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Integrals: Definitions Definite Integral: Suppose Anti-Derivative: An Anti-Derivative of
Integrals: Definitions Definite Integral: Suppose Anti-Derivative: An Anti-Derivative of
Integrals
Definitions
Definite Integral: Suppose f ( x ) is continuous Anti-Derivative : An anti-derivative of f ( x )
on [ a, b ] . Divide [ a, b ] into n subintervals of is a function, F ( x ) , such that F ′ ( x ) = f ( x ) .
width ∆ x and choose x from each interval. Indefinite Integral : ∫ f ( x=
) dx F ( x ) + c
*
i
where F ( x ) is an anti-derivative of f ( x ) .
n
∫ f ( x ) dx lim ∑ f ( xi ) ∆ x .
b
Then= *
a n →∞
i =1
Part II : f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b ] , F ( x ) is d u( x)
f ( t ) dt u ′ ( x ) f [ u ( x ) ] − v′ ( x ) f [ v ( x ) ]
dx ∫ v( x )
=
an anti-derivative of f ( x ) (i.e. F ( x ) = ∫ f ( x ) dx )
then ∫ f ( x=
) dx F ( b ) − F ( a ) .
b
a
Properties
∫ f ( x ) ± g ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx ± ∫ g ( x ) dx ∫ cf ( x ) dx = c ∫ f ( x ) dx , c is a constant
∫ a f ( x ) ± g ( x ) dx= ∫ a f ( x ) dx ± ∫ a g ( x ) dx ∫ a cf ( x ) dx = c ∫ a f ( x ) dx , c is a constant
b b b b b
∫ a f ( x ) dx = 0 dx c ( b − a )
a b
∫ c=
a
∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ ∫ f ( x )
b b
∫ a f ( x ) dx = −∫b f ( x ) dx
b a
dx
a a
If f ( x ) ≥ g ( x ) on a ≤ x ≤ b then ∫ f ( x ) dx ≥ ∫ g ( x ) dx
b b
a a
If f ( x ) ≥ 0 on a ≤ x ≤ b then ∫ f ( x ) dx ≥ 0
b
If m ≤ f ( x ) ≤ M on a ≤ x ≤ b then m ( b − a ) ≤ ∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ M ( b − a )
b
Common Integrals
∫ k dx
= k x+c ∫ cos u=
du sin u + c ∫ tan
= u du ln sec u + c
∫x = dx ∫ x=
−1
dx ln x + c 1
∫ sec u=
2
du tan u + c ∫=
1
du a tan ( ua ) + c
1 −1
a +u
2 2
∫ a x +b=dx a ln ax + b + c
1 1
∫ sec u tan u=
du sec u + c
∫ a=
1
−u2
du sin ( ua ) + c
2
−1
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
g (b)
u Substitution : The substitution u = g ( x ) will convert ∫ a f ( g ( x ) ) g ′ ( x ) dx = ∫ g ( a) f ( u ) du
b
using
cos ( x 3 ) dx cos ( x 3 ) dx = ∫ ( u ) du
2 2 8
∫ 1 5x ∫ 1 5x
2 2 5
Ex. cos
1 3
b b
Integration by Parts : ∫ u dv
= uv − ∫ v du and ∫ a u= − ∫ v du . Choose u and dv from
b
dv uv a a
∫ xe
−x 5
Ex. dx Ex. ∫3 ln x dx
u= e− x ⇒
x dv = du = −e − x
dx v = u = ln x dv = dx ⇒ du = 1x dx v = x
∫ xe + ∫ e dx =
−x −x −x −x −x
dx =
− xe − xe −e +c
( x ln ( x ) − x ) 3
5 5 5
∫3 ln x dx = x ln x 3 − ∫ dx =
5
3
= 5ln ( 5 ) − 3ln ( 3) − 2
∫ tan ∫ cos x dx
sin5 x
3
Ex. x sec5 x dx Ex. 3
= ∫ ( sec x − 1) sec
2 4
(1−cos x ) sin x
x tan x sec xdx
( u cos x )
2 2
= ∫= dx 3
∫ ( u − 1) u du
cos x
= 2 4
(u = sec x )
= −∫
(1−u )
du = − ∫ 1−2u +u du
2 2 2 4
u u 3 3
= 17 sec7 x − 15 sec5 x + c
= 12 sec 2 x + 2 ln cos x − 12 cos 2 x + c
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Trig Substitutions : If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and
formula to convert into an integral involving trig functions.
a 2 − b2 x2 ⇒ x =
a
b
sin θ b2 x2 − a 2 ⇒ x =
a
b
sec θ a 2 + b2 x2 ⇒ x =
a
b
tan θ
cos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ =
tan 2
θ sec 2 θ − 1 sec 2 θ = 1 + tan 2 θ
∫x ⌠ ( 23 cos θ ) dθ = ∫ sin122 θ dθ
16
Ex. dx 16
2
4 −9 x 2 ⌡ 4 sin 2 θ ( 2cosθ )
9
= 3 sin θ ⇒ dx
= cos θ dθ
2 2
x
∫ 12 csc dθ =
= −12 cot θ + c
3 2
4 − 9x 2 =4 − 4sin 2 θ =4 cos 2 θ =
2 cos θ Use Right Triangle Trig to go back to x’s. From
Recall x 2 = x . Because we have an indefinite substitution we have sin θ = 32x so,
integral we’ll assume positive and drop absolute
value bars. If we had a definite integral we’d
need to compute θ ’s and remove absolute value
bars based on that and,
x if x ≥ 0 4 −9 x 2
x = From this we see that cot θ = . So,
− x if x < 0
3x
∫x − 4 4−x 9 x + c
2
16
dx =
In this case we have 4 − 9x = 2 cos θ .
2 2
4 −9 x 2
P( x )
Partial Fractions : If integrating ∫ Q( x) dx where the degree of P ( x ) is smaller than the degree of
Q ( x ) . Factor denominator as completely as possible and find the partial fraction decomposition of
the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in the
denominator we get term(s) in the decomposition according to the following table.
Ax + B A1 x + B1 Ak x + Bk
( ax 2 + bx + c ) + +
k
ax 2 + bx + c ax + bx + c ( ax 2 + bx + c )
2 k
ax + bx + c
2
7 x2 +13 x Bx +C A( x2 + 4) + ( Bx +C ) ( x −1)
Ex. ∫ ( x −1)( x 2
+4)
dx 7 x2 +13 x
( x −1)( x + 4 )
2 =x −1 + x 2 + 4 =
A
( x −1)( x 2 + 4 )
∫ 7 x2 +13 x
=
dx
( x −1)( x 2 + 4 ) ∫ x4−1 + 3xx++164 dx
2
Set numerators equal and collect like terms.
7 x 2 + 13 x = ( A + B ) x 2 + ( C − B ) x + 4 A − C
= ∫ x4−1 + x3+x 4 + x16+4 dx
2 Set coefficients equal to get a system and solve
2
An alternate method that sometimes works to find constants. Start with setting numerators equal in
x A ( x 2 + 4 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( x − 1) . Chose nice values of x and plug in.
previous example : 7 x 2 + 13=
For example if x = 1 we get 20 = 5A which gives A = 4 . This won’t always work easily.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Applications of Integrals
Area Between Curves : The general formulas for the two main cases for each are,
y f ( x) ⇒ = x f ( y) ⇒ =
b d
= A ∫a
upper function − lower function dx &= A ∫c right function
− left function dy
If the curves intersect then the area of each portion must be found individually. Here are some
sketches of a couple possible situations and formulas for a couple of possible cases.
∫c f ( y ) − g ( y ) dy
d
f ( x ) − g ( x ) dx =
b
∫a ∫ a f ( x ) − g ( x ) dx + ∫c g ( x ) − f ( x ) dx
c b
=A A A=
Ex. Axis : y= a > 0 Ex. Axis : y= a ≤ 0 Ex. Axis : y= a > 0 Ex. Axis : y= a ≤ 0
These are only a few cases for horizontal axis of rotation. If axis of rotation is the x-axis use the
y= a ≤ 0 case with a = 0 . For vertical axis of rotation ( x= a > 0 and x= a ≤ 0 ) interchange x and
y to get appropriate formulas.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Work : If a force of F ( x ) moves an object Average Function Value : The average value
of f ( x ) on a ≤ x ≤ b is f avg = ∫ f ( x ) dx
1 b
in a ≤ x ≤ b , the work done is W = ∫ F ( x ) dx
b
b−a a
a
Arc Length Surface Area : Note that this is often a Calc II topic. The three basic formulas are,
b b b
L = ∫ ds SA = ∫ 2π y ds (rotate about x-axis) SA = ∫ 2π x ds (rotate about y-axis)
a a a
where ds is dependent upon the form of the function being worked with as follows.
( ) ( dxdt ) ( )
2 2
dx if y = f ( x ) , a ≤ x ≤ b if x f ( t=
) , y g (t ) , a ≤ t ≤ b
dy 2 dy
ds = 1+ dx
=
ds + dt
dt =
1+ ( ) r 2 + ( ddrθ ) dθ if r= f (θ ) , a ≤ θ ≤ b
2 2
ds = dx
dy
dy if x = f ( y ) , a ≤ y ≤ b ds=
With surface area you may have to substitute in for the x or y depending on your choice of ds to
match the differential in the ds. With parametric and polar you will always need to substitute.
Improper Integral
An improper integral is an integral with one or more infinite limits and/or discontinuous integrands.
Integral is called convergent if the limit exists and has a finite value and divergent if the limit
doesn’t exist or has infinite value. This is typically a Calc II topic.
Infinite Limit
∞
f ( x ) dx = lim ∫ f ( x ) dx ∫ ∞ f ( x ) dx = lim ∫ f ( x ) dx
t b b
1. ∫ a t →∞ a
2.
− t →−∞ t
∞ ∞
f ( x ) dx ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx provided BOTH integrals are convergent.
c
3. ∫=
∞ − ∞ − c
Discontinuous Integrand
1. Discont. at a: ∫ f ( x ) dx = lim+ ∫ f ( x ) dx 2. Discont. at b : ∫ f ( x ) dx = lim− ∫ f ( x ) dx
b b b t
a t →a t a t →b a
∆x
∫ f ( x ) dx ≈ 2 f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + +2 f ( x ) + + 2 f ( x ) + f ( x )
b
Trapezoid Rule : 0 1 2 n −1 n
a
∆x
∫ f ( x ) dx ≈ 3 f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + + 2 f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + f ( x )
b
Simpson’s Rule : 0 1 2 n−2 n −1 n
a
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins