LASER SECURITY SYSTEM

[Document subtitle]
 INDEX
1 CERTIFICATE
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3 AIM
4 PRINCIPLE OF THE THEORY
5 DETAILED WORKING OF PROJECT
6 CONCLUSION
7 APPLICATIONS
8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
YASH OF CLASS 12-A HAS
COMPLETED HIS PROJECT ON HIS OWN
SESSION 2019-20

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINAR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my teacher __________ma’am who game me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
LASER SECURITY SYSTEM, which also helped me in
doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many
new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly, I
would also like to thank my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the time
frame.
ABSTRACT
A laser alarm system operates by projecting a beam of invisible
laser light across a doorway or window opening. When the
light is broken, it activates a buzzer or alarm. The principles
are very similar to those of lower tech burglar alarms. A laser
alarm requires only slightly more sophisticated electronics and
can be put together by anyone with a soldering gun and a
knack for tinkering with basic circuits and transistors .
OBJECTIVE
To make and study the functions of a Laser Security System.
 THEORY
This system for security uses the combination of LASER light and LDR. The
LDR module has an onboard potentiometer to adjust the sensitivity of
LDR, so that it only senses laser light falling onto it. The concept is quite
simple and similar to what we see in movies where antique, priceless
ornaments are protected under laser lights. As someone crosses these
lights, an alarm runs on to indicate unauthorised presence. This project
works similarly. In normal conditions, where there is always laser light
falling on the LDR, the LDR module always gives a high signal to
microcontroller. When someone crosses this laser light, it will behave as
an obstruction between the LDR module and laser light, resulting in no
light falling on LDR. In such cases LDR module gives a low signal to the
microcontroller, which indicates it to switch on an alarm.
Circuit Diagram
 Components Required
LM358 (Op – Amp IC)
NE555 (Timer IC)
LDR
3 x 10 KΩ Resistors (1/4 Watt)
220 Ω Resistors (1/4 Watt)
10 KΩ Potentiometer
BC547 (NPN Transistor)
Small Buzzer
100 nF Capacitor (Ceramic Disc Type Capacitor – Code 104)
Push Button
Laser Pointer
9V Battery
Connecting Wires
Breadboard (Prototyping board)
 Component Description
Laser Pointer
Laser Pointer acts as the main source of light in this project. We have used a small laser pointer with
an output power of less than 1mW. The laser pointer emits red light and the wavelength of the laser
output is between 630 nm to 680 nm.

LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

The LDR acts as a light sensor in this project. As the intensity of the light falling on the LDR
increases, the resistance of the LDR decreases and vice – versa. The LDR is used in combination with
the laser to form the light sensor and source.

NE555 (IC 555)

IC 555 is a precision timing IC that provides time delays or oscillations. 555 Timer IC has three modes
of operation: Astable, Monostable and Bi-stable. In this project, we are going to use the IC 555 in Bi-
stable mode.

LM358 (OP – Amp)

LM358 is a dual Operational Amplifier IC and it is capable of operating in all the conventional
operational amplifier circuits. In this project, the LM358 is used as a Comparator.
 WORKING
A simple, cheap and effective laser based security system is developed
in this project. Let us see the working of this project.

First, the Op – Amp circuit acts as a comparator i.e. it compares the

voltages at the inverting and non – inverting terminals and produces an
output accordingly.

The LDR – 10 KΩ resistor Voltage divider is connected to the non –

inverting terminal of Op –Amp and a POT is connected to the inverting
terminal.
Assume, the laser pointer is placed directly in line of sight to the LDR
and the light from the laser is continuously being incident on LDR.

In this situation, the resistance of LDR falls down to few Ohms (or tens
of Ohms) and as a result, the voltage at the non – inverting terminal will
be less than that at the inverting voltage. The output of the Op –Amp is
low and the transistor is OFF.

If the laser light is blocked by an intruder from falling on the LDR (even
for a small duration), the resistance of the LDR goes to few hundreds of
Ohms and as a result, the output of the Op –Amp will be HIGH. This will
turn on the Transistor.

As the output of the transistor is connected to the Trigger Pin (Pin 2) of

the 555 Timer IC, if the transistor is ON, the trigger pin gets a short low
pulse and as a result, the output of the 555 becomes HIGH. This will
activate the alarm by turning ON the buzzer.

Since, the 555 Timer IC is configured as a Bi – Stable Multivibrator, a

small active low trigger pulse at the trigger pin will set its output to
HIGH and in order to reset it we need to push the reset button.

Until the reset push button is pushed, the alarm will stay on hence, we
can place the reset button at a secret location so that only the owner
can disable the alarm.

CONCLUSION
Laser security systems are a high tech technology that used to be
switch dependent sensors and a basic alarm unit. Laser security
system a person moves in front of the sensor, that person triggers
the system’s alarm by cutting the laser. And the alarm signals the
security monitoring company and local law enforcement. The basic
alarm unit will also sound a loud alarm. Both analysis and
experiment indicate that rather stringent requirements must be met
in order to obtain efficient optical heterodyne detection. At some
wavelengths it may provide the only means of overcoming noise
and detect noise problems. The operation of LDR depends upon the
photoconductivity process.

APPLICATION
A laser security alarm is a system designed to detect intrusion – unauthorized entry – into a
building or area. They are also called security alarms, security systems, alarm systems,
intrusion detection systems, perimeter detection systems, and similar terms.
Burglar alarms are used in residential, commercial, industrial, and military properties for
protection against burglary (theft) or property damage, as well as personal protection
against intruders. Car alarms likewise protect vehicles and their contents. Prisons also use
security systems for control of inmates.
Some alarm systems serve a single purpose of burglary protection; combination systems
provide both fire and intrusion protection. Intrusion alarm systems may also be combined
with closed-circuit television surveillance systems to automatically record the activities of
intruders, and may interface to access control systems for electrically locked doors.
Systems range from small, self-contained noisemakers, to complicated, multi-area systems
with computer monitoring and control.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.wikipedia.com
• www.encyclopedia.com
• www.sciencejournals.com
• www.zetascience.com
• www.scribd.com
• www.makezine.com
• www.electroschematics.com
• www.easycircuits.com
• www.youtube.com www.howcast.com