Ikf;Nuhrhg;l; Mgp];

jkpo;
tFg;G : 6 ,d;gj;jkpo;

jkpOf;Fk; mKnjd;WNgh; - me;jj;

jkpo; ,d;gj; jkpo;vq;fs; capUf;F Neh; !

jkpOf;F epyntd;WNgh; ,d;gj;

jkpo; vq;fs; r%fj;jpd; tpisTf;F ePh;

jkpOf;F kznkd;WNgh; ,d;gj;

jkpo; vq;fs; tho;Tf;F epUkpj;j Ch;

jkpo; vq;fs; ,sikf;Fg; ghy; - ,d;gj;

jkpo; ey;y Gfo;kpf;f Gyth;f;F Nty;

jkpo; vq;fs; cah;Tf;F thd; - ,d;gj;

jkpo; vq;fs; mrjpf;F Rlh;je;jj Njd;

jkpo; vq;fs; mwpTf;F Njhs; ,d;gj;

jkpo; vq;fs; ftpijf;F tapuj;jpd; ths;

- ghujpjhrd;

ghujpahh; ,aw;ngah; : Rg;Guj;jpdk;

jk; ftpijfspy; ngz;f;fy;tp ifk;ngz; kWkzk; nghJTilik gFj;jwpT cs;thq;fpg; ghbAs;shh;. Gul;rpf;ftp
ghNte;jh; vd;Wk; ,tiu Nghw;Wth;.

jkpNo capNu tzf;fk;

jha;gps;is cwtk;kh cdf;Fk; vdf;Fk;
mkpo;Nj eP ,y;iy vd;why;
mj;jidAk; tho;tpy; frf;Fk; Gspf;Fk;
jkpNo cd;id epidf;Fk;
jkpod; vd; neQ;rk; ,dpf;Fk; ,dpf;Fk;
- fhrp Mde;jd;
2;. jkpof;Fk;kp; - ngUQ;rpj;judhh;

Mopg;ngUf;F - fly;f;Nfhs;
Cop - ePz;lj;njhU fhyg;gFjp
Nkjpdp - cyfk;
cs;sg;G+l;L - mwpa tpUk;ghik

ngUQ;rpj;judhh; ,aw;ngah; : khzpf;fk;

rpwg;Gg;ngah; : ghtyNuW

,aw;wpa E}y;fs; :

fdpr;rhW nfha;ahf;fdp ghtpaf;nfhj;J E}whrphpak;

elj;jpa ,jo;fs; : njd; nkhop jkpo;r;rpl;L jkpo;epyk;

Fk;kpabg;ghl;L ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y; fdpr;rhW (vl;Lj;njhFjp)

jkpOzh;T epiwe;j ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

Thzpjhrd; ftpij

Thd;Njhd;wp tspNjhd;wp kio Njhd;wp neUg;Gj;Njhd;wp

Kz; Njhd;wp kio Njhd;wp kiofs; Njhd;wp
Cd;Njhd;wp caph;Njhd;wp czh;TNjhd;wp
xspNjhd;wp xypNjhd;wp tho;e;j me;ehs;
Njd;Njhd;wpaJ Nghy kf;fs; ehtpy;
Nre;jkpNy eP Njhd;wp tsh;e;jha; thop
- thzpjhrd;

ciueil cyfk;
tsh;e;j jkpo;
cyfpy; 6000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nkhopfs; cs;sd.

Ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo;nkhop Nghy;

,dpjhtJ vq;Fk; fhNzhk;
- ghujpahh;

%j;jnkhop:
Vd;W gpwe;jts; vd;W czuhj
,ay;gpdshk; vq;fs; jha;
- ghujpahh; jkpopd; njhd;ikg; gw;wp $Wfpwhh;

njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpopy; ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s kpfg;goikahd E}y;;;.

tyQ;Rop : jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspy; ngUk;ghYk; tyQ;Rop vOj;Jf;fs; MFk;;.

V.fh tyQ;Rop vOj;Jf;fs; m v Xs z Q
,;lQ;Rop vOj;Jf;fs; l a o

nrhy; Kjypy; Msg;gLk; ,yf;fpak; Nkw;Nfhs;

jkpo; njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpnod; fpstpAk; mjNdh uw;Nw
jkpo;ehL rpyg;gjpfhuk; tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; ,kpo;fly; Ntypiaj; jkpo;ehL
Mf;fpa,J eP fUjpid Mapd;
Jkpod; mg;gh; Njthuk; … jkpod; fz;lha;

m/wpiz (my; - jpiz – cah;T my;yhj jpiz)

ghfw;fha; (ghF – my; - fha;)
njhy;fhg;gpak; ed;D}y; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
vl;Lj;njhif gj;Jg;ghl;L rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;
jpUf;Fws; ehybahh; mwE}y;fs;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; kzpNkfiy fhg;gpaq;fs;

kh gy nghs;fs;
kuk; tpyq;F nghpa jpUkfs; moF mwpT msT mioj;jy; Jfs; Nkd;ik tay; tz;L

,ay; jkpo; - vz;zk;

,irj;jkpo; - cs;sk;
Ehlfj;jkpo; - czh;T ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
jhtu ,iyg;ngah;fs;:

My; muR kh gyh thio - ,iy

mfj;jp griy KUq;if - fPiu
mUF Nfhiu - Gy;
ney; tuF - jhs;
ky;yp - jio
rg;ghj;jpf;fs;sp jhio - kly;
fUk;G ehzy; - Njhif
gid njd;id - Xiy
fKF - $e;jy;

ePz;l ePz;l fhyk; eP ePL tho Ntz;Lk;

thdk; jPz;Lk; J}uk; eP tsh;e;J th oNtz;Lk;
ftpQh; mwpTkjp

tphpthdk;
fdT gypj;jJ
fly; ePh; Mtpahfp NkfkhFk; gpd;dhy; Nkfk; Fsph;e;J kioahFk;. Goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fshd
Ky;iyg;ghl;L ghpghly; jpUf;Fws; fhh;ehw;gJ jpUg;ghit Kjypa E}y;fspy; ,e;j mwptpay; nra;jp
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mo mKf;fp Kf;fpDk; Mo;fly; ePh;

Ehop KfthJ ehy; ehop
Xsitahh;

epyk; ePh; tsp tpRk;NghL Ie;Jk;

fye;j kaf;fk; cyfk; Mjypd;
- njhy;fhg;gpak;

fly;ePh; Kfe;j fkQ;#o; vopyp – fhh;ehw;gJ

neL nts;@rp neL trp gue;j tL – gjpw;Wg;gj;J

Nfhl;Rwh vwpe;njdr; RUq;fpa

euk;gpd; KbKjph; gujth; - ew;wpiz

mwptpay; mwpQh; fyPypNah epWtpa fUj;J njhiytpy; cs;s nghUspd; cUtj;ij mUfpy; Njhd;wr; nra;a
KbAk; ,f;fUj;J jpUts;Stkhiy vd;Dk; E}ypy; fgpyh; vOjpa ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

Nghh;fsj;jpy; khh;gpy; Gz;gl;l xU tPudpd; fhaj;ij ntz;zpw Crpahy; ijj;j nra;jp gjpw;Wg;gj;J E}ypy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.

jkpopy; gapd;w mwptpay; mwpQh;fs;

Kd;dhs; FbauRj;jiyth; NkjF mg;Jy; fyhk;

,];Nuh mwptpay; mwpQh; kapy; rhkp mz;zhJiu
,];Nuhtpd; jiyth; rptd;

Rpyg;gjpfhuk;

jpq;fisg; Nghw;WJk; jpq;jisg; Nghw;WJk;

nfhq;F myh;jhh;r; nrd;dp Fsph; ntz;Fil Nghd;W ,t;
mq;fz; cyF mspj;jyhd;
QhapW Nghw;WJk; QhapW Nghw;WJk;
Fhtphp ehld; jpfphpNghy; nghw;Nfhl;L
NkU tyk; jphpjyhd;

khkio Nghw;WJk; khkio Nghw;WJk;

ehk ePh;Ntyp cyfpw;F mtd; mspNghy;
Nky;epd;W jhd; Ruj;jypd;
- ,sq;Nfhtbfs;

epyk; ePh; tsp tpRk;NghL Ie;Jk;

fye;j kaf;fk; cyfk; Nrjypd; - njhy;fhg;gpak;

fly; ePh; Kfe;j fkQ;#o; vopyp – fhh;ehw;gJ

neL nts;@rp neL trp gue;j tL - gjpw;Wg;gj;J

Nfhl;Rwh vwpe;njdr; RUq;fpa

euk;gpd; KbKjph; gujth; - ew;wpiz

mwptpay; mwpQh; fypyPNah epWtpa fUj;J njhiytpy; cs;s nghUspd; cUtj;ij mUfpy; Njhd;wr; nra;a
KbAk;
,f;fUj;J jpUts;Stkhiy vd;Dk; E}ypy; fgpyh; vOjpa ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

Nghh;fsj;jpy; khh;gpy; Gz;gl;l xUtPudpd; fhyj;ij ntz;zpw Crpahy; ijj;j nra;jp gjpw;Wg;gj;J E}ypy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

RwhkPd; jhf;fpajhy; Vw;gl;l fhaj;ij euk;gpdhy; ijj;j nra;j ew;wpiz vd;Dk; E}ypy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

jkpopy; gapd;w mwptpay; mwpQh;fs; :

Kd;dhs FbauRj; jiyth; NkjF mg;Jy; fyhk;
,];Nuh mwptpay; mwpQh; kapy;rhkp mz;zhJiu
,];Nuh jiyth; rptd;.

jkpo; nkhop ,yf;fz tiffs; Ie;J :

vOj;J ,yf;fzk;
nrhy; ,yf;fzk;
nghUs; ,yf;fzk;
ahg;G ,yf;fzk;
mzp ,yf;fzk;

nrhy; nghUs; :

nfhq;F – kfue;jk; myh; - kyh;jy; jpq;fs; - epyT jpfphp – Mizr;rf;fuk; NkU - ,kakiy ehkePh; - mr;rk;
jUk; fly; mwp – fUiz.

,ay; 2 : ftpijg; Ngio : fhzpepyk; :

Fhzp epyk; Ntz;Lk; - guhrf;jp

Fhzp eyk; Ntz;Lk; - mq;Fj;
J}zpy; mofpajha; - ed;khlq;fs;
Ja;a epWj;jpdjha; - me;jf;
Fhzp epyj;jpilNa – Xh; khspif
Fl;bj; ju Ntz;Lk; - mq;Ff;
Nfzp mUfpdpNy – njd;idkuk;
fPw;Wk; ,sePUk;
gj;Jg; gd;dpnuz;L – njd;idkuk;
gf;fj;jpNy NtZk; - ey;y
Kj;Jr; Rlh; NghNy – epyhnthsp
Kd;G tuNtZk; - mq;F
Fj;Jq; FapNyhir – rw;Nw te;J
Fhjpy; glNtZk; - vd;jd;
Rpj;jk; kfpo;e;jplNt – ed;wha; ,sk;
Njd;wy; tuNtZk;

- Ghujpahh;
Rpwfpd; Xir :

Gwitfs; ,lk; ngah;jiy tyir Nghjy; vd;gh;

czT ,Ug;gplk; jl;gntg;gepiy khw;whk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; ,tw;wpw;fhfNt gwitfs; ,lk;ngah;fpd;wd.
epyT tpz;kPd;fs; Gtp<h;g;GGyk; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl gwitfs; ,lk; ngah;fpd;wd.
nghJthf tlf;fpy; ,Ue;J njw;F Nehf;fpAk; Nkw;fpy; ,Ue;J fpof;F Nehf;fpAk; gwitfs; tyir Nghfpd;wd.

Tyirapd; NghJ gwitfspd; clypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;:

Jiyapy; rpwF tsh;jy;

,wFfspd; epwk; khWjy;
Clypy; fw;iwahf Kb tsh;jy;
Fg;gy; gwit vd miof;fg;gLk; gwit
Rpwfbf;fhky; fliyAk; jhz;bg; gwf;Fk;
400km frigate bird
;fg;gy;$iof;flh
Flw;nfhs;is gwit vd miof;fg;gLk;

Vwj;jho 1500 Mz;Lf;F Kd;G tho;e;j rj;jpKj;jg;Gyth; ehuha; ehuha; nrq;fhy; ehuha; vd;Dk; ghliy
vOjpAs;shh;.
Mg;ghlypy; cs;s njd;jpirf; FkhpMb tljpirf;F VFtPh; Mapd; vd;Dk; mbfs; tyir te;j nra;jpia
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
Fhf;if FUtp vq;fs; rhjp – ghujpahh;
,e;jpahtpd; gwit kdpjh; - lhf;lh; ryPk; myp
Rpl;Lf;FUtpapd; tPo;r;rp vd;w E}iy vOjpAs;shh;.
Mh;bf; Myh – cyfpNyNa neLe;njhiyT 22 000 fpNyh kPl;lh; gazk; nra;Ak;
Gwit gw;wpa gbg;G Mh;dpj;jhy[p
Cyfr;rpl;Lf;FUtpapd; ehs; khh;r; - 20

fpotDk; flYk;:

fpotDk; flYk; Mq;fpyg;Gjpdk; ,e;E}y; 1954 y; Nehgy;ghpR ngw;wJ

,e;E}ypy; Mrphpah; vh;nd];l; n`kpq;Nt
Fij ehafd; rhz;bahNfh
84 ehs;fs; xU kPd$l fpilfftpyiy ;

rpWtd; kNdhypd;

Kjy; vOj;Jk; rhh;ngOj;Jk;

vOj;J 2 tifg;gLk;
Kjy; vOj;J
Rhh;ngOj;J
Caph; vOj;J 12 nka; vOj;J 18 nkhj;jk; 30 Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs;

Rhh;ngOj;J 10 tiffs;

Caph;nka; Ma;jk; capnusgil xw;wsngil Fw;wpaypfuk; Fw;wpaYfuk; IfhuFWf;fk; xsfhuf;FWf;fk;

kfuFWf;fk; Ma;j FWf;fk;

jdf;F Kd; xU Fwy; vOj;ijAk; jdf;Fg;gpd; xU ty;ypd caph;nka; vOj;ijAk; ngw;Wr; nrhy;ypd; ,ilapy;
tUk;.

jdpj;J ,aq;fhJ

Kjy; vOj;Jfshfpa capiuAk; nka;iaAk; rhh;e;J ,aq;Ftjhy; Ma;j vOj;J rhh;ngOj;J MFk;

%J}iu :

kd;dDk; khrwf; fw;NwhDk; rPh;J}f;fpd;

kd;ddpd; fw;Nwhd; rpwg;Gilad; - kd;dhw;Fj;
jd;Njrk; my;yhy; rpwg;gpy;iy fw;Nwhh;f;Fr;
nrd;w ,lnky;yhk; rpwg;G
- Xsitahh;

Mj;jpr;#b nfhd;iw Nte;jd; ey;top Nghd;w E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;

%J}iu vd;w nrhy;Yf;F %j;Njhh; $Wk; mwpTiu vd;W nghUs;

Jd;gk; nty;Yk; fy;tp

Vl;by; gbj;jNjhL ,Ue;J tplhNj – eP

Vd; gpwe;Njhk; vd;gijAk; kwe;J tplhNj
Ehl;bd; newpjtwp ele;J tplhNj – ek;
Ey;yth;fs; J}w;Wk;gb tsh;e;J tplhNj

%j;Njhh; nrhy; thh;j;ijfis kPwf;$lhJ – gz;G

KiwfspYk; nkhopjdpYk; khwf; $lhJ – jd;
Khdkpy;yhf; NfhioAld; Nruf;$lhJ

Jd;gj;ij nty;Yk; fy;tp fw;wpl NtZk; - eP

Nrhk;giyf; nfhy;Yk; jpwd; ngw;wplNtZk;
Tk;G nra;Ak; FzkpUe;jhy; tpl;bl NtZk; - mwpT
Tsh;r;rpapNy thd;Kfl;ilj; njhl;bl NtZk;

Ntw;wpNky; ntw;wptu tpUJtu ngUik tu

Nkijfs; nrhd;dJ Nghy; tpsq;fpl Ntz;Lk;
Ngw;wjhapd; GfOk; eP gpwe;j kz;zpd; GfOk;
Tw;whky; cd;Ndh tho;e;jpl Ntz;Lk;

- gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk;

fy;tpf;fz; jpwe;jth; - fhkuhrh;

,ytrf; fy;tp kjpa czT rPUil

ngUe;jiyth; fWg;Gf;fhe;jp gbf;fhj Nkij Viog;gq;fhsh; fh;ktPuh; jiyth;fis cUf;Fgth;

kJiug;gy;iff;fofj;jpf;F kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofk; vdg; ngah;#l;lg;gl;lJ.

eLtz; muR 1976 y; ghuj uj;dh tpUJ toq;fpaJ.

Fhkuhrh; nrd;id tpUJefh; ,y;yk; murilik Mf;fg;gl;L epidT ,y;ykhf khw;wg;gl;lJ.

Nrd;id nkhpdh flw;fiuapy; rpiy epWtg;gl;lJ

Cs;ehl;L tpkhd epiyak; nrd;id fhkuhrh; ngah; #l;lg;gl;lJ

Fd;dpahFkhhpapy; kzpkz;lgk; 2 10 2000y; fl;lg;gl;lJ

E}yfk; Nehf;fp
E}yfq;fs;
Khtl;l E}yfk; fpis E}yfk; Ch;g;Gw E}yfk; gFjp Neu E}yfk; jdpahs; E}yfk;

MrpahtpNyNa Kjy; nghpa E}yfk; rPdhtpy; cs;sJ

MrpahtpNyNa ,uz;lhtJ nghpa E}yfk; jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s mz;zh E}w;whz;L E}yfk;

Mz;zh E}yfj;jpd; vl;L jsq;fs;

Jiuj; jsk; - nrhe;j E}y; gbg;gfk; - gpnua;yp E}y;fs;

,uz;lhk; jsk; - Foe;ijfs; gphpT gUt ,jo;fs;
%d;whk; jsk; - fzpdp mwptpay; jj;Jtk; murpay; E}y;fs;
Ehd;fhk; jsk; - nghUspay; rl;lk; tzpftpay; fy;tp
Ie;jhk; jsk; - fzpjk; mwptpay; kUj;Jtk;
Mwhk; jsk; - nghwpapay; Ntshz;ik jpiug;glf;fiy
Vohk; jsk; - tuyhW Rw;Wyh kpd;E}y;fs;
Vl;lhk; jsk; - E}yfj;jpd; eph;thfg;gphpT

E}yfj;jpy; gbj;J cah;epiy mile;jth;fSs; rpyh;

mwpQh; mz;zh [t`h;yhy; NeU mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fh; fhuy;khh;f;];

rpwe;j E}yfh;fSf;F v];.Mh;;.muq;fehjd; tpUJ toq;fg;gLfpwJ

,d vOj;Jfs;

Xw;Wik cs;s vOj;Jfs; ,d vOj;Jfs; MFk;

MW ty;ypd nka; vOj;JfSf;Fk; MW nky;ypd vOj;JfSk; ,d vOj;Jfs; MFk;
Nrhw;fspy; nky;ypd nka; vOj;ij mLj;Jg; ngUk;ghYk; mjd; ,dkhfpa ty;yd vOj;J tUk;
Mjd; ,dkhfpa ty;ypd vOj;J tUk;
,ilapd vOj;Jf;fs; MWk; a; u; y; t; o; y; xU ,dkhFk;
M m , C c V v I , x X Xs c

nka;naOj;Jfisg;NghyNt caph; vOj;JfspYk; ,d vOj;Jfs; cz;L

caph; vOj;Jfspy; FwpYf;F nebYk; nebYf;Ff; FwpYk; ,d vOj;Jfs; MFk;

Fwpy; ,y;yhj I vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;F , vd;gJ ,d vOj;jhFk; Xs vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;F c vd;gJ ,d vOj;jhFk;

Nrhy;ypy; caph; vOj;Jfs; Nrh;e;J tUtJ ,y;iy

Msngilapy; kl;Lk; nebiyj; njhlh;e;J mjd; ,dkhfpa Fwpy; vOj;J Nrh;e;J tUk;
Vfh: Xxjy; J}ck; joP,

Jkpo; vOj;Jfspy; Ma;j vOj;Jf;F kl;LNk ,d vOj;J ,y;iy

ahjhDk; ehlhkhy; Cuhkhy; vd;ndhUtd;

rhe;JizAk; fy;yhj thW – Fws;

Mw;wTk; fw;whh; mwpTilahh; m/Jilahh;

Ehw;wpirAk; nry;yhj ehL ,y;iy me;ehL
Ntw;WehL Mfh jkNtMk; Mapdhy;
Mw;Wczh Ntz;LtJ ,y;
 - gonkhop ehD}W

ed;wpAk; nghiwAilik ,d;nrhy;NyhL

,d;dhj vt;Taph;f;Fk; nra;ahik fy;tpNahL
Xg;GuT Mw;w mwpjy; mwpTilik
Ey;ypdj; jhNuhL el;ly; - ,itnal;Lk;
Nrhy;ypa Mrhu tpj;J
- ngUtha; Ks;spahh;

ed;wpawpjy; - gpwh; nra;j cjtpia kwthik

xg;GuT – gpwUf;F cjtp nra;jy;
el;ly; - el;Gf; nfhs;Sjy;

ed;wpawpjy; - gpwh; nra;j cjtpia kwthik

nghiwAilik – gpwh; nra;Ak; jPikfisg; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;
,d;nrhy;NyhL - ,dpa nrhw;fisg;NgRjy;
,d;dj vt;Taph;f;Fk; nra;ahik – vt;Taph;f;Fk; Jd;gk; nra;ahjpUj;jy;
Fy;tpNahL – fy;tp mwpT ngWjy;
Xg;GuT Mw;w mwpjy;
mwpTilik – mwpTilatuha; ,Uj;jy;
ey;ypzj;jhNuhL el;ly;
Mrhuf;Nfhitapd; Mrphpah; - ngUthapd; Ks;spahh;
Gpwe;j Ch; - faj;J}h;
Mrhuf;Nfhit vd;gjw;F ey;y xOf;fq;fspd; njhFg;G vd;gJ nghUs;
,e;E}y; gjpndz;fPo;fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W
,e;E}y; E}W ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ

jpUf;Fws;

tpUe;J Gwj;jjhj; jhZz;ly; rhth

kUe;njdpDk; Ntz;lhw;ghw;W md;W

mkpo;jNk MdhYk; tpUe;jpdh; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ jhd;kl;Lk;

cz;gJ tpUk;gj;jf;fJ md;W

Nkhg;gf;FioAk; mdpr;rk; Kfe;jphpe;J

Nehf;ff;FioAk; tpUe;J

Nkhe;J ghh;j;jhy; mdpr;rk; kyh; thbtpLk; ek; Kfk; khwpdhNy

tpUe;jpdh; cs;sk; thbtpLk;

fs;shik

cs;sj;jhy; cs;sYk; jPNj gpwd;nghUisf;

fs;sj;jhy; fs;Nthk; vdy;
mlj;jth; nghUisf; fsthlyhk; vd cs;sjhy;
epidg;gJ $lj;jPikahdJ

fstpdhy; Mfpa Mf;fk; mstpwe;J

MtJ Nghyf; nfLk;

fsT %yk; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; nry;tk; tsh;tJ Nghyj; Njhd;wpYk;

Kbtpy; mopj;JtpLk;

Nrhy;Yf nrhy;ypy; gaDila nrhy;yw;f

Nrhy;ypy; gad;,yhr; nrhy;

gaDila nrhw;fis kl;LNk NgRf gad; ,y;yhj

nrhw;fisg; Ngrhky; tpl;LtpLf.

Ehdpyk; gilj;jtd;

Fy;nyLj;J Ks;nsKj;Jf; fhl;Lg; ngUntspia

Ky;nyLj;J jpz;Nlhs; kwj;jhy; tsg;gLj;jp
Cuhf;fp xq;Fk; efuhf;fp ehnld;w
Nguhf;fp tho;e;j ngUik mtd;ngw;whd;
Khepyj;jpy; Ky;iy kUjk; FwpQ;rp nea;jy;
Ehzpyj;ijf; fz;lngUk; ehfhpf khe;jd; mtd;
Mof; fly;fle;jhd; mQ;Rk; rkh;fle;jhd;
#Ok; gdpkiyiar; Rw;wpf; nfhb nghwpj;jhd;
Kf;Fspj;jhd; Mopf;Fs; Kj;njLj;jhd; Njhdpf;Fs;
Vf;fspg;G kPJuh Vyk; kpsFKjy;
Gz;lq;fs; Vw;wpg;gad;ey;Fk; thzpfj;jhy;
Fz;lq;fs; rw;wpf; fyNkwp te;jtd;jhd;
mQ;rhik kpf;ftd;jhd; MdhYk; rhd;Nwhh;fs;
mQ;Rtij mQ;rp mfw;wp tpyf;fpLthd;

- Kbaurd;

Nrhy; - nghUs;

Ky;nyLj;j – tiyngw;w rkh; - Nghh; kwk; - tPuk; vf;fspg;G – ngUkfpo;r;rp ey;Fk; - jUk; fodp –
tay; Mop – fly; fyk; - fg;gy;

Kbaurd; ,aw;ngah; JiuuhR G+q;nfhb tPufhtpak; fhtpag;ghit Kjypa E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh; jpuhtpl
ehl;bd; thdk;ghb vd;W ghuhl;lg;ngw;wth;

,g;ghlypy; GjpanjhU tpjp nra;Nthk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ

flNyhL tpisahL

tpbnts;sp ek; tpsf;F Iyrh

tphpflNy gs;spf;$lk; Iyrh
mbf;Fk; miy ek;Njhod; Iyrh
mUik Nkfk; ekJ Fil Iyrh
ntz;kzNy gQ;Rnkj;ij Iyrh
tpz;zpd;,b fhZk;$j;J Iyrh
ghAk; Gay; ek; CQ;rs; Iyrh
gdp%l;lk; cly;Nghh;it Iyrh
fhAk;fjph;r; Rlh; $iu Iyrh
fl;Lkuk; thOk; tPL Iyrh
kpd;dy;thp mhpr;Rtb Iyrh
gpbf;Fk;kPd;fs; ek;nghUs;fs; Iyrh
KOepyNt fz;zhb Iyrh
%f;flf;Fk; ePr;ry; Nahfk; Iyrh
njhOk;jiytd; ngUthdk; Iyrh
JzpNthL njhopy; nra;Nthk; Iyrh

,g;ghly; R.rf;jpNty; njhFj;j ehl;Lg;Gw,ay; Ma;T vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

Nea;jy;jpiz

Epyk; : flYk; fly; rhh;e;j ,lKk;

Kf;fs; : gujh; guj;jpah; vapdh; vapw;wpah;
Njhopy; : kPd;gpbj;jy; cg;Gtpistpj;jy;
G+ : jhok;G+

Vw;wg;ghl;L Xlg;ghl;L njhopy;g;ghly;fs;

Tpisahl;Lg;ghly;fs; jhyhl;Lg;ghly;fs;

KjypadTk; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fSs; mlq;Fk;

tsUk; thzpfk;

ney;iy nfhLj;J cg;G ngw;wdh;. Ml;bd; ghiyf; nfhLj;Jj; jhdpaj;ijg;ngw;wdh; ,e;j nra;jpfs; rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

thzpfj;ijj; jiu top tzpfk; ePh;top tzpfk; vd ,Utifahfg; gph;f;fyhk;;.

tzpfh;fs; tz;bfspy; nghUs;fis Vw;wp ntspA+Uf;F FOthf nry;th; ,f;FOit tzpfr;rhj;J vd;gh;

fg;gy;fs; te;J epw;Fk; ,lq;fs; JiwKfq;fs; MFk;. JiwKf efuq;fs; gl;bdk; vd;Wk; ghf;fk; vd;Wk;
Fwpf;fg;gl;ld.

Jkpo;ehl;bd; jiyrpwe;j JiwKfk; G+k;Gfhh; tpsq;fpaJ.

Je;ehL tpise;j ntz;nzy; je;J

gpwehl;L cg;gpd; nfhs;isr; Rw;wp
…………
ckzh; NghfYk; - ew;wpiz 183
ghNyhL te;J $nohL ngaUk; - FWe;njhif 23
nghd;ndhL te;J fspnahL ngaUk; mfehD}W 149

jkpo;ehl;by; ,Ue;J Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUs;fs;

Njf;F kapy;Njhif mhprp re;jdk; ,Q;rp kpsF

,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUs;fs;

rPdj;jpypUe;J fz;zhb fw;G+uk; gl;L
MNugpahtpypUe;J Fjpiufs;

eLT epd;w ed;ndQ;rpNdhh; - gl;bdg;ghiy

thzpfk; nra;Nthh;f;F thzpfk; Ngzpg;
gpwTk; jkNghy; nrapd; - jpUf;Fws;

thzpf Neh;ik

nfhs;tJk; kpif nfhshJ

nfhLg;gJk; FiwglhJ – gl;bdg;ghiy

rkd;nra;J rPh;J}f;Fk; Nfhy;Nghy; mike;njhUghy;

Nfhlhik rhd;Nwhh;f;F mzp – jpUf;Fws;

ciog;Ng %yjdk;

ghLgl;Lj;Njba gzj;ijg; Gijj;J itf;fhjPh; - Xsitahh;

Rl;L vOj;Jfs; tpdh vOj;Jfs;

m , c – Rl;L vOj;Jfs;

,td; mtd; ,J m nrhy;ypd; cs;NsNa ,Ue;J (mfj;Nj) Rl;Lg;nghUisj; jUtJ mfr;Rl;L vdg;gLk;

me;ePh;tPo;r;rp ,k;kiy ,e;E}y; ,J Gwr;Rl;L vdg;gLk;

,td; ,th; ,J ,it ,k;kuk; ,t;tPL – mz;ikr;Rl;L

Mts; mth; mJ mit mt;tPL mk;kuk; - Nra;ikr;Rl;L

Nra;ikr;Rl;L vOj;J m MFk;

mUfpy; cs;stw;wpw;Fk; njhiytpy; cs;stw;wpwpFk; ,ilapy; ,Ug;gijr; Rl;bf;fhl;l c vd;w Rl;nlOj;J

mf;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;gg;gl;Ls;sJ v fh cJ ctd;

Rl;Lj;jphpG – me;j kuk; me;j tPL

guhguf; fz;zp:

1. Jk; caph; Nghy; vt;TapUk; jhndd;W jz;lUs;$h;

Nrk;ikaUf;F Vty;vd;W nra;Ntd; guhguNk
2. md;gh; gzp nra;a vid Mshf;F tpl;Ltpl;lhy;
,d;gepiy jhNd te;J va;Jk; guhguNk
3. vy;NyhUk; ,d;Gw;W ,Uf;f epidg;gJNt
My;yhky; Ntnwhd;W mwpNad; guhguNk

ePq;fs; ey;yth;

tho;f;if gpd;jpUk;gpr; nra;ahJ

New;Wld; xj;Jg;NghfhJ
nfhLg;gthpd; ghpRld;
mtUf;Fr; rkkhf vOJq;fs;
rpwFfspd; kPJ vOtJNghy

ciof;Fk;NghJ ePq;fs;
Gy;yhq; Foyhfp tpLfpwPh;fs;
Mjd; ,jak; fhyj;jpd; fpRfpRg;ig
Xh; ,irahf khwpwp tpLtJ
Cq;fSf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;
Ed;ikiag;gw;wpjhd;

ehd; Ngr KbAk;

jPikiag; gw;wpay;y
cq;fs; Raj;Jld;
ePq;fs; xUikg;ghl;L nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ
ePq;fs; ey;yth;
vd;didg; Nghy; ,U
gOj;J cd; cs;sPLfis vy;yhk;
KOrha;f; nfhL vd;W
gok; Ntiug;ghh;j;J
epr;rakhfr; nrhy;yhJ
nfhLg;gJ goj;jpd; ,ay;G
ngWtJ Nthpd; ,ay;G

cq;fs; Ngr;rpd; NghJ

ePq;fs; tpopg;Gzh;r;rpAld;
,Ug;gJ ey;yJ
cWjpahfh fhy;gjpj;J
cq;fs; Fwpf;Nfhis Nehf;fp elf;ifapy;
ePq;fs; ey;yth;

nygdhd; ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth; fyPy; [pg;uhd; ftpQh; ehtyhrphpah; fl;Liuahrphpah; Xtpah;

vdg;gd;Kf Mw;wy; ngw;wth;

,g;ghlg;gFjp ftpQh; GtpauR nkhopngah;j;j

jPh;f;fjhprp vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ

grpg;gpzp Nghf;fpa ghit

,lk; : kzpg;gy;ytj;jPT
fij: kzpNkfiy jPtjpyif

NfhKfp Nfh vd;why; gR

Kfp vd;why; Kfk;

gRtpd; Kfk; Nghd;W mike;J ,Ug;gjhy;

,g;ngha;if NfhKfp vd;Dk; ngaiug;ngw;Ws;sJ

itfhrp jpq;fs; KOepyh ehspy; ,g;ngha;if ephpd; Nky; Xh; mhpa ghj;jpuk; Njhd;Wk;
m/J Mg;Gjpjpud; ifapypUe;j mKj Rugp vd;Dk; ghj;jpuk; MFk;
mKj Rugpapd; czT Kjypy; ,l;lts; Mjpiu jhtuq;fspd; ciuahly; vd;Dk; rpWfij njhFg;gpy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ

ghjk; - uhkfpU~;zd;

fhyzp ijf;Fk; khhp

uhkfpU~;zd; vOjpa E}y;fs;:

cgghz;ltk; fjhtpyhrk; Njrhe;jphp fhy;Kisj;j fijfs;

ngah;r;nrhy;
1. nghUl;ngah; 2. ,lg;ngah; 3. fhyg;ngah; 4. rpidg;ngah; 5. gz;Gg;ngah; 6. njhopw;ngah;

,LFwpg;ngah; fhuzg;ngah;

,LFwpg;ngah; - kz; kuk; fhw;W

,LFwpg;nghJg;ngah; - kuk; gok;
,LFwpr;rpwg;Gg;ngah; - kh thio

fhuzg;ngah; - ehw;fhyp fUk;gyif

fhuzg;nghJg;ngah; - gwit mzp
fhuzr;rpwg;Gg;ngah; - tisay; kuq;nfhj;jp

md;gpdpy; ,d;gk; fhz;Nghk;

mwj;jpdpy; Neh;ikf; fhz;Nghk;
Jd;GWk; caph;fs; fz;lhy;
JhprW fdpT fhz;Nghk;
td;Gfo; nfhilapw; fhz;Nghk;
typikiag; Nghhpy; fhz;Nghk;
jdpgpwg; Ghpik ahfj;
jkpo;nkhop Nghw;wf;fhz;Nghk;

- Gyth; m.Kj;jiuadhh; kNyrpaf;ftpQh;

jpUf;Fws;

mwd; typAWj;jy;

1. kdj;Jf;fz; khrpyd; Mjy; midj;jwd;

MFy epu gpw.

cs;sj;jpy; Fw;wk; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gNj rpwe;j mwkhFk; kw;wit vy;yhk; ntWk; MuthuNk.

2. ,d;dhnra; jhiu xWj;jy; mth; ehz

ed;dak; nra;J tply;

Mrpa N[hjp ftpkzp Njrpatpehafdhh;

gpk;gprhu kd;dd; - Gj;jh; - ML

Fk;gp – tapW

Njrpa tpehafdhh; 20k; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j ftpQh; 36 Mz;Lfs; gs;sp Mrphpauhf gzpahw;wpath;

ftpkzpgl;lk; ngw;wth;

Mrpa N[hjp Mq;fpy nkhopapy; vl;tpd; mh;dhy;L vd;gth; vOjpa iyl; Mg; Mrpah vd;Dk; E}iyj;jOtp
vOjg;gl;lJ ,e;E}y; Gj;jhpd; tuyhw;iwf; $WfpwJ

kdpjNeak; ts;syhh;

jkf;nfd Kayh Nehd;whs – gpwh;f;nfd

KaYeh; cz;ikahNd
vd;Dk; GwehD}W thpfs; (mbfs;) czh;j;Jfpd;wd
tlY}hpy; - rj;jpajh;kr;rhiy

tho;f;if vd;gJ
eP rhFk; tiu my;y
kw;wth; kdjpy;
eP thOk; tiu
- md;id njurh
mikjpf;fhd Nehgy; ghpR fpilj;jJ

md;id njurhtpw;F mLj;J mikjpf;fhd Nehgy; ghpR ngw;w ,e;jpah; ifyh~; rj;jpahh;j;jp

Foe;ijfisg; ghJfhg;Nghk; ,af;fk; njhlq;fpdhh;

fle;j 30 Mz;Lfspy; 86000 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fis kPl;Ls;shh;

cyf Foe;ijfs; fy;tp chpikf;fhf 103 ehLfspy; 80000 fp.kP J}uk; eilg;gazk; nra;Js;shh;.

fy;tp kw;Wk; chpik gug;Giu Mw;wptUfpwhh;

Kbtpy; xU njhlf;fk;

mNrhfd; - G~;ghQ;ryp kUj;Jtjk;gjp kfd; ngah; `pNje;jpud;

,jakhw;W mWit rpfpr;ir

gpwe;jNghJ ngw;Nwhhpd; cs;sj;ij nfhs;is nfhz;ljhy; `pNje;jpud; vd;W ngahpl;ldh;

mzp ,yf;fzk;

mzp vd;gjw;F moF vd;gJ nghUs;

,ay;G etpw;rp mzp (jd;ik etpw;rp mzp) vd;Dk; NtW ngaUk; cz;L

xU nghUspd; ,ay;ig cs;sJ cs;sgbNa moFld; $wtJ ,ay;G etpw;rp mzp MFk;

cah;T etpw;rp mzp

xU nghUspd; ,ay;ig kpifg;gLj;jp moFld; $WtJ cah;T etpw;rp mzp MFk;