS‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺣﺎﺕ)‪ (12-3),(11-3),(10-3‬ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳ�ﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷ�ﺄﺓ ﺍﻋﺗﻣ�ﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ETM+‬ﻟﻠﺣ��ﺯﻡ ‪ ، 1/7,5/7 2/7‬ﺗﻅﻬ��ﺭ ﺗﺭﺳ��ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳ��ﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧ��ﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻛ��ﺎﺅﻟﻳﻥ ﺑﺷ��ﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠ��ﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔ��ﺎﺗﺢ ﻻﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻳ�ﺔ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺣ�ﺯﻡ ‪ 1, 2 & 5‬ﻭﻭﺍﻁﺋ�ﺔ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣ�ﺔ )‪ .(7‬ﺍﻥ ﺷ�ﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠ�ﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔ�ﺎﺗﺢ‬
‫ﺗﺗﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ )‪ (25-3‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫‪3/1‬‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫‪5/1‬‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫‪5/4‬‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫‪7MSS/1ETM+‬‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫‪((B5+B3)/2)/B1‬‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫‪5/7‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻟﻳﻥ‬
‫‪1/7‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻟﻳﻥ‬
‫‪2/7‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻟﻳﻥ‬
‫‪٦۹‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪ (7-3‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪7MSS/1ETM+‬‬

‫‪۷۰‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪– (8-3‬ﺃ‪ -‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪– 5/4‬ﺏ‪ -‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪3/1‬‬

‫‪۷۱‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ -(9-3‬ﺃ‪ -‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪ -، 5/1‬ﺏ‪ -‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪((B5+B3)/2)/B1‬‬

‫‪۷۲‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪(10-3‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪5/7‬‬

‫‪۷۳‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪ (11-3‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪1/7‬‬

‫‪۷٤‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪ (12-3‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪2/7‬‬
‫‪ 4-3-3‬ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ‬
‫‪ 1-4-3-3‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﻳﻅﻬﺭﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺗﻳﻥ ‪ ۳‬ﻭ‪ ٥‬ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ‪ ETM+‬ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺗﻳﻥ ‪ ۱‬ﻭ ‪ ٤‬ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻁﺋﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻣﻳﺗﺎﻳﺕ )‪ (Hematite‬ﻻﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﺑﺷ�ﻛﻝ ﻣﻌ�ﺩﻥ ﻣﻁﻠ�ﻕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻣﺎ ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺣﺩﻳﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺯ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟ�ﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺗﻣ�ﺩﺕ ﻗﺳ�ﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣ�ﺯﻡ ‪3/1‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ 5/1‬ﻭ‪ 5/4‬ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪(26-3‬‬

‫‪۷٥‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (26-3‬ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﻗﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻧﻳﺎ ﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﻫﻳﻣﺗﺎﻳﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻗﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻗﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ‬
‫‪B1/B2‬‬ ‫‪۰.۹۸‬‬ ‫‪۰.۱۸ B4/B1‬‬ ‫‪۱٥.۸۲ ۱۰.٥٤‬‬
‫‪B1/B3‬‬ ‫‪۰.۱۲‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۸ B4/B2‬‬ ‫‪۱۳.۹٥‬‬ ‫‪۱.٥‬‬
‫‪B1/B4‬‬ ‫‪۰.۱‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰٦ B4/B3‬‬ ‫‪۱.٦۹‬‬ ‫‪۰.۹۷‬‬
‫‪B1/B5‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۲ B4/B5‬‬ ‫‪۰.۳۷۹‬‬ ‫‪۰.۲۸‬‬
‫‪B1/B7‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۲ B4/B7‬‬ ‫‪۰.٤‬‬ ‫‪۰.۲۸‬‬
‫‪B2/B1‬‬ ‫‪۷.۸٥‬‬ ‫‪۱.۰۲ B5/B1‬‬ ‫‪٤۲.٦٥ ۳۷.۹٦‬‬
‫‪B2/B3‬‬ ‫‪۰.۸٤‬‬ ‫‪۰.۱ B5/B2‬‬ ‫‪۳۷.٦۱‬‬ ‫‪٥.۳۹‬‬
‫‪B2/B4‬‬ ‫‪۰.٦۷‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۷ B5/B3‬‬ ‫‪٤.٥٤‬‬ ‫‪۳.٤۸‬‬
‫‪B2/B5‬‬ ‫‪۰.۱۹‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۳ B5/B4‬‬ ‫‪۳.٦۳‬‬ ‫‪۲.٦۷‬‬
‫‪B2/B7‬‬ ‫‪۰.۲‬‬ ‫‪۰.۰۳ B5/B7‬‬ ‫‪۱.۰۷‬‬ ‫‪۱.۰۱‬‬
‫‪B3/B1‬‬ ‫‪۱۲.۱۳‬‬ ‫‪۸.٤۳ B7/B1‬‬ ‫‪٤۲.۰۲ ۳٥.۷۱‬‬
‫‪B3/B2‬‬ ‫‪۱۰.۷‬‬ ‫‪۱.۲ B7/B2‬‬ ‫‪۳۷.۰٥‬‬ ‫‪٥.۰۷‬‬
‫‪B3/B4‬‬ ‫‪۱.۰۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.٥۹ B7/B3‬‬ ‫‪٤.٤۷‬‬ ‫‪۳.۲۸‬‬
‫‪B3/B5‬‬ ‫‪۰.۲۹‬‬ ‫‪۰.۲۲ B7/B4‬‬ ‫‪۳.٥۸‬‬ ‫‪۲.٥۱‬‬
‫‪B3/B7‬‬ ‫‪۰.۳۱‬‬ ‫‪۰.۲۲ B7/B5‬‬ ‫‪۰.۹۹‬‬ ‫‪۰.۹۳‬‬
‫‪ 2-4-3-3‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺗﻳﻥ ‪ ۱‬ﻭ‪ ۲‬ﻭ ‪ ٥‬ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ ETM+‬ﺑﺄﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳ�ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻳﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺣﻘﻘﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺳ�ﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ ‪ 1/7,2/7,5/7‬ﻭﺟﻭﺩ )‪ (89888‬ﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪(27-3‬ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪.(13-3‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (27-3‬ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﻗﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻧﻳﺎ ﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﻛﺎﺅﻟﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻗﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻗﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ‬
‫‪B1/B2‬‬ ‫‪0.99‬‬ ‫‪0.86 B4/B1‬‬ ‫‪1.23‬‬ ‫‪1.15‬‬
‫‪B1/B3‬‬ ‫‪0.9‬‬ ‫‪0.83 B4/B2‬‬ ‫‪1.15‬‬ ‫‪1.06‬‬
‫‪B1/B4‬‬ ‫‪0.87‬‬ ‫‪0.81 B4/B3‬‬ ‫‪1.05‬‬ ‫‪1.01‬‬
‫‪B1/B5‬‬ ‫‪0.92‬‬ ‫‪0.85 B4/B5‬‬ ‫‪1.07‬‬ ‫‪1.04‬‬
‫‪B1/B7‬‬ ‫‪1.81‬‬ ‫‪1.09 B4/B7‬‬ ‫‪2.1‬‬ ‫‪1.33‬‬
‫‪B2/B1‬‬ ‫‪1.17‬‬ ‫‪1.01 B5/B1‬‬ ‫‪1.18‬‬ ‫‪1.09‬‬
‫‪B2/B3‬‬ ‫‪0.99‬‬ ‫‪0.89 B5/B2‬‬ ‫‪1.1‬‬ ‫‪0.99‬‬
‫‪B2/B4‬‬ ‫‪0.96‬‬ ‫‪0.87 B5/B3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0.95‬‬
‫‪B2/B5‬‬ ‫‪1.01‬‬ ‫‪0.91 B5/B4‬‬ ‫‪0.96‬‬ ‫‪0.94‬‬
‫‪B2/B7‬‬ ‫‪1.97‬‬ ‫‪1.16 B5/B7‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1.25‬‬
‫‪B3/B1‬‬ ‫‪1.21‬‬ ‫‪1.11 B7/B1‬‬ ‫‪0.92‬‬ ‫‪0.55‬‬
‫‪B3/B2‬‬ ‫‪1.13‬‬ ‫‪1.00 B7/B2‬‬ ‫‪0.86‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪B3/B4‬‬ ‫‪0.99‬‬ ‫‪0.95 B7/B3‬‬ ‫‪0.78‬‬ ‫‪0.49‬‬
‫‪B3/B5‬‬ ‫‪1.05‬‬ ‫‪1.00 B7/B4‬‬ ‫‪0.76‬‬ ‫‪0.48‬‬
‫‪B3/B7‬‬ ‫‪2.06‬‬ ‫‪1.28 B7/B5‬‬ ‫‪0.8‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬

‫‪۷٦‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪ (13-3‬ﻗﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺄﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ‪1/7,2/7,5/7‬‬
‫‪ 3-4-3-3‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺣ�ﺯﻡ ‪ ETM+ 1,2,5‬ﺑﺄﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳ�ﺔ ﺑﻳﻧﻣ�ﺎ ﺗﻌ�ﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻗﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﺎ‪،‬ﻋﻣﻠﺕ ﻓﻠﺗﺭﺓ ﻟﻘﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺑﺎﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻧﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﻳﻡ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ ،(28-3‬ﻭﻟﻡ ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﺍ َﻳﺔ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳ��ﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧ��ﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟ��ﻭﺩﺓ ﻓ��ﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳ��ﺔ ﺗﺗﺣ��ﺩﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺷ��ﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻ��ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻛ��ﺎﻭﻟﻳﻥ‬
‫‪، 1/7,2/7,5/7‬ﻭﺫﻟ��ﻙ ﻻﻥ ﻧﺳ��ﺑﺔ ﺍﻭﻛﺳ��ﻳﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳ��ﻭﻡ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳ��ﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧ��ﻲ ﺗﻘ��ﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻧﺳ��ﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟ��ﻭﺩﺓ ﻓ��ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۷۷‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (28-3‬ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﻗﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻧﻳﺎ ﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻗﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻗﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ‬
‫‪B1/B2‬‬ ‫‪0.98‬‬ ‫‪0.71‬‬ ‫‪B4/B1‬‬
‫‪B1/B3‬‬ ‫‪0.79‬‬ ‫‪0.67‬‬ ‫‪B4/B2‬‬
‫‪B1/B4‬‬ ‫‪B4/B3‬‬
‫‪B1/B5‬‬ ‫‪1.36‬‬ ‫‪0.81‬‬ ‫‪B4/B5‬‬
‫‪B1/B7‬‬ ‫‪10.56‬‬ ‫‪1.52‬‬ ‫‪B4/B7‬‬
‫‪B2/B1‬‬ ‫‪1.39‬‬ ‫‪1.02‬‬ ‫‪B5/B1‬‬ ‫‪1.24‬‬ ‫‪0.73‬‬
‫‪B2/B3‬‬ ‫‪0.98‬‬ ‫‪0.78‬‬ ‫‪B5/B2‬‬ ‫‪1.07‬‬ ‫‪0.59‬‬
‫‪B2/B4‬‬ ‫‪B5/B3‬‬ ‫‪0.87‬‬ ‫‪0.56‬‬
‫‪B2/B5‬‬ ‫‪1.68‬‬ ‫‪0.93‬‬ ‫‪B5/B4‬‬
‫‪B2/B7‬‬ ‫‪13.03‬‬ ‫‪1.75‬‬ ‫‪B5/B7‬‬ ‫‪11.58‬‬ ‫‪1.26‬‬
‫‪B3/B1‬‬ ‫‪1.48‬‬ ‫‪1.26‬‬ ‫‪B7/B1‬‬ ‫‪0.66‬‬ ‫‪0.09‬‬
‫‪B3/B2‬‬ ‫‪1.29‬‬ ‫‪1.02‬‬ ‫‪B7/B2‬‬ ‫‪0.57‬‬ ‫‪0.08‬‬
‫‪B3/B4‬‬ ‫‪B7/B3‬‬ ‫‪0.46‬‬ ‫‪0.07‬‬
‫‪B3/B5‬‬ ‫‪1.79‬‬ ‫‪1.15‬‬ ‫‪B7/B4‬‬
‫‪B3/B7‬‬ ‫‪13.9‬‬ ‫‪2.16‬‬ ‫‪B7/B5‬‬ ‫‪0.79‬‬ ‫‪0.09‬‬
‫‪ 5-3-3‬ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ‬
‫ﻋﻣ�ﻝ ﺧﻠ�ﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑ�ﺎﺕ ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳ�ﺏ )‪ R (1/7 ) ,G(2/7), B(5/7‬ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳ�ﺩ ﻭﺟ�ﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳ�ﺎﻳﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺎﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﻭﻋﺭﺿﻬﺎ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺑﺭﺯ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﻗﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺑﻳﺽ ﻟﻭﺣ�ﺔ‬
‫)‪ ،(14-3‬ﻭﺃﺟﺭﻱ ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ )‪ R(5/1) G(3/1) B(5/4‬ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺍﻟ�ﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﻗﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺑﻳﺽ ﻟﻼﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ .(15-3‬ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﻛﻠﻬ�ﺎ ﺗ�ﺩﻟﻝ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻭﺟ�ﻭﺩ ﻫ�ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳ�ﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻛﻠﻣ�ﺎ ﺍﻗﺗﺭﺑ�ﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳ�ﺎ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﻠ�ﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺑ�ﻳﺽ ﻛ�ﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻛﺛﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 6-۳-3‬ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺟﻳﻥ ‪Hybrid Technique‬‬
‫ﺗ���ﻡ ﺗﻛ���ﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ���ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺟ���ﻳﻥ ﺑﺧﻠ���ﻁ ﻗﺳ���ﻣﺗﻳﻥ ﻣ���ﻊ ﺣﺯﻣ���ﺔ ﺍﺻ���ﻠﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳ���ﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗ���ﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﺳ���ﺏ‬
‫)‪ G:((B3+B5)/2)/B1 B: (5/4‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ ،R :ETM+‬ﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻛﺎﺳﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﺑﺩﻭﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﻗﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺑﻳﺽ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪.(15-3‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳ���ﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺳ���ﻡ )‪ G:(1/7) B: (5/7‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣ���ﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻣﺳ���ﺔ ‪ R:‬ﻟﺗﻣﻳﻳ���ﺯ ﺗﻭﺍﺟ���ﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳ���ﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧ���ﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻟﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑﺩﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻭﺍﻥ ﻗﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺑﻳﺽ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪.(16-3‬‬

‫‪۷۸‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪(14-3‬ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻻﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﻟﻘﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻗﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ )‪R (1/7 ) ,G(2/7), B(5/7‬‬

‫‪۷۹‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪) (15-3‬ﺃ(ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻻﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﻟﻘﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ )‪) R(5/1) G(3/1) B(5/4‬ﺏ( ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺟﻳﻥ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻡ‬
‫))‪(R :۷ETM+ ،G:((B3+B5)/2)/B1 ،B: (5/4‬‬

‫‪۸۰‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪(16-3‬ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻻﻟﻭﺍﻥ )ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺟﻳﻥ (ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻡ)‪ G:(1/7) B: (5/7‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻣﺳﺔ ‪R:‬‬

‫‪ 7-3-3‬ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ )‪(PCA‬‬

‫ﺗﻡ ﺗﺩﻭﻳﺭ ﻣﺣﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﻳﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳ�ﺱ ‪ ETM +‬ﻻﻓﺿ�ﻝ ﻗ�ﻳﻡ ﺳ�ﻁﻭﻉ ﻟﺗﻣﻳﻳ�ﺯ‬
‫ﻭﺟ �ﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﻣﻌ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳ��ﺔ )ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳ��ﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻛ��ﺎﻭﻟﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳ��ﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧ��ﻲ( ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟ��ﻭﺩﺓ ﺿ��ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳ��ﺔ‬
‫‪،‬ﻟﺗﺟﻧﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺟﺭﻳﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣ�ﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳ�ﺱ ‪(۷،٥،٤،۳،۲،۱) ETM+‬‬
‫ﻣﻛﻭﻧ�ﺔ ﺳ��ﺗﺔ ﻣﻛﻭﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺎﺳ��ﻳﺔ ‪ .PC‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘ�ﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﺳ��ﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﻣﻳﻌﻳ�ﺔ)‪ ( Eigen values‬ﺗﻣﺛ��ﻝ ﺍﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻗﻳﻣ��ﺔ ﻓ��ﻲ‬
‫‪ PC1‬ﻣﺗﻣﺛﻠ���ﺔ ﺏ ‪ %99.3845‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣ���ﺎ ﺗﻣﺛ���ﻝ ‪ PC6‬ﺍﻗ���ﻝ ﻗﻳﻣ���ﺔ ‪ %0.0157‬ﺟ���ﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (29-3‬ﺣ���ﺩﺩﺕ ﺩﻻﻟ���ﺔ‬
‫‪۸۱‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ‪ Eigen matrix‬ﺍﻟ�ﺫﻱ ﻳ�ﺩﻟﻝ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻭﺟ�ﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌ�ﺎﺩﻥ ﺟ�ﺩﻭﻝ)‪ ،(29-3‬ﺍﻋﺗﻣ�ﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻠ���ﻰ ﻣﻘﻠ���ﻭﺏ ‪ PC1‬ﻓ���ﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﻳ���ﺩ ﺗﺭﺳ���ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳ���ﺩ ﻟﻭﺣ���ﺔ)‪، (17-3‬ﺣﻳ���ﺙ ﺗﻛ���ﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘ���ﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺗﻳ���ﺔ ﻟﻠﺣ���ﺯﻣﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫)‪ ETM +(3,5‬ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ ﺟﺩﺍ ﻟﻝ ‪ ،PC1‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻗﻳﻣ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣ�ﺔ ‪ ETM+1‬ﻋﺎﻟﻳ�ﺔ ﺟ�ﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﻡ ‪PC2‬‬
‫ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻛ�ﺎﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳ�ﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧ�ﻲ ﻟﻭﺣ�ﺔ)‪،(18-3‬ﻓ�ﺎﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺗﻳ�ﺔ ﻟﻠﺣ�ﺯﻡ ‪ ETM+2، ETM+1‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ETM5+‬ﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻳ��ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣ��ﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺗﻳ��ﺔ ﻟ��ﻝ‪ ETM+7‬ﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻗﻠﻳﻠ��ﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺣ��ﺩﻭﺩ ﻗ��ﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ��ﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻘﻠ��ﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑ�ﻳﻥ )‪ -۳۷۷,۲۳‬ﺻ�ﻔﺭ(ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﺗ�ﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻗ�ﻳﻡ ﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛ�ﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳ�ﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺛ�ﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﻥ )‪.((۳٤.۰٤٥۸-)-۲۷.۹٤۸۱‬‬

‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪ (17-3‬ﻣﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ‬

‫‪۸۲‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪ (18-3‬ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (29-3‬ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺗﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻫﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻝ‪ETM+‬‬
‫‪TM1‬‬ ‫‪TM2‬‬ ‫‪TM3‬‬ ‫‪TM4‬‬ ‫‪TM5‬‬ ‫‪TM7‬‬ ‫‪Eigen values‬‬
‫‪PC1‬‬ ‫‪0.2868‬‬ ‫‪0.383‬‬ ‫‪-0.2948‬‬ ‫‪-0.5859‬‬ ‫‪-0.5839‬‬ ‫‪-0.0022‬‬ ‫‪99.3845‬‬
‫‪PC2‬‬ ‫‪0.3264‬‬ ‫‪0.5133‬‬ ‫‪0.1618‬‬ ‫‪-0.298‬‬ ‫‪0.7141‬‬ ‫‪0.071‬‬ ‫‪0.4285‬‬
‫‪PC3‬‬ ‫‪0.4863‬‬ ‫‪0.3046‬‬ ‫‪0.3081‬‬ ‫‪0.526‬‬ ‫‪-0.2428‬‬ ‫‪-0.4901‬‬ ‫‪0.1041‬‬
‫‪PC4‬‬ ‫‪0.3903‬‬ ‫‪0.0616‬‬ ‫‪-0.1761‬‬ ‫‪0.4083‬‬ ‫‪-0.0918‬‬ ‫‪0.7985‬‬ ‫‪0.0426‬‬
‫‪PC5‬‬ ‫‪0.5019‬‬ ‫‪-0.4568‬‬ ‫‪-0.6108‬‬ ‫‪-0.0083‬‬ ‫‪0.2648‬‬ ‫‪-0.31‬‬ ‫‪0.0246‬‬
‫‪PC6‬‬ ‫‪0.413‬‬ ‫‪-0.5334‬‬ ‫‪0.6228‬‬ ‫‪-0.3528‬‬ ‫‪-0.1081‬‬ ‫‪0.1446‬‬ ‫‪0.0157‬‬

‫‪۸۳‬‬
 ‫‪ 8-3-3‬ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺎﺩﻱ ‪Gray – Level Thresholding‬‬
‫ﺍﺟﺭﻱ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿ�ﺣﺔ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺟ�ﺩﻭﻝ )‪ (3-30‬ﻟﻌ�ﺯﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﻭﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯﻫﺎ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺑﻌ�ﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳ�ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗ�ﻲ ﺗﻌﻁ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺭﻳ�ﺯ ﻧﻔﺳ�ﻪ ﻟﻠﺧﻼﻳ�ﺎ ﻭﻟﻛ�ﻥ ﺑﺎﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻗﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻭ ﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻭﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﻁﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﻝ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﺳ�ﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗ�ﻡ ﻋﻣ�ﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻛﻭﺱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺷﻲ ﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺑﺭﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻠ�ﻭ ﺣ�ﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑ�ﺔ ﻭﻭﺿ�ﻌﻬﺎ ﺑ�ﺎﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳ�ﻭﺩ ﻟﺯﻳ�ﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺿ�ﻳﺢ‪.‬ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪ (۲‬ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪ 5/1‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺳ�ﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺳ�ﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻭﺭﺓﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟ�ﻭﺩﺓ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺣ�ﺔ )‪ (9-3‬ﺍﻻ ﺍﻧﻬ�ﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺧﺗﻠ��ﻑ ﺑﺗﺷ��ﻛﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣ��ﻲ ﻓﻬ��ﻲ ﺗﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺍﻟﻘ��ﻳﻡ )‪ (۰،۱‬ﻓﻘ��ﻁ ‪،‬ﻭﻛ��ﺫﻟﻙ ﺣ��ﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑ��ﺔ )‪ (1.9‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻣ��ﻭﻝ ﻟﻘﺳ��ﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ‪ 3/1‬ﺗﻌﻁﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪ 5/1‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪ (۲‬ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪ (21-3‬ﻻﻥ ﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻣﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺟﻌﻝ ﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻣﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪20-‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﺭﻱ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ)‪ (۲۷۰‬ﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻟﺗﺑﺭﻳﺯ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ‬
‫‪)(3‬ﺏ(ﻟﺗﺑﺭﻳﺯ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (30-3‬ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﻳﺔ ﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻣﻭﻝ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻘﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫‪B3/B1‬‬ ‫‪205700‬‬ ‫‪0.0179‬‬
‫‪B5/B1‬‬ ‫‪1146072‬‬ ‫‪0.0998‬‬
‫‪( B5 + B3) / 2‬‬ ‫‪235956‬‬ ‫‪0.0206‬‬
‫‪B1‬‬
‫‪B7MSS/B1ETM+‬‬ ‫‪44944‬‬ ‫‪0.0039‬‬
‫‪B5/B7‬‬ ‫‪213484‬‬ ‫‪0.0186‬‬
‫‪B1/B7‬‬ ‫‪11236‬‬ ‫‪0.00098‬‬
‫‪B2/B7‬‬ ‫‪134832‬‬ ‫‪0.0117‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ)‪(B1/B7,B2/B7,B5/B7‬‬ ‫‪89888‬‬ ‫‪0.0078‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻛﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪539328‬‬ ‫‪0.047‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪22472‬‬ ‫‪0.00196‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ )‪ (۱.٤‬ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪ 5/7‬ﻟﻭﺣ�ﺔ)‪(21-3‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣ�ﺩ )‪ (۱‬ﻟﻛ�ﻝ ﻣ�ﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗ�ﻲ )‪(1/7,2/7‬ﻓ�ﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳ��ﺩ ﺗﺭﺳ��ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛ��ﺎﺅﻟﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳ��ﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧ��ﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗ��ﻲ )‪ (1/7,2/7‬ﻟﻬ��ﺎ ﺍﻟﺳ��ﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺳ��ﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳ��ﺔ ﻓ��ﻲ‬

‫‪۸٤‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪ (3-11‬ﻭﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪ (12-3‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺑﺭﺯﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﻭﺟ�ﻭﺩ ﻫ�ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟ�ﻭﺩﺍﺕ‪ ، .‬ﻛﻣ�ﺎ ﻋﻣ�ﻝ ﺣ�ﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑ�ﺔ )‪(۲۷‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺗﺑﺭﻳﺯ ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻟﻳﻥ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪.(19-3‬‬

‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪ (19-3‬ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪(27‬‬

‫‪۸٥‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪-(20-3‬ﺏ‪-‬ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ ‪ 1/3‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪– ،(۱.۹‬ﺃ‪l-‬ﻣﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﻛﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﺑﺣﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ)‪(270‬‬

‫‪۸٦‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪ (21-3‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪ 5/7‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪(1.4‬‬
‫‪ 9-3-3‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺳﻳﻡ ‪Anaglyph Image‬‬
‫ﻋﺭﺿﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ ETM+‬ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺑﺄﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝ ‪ DEM‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﺍﻧﺩﻳﻔﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻧﺗﺟﺕ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺳﻳﻡ)‪ (Anaglyph‬ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪.(22-3‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪ 154 RHB‬ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ ETM+‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ DEM‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﻁﺎء ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﺭﺿﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻭﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺳﻳﻡ ‪ Anaglyph class‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻟ�ﻭﻧﻳﻥ ﻋﺩﺳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻣﺭﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻳﺳﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﺧﺭﻯ ﺧﺿﺭﺍء ﻣﺯﺭﻗﺔ )‪ (cyan‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻳﻣﻧﻰ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺭﺅﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻌ�ﺩ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟ�ﺙ‪ .‬ﺣﻳ�ﺙ‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠ�ﺕ ﻫ��ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺳ��ﺎﺕ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﺿ��ﻝ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻧﺗﻘﺎﺋﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﺳ��ﺗﻘﺑﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻟ��ﻭﺍﻥ ﻟﺗﻣﺛﻳ��ﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﻟ��ﺔ ﺑﺻ��ﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘ��ﺔ ﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ��ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻋﺗﻣ�ﺩ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻟﻐ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻬ�ﻭﺩﺓ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺻ�ﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻳ�ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻟﻐ�ﺔ )‪ (exaggerated‬ﺛﻼﺛ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻭﺑﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ )‪. (1/50000‬‬

‫‪۸۷‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪ (22-3‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻟﻌﻣﻭﻡ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬

‫‪۸۸‬‬
 ‫‪ ۱-٤‬ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺧﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﻳﺔ)‪ (Raster data‬ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ‪ GIS‬ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻣﻛﺎﻣﻠﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻭﻟﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ )‪ (1-4‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ)‪ (0,1‬ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ )ﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ(ﺑﺄﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪.ArcGIS‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ)‪ (1-4‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺑﻳﺋﺔ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪1.9‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ‪B3/B1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ‪B5/B1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺅﻟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻁﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﺴﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ‪B1/B7‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺅﻟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻁﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﺴﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ‪B2/B7‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺅﻟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻁﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﺴﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ‪B5/B7‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪270‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺅﻟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻁﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﺴﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ 1.09, 1.16, 1.25‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺅﻟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻁﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﺴﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺄﻭﻟﻴﻦ ‪1/7,27,5/7‬‬
‫ﺗ�ﻡ ﺍﻧﺷ�ﺎء ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺑﻘ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳ�ﺔ ﺑﺄﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﺭﻧ�ﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻝ )‪ (Arc GIS‬ﺑﻣﺳ�ﻘﻁ )‪(UTM‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺿﺑﻁ ﺍﺭﺿﻲ)‪ WGS84 (Datum‬ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺑﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ )ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ�ﺔ( ﻭﺑﺻ�ﻳﻐﺔ‬
‫‪ (shp.) Shape files‬ﻣﻊ ﺑﻧﺎء ﻓﺎﻳﻼﺕ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻁﺎﻻﺕ )‪(sbx.), (shx.), (dbf.), (sbn.‬‬
‫‪ (Relational‬ﺑﻮﺻ����ﻔﻬﺎﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺷ����ﺋﺕ ﻣﻠﻔ����ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ����ﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻳ����ﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁﻳ����ﺔ )‪structure‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ )‪ (dbf.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻻﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ)ﻟﻠﺳ�ﻠﻳﻛﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳ�ﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳ�ﺩ(ﻭ ﺳ�ﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳ�ﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺳ�ﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘ�ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘ�ﻴﻦ )‪۱‬ﻭ‪ ،(۳‬ﺣﻳ�ﺙ ﺗ�ﻡ ﺗﺭﺗﻳ�ﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻠ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻣﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﻛﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﻟﺭﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻝ )‪ (Field‬ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺻﻑ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻳﺣﻭﻱ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻧﺻﺭ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺣ�ﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻛ��ﻝ ﺳ��ﺟﻝ ﻣﻔﺗ��ﺎﺡ ﺍﻭﻟ��ﻲ ‪ primary key‬ﺍﻭ )‪ (ID‬ﻣﺗﻣﺛ��ﻝ ﺑ �ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﺋ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔ��ﻭﺭ‪ .‬ﺭﺑﻄ��ﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺑ��ﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸ��ﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴ��ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟ��ﺔ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻬ��ﺎ ﺑﺎﺳ��ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺭﻗ��ﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺑ��ﺎﺭ ﻛﺤﻘ��ﻞ ﺭﺍﺑ��ﻂ ﺑ��ﻴﻦ ﻫ��ﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺣﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧ�ﺔ ﺍﺻ�ﺑﺣﺕ ﻣﺗﺎﺣ�ﺔ ﺑﻌ�ﺩ ﻋﻣﻠﻳ�ﺔ ﺭﺑ�ﻁ ﻫ�ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪.(1-4‬‬

‫‪۸۹‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪ (1-4‬ﺭﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ۱-۱-٤‬ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻡ ﺑﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻛﺎﻭﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪ (polygons‬ﺑﺄﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻳﺩﻭﻱ ﺭﻭﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻡ ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺍﻑ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻭﻳﻥ ﺷﻛﻝ )‪-۱‬‬
‫‪.(۳‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﻳﻁﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ)‪(۲٥۰۰۰۰/۱‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺧﺭﻳﻁ�ﺔ ﺭﻗﻌ�ﺔ ‪،H3‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ)‪ (۲۲‬ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻧﺎ ً ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭ)‪ (۹‬ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺻﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﻡ ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻟﻬ�ﺎ ﺑﺎﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺳ�ﺢ ﺍﻻﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧ�ﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﺳ�ﺗﻁﺎﻟﺔ ‪ jpeg‬ﺛ�ﻡ ﻋﻣ�ﻝ ﻟﻬ�ﺎ ﺗﺳ�ﺟﻳﻝ ‪Registration‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺭﺑﻊ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺿﺑﻁ ﺍﺭﺿﻳﺔ ‪ GCPS‬ﻭﺑﻣﺳﻘﻁ ‪ UTM‬ﻭﺑﺎﺳ�ﺗﻁﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (TIFF.‬ﺑﻌ�ﺩ ﺫﻟ�ﻙ ﻋﻣ�ﻝ ﻟﻠﺧﺭﻳﻁ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺟﻠﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻭﺯﺍﻳﻳﻙ ﻟﻠﺧﺭﻳﻁﺗﻳﻥ ﺛﻡ ﻗﻁﻌﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۲-۱-٤‬ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﻧﺎﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ( ﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣ�ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺋﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ۱-۲-۱-٤‬ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺷﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻟﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﺳ�ﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻘ�ﺎﻟﻊ ﻟﺗﺭﺳ�ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳ�ﺩ ﻓ�ﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪) (4-2‬ﺍﻟﻘﺯﺍﺯ ﻭﺣﺳﻳﻥ ‪(۱۹۹۳‬ﻭﻋﺷﺭ ﻋﺩﺳﺎﺕ ﺣﺩﻳﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪3-‬‬
‫‪) (4‬ﻣﻌﻳﻘﻝ ﻭﺗﻣﺭﺍﻏﺎ ‪ ،(۱۹۸٥‬ﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺩﺧﻠﺕ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔﻭﺭﺓ ﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳ�ﺩ ﻭﻋ�ﺩﺩﻫﺎ )‪ (۱٦۳‬ﺑﺋ�ﺭ‬
‫ﻓ�ﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳ�ﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﺣ�ﻕ‪) ۱‬ﺃ‪،‬ﺏ‪،‬ﺝ‪،‬ﺩ‪،‬ﻩ‪،‬ﻭ( ﻟﻭﺣ�ﺔ)‪ (1-4‬ﻭ)‪ ،Etabi, 1985) (2-4‬ﺍﻟﻌ�ﺎﻣﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﺧ�ﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫‪ ،۱۹۹۲‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺯﺍﺯﻭﺍﻟﻳ����ﺎﺱ ‪ (۱۹۹۲‬ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻣ����ﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻣ����ﺄﺧﻭﺫﺓ ﻓ����ﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ����ﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ)ﺟﺑ����ﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺑ����ﺩ( ﻭﻋ����ﺩﺩﻫﺎ)‪(۲۳‬‬

‫‪۹۰‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺣﻕ‪)۱‬ﻝ‪،‬ﻱ()ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻠﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﺧ�ﺭﻭﻥ ‪(۱۹۹۸‬ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺷ�ﻛﻝ ﻁﺑﻘ�ﺔ ﺭﻗﻣﻳ�ﺔ ﻧﻘﻁﻳ�ﺔ ﺑﻌ�ﺩ ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻟﻬ�ﺎ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺷ�ﻛﻝ ﻣﻠﻔ�ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ )‪ (dbf.‬ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪.(3-4‬‬
‫ﺣﺩﺩﺕ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻳﻁﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻑ ﺑﺄﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻟﺗﻛﺷﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳ�ﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺸ�ﻒ ﻓ�ﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻛﺘ�ﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺴ�ﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌ�ﺾ ﻫ�ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳ�ﺒﺎﺕ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺗﻠ�ﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘ�ﺔ ﺗﻜ�ﻮﻥ ﻣﻐﻄ�ﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻮﻣﺎﻳﺘﻲ ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻤﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺎﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ (1-4‬ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻛﺗﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ)ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﺧﺭﻭﻥ ‪(۱۹۹۲‬‬

‫‪۹۱‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ (2-4‬ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ )ﻋﺗﺎﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﺧﺭﻭﻥ ‪،۱۹۸۷‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺯﺍﺯ ﻭﺣﺳﻳﻥ ‪ ۱۹۹۳‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺯﺍﺯﻭﺍﻟﻳﺎﺱ ‪( ۱۹۹۲‬‬

‫‪۹۲‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪(3-4‬ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ)ﻣﻌﻳﻘﻝ ﻭﺗﻣﺭﺍﻏﺎ ‪1985‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪(۱۹۹۳،‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ ﺗﻡ ﻗﻠﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺗﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺷﻛﻝ)‪،(2-4‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺑﻘﻰ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺗﻧﺎﺛﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ )ﻣﻌﻳﻘﻝ ﻭﺗﻣﺭﺍﻏﺎ ‪(1985‬؛ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑﺩﻳﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺧﻠﻳﻁﺎ ً‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﺷﺭ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻓﻼ ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺣﺔ ﺑﻝ ﺗﺑﺩﻭ ﻣﺷﺗﺗﻪ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺗﻧﺎﺳﻘﺔ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺗﻧﺎﺳﻕ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺟﻌﻝ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻧﻲ ﻏﻳﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ؛ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺟﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪۹۳‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪ (2-4‬ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻭﺗﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻻﺣﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ)‪(۱۹۹۹‬‬
‫ﺗﻡ ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ)‪ (shape file‬ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﺕ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ )‪.(kriging‬ﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪، (%۳۹.۱‬ﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺄﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﻭﻳﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (%٤۱.۲۸‬ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪.(4-4‬‬

‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪ (4-4‬ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺯ ﻝ ‪ Fe2O3‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ‪ 7,4,2‬ﻓﻧﻼﺣﻅ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﺻﻔﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻛﺗﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺿﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻧﺗﺷﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪.(5-4‬‬

‫‪۹٤‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪ (5-4‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ ‪ 7,4,2‬ﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺮﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﻮﻟﺖ ﻛﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﺟﻬﻳﺔ )‪ (vector‬ﻭﺍﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿ�ﺤﺎ ﻣ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠ�ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟ�ﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴ�ﺔ ‪،‬ﺣﻳ��ﺙ ﺍﺑ�ﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺿ�ﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺛﻠ��ﺔ ﻟﻘﺳ�ﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣ��ﺯﻡ‬
‫)‪ (3/1‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪ (1.9‬ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻭﺍﺿﺣﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﺷﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﻳ�ﺙ‬
‫ﺗﺑﺩﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘ�ﺔ ﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗ�ﻊ ﻣﻘ�ﺎﻟﻊ ﺣﺩﻳ�ﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺳ�ﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻭﺣ�ﺔ )‪ ،(6-4‬ﻭﻫ�ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺷ�ﻲ ﻳﻧﻁﺑ�ﻕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ )‪ (5/1‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪(2‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗ�ﻲ ﺗﺑ�ﻳﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﻗ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳ�ﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠ�ﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳ�ﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻻﻛﺎﺳﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ ،(6-4‬ﻛ�ﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺤ�ﺎﻝ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﻴ�ﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﻠ�ﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻜ�ﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳ�ﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﺑﺤ�ﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ )‪ (۲۷۰‬ﻓﺎﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰﺍ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳ�ﺔ ﺣﻴ�ﺚ ﺗﻈﻬ�ﺮ ﺑﺼ�ﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘ�ﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘ�ﺎﻟﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺷﻒ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪.(7-4‬‬

‫‪۹٥‬‬
‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺒ ِﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴ�ﺐ ‪ 7MSS/1ETM‬ﻧﺘ�ﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴ�ﺔ ﻻﺧ�ﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺿ�ﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟ�ﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘ�ﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ)ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻊ( ﻓﻲ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ)‪.(7-4‬‬

‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪(6-4‬ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ)‪(3/1‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ)‪ (1.9‬ﻭ)‪)(5/1‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ‪ (۲‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭﺍﻟﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ)ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ(‬

‫‪۹٦‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪(7-4‬ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔﻣﻥ )ﺃ( ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ‪)7MSS/1ETM‬ﺏ( ﻣﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﺑﺣﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ‪ ۲۷۰‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭﺍﻟﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ)ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ(‬

‫‪۹۷‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺑﻌﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠ�ﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺩﻳ�ﺩ ﺗﺑ�ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﻳ�ﺩﺓ ﻋ�ﻥ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘ�ﺎﻟﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﺷ�ﻑ ﺍﻟﺻ�ﺧﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪ (C‬ﺷﻛﻝ )‪(4-4‬؛ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﻝ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻊ ﺗﺳﺣﺏ ﻭﺗﻛﺩﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺑﻌﻳ�ﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻧﻭﻋ��ﺎ ﻣ��ﺎ ﻋ��ﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠ��ﻊ ﻟﻐ��ﺭﺽ ﺳ��ﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻘ��ﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺣﻣﻳ��ﻝ ﺣﻳ��ﺙ ﺗﺻ��ﻝ ﺍﺑﻌ��ﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻛ��ﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣ��ﺩ ﺍﻟ��ﻰ ])‪ ٥۰‬ﻣﺗ��ﺭﺍً(‪،‬‬
‫)‪۱٥۰‬ﻣﺗﺭ([ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻟﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﺣﻣﻭﻟﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺭﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻁﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﺑﻌﻳﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻊ‬
‫ﻓﺿﻼً ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺻﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻝ ﺑﺗﺳﺎﻗﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻛﺗ�ﻝ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑ�ﺎﺕ ﻭﻫ�ﺫﺍ ﻳﻅﻬ�ﺭ ﺍﺛ�ﺭﻩ ﺑﺗﺯﺍﻳ�ﺩﻩ ﻣ�ﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ ً ﻳﺻ�ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﻓ�ﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺳ�ﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟ�ﻭﺩﺓ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺷ�ﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣ�ﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠ�ﻊ ﺑﻬ�ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳ�ﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻛﺑﺭ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ)‪ (B‬ﺷ�ﻛﻝ)‪ (4-4‬ﻻﻥ ﺣ�ﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘ�ﺎﻟﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣ�ﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻗﺩﻳﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ)‪،(۱۹۹۲‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﻭﻭﺳﻌﺕ ﻭﺭﺑﻁﺕ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺽ ﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺳ�ﻧﺔ)‪ (۲۰۰۰‬ﻭﻫ��ﻭ ﺯﻣ��ﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻘ�ﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛ��ﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ ﺗﺑ�ﺩﻱ ﺑﻌ��ﺽ ﺍﺟ��ﺯﺍء ﺍﻟﻣﻘ�ﺎﻟﻊ ﺍﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ��ﻳﺔ ﻟﻭﺟ�ﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳ��ﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩﻳﺔ)‪ (A‬ﺷ�ﻛﻝ)‪ ، (4-4‬ﻻﻥ ﻫ�ﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺟ�ﺯﺍء ﺗﺗﻌ�ﺭﺽ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺣ�ﺎﻝ ﺍﺳ�ﺗﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳ�ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻ�ﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻧﻬ�ﺎ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻡ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎء ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻏ�ﻭﺏ ﻓﻳﻬ�ﺎ ﻭﻋ�ﺎﺩﺓ ﻣ�ﺎ ﻳﻛ�ﻭﻥ ﻓ�ﻲ ﻭﺳ�ﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠ�ﻊ ﺑﻳﻧﻣ�ﺎ ﺗﺑﻘ�ﻰ ﺑﻘﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﺟﺯﺍءﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠ�ﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻧﻔﺫ ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺳﻣﻙ )‪۳۰‬ﺳﻡ(ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﺎ ﻟﻠﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻛﺷﻑ ﻭﺗﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟ��ﺫﻱ ﺑﺄﺳ��ﻔﻠﻬﺎ )ﻋﺑ��ﺩ ﺍﻻﻣﻳ��ﺭ ‪)،‬ﺭﺋ��ﻳﺱ ﺟﻳﻭﻟ��ﻭﺟﻳﻳﻥ ﻭﻣﺳ��ﺅﻭﻝ ﻣﻘﻠ��ﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺳ��ﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻣ��ﺩﺓ)‪((۲۰۰۱-۱۹۹۸‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠ��ﺔ‬
‫ﺷﺧﺻﻳﺔ‪ (۲۰۰۷ ،‬ﺷﻛﻝ)‪.(3-4‬‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ )‪ (3-4‬ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻭﺗﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺟﺎﻧﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺣﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ)‪(2001‬‬

‫‪۹۸‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻛﻝ )‪ (4-4‬ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ‪ A‬ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺩﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻊ ‪ B ،‬ﺩﻣﺞ ﻭﺗﻭﺳﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ‪ C ،‬ﺍﻛﺩﺍﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻊ‬
‫‪ ۲-۲-۱-٤‬ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺷﺋﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﻳﺔ( ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻧﺔ ﻟﻼﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔﻭﺭﺓ ﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻛ�ﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺑ�ﺎﻟﻎ ﻋ�ﺩﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫)‪(٦۲‬ﻓ��ﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠ��ﺔ ﻟﻭﺣ��ﺔ )‪ ،(8-4‬ﻭﺍﺳ��ﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﺧﺭﻳﻁ��ﺔ ﻛﻧﺗﻭﺭﻳ��ﺔ ﺑﻣﻘﻳ��ﺎﺱ ‪ ۱:۲٥۰۰۰‬ﻓ��ﻲ ﺗﺻ��ﺣﻳﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺟ�ﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﺭﺿ�ﻲ ﻟﻬ�ﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺑ�ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ�ﺗﻘﺎﺓ ﻣ�ﻥ)‪ (Jargees and Santrucek, 1975‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺗ�ﻭﺍﻓﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﺣ�ﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻭﻗﻌﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻛﻧﺗﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺿﺭﻳﺔ ﻣ�ﻥ ﻗ�ﺭﻯ ﻭﻁﺭﺍﺋ�ﻕ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪NX= LX – 442707--------------------- (1-4‬‬
‫)‪NY= LY + 2421285------------------- (2-4‬‬
‫ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ‬
‫‪ NY ،NX‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ LY ،LX‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬

‫‪۹۹‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ (8-4‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺧﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﺑﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳ�ﺎﻳﺕ ﻭﻋ�ﺩﺩﻫﺎ)‪(٤۱‬ﺧﺳ�ﻔﺔ ﺭﻗﻣﻳ�ﺎ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ‬
‫ﺷ��ﻛﻝ ﻁﺑﻘ��ﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳ��ﺔ ﺑﻬﻳﺋ��ﺔ ﻣﺿ��ﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﻛ��ﻝ ﻣﺿ��ﻠﻊ ﻳﻣﺛ��ﻝ ﻣﻭﻗ��ﻊ ﺧﺳ��ﻔﺔ )ﻣﻠﺣ��ﻕ‪،(۳‬ﺍﻋﺗﻣ��ﺩ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﻳ��ﺩ ﻫ��ﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺻﻁﻔﻰ ﻭﺍﺧﺭﻭﻥ‪، ۱۹۹٥‬ﺻﻧﻔﺕ ﻫ�ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺿ�ﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺻ�ﻧﻔﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻳﻣﺛ��ﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺳ��ﻔﺎﺕ ﻏﻳ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋ��ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻭﺿ��ﺔ ﺑ�ﺎﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺻ��ﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺛ��ﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻣﺛ��ﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺳ��ﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗ��ﻲ ﺗ��ﻡ ﻗﻠﻌﻬ��ﺎ ﻭﻫ��ﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﻣﺭ ) ‪ (B,C,D1, E1, F,G, area K,P3,P2,V1,V2‬ﻟﻭﺣ�ﺔ )‪)(9-4‬ﻣﺻ�ﻁﻔﻰ ‪ ،۲۰۰۷‬ﺧﺑﻳ�ﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻣ�ﺩﻳﺭ ﻣﺷ�ﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺣ�ﺭﻱ ﻋ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳ�ﺎﻳﺕ ‪،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠ��ﺔ ﺷﺧﺻ�ﻳﺔ( ﻭ) ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻳﻌ�ﻲ ‪ ،۲۰۰۷‬ﺭﺋ�ﻳﺱ ﺟﻳﻭﻟ�ﻭﺟﻳﻳﻥ ﺍﻗ��ﺩﻡ‬
‫‪،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺷﺧﺻﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۰۰‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ (9-4‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﺣﺔ ﻟﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﺄﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪(RGB) 475‬ﺍﻅﻬﺭ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ ﻭﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻔﺳﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻣﺭ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ (10-4‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﺑﺩﻭ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺑﻠﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﻣﻳﺯ)ﺍﺣﻣﺭ ﻣﺻﻔﺭ(ﻟﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ‪1ETM‬‬
‫‪ (RGB) 7MSS 7ETM‬ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪.(11-4‬‬

‫‪۱۰۱‬‬
 ‫ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ‪1ETM,7MSS,7ETM‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ‪4,7,5‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ (10-4‬ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ ﻻﻁﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ )‪ (5-4‬ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻭﺗﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻘﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻟﻳﻥ )ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ( )‪(Mustafa, 1981‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪ 1/7‬ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪ETM‬‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﻣﺎﺛﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻲ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻳﻥ ﻟﻡ ﺗﺑﺭﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻣﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ‪TM‬ﺍﻱ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺳﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺔ )‪ (area K‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻣﻘﻠﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﻠﻧﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ TM‬ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ ،(12-4‬ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ ،(13-4‬ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪) (14-4‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺷﺧﺻﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻳﻌﻲ ‪((۲۰۰۷،‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ)‪ (1/7, 2/7‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪ (۱‬ﻭ )‪ (5/7‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪(۱.٤‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪(۲۷‬ﺗﺑﺩﻱ ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﺟﻳﺩﺍ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺟﺯﺍء ﻣﻥ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻋﻥ‬
‫‪۱۰۲‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻘﻠﻊ ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ ﻭﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪،(15-4‬‬
‫)‪ ،(16-4‬ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ ،(17-4‬ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪.(18-4‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﻭﻟﻳﻥ )‪(1/7,2/7,5/7‬ﺍﺑﺩﺕ ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﺿﻼ ﻋﻥ ﻣﻘﻠﻊ ﻛﺎﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ ‪،‬ﻻﻥ ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪.(Deer,et.al., 1962)(%۳۹.۸۲‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻘﺳﻡ ﺗﻌﻁﻲ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﺩﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻧﻘﻲ ﻓﻼ‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻥ ﻛﺄﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ ﺗﺻﻝ ﻧﻘﺎﻭﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ %۷۸‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻧﻁﺑﻕ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ (11-4‬ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪ 475‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﺣﺔ ﻟﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫‪۱۰۳‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪(12-4‬ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳﻳﻥ ‪ ETM+‬ﻭ‪ TM‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ ‪V1,V2,E1,D1&C‬‬

‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪(13-4‬ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳﻳﻥ ‪ ETM+‬ﻭ‪ TM‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ ‪F,B,P2,P3‬‬

‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪(14-4‬ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳﻳﻥ ‪ ETM+‬ﻭ‪ TM‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ ‪area K،G‬‬

‫‪۱۰٤‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪(15-4‬ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ)‪ (1/7‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻛﺎﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ‬

‫‪۱۰٥‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪(16-4‬ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ)‪ (2/7‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻛﺎﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ‬

‫‪۱۰٦‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪(17-4‬ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ)‪ (5/7‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪ (۱.٤‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻛﺎﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ‬

‫‪۱۰۷‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪(18-4‬ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ)‪ (۲۷‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻛﺎﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺩﻭﻳﺧﻠﺔ‬

‫‪۱۰۸‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪(19-4‬ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ ‪ ۷\۲ ۷\۱‬ﻭ‪۷\٥‬ﻣﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭﺍﻟﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻠﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺑﺳﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺷﺎﺑﻬﻪ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻲ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫‪(Bardossy,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ )ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻲ( ﺣﺳﺏ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ)‪ Valeton, 1976‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ 1982‬ﻭﻻﻳﺧﻠﻭ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﻓﻳﻪ ﻭﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻝ ﻋﻥ ‪ %٤٤‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﻳﺗﻲ)ﺍﻟﺧﻔﺎﺟﻲ‪(۲۰۰۱،‬‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻧﺳﺏ ﺍﻭﻛﺳﻳﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ )‪ (66.19- ۳۳,۹‬ﻭﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻭﻛﺳﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻳﻛﻭﻥ)‪. (٤٤,۲۷- ۳۹,۷۸‬‬

‫‪۱۰۹‬‬
 ‫‪ ۳-۱-٤‬ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻳﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ )‪(lineament‬ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻟﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻁﻭﺑﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯﻫﺎﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧ��ﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺻ��ﻭﺭ ﻭﺗﻣﺛ��ﻝ ﻣﻧ��ﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺿ��ﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑ��ﻲ‪،‬ﻭ ﺗﻌ��ﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺗ��ﺎﺡ ﺍﻟ��ﺭﺋﻳﺱ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺭﺳ��ﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳ��ﺏ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻳﻣﻳ��ﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳ��ﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺗ��ﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻳﻣ��ﻲ ﻟﻼﺳ��ﺗﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻧﻬ��ﺎ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷ��ﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁﻳ��ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳ��ﺔ ﻭﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳ��ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻳﺩﺭﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ )‪ ،(Sabin, 1978‬ﻭﺍﻋﺗﻣﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻻﺳ�ﺗﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﺟ�ﺯﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺷ�ﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺎﺳ�ﻕ ﺍﻟﻠ�ﻭﻧﻲ ﻭﻧﺳ�ﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑ�ﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺻ�ﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺟ�ﻊ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺍﻻﺧ�ﺗﻼﻑ ﻓ�ﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻣﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺑ��ﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺗ��ﻭﺍء ﺍﻟﻣ��ﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﺗﻳ��ﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁ��ﻲ ﻟﻠﻧﺑﺎﺗ��ﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻔ��ﺎﺟﺊ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺷ��ﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺻ��ﺭﻳﻑ‪،‬‬
‫‪(Lillisand and‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺣ�ﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ�ﺗﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳ�ﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻔ�ﺎﺟﺊ ﻓ�ﻲ ﻣﻛﺎﺷ�ﻑ ﺍﻟﺻ�ﺧﻭﺭ‬
‫)‪kiefer, 2000‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻻﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓ�ﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳ�ﺔ‪،‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺻ�ﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭﻳ�ﺔ ﻟﺗﻛ�ﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺑﻳ�ﺩ ﺗﻛ�ﻭﻥ ﻟﻬ�ﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻳ�ﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻛ�ﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﺛ�ﻝ ﻫ�ﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺷﺋﺕ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺗﻣ�ﺎﺩ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺳ�ﻳﻡ ‪ Anaglyph Image‬ﻭﺑﺎﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺧﺻ�ﺎﺋﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ Arc GIS‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺧﻁ�ﻭﻁ ﺗﺣ�ﻭﻱ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ)‪ (۸٤۲‬ﺗﺭﻛﻳ�ﺏ ﺧﻁ�ﻲ ﻟﻭﺣ�ﺔ‬
‫)‪،(20-4‬ﻭﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻁﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻣﻳﺎ ﺣﻭﻟﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻣ�ﻥ ﻧ�ﻭﻉ ‪ Geodatabase‬ﻭﺍﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛ��ﻭﺩ ﺍﺩﻧ��ﺎﻩ )ﻣﺟﻠ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺻ��ﻣﻳﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺎﺳ��ﻭﺏ‪(۲۰۰۷ ،‬ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳ��ﺩ ﺍﺗﺟ��ﺎﻩ ﻛ��ﻝ ﺧ��ﻁ ﺑ�ﺭﺑﻁ ﺑﺭﻧ��ﺎﻣﺞ ‪Visual Basic‬‬
‫)‪ Application (VBA‬ﺑﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪Arc GIS‬ﻣﻠﺣﻕ)‪.(۹‬‬
‫‪On Error Resume Next‬‬
‫‪Dim pCurve As ICurve‬‬
‫‪Dim pLine As ILine‬‬
‫‪Dim dLength As Double‬‬
‫‪Dim dAngle As Double‬‬
‫‪Dim dDistance As Double‬‬
‫‪Dim bAsRatio As Boolean‬‬
‫‪Dim Pi As Double‬‬
‫========================='‬
‫‪'adjust the values bellow‬‬
‫‪dDistance = 0.5‬‬
‫‪bAsRatio = True‬‬
‫========================='‬
‫)‪Pi = 4 * Atn(1‬‬
‫‪If (Not IsNull([Shape])) Then‬‬
‫]‪Set pCurve = [Shape‬‬
‫‪If (Not pCurve.IsEmpty) Then‬‬
‫‪Set pLine = New esriGeometry.Line‬‬
‫‪dLength = pCurve.Length‬‬
‫‪pCurve.QueryTangent 0, dDistance, bAsRatio, dLength, pLine‬‬
‫)‪dAngle = pLine.Angle * 360 / (2 * Pi‬‬
‫‪End If‬‬
‫‪End If‬‬
‫‪dAngle‬‬

‫‪۱۱۰‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﻳﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺑﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁ�ﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺣ�ﺩﺩ ﺑ�ﺎﻟﻧﻘﻁﺗﻳﻥ)‪(x1,y1),(x2,y2‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺿﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﻫﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻓﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻘﻁﺗﻳﻥ )‪ (x1,y2),(x2,y2‬ﺑﺄﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻳﻡ ﻻﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻲ ﺑﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺟﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪(٤-٦‬ﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺭﺳﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﺗﻅﻡ ) ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻡ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻟ�ﻰ ﺍﻻﺳ�ﻔﻝ ﻟﻠﺧ�ﻁ (‪ ،‬ﻟ�ﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺳﺎﻟﺑﺔ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﻌﺩ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ )ﺻﻔﺭـ‪(180‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻭﻟﺞ‬
‫ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺳ�ﻔﻝ )ﻣﻠﺣ�ﻕ‪(7‬ﻋ�ﻥ ﻁﺭﻳ�ﻕ ﺗﺣﺩﻳ�ﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻧﻁ�ﻕ ﺑﻭﻟﻳ�ﻭﻥ‬
‫)‪ (Boolean logic‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺻﻔﺭ –)‪ (۹۰-‬ﻭﺍﺧﺿﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪Redirection= 270 – (Direction) ----------------- (3-4‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻣﻥ )‪ (۹۰-‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (۱۸۰-‬ﻭﺍﺧﺿﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪Redirection =|direction| -90 ---------------------- (4-4‬‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﺧﺿﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪Redirection =Direction ---------------------------- (5-4‬‬
‫ﺻ��ﻧﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳ��ﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻋﺗﻣ��ﺎﺩﺍ ﺍﻟ��ﻰ ﺗﺻ��ﻧﻳﻑ )‪ (El-Etr,1974‬ﺍﻟ��ﻰ ﻗﺳ��ﻣﻳﻥ ﻓ��ﺎﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺯﻳ��ﺩ ﻁﻭﻟﻬ��ﺎ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻠﻭﻣﺗﺭﻳﻥ ﻣﻳﺯﺕ ﺑﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﺣﻣﺭ‪،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺧﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻘﻝ ﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ)‪ ۲‬ﻛﻡ( ﻣﺛﻠﺕ ﺑﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﺯﺭﻕ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻣﺛ��ﻝ ﺧﻁﻳ��ﺎﺕ ﻗﺻ��ﻳﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺗﻣﻳ��ﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ ﺃﻧﻬ��ﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺣ��ﻭﻱ ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳ��ﺏ ﺧﻁﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻛﺑ��ﺭ ﻣ��ﻥ‪ ۱۰‬ﻛ��ﻡ ﻟﻭﺣ��ﺔ )‪(20-4‬‬
‫)ﻣﻠﺣﻕ‪.(7‬ﻋﺯﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ (21-4‬ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁ��ﻁ ﺍﻟ��ﺭﻭﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻣ��ﻭﻝ ﺑﺑﺭﻧ��ﺎﻣﺞ ‪ Rock ware 2006‬ﻟﺗﻭﺿ��ﻳﺢ ﺍﺗﺟ��ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳ��ﺏ ﺍﻟﺳ��ﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﺷ��ﻛﻝ )‪7-‬‬
‫‪،(4‬ﺍﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻥ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳ�ﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺗ�ﺎﺛﺭﺓ ﺑ�ﺛﻼﺙ ﺍﻧ�ﻭﺍﻉ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺳ�ﻭﺭ ﻭﻫ�ﻲ ﺣﺳ�ﺏ ﺍﻋ�ﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ (1- N5W S5E‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣ�ﺎ ﺗﺗ�ﺎﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺳ�ﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺗﺟ�ﺎﻫﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪2-N45E S45W‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺗﺑ�ﺔ ﺒ )‪3- N45W S45E‬‬
‫‪.(1-N-S‬ﺍﻥ ﻫ�ﺫﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﺟ�ﺎﻫﻳﻥ ﻣﻁ�ﺎﺑﻘﻳﻥ ﻟﺗ�ﺎﺛﻳﺭ ﺣﺭﻛﺗ�ﻲ‬ ‫)‪2-N45W-S45E‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳ�ﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳ�ﺔ ﻭﻫ�ﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﻧﺩﻳﺎﻧﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺭﺍﻣﺎﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﻭﻧﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۱۱‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ (20-4‬ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻧﺑﻁﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ ETM‬ﻭﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ DEM‬ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ Anaglyph‬ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ )ﻣﻘﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ (‬

‫‪۱۱۲‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪(21-4‬ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺄﺛﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺳﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺷﻛﻝ ) ‪ (7-4‬ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ 4-2‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺿﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻡ ﻋﻣﻝ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ‪ B3/B1‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ‪ Fe2O3‬ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑﻝ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺄﺧﻭﺫﻩ ﻟﺳ�ﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻭﺍﻗ�ﻊ ﺗﺎﺑﻌ�ﺔ ﻟﻣﻘ�ﺎﻟﻊ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳ�ﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﺗﻣ�ﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﻘﺯﺍﺯﻭﻣﺣﻣﺩ‪ (۱۹۹۳،‬ﻻﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓ�ﺎﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﺗﻧﺎﺳ�ﻘﺎ ً ﻁﺭﺩﻳ�ﺎ ً ﺑﻌﻼﻗ�ﺔ ﺗﺭﺍﺑﻁﻳ�ﺔ)‪(r2‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺕ)‪ (۰,۸۱‬ﺷﻛﻝ)‪(8-4‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ)‪.(6-4‬‬
‫)‪Y= 88.044+ (1.797*X)-(226.57/(X^2)) ---------- (6-4‬‬

‫‪۱۱۳‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪ (8-4‬ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪3/1‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻛ�ﻝ‬
‫ﻣ��ﻥ ﻗﺳ��ﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣ��ﺯﻡ )ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻣﺳ���ﺔ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣ��ﺔﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ( ﺑﺣ��ﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑ���ﺔ )‪ (۲‬ﻭ)ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛ��ﺔ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣ��ﺔﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ( ﺑﺣ���ﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑ��ﺔ)‪ ((۱.۹‬ﻭﻣﻘﻠ��ﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳ��ﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﺑﺣ��ﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑ��ﺔ ‪ ،۲۷۰‬ﺍﺧ��ﺫﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧ��ﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳ��ﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺭﻳ��ﺕ ﻋﻠﻳﻬ��ﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ)‪ (A and B‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻣﻧﻁﻕ ﺑﻭﻟﻳﻭﻥ)‪(Burrough, 1989‬‬
‫)‪Fe =B5/B1∩B3/B1∩nPC1 (270) ------------------------ (7-4‬‬
‫ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ)‪(Fe‬ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫)‪ =nPC1 (270‬ﻣﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪(۲۷۰‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺟ��ﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺿ��ﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟ��ﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﺗﻛ��ﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﻣﺗ��ﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻣﻧ��ﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟ �ﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳ��ﺔ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ��ﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪ .(۲۲-٤‬ﺣﻭﻟﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﺭﺍﻛﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟ�ﻭﺩﺍﺕ ‪،‬ﻭﺍﺟﺭﻳ�ﺕ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻫ�ﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻁ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻳﺔ)‪ ، (Relational joins‬ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻣ�ﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺻ�ﺮ ﺟ��ﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺣ�ﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳ�ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺣﻘ��ﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘ�ﺎﺡ ﺍﻻﻭﻟ�ﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺯﻧ�ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘ�ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻅﻬ��ﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ )ﻣﻠﺣﻕ ‪(٥‬‬

‫‪۱۱٤‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪(22-4‬ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ﻣﻥ )‪ (3/1‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ )‪ (۱.۹‬ﻭ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ )‪ (5/1‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ‬
‫)‪(2‬ﻭ ﻣﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ‪۲۷۰‬‬

‫ﺭﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪ 1/7‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﺳ�ﻔﺎﺕ ﻻﻳﺟ�ﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗ��ﺔ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﻣ��ﺎ ﻓ��ﺎﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺗﻧﺎﺳ��ﻘﺎ ً ﻁﺭﺩﻳ �ﺎ ً‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻠﻐ��ﺕ ﻗﻳﻣ��ﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﺑﻁﻳ��ﺔ)‪ (r2‬ﻓ��ﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺣﻧ��ﻲ)‪(8-4‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﺎﻭﻱ)‪ ،(۰,۷۷‬ﺍﻥ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﺗﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻁﺭﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ‪ B1/B7‬ﻭﻛﻠﻣ�ﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻧﺳ�ﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳ�ﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻗﻠﺔ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ ﺷﻛﻝ)‪.(9-4‬‬
‫‪56.42‬‬
‫= ‪----------------------------------- (8-4) Y‬‬
‫‪1 + 470.5 * e -8.8 X‬‬

‫‪۱۱٥‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻛﻝ )‪ (9-4‬ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ‪ Al2O3‬ﻣﻊ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪1/7‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪(9-‬‬
‫)‪ 4‬ﻟﻮﺣﺔ)‪.(۲۳-٤‬‬
‫)‪Al =B1/B7∩B2/B7∩B5/B7 (1.4) ∩PC2 (27) --------------- (9-4‬‬
‫ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ )‪ (Al‬ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫)‪ :B5/B7 (1.4‬ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺤﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ )‪(۱.٤‬‬
‫)‪ :PC2 (27‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺤﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ )‪(۲۷‬‬

‫ﺍﻫﻣﻠ�ﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺿ�ﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺛﻠ�ﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟ�ﺔ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟ�ﻭﺩﺓ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺍﺋ�ﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺷ��ﻭﺍﺭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﻓﻳﻬ�ﺎ )ﺍﻻﺻ�ﺑﺎﻍ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻬﻳﻛ�ﻝ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻭﻟ�ﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺿ�ﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟ�ﺔ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺗﺭﺳ�ﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳ�����ﻭﻡ ﺍﻟ�����ﻰ ﻧﻘ�����ﺎﻁ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳ�����ﺩ ﻣﺭﺍﻛﺯﻫ�����ﺎ ﻭﺍﺟﺭﻳ�����ﺕ ﻋﻠﻳﻬ�����ﺎ ﻋﻣﻠﻳ�����ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ�����ﺭﺑﻁ ﻭﺗﻛ�����ﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺻ�����ﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻳ���ﺔ)‪ (Relational joins‬ﻟ���ﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﻨﺎﺻ���ﺮ ﺟ���ﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ���ﺎﺣﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻣ���ﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺻ���ﺮ ﺟ���ﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺣ���ﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺣﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻅﻬ�ﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺗ�ﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺷ�ﻛﻝ ﺟ�ﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﺷ�ﻛﻝ)‪(10-4‬‬
‫)ﻣﻠﺣﻕ ‪.(٦‬‬

‫‪۱۱٦‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪(23-4‬ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬

‫‪۱۱۷‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ )‪(24-4‬ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﻳﺔ)ﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ( ﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ)‪ (10-4‬ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ‬

‫‪۱۱۸‬‬
 ‫‪ ۱-٥‬ﺍﻷﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﺃﻫﻣﻳﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ) ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﻳﺔ ( ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺗﺣﻭﻱ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺗﺳ�ﺎﻣﺗﺔ)‪ ،(Attribute Table‬ﺗﺷ�ﻣﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺗ��ﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻛ��ﺎﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳ��ﺔ ﻝ)‪ (۲۷‬ﺗﻛ��ﻭﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ)‪ (۹‬ﻁﺑﻘ��ﺎﺕ ﻋﺻ��ﺭ ﺭﺑ��ﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ)‪(٤‬ﻁﺑﻘ�ﺎﺕ ﻣﻣﺛﻠ��ﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻳﻭﻳ��ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ)‪ (۹‬ﻁﺑﻘ��ﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻔﻭﺍﻟ��ﻕ ﻭﻁﺑﻘﺗ��ﻳﻥ ﻟﻠﻁﻳ��ﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ)‪ (۱٦۳‬ﺑﺋ��ﺭﺍً ﻭ )‪ (۲۳‬ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺟ�ﺎ ً ﻟﻼﺑ��ﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷ��ﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻣ��ﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻣ��ﺄﺧﻭﺫﺓ ﻟﻛ��ﻝ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺗﺭﺳ��ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳ��ﺩ ﻭ)‪ (٦۲‬ﺑﺋ��ﺭﺍً ﻟﻠﻛ��ﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﻭ)‪ (٤۱‬ﺧﺳ��ﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺑﺗﺻﻧﻳﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻭﻱ ﻗﺎﻋ�ﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ ﺗﺑ�ﻳﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻌﻬ�ﺎ ﻭﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳ�ﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺎﺳﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻳﻠﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ)ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺧﺭﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﺑﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻳﻳﺱ(‪،‬ﻓﺿﻼً‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻣﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳ�ﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ)ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳ�ﺎﻳﺕ( ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧ�ﺔ‬
‫ﻣ��ﻥ )‪ (۸٤۲‬ﺗﺭﻛﻳ��ﺏ ﺧﻁ��ﻲ ﺑﺟ��ﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺗﺳ��ﺎﻣﺗﺔ ﺗﺣ��ﻭﻱ ﺍﺗﺟ��ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳ��ﺏ ﻭﻁﻭﻟ��ﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧ��ﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺿ��ﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﻫﻳﺋ��ﺔ ﻁﺑﻘ��ﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﺟﻬ��ﻪ )ﻣﺿ��ﻠﻌﺎﺕ( ﺍﻟﺗ��ﻲ ﺗﺑ��ﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳ��ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠ��ﺔ ﺑﺟ��ﺩﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺣﻘﺔ ﺗﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﺑﻳﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﺟﻳﺩﺍ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﺍﻥ ﻟﻁﺭﺍﺋﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻓﻭﺍﺋﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻅﻬ�ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟ�ﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺷ�ﻭﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺑﻁ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯ ﺗﻠﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻳﻣﺗ�ﺎﺯ ﻋ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺳ�ﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺻ�ﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳ�ﺔ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺳ�ﻬﻭﻟﺗﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﻩ ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﺷﻑ ﺍﻟﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺻﻌﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯ‬
‫ﻟﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺍﺧﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﻪ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺣ�ﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑ�ﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺭﺟ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻳ�ﺔ)‪ (bit‬ﺍﻓﺿ�ﻝ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﻌ�ﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻳ��ﺎﺕ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﻳ��ﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗ��ﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻏﻭﺑ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗ��ﻲ ﻳﻣﻛ��ﻥ ﺍﻅﻬﺎﺭﻫ��ﺎ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﺷ��ﻛﻝ ﺟ��ﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﻣﺛ��ﻝ ﺍﻻﺣ��ﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺗﻌﺩ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ‪ HPF,WT‬ﺍﻓﺿ�ﻝ ﺗﻘﻧﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ�ﺩﻣﺞ ﻟﻘﻠ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷ�ﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔ�ﻲ ﻓﻳﻬ�ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣ�ﺎ ﺗﻛ�ﻭﻥ ﺗﻘﻧﻳ�ﺔ ‪MLT‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻛﺛﺭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺷﻭﻳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۷‬ﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ‪ IHS ,BT‬ﺗﻘﺗﺻﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺣﺯﻡ ﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺃﺧﺫﺕ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺗﻘﻳﺩ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻝ ‪ PC,MT,HPF,WT‬ﺑﻌﺩﺩ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۸‬ﺍﻥ ﺳ��ﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺷ��ﻭﻳﻪ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺗﻘﻧﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ PC‬ﻳﻌ��ﻭﺩ ﺍﻟ��ﻰ ﺍﺳ��ﺗﺑﺩﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳ��ﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣ��ﺭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺳﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎ ﺑﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﻧﻭﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۹‬ﺗﺗﺋ���ﺎﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺳ���ﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳ���ﺔ ﻋﻠ���ﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳ���ﺎﻳﺕ ﻓ���ﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ���ﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳ���ﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳ���ﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳ���ﺔ ‪N-S‬‬

‫‪۱۱۹‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ N45°W- S45°E‬ﺍﻟﺗ��ﻲ ﻻﻳﺯﻳ��ﺩ ﻁﻭﻟﻬ��ﺎ ﻋ��ﻥ ‪ ۲‬ﻛ��ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣ��ﺎ ﺗﻛ��ﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳ��ﺎﺕ ﻓ��ﻲ ﻋﻣ��ﻭﻡ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺗﺄﺛﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ ‪ N45°E – S45°W‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻫﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﺧﺭﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌ �ﺩ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺳ��ﻳﻡ ﺟﻳ��ﺩﺓ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺗﺑﺭﻳ��ﺯ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳ��ﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳ��ﺔ ﻻﻧﻬ��ﺎ ﺗﺟﻣ��ﻊ ﺑ��ﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳ��ﺔ‬ ‫‪-۱۰‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺳﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳ�ﺗﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣ�ﻥ ﻋﻣ�ﻝ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺳ�ﻳﻡ ﻭﺍﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻛ�ﻭﺩ )‪(Visual Basic Application‬‬ ‫‪-۱۱‬‬
‫)‪ (V.B.A‬ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﻳﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﺿﻼً ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻗﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪ ۱/۳‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ‪ ۱.۹‬ﻭﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ‪ ۱/٥‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ‪ ۲‬ﻭﻣﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻛ�ﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪-۱۲‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ‪ ۲۷۰‬ﺗﻭﺿﺢ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﻣﺗﺎﻳﺕ ‪ Fe2O3‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﻋﻥ ‪ ، %۲۰‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣ�ﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﺩ ﻗﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪ ۷/۱‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ‪ ۱‬ﻭﻗﺳﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪ ۷/۲‬ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ‪ ۱‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺛ�ﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ‪ ۲۷‬ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﻧﺳﺑﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ‪.%۳۰‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺧﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺣ�ﺯﻡ ‪ 1ETM,7MSS, 7ETM‬ﻳﺑ�ﺭﺯ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳ�ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳ�ﺔ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳ�ﻭﻡ ﺑﻠ�ﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪-۱۳‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﻣﺭ ﻣﺻﻔﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻠﻁ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ)‪ (۱/۷، ۲/۷، ٥/۷‬ﻭﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺟﻳﻥ)‪(RGB) (٥، ۱/۷، ٥/۷‬‬
‫ﻳﺑﺭﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺑﻳﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪( B3 + B5) / 2‬‬ ‫‪( B3 + B5) / 2‬‬
‫‪ ( 7,‬ﻭ ﻭﺧﻠ�ﻁ‬ ‫(ﻭﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺟ�ﻳﻥ)‪, 5/4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳ�ﺏ)‬ ‫‪-۱٤‬‬
‫‪B1‬‬ ‫‪B1‬‬
‫ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ )‪ (RGB) (5/1,3/1,5/4‬ﻳﺑﺭﺯ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺑﻳﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺩﻡ ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﺗﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺯﻣ�ﺎﻥ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋ�ﺩﺓ ﻓ�ﻲ ﻣﺛ�ﻝ‬ ‫‪-۱٥‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻁ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺻ��ﻠﺔ ﺑ��ﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘ��ﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿ��ﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ��ﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳ��ﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳ��ﻳﻥ ‪ETM‬‬ ‫‪-۱٦‬‬
‫‪ &TM‬ﻳﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻘﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺭﺋ�ﺔ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘ�ﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺿﻼً ﻋﻥ ﺗﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺳﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﺗﻭﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺑﺄﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-۱۷‬‬

‫‪ ۲-٥‬ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﺍﺟﺭﺍء ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺣﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻳﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۲۰‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻲ )‪ ۱‬ﻣﻠﻡ – ‪ ۱‬ﻣﺗﺭ (ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺟﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺗﻳﺢ ﻓﺭﺻﺔ ﺍﻛﺑﺭ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻲ ﻭﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ‪ .‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻧﻔﻭﺫ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺑﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺗﺎﺭ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ASTER‬ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﺟﻭﺩﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۲۱‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻭﺍﺣ��ﺩﻱ ‪،‬ﺧﺎﻟ��ﺩ ﺻ��ﺎﻟﺢ ‪،2006،‬ﺗﻌﻠ��ﻡ ﺍﺳ��ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻳ��ﺭﺩﺍﺱ ﺧﻁ��ﻭﺓ ﺧﻁ��ﻭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻧ��ﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﻅ��ﻡ ﺗﺎﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣ��ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺭﻭﺍﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻭﺭ ﻣﺻ�ﻁﻔﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻠﻳ�ﻭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺻ�ﻳﺭ ﻋﺯﻳ�ﺯ‪ ، 1996،‬ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳ�ﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟ�ﻭﺟﻲ ﻟﺭﻗﻌ�ﺔ ﺍﻳ�ﺞ ‪1‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ‪ ،1: 250000‬ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﺷﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺟﻳﻭﺳﻳﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻻﻳﺩﺍﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ‪ ،2461‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟ��ﺢ ﺟ��ﺢ ‪،‬ﻣﺣﻣ��ﺩ ﻣﺣﻣ��ﺩ ﺻ��ﺎﻟﺢ ‪ ،۲۰۰۱،‬ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺷ��ﻌﺎﺭ ﻋ��ﻥ ﺑﻌ��ﺩ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳ��ﺔ ﻏﻁ��ﺎءﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﺍﺩﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺳﺗﻳﺭ‪ ،‬ﻏﻳ�ﺭ ﻣﻧﺷ�ﻭﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌ�ﺔ ﺑﻐ�ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻠﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺳﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺭﻳﻡ ﻣﺣﻣﻭﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻳﺳﻳﻛﻳﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺭﻭﺟﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺟﻳﻙ ‪ ،1994،‬ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻟﻭﺣﺗﻲ ﺳﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑﺔ ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ‪،1:250000‬ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﺷﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺟﻳﻭﺳﻳﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻻﻳﺩﺍﻉ ‪ ،2260‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻔ��ﺎﺟﻲ ‪،‬ﺳ��ﺗﺎﺭ ﺟﺑ��ﺎﺭ ‪ ،2001،‬ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳ��ﺔ ﻭﺟﻳﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻁﻳ��ﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻧ��ﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻳ��ﺔ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻟﺻ��ﺣﺭﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﻭﺻﻼﺣﻳﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﻳﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﺷ�ﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠ�ﻭﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺟﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ‪ ،2006،‬ﺩﻟﻳ�ﻝ ﺗ�ﺩﺭﻳﺏ ﻻﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﺭﻧ�ﺎﻣﺞ ‪ Arc Map‬ﻣ�ﻥ ﺑﺭﻧ�ﺎﻣﺞ ‪Arc GIS‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﺩﺍﺭ ‪ ، 9.1‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺭﻣﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﻭﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻭﻳﻧ��ﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣ��ﺎﻫﺭ ﺗﺣﺳ��ﻳﻥ ‪ ،2005،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳ��ﺔ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳ��ﺔ ﻭﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻳ��ﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ ﺷ��ﻣﺎﻝ ﺯﺍﺧ��ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳ��ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ‪.‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺳﺗﻳﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﺷﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻳﻌﻲ ‪،‬ﺩﻟﻑ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ ، 1997،‬ﺟﻳﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺳ�ﻔﻲ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺻ�ﺣﺭﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺳﺗﻳﺭ‪ ،‬ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﺷﻭﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﺟﺎﺳﻡ ﻭﻋﺑ�ﺩ ﺍﻻﻣﻳ�ﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓ�ﺎء ﻣﺣﻣ�ﺩ‪ ،1998 ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣ�ﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌ�ﺩﻧﻲ ﻭﺗﻘ�ﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳ�ﺎﻁﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺻ��ﻧﻑ ‪ B‬ﻟﺧ��ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳ��ﺩ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺟﺑ��ﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺑﺩ‪/‬ﻣﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻌ��ﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻏﻳ��ﺭ ﻣﻧﺷ��ﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺟﻳﻭﺳ��ﻳﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗ��ﻡ ﺍﻻﻳ��ﺩﺍﻉ‬
‫‪ ،2438‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌ��ﺎﻣﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟﺑ��ﺎﺭ ﻋﺑ��ﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺳ��ﻳﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺳ��ﻠﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﻣ��ﺩ ﺟﺎﺳ��ﻡ ﻭﻋﺑ��ﺩ ﺍﻟ��ﻭﺍﺡ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻟ��ﺩ ﻭﻋﺑ��ﺩ ﺍﻻﻣﻳ��ﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓ��ﺎء‬
‫ﻣﺣﻣ��ﺩ‪ ،1993 ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣ��ﺭﻱ ﻋ��ﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳ��ﺩ ﻓ��ﻲ ﺍﻛﺗ��ﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺣﺳ��ﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺣﺗﺳ��ﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳ��ﺎﻁﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﻳ��ﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻧﺷﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺟﻳﻭﺳﻳﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻻﻳﺩﺍﻉ ‪ ،2080‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺑ��ﺩ ﷲ‪ ،‬ﺷ��ﺎﻛﺭ ﻋﺑ��ﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻳ��ﺯ‪ ، ،1990 ،‬ﺍﻁﻠ��ﺱ ﻣﻧ��ﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻌ��ﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺋ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣ��ﺔ ﻟﻼﻧ��ﻭﺍء ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻳ��ﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۲۲‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘ��ﺯﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﺣﻛﻣ��ﺕ ﻭﺣﺳ��ﻳﻥ‪،‬ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺣﻳ��ﻲ‪ ،1993 ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳ��ﺭ ﺍﻟﺳ��ﻧﻭﻱ ﻟﻣﻭﻗ��ﻊ ﺣﺩﻳ��ﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺳ��ﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻌ��ﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،1992‬ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﺷﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺟﻳﻭﺳﻳﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻻﻳﺩﺍﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ‪ ، 2091‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺯﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﺣﻛﻣﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻳﺎﺱ‪،‬ﺟﻌﻔﺭ ﺣﻣﻳﺩ‪ ،1992 ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ ﺍﻛﺗ��ﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﺳ��ﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷ��ﺭﻗﻳﺔ ﻭﺿ��ﻣﻥ ﺻ��ﻧﻑ ﺗﺣ��ﺭﻱ )‪ (B‬ﻟﻣﻭﻗ��ﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻘ��ﺎﻟﻊ‪-3-4‬ﻣﻭﻗ��ﻊ ﺣﺩﻳ��ﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﺎﻓﺿﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺑﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﺷﻭﺭﺓ ‪،‬ﺟﻳﻭﺳﻳﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻻﻳﺩﺍﻉ ‪ ،2054‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻳ�ﺩﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺳ��ﺎﻣﻲ ﺳ�ﻌﺩ‪ ،2006،‬ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘ��ﺎﺕ ﻋﻣﻠﻳ��ﺔ ﻟﻣﻘ�ﺭﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳ��ﺏ ﺍﻵﻟ�ﻲ ﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ��ﺎﺕ ﺻ��ﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﻣ�ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺻ��ﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻳ��ﺔ ﻋﻠ�ﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻠ��ﻙ ﻋﺑ�ﺩﺍﻟﻌﺯﻳﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺳ��ﻌﻭﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪http://www.alkeredmi.com/‬‬
‫ﻣﺻ��ﻁﻔﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻣ��ﺎﺯﻥ ﻣﺣﻣ��ﺩ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻌ��ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪،‬ﻋﻠ��ﻲ ﻣﺣﻳ��ﻲ ‪،‬ﺷ��ﻣﻌﻭﻥ ﺍﻧﻁﻭﺍﻧﻳ��ﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻳﻌ��ﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺩﻟ��ﻑ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ‬
‫‪،‬ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻅﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺳﻡ ﻋﺑﺩ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺳﻛﻭﻧﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻣﺎﻡ ﺷﻔﻳﻕ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﻳﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻳﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻑ ‪،‬ﺯﺭﺍﻙ ‪،‬ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﻋﻁﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻋﺑﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﺗﺎﺭ‪،‬ﻣﺛﻧﻰ ‪ ،1995 ،‬ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ ﺗﻔﺻﻳﻠﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻧﺗ�ﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻋﻣ�ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺭﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷ�ﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻋ�ﻥ ﺧ�ﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻳﻧﻳﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺻﺣﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﺷﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺟﻳﻭﺳﺭﻑ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻻﻳﺩﺍﻉ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ‪ ،2276‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺻﻁﻔﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺯﻥ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﻭ ﻋﺑﺩ ﺍﻻﻣﻳﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﻭ ﻋﺑﻭﺩ‪،‬ﺍﻓﻧﺎﻧﻭ ﺗﻭﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺻﻳﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﻣﻳﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺣ�ﻳﻡ‬
‫ﻭ ﻗﺎﺳﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺭﺍﻫﻳﻡ ‪،1990،‬ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ ﻋ�ﻥ ﺍﺳ�ﺗﻁﻼﻉ ﺗﻭﺍﺟ�ﺩ ﺧ�ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳ�ﺎﻳﺕ ﻓ�ﻲ ﺍﻟﺻ�ﺣﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﻳ�ﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﺷﻭﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺟﻳﻭﺳﺭﻑ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻻﻳﺩﺍﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ‪ ،1923‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻳﻘﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﻭﺗﻣﺭﺍﻏﺎ ﻣﺎﺯﻥ ﻳﻭﺳﻑ ‪ ،1987،‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺭﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﻋ�ﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﺳ�ﺏ ﺍﻟﺻ�ﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩﻳ�ﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﺷﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺟﻳﻭﺳﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻻﻳﺩﺍﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ‪ ،1552‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣ�ﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﻠ�ﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻧ�ﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺗ�ﺩﺭﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻧ�ﻲ ‪، 2006 ،‬ﻧﻅ�ﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳ�ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻭﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻫﺞ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻻﻳﺩﺍﻉ ‪ 213‬ﻣﺳﺢ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﻭﺩﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺣﺎﺕ ‪.146‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻳ��ﺎﺱ ‪ ،‬ﻣ��ﺎﺯﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﻭﺋﻳ��ﻝ ‪ ، 2005،‬ﺩﻟﻳ��ﻝ ﻛﺗﺎﺑ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺣ��ﻭﺙ ﻟﻠﺗﺧﺻﺻ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻳ��ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌ��ﺔ ﺑﻐ��ﺩﺍﺩ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻘﻭﺏ ‪،‬ﺻﺑﺎﺡ ﻳﻭﺳﻑ ﻭﻋﺑﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺑ�ﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻭﺍﻫ�ﺏ ﻓﺎﺿ�ﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻳﻌ�ﻲ ‪،‬ﺍﺣﻣ�ﺩ ﻁ�ﺎﺭﻕ ﻭ ﺍﺑﻭﻧ�ﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻔ�ﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳ��ﺣﺎﻕ ﻭﻣﺣﻣ��ﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﻣ��ﺩ ﻓ��ﺎﺋﻕ ‪ ،2006،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳ��ﺔ ﺗﺣﺩﻳ��ﺩ ﺍﻟﺻ��ﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺗﺷ��ﻔﺔ ﻓ��ﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘ��ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳ�ﺱ ﺍﻟﻧ�ﺎﺋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻏﻳ�ﺭ ﻣﻧﺷ�ﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺟﻳﻭﺳ�ﻳﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗ�ﻡ ﺍﻻﻳ�ﺩﺍﻉ ﻓ�ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ‪ ، 3004‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۲۳‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
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 ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﻠﺹ‬
‫ﻳﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺟﺭﺍء ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳﺎﺕ ‪ MSS, ETM+,TM‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺻ�ﻧﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ، Landsat‬ﻭﺑﻳﺎﻧ�ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝ ‪ DEM‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭ ‪. Endevoer‬‬
‫ﺑﻌ��ﺩ ﺗﻬﻳﺋ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿ��ﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﺟﺭﻳ��ﺕ ﻋﻠﻳﻬ��ﺎ ﻋﻣﻠﻳ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳ��ﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻛ��ﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺗﻛ��ﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ��ﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻓﺿﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻣﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻳﻬ�ﺎ ﺗﻘﻧﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳ�ﺱ ﺍﻟﻧ�ﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﺭﻧ�ﺎﻣﺞ ‪ ERDAS9‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺗﻣﺛﻠ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻣﺭﻛﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺷ�ﺭﻭﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺣﻠﻳ�ﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛ�ﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳ�ﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳ�ﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺑﺔ ﻟﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯ ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳﺎﻳﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻛ�ﺎﺅﻭﻟﻳﻥ( ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺗﻛﺷ�ﻔﺔ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺳ�ﻁﺢ‬
‫ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺩﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭﺓ ﻋ�ﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻁﻘ���ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳ���ﺔ ﻟﺗ���ﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﺗ���ﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﻌ���ﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺣﻭﻟ���ﺕ ﺍﻟ���ﻰ ﺑﻳﺎﻧ���ﺎﺕ ﻭﺧ���ﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺭﻗﻣﻳ���ﺔ ﻣ���ﻊ ﺑﻧ���ﺎء ﻗﺎﻋ���ﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧ���ﺎﺕ ﻝ‬
‫)‪ (248‬ﺑﺋﺭ ﻭ)‪ (41‬ﺧﺳﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣ�ﻭﻱ ﻣﻭﺍﻗ�ﻊ ﻭﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳ�ﺯ ﺍﻛﺎﺳ�ﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳ�ﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺳ�ﻠﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳ�ﻭﻡ ﻟﻬ�ﺎ ﺑﺎﺳ�ﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺭﻧ�ﺎﻣﺞ ‪ ،ARC GIS 9.1‬ﻭﺍﺿ�ﻳﻔﺕ ﺑﻭﺻ�ﻔﻬﺎ ﻁﺑﻘ�ﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳ�ﺔ ﻣ�ﻊ ﺗﻠ�ﻙ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟ�ﺔ ﻣ�ﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳ�ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟ�ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳ��ﺔ ﻻﻳﺟ��ﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻓﻘﻳ��ﺔ ﺑ��ﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻠﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳ��ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿ��ﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳ��ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻳ��ﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻠﺔ ﺭﻗﻣﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺛﺑﺗ����ﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳ����ﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺳ����ﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳ����ﺔ ﻋﻠ����ﻰ )ﺍﻁﻳ����ﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻛﺳ����ﺎﻳﺕ( ﺗ����ﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺑﺎﻟﺧﻁﻳ����ﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻫ����ﺎﺕ)‪ (N-S‬ﻭ)‪ (N45W-S45E‬ﺍﻟﺗ����ﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺯﻳ����ﺩ ﻁﻭﻟﻬ����ﺎ ﻋ����ﻥ ‪ 2‬ﻛ����ﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺣ����ﺩﺩﺓ ﺑﻭﺳ����ﺎﻁﺔ ﻣﺭﺋﻳ����ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺳﻳﻡ)‪ ،(Anaglyph image‬ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺿ�ﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳ�ﺎ ﺑﻧﺳ�ﺑﺔ ﻗﻠﻳﻠ�ﺔ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺷ�ﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔ�ﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ، Landsat‬ﻭﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﺷ�ﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﻬ�ﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳ�ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﻭﺳ�ﺔ ﻣ�ﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺣﻳ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻔﻳ�ﺔ ﻓ�ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺯﺍء ﺍﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻳﺋﺔ ﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ )ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎﺕ ( ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺩﻻ ﻣﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬

‫ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻧﻴﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‬

‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺳﻼﻥ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ‬
‫‪۲۰۰۸‬‬