Group 3:

1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen

2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
1.0 ABSTRACT

The main purpose of conducting this experiment is to compare the value between
experimental and theoretical fluid flow velocities, the static, total and dynamic heads at
different points of the Venturi nozzle. Since the area and diameter of each point is different,
therefore the velocities will be varying. Bernoulli’s principle states that the higher the fluid
velocity, the lower the pressure at the corresponding point. Measuring point 3 has the smallest
area among the six measuring points, as a result, it has the highest fluid velocity and the lowest
static pressure. On the other hand, the dynamic pressure in measuring point 3 is the highest due
its high fluid velocity. Besides that, compared to theoretical value that calculated, the velocity
of each point was slightly different to the experimental value due to the friction loss in the tube.
Last but not least, the objectives of this experiment were achieved successfully.
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
2.0 OBJECTIVES

The objectives that are required to achieve during conducting the Bernoulli’s principle
in a Venturi nozzle with six measuring points are:

1. To compare the experimental and theoretical fluid flow velocities of each measuring
point in the Venturi nozzle.
2. To observe the static, total and dynamic heads distribution along the Venturi nozzle.
3. To determine the flow coefficient at different fluid flow rates.
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
3.0 INTRODUCTION

Bernoulli’s principle states that the points of higher fluid velocity have less pressure
than the pointer of slower fluid speed within a horizontal flow of fluid. While Bernoulli
equation is an approximate relation between pressure, velocity, and elevation and is valid in
regions of steady, incompressible flow where net frictional forces are negligible. (Cengel et al,
2014). Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine the Bernoulli’s principle. The
venturi nozzle with six pressure measuring points was the main apparatus of the experiment as
the diameter of each measuring point is vary. Continuity Equation states that when a fluid is in
motion, it must move in such a way that mass is conserved, considered the fluid is in steady
flow through a duct. Since the flow rate of fluid at each measuring point is the same, therefore
the velocity will be varied as well. Six manometer tubes were set up for each measuring point
to determine the static and total head. Then, dynamic head was determined through the equation
given.
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
4.0 THEORY

Bernoulli’s principle is essentially a work energy conservation principle which states

that an ideal fluid or for situations where effects of viscosity are neglected, with no work
being performed on the fluid, the total energy is constant. This principle also states that
the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid flowing along an enclosed path (a streamline) is the
same at any two points in that path.

Bernoulli’s equation for constant head may be written as;

(Eqn. 1)

Considering the friction losses and change of the pressure p1 and p2 into static head h1 and h2
gives;

(Eqn. 2)

Where,
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
In closed system, the mass flow rate is constant.

Figure 1: Venturi nozzle. (Adapted from E1 Lab Sheet).

𝑚̇1 = 𝑚̇2

𝑚̇ = 𝑄. 𝜌 (Eqn.3)

𝑄1 . 𝜌 = 𝑄2 . 𝜌

𝑄1 = 𝑄2

Given, 𝑄 = 𝐴. 𝑣 (Eqn. 4)

Then, 𝐴1 . 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 . 𝑣2 = 𝑄 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. (Eqn.5)

Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
4.1 VELOCITY PROFILE IN THE VENTURI NOZZLE

There are six measuring points that used in the Venturi nozzle. Table 4.1 shows the
standardised reference velocity (𝑣̅ ) which is dictated by the geometry of the Venturi nozzle:

(Eqn. 6)

Table 1: The standardised reference velocity (𝑣̅ )

By the reference velocity of the six measuring point given, the theoretical velocities can be
calculated from an initial value.

For constant flow, the equation to calculate the initial value of theoretical velocities is;

(Eqn. 7)

To calculate dynamic water column height is using the equation;

(Eqn. 8)

From the dynamic pressured, the velocity can be determined by using;

(Eqn. 9)
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid

Figure 2: Info panel (Adapted from E1 Lab Sheet).

Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
4.2 DETERMINATION OF THE FLOW COEEFICIENT

Figure 3: Venturi meter (Adapted from E1 Lab Sheet).

The Venturi meter, figure 4.2 is also a tool used to measure the flow through a pipeline. This
venturi meter consists of venture tube and differential pressure gauge. Venturi tube has a
converging portion that functioning in increasing the velocity of the fluid and decrease its
pressure. Venture tube also has a throat and diverging portion that show in figure 4.3. Thus, a
pressure difference between inlet and throat developed, which pressure difference is correlated
with the rate of discharge. The pressure difference ∆𝑝 between the inlet and narrow diameter
of the nozzle is used to measure of the flow with formula;

(Eqn.10)

Normally, the coefficient 𝐾𝑣 is provided. If the value is not known, it can be calculated from
pressure loss p at a known flow using the formula;

(Eqn.11)

Figure 4: The venture tube. (Adapted from Ariena, 2018)

Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
5.0 APPARATUS

Table 2: Naming parts of HM 150 with Venturi nozzle of six measuring points.

Figure 5: Labelling parts of HM 150 with Venturi nozzle of six measuring points. (Adapted
from E1 Lab Sheet,)
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
6.0 EXPERIMETNAL PROCEDURE

1. The main switch and pump of HM 150 is switched on.

2. The gate valve is opened followed by the inlet and outlet valve.
3. The overflow valve is opened to remove the air bubbles that trapped in the tube.
4. The outlet valve is closed carefully until the manometer tubes have been flushed.
5. The overflow valve is closed, and the bleed valve is opened slowly.
6. Each reading of manometer tube is calibrated between 30 mm and 50 mm.
7. The bleed valve is closed then the outlet valve is opened again.
8. The water level in the manometer tubes is set to maximum by adjusting the inlet and
outlet valve.
9. The reading of the static pressure and total pressure at the first measuring point is
observed and recorded.
10. The measuring probe is adjusted to the corresponding measuring point and the reading
of the static and total pressure at the corresponding measuring point is observed and
recorded.
11. The water is filled into the measuring tank and the time take to filled up 2L of water is
recorded to determine the flow rate.
12. Step 11 is repeated by reducing the volume of water to fill up to 1.8L, 1.6L, 1.4L, 1.2L.
13. All the valve are closed then the main switch and pump are switched off once the
experiment is finished.
14. The results are recorded into the table.
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
7.0 CALCULATIONS

At volumetric flow rate, 𝑄 = 0.000218 𝑚3 /𝑠 ,

a. Head dynamic (𝑚𝑚) calculation:

ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛. = ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡. (Eqn. 8)

=413𝑚𝑚 – 385𝑚𝑚

=28𝑚𝑚

b. Pressure total (𝑃𝑎) calculation:

𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (Eqn. 12)

𝑘𝑔 𝑚 1𝑚
=(1000 𝑚3 ) (9.81 𝑠2 ) (413𝑚𝑚) (1000𝑚𝑚)

=4051.53𝑃𝑎

c. Pressure static (𝑃𝑎) calculation:

𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡. (Eqn. 13)

𝑘𝑔 𝑚 1𝑚
=(1000 𝑚3 ) (9.81 𝑠2 ) (385𝑚𝑚) (1000𝑚𝑚)

=3776.85𝑃𝑎

d. Pressure dynamic (𝑃𝑎) calculation:

𝑃𝑑𝑦𝑛. = 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡. (Eqn. 14)

=4051.53𝑃𝑎- 3776.85𝑃𝑎

=274.68𝑃𝑎
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
e. Standardised reference velocity (𝑚/𝑠) calculation:

𝐴1
𝑣̅𝑖 = (Eqn.6)
𝐴𝑖

𝐴1
𝑣1 =
̅̅̅
𝐴𝑖

338.6𝑚𝑚2
=
338.6𝑚𝑚2

=1.00

f. Theoretical velocity (𝑚/𝑠) calculation:

𝑄
𝑣1 = 𝐴 × ̅̅̅
𝑣1 (Eqn. 7)
1

𝑚3
0.000218 𝑠 1000000𝑚𝑚2
= ( )(1.00)
338.6𝑚𝑚2 1𝑚2

= 0.6438𝑚/𝑠

g. Experimental velocity (𝑚/𝑠) calculation:

𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛. (Eqn. 9)

𝑚 1𝑚
=√2(9.81 𝑠2 )(28𝑚𝑚)(1000𝑚𝑚)

= 0.7412𝑚/𝑠

h. Difference between dynamic water height at the inlet (1) and the narrowest diameter of the
nozzle (3) calculation:

∆ℎ = (0.400 – 0.028) 𝑚 (Eqn. 15)

= 0.372𝑚
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
i. Flow coefficient calculation:

𝑄
𝐾𝑣 = (Eqn. 16)
√𝑔×∆ℎ

0.000218
=
√9.81 × 0.372

=0.0001139
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
7.1 RESULTS

Table 3: Experimental data of volumetric flow rate, static pressure and total pressure.

Volume Time 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡. (𝑚𝑚) 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑚𝑚)

of water (𝑠) (𝑚3 /𝑠)
collected P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
(𝐿)
1.64 7.54 0.000218 385 360 10 240 283 303 413 410 410 395 390 380
1.68 8.59 0.000196 360 345 75 250 283 298 390 387 385 375 365 357
1.68 10.18 0.000165 348 332 144 257 283 293 365 364 360 350 342 337
1.65 11.65 0.000142 334 331 180 264 283 290 345 345 342 335 330 324
1.55 13.34 0.000116 320 313 223 270 283 290 316 326 325 320 315 310
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
8.0 DISCUSSION

The main aim of this experiment is to study the Bernoulli principle in a Venturi nozzle
with six different measuring points. Thus, this experiment is carried out based on the Bernoulli
equation. Bernoulli equation in an approximate relation between pressure, velocity, and
elevation. It is only valid in regions of steady, incompressible flow where net frictional forces

are negligible. Bernoulli equation is stated as

(Eqn. 1).

We had made some assumption in this experiment which the fluid we used in this
experiment, water is an ideal fluid which means that it is incompressible fluid, non-viscous
fluid and exists as laminar flow. There is no difference between elevation, thus, ℎ1 = ℎ2 . The
flow does not appreciably change the level of liquid in the tank. As such, we can assume the
velocity of the liquid is zero. Since it is an open system, the atmospheric pressure on both will
be cancelled out. Thus, we calculate the measured velocity by using the equation that derived
from Bernoulli equation, √2 × 𝑔 × ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛. (Eqn. 9).

Besides, continuity equation is used to calculate the calculated velocity. According

continuity equation, mass flow rate of fluid enter per unit time is equal to the mass flow rate of
fluid exit per unit time and the accumulation of mass flow rate of fluid in control volume per
unit time. Since the flow of an incompressible fluid in this experiment is consider as steady
flow, thus the mass flow rate of fluid in constant volume is constant, then mass flow rate of
fluid enter per unit time is equal to the mass flow rate of fluid exit per unit time. Continuity
equation is stated as below: 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝑄(Eqn. 5)

From the result that we get from this experiment, we can conclude that when the area
increases, the velocity will decreases and thus the pressure will also increases. As stated by
Thavamani, the Bernoulli equation is the most famous equation in fluid mechanics. Its
significance is that when the velocity increases in a fluid stream, the pressure decreases and
when the velocity decreases, the pressure increases. Thus, the results that we get in this
experiment is relevant and follows the Bernoulli equation.
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
There are large different between the values of experimental and theoretical velocity.
This is due several errors in this experiment:

1. Presence of the air bubbles in the connecting tube that connect between the manometer
and pipes will caused the increased in the pressure and affect the accuracy of the
experimental data.
2. Presence of parallax error during taking the reading of manometer will also causes the
errors and inaccuracy in this experiment.
3. Unstable flow rate that result in the fluctuation of the height in the manometer may
affect the observer during taking the accurate reading of the manometer.
4. Presence of friction force due to moving of needle in the Venturi nozzle.
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
8.1 ANSWER TO THE QUESTIONS

1. Calculate measured and the calculated fluid flow velocities in the Venturi nozzle at
different point.

For the volumetric flow rate =0.000218𝑚3 /𝑠,

Table 4: The experimental and theoretical velocity for the volumetric flow rate of
0.000218𝑚3 /𝑠.

Measuring ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛. (𝑚) Area, 𝐴1 𝑣̅ Experimental Theoretical Difference,

point, i ( 𝑚2 ) velocity, 𝑣 = velocity, 𝑥
𝑄
√2 × 𝑔 × ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛. 𝑣1 = 𝐴 × = 𝑣 − 𝑣1
1
(𝑚/𝑠) 𝑣1
̅̅̅ (𝑚/𝑠)

(𝑚/𝑠)

1 0.028 0.0003386 1.00 0.7412 0.6438 0.0974

2 0.050 0.0002335 1.45 0.9905 1.3537 -0.3633
3 0.400 0.0000846 4.00 2.8014 10.3073 -7.5059
4 0.155 0.0001702 1.99 1.7439 2.5489 -0.8050
5 0.107 0.0002552 1.33 1.4489 1.1361 0.3128
6 0.077 0.0003386 1.00 1.2291 0.6438 0.5853
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
Graph 1: The theoretical velocity and experimental velocity for volumetric flow rate of
0.000218𝑚3 /𝑠 against different measuring point with different area.

For the volumetric flow rate = 0.000196𝑚3 /𝑠,

Table 5: The experimental and theoretical velocity for the volumetric flow rate of
0.000196𝑚3 /𝑠

Measuring ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛. (𝑚) Area,𝐴1 𝑣̅ Experimental Theoretical Difference,

point, i ( 𝑚2 ) velocity, 𝑣 = velocity, 𝑥
𝑄
√2 × 𝑔 × ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛. 𝑣1 = 𝐴 × = 𝑣 − 𝑣1
1
(𝑚/𝑠) 𝑣1
̅̅̅ (𝑚/𝑠)

(𝑚/𝑠)

1 0.030 0.0003386 1.00 0.7672 0.5789 0.1883

2 0.042 0.0002335 1.45 0.9078 1.2171 -0.3094
3 0.310 0.0000846 4.00 2.4662 9.2671 -6.8009
4 0.125 0.0001702 1.99 1.5660 2.2917 -0.7256
5 0.082 0.0002552 1.33 1.2684 1.0215 0.2469
6 0.059 0.0003386 1.00 1.0759 0.5789 0.4971
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
Graph 2: The theoretical velocity and experimental velocity for volumetric flow rate of
0.000196𝑚3 /𝑠 against different measuring point with different area.

For the volumetric flow rate =0.000165𝑚3 /𝑠,

Table 6: The experimental and theoretical velocity for the volumetric flow rate of
0.000165𝑚3 /𝑠

Measuring ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛. (𝑚) Area,𝐴1 𝑣̅ Experimental Theoretical Difference,

point, i ( 𝑚2 ) velocity, 𝑣 = velocity, 𝑥
𝑄
√2 × 𝑔 × ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛. 𝑣1 = 𝐴 × = 𝑣 − 𝑣1
1
(𝑚/𝑠) 𝑣1
̅̅̅ (𝑚/𝑠)

(𝑚/𝑠)

1 0.017 0.0003386 1.00 0.5775 0.4873 0.0902

2 0.032 0.0002335 1.45 0.7924 1.0246 -0.2323
3 0.216 0.0000846 4.00 2.0586 7.8014 -5.7428
4 0.093 0.0001702 1.99 1.3508 1.9292 -0.5784
5 0.059 0.0002552 1.33 1.0759 0.6466 0.4294
6 0.044 0.0003386 1.00 0.9291 0.4873 0.4418
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
Graph 3: The theoretical velocity and experimental velocity for volumetric flow rate of
0.000165𝑚3 /𝑠 against different measuring point with different area.

For the volumetric flow rate = 0.000142𝑚3 /𝑠,

Table 7: The experimental and theoretical velocity for the volumetric flow rate of
0.000142𝑚3 /𝑠

Measuring ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛. (𝑚) Area,𝐴1 𝑣̅ Experimental Theoretical Difference,

point, i ( 𝑚2 ) velocity, 𝑣 = velocity, 𝑥
𝑄
√2 × 𝑔 × ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛. 𝑣1 = 𝐴 × = 𝑣 − 𝑣1
1
(𝑚/𝑠) 𝑣1
̅̅̅ (𝑚/𝑠)

(𝑚/𝑠)

1 0.011 0.0003386 1.00 0.4646 0.4194 0.0452

2 0.014 0.0002335 1.45 0.5241 0.8818 -0.3577
3 0.162 0.0000846 4.00 1.7828 6.7139 -4.9311
4 0.071 0.0001702 1.99 1.1803 1.6603 -0.4800
5 0.047 0.0002552 1.33 0.9603 0.7400 0.2202
6 0.034 0.0003386 1.00 0.8167 0.4194 0.3974
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid

Graph 4: The theoretical velocity and experimental velocity for volumetric flow rate of
0.000142𝑚3 /𝑠 against different measuring point with different area.

For the volumetric flow rate = 0.000116𝑚3 /𝑠,

Table 8: The experimental and theoretical velocity for the volumetric flow rate of
0.000116𝑚3 /𝑠.

Measuring ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛. (𝑚) Area,𝐴1 𝑣̅ Experimental Theoretical Difference,

point, i ( 𝑚2 ) velocity, 𝑣 = velocity, 𝑥
𝑄
√2 × 𝑔 × ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛. 𝑣1 = 𝐴 × = 𝑣 − 𝑣1
1
(𝑚/𝑠) 𝑣1
̅̅̅ (𝑚/𝑠)

(𝑚/𝑠)

1 0.004 0.0003386 1.00 0.2801 0.3426 -0.0624

2 0.013 0.0002335 1.45 0.5050 0.7203 -0.2153
3 0.102 0.0000846 4.00 1.4147 5.4846 -4.0700
4 0.050 0.0001702 1.99 0.9905 1.3563 -0.3658
5 0.032 0.0002552 1.33 0.7924 0.6045 0.1878
6 0.020 0.0003386 1.00 0.6264 0.3426 0.2838
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid

Graph 5: The theoretical velocity and experimental velocity for volumetric flow rate of
0.000116𝑚3 /𝑠 against different measuring point with different area.

We calculate the experimental velocity by using the equation that derived from
Bernoulli equation, √2 × 𝑔 × ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛. (Eqn.9), while theoretical velocity is calculated by using
𝑄
continuity equation, 𝑣1 = 𝐴 × ̅̅̅(Eqn.7).
𝑣1 There are presence of large different between the
1

experimental and theoretical velocity due to several errors such as presence of air bubble and
human parallax error. From the table3, the highest experimental velocity is 1.4147m/s at
measuring point 3 while the lowest experimental velocity is 0.2801m/s at measuring point 1.
Measuring point 3 has the highest velocity because it has the smallest area which is 84.6
mm2 .Same goes with the measuring point 1, there is lowest velocity at the measuring point 1
due to the largest area which is 338.6 mm2. From the graph plotted, we can conclude that as the
area decreases, the velocity will increase. According to the equation 9,√2 × 𝑔 × ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛. , velocity
is directly proportional to the dynamic water height. As such, when the velocity increases, the
dynamic water will also increases.
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
2. Calculate and discuss the static, total and dynamic heads distribution along the Venturi
nozzle.

For the volumetric flow rate = 0.000218𝑚3 /𝑠,

Table 9: The static, total and dynamic head and pressure along the Venturi nozzle for
volumetric flow rate of 0.000218𝑚3 /𝑠.

ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 , 𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 , 𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 , 𝑚𝑚 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 , 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 , 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐, 𝑃𝑎

413 385 28 3825.90 3776.85 49.05
410 360 50 4022.10 3531.60 490.50
410 10 400 4022.10 98.10 3924.00
395 240 155 3874.95 2354.40 1520.55
390 283 107 3825.90 2776.23 1049.67
380 303 77 3727.80 2972.43 755.37

Graph 6: The static, total and dynamic pressure against the length of experimental sections
for volumetric flow rate of 0.000218𝑚3 /𝑠.
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
For the volumetric flow rate = 0.000196𝑚3 /𝑠,

Table 10: The static, total and dynamic head and pressure along the Venturi nozzle for
volumetric flow rate of 0.000196𝑚3 /𝑠.

ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 , 𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 , 𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 , 𝑚𝑚 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 , 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 , 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐, 𝑃𝑎

390 360 30 3825.90 3531.60 294.30
387 345 42 3796.47 3384.45 412.02
385 75 310 3776.85 735.75 3041.10
375 250 125 3678.75 2452.50 1226.25
365 283 82 3580.65 2776.23 804.42
357 298 59 3502.17 2923.38 578.79

Graph 7: The static, total and dynamic pressure against the length of experimental sections
for volumetric flow rate of 0.000196𝑚3 /𝑠.
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
For the volumetric flow rate = 0.000165𝑚3 /𝑠,

Table 11: The static, total and dynamic head and pressure along the Venturi nozzle for
volumetric flow rate of 0.000165𝑚3 /𝑠.

ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 , 𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 , 𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 , 𝑚𝑚 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 , 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 , 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐, 𝑃𝑎

365 348 17 3580.65 3413.88 166.77
364 332 32 3570.84 3256.92 313.92
360 144 216 3531.60 1412.64 2118.96
350 257 93 3433.50 2521.17 912.33
342 283 59 3355.02 2776.23 578.79
337 293 44 3305.97 2874.33 431.64

Graph 8: The static, total and dynamic pressure against the length of experimental sections
for volumetric flow rate of 0.000165𝑚3 /𝑠.
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
For the volumetric flow rate = 0.000142𝑚3 /𝑠,

Table 12: The static, total and dynamic head and pressure along the Venturi nozzle for
volumetric flow rate of 0.000142𝑚3 /𝑠.

ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 , 𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 , 𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 , 𝑚𝑚 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 , 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 , 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐, 𝑃𝑎

345 334 11 3384.45 3276.54 107.91
345 331 14 3384.45 3247.11 137.34
342 180 162 3355.02 1765.80 1589.22
335 264 71 3286.35 2589.84 696.51
330 283 47 3237.3 2776.23 461.07
324 290 34 3178.44 2844.90 333.54

Graph 9: The static, total and dynamic pressure against the length of experimental sections
for volumetric flow rate of 0.000142𝑚3 /𝑠.
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
For the volumetric flow rate = 0.000116𝑚3 /𝑠,

Table 13: The static, total and dynamic head and pressure along the Venturi nozzle for
volumetric flow rate of 0.000116𝑚3 /𝑠.

ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 , 𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 , 𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 , 𝑚𝑚 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 , 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 , 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐, 𝑃𝑎

316 320 4 3099.96 3139.20 -39.24
326 313 13 3198.06 3070.53 127.53
325 223 102 3188.25 2187.63 1000.62
320 270 50 3139.20 2648.70 490.50
315 283 32 3090.15 2776.23 313.92
310 290 20 3041.10 2844.90 196.20

Graph 10: The static, total and dynamic pressure against the length of experimental sections
for volumetric flow rate of 0.000116𝑚3 /𝑠.
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
Static pressure is the pressure measured when the fluid is at rest while the dynamic
pressure is the pressure measured when the fluid is in motion. Total pressure is defined as the
pressure where the fluid exerts as it is brought to stop. Dynamic pressure is the difference
between the total pressure and static pressure which also represents the kinetic energy of the
fluid flow. The relationship between static, total and dynamic pressure is stated in the equation
Pdyn. = Ptotal − Pstat (Eqn.14).In this experiment, we observed the total pressure and static
pressure at different measuring point with different area in the Venturi nozzle from the
manometer. The pressure curve is plotted with pressure against length of experimental section
as shown in the graph 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. From the pressure curve, we can observed when the
dynamic pressure curve goes upward, the static pressure curve will goes downward. This
relationship is clearly stated in the equation 14, Pdyn. = Ptotal − Pstat. From the relationship,
we can clearly conclude that as dynamic pressure increases, the static pressure will decreases.
From the table 11, the dynamic pressure at the measuring point 3 is highest while the static
pressure is lowest for the range of volumetric flow rate due to the smallest area (84.6 mm2),
thus the velocity at measuring point 3 is also the highest for the range of volumetric flow rate.
However, for the measuring point 1, it has the largest area (338.6 mm2), lowest dynamic
pressure and highest static pressure, thus it has the lowest velocity for the range of volumetric
flow rate. Thus, we can conclude that when the area decreases, the velocity will increases and
thus the dynamic pressure will also increases.
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
3. Calculate the flow coefficient at different fluid flow rates.

Table 14: The flow coefficient at different volumetric flow rate.

ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 at the ∆ℎ, (𝑚)

∆ℎ Flow
narrowest
coefficient,
Volumetric flow ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 at diameter nozzle = ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛 (3)
𝑄
rate 𝑄, (𝑚3 /𝑠) inlet (1), (𝑚) (3), (𝑚) − ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛 (1) 𝐾𝑣 =
√𝑔×∆ℎ

0.000218 0.028 0.400 0.372 0.0001139

0.000196 0.030 0.310 0.280 0.0001180
0.000165 0.017 0.216 0.199 0.0001181
0.000142 0.011 0.162 0.151 0.0001164
0.000116 0.004 0.102 0.106 0.0001139

Flow coefficient, Kv is the relative measure of the device such as nozzle or orifice of its
efficiency at allowing the flow of fluid. Flow coefficient describes the relationship of pressure
drop in the device and the volumetric flow rate of the fluid. The larger the flow coefficient, the
higher volumetric flow rate and the lower the pressure. From the table14, the different between
dynamic water height at inlet and the narrowest diameter nozzle is 0.372m at the volumetric
flow rate of 0.00218𝑚3 /𝑠 has higher flow coefficient of 0.0001139.
Group 3:
1. Hong Xiu Ping 3. Chan Chun Chen
2. Tey Teng 4. Nurul Nadila Binti Mohd Khalid
9.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the objectives of this experiment are accomplished which are comparing
the experimental and theoretical velocities of each measuring point in the Venturi nozzle,
observing the static, total and dynamic heads distribution along the Venturi nozzle and
determine the flow coefficient at different fluid flow rates. From the results, we concluded that
theoretical velocity is higher than experimental velocity. When the area increases, the velocity
will decreases and thus the pressure will also increases. The lower the flow coefficient as the
higher the dynamic water column height. The inaccuracy of results obtained is due to some
technical errors such as presence of the air bubbles in those connecting tube, parallax error
occurred when taking the reading of manometer and unstable flow rate that result in the
fluctuation of the height in the manometer.