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Indian Polity in Tamil PDF
Indian Polity in Tamil PDF
tUlr; rl;lk;-1786
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
tUl gl;lar; rl;lk;-1793 (Charter Act of 1793)
tUl rl;lk;-1797
tUl rl;lk;-1800
nrd;idapy; jiyik ePjpkd;wk xd;W mikf;fg;gl mjpfhhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
fth;dh; n[duYk; mtuJ MNyhrid rigAk; jq;fs; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Uf;Fk; khfhdq;fs; kPJ
Nkw;ghh;itapLjy;> fl;lisapLjy;> fl;Lg;ghL nra;jy; Nghd;w mjpfhuq;fis ngw;whh;.
,e;jpa KOikf;Fkhd ||xNu tuT nryT jpl;lk;|| fth;dh; n[duypdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl Ntz;L;k; vd;W
rl;lk; $wpaJ.
ika murpd; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk;
fth;dh; kw;Wk; fth;dh; n[duypd; uj;J Miz mjpfhuk; (Veto Power)
MNyhrid rigapy; rl;l cWg;gpdh; Nrh;f;fg;gLjy; rl;lty;Yeh; xUth; 4-tJ cWg;gpduhf Nrh;g;G
Kjy; rl;l cWg;gpdh;- nkf;fhNy gpuG (Law member without Voting power was added)
,e;jpah;fSf;F vjpuhd Ntw;Wik xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
ve;j ,e;jpaDk; rkak;> rhjp epw NtWghl;lhy; Ntiy ngWk; tha;g;ig ,of;ff;$lhJ jpwik
kl;LNk murhq;f Ntiyapy; Nruj;jFjpahFk; vd;w $wg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpah;fs; eyd;fs; fhf;fg;gLjy;
,e;jpa kf;fspd; eyd;fis NgZjw;fhd rl;lq;fis ,aw;w fth;dh; n[duYf;F mjpfhuk;
toq;fpaJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; ,e;jpahtpy; mbikKiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ. gy rKjha
rPhj
; pUj;jk; rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld.
fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpaj;jpd; jiyth; ,dp |,e;jpatpw;fhd mikr;rh;| vd miof;fg;gLthh;.
rl;lf;FO cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. A Law commission was constituted for codification of law.
tUl gl;lar;rl;lk;-1853
tUl rl;lk;-1858
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
xt;nthU Mz;bd;; ,WjpapYk; ,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Kd; ,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rp Kiwapy; gw;wp
xU mwpf;ifapid rkh;g;gpg;ghh;.
,e;jpa fTd;rpy; ghpe;Jiw mjpfhuj;ij ngw;wpUj;jy;
,e;jpahtpypUe;J fpilf;Ffpd;w tUkhdj;ij ,e;jpa tptfhuq;fSf;F nrytpl Ntz;Lk;.
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
tFg;Gthhp gpwjpepjpj;Jt Kiw mky; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
va;rpa mjpfhuq;fs;
kj;jpa khepy muR gl;baypy; Fwpg;gplg;glhj kw;w Jiwfs; midj;Jk; kj;jpa muRf;F
nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.
1. xJf;fg;gl;l Jiwfs;
2. khw;wg;gl;l Jiwfs;
xJf;fg;gl;l Jiwfs;
khw;wg;gl;l Jiwfs;
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
fy;tp> nghJgzpj;Jiw> tptrhak;> kPd;thhpak;> jyRahl;rp> nghJ Rfjhuk;> $l;LwT rq;fq;fs;>
njhopy; Jiwf;F fy;tp> njhopw;rhiy tsh;r;rp> njhopy; Muha;r;rp.
,tw;iw kf;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fspUe;J fth;duhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l mikr;rh;fs;
epUtfpj;jdh;.
nrd;id> tq;fhsk;> gk;gha;> If;fpa kfhzk;> gQ;rhg;> gPfhh;> kj;jpa kfhzk;> m];]hk; mfpa 8
khepyq;fshf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
Rahl;rpapd; gb khepyj;jpy; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfshf mikr;rh;fSf;F mjpf mjpfhuhq;fs; toq;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
thf;Fhpik 3rjtPjk; Kjy; 15 rjtPjk; mstpw;F cah;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mwpf;ifapd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;
,r;rl;lk Mf];l;> 4> 1935-y; kd;dhpd; xg;Gjiy ngw;W. rl;lkdhJ. Vg;uy;>1> 1937y; eilKiwf;F
te;jJ.
,J 321 tjpfisAk;> 10 ml;ltizfisAk; nfhz;lJ.
rpwg;G mk;rk;
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
mjpfhu gq;fPL
$l;lhl;rp> mjpfhugl;bay; - 59
khepy - 36
,e;jpah fTd;rpy; xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
jpl;lk;:-
,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j khepyq;fSk;> Mq;fpNya ,e;jpahTk;> ,ize;J If;fpa ,e;jpah vd;w mikg;G
Vw;gl Ntz;Lk;. may;ehl;L tptfhuk;> ghJfhg;G> nra;jp njhlh;G cl;gl vy;yh kj;jpa muR
JiwfSk; mjd; nghWg;gpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
khepyq;fSf;F rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld may;ehl;L> tptfhuk;> ghJfhg;G> nra;jp
njhlh;G jtpu.
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ijj; jpUj;jp khw;wpaikf;fTk; top nra;ag;gl;lJ. 10 Mz;Lf;F xU Kiw
murayikg;G fl;lj;ij kW ghprPyid nra;ayhk;.
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;gpid cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fj;Jld; ,e;jpah;fs; mlq;fpa
murpayikg;G eph;az rig xd;W mikf;fg;gLk;.
Gjpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gLk; tiu ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk; xd;W ehl;L eph;thfj;ij
ftdpj;J nfhs;Sk;.
,e;jpa khepyq;fs; %d;W FOf;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;ld. Group A, B, C
|,e;jpa tpLjiy kNrhjh| [Piy 4> 1947-y; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. rl;lkhdJ.
mjd;gb Mf];;l; 15> 1947 Mq;fpy Ml;rp Kbtile;jJ. ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd vd;w ,uz;L Rje;jpu
ehLfs; cUthapd.
,e;jpah murpay; eph;zaprig Nfgpdl; J}Jf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiug;gb May 16, 1946 mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
C.A. Kjy; rl;lk; brk;gh; 9> 1946-k; jw;fhypfj; jiyth; rr;rpjhde;j rpd;`h jiyikapy;
eilngw;wJ.
brk;gh; 11> 1946-y; eilngw;w $l;lj;jpy; epue;ju jiytuhf Dr. uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
murpay; mikg;G rig 2 Mz;Lfs;> 11 khjq;fs; 18 ehl;fs;; $b tpthjpj;J murpay; mikg;Gr;
rl;lj;ij cUthf;fpaJ.
murpayikg;Gf;fhd Fwpf;Nfhs; jPh;khdk; [dthp Kjy; murpayikg;G ephz ; a rig $l;lj;jpy;
brk;gh; 13> 1946-y; [t`h;yhy; NeU mth;fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,J [dthp 22> 1947-y;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
Idea of Constitution - M.N. Roy
Advisor of Constitution - B.N. Rao
murpay; eph;za rig cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 299
njhlf;fj;jpy; - 389
khepy rl;l kd;wq;fspy; ,Ue;J
Neubahf Njh;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjp - 292
RNjr muRfspd; %yk; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lth;fs; - 93
Delhi, Ajmer, Marwar, Coorg, Brithish Baluchistan
Chief Commissions - 4
Totel 389
[Piy 16> 1947-y; K];yPk; yPf; ghfp];jhDf;F jdp murpay; eph;za rig mikf;f Ntz;b ,e;jpa
murpay; eph;az rigapy; ,Ue;J tpyfpaJ. ,jdhy; cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 389ypUe;J 299
Mf Fiwe;jJ.
khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;J Njh;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfs; - 229
RNjrp muRfs; epakdk; nra;j cWg;gpdh;fs; - 70
Totel - 299
cWg;gpdh;fs; xU kpy;ypad; kf;fSf;F xU cWg;gpdh; vd;w Kiwapy; (10 yl;rk; kf;fSf;F xUth;)
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;. (Proportional representation)
,e;jpa murpayikg;G etk;gh; 26> 1949-y; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ehspypUe;J
FbAhpik> Njh;jy;> (Provisional Parliament) Nghd;witfs; cldbahf eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G [dthp 26>1950 Kjy; eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
Art -395 –Supreme Courthedule-8 Part-22
444 12 Part- 24
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Committees of the constituent Assembly:-
Name Head
Jawaharlal Nehru.:-
Sardar Patel:-
JB.Kripalani
Kjy; $l;lk;
brk;gh; 9> 1946 - brk;gh; 21 ,jpy; Dr. uhN[e;jpugpurhj; epue;ju jiytuhf Njh;T NeUtpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;
jPh;khdk; nfhz;L tug;gl;L tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhtJ $l;lk;
%d;whtJ $l;lk;;
ehd;fhtJ $l;lk;
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
mbg;gil chpikfs; gw;wpa cl;FOtpd; mwpf;ifAk;> cah;ePjp kd;wj;ijg; gw;wpa mwpf;ifAk; FO
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. gy;NtW mwpf;iffs; kPJ tpthjq;fs; eilngw;wJ.
nkhj;jk; 11 $l;lj; njhlh;fis ele;jJ. ,jpy; 114 ehl;fs; murpayikg;gpd; tiuT kl;Lk;
tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
cWg;gpdh;fs;
British constitution
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Council of ministers responsible to lower house
Post of prime minister
President nominal head like queen.
Irish Constitution
Directive Principles of State Policy (Ireland Sorrowed it from Spain) - muR newpKiwAWj;Jk; Nfhl;ghLfs;
[dhjpgjp Njh;T Kiw - Method of election of president
[dhjpgjpahy; uh[;arigf;F epakpf;fg;gLk; epakd cWg;gpdh;fs; - Nomination of members to rajya
sabha by president.
khepyq;fs; msitf;F FbauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdHfs;
Canadian constitution:-
Former USSR
Australian constitution
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Procedure of constitutional Amendment
Constitution of France
Preamble (KfTiu)
The idea of Justice, Social, Economic and Political daure been taken fro m Russion Revolution (1917)
The idea of Libersty Equality and fraternity have been taken from the French Revolution (1789-1799)
The preamble embodies the basic philosophy and Fundamental valver political moral and religious on which the
constitution is based.
It contains the grand and noble vision of the constitutent Assembly
It reflects the dreams and aspirations of the founding fathers of our constitution
It act as a key for understanding and interpretation of the constitution.
vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G
xU $l;lhl;rp ehl;bw;fhd Kjy; jFjp me;j ehl;bd; murpayikg;G vOjg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ekJ
ehl;L murpayikg;G murpay; eph;za rigapy; vOjg;gl;L tpthjpf;fg;gl;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
xU $l;lhl;rp ehl;bw;fhd Kjy; jFjp me;j ehl;bd; murpayikg;G vOjg;gl;Uf;f Ntz;Lk; ekJ
ehl;L murpayikg;G murpay; eph;za rigapy; vOjg;gl;L tpthjpf;fg;gl;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiw
mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; cr;rePjpkd;wk; SUPREME COURT k;> khepy mstpy; caHePjpkd;wq;fis
HIGH COURT epWtp Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiwf;F toptFf;fpwJ.
,jw;F cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpw;F ePjp Gduha;T (Judicial Review) toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1976 42nd Amendment act NghJ Kfg;Giuapy; rkjh;k> rkarhh;gw;W (Secular) vd;w ,uz;L
thh;j;ijfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;jpa muR ve;j rkaj;ijAk; rhuhky; tpyfp epwf
; pwJ. (eLepiy tfpf;fpwJ.)
xw;iwf;FbAhpik:-
Art 326-d; gb 21 taJ epuk;gpa Mz;> ngz; midtUf;Fk; epwk;> ,dk;> nkhop> kj NtWghLfs;
vJTk; ,y;yhky; Xl;Lhpik toq;fpaJ.
1989> 61th Amendment Xl;LNghLk; taJ tuk;G 21 ypUe;J 18 Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
15. gFjp-14 kj;jpa khepy muRg;gzpfs; Njh;thizaq;fs;
Art (308-323)
16. gFjp-14A jPh;g;ghaq;fs;
ml;ltizfs; (12)
nkhopfs;
khepyq;fspd; kW rPuikg;G:-
nkhopthhpahf khepyq;fis khw;wpaikg;gJ gw;wp Ma;T nra;a 1947-k; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; SK
jhh; fkp\id kj;jpa muR epakpj;jJ.
jhh; fkp\d; nkhopthhpahf khepyq;fs; gphpg;gij ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ. Mdhy; fhq;fpu]; muR
epuhfhpj;jJ.
JVP fkpl;b:-
jhh; fkp\d; ghpe;Jiufis ghprPiyid- eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ gw;wp Ma;T nra;a 1948-k; Mz;L
n[a;g+h; efhpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; 3 cWg;gpdh;fs; nfhz;l JVP FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
FO ghJfhg;G> xw;Wik> kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tsh;rr ; p MfpaitNa kWfl;likg;gpw;fhd
Nehf;fq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $wpaJ.
,jpd; ghpe;Jiufisf; fhq;fpu]; nraw;FO 1949-k; Mz;L Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
njYq;F NgRk; gFjpfspy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rpapd; tpisthf mf;Nlhgh; 1> 1953-y; Me;jpug;gpuNjr khepyk;
fh;Diyj; jiyefukhff; nfhz;L mikj;jJ.
khepy kWrPuikg;G gpur;ridia KOikahf Ma;T nra;a ,e;jpa muR jpU. / ghry; myp
vd;gthpd; jiyikapy; `pUjaehj; Fd;]; - U> K.M. gdpf;fh; cl;gl khepy kWrPuikg;G
Ma;Tf;FOtpid 1953-Mk; Mz;L mikj;jJ.
1953-k; Mz;L rkh;gpf;fg;gl;l ,f;FOtpd; mwpf;if nkhopthhpahf khepyq;fis khw;wpaikf;f
nra;jJ.
/ghry; myp FO ghpe;Jiufis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wk;> khepy
kWrPuikg;G $l;lj;ij 1956-y; ,aw;wpaJ.
1956-y; 14 khepyq;fSk;> 6 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
A.P. -1953 From Madras
Kerala -1956
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Karnataka -1956 from Princely state Mysore (-1973 Renamed as Karnataka.
Gujarat , Mararashtra- 1960 from Bombay
Nagaland – 1962 from Assam. by state Nagalant Act
Haryana- 1966 fro m Pujab by Pujab reorgainsation Act Chandigarh become union Tesritory
H.P. -1970, Union Tesrritory of H.P. become state H.P. Act
Manipur,TriPura Meghalaya - 1971 (Substae of Assam full state)
Sikkim - th
1974, 36 Amendment Act-1975(22) (Associate State - full state)
Mizoram - (23) 1986
Arunachal Pradesh - 1986(24)
Goa - 1987(25)
Chhattisgarh (26)
Uttarakhand (27)
Jharkhand (28) - 2000
1954-y; ghz;br;Nrhp gpnuQ;Rf;fhhuh;fsplk; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ
1961-y; Nfhth> ila+> lhkd; Nghh;rR ; f;fPrpah; ghlk ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ.
jhj;uh ehfh;N`NtypAk; Nghh;r;RfPrpahplk; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ.
1991- 70th Amendment Act gb nly;yp Njrpa jiyefh;
Art -6(1)
6(3)
Art -7
,e;jpahtpypUe;J gpw ehl;by; FbNawpdhYk; mth; jkJ ngaiu ePf;f Nfhhp kD nra;ahj tiuapy;
mth; ,e;jpatuhfNt fUjg;gLthh;. Mdhy; gpw ehl;by; FbAhpik ngw;Wtpl;lij cWjp nra;J tpl;lhy;
,e;jpaf; Fbkfd; vd;w jFjpia ,oe;J tpLthh;.
Art -8
gpw ehl;by; FbapUe;jhYk; ,e;jpaf; FbkfdhfNt ,Uf;f tpUk;Gk; xUth; me;j ehl;by; cs;s
J}jufj;jpy; jk; ngaiug; gjpT nra;J nfhs;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Art -9
xUth; jhNk Kd; nrd;W gpw ehl;bd; FbAhpikiag; ngw;W ,Ue;jhy; mtH ,e;jpa FbAhpik
,oe;jtuhfpwhH.
Art -11
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
,e;jpa FbAhpikiag; ngWk; Kiwfs;:- (5)
gpwg;G
,e;jpaf; FbAhpikr; rl;lk; 1955-d; gb ,e;jpa vy;iyf;fs; 1950 [dth 26 f;Fg; gpd;dh; gpwf;Fk;
Foe;ijfs; midj;Jk; ,e;jpaf; FbAhpik ngWfpd;wd.
Mdhy; ntspehl;L J}Jth;fs;> md;dpah;fs; jtpu.
1986 Mk; Mz;L jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpw;F gpd;dH Foe;ijapd; ngw;Nwhhpy; vtNuDk; xUtH ,e;jpaf;
Fbkfdhf ,Ug;gpd; mtH gpwg;gpy; FbkfdhthH.
kuGtop:
[dthp 26> 1950 f;F Kd;Ng (m) gpd;Ng ,;e;jpa vy;iyf;F mg;ghy; gpwF thOk; ,e;jpa Fbkf;fspd;
(jha; (4) je;ij)Foe;ijfs; kuGtopf; FbAhpik ngWthh;fs;.
gjpT
,ay;g+l;Ljy; (Naturalization)
epge;jizfs;
epyg;gFjp ,izg;G:-
Gjpajhf Xh; epyg;gFjp ,e;jpahTld; ,iztJ %yk; mg;gFjp kf;fSk; ,e;jpa Fbkf;fshf
fUjg;gLth;
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Nfhth> ila+> lhkd;> ghz;br;Nrhp
1. Jwj;jy; (Renunciation)
2. KbTf;F tUjy; (Termination)
3. ePf;Fjy;(Deprivation)
Jwj;jy;
jtwhd topfis gpd;gw;wp gjpT Kiwapd; %ykhf my;yJ Fbkf;fshf Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Kiwapd;
%yk; ngw;w FbAhpikia fl;lhakhf ePf;Fjy;. (Refer classnotes)
Fundamental Rights
Art-12
Art -13
Art -14-32
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
1. rkj;Jt chpik Art (14-18)
2. Rje;jpu chpik (19-22)
3. Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd chpik (23-24)
4. rka chpik (25-28)
5. fyhrhu kw;Wk; fy;tp chpik (29-30)
6. murpayikg;Gf;F cl;gl;L ghpfhhuk; NjLk; chpik(32)
rkj;Jt chpik(14-18)
rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk; /Equality before law and equal protection of law
tpyf;F
1. President; Governor, not answerable to any court for the excrcise and performance of the powers and duties of his
office
2. NO criminal procedings during the Term of office
3. No Arrest.
4. Foreign rulers and ambassadors are exempted.
Exceptions:
muRg;gzpfspy; rkak;> ,dk;> rhjp> ghypdk;> gpwg;gplk;> kuGtop> FbapUg;G Mfpa fhuzq;fspy;
xw;iwf; nfhz;L Ntw;Wikg;gLj;Jtij jil nra;fpwJ.
The Term Untouchability has not been defined either in the constitution or in the Act.
1955- Abolition of Untouchability. It abolishes Untouchability and forbids its practice in any form.
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Article-18
Abolition of Titles. ( military + academic) 1976 – protection of civil Rights Act (PCR)/உரிம கள்
போதுகோப்பு சட்டம்.
Rje;jpu chpik:- Art-19-22
Art-19
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Art -24( Refer class notes)
Art -28
Art -29
Art -30
(Art 32) murpayikg;gpw;F cl;gl;L jPh;T fhZtk; chpik ( Heart + soul of the constitution )
ePjpg;Nguhiz (Writs)
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
1. ,J xU egiu (m) mjpfhu mikg;ig xU nghJf; flikr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vdக் fl;lisaPLk;
ePjpkd;w cj;juthFk;.
3. newpAWj;Jk; ePjpg; Nguhiz(Certiorari)- certify to quash the „ Error of law‟
fPoe
; piy ePjpkd;wq;fs;> jPh;g;ghaq;fs; KbT nra;j tof;Ffspd; Mtzq;fisj; jq;fspd; Ma;tpw;F
mDg;Gk; gb cr;rePjpkd;wk; (m) cah;ePjpkd;wk; gpwப்gpf;Fk; cj;juT.
fPo; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;G rl;ltpNuhjkhf ,Ug;gpd; mjid js;Sgb nra;Ak;.
4. jFjp tpdTk; ePjpg;Nguhiz (Quo-Warranto)- What is your Authority )
ve;j mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; , ஒரு egh; nghJg;gjtpia tfpf;fpwhh; vd;w tpdhtpd cj;juT MFk;.
gjtp tfpf;f jFjp mw;wth; vd;W fUjpdhy; mth; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gLthh;.
mbg;gil chpikfisr; nray;gLj;j xUth; ; SUPREME COURT mZFk; chpik Xh; ; F.R chpik
MFk;.
Art -32(2)
Art -32(4)
d; SUPREME COURT gb mZFk; ,e;j chpikia murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ijr; jtpu NtW ve;j
rl;lj;jhYk; jLf;fNth நீ f;fNth KbahJ.
23
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; :-
rKjha nghUshjhu murpay; ePjp midtUf;Fk; fpilj;J kf;fs; eyk; Vw;gLk; nghUl;L muR
nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
39(a) Fbkf;fs; Njitahd trjpfSld; Vw;Wj; jho;tpy;yhj tUkhdj;ij ngw;W rhp rkkhf
tho;tjw;F(livelihood)
39(d) Mz;> ngz; Mrpa ,UghyUf;Fk; gzp Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fUjp rkkhd Cjpak; நtoq;Fjy; ( Equal
pay for Equal work)
39(g) nghUsjhu trjpaw;w kf;fSf;Fk; ePjp fpilf;f ,ytr rl;l cjtp toq;f Ntz;L;k; (42nd
Amendment Act 1976)
Art-40 fpuhkk; NjhWk; Cuhl;rp kd;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L mjw;F RaMl;rp mikg;Gfshf khw;w Kay
Ntz;Lk;.
43(A) njhopw;rhiyfis Nkyhz;ik nra;tjpy; njhopyhsh;fSk; gq;F ngw tif nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Art -46 rKjhaj;jpy; eype;j gphptpdh; SUPREME COURT, ST MfpNahh;fs; rKjha me;jp kw;Wk;
Ruz;lypUe;J fhj;jy; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu fy;tp Nkk;ghL mila nra;jy;.
Art -47 kf;fspd; czT rj;Js;sjhf mikj;J mth;fs; cly; eyk ngw Kay Ntz;Lk;.
Art -48 fhy;eil guhkhpg;G etPd mwptpay; Kiwg;gb mika muR ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. gR
kw;Wk; fd;Wfis nfhy;YtJ jil nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
48(A) Rw;WGwr; #oiy Nkk;gLj;jTk; fhLfisAk; tdtpyq;FfisAk; ghJfhf;fTk; muR muR Kay
Ntz;Lk;.
Art -49 tuyhw;W kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j rpd;dq;fisAk;> ,lq;fisAk; ghJfhf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
Art-350A, 351
S.NO FR DPSP
1. murhq;fk; rpytw;iwr; nra;af; $lhJ vd;W rpytw;iw nra;a Ntz;Lk;
mbg;gil chpikfs; jiltpjpf;fpd;wd. ghpe;Jiufs; nra;fpd;wd.
2. Mbg;gil chpikfis kf;fs; ePjpkd;wq;fs; %yk; DPSP kf;fs; ePjpkd;wk; %yk;
epiyehl;bf; nfhs;syhk;. ngwKbahJ.
3. jdpegh; eyd; Vw;gLtjw;F FR toptFf;fpwJ. r%f ey ehL Vw;gLtjw;Fk;
DPSP toptFf;fpwJ.
4. Nehf;fk; murpay; rkj;Jtk; Vw;gLj;JtJ DPSP Nehf;fk; r%f kw;Wk;
(Political democracy) nghUshjhu rkj;Jtk;
Vw;gLj;JtJ.
5. Mbg;gil chpikfSf;F Kuzhd rl;lq;fis DPSP f;F Kuzhd rl;lq;fs;
ePjpkd;wq;fs; nry;Ygbahfh njd;W js;sptpLk;. ePjpkd;wq;fs; nry;yhjJ vd;W
js;sptpLk;.
25
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
mbg;gil flikfs; (Fundamental duties)
FbauRj;jiyth;
Art--52
58(3) kf;fsit cWg;gpduhOk; jFjp ngw;wpUg;gjNjhL vy;yh tifapYk; rpwg;ghd jpwikAk;> jFjpAk;
cilatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
58(4) kj;jpa my;yJ khepy murpd; mYtypy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L Cjpak; ngwf;$ba eguhf ,Uf;f$lhJ.
Contidions Art-59
59(1) FbauRj; jiyth; ehlhSkd;wk; my;yJ rl;lrigapd; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhy; me;jg; gjtpapypUe;;J
mth; tpyfpf; nfhz;ljhff; fUjg;glthh;.
59(4) muR eph;zapf;Fk; Cjpak;> gb kw;Wk; rYiffs; midj;Jk; cz;L.59(5) FbauRj; jiythpd;
gjtpfhyj;jpd; NghJ mtuR rk;gsk;> rpwg;G rYiffs; gbfs; Fiwf;f $lhJ.
26
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy;:
Art--56 gjptpfhyk;
FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpia Vw;Fk; Kd;ghf cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp Kd;G murpay; rhrd
Nfhl;ghLfis Fiwapd;w nray;gLj;Jtjhf cWjpnkhopg;gpukhdk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
cr;r jiyik ePjpgjp ,y;iynad;why; mtUf;F mLj;jjhf cs;s ePjpgjp Kd;G cWjp nkhop
kw;Wk; gjtp gpuhadk; nra;ag;gLk;.
27
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Fw;wr; rhl;Lfis njhlq;Fk; rigapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; 2/3 cWg;gpdh;fs; mtw;iw Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lhy; kW rigapy; mf;Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; Muhag;gLk;.
2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikahy; Fw;wrhl;Lfis Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpapypUe;J
ePf;fg;gLthh;.
Gyd; tprhuidapy; FbauRj; jiyth; jhNk Nehpy; M[uhfpNah vy;yh gpujpepjp %ykhfNth jkJ
thjj;ij vLj;Jr; nrhy;tjw;F chpik cz;L.
1. eph;thfj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;
2. rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;
3. epjp njhlh;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;
4. ePjp njhlh;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;
5. ntspcwT Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;
6. neUf;fb epiy mjpfhuq;fs;
eph;thf mjpfhuk;
Art -53
epakzk;:
28
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
ntspehl;LfSld; cld;gbf;iffs;> gd;dhl;L xg;ge;jq;fs; FbauRj; jiythpd; ngahpy;
nra;ag;gl;lhYk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mq;fPfhuj;Jf;F gpwNf mitfs; mkYf;F tu KbAk;.
29
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
uh[;arghtpw;F fiy> ,yf;fpak;> fy;tp> tpQ;Qhdk;> r%f Nrit> tpisahl;L kw;Wk; gy Jiwfspy;
ehl;Lf;fhf njhz;lhw;wpa 12 egh;fs; uh[;rgh cWg;gpduhf epakpf;fpwhh;.
Nyhf;rghtpw;F Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa rpWghd;ikapdUf;F gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nfhLg;gjw;fhf ,uz;L Ngiu
Nyhf;rghtpd; cWg;gpdh;fshf epakpf;fpwhh;.
ePjpJiw mjpfhuk;:-
FbauR jiyth SUPREME COURT HIGH COURT Justice kw;Wk; Justice epakdk; nra;fpwhh;.
FbauRj; jiyth; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; rl;lnjhlh;ghd mwpTiuia Nfl;L ngwyhk;.
ml;lh;dp n[duy;iy epakpf;fpwhh;.
Pardon: Fw;wthspfis kd;dpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;: Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lth; ve;j jtWk; ,iof;ftpy;iy vd;W
mwptpf;Fk; mjpfhuhk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
Reprieve: jz;lidia epWj;jp itf;Fk; mjpfhuk:; (Fwpg;ghf kuz jz;lid) ,jd; %yk; jz;lid
ngw;Wth; Fw;wkd;dpg;G Ntz;bNah> jz;lid khw;wk; Ntz;bNah FbauRj;jiytUf;F
fUiz kDit mDg;Gtjw;F mjpfhuk; jug;gLk;.
Respite rpy #o;epiyfspy; jz;lid rl;lj;ij (cly; eyf;FiwT Vw;gl;bUe;jhNyh (m) jz;lid
tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ ngz;zhf ,Ue;J mth; fUTw;wpUe;jhNyh mth;fSf;F rpwg;G rYifahf
Fiwe;jgl;r jz;lid toq;FfpwJ. (m) jz;lid epiwNtw;iw Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F xj;jp
itg;gJ.
,uhZt mjpfhuqfs;:-
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
,e;jpa my;yJ ,e;jpahtpd; xU gFjpapd; ghJfhg;Gf;F Nghh; my;yJ may;ehl;lthpd;
jhf;Fjyhy;(m) cs;ehl;L fpsh;r;rpfshy; mghak; Vw;glf;$ba epiyik cUthfpw NghJ Njrpa
neUf;fbia ,e;jpah KOikf;Fk; my;yJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l me;j gFjpf;F kl;Lk; mtru epiy
gpufldk; nra;ayhk;.
,e;j gpufldj;ij mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridapd; NghpNyNa Pre’s ntspapLfpwhh.
ghuhSkd;wk; jdJ gjtpf;fhyj;ij xU jlitapy; Xh; Mz;bw;F kpfhky; cah;j;jyhk;.
khepy muR ve;j tpjkhf ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; nkd;W khepy muRf;F kj;jpa muR
fl;lisaplhyk;.
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F Njitg;gLk; tUkhdk; fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf murpayikg;gpy; cs;s
mjpfhug;; gq;fPl;il FbauRj; jiyth; khw;wTk; nra;ayhk;> Mdhy; neUf;fb epiy ePf;fg;gLfpwNjh
mg;nghOJ ,e;j cj;juTk; Kbe;JtpLk;.
mbg;gil chpikfs; (Art - 21 jtpu) jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jps itf;fg;gLk;.
neUf;fb epiyia NkYk; njhlu ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; xt;nthU 6 khjj;jpw;Fk; xU Kiw
mDkjpngw;W ePl;bf;fyhk;.
Art -356
epjpneUf;fb epiy
Art -360
(Pre’s ,y;iy)
Absolute:
Suspensive
Pocket Veto:
FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpf;F tUtjw;F Kd; ntspehl;L J}Jtuhf gzpahw;wpath;fs; lhf;lh;. uhjhfpU\;zd;
kw;Wk; lhf;lh;. Nf.Mh;.ehuhazd;.
FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpf;F tUtjw;F Kd;Ng ‘ghuj uj;dh’ tpUJ ngw;wth;fs; lhf;lh;. uhjhfpU\;zd;
lhf;lh;. [hfph; `{ird; kw;Wk; lhf;lh;. mg;Jy; fyhk;.
FbauRj; Jizj; jiyth; gjtp tfpf;fhkNy Neubahf FbauRj; jiytuhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lth;fs;
lhf;lh;. uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;> g`;Ujpd; myp m`kJ> ePyk; rQ;rPt; nul;b> fpahdp n[apy; rpq;> lhf;lh;. mg;Jy;
fyhk; kw;Wk; gpujPgh ghl;By;.
,Jtiu jw;fhypf FbauRj; jiytuhf nghWg;G tfpj;Js;s xNu ,e;jpa jiyik [];b]; KfkJ
`pjaJy;yh.
Art -63 ika murpy; Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; ,Uth; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd $WfpwJ.
Art -66 ,UrigfspYk; cs;s cWg;gpdh;fs; (Electoral College) %yk; Njh;T nra;ag;gLfpwhh;.
Art -71 Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy; gw;wpa rr;ruTfSf;FSUPREME COURT %yk; jPh;T
ngwg;gLk;.
Qulification:-
FbauRj; jiyth; my;yJ mtuhy; mtUila rhh;gpy; mjw;nfd epakpf;fg;gLk; xUth; Kd;G gjtpg;
gpukhzk; nra;J nfhs;fpwhh;.
gjtpf;fhyk;( Art-67)
gjtpfhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs;
gjtp tpyf tpUk;gpdhy; jdJ gjtp tpyfy; fbjj;ij FbauRj; jiythpaplk; mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.
,tiu gjtpePf;fk; nra;aNtz;Lkhdhy; khepyq;fsitapy; xU jPh;khdk; nfhz;L tug;gl;L
uh[;arghtpd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; ngUghz;ik MjuTld; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L kf;fs; mitapd;
xg;Gjy; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; vj;jid Kiw Ntz;LkhdYk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;glyhk;.
gpujkh;fs;
ngah; fhyk;
Art -75
gjtpgpukhdk;:-
gjtpf;fhyk;:-
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
cah; murhq;f mjpfhhpfis FbauR jiyth; epakpj;jhYk;. mtw;iw gpd;ddpypUe;J KbT
nra;tJ gpujkNu Mthh;.
fPor
; igahd kf;fs; rigapy; ngUghz;ik fl;rpapd; jiytuhff; gzpahw;Wfpwhh;.
jhd; nra;Ak; fhhpaq;fSf;F kf;fs; rigapd; gjpy; nrhy;y Ntz;batuhthh;.
murhq;fj;jpw;F KOg;nghWg;Ngw;W ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Kf;fpa Nfs;tpfSf;Fk; rigapd;
nfhz;Ltug;gLk; xj;jpitg;G my;yJ ntl;L jPh;khdq;fSf;Fk; gpujkh; jFe;j gjpy;fisj; juNtz;b
tuhthh;.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; gw;wp mwpf;iffis ntspapl Ntz;bapYk; mth;
nghWg;ghFk;.
Budget jahhpf;fg;gLtjpy; gpujkUf;F Kf;fpa gq;Fz;L mjpy; PM rk;kjk; ,y;yhky; ve;j
khw;wq;fisAk; nra;a KbahJ.
mikr;rh; epakdk;:-
Art-75gb FbauRj; jiyth; jiyik mikr;ruit epakpj;J mtuJ mwpTiuapd; Nghpy; gpw
mikr;rh;fis epakpg;ghh;.
kw;Wk; mikr;rh;fs; FbauRj; jiyth;fshy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
mikr;rh;fs; FbauRj; jiyth; tpUk;Gk; tiu gjtpapypUg;gh;.
mikr;rh;fis epakpf;Fk;k tp\aj;jpy; FbauRj; jiyth; gpujk ke;jphpapd; ghpe;Jiuiag;
Gwf;fzpf;f KbahJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; mikr;ruit vd;w nrhw;nwhlh; jhd; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Nfgpdl; vd;w
thh;j;ij ve;j ,lj;jpYk; gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
Art-74(1) mikr;ruit jiytuhd gpujkh; ,Ug;ghh;.
Art-75(1) mikr;rh;fs; jdpjdpahf FbauRj; jiytUf;F nghWg;ghsth;fs;
mikr;ruitapd; ,ay;Gfs;:-
1. Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fs;
2. ,iz mikr;rh;fs; (jdp nghWg;G)
3. Jiz mikr;rh;fs;
Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fs;
,iz mikr;rh;:-
Jiz mikr;rh;fs;
NfgpNdl; fkpl;bfs;:-
mikr;ruitapd; gzpfs;
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
ghuhSkd;w rpwg;G ngah;fs;:-
ghuhSkd;wk;
LS RS President
uh[;argh-khepyq;fsit>Nkyit
khepyq;fsitj; jiyth;
RS gyk; Fiwg;G:-
Nyhf;rgh-kf;fsit fPoit.
LS mjpfhuk;:-
40
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
1975-76k; Mz;Lfspy; FLk;geyr; rl;lk; gy khepyq;fspy; kf;fs; njhif FiwT vdNt MP fspd;
vz;zpf;ifAk; FiwAk; #o;epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
2001-Art 81-d Amendment Act. gb 2026 tiu MP njhFjp vz;zpf;ifia mjpfhpg;Njh> Fiwg;gNjh
$lhJ vd;W KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. Mdhy; njhFjp vy;iyia kl;Lk; Gjpjhf khw;wpaikj;J
nfhs;syhk;;.
kf;fs; njhiff;F Vw;g LS-tpy; ,lq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lk;
$WfpwJ.
cWg;gpduhTjw;F jFjpapy;yhjth;fs;
cWg;gpdh;fs; fhypaplq;fs;
rghehafh;
ngah; fhyk;
1.[p.tp. kht;yq;fh; (Kjy; rghehafh;) --- 1952-1956
6.gp.Mh;. gfj; (Fiwe;j fhy rghehafh;)-- 1976-1977
7.vd; rQ;rPtp nul;b
(FbauR jiyth; gjtpf;F te;j rghehafh;)
9.lhf;lh; gy;uhk; [hf;fh; --- 1980-1989
(kpf mjpf fhyk; rghehafuhf ,Ue;jth;)
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
16.jpUkjp kPuhFkhh;(Kjy; ngz; rghehafh;)-- 2009
Kjy; Jiz rghehafh; -- mde;jak; Iaq;fhh;
jw;NghJ Jiz rghehafh; ---- Thambithurai
kf;fs; rigapy; rghehafh;> Jiz rgh ehafh; Mfpa ,uz;L mYtyh;fs; cs;shh;fs;
cWg;gpdh;fs; xUtiu rghehafuhfTk;> kw;nwhU tiu Jiz rghehafuhfTk; Njh;e;njLj;Jf;
nfhs;fpwJ.
rghehafh; Njh;jy; Njjpia FbauR jiyth; mwptpg;ghh;.
gjtpfhyk; rghehafUk; cjtp rghehafUk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Mal;fhyk; tiu gjtptfpg;ghh;fs;.
mth;fs; jhq;fshfNt gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra;ayhk;. uh[pdhkh fbjj;ij rghehafh; Jiz
rghehafhplk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
kf;fsitapy; ek;gpf;if ,y;yh jP;h;khdj;ij mthfSf;F vjpuhf epiwNtw;wpdhYk; gjtp tif
Ntz;Lk;.
kf;fs; rig fiyf;fg;gl;L kPz;Lk; Njh;jy; Kbe;J Gjpa kf;fs; rigapd; rghehafh;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; tiu rghehafh; njhlh;e;J gjtpapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
14 ehl;fSf;F Kd;G mwptpg;G nra;J kf;fs; rig $Lk; NghJ rigf;F te;Js;s nkhj;j
cWg;gpdUs; ngUk;ghd;ikNahhpd; thf;Ffs; Njit.
rghehafiuAk;> Jiz rghehafiuAk; gjtp ePf;Fk; jPh;khdj;ij Nky; rigapd; ngUk;ghd;ikAld;
epiwNtw;wpa gz;G FbauRj; jiythpd; ,irTld; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gLth;.
mjpfhuhq;fs; gzpfs;:-
1. Nyhf;rghtpd; jiyth;
2. rigapd; rghehafhpd; KbTNt ,WjpahdJ
3. rigapd; mikjpiaAk; xOq;ifAk; guhkhpg;gJk;> cWg;gpdh;fs; fz;zpzkhf NgRk;gb ghh;j;Jf;
nfhs;tJk; mtuJ gzpahFk;.
4. rigia xj;jpitf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,tUf;F cz;L
5. KbT nra;tjw;F ,tUf;F cz;L.
6. ,U rigfspd; $l;Lf; $l;lk; eilngWk; NghJ rghehafNu mf;$l;lj;jpw;Fj; jiyik tfpg;ghh;.
7. kNrhjhf;fspy; vdNt gz kNrhjhf;fs; vd;W KbT nra;tJ rghehafh; MFk;.
8. kNrhjh (m) jPh;khdq;fs; my;yJ ntl;fj; jPh;khdq;fs; (m) xj;jpitg;Gj; jPh;khdq;fs;
Mfpaitfis mDkjpg;gjh (m) kWg;Ggjh vd;gJ rghehafhpd; mjpfhuj;jpy; mlq;Fk;.
9. Nfhuk; vd;gJ 10% cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ue;jhy; $l;lk; elj;j KbAk;.
rl;lkpaw;Wk; Kiw:-
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
kNrhjhf;fs; 4 tifahf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. rhjhuz kNrhjh
2. gzkNrhjh
3. epjp kNrhjh
4. murpayikg;G jpUj;j kNrhjh
gz kw;Wk; epjp kNrhjf;fs; Nyhf;rghtpy; kl;LNk jhd; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl KbAk;. khepyq;fsitapy;
nfhz;LtuKbahJ.
kw;w kNrhjhf;fs; midj;Jk; ,uz;L rigfspYk; mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;.
gz kNrhjhit jtpu midj;J kNrhjhf;fSk; 5 rl;lq;fis elf;f Ntz;L;k;.
1. Kjy; thrpg;G (First Reading)
2. 2 thrpg;G(2nd Reading)
3. 3 thrpg;G(3nd Reading)
4. khepyq;fs; rigapy; kNrhjh
5. FbauRj; jiythpd; ,irT
First Reading:-
mikr;rh; FOtpdhy; kNrhjh tpthjpj;J Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l gpwF Fwpg;gpl;l ehspy; Nyhf;rghtpy;
rkh;gpf;fg;gLk;.
Mdhy; mDkjp Ntz;b xU khjj;jpw;F Kd;ghfNt tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
kNrhjhtpd; Nehf;fq;fs;> fhuzq;fs; Mfpait mlq;fpa mwpf;if xd;iwAk; tpz;zg;gj;Jld;
rigf;F mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.
ngUk;ghyhd cWg;gpdh;fshy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhy; vJ ,e;jpa murpfspy; ntspg;gLk;.
Second Reading:-
FOfl;lk;
Third Reading:-
kNrhjh gw;wpa jpUj;jq;fs; Fwpj;J ,U rigfSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gLk; fUj;J NtWghLfis jPh;f;f
,U rigfspd; ,izg;Gf; $l;lj;ij FbauRj; jiyth; $l;Lthh;.
$l;L $l;lk;
cr;r ePjpkd;wk;(124)
S C
H C
44
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
SUPREME COURT epakdk;:-
gjtpf;fhyk;:-
gjtp ePf;fk;
23 nah[hl;b ePjpgjp xUth; jtwhd elj;ij my;yJ jpwikapd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; Gtp ePf;fk;
nra;ayhk;.
ePjpjgjpf;F vjpuhd jPh;khdq;fs; ,uz;L rigfspYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L FbauRj; jiytUf;F
mDg;gg;glNtz;Lk; gpd;G ePjpgjp gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gLthh;.
,Jtiu ve;j jiyik ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpAk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl tpy;iy.
1993 Nk 11 ePjpgjp g.uhkrhkpf;F vjpuhf gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a jPh;khdk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ ,Wjpy;
Njhy;tpaile;jJ.
nrskpj;uh nrd; vjpuhf RS jPh;khdk; mDg;gl;lJ BSP ,jid vjph;j;jJ. ,Wjpahf ,th; gjtpia
uh[pdhkh nra;jhh;.
1996 khh;r; 6 vjpuhf nrd;id HIGH COURT ePjpgjp rptg;gh vy;iyth; gpwe;j Njjp jtwhf nfhLj;jp
62 taJf;F Nky; ,Ue;jhh; Pre’ s Vidg;gb tpsf;fg;gl;lhh;.
45
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
CJI gzpahw;w ,ayhj nghOJ
CJI jw;fhypkhf tuhj $o;epiyapy;.
SUPREME COURT/HIGH COURT Xa;T ngw;w ePjpgjpfis jw;fhySUPREME COURT ePjpgjpahf FbauRj;
jiyth; epakpf;fyhk;.
mjpfhuq;fs;
kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; xU khepy (m) xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l khepy murhq;fq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gLk;
tof;Ffs;.
kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; xU khepyk; my;yJ khepyq;fs; xU jug;gpYk; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
khepyq;fs; kw;nwhU jug;gpYk; ,Ue;J vOk; tof;Ffs;.
khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd toq;Fjs;.
ePjpNguhiz:- (Art-32)
fPo; ePjpkd;w jP;h;g;gpw;F vjpuhf xUth; SUPREME COURT jpy; Nky; KiwaPL nra;ayhk;.
uhZt rl;lq;fs; %yk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; ePjpkd;wq;fs; my;yJ jPh;g;ghaq;fSf;F toq;Fk; jPH;gG
; fSf;F
rpwg;G mDkjp Nky;KiwaPL nghUe;jhJ.
nghJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j rl;lg; gpur;ridNah my;yJ ngUk;ghz;ikg; gpur;ridNah vOk; NghJ-
vOtjw;F tha;Gs;sJ.
vd FbauRj; jiyth; fUJk; NghJ mJ Fwpj;J Nfl;Fk; NghJ FbauRj; jiytUf;F MNyhrid
toq;fyhk;.
ePjpg;Guha;tpd; Njit
nghJey tof;Ffs;
48
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
khepy muR
khepy gl;baypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s Jiwfis eph;thfpf;Fk; nghWg;G khepy muir rhUk;
khepy muRk; epUthfj;Jiw> rl;l Jiw> ePjp Jiw vd gphpTfis nfhz;lJ
152 Kjy; 237 tiu khepy murpd; epUthf gzpfis gw;wp njspthf Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
murpayikg;gpd; 153 Kjy; 160 gphpTfs; MSehpd; epakdk; jFjp mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; gzpfs; gw;wp
tpsf;Ffpd;wd
epUthfj;Jiw
MSeh;
153 –khepyq;fSf;F xU MSeh; epakpf;fyhk;
154 – khepyq;fs; rk;ke;jkhd vy;yh KbTfisAk; MSeNu jPh;khdpf;fpwhh;
155 – Mseiu epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; FbauR jiythplk; cs;sJ
156 – Mseh; gjtp fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs; vd;Wk; mth; gjtpapy; ,Ug;gJ FbauR jiythpd; tpUg;gj;ij
nghWj;jJ vd;Wk; Nfhl;ghl;by; cs;sJ.
157 – Msehpd; jFjpfs; tpsf;FfpwJ.
158 – Msehpd; mYtyf tpjpKiwfis Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
159 – Msehpd; gjtp gpukdk; cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpYs;s jiyik ePjpgjp nra;J itg;ghh; jiyik ePjpgjp
gzpaplk; fhypahf ,Ue;jhy; cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpd; %j;j ePjpgjp mg;gzpia nra;thh;.
165 –rl;l rpf;fy; MNyhriz ngw khepyq;fspd; xU ml;tNfl; n[duy; MSeh; epakpf;fpwhh;
166 – khepy murpd; nray;ghLfs; midj;Jk; MSehpd; ngauhy; nray;gLj;j gLfpd;wd.
jw;fhypf fth;dh;:-
ePjpgjp lhf;lh; gp.tp. uh[kd;dhh; 1957.
ePjpgjp gp. re;jpuh nul;b 1964> 1965> 1966
ePjpgjp gp. Nfhtpe;jd; ehah; 1977
ePjpgjp K.K. ,];khapy; 1980
jkpof Kjy;th;fs;:-
1. Rg;guhaY nul;bahh; -------- 1920 – 1921
2. gzfy; uh[h -------- 1921 – 1926
3. gp. Rg;guhad; -------- 1926 – 1930
4. gp. KDrhkp ehAL -------- 1930 – 1932
5. nghg;gpyp uh[h -------- 1932 – 1937
6. gp.gp. ,uhrd; -------- 1936
7. Nf. tp. nul;b ehAL -------- 1937
8. rp. ,uh[h[p -------- 1937 – 1939
9. gp. gpufhrk; -------- 1946 – 1947
10. x.gp. ,uhkrhkp nrl;bahh; -------- 1947 – 1949 Rje;jpuk; mile;j NghJ
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
11. gp.v]; Fkhurhkp uh[h -------- 1949 – 1952
Kjyikr;rh;
murpayikg;G rl;lk; 164-tJ gphptpd;gb khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ik nfhz;l fl;rpapd; jiytiu
Kjyikr;ruhfTk; mtuJ MNyhrid ngahpy; kw;w mikr;rh;fisAk; MSeh; epakpf;fpwhh;.
Kjyikr;rh; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruitNa cz;ikahd epUthf nghUg;gpid ngw;W ,Uf;fpwJ
,e;j mikr;ruit khepy rl;l Nguitf;F nghWg;ghdjhFk;.
epakdk;:-
khepy Kjyikr;rh; MSeuhy; epakpf;f gLfpwhh;
rl;lNguitapy; ve;j fl;rp my;yJ ve;j mzp ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;W cs;sNjh me;j fl;rpapd; jiyth;
my;yJ me;j mzpapd; jiytiu MSeh; Kjyikr;ruhf epakpf;fpwhh;
ve;j xU fl;rpAk; my;yJ ve;j xU mzpAk; rl;l rigapy; miwapWjp ngUk;ghd;ik my;yJ
,WjpngUk;ghd;ik ngwtpy;iy vdpy; rl;l rigapd; jdp ngUk; fl;rp jiytUf;F mikr;ruit
mikf;FkhW miog;G tpLf;fyhk;
MSeh; Fwpg;gpLk; fhy msTf;Fs; jdf;F ngUk;ghd;ik cs;sJ vd;gij epUgpf;f Ntz;Lk;
Kjyikr;rh; gjtp tpyfy; xl;L nkhj;j mikr;ruit tpyf;fy; MFk;
nghJthf gjtp fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs;
mikr;ruit FO:-
1. khepy mikr;ruit khepy rl;lkd;wjpw;F nghWg;GilajhFk;
2. midj;J cWg;gpdh;fSk; khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpy; cWg;gpduha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; mikr;ruha;
Njh;e;njLf;fgLk; rl;l kd;w cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhjth; 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; rl;l kd;w cWg;gpdh; gjtpf;F
Njh;e;njLf;f gl Ntz;Lk;
3. Kjyikr;rh; gjtpapy; ,Uf;Fk; tiu mikr;ruit gjtp ePbf;Fk;
4. Kjyikr;rh; kPJ ek;gpf;if ,y;yh jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;w khepy mikr;ruit KOtJk; gjtp tpyf
Ntz;Lk;. ,J xl;L nkhj;j nghWg;G.
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
rl;l Nguit
,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lgb xt;nthW khepyj;jpYk; xU rl;l Nguit Vw;gLj;j gl;L cs;sJ.
ngUk;ghyhd khepyq;fs; xuit nfhz;ljhFk;
rghehafh;:-
rl;l Nguitf;F jiyik tfpg;gth;
mit jiyth; my;yJ rghehafh;
rghehafh; Jiz rghehafh; rl;l Nguit cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;J vLf;fgLfpd;wdh;.
rghehafh; ,y;yhj rkaq;fspy; Jiz rghehafh; nghWg;Ngw;W elj;Jthh;.
rl;l rigia Kiwg;gb elj;Jk; nghWg;G rghehafh; my;yJ rl;l Nguit jiytUila nghWg;gpyhFk;
rl;lNkyit:-
1. khepyq;fspd; rl;l Nkyit epue;jukhdjhFk;
2. Mdhy; khepy rl;l kd;wq;fspd; ghpe;Jiwapd; Nghpy; ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; fiyf;f glyhk;.
3. rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpdh;fspd; %d;wpy; xU gFjpapdh; ,uz;L Mz;Lf;F xUKiw xa;T ngWfpd;wdh;.
4. ,e;j ,lq;fSf;F Njh;jy; %ykhfNth MSehpd; epakdk; %ykhfNth mLj;j 6 Mz;L fhyj;jpw;F
cWg;gpdh; epug;g gLfpd;wdh;.
5. rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if nkhj;j khepy rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; %d;wpy; xU
gq;Ff;F Nky; ,Uf;f $lhJ Mdhy; 40f;F Fiwahky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
6. 30 taJf;F epuk;gpath; ,e;jpa Fbkfd; cWg;gpduhf jFjp gilj;jth;.
Njh;e;njLf;fgLk; Kiw:-
1/3 gq;F cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspd; gpujpepjpfshy; Njh;e;JvLf;fgLfpd;wdh;.
1/12 cWg;gpdh; khepy gy;fiy fof gl;ljhhp
1/12 cWg;gpdh; Mrphpah;fshy; epakdk;
1/3 gq;F rl;l Nguitapy; Njh;T nra;a gLfpd;wdh;
1/6 ,yf;fpak; fiy mwptpay; r%f Nrit Nghd;w Jiwfspd; rpwg;G mwpTk; elKiw mDgtKk;
cs;sth;fs; MSeh; epakdk; nra;fpwhh;.
1986 etk;gh; 1 jkpo;ehl;by; rl;l Nkyit xopf;fgl;lJ.
rl;l Nkyit jiyth;(Chair Person)
Nkyit jiyth; ,y;yhj fhyq;fspy; Jiz jiyth;
elj;Jfpwhh;.
,UtUk; Nkyit cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;J
vLf;fgLfpd;wdh;.
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
356 - ,e;jpa murpay; rhrdj;jpd; gb Ml;rp nra;a ,ayhj khepyq;fspy; MSeh; ghpe;Jiu fPo; FbauR
jiyth; Ml;rp
358 – neWf;fb epiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ Nfhl;ghL – 19 jhdhf nraypof;fpd;wd
359 –neWf;fb epiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ Nfhl;ghL 20> 21 jutp kw;wit FbauR jiyth; nraypof;f
nra;ayhk;
360 - ,e;jpahtpd; epjp epiyapy; mghak; Vw;gl;lhy; epjp neWf;fb gpufldk; nra;ayhk; ,e;epiyapy; midj;J
ePjpgjpfs; cah; mjpfhhpfs; Cjpaj;ij Fiwf;f FbauR jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; cs;sJ.
368 – ehlhSkd;wk; jdJ murpay; eph;iza mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jp murpay; rh];d ve;j tpjpAk; khw;wp
mikf;fyhk; uj;J nra;ayhk; jpUj;jp mikf;fyhk;
370 – [k;K fh\;kPUf;F jdp murpay; me;j];J jUfpwJ khepyq;fspd; cs;ehl;L tp\paq;fspy; ehlhSkd;wk;
jiyapl $lhJ.
Njh;jy; Mizak;
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
jiyik rl;l mjpfhhp: (Attorney general)
gzpfs;:-
kj;jpa khepy muRfspd; fzf;Ffis guhkhpg;gJ jzpf;if nra;tJ kj;jpa khepy muRfspd; tuT
nryTfis nrhj;J nghWg;Gfis jzpf;if nra;tJ.
kj;jpa muR fzf;Ffs; kPjhd mwpf;if [dhjpgjpAk; rkh;gpg;gJ
khepy muR fzf;Ffs; kPjhd mwpf;if MSehplk; rkh;gpg;gJ
,e;jpahtpd; nghJepjpapd; fz;fhzpg;ghsh;
mk;Ngj;fhhpd; tpsf;fgb murpay; rl;lj;jpd; cah;e;j mjpfhhp ,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjpf;F rkkhd
me;j];ijg; ngw;W ,Uf;fpwhh;.
epjpFO Mizak;
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INDIAN CONSTITUTION
epjp rk;ke;jkhd gzpfis [dhjpgjpahy; xJf;fg;gLk; ,jug; gzpfs;
Ml;rp nra;a $ba nfhs;iffs;
khepy tUtha; xl;L nkhj;j ita;g;G epjpapy; ,Ue;J cjtp njhif mspg;gJ
rPuhd epjp epiyikia FbauR jiythplk; ghpe;Jiu nra;tJ ,jd; flikahFk;
1953-,y; ,Ue;J tpjp 280-gb epjpFO ,aq;fp tUfpwJ.
56
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
42- tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; 1976 - ,e;jpufhe;jp muR nfhz;L te;jJ ‘FW murpay; rl;lk;’
KfTiuapy; Socialist secular integrity Mfpa thh;j;ijfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld
mbg;gil flikfs; nfhz;L tugl;ld
fy;tp &tpisahl;L khepy mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J nghJ mjpfhuj;jpw;F khw;wgl;ld
eph;thf tp\aq;fspy; ke;jphp rigapd; MNyhrid ngahpy; [dhjpgjp nray;gl Ntz;Lk;
Nyhf;rgh uh[;rgh gjtp fhyk; 6 Mz;lhf khw;w gl;ld.
rl;lk; xOq;F rkhspf;f kj;jpa gilfis khepyq;fSf;F mDgt mjpfhuk; je;jJ
[dhjpgjp Ml;rp 6 khjk; 1 tUlk; vd khwpaJ.
cr;rePjp kd;wk; cah; ePjp kd;wk; chpik Nguhiz mjpfhuj;ij Fiwj;jJ.
,q;Nf…..mq;Nf…..
,e;jpa FbauRj; jiythpd; gjtpf;fhyk; - 5 Mz;Lfs;.
mnkhpf;f mjpghpd; gjtpf;fhyk; - 4 Mz;Lfs;.
xUth; vj;jid Kiw Ntz;LkhdhYk; ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiyth; Mfyhk;.
xUth; 2 Kiwf;F Nky; mnkhpf;f mjpgh; gjtpf;F Nghl;bapl KbahJ.
,e;jpa FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpf;Fg; Nghl;bapl ,e;jpa FbAhpik ,Ue;jhy; NghJk;.
mnkhpf;fhtpy; gpwe;jth;fs; kl;LNk mnkhpf;f mjpguhf KbAk;.
/gpuhq;spd; &];nty;l; 4 Kiw mnkhpf;f mjpgh; MfpAs;shh;.
&];nty;l; fhyj;Jf;F gpwNf> ,uz;LKiw kl;LNk mjpguhFk; fl;Lg;ghL nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; ,uz;LKiw ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiyth; Mdth;.
59
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
60