Holy Spirit National High School

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
National Capital Region
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE QUEZON CITY
HOLY SPIRIT NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Sto. Ireneo St. Doña Juana Ext., Brgy. Holy Spirit Quezon City
Tel No. 625- 7595
Subject: Gen. Biology II

Teacher: Ms. Antoinette Desoloc
Term:(Midterm)
Semester Topic: Homeostasis
Student: Gaylord Tadeo
Introduction:
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal state that
persists despite changes in the world outside. All living organisms, from plants to
puppies to people, must regulate their internal environment to process energy
and ultimately survive.
Dicussion:
Homeostasis, any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to
maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival. If
homeostasis is successful, life continues; if unsuccessful, disaster or death
ensues. The stability attained is actually a dynamic equilibrium, in which
continuous change occurs yet relatively uniform conditions prevail.
Any system in dynamic equilibrium tends to reach a steady state, a balance that
resists outside forces of change. When such a system is disturbed, built-in
regulatory devices respond to the departures to establish a new balance; such a
process is one of feedback control. All processes of integration and coordination
of function, whether mediated by electrical circuits or by nervous and hormonal
systems, are examples of homeostatic regulation.
A familiar example of homeostatic regulation in a mechanical system is the action

of a room-temperature regulator, or thermostat. The heart of the thermostat is a
bimetallic strip that responds to temperature changes by completing or
disrupting an electric circuit. When the room cools, the circuit is completed, the
furnace operates, and the temperature rises. At a preset level the circuit breaks,
the furnace stops, and the temperature drops. Biological systems, of greater
Tel No. 625- 7595
complexity, however, have regulators only very roughly comparable to such

mechanical devices. The two types of systems are alike, however, in their
goals—to sustain activity within prescribed ranges, whether to control the
thickness of rolled steel or the pressure within the circulatory system.
REFLECTION:
Tel No. 625- 7595

Term:(Midterm)
Topic: Binomial nomenclature
Introduction:
Binomial nomenclature is the formal naming system for living things that all
scientists use. It gives every species a two-part scientific name. For example, a
ladybug found in the United States goes by the fancy name of Harmonia axyridis.
The first part of a scientific name, like Harmonia, is called the genus.
Discussion:
Binomial nomenclature is the formal naming system for living things that all
scientists use. It gives every species a two-part scientific name. For example, a
ladybug found in the United States goes by the fancy name of Harmonia axyridis.
The first part of a scientific name, like Harmonia, is called the genus. A genus is
typically the name for a small group of closely related organisms. The second
part of a scientific name, axyridis in this example, is the specific epithet. It is
used to identify a particular species as separate from others belonging to the
same genus. Together, the genus plus the specific epithet is the full scientific
name for an organism.
Tel No. 625- 7595
I bet that you actually already know the scientific name for at least one animal,
although you may not have realized it. Ever heard of the dinosaur T. rex? T. rex
is actually a scientific name - the 'T' is just an abbreviation of the genus
Tyrannosaurus. So the scientific name is actually Tyrannosaurus rex.
Binomial Nomenclature Rules

Because scientific names are unique species identifiers, they ensure that there is
never any confusion as to which organism a scientist may be referring.
Additionally, there are some important rules that must be followed to keep all
binomial names standardized:
1. The entire two-part name must be written in italics (or underlined when
handwritten).
2. The genus name is always written first.
3. The genus name must be capitalized.
4. The specific epithet is never capitalized.
REFLECTION:
Tel No. 625- 7595

Term:(Midterm)
Topic: Taxonomy
Introduction
In biology, taxonomy is the science of naming, defining and classifying groups of
biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
Discussion:
The 8 levels of taxonomy
Domain
A domain is the most inclusive of the levels (meaning it has the most number of
individuals in the group). Domains are used to distinguish between the cell types
and, in the case of prokaryotes, where they are found and what the cell walls are
made of. The current system recognizes three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and
Eukarya.
Kingdom
Domains are further broken into Kingdoms. The current system recognizes six
Kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista.
Phylum
The next division would be the phylum.
Class
Several related classes make up a phylum.

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Order
Classes are further divided into Orders.
Family
The next level of classification that orders are divided into are Families.
Genus
A genus is a group of closely related species. The genus name is the first part of
the scientific name of an organism.
Species Identifier
Each species has a unique identifier that describes only that species. It is the
second word in the two-word naming system of the scientific name of a species.
Reflection:
Tel No. 625- 7595

Term:(Midterm)
Topic: Cladogram
Introduction:
A cladogram is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms.
A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how
ancestors are related to descendants, nor does it show how much they have
changed; nevertheless, many evolutionary trees can be inferred from a single
cladogram.
Discussion:
A cladogram is a diagram used to represent a hypothetical relationship between
groups of animals, called a phylogeny. A cladogram is used by a scientist
studying phylogenetic systematics to visualize the groups of organisms being
compared, how they are related, and their most common ancestors. A cladogram
can be simple, comparing only two or three groups of organisms, or it can be
enormously complex and contain all the known forms of life. Cladogram design is
universal, although simple. A cladogram consists of the organisms being studied,
lines, and nodes where those lines cross. The lines represent evolutionary time,
or a series of organisms that lead to the population it connects to. Nodes
represent common ancestors between species. At some point in the past a

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population of common ancestor organisms was divided, giving rise to the
different organisms being studied. Some cladograms show evolutionary time
through the scale of the lines, longer lines meaning more time. Some cladograms
chose to show extinct species, while others omit them. Any particular cladogram
is formulated specifically for the use it is needed. A cladogram gets its name
from the clades, or groups of organisms that are displayed. A clade is a group of
living organisms and the common ancestor they are derived from. Scientist use
synapomophies, or shared derived characters, to define these groups. For
instance, mammary glands are a shared characteristic of mammals. All mammals
and their oldest common ancestor, had or have mammary glands. Thus, if we
are looking at an unidentified animal and trying to place it in a cladogram, if it
has mammary glands we know it belongs in that branch. Symplesiomorphies, by
contrast, are characters that all organisms in the cladogram have. If the
cladogram including the mammals was of all vertebrates, then the presence of
vertebrae in our unknown animal would be a symplesiomorphy.
Symplesiomorphies do not tell us anything about the relatedness of different
groups in a cladogram, because all the organisms have (or had), that
characteristic. A very simple cladogram of vertebrates can be seen below.
REFLECTION:
Tel No. 625- 7595

Term:(Midterm)
Topic: Paraphyletic
Introduction:
In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common
ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor excluding a few—typically only one
or two—monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic with
respect to the excluded subgroups.
Discussion:
Paraphyletic occurs when all descendants of the last common ancestor of the
group members separate to form another groups. Like for example in class
Reptilia as conventionally delineate, are paraphyletic since it excludes the two
groups of its descendants, the class Aves and class Mammalia wherein birds are
descended fromdinosaurs of which classified as reptiles and mammals from
mammal-like reptiles. Other usually known paraphyletic groups include fish and
lizards.
A Paraphyletic group is frequently raised on the basis of ancestral similarities
rather than derived similarities. The presence of paraphyletic in cladistics school
of taxonomy is an adequate sacrifice if it makes taxonomy more reasonable and
is needed to encompass a comprehensive classification together with that of
extinct group since every species originates from part of another.
Paraphyletic is used when studying significant traits that led a subclade in an
evolutionary divergent from more inclusive clade since it is always useful to
consider the paraphyletic group without taking into consideration the larger
clade.
Compare:
Tel No. 625- 7595
• monophyletic
• polyphyletic
See also:
• phylogenetics
• taxonomy
• cladistics
Related terms:
• paraphyly (noun)
• prophylactically (adverb)
Reflections:
Tel No. 625- 7595
Portfolio
in
General Biology II
(midterm)
Submitted by:
Gaylord Tadeo
Submitted to:
Ms.Antoinette Desoloc
Section/strand:
Stem-12

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Subject: Gen. Biology II

A familiar example of homeostatic regulation in a mechanical system is the action

complexity, however, have regulators only very roughly comparable to such

Subject: Gen. Biology II

Binomial Nomenclature Rules

Subject: Gen. Biology II

The next division would be the phylum.

Several related classes make up a phylum.

Classes are further divided into Orders.

Subject: Gen. Biology II

A cladogram is a diagram used to represent a hypothetical relationship between

groups of animals, called a phylogeny. A cladogram is used by a scientist

studying phylogenetic systematics to visualize the groups of organisms being

can be simple, comparing only two or three groups of organisms, or it can be

universal, although simple. A cladogram consists of the organisms being studied,

or a series of organisms that lead to the population it connects to. Nodes

represent common ancestors between species. At some point in the past a

population of common ancestor organisms was divided, giving rise to the

different organisms being studied. Some cladograms show evolutionary time

synapomophies, or shared derived characters, to define these groups. For

instance, mammary glands are a shared characteristic of mammals. All mammals

are looking at an unidentified animal and trying to place it in a cladogram, if it

has mammary glands we know it belongs in that branch. Symplesiomorphies, by

vertebrae in our unknown animal would be a symplesiomorphy.

Symplesiomorphies do not tell us anything about the relatedness of different

characteristic. A very simple cladogram of vertebrates can be seen below.

Subject: Gen. Biology II

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